atsʼóóz

shitsʼóóz (first-person singular)
nihitsʼóóz (duoplural first-person)
danihitsʼóóz (first-person plural)
nitsʼóóz (second-person singular)
nihitsʼóóz (duoplural second-person)
danihitsʼóóz (plural second-person)
bitsʼóóz (third-person)
yitsʼóóz (fourth-person)
hatsʼóóz (fourth-person)
atsʼóóz (indefinite)


azǫ́ǫ́z

shizǫ́ǫ́z (first-person singular)
nihizǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural first-person)
danihizǫ́ǫ́z (first-person plural)
nizǫ́ǫ́z (second-person singular)
nihizǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural second-person)
danihizǫ́ǫ́z (plural second-person)
bizǫ́ǫ́z (third-person)
yizǫ́ǫ́z (fourth-person)
hazǫ́ǫ́z (fourth-person)
azǫ́ǫ́z (indefinite)


dííkʼǫsh

From the perfective 3sg of dikʼǫsh (“to be sour, spoiled”).


álííl

sheʼálííl (first-person singular)
niheʼálííl (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼálííl (first-person plural)
neʼálííl (second-person singular)
niheʼálííl (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼálííl (plural second-person)
beʼálííl (third-person)
yeʼálííl (fourth-person)
hweʼálííl (fourth-person)


biiʼadéestʼį́į́ʼ

head

biiʼadéestʼį́į́ʼ


daastsʼin

da- (“death”, disjunct prefix) + -s- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tsʼin (neuter perfective stem of root -TSʼĮĮD, “to be bony, hard”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼin</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSʼĮĮD</i>


Hanáádlį́

From ha- (“up and out”) + náá- (“again”) + d- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́</i>

census-designated place
census-designated place

Huerfano (a census-designated place in San Juan County, New Mexico)


shaazh

bizhaazh (possessed-form)
shizhaazh (first-person singular)
nihizhaazh (duoplural first-person)
danihizhaazh (first-person plural)
nizhaazh (second-person singular)
nihizhaazh (duoplural second-person)
danihizhaazh (plural second-person)
bizhaazh (third-person)
yizhaazh (fourth-person)
hazhaazh (fourth-person)
azhaazh (indefinite)


naalchiʼí

naalchiʼ (“he scouts the enemy”) + -í (nominalizer)


iishchʼid

shiishchʼid (first-person singular)
nihiishchʼid (duoplural first-person)
danihiishchʼid (first-person plural)
niishchʼid (second-person singular)
nihiishchʼid (duoplural second-person)
danihiishchʼid (plural second-person)
biishchʼid (third-person)
yiishchʼid (fourth-person)
hwiishchʼid (fourth-person)

Dibé biishchʼid


Tʼiisyaakin

Holbrook (a city in Arizona, United States)


Niinahnízaad

Nenahnezad (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States) near Bááh Díílid/Fruitland


biyoochʼídí

From biyoochʼííd (“he is a liar”) + -í (nominalizer).


atsékʼee

sitsékʼee (first-person singular)
nihitsékʼee (duoplural first-person)
danihitsékʼee (first-person plural)
nitsékʼee (second-person singular)
nihitsékʼee (duoplural second-person)
danihitsékʼee (plural second-person)
bitsékʼee (third-person)
yitsékʼee (fourth-person)
hatsékʼee (fourth-person)
atsékʼee (indefinite)


Tówoł

Taos (a town in New Mexico, United States)


Dlǫ́ʼí Yázhí

head

Dlǫ́ʼí Yázhí

Dlǫ́ʼí Yázhí

Thoreau (a census-designated place in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States)


tsitłʼéłí

From tsin (“wood”) + tłʼééł (“igniter”) + -í (nominalizer).


dziil

shidziil (first-person singular)
nihidziil (duoplural first-person)
danihidziil (first-person plural)
nidziil (second-person singular)
nihidziil (duoplural second-person)
danihidziil (plural second-person)
bidziil (third-person)
yidziil (fourth-person)
hadziil (fourth-person)
adziil (indefinite)


achʼéʼé

achʼéʼéké (plural)
shichʼéʼé (first-person singular)
nihichʼéʼé (duoplural first-person)
danihichʼéʼé (first-person plural)
nichʼéʼé (second-person singular)
nihichʼéʼé (duoplural second-person)
danihichʼéʼé (plural second-person)
bichʼéʼé (third-person)
yichʼéʼé (fourth-person)
hachʼéʼé (fourth-person)
achʼéʼé (indefinite)


atsiʼ

atsiʼké (plural)
shitsiʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsiʼ (first-person plural)
nitsiʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsiʼ (plural second-person)
bitsiʼ (third-person)
yitsiʼ (fourth-person)
hatsiʼ (fourth-person)
atsiʼ (indefinite)


Tó Naneesdizí

Tuba City (an unincorporated town in Arizona, United States)


Yaʼniilzhiin

Torreon (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States)


yoodlą́

wooshdlą́ (first-person imperfective singular)
yinishdlą́ (first-person imperfective singular)
yiidlą́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
yiniidlą́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dayiidlą́ (first-person imperfective plural)
deiniidlą́ (first-person imperfective plural)
yinídlą́ (imperfective second-person singular)
woohdlą́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
yinohdlą́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohdlą́ (imperfective plural second-person)
deinohdlą́ (imperfective plural second-person)
yoodlą́ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayoodlą́ (imperfective plural third-person)
joodlą́ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajoodlą́ (fourth-person imperfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -oo- (meaning unclear, combining form of yini- in the 3rd person) + -d- (classifier) + -lą́ (neuter imperfective stem of root -LĄĄD, “to believe”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĄĄD</i>


bááshzhinii

/pɑ́ːʃʒɪ̀nìː/


chahałheeł

chahałheeł (imperfective singular third-person)
chahóółhéél (perfective singular third-person)

cha- (“darkness”) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -yeeł (momentaneous imperfective stem of root -YÉÉL, “to be dark”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yeeł</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YÉÉL</i>


chahałheeł

cha- (“darkness”) + -ha- (“up out”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -yeeł (neuter imperfective stem of root -YÉÉL, “to be dark”).


haʼagééd

mine (place from which ore is extracted)


adishtłʼish

From the root -TŁʼIIZH (“to be blue-green”).


chííl

From the root -CHÍÍL (“to snow”), from Proto-Athabaskan *tšitɬʼ (“snow”).


anákʼee

shinákʼee (first-person singular)
nihinákʼee (duoplural first-person)
danihinákʼee (first-person plural)
ninákʼee (second-person singular)
nihinákʼee (duoplural second-person)
danihinákʼee (plural second-person)
binákʼee (third-person)
yinákʼee (fourth-person)
hanákʼee (fourth-person)
anákʼee (indefinite)


anágaii

shinágaii (first-person singular)
nihinágaii (duoplural first-person)
danihinágaii (first-person plural)
ninágaii (second-person singular)
nihinágaii (duoplural second-person)
danihinágaii (plural second-person)
binágaii (third-person)
yinágaii (fourth-person)
hanágaii (fourth-person)
anágaii (indefinite)


ajóózh

shijóózh (first-person singular)
nihijóózh (duoplural first-person)
danihijóózh (first-person plural)
nijóózh (second-person singular)
nihijóózh (duoplural second-person)
danihijóózh (plural second-person)
bijóózh (third-person)
yijóózh (fourth-person)
hajóózh (fourth-person)
ajóózh (indefinite)


akááz

shikááz (first-person singular)
nihikááz (duoplural first-person)
danihikááz (first-person plural)
nikááz (second-person singular)
nihikááz (duoplural second-person)
danihikááz (plural second-person)
bikááz (third-person)
yikááz (fourth-person)
hakááz (fourth-person)
akááz (indefinite)


atéél

shitéél (first-person singular)
nihitéél (duoplural first-person)
danihitéél (first-person plural)
nitéél (second-person singular)
nihitéél (duoplural second-person)
danihitéél (plural second-person)
bitéél (third-person)
yitéél (fourth-person)
hatéél (fourth-person)
atéél (indefinite)

From the root -TEEL (“to be wide, broad”).


áháchįʼ

From á (“for someone unspecified”) + hachįʼ (“things are nasty”, from -CHĮĮD, “to be nasty”).


atłʼeh

shitłʼeh (first-person singular)
nihitłʼeh (duoplural first-person)
danihitłʼeh (first-person plural)
nitłʼeh (second-person singular)
nihitłʼeh (duoplural second-person)
danihitłʼeh (plural second-person)
bitłʼeh (third-person)
yitłʼeh (fourth-person)
hatłʼeh (fourth-person)
atłʼeh (indefinite)


atłʼizh

bile, gall (secretion produced by the liver)


achó

shichó (first-person singular)
nihichó (duoplural first-person)
danihichó (first-person plural)
nichó (second-person singular)
nihichó (duoplural second-person)
danihichó (plural second-person)
bichó (third-person)
yichó (fourth-person)
hachó (fourth-person)
achó (indefinite)


Chʼínílį́

From chʼínílį́ (“it flows out horizontally”, from -LĮ́, “to flow”). It refers to the location where the Chinle Wash flows out of Canyon de Chelly (or Tséyiʼ).

Chinle (a census-designated place in Apache County, Arizona, United States).

Canyon de Chelly
Chinle Wash
nv:Chʼínílį́


Bitłʼááh Bitoʼ

Beclabito (a census-designated place in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States)


Bis Deezʼáhí

Holonyms: Naabeehó, Yootó Hahoodzo

Meronym: Tóháálį́

Newcomb (a census-designated place in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States)


tseeʼé

sitseeʼé (first-person singular)
nihitseeʼé (duoplural first-person)
danihitseeʼé (first-person plural)
nitseeʼé (second-person singular)
nihitseeʼé (duoplural second-person)
danihitseeʼé (plural second-person)
bitseeʼé (third-person)
yitseeʼé (fourth-person)
hatseeʼé (fourth-person)
atseeʼé (indefinite)

From atseeʼ (“tail”) + -é (nominalizer). Literally, the one with a tail.


tsʼiilzéí

Compound of atsʼiil (“fragments, pieces”) + séí (“sand”).


