but

but (nominative singular)
butta (nominative plural)
but (accusative singular)
butta (accusative plural)
buttes (genitive singular)
butto (genitive plural)
butte (dative singular)
button (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: butte, but, bot

Dutch: bot

From Proto-West Germanic *butt (“stumpy”), from Proto-Germanic *buttaz (“stumpy”). The noun derives from the fact that the fish was considered stumpily shaped.


hunt

hunt (nominative singular)
hunda (nominative plural)
hunt (accusative singular)
hunda (accusative plural)
hundes (genitive singular)
hundo (genitive plural)
hunde (dative singular)
hundon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hont

Dutch: hond


al

āl (canonical masculine)
āl (nominative singular)
āla (nominative plural)
āl (accusative singular)
āla (accusative plural)
āles (genitive singular)
ālo (genitive plural)
āle (dative singular)
ālon (dative plural)

From Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz.


calf

calf (nominative singular)
calvir (nominative plural)
calf (accusative singular)
calvir (accusative plural)
calves (genitive singular)
calviro (genitive plural)
calve (dative singular)
calviron (dative plural)

desctree

Middle Dutch: calf
Dutch: kalf
Limburgish: kalf


osso

osso (nominative singular)
osson (nominative plural)
osson (accusative singular)
osson (accusative plural)
ossin (genitive singular)
ossono (genitive plural)
ossin (dative singular)
osson (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: osse

Dutch: os
Afrikaans: os
Negerhollands: os


bia

bīa (canonical feminine)
bīa (nominative singular)
bīa (nominative plural)
bīon (nominative plural)
bīa (accusative singular)
bīon (accusative singular)
bīa (accusative plural)
bīon (accusative plural)
bīon (genitive singular)
bīono (genitive plural)
bīon (dative singular)
bīon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: bië

Dutch: bij

Afrikaans: by

West Flemish: bie

Zealandic: bie, bieë


mus

mūs (canonical feminine)
mūs (nominative singular)
mūsi (nominative plural)
mūs (accusative singular)
mūsi (accusative plural)
mūsi (genitive singular)
mūso (genitive plural)
mūsi (dative singular)
mūsin (dative plural)
mūson (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: muus
Dutch: muis
Afrikaans: muis
Jersey Dutch: mäus
Negerhollands: mischi, miśi, muśi
→ Caribbean Hindustani: mus
→ Sranan Tongo: moismoisi
Limburgish: moes

From Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs.


dier

dier (nominative singular)
dier (nominative plural)
dier (accusative singular)
dier (accusative plural)
dieres (genitive singular)
diero (genitive plural)
diere (dative singular)
dieron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: dier

Dutch: dier

From Proto-West Germanic *deuʀ, from Proto-Germanic *deuzą, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewsóm.


fisc

fiss (nominative singular)
fisza (nominative plural)
fiss (accusative singular)
fisza (accusative plural)
fiskes (genitive singular)
fiszo (genitive plural)
fiske (dative singular)
fiszon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: visch, visc, vis, vesch, fisch, fisc
Dutch: vis, visch (before 1934)
Afrikaans: vis
Berbice Creole Dutch: fesi
Jersey Dutch: väśe
Negerhollands: visch, vesch, fes, fis, vis
→ Virgin Islands Creole: fis (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: fesi, fisse, fiche
Petjo: fis
→? Aukan: fisi
Limburgish: visj, vèsj
West Flemish: vissch

From Frankish and Proto-West Germanic *fisk, Proto-Germanic *fiskaz, from Proto-Indo-European *peysk- (“fish”).


buc

bucs (nominative singular)
bucza (nominative plural)
bucs (accusative singular)
bucza (accusative plural)
buckes (genitive singular)
buczo (genitive plural)
bucke (dative singular)
buczon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: boc, buc
Dutch: bok (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: bók
West Flemish: buk

From Proto-West Germanic *bukk, from Proto-Germanic *bukkaz.


forno

forno (nominative singular)
fornon (nominative plural)
fornon (accusative singular)
fornon (accusative plural)
fornin (genitive singular)
fornono (genitive plural)
fornin (dative singular)
fornon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vōorne

Dutch: voorn


ravan

ravan (nominative singular)
ravana (nominative plural)
ravan (accusative singular)
ravana (accusative plural)
ravanes (genitive singular)
ravano (genitive plural)
ravane (dative singular)
ravanon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: rāven

