chʼíízǫ́ǫ́s

chʼínísǫ́ǫ́s (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniidǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniidǫ́ǫ́s (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼínízǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínóhsǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanohsǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼíízǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídeízǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjízǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajízǫ́ǫ́s (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼínízǫ́ǫ́z (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniidǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniidǫ́ǫ́z (first-person perfective plural)
chʼíínízǫ́ǫ́z (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínoozǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanoozǫ́ǫ́z (perfective plural second-person)
chʼíinízǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídeizǫ́ǫ́z (perfective plural third-person)
chʼízhnízǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajizǫ́ǫ́z (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeesǫ́ǫ́s (first-person future singular)
chʼídiidǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiidǫ́ǫ́s (first-person future plural)
chʼídíízǫ́ǫ́s (future second-person singular)
chʼídoohsǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoohsǫ́ǫ́s (future plural second-person)
chʼíidoozǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídeidoozǫ́ǫ́s (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdoozǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdoozǫ́ǫ́s (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective stem of root -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z, “to pull, to tear”).
Stem initial z- becomes d- under d-effect.

he/she is pulling it or dragging it out horizontally (as a chain from a house)


násdǫ́ǫ́z

ná- (“around”) + -si- (modal) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier, passive) + -zǫ́ǫ́z (neuter perfective stem of root -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z, “to pull, to tear”).
Stem initial z- becomes d- under d-effect.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zǫ́ǫ́z</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZǪ́Ǫ́Z</i>

of néízǫ́ǫ́s


néízǫ́ǫ́s

násǫ́ǫ́s (first-person imperfective singular)
néiidǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ńdeiidǫ́ǫ́s (first-person imperfective plural)
nánízǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective second-person singular)
náhsǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ńdaahsǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective plural second-person)
néízǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ńdeizǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective plural third-person)
ńjízǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ńdajizǫ́ǫ́s (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nísézǫ́ǫ́z (first-person perfective singular)
nísiidǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural first-person perfective)
ńdasiidǫ́ǫ́z (first-person perfective plural)
nísínízǫ́ǫ́z (perfective second-person singular)
nísoozǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural perfective second-person)
ńdasoozǫ́ǫ́z (perfective plural second-person)
néízǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ńdeizǫ́ǫ́z (perfective plural third-person)
ńjízǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ńdajizǫ́ǫ́z (fourth-person perfective plural)
ńdeesǫ́ǫ́s (first-person future singular)
ńdiidǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural first-person future)
ńdadiidǫ́ǫ́s (first-person future plural)
ńdíízǫ́ǫ́s (future second-person singular)
ńdoohsǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural future second-person)
ńdadoohsǫ́ǫ́s (future plural second-person)
néidoozǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural future singular third-person)
ńdeidoozǫ́ǫ́s (future plural third-person)
nízhdoozǫ́ǫ́s (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ńdazhdoozǫ́ǫ́s (fourth-person future plural)

ná- (“around”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zǫ́ǫ́s (imperfective stem of root -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z, “to pull, to tear”).
Stem initial z- becomes d- under d-effect.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zǫ́ǫ́s</i>

he/she is turning it inside out (as a coat or socks)


chʼéʼeeł

chʼíníshʼeeł (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniiʼeeł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniiʼeeł (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníʼeeł (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínóhʼeeł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanohʼeeł (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼéʼeeł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídaaʼeeł (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíʼeeł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajíʼeeł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníʼéél (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniiʼéél (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniiʼéél (first-person perfective plural)
chʼííníʼéél (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínooʼéél (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanooʼéél (perfective plural second-person)
chʼíníʼéél (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídaazʼéél (perfective plural third-person)
chʼízhníʼéél (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajizʼéél (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeeshʼoł (first-person future singular)
chʼídiiʼoł (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiiʼoł (first-person future plural)
chʼídííʼoł (future second-person singular)
chʼídoohʼoł (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoohʼoł (future plural second-person)
chʼídooʼoł (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadooʼoł (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdooʼoł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdooʼoł (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼeeł (imperfective stem of root -ʼÉÉL, “to float”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼeeł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼÉÉL</i>

he/she/it is floating out horizontally (as from a tunnel under water)


haaʼeeł

haashʼeeł (first-person imperfective singular)
haiiʼeeł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hadeiiʼeeł (first-person imperfective plural)
haniʼeeł (imperfective second-person singular)
haahʼeeł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hadaahʼeeł (imperfective plural second-person)
haaʼeeł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hadaaʼeeł (imperfective plural third-person)
hajiʼeeł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
hadajiʼeeł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hááʼéél (first-person perfective singular)
haiiʼéél (duoplural first-person perfective)
hadasiiʼéél (first-person perfective plural)
háíníʼéél (perfective second-person singular)
haooʼéél (duoplural perfective second-person)
hadasooʼéél (perfective plural second-person)
hááʼéél (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
hadaazʼéél (perfective plural third-person)
hajííʼéél (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
hadajizʼéél (fourth-person perfective plural)
hadeeshʼoł (first-person future singular)
hadiiʼoł (duoplural first-person future)
hadadiiʼoł (first-person future plural)
hadííʼoł (future second-person singular)
hadoohʼoł (duoplural future second-person)
hadadoohʼoł (future plural second-person)
hadooʼoł (duoplural future singular third-person)
hadadooʼoł (future plural third-person)
hazhdooʼoł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
hadazhdooʼoł (fourth-person future plural)

ha- (“up out”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼeeł (imperfective stem of root -ʼÉÉL, “to float”).

nv-prefixes

he/she/it is floating up out (as from a sunken box)

he/she is stillborn, miscarried, premature


yíʼeeł

nishʼeeł (first-person imperfective singular)
niiʼeeł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniiʼeeł (first-person imperfective plural)
níʼeeł (imperfective second-person singular)
nohʼeeł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danohʼeeł (imperfective plural second-person)
yíʼeeł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deíʼeeł (imperfective plural third-person)
jíʼeeł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajíʼeeł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
níʼéél (first-person perfective singular)
niiʼéél (duoplural first-person perfective)
daniiʼéél (first-person perfective plural)
yíníʼéél (perfective second-person singular)
nooʼéél (duoplural perfective second-person)
danooʼéél (perfective plural second-person)
níʼéél (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daazʼéél (perfective plural third-person)
jiníʼéél (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajizʼéél (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshʼoł (first-person future singular)
diiʼoł (duoplural first-person future)
dadiiʼoł (first-person future plural)
dííʼoł (future second-person singular)
doohʼoł (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohʼoł (future plural second-person)
dooʼoł (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadooʼoł (future plural third-person)
jidooʼoł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdooʼoł (fourth-person future plural)

y- (peg element) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼeeł (imperfective stem of root -ʼÉÉL, “to float”).


-KID

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *qə̓t’ (“to slip, to slide”).


-TSʼEEʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼeq’ (“to lick”).


-TSʼEEʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼe̓ɣ (“to wiggle, to wind, to coil”). Found only in some neuter perfective bases.
Probably related to this root, a secondary meaning also occurs in neuter bases describing objects parallel to one another as rails, poles, columns of smoke.

to be coiled, spiraled
 2. to lieparallel


-GAII

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɢɑɣ ~ *ɢɑy (“to be white”). Cognate root found in Ahtna lggay, Gwich'in daagąįį.
The extended meanings of “to be hot” and “to hurt” seem to be specific to Navajo among Athabascan languages.


-CHIIʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čig (“to be red ochre”).
Often occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a deeper, browner color tone.


-BAʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *wa’ (“to be gray”).


-TSOII

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *tsu̓ɢ (“to be yellow, tan”). Also occurs with intensive infix -x- indicating a darker color tone as orange.


asgąʼ

sisgąʼ (first-person singular)
nihisgąʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihisgąʼ (first-person plural)
nisgąʼ (second-person singular)
nihisgąʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihisgąʼ (plural second-person)
bisgąʼ (third-person)
yisgąʼ (fourth-person)
hasgąʼ (fourth-person)
asgąʼ (indefinite)
sheʼasgąʼ (first-person singular)
niheʼasgąʼ (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼasgąʼ (first-person plural)
neʼasgąʼ (second-person singular)
niheʼasgąʼ (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼasgąʼ (plural second-person)
beʼasgąʼ (third-person)
yeʼasgąʼ (fourth-person)
hweʼasgąʼ (fourth-person)
asgąʼ (indefinite)

pelt, hide (preserved skin of an animal)

Atsįʼ bisgąʼ


atʼog

shitʼog (first-person singular)
nihitʼog (duoplural first-person)
danihitʼog (first-person plural)
nitʼog (second-person singular)
nihitʼog (duoplural second-person)
danihitʼog (plural second-person)
bitʼog (third-person)
yitʼog (fourth-person)
hatʼog (fourth-person)
atʼog (indefinite)


atságah

sitságah (first-person singular)
nihitságah (duoplural first-person)
danihitságah (first-person plural)
nitságah (second-person singular)
nihitságah (duoplural second-person)
danihitságah (plural second-person)
bitságah (third-person)
yitságah (fourth-person)
hatságah (fourth-person)
atságah (indefinite)


-ZHĮ́Į́ʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *žənʸ (“to be dark, black”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delzen (“dark colored”), Gwich'in azhrąįį.


Tʼiistsʼóóz Ńdeeshgizh

census-designated place
census-designated place

Crownpoint (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States)


Tʼiis Ííʼáhí

head

Tʼiis Ííʼáhí

Tʼiis Ííʼáhí

Pine Springs (a locality in Arizona, United States)


Tłʼohchiní

Ramah (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States)


Tóháálį́

English: Toadlena

Holonym: Bis Deezʼáhí

Two Grey Hills (a chapter in Newcomb, San Juan County, New Mexico)


Tódínéeshzheeʼ

Kayenta (a census-designated place in Arizona, United States)


Tóniłtsʼílí

Crystal (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States)


kanaagháii

sickly person, one who tends to be ill frequently


kʼeetʼoh

bowguard (protective sleeve worn on the wrist or forearm when practicing archery)


Kʼiiłtsoiitah

/kʼìːɬ.t͡sʰò.ìː.tʰàx/

kʼįįʼ (“sumac”) + łitso (“yellow”) + -tah (“among”)

affix

Cornfield (a census-designated place in Apache County, Arizona, United States)


-TŁʼIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’i̓dž (“to be blue, green”).


-TŁʼIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’əɣəš (“eel, snake”). See also the related noun tłʼiish (“snake”).