łikʼaii

łinishkʼaii (first-person imperfective singular)
łiniikʼaii (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dałiniikʼaii (first-person imperfective plural)
łiníkʼaii (imperfective second-person singular)
łinohkʼaii (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dałinohkʼaii (imperfective plural second-person)
łikʼaii (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daalkʼaii (imperfective plural third-person)
jilkʼaii (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajilkʼaii (fourth-person imperfective plural)

łi- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kʼaii (neuter imperfective stem of root -KʼAII, “to be fat”).
The łi- prefix appears to have originated historically from the ł- classifier. When this prefix appears immediately in pre-stem position, it takes the shape of a l- classifier.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼaii</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼAII</i>


łeeyáán

Compound of łeezh (“soil”) + ayą́ (“it eats”).

(chemistry) alkali (class of caustic bases)


dilwosh

dishwosh (first-person imperfective singular)
diilwosh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiilwosh (first-person imperfective plural)
dílwosh (imperfective second-person singular)
dołwosh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadołwosh (imperfective plural second-person)
dilwosh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadilwosh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidilwosh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdilwosh (fourth-person imperfective plural)

di- (“oral”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -wosh (repetitive imperfective stem of root -GHAAZH, “to shout”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-wosh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GHAAZH</i>


yiniłtséés

nistséés (first-person imperfective singular)
niiltséés (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniiltséés (first-person imperfective plural)
níłtséés (imperfective second-person singular)
nołtséés (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danołtséés (imperfective plural second-person)
yiniłtséés (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deiniłtséés (imperfective plural third-person)
jiniłtséés (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhniłtséés (fourth-person imperfective plural)
néłtsiz (first-person perfective singular)
neeltsiz (duoplural first-person perfective)
daneeltsiz (first-person perfective plural)
níníłtsiz (perfective second-person singular)
sinoołtsiz (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasinoołtsiz (perfective plural second-person)
yineestsiz (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deineestsiz (perfective plural third-person)
jineestsiz (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhneestsiz (fourth-person perfective plural)
dínéestsis (first-person future singular)
díníiltsis (duoplural first-person future)
dadíníiltsis (first-person future plural)
dínííłtsis (future second-person singular)
dínóołtsis (duoplural future second-person)
dadínóołtsis (future plural second-person)
yidínóołtsis (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidínóołtsis (future plural third-person)
dízhnóołtsis (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdínóołtsis (fourth-person future plural)

/jɪ̀nɪ̀ɬt͡sʰéːs/

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ni- (terminative) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -tséés (imperfective stem of root -TSIZ, “to die out, to become extinguished”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tséés</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSIZ</i>

nv-link-to-root

he/she turns it off (a light, a radio, etc.)


oołbįįh

ooshbįįh (first-person imperfective singular)
iiniilbįįh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiiniilbįįh (first-person imperfective plural)
iiniłbįįh (imperfective second-person singular)
iinołbįįh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼiinołbįįh (imperfective plural second-person)
oołbįįh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼoołbįįh (imperfective plural third-person)
ajoołbįįh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjoołbįįh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
iiséłbą́ (first-person perfective singular)
iisiilbą́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼiisiilbą́ (first-person perfective plural)
iisíníłbą́ (perfective second-person singular)
iisoołbą́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼiisoołbą́ (perfective plural second-person)
oosbą́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼoosbą́ (perfective plural third-person)
ajoosbą́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjoosbą́ (fourth-person perfective plural)
iideeshbįįł (first-person future singular)
iidiilbįįł (duoplural first-person future)
daʼiidiilbįįł (first-person future plural)
iidííłbįįł (future second-person singular)
iidoołbįįł (duoplural future second-person)
daʼiidoołbįįł (future plural second-person)
iidoołbįįł (duoplural future singular third-person)
daʼiidoołbįįł (future plural third-person)
iizhdoołbįįł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
daʼiizhdoołbįįł (fourth-person future plural)

he/she is winning (by chance), winning a card game, winning the jackpot


ádílááh

mischief (vexatious or annoying conduct)


yihę́ę́s

yihę́ę́s (imperfective singular third-person)
yíhęęz (perfective singular third-person)
doohęs (future singular third-person)
náhęs (iterative singular third-person)
wóhę́ę́s (optative singular third-person)

y- (peg element) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -hę́ę́s (durative imperfective stem of root -HĘĘZ, “to itch”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-hę́ę́s</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-HĘĘZ</i>


dikóóh

dishkóóh (first-person imperfective singular)
diikóóh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiikóóh (first-person imperfective plural)
díkóóh (imperfective second-person singular)
dohkóóh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadohkóóh (imperfective plural second-person)
dikóóh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadikóóh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidikóóh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdikóóh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
dékwi (first-person perfective singular)
deekwi (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadeekwi (first-person perfective plural)
díníkwi (perfective second-person singular)
disookwi (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadisookwi (perfective plural second-person)
deezkwi (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadeezkwi (perfective plural third-person)
jideezkwi (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdeezkwi (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideeshkoh (first-person future singular)
didiikoh (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiikoh (first-person future plural)
didííkoh (future second-person singular)
didoohkoh (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoohkoh (future plural second-person)
didookoh (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadidookoh (future plural third-person)
dizhdookoh (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidookoh (fourth-person future plural)

di- (inceptive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kóóh (imperfective stem of root -KWI, “to vomit”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kóóh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KWI</i>


dilkos

diskos (first-person imperfective singular)
diilkos (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiilkos (first-person imperfective plural)
dílkos (imperfective second-person singular)
dołkos (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadołkos (imperfective plural second-person)
dilkos (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadilkos (imperfective plural third-person)
jidilkos (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdilkos (fourth-person imperfective plural)

di- (“oral”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -kos (repetitive stem stem of root -KÉÉZ, “to cough”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kos</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KÉÉZ</i>

he/she/it is coughing repeatedly, has a cough


yiníłʼį́

níshʼį́ (first-person imperfective singular)
níilʼį́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daníilʼį́ (first-person imperfective plural)
níníłʼį́ (imperfective second-person singular)
nółʼį́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danółʼį́ (imperfective plural second-person)
yiníłʼį́ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deiníłʼį́ (imperfective plural third-person)
jiníłʼį́ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhníłʼį́ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nílʼį́ (passive)
bidiʼnílʼį́ (agentive passive)
nééłʼį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
níilʼį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daníilʼį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
níníłʼį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
nóołʼį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
danóołʼį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yinééłʼį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deinééłʼį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jinééłʼį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhnééłʼį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
néélʼį́į́ʼ (passive)
bidiʼnéélʼį́į́ʼ (agentive passive)
dínéeshʼįįł (first-person future singular)
díníilʼįįł (duoplural first-person future)
dadíníilʼįįł (first-person future plural)
dínííłʼįįł (future second-person singular)
dínóołʼįįł (duoplural future second-person)
dadínóołʼįįł (future plural second-person)
yidínóołʼįįł (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidínóołʼįįł (future plural third-person)
jidínóołʼįįł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdínóołʼįįł (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ní- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -ʼį́ (durative stem of root -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to look”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

Shá yiníłʼį́.

Shá nílʼį́.

(passive) I display it, I have it checked (lit. it is looked at for me).

he/she/it looks at it, takes a look at it, inspects it, examines it


adiitsʼaʼii

adiistsʼaʼ (“he/she understands”) + -ii (nominalizer)


akaiʼ

shikaiʼ (first-person singular)
nihikaiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihikaiʼ (first-person plural)
nikaiʼ (second-person singular)
nihikaiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihikaiʼ (plural second-person)
bikaiʼ (third-person)
yikaiʼ (fourth-person)
hakaiʼ (fourth-person)
akaiʼ (indefinite)


naʼałniih

na- (atelic, circuital) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -niih (continuative imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to hurt”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-niih</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIIʼ</i>


yiyiiłtʼoh

yiishtʼoh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiiltʼoh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiiltʼoh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtʼoh (imperfective second-person singular)
woołtʼoh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołtʼoh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtʼoh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtʼoh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłtʼoh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłtʼoh (fourth-person imperfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tʼoh (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -TʼOH, “to shoot”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼoh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼOH</i>

he/she is shooting him/her/it (with an arrow), stabbing him/her/it (with a spear)


yiyiiłoh

yiishłoh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiidloh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiidloh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiloh (imperfective second-person singular)
woohłoh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohłoh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiloh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiloh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiloh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiloh (fourth-person imperfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -loh (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -LOʼ, “to act with a rope”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-loh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LOʼ</i>


nitłʼah

nishtłʼah (first-person imperfective singular)
niitłʼah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniitłʼah (first-person imperfective plural)
nítłʼah (imperfective second-person singular)
nohtłʼah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danohtłʼah (imperfective plural second-person)
nitłʼah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
danitłʼah (imperfective plural third-person)
jinitłʼah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajítłʼah (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ni- (modal) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tłʼah (neuter imperfective stem of root -TŁʼAH, “to be left-handed”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼAH</i>


yiizįįh

yiisįįh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiidzįįh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiidzįįh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiizįįh (imperfective second-person singular)
woohsįįh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohsįįh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiizįįh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiizįįh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiizįįh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiizįįh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiizįʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yiidzįʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiidzįʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yinizįʼ (perfective second-person singular)
woozįʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoozįʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yiizįʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deizįʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jiizįʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiizįʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zįįh (imperfective stem of root -ZĮʼ, “to stand”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zįįh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZĮʼ</i>

he/she is standing up (rising from a sitting or lying position)