Dutch: raaf


geit

geit (nominative singular)
geit (nominative plural)
geit (accusative singular)
geit (accusative plural)
geites (genitive singular)
geito (genitive plural)
geite (dative singular)
geiton (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: geit

Dutch: geit
Afrikaans: geit

Limburgish: geit


salmo

salmo (nominative singular)
salmon (nominative plural)
salmon (accusative singular)
salmon (accusative plural)
salmin (genitive singular)
salmono (genitive plural)
salmin (dative singular)
salmon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: salm, salme

Dutch: zalm
Afrikaans: salm
→? West Frisian: salm
→ Caribbean Javanese: salem

Limburgish: zalm


wulf

wulf (nominative singular)
wulva (nominative plural)
wulf (accusative singular)
wulva (accusative plural)
wulves (genitive singular)
wulvo (genitive plural)
wulve (dative singular)
wulvon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: wolf
Dutch: wolf
Afrikaans: wolf
Jersey Dutch: wâlf
Negerhollands: wuluwuluk
→ Virgin Islands Creole: wuluwuluk (dated)
Limburgish: wólf

From Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz.


bars

bars (nominative singular)
barsa (nominative plural)
bars (accusative singular)
barsa (accusative plural)
barses (genitive singular)
barso (genitive plural)
barse (dative singular)
barson (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: bars, bāers

Dutch: baars

From Proto-West Germanic *bars, from Proto-Germanic *barsaz.


musca

musca (nominative singular)
musca (nominative plural)
muscon (nominative plural)
musca (accusative singular)
muscon (accusative singular)
musca (accusative plural)
muscon (accusative plural)
muscon (genitive singular)
muscono (genitive plural)
muscon (dative singular)
muscon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: mussche

Dutch: mus
Afrikaans: mossie
→ Papiamentu: mùs

Limburgish: mösj


duva

dūva (canonical feminine)
dūva (nominative singular)
dūva (nominative plural)
dūvon (nominative plural)
dūva (accusative singular)
dūvon (accusative singular)
dūva (accusative plural)
dūvon (accusative plural)
dūvon (genitive singular)
dūvono (genitive plural)
dūvon (dative singular)
dūvon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: duve
Dutch: duif
Afrikaans: duif
Negerhollands: dufje, difi, diffie
→ Sranan Tongo: doifi
Limburgish: doef

Leiden Willeram, late 11th century;
Thiu duva, thie thar nistelot in then steynlocheron ande in then hegge holeron,

The dove that nests in the rock fractures and the holes in the hedge,


swin

swīn (canonical neuter)
swīn (nominative singular)
swīn (nominative plural)
swīn (accusative singular)
swīn (accusative plural)
swīnes (genitive singular)
swīno (genitive plural)
swīne (dative singular)
swīnon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: swijn
Dutch: zwijn
Afrikaans: swyn
Limburgish: zwien

From Proto-West Germanic *swīn, from Proto-Germanic *swīną. Akin to Old English swīn, Old Saxon swīn and Old Norse svín.


hano

hano (nominative singular)
hanon (nominative plural)
hanon (accusative singular)
hanon (accusative plural)
hanin (genitive singular)
hanono (genitive plural)
hanin (dative singular)
hanon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hāne

Dutch: haan


haso

haso (nominative singular)
hason (nominative plural)
hason (accusative singular)
hason (accusative plural)
hasin (genitive singular)
hasono (genitive plural)
hasin (dative singular)
hason (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hāse

Dutch: haas


falco

falzo (nominative singular)
falzon (nominative plural)
falzon (accusative singular)
falzon (accusative plural)
falkin (genitive singular)
falzono (genitive plural)
falkin (dative singular)
falzon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: valke

Dutch: valk

From Proto-West Germanic *falkō, from Proto-Germanic *falkô.


folo

folo (nominative singular)
folon (nominative plural)
folon (accusative singular)
folon (accusative plural)
folin (genitive singular)
folono (genitive plural)
folin (dative singular)
folon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vōle