Naatʼáanii Nééz

Shiprock (a census-designated place in San Juan County, New Mexico)


Naatoohó

Bernalillo County
Bernalillo County#English

Isleta (a census-designated place in Bernalillo County, New Mexico)


Tʼáá Bííchʼį́įdii

head

Tʼáá Bííchʼį́įdii

Aneth (a census-designated place in Utah, United States)

Yah-ta-hey (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States)


tsįįłkaałii

tsin (“tree”) + yiłkaał (“he chips it/chops it”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix)


-TŁIIZH

Cognate root found in Koyukon tłɨs (“crushed, distorted”) and Tsuut'ina dlish (“spotted”).

dark brown, bruised, stained or spotted with brown


-YÉÉL

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇etɬ’ (“to become dark; to be quiet, calm”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghighaetlʼ (“it got dark”), dezghaetlʼ (“it is calm”). Compare also Navajo hił (“darkness”).


yiyiiłtsʼił

yiistsʼił (first-person imperfective singular)
yiiltsʼił (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiiltsʼił (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtsʼił (imperfective second-person singular)
woołtsʼił (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołtsʼił (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtsʼił (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtsʼił (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłtsʼił (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłtsʼił (fourth-person imperfective plural)
séłtsʼil (first-person perfective singular)
siiltsʼil (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiiltsʼil (first-person perfective plural)
síníłtsʼil (perfective second-person singular)
soołtsʼil (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasoołtsʼil (perfective plural second-person)
yistsʼil (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deistsʼil (perfective plural third-person)
jistsʼil (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajistsʼil (fourth-person perfective plural)
deestsʼił (first-person future singular)
diiltsʼił (duoplural first-person future)
dadiiltsʼił (first-person future plural)
dííłtsʼił (future second-person singular)
doołtsʼił (duoplural future second-person)
dadoołtsʼił (future plural second-person)
yidoołtsʼił (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidoołtsʼił (future plural third-person)
jidoołtsʼił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdoołtsʼił (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -tsʼił (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -TSʼIL, “to shatter”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼił</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSʼIL</i>


haisííd

haasííd (first-person imperfective singular)
haiilzííd (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hadeiilzííd (first-person imperfective plural)
hanisííd (imperfective second-person singular)
haahsííd (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hadaahsííd (imperfective plural second-person)
haisííd (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hadeisííd (imperfective plural third-person)
hajisííd (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
hadajisííd (fourth-person imperfective plural)
háásid (first-person perfective singular)
haiilzid (duoplural first-person perfective)
hadasiilzid (first-person perfective plural)
háínísid (perfective second-person singular)
haoosid (duoplural perfective second-person)
hadasoosid (perfective plural second-person)
hayíísid (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
hadeisid (perfective plural third-person)
hajíísid (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
hadajisid (fourth-person perfective plural)
hadeesił (first-person future singular)
hadiilził (duoplural first-person future)
hadadiilził (first-person future plural)
hadíísił (future second-person singular)
hadoohsił (duoplural future second-person)
hadadoohsił (future plural second-person)
haidoosił (duoplural future singular third-person)
hadeidoosił (future plural third-person)
hazhdoosił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
hadazhdoosił (fourth-person future plural)

ha- (“up out”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zííd (imperfective stem of root -ZID, “to be aware, to gather awareness”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zííd</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZID</i>


dilchxosh

di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -chosh (neuter imperfective stem of root -CHOZH, “to pop”), with emphatic infix -x-.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chosh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHOZH</i>

nv-link-to-root

it pops, makes bubbles, it is effervescent (as soda or pop corn)


-CHOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ču̓ž (“to shatter”).
Often appears with intensive infix -x- in bases related to popping or bursting.

to pop, to bubble, to burst
 2. to eatleafy matter, to graze


-ʼAAL

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa̓tɬʼ (“to chew, to bite”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna cʼeʼaał (“he is chewing something”), yizʼał (“he bit it once”), Gwich'in iiʼàal (“I ate it”), Chipewyan ɣɛsʼaíł (“Iʼm chewing it”)
Found in Navajo in bases related to the eating of hard or crispy food like peanuts, candy, celery, and bacon.


-DÉÉL

From Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ (“plural or rope-like subject falls or moves abruptly”).
Found in a wide range of extended meanings across all Athabaskan languages including Navajo, with potentially convergence in shape with other roots (see below Proto-Athabaskan *dətɬʼ “to jolt”), making the analyzis quite difficult.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ∅+daetlʼ (“plural S go, fly”), ałdaetlʼ (“I threw them, moved them quickly”), niłdełdeł (“he struck them together”), yaldaetlʼ (“he ate them”), Gwich'in kʼeegiidàl (“they arrived”), naljil (“I ate them”).
The Navajo root describes the movement of a slender flexible object (as a rope, a chain, a wire,...), of objects coming in pairs (as gloves, shoes, scissors,...), or of a group of animate objects (as a band, a tribe, a herd). Extended meanings include the eating of plural objects (as berries), the slamming of an object (like a rope but not exclusively) against another one, and the conception of a baby or egg.

inh

SFO moves or falls (a rope, a pair of shoes, a tribe)
 2. to eat plural objects


-DÉÉL

From Proto-Athabaskan *də̓tɬʼ (“to jolt”). Maybe related to -DÉÉL above from Proto-Athabaskan *detɬʼ, with its extended meaning related to “hitting”, “striking” or “slamming”.
Cognate root found in Koyukon əłdəł (“he shook, quivered”), Carrier usdił (“to be nervous”), Gwich'in gwaahdàl (“it is trembling”), Chipewyan dɛldɛ́l (“(teeth) are rattling”).


-MAL

Root not found in other Athabaskan languages. Maybe related to mąʼii (“coyote”).


-DLOOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *dlu̓ž (“quadruped trots”). Occurs only in Southern Athabaskan languages.

inh

to go on all four, to creep, to trot (a horse)


naaldloosh

naashdloosh (first-person imperfective singular)
neiildloosh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndeiildloosh (first-person imperfective plural)
nanildloosh (imperfective second-person singular)
naałdloosh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndaałdloosh (imperfective plural second-person)
naaldloosh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndaaldloosh (imperfective plural third-person)
njildloosh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndajildloosh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nishishdloozh (first-person perfective singular)
nishiildloozh (duoplural first-person perfective)
ndashiildloozh (first-person perfective plural)
nishíníldloozh (perfective second-person singular)
nishoołdloozh (duoplural perfective second-person)
ndashoołdloozh (perfective plural second-person)
naashdloozh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ndaashdloozh (perfective plural third-person)
njishdloozh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ndajishdloozh (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeeshdlosh (first-person future singular)
ndiildlosh (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiildlosh (first-person future plural)
ndííldlosh (future second-person singular)
ndoołdlosh (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoołdlosh (future plural second-person)
ndooldlosh (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadooldlosh (future plural third-person)
nizhdooldlosh (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdooldlosh (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -dloosh (continuative imperfective stem of root -DLOOZH, “to go on all four”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dloosh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DLOOZH</i>

he/she is going about on all fours, creeping about, it (as a horse) is trotting about


akéshgaan

shikéshgaan (first-person singular)
nihikéshgaan (duoplural first-person)
danihikéshgaan (first-person plural)
nikéshgaan (second-person singular)
nihikéshgaan (duoplural second-person)
danihikéshgaan (plural second-person)
bikéshgaan (third-person)
yikéshgaan (fourth-person)
hakéshgaan (fourth-person)
akéshgaan (indefinite)

From a- (indefinite personal possessive pronoun) + ké- (“foot”) + -sh- (ligature) + -gan (“dried up”, from -GAN, “to wither”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


-ʼÉÉL

From Proto-Athabaskan *’etɬʼ ~ *’ʷətɬ’ (“plural subjects float or swim”).
Occurs in a very productive motion theme related to floating or sailing, but also occurs in a couple of unproductive bases related to the action of water (flush, sift, sweat, dissolve), and in a neuter theme (to droop or hang down).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ilʼaetlʼ (“they arrived swimming”), tezʼaetlʼ (“(a dam) washed out”), tełʼaetlʼ (“he hung it up”), with similar extended meanings.

inh

*’etɬʼ ~ *’ʷətɬ’


-ʼĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼa (“to handle compact object”), with nasalized perfective *ʼa-nʸ.
One of the most productive root occurring in all Athabaskan languages, in a wide range of themes and specialized meanings.
Cognate root found in Ahtna zʼaan (“it is in position”), yiniʼaan (“he arrived carrying it”), diniʼaan (“he brought the news”), nikuniʼaan (“it is planned”), [Term?] (“sun moves”), with similar extended meanings.


ííłʼį́

áshʼį́ (first-person imperfective singular)
íilʼį́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádeiilʼį́ (first-person imperfective plural)
áníłˊį (imperfective second-person singular)
ółʼį́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádaahłʼį́ (imperfective plural second-person)
ííłˊį (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádeiłˊį (imperfective plural third-person)
ájíłʼį́ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádajiłˊį (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼá- (“thus”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -ʼį́ (durative imperfective stem of root -ʼĮĮD, “to make”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼĮĮD</i>

Azeeʼ áshʼį́.

he/she makes it, is a maker of it (by profession)


í-

(disjunct prefix of position I); postpositional prefix meaning “against”; it is often found in contraction with ná- (“around”, reversionary) as (b)éé-, where it converges in shape with -é (“about”)


yí-

Marks a third person subject of a ni-imperfective verb


yí-

Marks a second person singular subject of a progressive verb


yá-

yáłtiʼ (“he is speaking/talking”)


áłchíní binaaltsoos

From áłchíní (“children”) + bi- (3rd person possessive prefix) + naaltsoos (“book”).


-TSʼǪ́Ǫ́D

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸʼə̓tʼ (“to stretch”). Maybe cognate with -TSʼID (“tough, sinewy”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nicʼetʼ (“it is stretched out”).


-BĄ́Ą́Z

The root -BĄ́Ą́Z (“hooplike, ringlike shape”) is cognate with the root -MÁÁZ (“globular, spherical, ball-like shape”), both possibly originating from Proto-Athabaskan *wątsʼ (“roll”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghalbas (“it is rolling along”), nelbaatsʼ (“it is spherical”).


-JÉÉʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *džeq’, a root with multiple meanings throughout the Athabaskan languages, related to sticky matter, and to the handling or movement of a liquid, viscous or granular mass or of a plurality of objects.
Compare Carrier dzeh (“gum, resin”), esdzeh (“to glue, to weld”), nenesdzeh (“to put liquid, grease”), nedisdzeh (“to put hay or moss”), Mattole dehdidžeɣ (“they float”), Koyukon nitoxadaniłdzaq (“a lot of driftwood has accumulated in the water”), Dena'ina -džax (“pl. S run”), nə-džax (“pl. S fly”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to the parallel positioning of plural elongated subjects (sticks, ropes or animated), to the running of plural subjects (see also yideeł and yilé for a similar connection between the movement of rope-like objects (SFO) and running), and to the greasing or sticking of objects.

cog

plural S lie, recline
 2. plural S run
 3. to stick, to cause to adhere, to smear, to grease


dijééʼ

di- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -jééʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -JÉÉʼ, “to adhere, to stick, to grease”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-jééʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-JÉÉʼ</i>

nv-link-to-root

it is sticky, gummy, viscous (as pitch, resin, glue)


bídiijeeh

bídiijeh (imperfective singular third-person)
bídiijééʼ (perfective singular third-person)
bididoojah (future singular third-person)

bi- (3rd person indirect object prefix) + -í- (“against, reaching”) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -jeeh (imperfective stem of root -JÉÉʼ, “to adhere, to stick”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-jeeh</i>

it is sticking to it, is adhering to it (as a sticker to a wall)


nástáán

From the root -TĄ́ (“to handle a slender stiff object”).


-NAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to live, to move, to work”). Related to -NÁÁʼ (“to move”) and to -NÁÁD (“to last”). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (“he is working”), Chipewyan ɣɛna (“he is alive”), Carrier nelnaʼ (“to be slow, sluggish”).

inh

to live
 2. to last, to endure (supplies)
 3. to act slowly


-NAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (“to swallow”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (“he swallowed it”).


-NAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.
Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak (“(a blanket) fell down”), łdaniniłnak (“it lasted a long time”), taatnak (“he is tired”).

cog

FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)
 2. to crawl, to creep


-TʼAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼɑɢ (“to fly”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nitʼak (“it arrived flying”), Gwich'in naałtʼak (“I flew a plane”).


-TʼÓÓD

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck”). Related to -TʼOD (“to be soft”) and -TʼOH (“to smoke”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ighiłtʼuutʼ (“he sucked it”), kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon yiltʊt (“he sucked it on it once”), Carrier əst’ət (“to smoke”).


-TʼÓÓD

Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-čʼ> -sh would be expected). See also -TʼOD (“arrow sticks”) for a similar issue.
Compare Ahtna idghiltʼuutsʼ (“he peels it”), Carrier əst’us (“to strip”), hanəzt’ûz (“to be bald”), with meanings identical to the ones found in Navajo.

inh

to tear, to peel, to wear out
 2. to wipe


-TʼOD

Exact identification of the root is difficult.
Possibly cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to suck”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼutʼ (“to suck, or muddy matter moves”) describing the subject's mud-like texture. Compare Ahtna kultʼotʼ (“ground is soft”), Koyukon xɑltʼut (“area is muddy”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùd-ā (“to be boiled soft”), Tsuut'ina -t’ùh-ā (“to be silky, velvety”).
Alternatively, cognate with -TʼÓÓD (“to tear”) from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼučʼ (“to peel, to strip”), describing the subject's tearing apart from being too soft or overboiled.

cog

to be soft, tender, flexible, over-boiled


-TʼOD

Perhaps from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼʊɢ (“to shoot an arrow”), with an irregular coda evolution (*-g> -ʼ or -h would be expected). The original velar resurfaces in béésh astʼogii (“flint arrowhead”). See -TʼOH for the regularly derived root.
Alternatively, from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼut’ (“to suck”). Compare Koyukon utʼʊtʼ (“it sticks by suction, (fabric) sticks to the needle”). See -TʼÓÓD for the regularly derived root.


-TÁÁL

From Proto-Athabaskan *tatłʼ (“to act abruptly with the foot”), in bases related to stepping, stomping, kicking. Also occurs in a meaning related to bursting and exploding.
Cognate root found in Ahtna yiztał (“he shoved it once with his foot”), yuninitaatlʼ (“he kicked at it”), iʼdiiłtatlʼ (“I burst something”), Carrier əstał (“to kick”), dîstəł (“to explode”).


-TÁÁL

Probably identical to the above root. Occurs in Southern Athabaskan in bases related to singing or holding a ceremony.
Compare Ahtna deltatl’ (“make a speech”), Lower Tanana deltutł (“he is talking loudly”), Carrier dəztəl (“to shout”), themselves extension of the bursting / explosion meaning above.


-WOD

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʊ̓t’ (“to be bent, curved”). Occurs also in a secondary meaning related to wriggling, jiggling, and by extension, in some Athabaskan languages including Navajo, to being agile and running.
Cognate root found in Ahtna dezghotʼ (“it is bent”), Carrier nəlɣwət (“to wriggle”), nəsɣwət (“to be agile, rapid”).
Occurs in Navajo in two additional extended meanings related to limping and to rocking. The “rock” theme uses a different momentaneous stem set, and might be a different root altogether.

inh

to bend, to flex, to disjoint; to limp
 2. to rock
 3. to run


-TŁIZH

Cognate root not found outside of Southern Athabaskan.


-GOʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢʊ̓k’ (“to bump into, to rush”).

to fall (animate), to rush (stream), to billow (fog)
 2. to tackle, to butt, to collide; (tr.) to bang O, to hit O


Ahééhałtį́į́h Hahoodzo

Literally, the state where it rains year-round, from ahéé- (“round in a circle”) + ha- (3rd-person subject pronoun denoting space) + -ł- (classifier) + -tį́į́h (momentaneous usitative stem of root -TĄ́, “to rain”) + hahoodzo (“state”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tį́į́h</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TĄ́</i>


aghaʼdiitʼaahii

lawyer (professional person authorized to practice law), attorney


agąąziz

Compound of agaan (“arm”) + azis (“sack”).


álátłʼááh

shílátłʼááh (first-person singular)
nihílátłʼááh (duoplural first-person)
danihílátłʼááh (first-person plural)
nílátłʼááh (second-person singular)
nihílátłʼááh (duoplural second-person)
danihílátłʼááh (plural second-person)
bílátłʼááh (third-person)
yílátłʼááh (fourth-person)
hálátłʼááh (fourth-person)
álátłʼááh (indefinite)


-ZǪ́Ǫ́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *huˑs (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna niniyuus (“stretch it out!”), Koyukon kʼətalhuł (“to spread something out”), Chipewyan tɛsθuθ (“I am dragging it”), naasdðuθ (“I usually turn it inside out”), Mattole -yoos (“to skin it”).

cog

to pull or tear gently
 2. to be striped


Tónteel Chʼínílį́

From tónteel (“sea”) + chʼínílį́ (“to make it flow out horizontally, to drain it out”).


-ZĮĮD

From Proto-Athabaskan *zən (“to think”). Relates to the mind.
Cognate root found in Ahtna nizen (“he thinks”), Chipewyan yɛnɛsθən (“I think”), Gwich'in yiyindhan (“he wants it”).


-DO

From Proto-Athabaskan *dʊɣ̇ (“gas moves”).
Describes the movement of gas (air, cloud, smoke) in motion themes and the bursting of gas containers (as a sack of air, a tyre) in successive themes.
Cognate root found in Ahtna kekuldogh (“area becomes foggy”), ldogh (“it cracked”).

to float in the air (smoke, cloud, balloon)


-TŁʼÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłʼa ~ *tłʼe (“herd moves”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna teltłʼaa (“a herd started moving”), Chipewyan ɛltłʼɛł (“it (a caribou) is trotting”).


-JID

Derivation uncertain. This root is not found outside of Navajo.


-KĘ́Ę́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʷetsʼ (“stick-like or heavy object falls”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghilkaetsʼ (“(knife, box) fell down”), Chipewyan -kɛ́θ (“long object drops”).
The nasal vowel, found only in Navajo, is unexplained. See also -KÉÉZ where some confusion has arisen.


nitséés

nitséés (imperfective singular third-person)
neeztsiz (perfective singular third-person)
dínóotsis (future singular third-person)

ni- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tséés (imperfective stem of root -TSIZ, “to die out, to become extinguished”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tséés</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSIZ</i>

nv-link-to-root

atsiniltłʼish nitséés.

it goes out, dies (a fire, a light, a motor)


anitséés

anitséés (imperfective singular third-person)
aneeztsiz (perfective singular third-person)
adínóotsis (future singular third-person)

ʼa- (unspecified person subject prefix) + -ni- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tséés (imperfective stem of root -TSIZ, “to die out, to become extinguished”).

nv-prefixes

Daʼneeztsiz.

The lights went out, there is a power outage.


diilkos

diiskos (first-person imperfective singular)
diilkos (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiilkos (first-person imperfective plural)
diilkos (imperfective second-person singular)
doołkos (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadoołkos (imperfective plural second-person)
diilkos (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadiilkos (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiilkos (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiilkos (fourth-person imperfective plural)
déskos (first-person perfective singular)
deelkos (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadeelkos (first-person perfective plural)
dínílkos (perfective second-person singular)
disoołkos (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadisoołkos (perfective plural second-person)
deeskos (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadeeskos (perfective plural third-person)
jideeskos (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdeeskos (fourth-person perfective plural)

di- (“oral”) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -kos (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -KÉÉZ, “to cough”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kos</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KÉÉZ</i>

he/she/it is coughing once, lets out a cough


-KÉÉZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʊs-x (“to cough”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delkos (“he is coughing”), Carrier dəlkwəs (“he coughs”).
Occurs in Southern Athabaskan along with tsí-thematic in bases related to thinking. This meaning is probably rather related to the non-nasalized form of -KĘ́Ę́Z (in which the nazalization is non-etymological).

to cough
 2. to think, to ponder, to decide


-ZIIL

From Proto-Athabaskan *zəl (“to be hot”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼiziił (“it got warm”), Carrier hodinzil (“weather is warm”).


-KʼAAZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *q’ɑ̓ts’ (“to be cold”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nezkʼatsʼ (“it is cold”), Carrier sək’əz (“to be cold”), Chipewyan huk’að (“cold weather”).