niteeh

nishteeh (first-person imperfective singular)
niiteeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniiteeh (first-person imperfective plural)
níteeh (imperfective second-person singular)
nohteeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danohteeh (imperfective plural second-person)
niteeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daniteeh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiniteeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhniteeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nétį́ (first-person perfective singular)
neetį́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daneetį́ (first-person perfective plural)
nínítį́ (perfective second-person singular)
sinootį́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasinootį́ (perfective plural second-person)
neeztį́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daneeztį́ (perfective plural third-person)
jineeztį́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhneeztį́ (fourth-person perfective plural)
dínéeshtééł (first-person future singular)
díníitééł (duoplural first-person future)
dadíníitééł (first-person future plural)
díníítééł (future second-person singular)
dínóohtééł (duoplural future second-person)
dadínóohtééł (future plural second-person)
dínóotééł (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadínóotééł (future plural third-person)
dízhnóotééł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdínóotééł (fourth-person future plural)

ni- (terminative) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -teeh (imperfective stem of root -TĮ́, “to lie — 1 actor”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-teeh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TĮ́</i>

he/she is lying down, is moving into a reclining position


niteesh

niiteesh (duoplural first-person)
nohteesh (duoplural second-person)
niteesh (duoplural third-person)
jiniteesh (duoplural fourth-person)

ni- (terminative) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -teesh (imperfective stem of root -TÉÉZH, “to lie — 2 actors”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-teesh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TÉÉZH</i>

they (2 actors) are lying down, are moving into a reclining position

shitéézh

the two of them are in the lying position

naazhtéézh lie around somewhere in pairs)


dzígai

dzi- (“away into distance”) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -gai (neuter perfective stem of root -GAII, “to be white”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gai</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GAII</i>

a white strip or streak extends away into the distance


didziih

disdziih (first-person imperfective singular)
diidziih (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiidziih (first-person imperfective plural)
dídziih (imperfective second-person singular)
dohdziih (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadohdziih (imperfective plural second-person)
didziih (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadidziih (imperfective plural third-person)
jididziih (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdidziih (fourth-person imperfective plural)
désdzííʼ (first-person perfective singular)
deedzííʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadeedzííʼ (first-person perfective plural)
dínídzííʼ (perfective second-person singular)
disoohdzííʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadisoohdzííʼ (perfective plural second-person)
deesdzííʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadeesdzííʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jideesdzííʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdeesdzííʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideesdzih (first-person future singular)
didiidzih (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiidzih (first-person future plural)
didíídzih (future second-person singular)
didoohdzih (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoohdzih (future plural second-person)
didoodzih (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadidoodzih (future plural third-person)
dizhdoodzih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidoodzih (fourth-person future plural)

di- (inceptive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -dziih (imperfective stem of root -DZÍÍʼ, “to breathe”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dziih</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DZÍÍʼ</i>

he/she takes a breath, is breathing, respirating


Tsiizizii

Leupp (a census-designated place in Arizona, United States)


Tséhootsooí

Fort Defiance (a census-designated place in Arizona, United States)


Tséyaaniichiiʼ

Rehoboth (an unincorporated community in New Mexico, United States)


Tséchʼízhí

Rough Rock (a census-designated place in Arizona, United States)


Tsé Náhádzoh

Twin Lakes (a census-designated place in New Mexico, United States)


kóhootʼéédą́ą́ʼ

head

kóhootʼéédą́ą́ʼ


nááhaiídą́ą́ʼ

nááhaiídą́ą́ʼ

year(s) ago (number of years before present)


ánítʼį́į́h

áníshtʼį́į́h (first-person imperfective singular)
ániitʼį́į́h (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádaniitʼį́į́h (first-person imperfective plural)
ánítʼį́į́h (imperfective second-person singular)
ánóhtʼį́į́h (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádanohtʼį́į́h (imperfective plural second-person)
ánítʼį́į́h (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádanitʼį́į́h (imperfective plural third-person)
ájítʼį́į́h (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádajítʼį́į́h (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼá- (thematic) + -ni- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tʼį́į́h (neuter imperfective stem of root -TʼĮ́Į́H, “to practice witchcraft”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼį́į́h</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼĮ́Į́H</i>


chʼidí

buffalo robe (a cured buffalo hide used as a wrap or blanket)


dáʼátsiin

Compound of dą́ą́ʼ (“food, corn”) + atsiin (“trunk”).


ayih

shiyih (first-person singular)
nihiyih (duoplural first-person)
danihiyih (first-person plural)
niyih (second-person singular)
nihiyih (duoplural second-person)
danihiyih (plural second-person)
biyih (third-person)
yiyih (fourth-person)
hayih (fourth-person)
ayih (indefinite)


bee azkʼazí

/pèː àzkʼàzɪ́/

refrigerator (appliance that keeps food cold)


ahishkʼosh

sprain (a wrenched or overstrained muscle or joint)


aaʼadiniih

From aa (“into someone”) + adiniih (“something hurts”).

sexually transmitted disease
sexually transmitted disease

venereal disease, sexually transmitted disease


acháshjish

diaphragm (anatomy: sheet of muscle separating thorax from abdomen)


dáʼátʼąąʼ

Compound of dą́ą́ʼ (“food, corn”) + atʼąąʼ (“leaf”).


iiʼnííyą́ą́ʼ

head

iiʼnííyą́ą́ʼ


yóbé

yíníshbé (first-person imperfective singular)
yíníibé (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deíníibé (first-person imperfective plural)
yíníbé (imperfective second-person singular)
yínóhbé (duoplural imperfective second-person)
deínóhbé (imperfective plural second-person)
yóbé (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayóbé (imperfective plural third-person)
jóbé (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajóbé (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yíbį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yíibį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dayíibį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yíníbį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
wóobį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dawóobį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yiyííbį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayííbį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jííbį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajííbį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
yídéeshbeeł (first-person future singular)
yídíibeeł (duoplural first-person future)
deídíibeeł (first-person future plural)
yídííbeeł (future second-person singular)
yídóohbeeł (duoplural future second-person)
deídóohbeeł (future plural second-person)
yídóobeeł (duoplural future singular third-person)
deídóobeeł (future plural third-person)
yízhdóobeeł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
deízhdóobeeł (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ó- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -∅- (classifier) + -bé (repetitive imperfective stem of root -BĮ́Į́ʼ, “to pick plural objects”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-bé</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

he/she is picking them (berries, fruit, or other plural objects)


ákáshtłʼo

shíkáshtłʼo (first-person singular)
nihíkáshtłʼo (duoplural first-person)
danihíkáshtłʼo (first-person plural)
níkáshtłʼo (second-person singular)
nihíkáshtłʼo (duoplural second-person)
danihíkáshtłʼo (plural second-person)
bíkáshtłʼo (third-person)
yíkáshtłʼo (fourth-person)
hákáshtłʼo (fourth-person)
ákáshtłʼo (indefinite)

body hair (as opposed to that on the human head)


bíhooʼą́ą́ʼii

head

bíhooʼą́ą́ʼii


ánéídlééh

ánáshdlééh (first-person imperfective singular)
ánéiilnééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ánádeiilnééh (first-person imperfective plural)
ánánídlééh (imperfective second-person singular)
ánáhdlééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ánádaahdlééh (imperfective plural second-person)
ánéídlééh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ánádeidlééh (imperfective plural third-person)
áńjídlééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ánádajidlééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ánáshdlaa (first-person perfective singular)
ánéiilyaa (duoplural first-person perfective)
ánádeiilyaa (first-person perfective plural)
ánéinidlaa (perfective second-person singular)
ánáoodlaa (duoplural perfective second-person)
ánádaoodlaa (perfective plural second-person)
ánáyiidlaa (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ánádayiidlaa (perfective plural third-person)
áńjiidlaa (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ánádajiidlaa (fourth-person perfective plural)
áńdeeshdlííł (first-person future singular)
áńdiilnííł (duoplural first-person future)
áńdadiilnííł (first-person future plural)
áńdíídlííł (future second-person singular)
áńdoohdlííł (duoplural future second-person)
áńdadoohdlííł (future plural second-person)
ánéidoodlííł (duoplural future singular third-person)
áńdeidoodlííł (future plural third-person)
ánízhdoodlííł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
áńdazhdoodlííł (fourth-person future plural)

ʼá- (“do”) + -ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -ł- (classifier) + -nééh (imperfective stem of root -YAA, “to make”).
Unlike the d-effect found in verbs like yilééh or íílééh in the 1st person duo-plural and passives, the d-effect induced here by ná-reversionary applies after classifier -ł- and stem-initial -n- had already merged into -l-, to produce -dl-.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YAA</i>


neiniłkaad

nanishkaad (first-person imperfective singular)
naniilkaad (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndaniilkaad (first-person imperfective plural)
naníłkaad (imperfective second-person singular)
nanołkaad (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndanołkaad (imperfective plural second-person)
neiniłkaad (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndeiniłkaad (imperfective plural third-person)
nazhniłkaad (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndazhniłkaad (fourth-person imperfective plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ni- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -kaad (continuative imperfective stem of root -KAAD, “to cause a mass of plural objects to move scattered, to herd”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kaad</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KAAD</i>

nv-link-to-root

he/she is herding them (animals such as sheep, cattle, etc.)


hanályį́į́h

hanáshyį́į́h (first-person imperfective singular)
hanéiilyį́į́h (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hanádeiilyį́į́h (first-person imperfective plural)
háánílyį́į́h (imperfective second-person singular)
hanáłyį́į́h (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hanádaałyį́į́h (imperfective plural second-person)
hanályį́į́h (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hanádaalyį́į́h (imperfective plural third-person)
háájílyį́į́h (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
háádajilyį́į́h (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hanááshyį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
hanéiilyį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
háádasiilyį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
hanéínílyį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
hanáoołyį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
háádasoołyį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
hanáályį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
háádaasyį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
háájoolyį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
háádajisyį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

ha- (“up out”) + -ná- (“back”, reversionary) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -yį́į́h (imperfective stem of root -YĮ́Į́ʼ, “to breathe”), lit. to get one's breath back.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yį́į́h</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YĮ́Į́ʼ</i>


-DÍÍN

From Proto-Athabaskan *denʸ (“light shines”). Always occurs with di- thematic "fire" in associated verb bases.
The root -díín is irregular, since *-dį́ would be expected. -díín is invariable in shape (i.e., there are no other forms for different aspects or tenses), although a distinction between imperfective and perfective could be made. According to Young (1992), bases containing prefix yíní- (“directed at”) have neuter imperfective stems, while the rest have neuter perfective.


-CHʼIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʼʷičʼʷ (“to be rough, chapped”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna atsʼiis (“it is chapped”), Chipewyan dɛts’iz (“it is rough and hard”).
Related to -CHʼÍÍZH (“make a dry rustling sound”).


-TʼEʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼe (“to be thus”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ntʼae (“it is”), neltʼeʼ (“there are many”), Chipewyan bénɛłtʼɛ (“you're like him”).

tʼááłah diltʼéhé
tʼááłah diltʼéhé#Navajo

to be
 2. Various meanings depending on thematic prefix


-TʼEʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼə̓qʼ (“animate or stick-like object moves”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tiiłtʼak (“I threw it away (a stick)”), Koyukon kʼəltʼəx (“to hit something with a stick”).
Also occurs in Navajo along with hi-seriative in a motion theme related to hopping (literally, to “throw” oneself successively).

cog

to propel a slender stiff object (SSO) or animate object (AnO)


-ʼĮĮD

The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root -YAA.
Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as ∅-classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *∅-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using ∅/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.

(ʼá-) to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.

(d-) to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).

(ni- + ł-) to take possession of, to make something one's own.

(ʼá-/kó- + ha- + d-) to happen, to take place.

(tí-) to injure; to deprive oneself, to self-sacrifice.

act
Misc. thematic
(choini-) to be useful; to use.

act
Misc. thematic
to be useful; to use.

(yiní-) to discuss, to bother, to harass.

act
Misc. thematic
to discuss, to bother, to harass.

(ʼáhodi-) to pretend, to fake, to play like.

act
Misc. thematic
to pretend, to fake, to play like.

act
Misc. thematic
(ʼááhoo-) to quit, to surrender.

act
Misc. thematic
to quit, to surrender.

wealthy (root -TʼĮĮD?)
(d- thematized) to be wealthy.

(∅-) to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.

dislike
to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.

(d-) to be denied to (as a right to someone); to be lost (as eyesight or a relative to someone).


-ʼĮĮD

Probably related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to see, to look”.


-GHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇an (“to make plural objects, to kill plural objects”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna esghaan (“I am killing them”).


-GHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʊn (“to snore, to growl”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna yutnełghan (“he growled at him”).


-CHĮ́

come into being
be born
(∅-) there is birth, to be born.

come into being
be born
there is birth, to be born.

(ł- causative) to bring into being, to give birth; to make, to build.

(l- passive) to be born; to be related by clan.

come into being
be born
to be born; to be related by clan.

(l- causative-reflexive) to cause oneself to be, to bring oneself into being; to feign, to pretend.

(ʼakʼiʼa- + ł- transitive) to write, to mark, to tattoo.

come into being
write
to write, to mark, to tattoo.

(ʼakʼiʼa- + l- reflexive) to tattoo oneself.

come into being
write
to tattoo oneself.

collect (maybe original meaning?)
(ł-) to collect money, donations.

collect (maybe original meaning?)
to collect money, donations.

crowd (maybe a different root?)
(l-) to gather, to form a crowd.

crowd (maybe a different root?)
to gather, to form a crowd.

(l-) (uncertain derivation) to have a nightmare.


-ZHIIZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *džičʼ (“to dance”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ʼscʼaldziitsʼ (“we danced”).
Occurs in Navajo in a number of disparate meanings, of uncertain derivation.

to poke, to jab, to stick
 2. to rise, to increase, to reach a level
 3. to dance
 4. time passes


-GHAZH

Closely related to root -GHÁÁZH, "to gnaw".


-DLĄ́Ą́ʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *də-nanʸ (“to drink”).


-LĮ́Į́ʼ

Closely related to -LǪ́.
This root seems to only take si-Perfectives in all verb bases.

(a-) an event happens; to bring about an event.

(ho-) to come into being, to come up, to be born.

(ani-) to be of value; to set a high price.

become
to be of value; to set a high price.


-GHAAZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ʷa̓ž ~ *ɣ̇ʊš (“to make a bubbling noise”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases of disparate meanings related to “bubbling”, “shouting” and “sleeping”, probably originating in distinct roots that merged in shape.
These meanings are found in parts in other Athabaskan languages too:
* in Ahtna tnelghots (“it is boiling”), telghaas (“fish started swimming (bubbling?)”), delghos (“they are shouting”);
* in Koyukon nilɣos (“melted”), dəlɣʊs (“they are making noise”);
* in Chipewyan nɛ́sɣáz (“my face swole up”), níłxáz (“I boiled it”), dɛlɣus (“it barks”), ɛ’ɛłxus (“he snored”);
* in Mattole ’iłgwóxw (“you snore, are sound asleep”).

*ɣ̇ʷa̓ž ~ *ɣ̇ʊš

cog

to bubble, to boil
 2. to shout
 3. to sleep


-DIZ

(∅- or ł- ) to twist it, to spin it, to wrap it, to bandage.

(l- reflexive) to roll dirt off of oneself.

(d- or l- passive) to be tangled, snarled, to wind around.

twist
to be tangled, snarled, to wind around.

(ł-) to clean one's gun (by twisting the cleaning patch back out).

(ł-) to catch a rabbit (by twisting it out of its hole), to go rabbit hunting.

(di- "legs" + l- causative-reflexive) to move with swift short steps (as in throwing a javelin).


-TSʼÓÓZÍ

Cognate found in Chipewyan chʼude (“narrow”).
The stem of this root has variable shape, such as -tsʼóóz, -tsʼózí or -tsʼósí. Generally absolutive and comparative aspectual bases are not clearly distinguished.


iidlóóh

iishdlóóh (first-person imperfective singular)
iidlóóh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiidlóóh (first-person imperfective plural)
anidlóóh (imperfective second-person singular)
oohdlóóh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaahdlóóh (imperfective plural second-person)
iidlóóh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaadlóóh (imperfective plural third-person)
ajidlóóh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajidlóóh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
eeshdloʼ (first-person perfective singular)
iidloʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
adasiidloʼ (first-person perfective plural)
íínídloʼ (perfective second-person singular)
oohdloʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasoohdloʼ (perfective plural second-person)
eedloʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adaasdloʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ajoodloʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajisdloʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshdloh (first-person future singular)
adiidloh (duoplural first-person future)
adadiidloh (first-person future plural)
adíídloh (future second-person singular)
adoohdloh (duoplural future second-person)
adadoohdloh (future plural second-person)
adoodloh (duoplural future singular third-person)
adadoodloh (future plural third-person)
azhdoodloh (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
adazhdoodloh (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -dlóóh (imperfective stem of root -DLOʼ, “to laugh”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dlóóh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DLOʼ</i>


-DLOʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *də-ləqʼʷ > *dlʊ̓q’ (“to laugh”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna dloqʼ (“laughter”), Carrier dlo, Chipewyan dloɣ. See also Navajo dloh (“laughter”).


-YĄ́Ą́ʼ

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *hanʸ (“to eat”).
The first consonant fuses with the preceding consonant from classifiers or subject prefixes, resulting in various alternations : YĄ́Ą́ʼ, DĄ́Ą́ʼ, SĄ́Ą́ʼ, SHĄ́Ą́ʼ, ZĄ́Ą́ʼ.
Compare also Navajo dą́ą́ʼ (“food, corn”).


-CHĄĄʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʷanʼ ~ *čʷənʼ (“to defecate”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna tsaanʼ (“excrement”), estsenʼ (“I defecate”), Gwich'in tryąʼ (“excrement”).

*čʷanʼ ~ *čʷənʼ

to defecate, to cover with filth, to masturbate


ílį́

anishłį́ (first-person imperfective singular)
aniidlį́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼniidlį́ (first-person imperfective plural)
anílį́ (imperfective second-person singular)
anohłį́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼnohłį́ (imperfective plural second-person)
ílį́ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼílį́ (imperfective plural third-person)
ajílį́ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjílį́ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
azlį́į́ʼ (singular third-person)
adooleeł (singular third-person)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to become”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

bą́ą́h ílį́


-CHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ča(nʸ) ~ *čʷa(nʸ) (“to become exhausted”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna nininitsaan (“he came exhausted”), Chipewyan nínįtsąʼ (“he is tired”).
Occurs in Navajo in bases related to “fleeing” and “running”.


-CHĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *čən (“to smell, to stink”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna ukoltsen (“it smells”), Gwich'in yahtsan (“he smells it”).


-GHÁÁZH

Closely related to root -GHAZH, "to bite".


-DĮĮD

(ʼá- + ł- causative) to get rid of, to destroy.

(ʼa- 3rd person + l- mediopassive) to enjoy.

(ʼá- + ∅- thematic) to disappear, to become non-existent, to die.

(ł- thematic) (to stand it, found only in the negative) to be bored, to dislike, to despise.

(ʼa- 3rd person + ł- thematic) to survive, to live.