Dutch: vool


slango

slango (nominative singular)
slangon (nominative plural)
slangon (accusative singular)
slangon (accusative plural)
slangin (genitive singular)
slangono (genitive plural)
slangin (dative singular)
slangon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: slange
Dutch: slang
Afrikaans: slang
Berbice Creole Dutch: slanggi
Negerhollands: slang, slaṅ
Skepi Creole Dutch: slanka
→ Aukan: salan
→ Caribbean Javanese: selang
→ Indonesian: slang (“hose”)
→ Papiamentu: slan
Limburgish: slang


farn

farn (nominative singular)
farn (nominative plural)
farn (accusative singular)
farn (accusative plural)
farnes (genitive singular)
farno (genitive plural)
farne (dative singular)
farnon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: varen

Dutch: varen

Afrikaans: varing

From Proto-West Germanic *farn. Compare Old English fearn and Old Saxon farn.


fogal

fogal (nominative singular)
fogala (nominative plural)
fogal (accusative singular)
fogala (accusative plural)
fogales (genitive singular)
fogalo (genitive plural)
fogale (dative singular)
fogalon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vōgel
Dutch: vogel, veugel (obsolete), fogel
Afrikaans: voël
→ English: voël
Jersey Dutch: fœüxel
Negerhollands: vogel
Skepi Creole Dutch: fogul
→? Sranan Tongo: fowru, vol, vool
→ Saramaccan: fóu
Limburgish: vogel, voeagel
West Flemish: veugel
Zealandic: veugel

From Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.

Thie fogal ne is hiera. Thie is bi themo thorpe.

The bird is not here. It (literally "he") is in the town.

Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan

All birds have started to build their nests


fus

fus (nominative singular)
fussa (nominative plural)
fus (accusative singular)
fussa (accusative plural)
fusses (genitive singular)
fusso (genitive plural)
fusse (dative singular)
fusson (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vos
Dutch: vos
Afrikaans: vos
Jersey Dutch: vośe
Negerhollands: vos
Limburgish: vósj


cuo

Middle Dutch: coe
Dutch: koe (see there for further descendants)
Limburgish: ków
West Flemish: koe


igil

igil (nominative singular)
igila (nominative plural)
igil (accusative singular)
igila (accusative plural)
igiles (genitive singular)
igilo (genitive plural)
igile (dative singular)
igilon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: igel, ēgel

Dutch: egel


stier

stier (nominative singular)
stiera (nominative plural)
stier (accusative singular)
stiera (accusative plural)
stieres (genitive singular)
stiero (genitive plural)
stiere (dative singular)
stieron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: stier

Dutch: stier
Afrikaans: stier


farro

farro (nominative singular)
farron (nominative plural)
farron (accusative singular)
farron (accusative plural)
farrin (genitive singular)
farrono (genitive plural)
farrin (dative singular)
farron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: varre

Dutch: var


sturo

sturo (nominative singular)
sturon (nominative plural)
sturon (accusative singular)
sturon (accusative plural)
sturin (genitive singular)
sturono (genitive plural)
sturin (dative singular)
sturon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: stōre, stuere

Dutch: steur

Afrikaans: steur

Limburgish: stjeur

From Proto-West Germanic *sturjō, from Proto-Germanic *sturjô.


bleia

bleia (nominative singular)
bleia (nominative plural)
bleion (nominative plural)
bleia (accusative singular)
bleion (accusative singular)
bleia (accusative plural)
bleion (accusative plural)
bleion (genitive singular)
bleiono (genitive plural)
bleion (dative singular)
bleion (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: blei, bley

Dutch: blei

From Proto-Germanic *blaigijǭ or a similar *blajjǭ(n).


flo

flō (canonical masculine)
flō (nominative singular)
flōa (nominative plural)
flō (accusative singular)
flōa (accusative plural)
flōs (genitive singular)
flō (genitive plural)
flōe (dative singular)
flōn (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: vlô

Dutch: vlo

Limburgish: vlouch


posc

Middle Dutch: posch

Dutch: pos

Unknown. Of the same ancestor or ancestor to West Frisian poask.


thas

thas (nominative singular)
thasa (nominative plural)
thas (accusative singular)
thasa (accusative plural)
thases (genitive singular)
thaso (genitive plural)
thase (dative singular)
thason (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: das
Dutch: das
Afrikaans: das, dassie
→ English: dassie
Jersey Dutch: dās
→ West Frisian: das
Limburgish: dasj
West Flemish: das