-ZO

From Proto-Athabaskan *zʊɣ̇ (“to scrape”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ighizogh (“he scraped it”), Carrier təszoh (“to rake it”).
In Southern Athabaskan, the root evolved to mean “to mark”, “to draw a line or a border”. In Navajo, it is also found in bases related to the four operations.

to mark, to draw, to write
 2. to add, to subtract, to multiply


-TŁÉÉʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłeqʼʷ, classificatory root for mushy or decrepit objects (as mud, butter, a rotten rag), or animate object sharing such characteristics (as a frog, a drunken person).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghitlaeʼ (“he handed (some mud)”), nałtloʼ (“it became wet”), Gwich'in naałtłik (“I threw it (a rotten cloth) down”).
Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme describing the hopping of a frog (literally, a mushy object throwing itself successively).

cog

to handle or propelmushy matter (as butter, mud)
 2. to be wet


ádįįh

áshdįįh (first-person imperfective singular)
íidįįh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádeiidįįh (first-person imperfective plural)
ánídįįh (imperfective second-person singular)
áhdįįh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádaohdįįh (imperfective plural second-person)
ádįįh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádaadįįh (imperfective plural third-person)
ájídįįh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádájiłdįįh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ásédįįd (first-person perfective singular)
ásiidįįd (duoplural first-person perfective)
ádasiidįįd (first-person perfective plural)
ásínídįįd (perfective second-person singular)
ásoodįįd (duoplural perfective second-person)
ádasoodįįd (perfective plural second-person)
ásdįįd (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ádaasdįįd (perfective plural third-person)
ájísdįįd (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ádajisdįįd (fourth-person perfective plural)
ádeeshdįįł (first-person future singular)
ádiidįįł (duoplural first-person future)
ádadiidįįł (first-person future plural)
ádíídįįł (future second-person singular)
ádoohdįįł (duoplural future second-person)
ádadoohdįįł (future plural second-person)
ádoodįįł (duoplural future singular third-person)
ádadoodįįł (future plural third-person)
ázhdoodįįł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ádazhdoodįįł (fourth-person future plural)
óoshdįįh (first-person singular)
óodįįh (duoplural first-person)
ádaoodįįh (first-person plural)
óódįįh (second-person singular)
óohdįįh (duoplural second-person)
ádaoohdįįh (plural second-person)
óodįįh (duoplural singular third-person)
ádayódįįh (plural third-person)
ájódįįh (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ádajódįįh (fourth-person plural)

ʼá- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -dįįh (imperfective stem of root -DĮĮD, “to disappear”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dįįh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DĮĮD</i>

he/she/it is becoming extinct, dying out


-NISH

From Proto-Athabaskan *nəš-x (“to move quickly”).
Cognate root found in Chipewyan násnís (“I move quickly”), Northern Tutchone naɣadəlniš (“he is working”).


-DZĮ́Į́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *huˑs (“to stretch”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *həwəs. Cognate with -LÓÓZ (“to lead”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull”).


diłhiłgo dootłʼizh

diłhiłgo (“dark”) + dootłʼizh (“turquoise, green, blue”)

he/she/it is dark blue, indigo, navy blue


ndaʼiiníísh

ndaʼiiníísh (imperfective singular third-person)
ndaʼiizhnish (perfective singular third-person)
ndaʼdiyoonish (future singular third-person)

ni- (terminative) + -da- (plural) + -ʼa- (unspecified person subject prefix) + -hi- (seriative) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -níísh (imperfective stem of root -NISH, “to work”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-níísh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NISH</i>

work is being stopped, people stop working one after another


niilníísh

ninishníísh (first-person imperfective singular)
niniilníísh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndaniilníísh (first-person imperfective plural)
ninílníísh (imperfective second-person singular)
ninołníísh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndanołníísh (imperfective plural second-person)
niilníísh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndaalníísh (imperfective plural third-person)
njílníísh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndajílníísh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ninishnish (first-person perfective singular)
niniilnish (duoplural first-person perfective)
ndaniilnish (first-person perfective plural)
níínílnish (perfective second-person singular)
ninoołnish (duoplural perfective second-person)
ndanoołnish (perfective plural second-person)
niilnish (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ndaashnish (perfective plural third-person)
njílnish (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ndajishnish (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeeshnish (first-person future singular)
ndiilnish (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiilnish (first-person future plural)
ndíílnish (future second-person singular)
ndoołnish (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoołnish (future plural second-person)
ndoolnish (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadoolnish (future plural third-person)
nizhdoolnish (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdoolnish (fourth-person future plural)

ni- (terminative) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier, thematic) + -níísh (imperfective stem of root -NISH, “to work”).


ninishníísh

first-person singular imperfective of niilníísh


Tó Haachʼiʼ

Tohatchi (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States)


-LÓÓZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *lus (“to drag, usually with a rope”), from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *ł-həwəs. Cognate with -DZĮ́Į́Z (“to drag”) and -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z (“to pull, to tear”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna daluus (“he is dragging it”), Koyukon yolułtł (“he is dragging it along”).


-ʼEEZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ʼe̓ž (“to string fish or beads”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna *inezʼaes (“he strung them”).
Evolved in Navajo to mean “lead 2+ objects”, in contrast with -LÓÓZ, “lead a single object”.

inh

to lead plural object
 2. to stringbeads


-TSOOZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸu̓z, classificatory root for flat flexible objects, as fabric, skins or paper.
Cognate root found in Koyukon yitłkuł (“he has it (a blanket) there”), Carrier tətšus (“to carry it off (as sheets)”).


-TĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *tan ~ *tən (“to handle stick-like objects or vessels”), probably one of the most polysemous root across all Athabascan languages.
Cognate root found in Ahtna deztaan (“(elongated object) is in position”), datiił (“he is counting”),
natadghitaan (“water drips down”),
hwghitaʼ (“it stops”),
tinitaan (“there is a trail”),
łtaan (“(enclosed object) is in position”), dełtaan (“(body of water) is in position”), sa dinhwtniłten (“explain to me!”), titahdiniłtaan (“they rushed off in a group”), l+taan (“animate rests”), among many other meanings in the sole Ahtna language.
Occurs in Navajo as momentaneous perfective -TĄ́ or -TĄ́Ą́ʼ, in themes related to the handling of stick-like objects (SSO), to raining, to teaching, to the gallopping of a horse, and also acts as the suppletive neuter stem of -BIN (plural S sit).

cog

to handle a slender stiff object
 2. to rain
 3. to teach; to understand, to guess
 4. plural S sit
 5. to gallop


ooljééʼ dah yiitą́

ooljééʼ (“moon”) + dah (“up”) + yiitą́ (“it hung in mid-air”)


-DǪǪD

From Proto-Athabaskan *dəmʼ (“to become taut”). Maybe cognate with -DON (“to explode”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nidonʼ (“it is taut”), nełdonʼ (“he jerks it”).


-DON

From Proto-Athabaskan *dəmʼ (“to become taut, full to burst”). Cognate with -DǪǪD (“to straighten up”).

to blast, to explode, to shoot, to fire a gun


hw

A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


-TSEII

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsaˑʼy (“to be dry”). Cognate root found in Ahtna naghaltsaay’ (“they dried up”).
Also spelt as -TSAII.


-TSAII

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsaˑʼy (“to be dry”).


-GAN

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢa̓nʸ (“to be dry”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna zggan (“it is dried”). See also Navajo asgąʼ (“dried remains”).


-KWI

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʊɣʸ (“to vomit”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna natkoy (“he is vomiting”).


-TŁʼIS

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’əts’ (“to be hard, solid”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼitlʼiitsʼ (“it hardens, coagulates”).


-TŁʼÍÍD

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’it’ (“liquid or granular matter moves or splashes; to fart”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghitlʼiitʼ (“(water, sand) fell down”), ztlʼiitʼ (“it farted”).
Also occur in Navajo with the meaning “to limber up, to rest up”, of uncertain derivation.

cog

to throw, to toss plural objects
 2. to spurt, to fart
 3. to recuperate, to rest up, to limber up


-TSʼǪ́Ǫ́Z

From Proto-Athabaskan *ts’ųts’ (“to suck, to kiss”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yiztsʼos (“he is sucking it once”).


yiyiiłkah

yiishkah (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilkah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilkah (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłkah (imperfective second-person singular)
woołkah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołkah (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłkah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłkah (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłkah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłkah (fourth-person imperfective plural)
séłkah (first-person perfective singular)
siilkah (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiilkah (first-person perfective plural)
síníłkah (perfective second-person singular)
soołkah (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasoołkah (perfective plural second-person)
yiskah (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deiskah (perfective plural third-person)
jiskah (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiskah (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshkah (first-person future singular)
diilkah (duoplural first-person future)
dadiilkah (first-person future plural)
dííłkah (future second-person singular)
doołkah (duoplural future second-person)
dadoołkah (future plural second-person)
yidoołkah (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidoołkah (future plural third-person)
jidoołkah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdoołkah (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -kah (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -KAI, “to shoot arrow”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kah</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KAI</i>


yiikʼai

yiishkʼaih (first-person imperfective singular)
yiikʼaih (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiikʼaih (first-person imperfective plural)
yiikʼaih (imperfective second-person singular)
woohkʼaih (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohkʼaih (imperfective plural second-person)
yiikʼaih (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiikʼaih (imperfective plural third-person)
jiikʼaih (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiikʼaih (fourth-person imperfective plural)
sékʼaih (first-person perfective singular)
siikʼaih (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiikʼaih (first-person perfective plural)
síníkʼaih (perfective second-person singular)
sookʼaih (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasookʼaih (perfective plural second-person)
yizkʼaih (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deizkʼaih (perfective plural third-person)
jizkʼaih (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajizkʼaih (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshkʼaih (first-person future singular)
diikʼaih (duoplural first-person future)
dadiikʼaih (first-person future plural)
dííkʼaih (future second-person singular)
doohkʼaih (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohkʼaih (future plural second-person)
dookʼaih (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadookʼaih (future plural third-person)
jidookʼaih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdookʼaih (fourth-person future plural)

yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kʼaih (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -KʼAIʼ, “to spread legs”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼaih</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼAIʼ</i>


yidiiłkǫǫh

diishkǫǫh (first-person imperfective singular)
diilkǫǫh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiilkǫǫh (first-person imperfective plural)
diiłkǫǫh (imperfective second-person singular)
doołkǫǫh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadoołkǫǫh (imperfective plural second-person)
yidiiłkǫǫh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deidiiłkǫǫh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiiłkǫǫh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiiłkǫǫh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
diiłkǫʼ (first-person perfective singular)
diilkǫʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiilkǫʼ (first-person perfective plural)
diniłkǫʼ (perfective second-person singular)
doołkǫʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoołkǫʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yidiiłkǫʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deidiiłkǫʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jidiiłkǫʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdiiłkǫʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (thematic) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -kǫǫh (transitional imperfective stem of root -KǪʼ, “to be smooth”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kǫǫh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KǪʼ</i>

he/she is making it smooth, smoothing it down


naaltsoos ahiʼnííł

naaltsoos (“paper, ballot”, from -TSOOZ) + ahiʼnííł (“it is tossed away one after another”, passive seriative of iinííł, from -NIL)


yiyiiłtáás

yiistáás (first-person imperfective singular)
yiiltáás (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiiltáás (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtáás (imperfective second-person singular)
woołtáás (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołtáás (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtáás (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtáás (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłtáás (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłtáás (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtaaz (first-person perfective singular)
yiiltaaz (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiiltaaz (first-person perfective plural)
yiniłtaaz (perfective second-person singular)
woołtaaz (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołtaaz (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtaaz (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtaaz (perfective plural third-person)
jiiłtaaz (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiiłtaaz (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -táás (imperfective stem of root -TAAZ, “to bend”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-táás</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TAAZ</i>


iinííł

iishnííł (first-person imperfective singular)
iiʼnííł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiiʼnííł (first-person imperfective plural)
aninííł (imperfective second-person singular)
oohnííł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaahnííł (imperfective plural second-person)
iinííł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaanííł (imperfective plural third-person)
ajinííł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajinííł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
íínil (first-person perfective singular)
iiʼnil (duoplural first-person perfective)
adasiiʼnil (first-person perfective plural)
íínínil (perfective second-person singular)
oonil (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasoonil (perfective plural second-person)
íínil (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adaaznil (perfective plural third-person)
ajíínil (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajiznil (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshnił (first-person future singular)
adiiʼnił (duoplural first-person future)
adadiiʼnił (first-person future plural)
adíínił (future second-person singular)
adoohnił (duoplural future second-person)
adadoohnił (future plural second-person)
adoonił (duoplural future singular third-person)
adadoonił (future plural third-person)
azhdoonił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
adazhdoonił (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -nííł (imperfective stem of root -NIL, “to handle several objects”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nííł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIL</i>

he/she is putting them or tossing them away out of sight (plural relatively large objects)


-KĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *qanʸ (“to be sweet, to taste good”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ilkaanʼ (“it became tasty”).


-ZĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *zan (“to beat wife or spouse”).

to beat one's wife, to have a violent domestic quarrel


-ZHIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *žəž (“to sip hot liquid”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna izes (“drink (tea)”), Carrier əszəz (“drink soup with a spoon”).


-YEʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣe (“to call a name”).


-CHA

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʷe̓ɣ (“to cry”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tsagh (“he is crying”).


-CHʼĄĄʼ

Cognate root not found in other Athabaskan languages.

to decorate, to draw, to paint; to trick


tsʼaaʼ

bitsʼaʼ (possessed-form)
sitsʼaʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsʼaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsʼaʼ (first-person plural)
nitsʼaʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsʼaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsʼaʼ (plural second-person)
bitsʼaʼ (third-person)
yitsʼaʼ (fourth-person)
hatsʼaʼ (fourth-person)
atsʼaʼ (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsʼakʸʼ (“plate, basket”).


-DLÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *łe̓dž (“to plaster with mud”). Cognate with łeezh (“soil, dirt, ashes”), dleesh (“white clay”).


-BÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *-weˑdžʷ (“to cook by boiling”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yełaets (“I'm cooking it”), Koyukon *ləbats (“it got cooked by boiling”),


-BÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *wədž (“to spread, to stretch”). Cognate with -BIZH (“to braid”).

inh

to lie scattered
 2. to be dirty with adhering matter


dildzííł

disdzííł (first-person imperfective singular)
diildzííł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiildzííł (first-person imperfective plural)
díldzííł (imperfective second-person singular)
dołdzííł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadołdzííł (imperfective plural second-person)
dildzííł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadildzííł (imperfective plural third-person)
jidildzííł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdildzííł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
désdzil (first-person perfective singular)
deeldzil (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadeeldzil (first-person perfective plural)
díníldzil (perfective second-person singular)
disoołdzil (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadisoołdzil (perfective plural second-person)
deesdzil (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadeesdzil (perfective plural third-person)
jideesdzil (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdeesdzil (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideesdził (first-person future singular)
didiildził (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiildził (first-person future plural)
didííldził (future second-person singular)
didoołdził (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoołdził (future plural second-person)
didooldził (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadidooldził (future plural third-person)
dizhdooldził (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidooldził (fourth-person future plural)

di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -dzííł (imperfective stem of root -DZIL, “to be strong”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dzííł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DZIL</i>

he/she/it makes an effort (as in pulling)


-ZHIʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ži (“to name it”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yuzii (“he is calling him”).


-DZIL

From Proto-Athabaskan *dzəl (“to be solid, firm, thick”). Compare also Navajo dziil (“strength”) and dził (“mountain”).

inh

to make an effort, to strain
 2. to be strong, to firm


-GEED

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢed (“to stick, to poke”), also found in a number of disparate meanings, including “to crawl, to go on all four” (giving the Navajo meaning “to buck”).
Related to Navajo god (“knee”).

yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd#Navajo

yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd#Navajo

to dig, to shovel; to stick, to jab
 2. to buck, to move bucking (a horse)


-LOʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *lʊk’ (“to handle rope-like object”).

to act with a rope: to carry suspended, to drive, to lasso, to weigh...


yidileeh

dishłeeh (first-person imperfective singular)
diidleeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiidleeh (first-person imperfective plural)
díleeh (imperfective second-person singular)
dohłeeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadohłeeh (imperfective plural second-person)
yidileeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deidileeh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidileeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdileeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
déloʼ (first-person perfective singular)
deedloʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadeedloʼ (first-person perfective plural)
díníloʼ (perfective second-person singular)
disooloʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadisooloʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yideezloʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deideezloʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jideezloʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdeezloʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideeshłoh (first-person future singular)
didiidloh (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiidloh (first-person future plural)
didííloh (future second-person singular)
didoohłoh (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoohłoh (future plural second-person)
yididooloh (duoplural future singular third-person)
deididooloh (future plural third-person)
dizhdooloh (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidooloh (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (inceptive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -leeh (imperfective stem of root -LOʼ, “to act with a rope”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-leeh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LOʼ</i>

he/she starts to drive it along (a vehicle, originally by means of reins or cables)

he/she starts to carry it along by a handle, string, or cord (as a suitcase)


adiloh

adishłoh (first-person imperfective singular)
adiidloh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼdiidloh (first-person imperfective plural)
adíloh (imperfective second-person singular)
adohłoh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼdohłoh (imperfective plural second-person)
adiloh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼdiloh (imperfective plural third-person)
azhdiloh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhʼdiloh (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -loh (iterative stem of root -LOʼ, “to act with a rope”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-loh</i>

Níléí akałii ayóo adiloh.

Kóʼóolyéenii ayóo łį́į́ʼ yikááʼdóó adiloh dahoʼdiʼní.

These were said to have good riding and roping skills.

he/she/it is a roper, is good at roping, lassoing


Tsinłání

Arboles (a census-designated place in Colorado, United States)


bee iináanii

bee (“by means of it”) + iiná (“there is life”) + -n- (ligature) + -ii (nominalizing suffix)


iiʼ sizíinii

head

iiʼ sizíinii (possessed form biiʼ sizíinii)

iiʼ (“inside one”) + sizį́ (“it stands”) + -n- (ligature) + -ii (nominalizing suffix)


dziłbąąh

From dził (“mountain”) + bąąh (“beside it”).


dziłgiizh

From dził (“mountain”) + -giizh (“gap, cut”).


-TSĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsa-nʸ (“to catch sight of”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yiłtsaan (“he caught sight of”).


-TSĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *da̓-tsa-nʸ (“singular S dies”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna daztsaan (“he dies”).


dziłlátah

From dził (“mountain”) + álátah (“tip, end, peak”).


dziłtsíín

From dził (“mountain”) + atsíín (“foot, base”).


dziłtsį́į́gi

From dziłtsíín (“foot of a mountain”) + -gi (“at”).


dziłtsį́į́góó

head

dziłtsį́į́góó

From dziłtsíín (“foot of a mountain”) + -góó (“along”).


dziłghą́ą́ʼ

From dził (“mountain”) + aghą́ą́ʼ (“top, summit”).


wóniłchxoní

Literally a bug that stinks, from wó- (“insect, bug”) + niłchon (“it stinks”) + -x- (emphatic infix) + -í (nominalizer)


yikǫs

yikǫs (plural progressive singular third-person)
deíkęęs (distributive plural progressive third-person)

yi- (progressive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kǫs (progressive stem of root -KĘ́Ę́Z, “a slender stiff object moves”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kǫs</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KĘ́Ę́Z</i>

nv-link-to-root

it is sailing through the air (as a flying arrow)


halchííʼ

ho- (“space, area, things”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -chííʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -CHIIʼ, “to be red”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chííʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHIIʼ</i>

Eʼeʼaahjí halchííʼ.


awóchiiʼ

shiwóchiiʼ (first-person singular)
nihiwóchiiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihiwóchiiʼ (first-person plural)
niwóchiiʼ (second-person singular)
nihiwóchiiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihiwóchiiʼ (plural second-person)
biwóchiiʼ (third-person)
yiwóchiiʼ (fourth-person)
hawóchiiʼ (fourth-person)
awóchiiʼ (indefinite)

From awooʼ (“tooth”) + -chiiʼ (neuter perfective stem of root -CHIIʼ, “to be red”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chiiʼ</i>


awótsįʼ

shiwótsįʼ (first-person singular)
nihiwótsįʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihiwótsįʼ (first-person plural)
niwótsįʼ (second-person singular)
nihiwótsįʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihiwótsįʼ (plural second-person)
biwótsįʼ (third-person)
yiwótsįʼ (fourth-person)
hawótsįʼ (fourth-person)
awótsįʼ (indefinite)

From awooʼ (“tooth”) + atsįʼ (“meat, flesh”).


tsíłkę́ę́h

head

tsíłkéí, tsíłkéyóó

tsíłkę́ę́h (possessed form bitsíłkęʼ, plural tsíłkéí, tsíłkéyóó)

bitsíłkęʼ (possessed-form)
tsíłkéí (plural)
tsíłkéyóó (plural)
sitsíłkęʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsíłkęʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsíłkęʼ (first-person plural)
nitsíłkęʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsíłkęʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsíłkęʼ (plural second-person)
bitsíłkęʼ (third-person)
yitsíłkęʼ (fourth-person)
hatsíłkęʼ (fourth-person)
atsíłkęʼ (indefinite)

Compare Ahtna ciił (“boy”) and Tanacross tsiil gaay (“young boy”). Related to atsilí (“younger brother”).

kid, young man, young boy, adolescent, teenager (aged 13 to 30)

shidáʼí bitsíłkęʼ

(in the possessive) someone's kid, young son


wólázhiní

From wólá- (“ants”) + -zhin (“black”) + -í (nominalizer).


-TAAZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tatsʼ (“to twist, to roll”).


yiitáás

yiistáás (first-person imperfective singular)
yiitáás (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiitáás (first-person imperfective plural)
yiitáás (imperfective second-person singular)
woohtáás (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohtáás (imperfective plural second-person)
yiitáás (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiitáás (imperfective plural third-person)
jiitáás (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiitáás (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiitaaz (first-person perfective singular)
yiitaaz (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiitaaz (first-person perfective plural)
yiitaaz (perfective second-person singular)
wootaaz (duoplural perfective second-person)
daootaaz (perfective plural second-person)
yiitaaz (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deitaaz (perfective plural third-person)
jiitaaz (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiitaaz (fourth-person perfective plural)

yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -táás (imperfective stem of root -TAAZ, “to bend”)

nv-prefixes

he/she becomes bent, stooped over (with the age or rheumatism)


łį́į́ʼkąʼii

From łį́į́ʼ (“horse”) + -kąʼ (“male”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


łį́į́ʼtsaʼii

head

łį́į́ʼtsaʼii

From łį́į́ʼ (“horse”) + tsaʼii (“reproducing female”).


tsaʼii

reproducing female, an animal capable of reproducing


łį́į́ʼ yáshchʼį́į́d

łį́į́ʼ yáshchʼį́į́d


tsiih

Contraction from atsįʼ (“flesh, meat”) + -iih (“into”)


tsééh

Contraction of tsé (“rock”) + -iih (“into”)


kééh

Contraction of ké (“shoe”) + -iih (“into”)


kįįh

Contraction of kin (“house”) + -iih (“into”)


ééh

Contraction of ééʼ (“garment, clothing”) + -iih (“into”)


tsʼííh

Contraction of atsʼíís (“body”) + -iih (“into”)


-NÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *naʸ (“to move nomadically, to migrate”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nininaa (“he arrived at a place with a group”).

cog

to move household, to migrate, crowd moves


-NÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to capture, to enslave”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna elna (“slave”).


-NÁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *naʸ (“to become depleted”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tneznaan (“it went to waste”), hwnełnaan (“he won at gambling”).

plural S die, (impf.) plural S get sick
 2. to win (in a competition)


atsáłbáí

From atsá (“eagle”) + łibá (“gray”) + -í (nominalizer).


atsáłtsoii

From atsá (“eagle”) + łitso (“yellow”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


atsą́

sitsą́ (first-person singular)
nihitsą́ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsą́ (first-person plural)
nitsą́ (second-person singular)
nihitsą́ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsą́ (plural second-person)
bitsą́ (third-person)
yitsą́ (fourth-person)
hatsą́ (fourth-person)
atsą́ (indefinite)

From the root -TSĄĄD (“to be pregnant”), from Proto-Athabaskan *kʸan (“belly”).
Compare also Ahtna ucaan (“his/her abdomen”).


atsą́stíín

Literally, the one who sits in the belly, from atsą́ (“belly”) + sitį́ (“it sits”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix)


ániʼ

shíniʼ (first-person singular)
nihíniʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihíniʼ (first-person plural)
níniʼ (second-person singular)
nihíniʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihíniʼ (plural second-person)
bíniʼ (third-person)
yíniʼ (fourth-person)
hániʼ (fourth-person)
ániʼ (indefinite)


hodiłhił

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -di- (“color”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -yił (neuter imperfective stem of root -YÉÉL, “be dark”)
The initial y of the stem assimilates to h after the classifier -ł-.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yił</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YÉÉL</i>


hodootłʼizh

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -di- (“color”) + -oo- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tłʼizh (neuter perfective stem of root -TŁʼIIZH, “be blue, green”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼizh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼIIZH</i>


haltso

ho- (“space, area, things”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tso (neuter imperfective stem of root -TSOII, “be yellow”)

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tso</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSOII</i>


hodisxǫs

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + sǫs (neuter imperfective stem of root -SǪS, “glitter, sparkle”), with emphatic infix -x-

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">sǫs</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-SǪS</i>


-SǪS

Probably related to Proto-Athabaskan *səmˀ (“star”).
Compare Navajo sǫʼ (“star”), Chiricahua sǫǫs (“star”). Other cognates found in Tanacross sénʼ (“star”) and Ahtna sonʼ (“star”).
In Navajo this root is attested only in the neuter imperfective stem.


aghą́ą́ʼ

shighą́ą́ʼ (first-person singular)
nihighą́ą́ʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihighą́ą́ʼ (first-person plural)
nighą́ą́ʼ (second-person singular)
nihighą́ą́ʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihighą́ą́ʼ (plural second-person)
bighą́ą́ʼ (third-person)
yighą́ą́ʼ (fourth-person)
haghą́ą́ʼ (fourth-person)
aghą́ą́ʼ (indefinite)


-NIID

From Proto-Athabaskan *ni (“to feel, to think, to want, to wish”). Relates to the mind.
Cognate root found in Ahtna uniʼoʼolnii (“I am attracted to her”), Tanacross shiiníʼ (“my mind”).
-NIID shares many stems with the roots -NÍÍD, -NIIʼ, -NÍÍʼ, -NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.


-NIID

From Proto-Athabaskan *də-ni (“to say”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna desnii (“I say”), sełnii (“he says to me”), Carrier hotni (“it is said”).


-NIID

From Proto-Athabaskan *ni ~ *ni̓gʸ (“to be joyful”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna neniic (“happiness”), Carrier honəsni (“to be joyful”).


-NIID

to affect, to be the solution for, to cure


alzį́į́h

silzį́į́h (first-person singular)
nihilzį́į́h (duoplural first-person)
danihilzį́į́h (first-person plural)
nilzį́į́h (second-person singular)
nihilzį́į́h (duoplural second-person)
danihilzį́į́h (plural second-person)
bilzį́į́h (third-person)
yilzį́į́h (fourth-person)
halzį́į́h (fourth-person)
alzį́į́h (indefinite)


dilchį́į́h

dishchį́į́h (first-person imperfective singular)
diilchį́į́h (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiilchį́į́h (first-person imperfective plural)
dílchį́į́h (imperfective second-person singular)
dołchį́į́h (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadołchį́į́h (imperfective plural second-person)
dilchį́į́h (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadilchį́į́h (imperfective plural third-person)
jidilchį́į́h (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdilchį́į́h (fourth-person imperfective plural)

di- (“sensory”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -chį́į́h (conative imperfective stem of root -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to smell”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chį́į́h</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHĄ́Ą́ʼ</i>

(with dah) he/she/it is trying to sniff, to get a scent


átsą́ą́ʼtsʼin

head

átsą́ą́ʼtsʼin

From átsą́ą́ʼ (“rib”) + atsʼin (“bone”).


-TSĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸan (“belly”). Cognate with atsą́ (“belly, abdomen”).
Maybe related to the root -TSĄ́Ą́ʼ (“to rain”).


-NÍÍD

-NÍÍD shares many stems with the roots -NIID, -NIIʼ, -NÍÍʼ,-NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.


aaníí

aaníí (imperfective singular third-person)
áánííd (perfective singular third-person)
adooniił (future singular third-person)
anáʼniih (iterative singular third-person)
aonííʼ (optative singular third-person)

ʼa- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -níí (neuter imperfective stem of root -NÍÍD, “to be true”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-níí</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NÍÍD</i>

tʼáá aaníí ádíshní

doo shił aaníi da

doo shił áánííd da

(in the negative only) he/she is not pleased by it, he/she doesnʼt like it.


yoochʼííd

shiyoochʼííd (first-person singular)
nihiyoochʼííd (duoplural first-person)
danihiyoochʼííd (first-person plural)
niyoochʼííd (second-person singular)
nihiyoochʼííd (duoplural second-person)
danihiyoochʼííd (plural second-person)
biyoochʼííd (third-person)
yiyoochʼííd (fourth-person)
hayoochʼííd (fourth-person)
ayoochʼííd (indefinite)

Jáan diné nilínígíí yoochʼííd átʼé.

Yooch'ííd bee iiséłbą́.

Doo dadíítsaał da níigo yoochʼííd áyiilaa.

He lied to you saying you would never die.

Biyoochʼííd.


diłhį́hí

Literally, the one that melts. From diłhį́į́h (“to melt”) + -í (nominalizer)


dilyį́h

di- (“fire”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -yį́h (neuter imperfective stem of root -YĮ́Į́ʼ, “to melt”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yį́h</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YĮ́Į́ʼ</i>


diłhį́į́h

diłhį́į́h (imperfective singular third-person)
dííłhį́į́ʼ (perfective singular third-person)

di- (“fire”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -yį́į́h (imperfective stem of root -YĮ́Į́ʼ, “to melt”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yį́į́h</i>


ayóóʼáyóʼní

ayóóʼánííníshʼní (first-person second-person singular)
ayóóʼííníshʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼánóshʼní (first-person second-person singular)
ayóóʼóoshʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼáhóshʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼánihóshʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼádanihóshʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼádaóshʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼádahóshʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼáshííníʼní (first-person second-person singular)
ayóóʼííníʼní (second-person singular)
ayóóʼáshóʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼánóʼní (second-person singular)
ayóóʼáyóʼní
ayóóʼáhóʼní
ayóóʼánihóʼní
ayóóʼáshijóʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼájóʼní
ayóóʼánihijóʼní
ayóóʼííníiʼní
ayóóʼíínóhʼní
ayóóʼádeíníiʼní (first-person plural)
ayóóʼádashíínóhʼní (first-person plural second-person)
ayóóʼádeínóhʼní (plural second-person)
ayóóʼádashóʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼádayóʼní
ayóóʼádashijóʼní (first-person singular)
ayóóʼádajóʼní

ayóo (“very”) + ʼá- (“thus”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ó- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -d- (classifier) + -ní (neuter imperfective stem of root -NIID, “to desire, to love”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ní</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIID</i>


yiyį́į́h

yiyį́į́h (imperfective singular third-person)
yíyį́į́ʼ (perfective singular third-person)

y- (peg element) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -yį́į́h (imperfective stem of root -YĮ́Į́ʼ, “to melt”)


-YĮ́Į́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇en (“to melt, to thaw”).


-YĮ́Į́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸikʸ ~ *ɣʸitšʼʷ (“to breathe, to rest”), later confused with Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇en (“to melt, to thaw”).
Cognate with the root -DZÍÍʼ (“to breathe”), which can ultimately be analyzed as d- (classifier) + -YÍÍʼ (?), and with -YIH (“to pant”). Compare also Navajo ayih (“breath”).