-YAA

From Proto-Athabaskan *haɢ (“to do, to make”) in the perfective, from Proto-Athabaskan *ni (“to do, to make”) in the imperfective, future and optative, and from Proto-Athabaskan *enˀ (“to do, to make”) in the iterative (see -ʼĮĮD).
The stem initial undergoes a number of special alternations in presence of ł-classsifier and d-effect (see Stem Set section below).

áánííł áánííł#Navajo

áánííł áánííł#Navajo

to do, to make, to happen
 2. various meanings depending on thematic prefix


ánééh

áshnééh (first-person imperfective singular)
íiʼnééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádeiiʼnééh (first-person imperfective plural)
ánínééh (imperfective second-person singular)
óhnééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádaohnééh (imperfective plural second-person)
ánééh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádaanééh (imperfective plural third-person)
ájínééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádajinééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ásdzaa (first-person perfective singular)
íisdzaa (first-person perfective singular)
íidzaa (duoplural first-person perfective)
ádeiidzaa (first-person perfective plural)
íinidzaa (perfective second-person singular)
óohdzaa (duoplural perfective second-person)
ádaoohdzaa (perfective plural second-person)
ádzaa (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ádaadzah (perfective plural third-person)
ájiidzaa (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ádajiidzaa (fourth-person perfective plural)
ádeeshnííł (first-person future singular)
ádiiʼnííł (duoplural first-person future)
ádadiiʼnííł (first-person future plural)
ádíínííł (future second-person singular)
ádoohnííł (duoplural future second-person)
ádadoohnííł (future plural second-person)
ádoonííł (duoplural future singular third-person)
ádadoonííł (future plural third-person)
ázhdoonííł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ádazhdoonííł (fourth-person future plural)

ʼá- (“thus”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -nééh (imperfective stem of root -YAA, “to do, to make”)

nv-prefixes

(with bąąhági) he/she does something wrong, commits a crime, misbehaves


-NIIʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ni̓gʸ, from pre-Proto-Athabaskan *niʼg, a root with many disparate meanings, perhaps resulting in the merger of originally distinct roots.
A first meaning involves action with the hand (squeeze, touch). Another meaning relates to the passing of an invisible or hazy entity, as an epidemic, a cold wave, a fad, a swarm, and also relates to pain, ache. A last meaning relates to mental actions as to know, to be aware, to remember.
-NIIʼ shares many stems with the roots -NÍÍʼ, -NIID, -NÍÍD, -NIʼ, -NÍ, -NIH, -NIIH ~ -LĮH and -NEʼ, each of these being themselves a conflation of several originally distinct roots with at times overlapping meanings, which makes their actual identification often speculative.
Maybe as a consequence, the themes in this root often do not behave as neatly as with other roots (classifiers, aspect, conjugations may follow irregular alternations).

to act with the hand
 2. to hurt, to be painful
 3. a wave passes or spreads (epidemic, a heat wave, a crowd, a swarm, a fad)
 4. to know, to be aware


yééhoosįįh

bééhonisįįh (first-person imperfective singular)
bééhoniilzįįh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
béédahoniilzįįh (first-person imperfective plural)
bééhonísįįh (imperfective second-person singular)
bééhonohsįįh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
béédahonohsįįh (imperfective plural second-person)
yééhoosįįh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
yéédahósįįh (imperfective plural third-person)
bééhojoosįįh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
béédahojísįįh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
bééhosésįįd (first-person perfective singular)
bééhosiilzįįd (duoplural first-person perfective)
béédahosiilzįįd (first-person perfective plural)
bééhosínísįįd (perfective second-person singular)
bééhosoosįįd (duoplural perfective second-person)
béédahosoosįįd (perfective plural second-person)
yééhoosįįd (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
yéédahoosįįd (perfective plural third-person)
bééhojoosįįd (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
béédahojoosįįd (fourth-person perfective plural)
bééhodeesįįł (first-person future singular)
bééhodiilzįįł (duoplural first-person future)
béédahodiilzįįł (first-person future plural)
bééhodíísįįł (future second-person singular)
bééhodoohsįįł (duoplural future second-person)
béédahodoohsįįł (future plural second-person)
yééhodoosįįł (duoplural future singular third-person)
yéédahodoosįįł (future plural third-person)
bééhozhdoosįįł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
béédahozhdoosįįł (fourth-person future plural)

b- (thematic) + -é- (“about”) + -ná- (“around”) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zįįh (imperfective stem of root -ZĮĮD, “to know”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zįįh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZĮĮD</i>

Nichʼįʼ bééhonisįįh.

Bichʼįʼ nééhonisįįh.

to know (a person), to get acquainted with, to meet


kinaaldá

Possibly from kin (“house”) + na- (atelic, circuital) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -dá (neuter perfective stem of root -DÁ, “to sit — 1 actor”), referring to the isolation of a girl at her first menstruation in a small hut where she must remain for a period of time.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dá</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DÁ</i>


chʼéʼaash

chʼíníshʼaash (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniitʼaash (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniitʼaash (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníʼaash (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínóhʼaash (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanohʼaash (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼéʼaash (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídaaʼaash (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíʼaash (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajíʼaash (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníʼáázh (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniitʼáázh (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniitʼáázh (first-person perfective plural)
chʼííníʼáázh (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínooʼáázh (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanooʼáázh (perfective plural second-person)
chʼíníʼáázh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídaazhʼáázh (perfective plural third-person)
chʼízhníʼáázh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajizhʼáázh (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeeshʼash (first-person future singular)
chʼídiitʼash (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiitʼash (first-person future plural)
chʼídííʼash (future second-person singular)
chʼídoohʼash (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoohʼash (future plural second-person)
chʼídooʼash (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadooʼash (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdooʼash (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdooʼash (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼaash (imperfective stem of root -ʼÁÁZH, “to go, to walk — 2 actors”).
Prefix chʼí- becomes chʼé- when in pre-stem position.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼaash</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼÁÁZH</i>

nv-link-to-root

they (2 actors) go out horizontally (as through a door), exit, leave.


chʼékááh

chʼíníshkááh (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniikááh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniikááh (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníkááh (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínóhkááh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanohkááh (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼékááh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídaakááh (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíkááh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajíkááh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníshkai (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniikai (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniikai (first-person perfective plural)
chʼííníkai (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínoohkai (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanoohkai (perfective plural second-person)
chʼékai (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídaaskai (perfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíkai (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajiskai (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeeshkah (first-person future singular)
chʼídiikah (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiikah (first-person future plural)
chʼídííkah (future second-person singular)
chʼídoohkah (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoohkah (future plural second-person)
chʼídookah (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadookah (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdookah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdookah (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -kááh (imperfective stem of root -KAI, “to go, to walk — 3+ actors”).
Prefix chʼí- becomes chʼé- when in pre-stem position.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kááh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KAI</i>

nv-link-to-root

they (3+ actors) go out horizontally (as through a door), exit, leave.


dichʼíízh

di- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chʼíízh (neuter imperfective stem of root -CHʼIIZH, “to abrade”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼíízh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼIIZH</i>


chidíʼánéílʼíní

head

chidíʼánéílʼíní

chidí (“automobile, car”) + ánéílʼí (“he makes it again, repairs it”) + -í (nominalizer)

mechanic (one who repairs automobiles), auto repairman


díní-

dínéeskaad (active)
hadínéeshcha (active)
déesxéél (neuter)
kʼídéesniiʼ (neuter)
díné- (active first-person singular)
dínésh- (active first-person singular)
hadínésh- (active first-person singular)
dínísh- (first-person neuter singular)
díínísh- (first-person neuter singular)
díníní- (active second-person singular)
hadínííní- (active second-person singular)
díní- (neuter second-person singular)
dííní- (neuter second-person singular)
dínéez (active third-person)
s- (active third-person)
hadínées- (active third-person)
déez (neuter third-person)
s- (neuter third-person)
dínée- (active)
dínéed- (active)
hadínée- (active)
hadínéed- (active)
díníi (neuter)
díníid (neuter)
dííníi- (neuter)
dííníid- (neuter)
dínoo- (active)
dínooh- (active)
dísío- (active)
dísíoh- (active)
hadínóo- (active)
hadínóoh- (active)
dínó- (neuter)
dínóh- (neuter)
díínó- (neuter)
díínóh- (neuter)

Unknown. Probably the combination of various lexical or aspectual di- and ni- prefixes of disparate meanings ("oral", "noise", "color", "legs", inceptive, static, neuter...). The high tone is an especially striking feature of this prefix complex.
It seems that the two prefixes di- and ni- when combined together are prone to receiving a high tone, in a fashion similar to yíní-. Compare:
* imperfective nishdaah "I sit down"/ future dínéeshdaał "I will sit down", where the di- prefix of the future mode in contact with the lexical ni- prefix triggers a high tone.
* imperfective nishkaad "I drive them into it" / imperfective díníshkaad "I start to drive them along", where the inceptive di- triggers a high tone.
Young (2000) analyses díní- as a prolongative prefix complex, composed of inceptive di- and terminative ni-. He also proposes that the complex may originally derive from di- + yíní- (directive) in neuter perfective verbs (see below).


deeyá

third-person singular perfective of dighááh


-CHʼIL

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *čʷ’ə̓tɬ’ (“to shrivel”), with multiple extended meanings.
Cognate roots found in Ahtna naʼugheltsʼetlʼ (“it shrank”), yiłtsʼetlʼ (“he scorched it”), neltsʼetlʼ (“he has his eyes closed”), deltsʼetlʼ (“fire pops”), Koyukon tsʼetł (“shrubs, small willows”), Gwich'in diltrʼal (“fire crackled”), niltrʼal (“he had his eyes closed”), trʼał (“brush, undergrowth”).

cog

to curl, to shrivel
 2. firecrackles
 3. plant


dikʼǫsh

dikʼǫsh (imperfective singular third-person)
dííkʼǫsh (perfective singular third-person)
didookʼǫsh (future singular third-person)

di- (“sensory”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kʼǫsh (imperfective stem of root -KʼǪSH, “to be sour, spoiled”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼǫsh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼǪSH</i>

(perfective) it is spoiled, rotten, soured


-JOOL

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *džəɣ̇ʷətɬ’ (“ball”).