From Proto-West Germanic *þahs, Proto-Germanic *þahsuz.


ottar

ottar (nominative singular)
ottara (nominative plural)
ottar (accusative singular)
ottara (accusative plural)
ottares (genitive singular)
ottaro (genitive plural)
ottare (dative singular)
ottaron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: otter
Dutch: otter
Berbice Creole Dutch: otro
Limburgish: ódder


scap

scāp (canonical neuter)
scāp (nominative singular)
scāp (nominative plural)
scāp (accusative singular)
scāp (accusative plural)
scāpes (genitive singular)
scāpo (genitive plural)
scāpe (dative singular)
scāpon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: schâep

Dutch: schaap
Afrikaans: skaap
Berbice Creole Dutch: skapu
Jersey Dutch: sxâp
Negerhollands: skaap, skap
→ Lokono: sjikapoe, shikápo
→ Sranan Tongo: skapu
→ Saramaccan: sikáfu, sikápu
→ Warao: sikabo

Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;
Sine scaf er leret, thie zigen er bekeret.

He teaches his sheep, he converts the goats


brasma

brasma (nominative singular)
brasma (nominative plural)
brasmon (nominative plural)
brasma (accusative singular)
brasmon (accusative singular)
brasma (accusative plural)
brasmon (accusative plural)
brasmon (genitive singular)
brasmono (genitive plural)
brasmon (dative singular)
brasmon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: brasem

Dutch: brasem

Limburgish: briesem, bresem, brieësem

From Frankish *brahsima, from Proto-Germanic *brahsmǭ.


bevar

Middle Dutch: bēver
Dutch: bever
Afrikaans: bewer
Limburgish: baever


harinc

hārinc (canonical masculine)
hārinc (nominative singular)
hāringa (nominative plural)
hārinc (accusative singular)
hāringa (accusative plural)
hāringes (genitive singular)
hāringo (genitive plural)
hāringe (dative singular)
hāringon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hârinc, hêrinc
Dutch: haring
Afrikaans: haring
Negerhollands: heriṅ
→ Caribbean Hindustani: eleng
→ Papiamentu: hering
Limburgish: hieëring


hermilo

hermilo (nominative singular)
hermilon (nominative plural)
hermilon (accusative singular)
hermilon (accusative plural)
hermilin (genitive singular)
hermilono (genitive plural)
hermilin (dative singular)
hermilon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hermel

Dutch: hermel

From *harmo + -il-. Parallel in formation to Old High German harmilo.


crano

crano (nominative singular)
cranon (nominative plural)
cranon (accusative singular)
cranon (accusative plural)
cranin (genitive singular)
cranono (genitive plural)
cranin (dative singular)
cranon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: crāne, crāen

Dutch: kraan (see there for further descendants)

Limburgish: kraan

West Flemish: kraan

→ Walloon: cråne

From Proto-West Germanic *kranō, from Proto-Germanic *kranô.


hirut

hirut (nominative singular)
hiruta (nominative plural)
hirut (accusative singular)
hiruta (accusative plural)
hirutes (genitive singular)
hiruto (genitive plural)
hirute (dative singular)
hiruton (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hert, hēert
Dutch: hert, hart
Afrikaans: hert
Limburgish: hèrtj


ecorno

ēcorno (canonical masculine)
ēcorno (nominative singular)
ēcornon (nominative plural)
ēcornon (accusative singular)
ēcornon (accusative plural)
ēcornin (genitive singular)
ēcornono (genitive plural)
ēcornin (dative singular)
ēcornon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: êencōren

Dutch: eekhoorn


slekki

Middle Dutch: slecke, slacke

Dutch: slak

Afrikaans: slak


cabillao

cabillao (nominative singular)
cabillawa (nominative plural)
cabillao (accusative singular)
cabillawa (accusative plural)
cabillawes (genitive singular)
cabillawo (genitive plural)
cabillawe (dative singular)
cabillawon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: cabelliau

Dutch: kabeljauw
Afrikaans: kabeljou
→ English: kabeljou

Possibly from Latin baculum (“stick, staff”).


skelfisc

skelfiss (nominative singular)
skelfisza (nominative plural)
skelfiss (accusative singular)
skelfisza (accusative plural)
skelfiskes (genitive singular)
skelfiszo (genitive plural)
skelfiske (dative singular)
skelfiszon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: schelvisch