*ɣʸikʸ ~ *ɣʸitšʼʷ


hadilchą́ą́ʼ

hadishchą́ą́ʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
hadiilchą́ą́ʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hadadiilchą́ą́ʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
hadílchą́ą́ʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
hadołchą́ą́ʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hadadołchą́ą́ʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
hadilchą́ą́ʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hadadilchą́ą́ʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
hazhdilchą́ą́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
hadazhdilchą́ą́ʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ha- (thematic) + -di- (“sensory”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -chą́ą́ʼ (repetitive stem of root -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to smell”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chą́ą́ʼ</i>

it sniffs for something (in an effort to find it)


yiniłkʼah

nishkʼah (first-person imperfective singular)
niilkʼah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniilkʼah (first-person imperfective plural)
níłkʼah (imperfective second-person singular)
nołkʼah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danołkʼah (imperfective plural second-person)
yiniłkʼah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deiniłkʼah (imperfective plural third-person)
jiniłkʼah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhniłkʼah (fourth-person imperfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ni- (“round shape”) + -∅- (classifier) + -∅- (classifier) + -kʼah (conclusive imperfective stem of root -KʼAII, “to be fat”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼah</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼAII</i>


niilkʼoł

niishkʼoł (first-person imperfective singular)
niilkʼoł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniilkʼoł (first-person imperfective plural)
niilkʼoł (imperfective second-person singular)
noołkʼoł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danoołkʼoł (imperfective plural second-person)
niilkʼoł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daniilkʼoł (imperfective plural third-person)
jiniilkʼoł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhniilkʼoł (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ni- (thematic) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -kʼoł (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -KʼOL, “to undulate, to move as a wave”).
Compare niilchʼił (“to blink one time”) from -CHʼIL for a similar relationship between "curling" and "blinking".

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼoł</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼOL</i>

nv-link-to-root

he/she is blinking his/her eyes (one time)


yókeed

yíníshkeed (first-person imperfective singular)
yíníikeed (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deíníikeed (first-person imperfective plural)
yíníkeed (imperfective second-person singular)
yínóhkeed (duoplural imperfective second-person)
deínóhkeed (imperfective plural second-person)
yókeed (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayókeed (imperfective plural third-person)
jókeed (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajókeed (fourth-person imperfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ó- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -∅- (classifier) + -keed (imperfective stem of root -KID, “to ask”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-keed</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KID</i>


tsiishgaii

From atsiiʼ (“head”) + -sh- (ligature) + -gai (neuter imperfective stem of root -GAII, “to be white”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix). Literally, the white-headed one.

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gai</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GAII</i>


nahidiłhį́į́h

nahidiłhį́į́h (imperfective singular third-person)
nahideesxį́į́ʼ (perfective singular third-person)

na- (“downward”) + -hi- (seriative) + -di- (“fire”) + -ł- (classifier) + -yį́į́h (imperfective stem of root -YĮ́Į́ʼ, “to melt”)

nv-prefixes

Akʼah diltłiʼí nahidiłhį́į́h.


-TŁAH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłɑx̣d (“to jump up, to move quickly, to blaze up”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tiltlaat (“single subject moves quickly, runs”), diltlet (“it caught on fire”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to burning, and also in a few bases of disparate meanings in relation with nervosity and heightened feelings, some with unusual prefix compounds, listed below without further grouping.

cog

to burn, to blaze up, to catch fire
 2. to be agitated, hysterical, angry


-TŁAH

Possibly cognate with -TŁAH (“to jump up, to burn”) above. Compare with interjection in Ahtna ostla! (“stop it!”).


-TŁAH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tłɑɣ̇ (“to rub oil, to grease”). Perhaps related to -TŁÉÉʼ, classificatory root for mushy matter.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ełtlagh (“I'm rubbing it with oil”).


hodiltłiʼ

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -di- (“fire”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tłiʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -TŁAH, “to burn”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłiʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁAH</i>

the area is on fire, is burning (a forest)


náhályį́į́h

náhályį́į́h (imperfective singular third-person)
náhoolyį́į́ʼ (perfective singular third-person)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + yį́į́h (imperfective stem of root -YĮ́Į́ʼ, “to melt”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">yį́į́h</i>

the area thaws, there is a thaw (as snow on the ground)


ńʼdíłhį́į́h

ńʼdíshhį́į́h (first-person singular)
ńʼdiilyį́į́h (duoplural first-person)
ńdaʼdíłhį́į́h (first-person plural)
ńʼdíłhį́į́h (second-person singular)
ńʼdołhį́į́h (duoplural second-person)
ńdaʼdíłhį́į́h (plural second-person)
ńʼdíłhį́į́h (duoplural singular third-person)
ńdaʼdíłhį́į́h (plural third-person)
ńʼjidíłhį́į́h (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ńdaʼjidíłhį́į́h (fourth-person plural)
ńʼdííłhį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
ńʼdiilyį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
ńdaʼdiilyį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
ńʼdííníłhį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
ńʼdoołhį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
ńdaʼdoołhį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
ńʼdííłhį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ńdaʼdííłhį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ńʼjidííłhį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ńdaʼjidííłhį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (“fire”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -yį́į́h (imperfective stem of root -YĮ́Į́ʼ, “to melt”)

nv-prefixes

Niwooʼ biiʼ ńʼdíłhį́į́h.

He fills your tooth (lit. He melts something back into your tooth).


akʼah diltłiʼí

Literally, burning grease. From akʼah (“fat, grease”) + diltłiʼ (“it is burning”) + -í (nominalizer)


yiyiiłchįh

yiishchįh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilchįh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilchįh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłchįh (imperfective second-person singular)
woołchįh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołchįh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłchįh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłchįh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłchįh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłchįh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
shéłchįh (first-person perfective singular)
shiilchįh (duoplural first-person perfective)
dashiilchįh (first-person perfective plural)
shíníłchįh (perfective second-person singular)
shoołchįh (duoplural perfective second-person)
dashoołchįh (perfective plural second-person)
yishchįh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deishchįh (perfective plural third-person)
jishchįh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajishchįh (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshchįh (first-person future singular)
diilchįh (duoplural first-person future)
dadiilchįh (first-person future plural)
dííłchįh (future second-person singular)
doołchįh (duoplural future second-person)
dadoołchįh (future plural second-person)
yidoołchįh (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidoołchįh (future plural third-person)
jidoołchįh (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdoołchįh (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -chįh (semelfactive stem of root -CHĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to smell”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chįh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHĄ́Ą́ʼ</i>


tooʼ

From tó (“water”) + -iiʼ (“inside of it”).


łeeʼ

From łeezh (“ground, soil”) + -iiʼ (“inside of it”).


kééʼ

From ké (“feet, shoes”) + -iiʼ (“inside of it”).


yíchʼííh

yíchʼííh (imperfective singular third-person)
níchʼi (perfective singular third-person)

y- (peg element) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chʼííh (imperfective stem of root -CHʼI, “wind blows”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼííh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼI</i>


-CHʼI

From Proto-Athabaskan *tšʼʷəy ~ *tšʼʷi (“wind blows”).

inh

*tšʼʷəy ~ *tšʼʷi


atsʼiil

sitsʼiil (first-person singular)
nihitsʼiil (duoplural first-person)
danihitsʼiil (first-person plural)
nitsʼiil (second-person singular)
nihitsʼiil (duoplural second-person)
danihitsʼiil (plural second-person)
bitsʼiil (third-person)
yitsʼiil (fourth-person)
hatsʼiil (fourth-person)
atsʼiil (indefinite)

From the root -TSʼIL (“to shatter, break”).


yaskááʼ

From yas (“snow”) + -kááʼ (“on the surface”).


yiził

y- (peg element) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ził (progressive stem of root -ZID, “a month passes”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ził</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZID</i>

a month is passing by, a lunation is in progress


naalgeed

naalgeed (imperfective plural singular third-person)
ndaalgeed (distributive imperfective plural third-person)
naasgeed (perfective plural singular third-person)
ndaasgeed (distributive perfective plural third-person)
ndoolgoł (future plural singular third-person)
ndadoolgoł (distributive future plural third-person)

na- (atelic, circuital) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -geed (continuative imperfective stem of root -GEED, “to buck”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-geed</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GEED</i>

it is bucking around, is going around bucking (as a horse)


báasdos

Borrowed from Spanish bastos (“batons”). Spanish (and Italian) cards traditionally had chalices, gold coins, swords, and batons.


asbáala

Borrowed from Spanish espadas (“swords”). Spanish (and Italian) cards traditionally had chalices, gold coins, swords, and batons.


góobas

Borrowed from Spanish copas (“chalices”). Spanish (and Italian) cards traditionally had chalices, gold coins, swords, and batons.


adikaʼ

adishkaʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
adiikaʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼdiikaʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
adíkaʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
adohkaʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼdohkaʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
adikaʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼdikaʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
azhdikaʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhʼdikaʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
adííkaad (first-person perfective singular)
adiikaad (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼdiikaad (first-person perfective plural)
adííníkaad (perfective second-person singular)
adookaad (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼdookaad (perfective plural second-person)
adííkaad (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼdííkaad (perfective plural third-person)
azhdííkaad (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhʼdííkaad (fourth-person perfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kaʼ (repetitive imperfective stem of root -KAAD, “flatness moves”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kaʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KAAD</i>


-KAAD

From Proto-Athabaskan *qa̓tʼ (“to spread out, fall scattered, collapse, slap, clap”).
Found in Navajo in a wide range of themes related to the moving or spreading of "flatness", including classificatory root for the moving / falling or propelling of objects of the PlO2 (profusion) or OC (open container) classes, the herding of sheep over a surface, or the slapping of hands.

inh

PlO2 (as seeds) or OC (as a bucket and its content) falls, spills, scatters
 2. to herdsheep, to drive sheep
 3. to slap, to clap hands
 4. flatness moves(other minor themes)


dikad

di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kad (neuter imperfective stem of root -KAAD, “flatness moves or stands”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kad</i>


-ZID

From Proto-Athabaskan *zəd (“a single object undergoes cyclical process”). Found across all Athabaskan languages in a wide range of disparate themes.

inh

a monthpasses
 2. to gather awareness: to wake up, to inspect
 3. to treat with respect, handle carefully


sizid

sézid (first-person perfective singular)
siidzid (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiidzid (first-person perfective plural)
sínízid (perfective second-person singular)
soozid (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasoozid (perfective plural second-person)
sizid (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daazid (perfective plural third-person)
jizid (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajizid (fourth-person perfective plural)

si- (modal) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zid (neuter perfective stem of root -ZID, “to handle carefully”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zid</i>

Shaa sínízid doo.