NCM moves
(∅) NCM moves freely, NCM is at rest.

NCM moves
NCM moves freely, NCM is at rest.

(ł) to handle or propel NCM, to keep NCM at rest.

Classificatory root for non-compact matter as hair, a wig, or hay, and by extension, smoke, steam, dust, or a stench. The base ∅-classifier theme is intransitive and applies to NCM's independent motion or state, while the ł-classifier theme is transitive-causative and applies to the handling (carry, bring, give...) and propelling (throw, toss, drop,...) of NCM.

to be ball-shaped, globular, round, plump.

to huddle, to draw oneself together, to bend, to sneak.


yeʼelééh

beʼeshłééh (first-person imperfective singular)
biʼiilnééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
bidaʼillnééh (first-person imperfective plural)
beʼílééh (imperfective second-person singular)
biʼohłééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
bidaʼohłééh (imperfective plural second-person)
yeʼelééh (imperfective plural third-person)
yidaʼalééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
biʼjilééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
bidaʼjilééh (indefinite-person)
beʼelnééh (passive)
biʼishłaa (first-person perfective singular)
biʼiilyaa (duoplural first-person perfective)
biʼiinilaa (perfective second-person singular)
biʼoohłaa (duoplural perfective second-person)
yiʼiilaa (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
biʼjiilaa (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
beʼelyaa (passive)

b- (thematic) + -ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -nééh (imperfective stem of root -YAA, “to make”), lit. “to make something at it”.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YAA</i>

Neʼeshłééh.

Eʼeshłééh.

Eʼelyaa

he /she obeys it, abides by it (the law), follows it (advise)


head

siláołtsooí ídlį́į́ ńtʼę́ęʼgo naaltsoos bee bééhózinígíí


hooshʼaah

first-person singular imperfective of hoołʼaah


hooʼaah

hooʼaah (imperfective singular third-person)
hooʼaʼ (perfective singular third-person)
hwiidooʼaał (future singular third-person)

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼaah (transitional imperfective stem of root -ʼĄ́, “to handle SRO”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼaah</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼĄ́</i>

Shá hooʼaʼ.

Bee hooʼaʼ.

shąąh dah hooʼaʼ.

Bee shąąh dah hooʼaʼ.

I caught it (a disease), lit. impersonal-it stroke me with the disease.

a disease strikes someone, someone gets sick


bééhoozįįh

bééhoozįįh (imperfective singular third-person)
bééhoozin (perfective singular third-person)
bééhodoozįįł (future singular third-person)

bi- (3rd person indirect object prefix) + -é- (“about”) + -ná- (“around”) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix)+ -∅- (classifier) + -zįįh (transitional imperfective stem of root -ZĮĮD, “to know”).

nv-link-to-stem

Shił bééhoozįįh

I come to know about it, find out about it (literally, “knowledge comes with me”)

Doo bił bééhoozįįh da

Doo bééhoozįįh da

it is lost, it has vanished (as a pet or a child) (literally, “its whereabouts are not known”)

there comes to be knowledge about it, it comes to be known


hoolʼįįh

hoolʼįįh (imperfective singular third-person)
hoosʼįįd (perfective singular third-person)
hwiidoolʼįįł (future singular third-person)

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -ʼįįh (transitional stem of root -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to look”), lit. “things become visible”.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼįįh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

morning dawns, it becomes daylight, it gets light, the place gets lit up


yídéeltǫʼ

yídéeltǫʼ (singular third-person)
hwíídéeltǫʼ (singular spatial-person)

yí- (thematic, meaning unclear) + -di- (thematic) + -ee- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tǫʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -TǪʼ, “to be slippery”).
High tones of uncertain origin, compare with díní- for a similar discussion.
Modal-aspectual prefix ni- deletes in the third person, leaving the expected long -ee- after a conjunct prefix.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tǫʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TǪʼ</i>

to be slippery (as an object: banana, soap, ice)

(spatial person) to be slippery (as a place, a road)


ííłniih

ííłniih (imperfective singular third-person)
ííłnííʼ (perfective singular third-person)
adoołnííʼ (future singular third-person)
náʼáłnih (iterative singular third-person)
ółnííh (optative singular third-person)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -niih (imperfective stem of root -NÍÍʼ, “middle”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-niih</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NÍÍʼ</i>

Shį́ ʼííłniih.

Hai ʼííłniih.

Tłʼééʼ ííłnííʼ.


iizhííł

Alternative form of iizhííd (“to breathe“)


Zh

A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


dizhah

dishah (first-person imperfective singular)
diijah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiijah (first-person imperfective plural)
dízhah (imperfective second-person singular)
dohshah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadohshah (imperfective plural second-person)
dizhah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadizhah (imperfective plural third-person)
jidizhah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdizhah (fourth-person imperfective plural)

di- (“oral”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zhah (neuter repetitive stem of root -ZHÉÉʼ, “to spit”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHÉÉʼ</i>

he/she is a spitter, has the habit of spitting


jiilgish

jiilgish (imperfective singular third-person)
jishgish (perfective singular third-person)
jidoolgish (future singular third-person)

dzi- (“away into distance”) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -gish (semelfactive stem of root -GIZH, “to flash”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gish</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GIZH</i>

(Alternative semelfactive form of jiilgéésh) lightning flashes


íłį́

anishłį́ (first-person imperfective singular)
aniidlį́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼniidlį́ (first-person imperfective plural)
aníłį́ (imperfective second-person singular)
anohłį́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼnohłį́ (imperfective plural second-person)
íłį́ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼíłį́ (imperfective plural third-person)
ajíłį́ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjíłį́ (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -lį́ (neuter imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to become”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

Bą́ą́h íłį́.

See also: bą́ą́h ílį́


iiłtʼeʼ

iishtʼeʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
iiltʼeʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiiltʼeʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
aniłtʼeʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
oołtʼeʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaałtʼeʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
iiłtʼeʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adeiłtʼeʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
ajiłtʼeʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajiłtʼeʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ííłtʼeʼ (first-person perfective singular)
iiltʼeʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
adasiiltʼeʼ (first-person perfective plural)
ííníłtʼeʼ (perfective second-person singular)
oołtʼeʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasoołtʼeʼ (perfective plural second-person)
ayííłtʼeʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adeistʼeʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ajííłtʼeʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajistʼeʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshtʼeeł (first-person future singular)
adiiltʼeeł (duoplural first-person future)
adadiiltʼeeł (first-person future plural)
adííłtʼeeł (future second-person singular)
adoołtʼeeł (duoplural future second-person)
adadoołtʼeeł (future plural second-person)
iidoołtʼeeł (duoplural future singular third-person)
adeidoołtʼeeł (future plural third-person)
azhdoołtʼeeł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
adazhdoołtʼeeł (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tʼeʼ (imperfective stem of root -TʼEʼ, “ to propel a slender stiff object [SSO] or an animate object [AnO]”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼeʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼEʼ</i>

nv-link-to-root

to propel a slender stiff object 􂀿SSO􂁀 or an animate object 􂀿AnO􂁀

he/she is throwing it (a stick-like object or an animate object) out of sight


naʼahínítaah

+ -taah (imperfective stem of root -TĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to try”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-taah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TĄ́Ą́ʼ</i>


nayiilé

nahashłé (first-person imperfective singular)
nahiilyé (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndahiilyé (first-person imperfective plural)
nahílé (imperfective second-person singular)
nahohłé (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndahohłé (imperfective plural second-person)
nayiilé (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndayiilé (imperfective plural third-person)
njiilé (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndajiilé (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nahalyé (passive)
nahálá (first-person perfective singular)
Nahaalyá (duoplural first-person perfective)
ndahaalyá (first-person perfective plural)
nahínílá (perfective second-person singular)
nahisoolá (duoplural perfective second-person)
ndahisoolá (perfective plural second-person)
nayiizlá (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ndayiizlá (perfective plural third-person)
njiizlá (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ndajiizlá (fourth-person perfective plural)

na- (“downward”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -hi- (seriative) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lé (imperfective stem of root -LÁ, “to handle a slender flexible object”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lé</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LÁ</i>

nv-link-to-root

Bichʼįʼ nahashłé.

Bikʼé nahashłé.

to pay a succession of payments: rent, salary, installments.


náhodidleeh

náhodileeh (imperfective singular third-person)
náhodeesdlį́į́ʼ (perfective singular third-person)
náhodideesdlį́į́ʼ (perfective singular third-person)
náhodidoodleeł (future singular third-person)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -di- (inceptive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier, shift triggered by ná-) + -leeh (imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to become”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-leeh</i>

Ńléí eʼeʼaah biyaají diné náhodideesdlį́į́ʼ jiní.

The Navajos regenerated there in the west, it is said.

(reversionary of hodileeh) things start to regenerate, to come back into being.


hoodzą́

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -oo- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -dzą́ (neuter perfective stem of root -DZĄ́, “hole”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dzą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DZĄ́</i>


níyá

first-person singular perfective of yíghááh

third-person singular perfective of yíghááh


bí-

áchį́į́h (“one's nose”) + bí- → bíchį́į́h (“his/her/its nose”)


jí-

Marks a fourth person subject of a ni-imperfective verb


dildon

di- (adjectival) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -don (neuter imperfective stem of root -DON, “to explode”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-don</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DON</i>


adijił

/ʔɑ̀tɪ̀dʒìɬ/

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -jił (repetitive imperfective stem of root -JIL, “to stick out, to pierce, to protrude”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-jił</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-JIL</i>

nv-link-to-root

Hosh ayóo adijił.


haajííł

haajííł (imperfective singular third-person)
háájil (perfective singular third-person)
hadoojił (future singular third-person)

ha- (“up out”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -jííł (imperfective stem of root -JIL, “to stick out, to pierce”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-jííł</i>

it sticks out, it protrudes (as a pole, a spear)

Shąąh haajííł.