Dutch: schelvis

Compound of *skella (“peel, shell”) + fisc (“fish”).


spierinc

spierinc (nominative singular)
spieringa (nominative plural)
spierinc (accusative singular)
spieringa (accusative plural)
spieringes (genitive singular)
spieringo (genitive plural)
spieringe (dative singular)
spieringon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: spierinc

Dutch: spiering

Middle Dutch: spierlinc

Dutch: spierling

→ Middle Low German: spirling

→ Old French: esperlinge

→ Middle English: sperlynge

English: sperling, sparling

→ West Frisian: spjirring

Possibly a compound of *spīr (“peak, summit, muscle”) + -ing.


hardaro

hardaro (nominative singular)
hardaron (nominative plural)
hardaron (accusative singular)
hardaron (accusative plural)
hardarin (genitive singular)
hardarono (genitive plural)
hardarin (dative singular)
hardaron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: hardere

Dutch: harder
Afrikaans: harder
→ Papiamentu: aldu, haldu

Uncertain; possibly from hart (“hard”) + possibly *haro, a Verner alternant form of *haso (“hare”) and related to English hare. Otherwise maybe a reduplication of the same element hār- in *hārinc or another similar element. Compare Old English heardhara.


seobars

sēobars (canonical masculine)
sēobars (nominative singular)
sēobarsa (nominative plural)
sēobars (accusative singular)
sēobarsa (accusative plural)
sēobarses (genitive singular)
sēobarso (genitive plural)
sēobarse (dative singular)
sēobarson (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: sêebars, sêebāers

Dutch: zeebaars

Compound of sēo (“sea”) + *bars (“perch”).


graolinc

grāolinc (canonical masculine)
grāolinc (nominative singular)
grāolinga (nominative plural)
grāolinc (accusative singular)
grāolinga (accusative plural)
grāolinges (genitive singular)
grāolingo (genitive plural)
grāolinge (dative singular)
grāolingon (dative plural)


snuoc

snuos (nominative singular)
snuoza (nominative plural)
snuos (accusative singular)
snuoza (accusative plural)
snuokes (genitive singular)
snuozo (genitive plural)
snuoke (dative singular)
snuozon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: snoec

Dutch: snoek
Afrikaans: snoek
→ English: snoek
→ Papiamentu: snuk, snoek
→ Sranan Tongo: snuku
→ Kari'na: sinuku

From Proto-West Germanic *snōk, from Proto-Germanic *snōkaz, from the verb *snakaną (“to crawl”). Related to Old Norse snókr (“snake”).


pladis

Middle Dutch: pladijs

Dutch: pladijs

Borrowed from Old French plaiz, pladisse, plaïse, from Latin platessa.


cawa

cāwa (canonical feminine)
cāwa (nominative singular)
cāwa (nominative plural)
cāwon (nominative plural)
cāwa (accusative singular)
cāwon (accusative singular)
cāwa (accusative plural)
cāwon (accusative plural)
cāwon (genitive singular)
cāwono (genitive plural)
cāwon (dative singular)
cāwon (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: cauwe, ca

Dutch: kauw, ka

→ West Frisian: ka (likely borrowed)


heigero

heigero (nominative singular)
heigeron (nominative plural)
heigeron (accusative singular)
heigeron (accusative plural)
heigerin (genitive singular)
heigerono (genitive plural)
heigerin (dative singular)
heigeron (dative plural)

Middle Dutch: heiger, reiger, rêger

Dutch: reiger

Afrikaans: reier

Limburgish: reiger

From Proto-West Germanic *hraigrō, from Proto-Germanic *hraigrô.


heliftra

heliftra (nominative singular)
heliftra (nominative plural)
heliftron (nominative plural)
heliftra (accusative singular)
heliftron (accusative singular)
heliftra (accusative plural)
heliftron (accusative plural)
heliftron (genitive singular)
heliftrono (genitive plural)
heliftron (dative singular)
heliftron (dative plural)

desc

Middle Dutch: haeltre, halchtere, haellechter, helfter, halster

Dutch: halfter, halfster, halster, helster

From Proto-West Germanic *halftrijā, *halftrā.