(with baa) he/she treats him/her/it with respect, spares him/her/it

baa sézidgo


yiyiitsah

yiistsah (first-person imperfective singular)
yiitsah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiitsah (first-person imperfective plural)
yiitsah (imperfective second-person singular)
woohtsah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohtsah (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiitsah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiitsah (imperfective plural third-person)
jiitsah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiitsah (fourth-person imperfective plural)
sétsah (first-person perfective singular)
siitsah (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiitsah (first-person perfective plural)
sínítsah (perfective second-person singular)
sootsah (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasootsah (perfective plural second-person)
yiztsah (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deiztsah (perfective plural third-person)
jiztsah (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiztsah (fourth-person perfective plural)
deestsah (first-person future singular)
diitsah (duoplural first-person future)
dadiitsah (first-person future plural)
díítsah (future second-person singular)
doohtsah (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohtsah (future plural second-person)
yidootsah (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidootsah (future plural third-person)
jidootsah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdootsah (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsah (semelfactive stem of root -TSAʼ, “to grasp with teeth”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSAʼ</i>

Náshdóítsoh léiʼ dibé yázhí yiztsahgo yił dah diilwod!

A lion grabbed a lamb with its mouth and ran off!

it grasps it, clamps down on it (with teeth, beak, pliers)


-TSAʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsαɢ (“to act with teeth by biting”).
In Navajo this root often occurs with the emphatic infix -x-.
It is related to the noun atsá (“eagle”).

inh

to bite down, to grasp (with teeth or beak), to clench


yiłtsééh

yiłtsééh (imperfective singular third-person)
yíłtsaʼ (perfective singular third-person)
yidoołtsah (future singular third-person)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsééh (imperfective stem of root -TSAʼ, “to grasp with teeth”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsééh</i>

Yiih yiłtsééh.

Taah yiłtsééh.

it carries it clamped in teeth or beak to somewhere


dikʼą́

di- (adjectival) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kʼą́ (neuter imperfective stem of root -KʼĄĄD, “to tilt, slant”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼĄĄD</i>

Bááh łikaní dikʼą́ągo.

tsinsitą́ dikʼą́

adéesʼeez dikʼą́


bááh łikaní

From bááh (“bread”) + łikan (“it is sweet”) + -í (nominalizer).


-KʼĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʼanʸ (“slant, slope”).


yikęęs

yikęęs (imperfective singular third-person)
yíkę́ę́z (perfective singular third-person)

y- (peg element) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kęęs (imperfective stem of root -KĘ́Ę́Z, “a slender stiff object moves”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kęęs</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KĘ́Ę́Z</i>

nv-link-to-root

Yiih yikęęs.

Łeeh yikęęs.

Taah yíkę́ę́z.

it flies through the air, it falls to somewhere (a stick-like object as a pencil)


ńdízííd

ńdízííd (imperfective singular third-person)
ńdeezid (perfective singular third-person)
ńdidooził (future singular third-person)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zííd (imperfective stem of root -ZID, “month passes”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zííd</i>


hoʼdizhchį́įgi

Literally the place where someone was born. From ho- (“space, area, things”) + biʼdizhchį́ (“he/she was born”) + -gi (“at”)


atsiin

sitsiin (first-person singular)
nihitsiin (duoplural first-person)
danihitsiin (first-person plural)
nitsiin (second-person singular)
nihitsiin (duoplural second-person)
danihitsiin (plural second-person)
bitsiin (third-person)
yitsiin (fourth-person)
hatsiin (fourth-person)
atsiin (indefinite)

tsin bitsiin

bee atsidí bitsiin


-ZHĮ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *šen (“summer”).
In Navajo, the initial fricative *š of Proto-Athabaskan didn't sonorize to zh, so in verbal stems and in the nominal stem shį́ (“summer”) the initial voiceless fricative sh is maintained (with the exception of the adverbial derivative díízhíní (“this summer”), which shows a later sonorization). However, for consistency, the stem set of this root is presented with an analogical voiced initial zh. See also -HAI (“winter”) for a similar situation.


díízhíní

From díí (“this”) + shį́ (“summer”) + -í (nominalizer).


atsʼáozʼaʼ

ńdíshchííʼ bitsʼáozʼaʼ


-HAI

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̣aɣʸ (“winter”).
In Navajo, the initial fricative *x̣ of Proto-Athabaskan didn't sonorize to gh, so in verbal stems and in the nominal stem hai (“winter”) the initial voiceless fricative h is maintained (with the exception of the adverbial derivative díí ghaaí or dííghaaí (“this winter”), which shows a later sonorization). See also -ZHĮ́ (“summer”) for a similar situation.


dííghaaí

From díí (“this”) + hai (“winter”) + -í (nominalizer).


-DĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *danʸ (“spring”).
The noun daan (“spring, springtime”) is derived from this root.


-TSʼIL

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸʼəl (“to rip, tear, split”).
The noun atsʼiil (“fragment”) is derived from this root.


eʼeʼáád

eʼeshʼáád (first-person imperfective singular)
iʼiitʼáád (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adaʼiitʼáád (first-person imperfective plural)
iʼíʼáád (imperfective second-person singular)
oʼohʼáád (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaʼohʼáád (imperfective plural second-person)
eʼeʼáád (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaʼaʼáád (imperfective plural third-person)
iʼjiʼáád (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adaʼjiʼáád (fourth-person imperfective plural)
iʼííʼah (first-person perfective singular)
iʼiitʼah (duoplural first-person perfective)
adaʼiitʼah (first-person perfective plural)
iʼííníʼah (perfective second-person singular)
oʼooʼah (duoplural perfective second-person)
adaʼooʼah (perfective plural second-person)
iʼííʼah (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adaʼazʼah (perfective plural third-person)
iʼjííʼah (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adaʼjizʼah (fourth-person perfective plural)
iʼdeeshʼał (first-person future singular)
iʼdiitʼał (duoplural first-person future)
adaʼdiitʼał (first-person future plural)
iʼdííʼał (future second-person singular)
iʼdoohʼał (duoplural future second-person)
adaʼdoohʼał (future plural second-person)
iʼdooʼał (duoplural future singular third-person)
adaʼdooʼał (future plural third-person)
izhʼdooʼał (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
adazhʼdooʼał (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼáád (imperfective stem of root -ʼAH, “to propel a flat flexible object”), lit. “to toss (some paper) away”

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼáád</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼAH</i>

nv-link-to-root

Iʼííʼah!

Iʼdííʼał!

he/she is casting a ballot, he/she is voting


łeʼ

Baa łeʼ nisin.

Iʼm jealous (lit., feel jealousy) about him/her.

Baa łeʼ niisįįh.

łeʼ hasin

there is jealousy; jealousy has been caused.

łeʼ hasįįh

Hastiin beʼasdzą́ą́ yaa łeʼ nízin.


łoh

łoh . (canonical)
biloh (possessed-form)
shiloh (first-person singular)
nihiloh (duoplural first-person)
danihiloh (first-person plural)
niloh (second-person singular)
nihiloh (duoplural second-person)
danihiloh (plural second-person)
biloh (third-person)
yiloh (fourth-person)
haloh (fourth-person)
aloh (indefinite)

From the root -LOʼ (“to act with a rope”).


dibah

di- (adjectival) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -bah (neuter imperfective stem of root -BAH, “to be powdery”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-bah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BAH</i>

abeʼ dibahí

akʼáán dibahí

gohwééh dibahí

yas dibahí

dibahgo íílééh


adishah

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zhah (iterative stem of root -ZHAʼ, “to be curved”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHAʼ</i>

it snags, it is snaggy, hooked, sharp-pointed


béésh adishahí

béésh (“metal”) + adishah (“it snags”) + -í (nominalizer).


béésh daʼahólzhaʼí

béésh (“metal”) + da- (plural marker) + ahólzhaʼ (“it is hooked one to another”) + -í (nominalizer)

béésh ahólzhaʼí yee dah yiyiiztłʼǫ́


oodláanii

oodlą́ (“he believes”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix)


dahtooʼ

dew (moisture in the air that settles on plants, etc.)


ałkʼíniilgizh

jerky (thin strips of meat dried and preserved by exposure to the sun)


joobaʼ

jiinishbaʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
jooshbaʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
jiiniibaʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dajiiniibaʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
jiiníbaʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
jiinohbaʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dajiinohbaʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
joobaʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dajoobaʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
jijoobaʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajijoobaʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ji- (“emotion”) + -oo- (meaning unclear, combining form of yini- in the 3rd person) + -∅- (classifier) + -baʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -BAʼ, “to be kind”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-baʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BAʼ</i>

Tązhii éí joobaʼ.

A turkey is caring, compassionate, and loving.

Chʼiyáán áádóó ééʼ bee naa jooshbaʼ doo.

I will help you out with food and clothes

he/she/it is kind, generous, helpful, caring, compassionate, loving


joobaʼ

Bijoobaʼ éí dahináanii índa daneeznáanii doo yóóʼ iidiʼaah da.

He had not left off his kindness to the living and to the dead. (Ruth 2:20)


agháhwiizídí

laxative (medicine that loosens the bowels)


naʼaztseed

massacre (murder of a large number of people)


-TEEL

From Proto-Athabaskan *te̓l (“to be wide, broad”).

inh

to be wide, broad
 2. to range, to roam (as a herd, a tribe)


iinééʼ

shiinééʼ (first-person singular)
nihiinééʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihiinééʼ (first-person plural)
niinééʼ (second-person singular)
nihiinééʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihiinééʼ (plural second-person)
biinééʼ (third-person)
yiinééʼ (fourth-person)
hwiinééʼ (fourth-person)


hanííbą́ą́z

full moon (phase of moon when in opposition to the sun)


honishgish

From the root -GIZH (“make a motion with a sticklike object”).


oodlą́

ooshdlą́ (first-person imperfective singular)
iiniidlą́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiiniidlą́ (first-person imperfective plural)
iinídlą́ (imperfective second-person singular)
iinohdlą́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼiinohdlą́ (imperfective plural second-person)
oodlą́ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼoodlą́ (imperfective plural third-person)
ajoodlą́ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjoodlą́ (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -oo- (meaning unclear, combining form of yini- in the 3rd person) + -d- (classifier) + -lą́ (neuter imperfective stem of root -LĄĄD, “to believe”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĄĄD</i>


-GIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢəž (“to act with a stick, to be forked”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna delggez (“it is forked”), gges (“skewer”).
Found in Navajo in a number of disparate themes related to cutting, to forked or gapped shape, to seeping/spreading, and to acting with a stick or gestures.
Also found in a base related to flashing, probably a corruption of the root -GĘZH, of similar meaning (see -KĘ́Ę́Z/-KÉÉZ for a similar situation).

inh

to cut, to incise; to be forked, to have a gap
 2. to soak, to seep, to spread
 3. to act with a stick or gestures
 4. to flash


iiníziin

shiiníziin (first-person singular)
nihiiníziin (duoplural first-person)
danihiiníziin (first-person plural)
niiníziin (second-person singular)
nihiiníziin (duoplural second-person)
danihiiníziin (plural second-person)
biiníziin (third-person)
yiiníziin (fourth-person)
hwiiníziin (fourth-person)