A debt is incurred by me, I have credit, I owe money.

Bee shąąh haajííł.


adilnííh

adishnííh (first-person imperfective singular)
adiilnííh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adadiilnííh (first-person imperfective plural)
adílnííh (imperfective second-person singular)
adołnííh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adadołnííh (imperfective plural second-person)
adilnííh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adadilnííh (imperfective plural third-person)
azhdilnííh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adazhdilnííh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
adeeshniiʼ (first-person perfective singular)
adiilniiʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
adadiilniiʼ (first-person perfective plural)
adíínílniiʼ (perfective second-person singular)
adoołniiʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
adadoołniiʼ (perfective plural second-person)
adoolniiʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adadoolniiʼ (perfective plural third-person)
azhdoolniiʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adazhdoolniiʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adideeshnih (first-person future singular)
adidiilnih (duoplural first-person future)
adadidiilnih (first-person future plural)
adidíílnih (future second-person singular)
adidoołnih (duoplural future second-person)
adadidoołnih (future plural second-person)
adidoolnih (duoplural future singular third-person)
adadidoolnih (future plural third-person)
azhdidoolnih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
adazhdidoolnih (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -di- (“arms, legs”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -nííh (imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to act with the hand”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nííh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIIʼ</i>

he/she is extending, stretching the hand away out of sight, is reaching out


dzídzadilnííh

dzídzadishnííh (first-person imperfective singular)
dzídzadiilnííh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dzídzadadiilnííh (first-person imperfective plural)
dzídzadílnííh (imperfective second-person singular)
dzídzadołnííh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dzídzadadołnííh (imperfective plural second-person)
dzídzadilnííh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dzídzadadilnííh (imperfective plural third-person)
dzídzazhdilnííh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dzídzadazhdilnííh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
dzídzadeeshniiʼ (first-person perfective singular)
dzídzadiilniiʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dzídzadadiilniiʼ (first-person perfective plural)
dzídzadíínílniiʼ (perfective second-person singular)
dzídzadoołniiʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dzídzadadoołniiʼ (perfective plural second-person)
dzídzadoolniiʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dzídzadadeesniiʼ (perfective plural third-person)
dzídzazhdoolniiʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dzídzadazhdeesniiʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
dzídzadideeshnih (first-person future singular)
dzídzadidiilnih (duoplural first-person future)
dzídzadadidiilnih (first-person future plural)
dzídzadidíílnih (future second-person singular)
dzídzadidoołnih (duoplural future second-person)
dzídzadadidoołnih (future plural second-person)
dzídzadidoolnih (duoplural future singular third-person)
dzídzadadidoolnih (future plural third-person)
dzídzadizhdoolnih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dzídzadazhdidoolnih (fourth-person future plural)

dzídza- (“into fire”) + -di- (“arms, legs”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -nííh (imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to act with the hand”).

nv-prefixes

he/she is extending, sticking his/her into the fire


yadidiilnííh

yadidiishnííh (first-person imperfective singular)
yadidiilnííh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
yadadidiilnííh (first-person imperfective plural)
yadidiilnííh (imperfective second-person singular)
yadidoołnííh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
yadadidoołnííh (imperfective plural second-person)
yadidiilnííh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
yadadidiilnííh (imperfective plural third-person)
yazhdidiilnííh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
yadazhdidiilnííh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yadidiishniiʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yadidiilniiʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
yadadidiilniiʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yadidinilniiʼ (perfective second-person singular)
yadidoołniiʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
yadadidoołniiʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yadidiilniiʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
yadadidiilniiʼ (perfective plural third-person)
yazhdidiilniiʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
yadazhdidiilniiʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
yadidideeshnih (first-person future singular)
yadididiilnih (duoplural first-person future)
yadadididiilnih (first-person future plural)
yadididíílnih (future second-person singular)
yadididoołnih (duoplural future second-person)
yadadididoołnih (future plural second-person)
yadididoolnih (duoplural future singular third-person)
yadadididoolnih (future plural third-person)
yadizhdidoolnih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
yadadizhdidoolnih (fourth-person future plural)

ya- (“up or down, vertically”) + -di- (“arms, legs”) + -di- (inceptive) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -nííh (imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to act with the hand”).

he/she is raising his/her hand, is lifting his/her arm up


chʼídeelnííh

chʼídinishnííh (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼídiniilnííh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídadiniilnííh (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼídinílnííh (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼídinołnííh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídadinołnííh (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼídeelnííh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídadeelnííh (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼízhdeelnííh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídazhdeelnííh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼídinishniiʼ (first-person perfective singular)
chʼídiniilniiʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídadiniilniiʼ (first-person perfective plural)
chʼídíínílniiʼ (perfective second-person singular)
chʼídinoołniiʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídadinoołniiʼ (perfective plural second-person)
chʼídeelniiʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídadeesniiʼ (perfective plural third-person)
chʼízhdeelniiʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídazhdeesniiʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídideeshnih (first-person future singular)
chʼídidiilnih (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadidiilnih (first-person future plural)
chʼídidíílnih (future second-person singular)
chʼídidoołnih (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadidoołnih (future plural second-person)
chʼídidoolnih (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadidoolnih (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdidoolnih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdidoolnih (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -di- (“arms, legs”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -nííh (imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to act with the hand”).

he/she is extending, sticking his/her hand out horizontally, is reaching out (as from a window)


dilnííh

dishnííh (first-person imperfective singular)
diilnííh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiilnííh (first-person imperfective plural)
dílnííh (imperfective second-person singular)
dołnííh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadołnííh (imperfective plural second-person)
dilnííh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadilnííh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidilnííh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdilnííh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
deeshniiʼ (first-person perfective singular)
diilniiʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiilniiʼ (first-person perfective plural)
díínílniiʼ (perfective second-person singular)
doołniiʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoołniiʼ (perfective plural second-person)
doolniiʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadoolniiʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jidoolniiʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdoolniiʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideeshnih (first-person future singular)
didiilnih (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiilnih (first-person future plural)
didíílnih (future second-person singular)
didoołnih (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoołnih (future plural second-person)
didoolnih (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadidoolnih (future plural third-person)
dizhdoolnih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidoolnih (fourth-person future plural)

di- (“arms, legs”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -nííh (imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to act with the hand”).

he/she is extending, stretching his/her hand somewhere, is reaching somewhere


yiyiinih

yiishnih (first-person imperfective singular)
yiiʼnih (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiiʼnih (first-person imperfective plural)
yiinih (imperfective second-person singular)
woohnih (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohnih (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiinih (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiinih (imperfective plural third-person)
jiinih (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiinih (fourth-person imperfective plural)
sénih (first-person perfective singular)
siiʼnih (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiiʼnih (first-person perfective plural)
sínínih (perfective second-person singular)
soonih (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasoonih (perfective plural second-person)
yiznih (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deiznih (perfective plural third-person)
jiznih (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiznih (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -nih (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to act with the hand”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nih</i>


doolnih

deeshnih (first-person progressive singular)
diilnih (duoplural first-person progressive)
dadííníilnííh (first-person plural progressive)
díílnih (progressive second-person singular)
doołnih (duoplural progressive second-person)
dadíínółnííh (plural progressive second-person)
doolnih (duoplural progressive singular third-person)
deidéelnííh (plural progressive third-person)
jidoolnih (duoplural fourth-person progressive singular)
dazhdéelnííh (fourth-person plural progressive)

di- (“arms, legs”) + -oo- (yi-progressive 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -nih (imperfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to act with the hand”).


aditał

adishtał (first-person imperfective singular)
adiitał (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼdiitał (first-person imperfective plural)
adítał (imperfective second-person singular)
adohtał (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼdohtał (imperfective plural second-person)
aditał (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼditał (imperfective plural third-person)
azhditał (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhʼditał (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tał (repetitive imperfective stem of root -TÁÁL, “to move the foot abruptly”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tał</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TÁÁL</i>

nv-link-to-root

he/she/it is a kicker, is given to kicking


chʼéltaał

chʼíníshtaał (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniiltaał (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniiltaał (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníltaał (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínółtaał (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanołtaał (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼéltaał (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídaaltaał (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíltaał (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajíltaał (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníshtáál (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniiltáál (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniiltáál (first-person perfective plural)
chʼííníltáál (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínoołtáál (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanoołtáál (perfective plural second-person)
chʼéltáál (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídaastáál (perfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíltáál (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajistáál (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeeshtał (first-person future singular)
chʼídiiltał (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiiltał (first-person future plural)
chʼídííltał (future second-person singular)
chʼídoołtał (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoołtał (future plural second-person)
chʼídooltał (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadooltał (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdooltał (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdooltał (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -taał (imperfective stem of root -TÁÁL, “to move the foot abruptly”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-taał</i>

he/she/it is dashing out horizontally, scampering out (as from an enclosure)


iiltaał

iishtaał (first-person imperfective singular)
iiltaał (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiiltaał (first-person imperfective plural)
aniltaał (imperfective second-person singular)
oołtaał (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaałtaał (imperfective plural second-person)
iiltaał (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaaltaał (imperfective plural third-person)
ajiltaał (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajiltaał (fourth-person imperfective plural)
eeshtáál (first-person perfective singular)
iiltáál (duoplural first-person perfective)
adasiiltáál (first-person perfective plural)
ííníltáál (perfective second-person singular)
oołtáál (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasoołtáál (perfective plural second-person)
eeltáál (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adaastáál (perfective plural third-person)
ajooltáál (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajistáál (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshtał (first-person future singular)
adiiltał (duoplural first-person future)
adadiiltał (first-person future plural)
adííltał (future second-person singular)
adoołtał (duoplural future second-person)
adadoołtał (future plural second-person)
adooltał (duoplural future singular third-person)
adadooltał (future plural third-person)
azhdooltał (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
adazhdooltał (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -taał (imperfective stem of root -TÁÁL, “to move the foot abruptly”).

nv-prefixes

Yah iiltaał.

Yóóʼ iitaał.


yiyiitał

yiishtał (first-person imperfective singular)
yiitał (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiitał (first-person imperfective plural)
yiitał (imperfective second-person singular)
woohtał (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohtał (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiitał (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiitał (imperfective plural third-person)
jiitał (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiitał (fourth-person imperfective plural)
sétał (first-person perfective singular)
siitał (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiitał (first-person perfective plural)
sínítał (perfective second-person singular)
sootał (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasootał (perfective plural second-person)
yiztał (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deiztał (perfective plural third-person)
jiztał (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiztał (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshtał (first-person future singular)
diitał (duoplural first-person future)
dadiitał (first-person future plural)
díítał (future second-person singular)
doohtał (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohtał (future plural second-person)
yidootał (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidootał (future plural third-person)
jidootał (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdootał (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tał (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -TÁÁL, “to move the foot abruptly”).

nv-link-to-stem

he/she is giving it a kick, is kicking it once


aheenízaad

ʼah- (reciprocal) + -ee- (“with”) + -ní- (comparative) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zaad (neuter comparative stem of root -ZAAD, “to be far”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zaad</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZAAD</i>


ánízáád

ʼá- (comparative) + -ní- (comparative) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -záád (neuter comparative stem of root -ZAAD, “to be far”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-záád</i>

Ayóo ánízáád.


chʼéltłʼééh

chʼíníshtłʼééh (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniiltłʼééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniiltłʼééh (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníltłʼééh (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínółtłʼééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanołtłʼééh (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼéltłʼééh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídaaltłʼééh (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíltłʼééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajíltłʼééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníshtłʼá (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniiltłʼá (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniiltłʼá (first-person perfective plural)
chʼííníltłʼá (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínoołtłʼá (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanoołtłʼá (perfective plural second-person)
chʼéltłʼá (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídaastłʼá (perfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíltłʼá (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajistłʼá (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeeshtłʼééł (first-person future singular)
chʼídiiltłʼééł (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiiltłʼééł (first-person future plural)
chʼídííltłʼééł (future second-person singular)
chʼídoołtłʼééł (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoołtłʼééł (future plural second-person)
chʼídooltłʼééł (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadooltłʼééł (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdooltłʼééł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdooltłʼééł (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tłʼééh (imperfective stem of root -TŁʼÁ, “to trot”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼÁ</i>

he/she/it is trotting out horizontally, jogging out (from an enclosure)


chʼétʼááh

chʼétʼááh (imperfective singular third-person)
chʼétʼaʼ (perfective singular third-person)
chʼídootʼah (future singular third-person)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tʼááh (imperfective stem of root -TʼAʼ, “to fly”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼááh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼAʼ</i>

it is flying out horizontally (as from an enclosure)


chʼélnood

chʼíníshnood (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniilnood (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniilnood (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼínílnood (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínółnood (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanołnood (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼélnood (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídaalnood (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjílnood (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajílnood (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníshnóód (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniilnóód (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniilnóód (first-person perfective plural)
chʼíínílnóód (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínoołnóód (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanoołnóód (perfective plural second-person)
chʼélnóód (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídaasnóód (perfective plural third-person)
chʼíjílnóód (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajisnóód (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeeshnoł (first-person future singular)
chʼídiilnoł (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiilnoł (first-person future plural)
chʼídíílnoł (future second-person singular)
chʼídoołnoł (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoołnoł (future plural second-person)
chʼídoolnoł (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadoolnoł (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdoolnoł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdoolnoł (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -nood (imperfective stem of root -NÓÓD, “to dart”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nood</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NÓÓD</i>

he/she/it is darting out horizontally, rushing out (from an enclosure)


chʼémáás

chʼínísmáás (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniiʼmáás (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniiʼmáás (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼínímáás (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínóhmáás (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanohmáás (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼémáás (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídaamáás (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjímáás (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajímáás (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼínímááz (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniiʼmááz (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniiʼmááz (first-person perfective plural)
chʼíínímááz (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínoomááz (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanoomááz (perfective plural second-person)
chʼínímááz (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídaazmááz (perfective plural third-person)
chʼízhnímááz (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajizmááz (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼídeesmas (first-person future singular)
chʼídiiʼmas (duoplural first-person future)
chʼídadiiʼmas (first-person future plural)
chʼídíímas (future second-person singular)
chʼídoohmas (duoplural future second-person)
chʼídadoohmas (future plural second-person)
chʼídoomas (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼídadoomas (future plural third-person)
chʼízhdoomas (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼídazhdoomas (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -máás (imperfective stem of root -MÁÁZ, “to roll”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-máás</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-MÁÁZ</i>


béésh ditʼódí

From béésh (“metal”) + ditʼódí (“soft”).


alohkʼeʼ

shilohkʼeʼ (first-person singular)
nihilohkʼeʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihilohkʼeʼ (first-person plural)
nilohkʼeʼ (second-person singular)
nihilohkʼeʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihilohkʼeʼ (plural second-person)
bilohkʼeʼ (third-person)
yilohkʼeʼ (fourth-person)
halohkʼeʼ (fourth-person)
alohkʼeʼ (indefinite)


átásiil

From átááʼ (“forehead”) + siil (“vapor, steam”).


atélí

shitélí (first-person singular)
nihitélí (duoplural first-person)
danihitélí (first-person plural)
nitélí (second-person singular)
nihitélí (duoplural second-person)
danihitélí (plural second-person)
bitélí (third-person)
yitélí (fourth-person)
hatélí (fourth-person)
atélí (indefinite)

Related to atéél (“belly, abdomen”). Both from the root -TEEL (“to be wide, broad”).


azeedí

shizeedí (first-person singular)
nihizeedí (duoplural first-person)
danihizeedí (first-person plural)
nizeedí (second-person singular)
nihizeedí (duoplural second-person)
danihizeedí (plural second-person)
bizeedí (third-person)
yizeedí (fourth-person)
hazeedí (fourth-person)
azeedí (indefinite)

cousin (daughter of one's paternal aunt or one's maternal uncle)


naabaahii

From naabaah (“he raids about”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


Sahdiibisí

From sahdii (“upright”) + bis (“adobe”) + -í (nominalizer).


naʼnitin

naʼnishtin (first-person imperfective singular)
naʼniitin (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndaʼniitin (first-person imperfective plural)
naʼnítin (imperfective second-person singular)
naʼnohtin (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndaʼnohtin (imperfective plural second-person)
naʼnitin (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndaʼnitin (imperfective plural third-person)
nazhʼnitin (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndazhʼnitin (fourth-person imperfective plural)
naʼnétą́ą́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
naʼneetą́ą́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
ndaʼneetą́ą́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
naʼnínítą́ą́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
naʼnootą́ą́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
ndaʼnootą́ą́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
naʼneeztą́ą́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ndaʼneeztą́ą́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
nazhʼneeztą́ą́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ndazhʼneeztą́ą́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndíʼnéeshtįįł (first-person future singular)
ndíʼníitįįł (duoplural first-person future)
ndadíʼníitįįł (first-person future plural)
ndíʼníítįįł (future second-person singular)
ndíʼnóohtįįł (duoplural future second-person)
ndadíʼnóohtįįł (future plural second-person)
ndíʼnóotįįł (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadíʼnóotįįł (future plural third-person)
ndízhʼnóotįįł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndadízhʼnóotįįł (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -ni- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tin (continuative imperfective stem of root -TĄ́, “to teach”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tin</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TĄ́</i>

he/she gives instruction, teaches, coaches


nástłʼah

nástłʼah (perfective plural singular third-person)
ńdaastłʼah (distributive perfective plural third-person)

ná- (“around”) + -si- (modal) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tłʼah (neuter imperfective stem of root -TŁʼAH, “to be angular”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼAH</i>

it forms a cover, an inside corner, a recess


yidiilkaal

bidiishkaal (first-person perfective singular)
bidiilkaal (duoplural first-person perfective)
bidadiilkaal (first-person perfective plural)
bidinilkaal (perfective second-person singular)
bidoołkaal (duoplural perfective second-person)
bidadoołkaal (perfective plural second-person)
yidiilkaal (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
yidadiilkaal (perfective plural third-person)
bizhdiilkaal (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
bidazhdiilkaal (fourth-person perfective plural)

applying himself/herself
apply oneself#Verb

he/she is applying himself/herself, putting effort into it

he/she nags someone, is after someone to

he/she gives his/her full attention to it (a task)


hiłiijį́į́h

hiłiijį́į́h (imperfective singular third-person)
hiłiijį́į́' (perfective singular third-person)
hiłidoojį́į́ł (future singular third-person)
náhiłiijį́į́h (iterative singular third-person)
hiłoojį́į́h (optative singular third-person)

hił (“day”, incorporated noun) + yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -zhį́į́h (imperfective stem of root -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ, “to be black”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhį́į́h</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

it is becoming dusk, it is getting dark outside


azháʼáád

shizháʼáád (first-person singular)
nihizháʼáád (duoplural first-person)
danihizháʼáád (first-person plural)
nizháʼáád (second-person singular)
nihizháʼáád (duoplural second-person)
danihizháʼáád (plural second-person)
bizháʼáád (third-person)
yizháʼáád (fourth-person)
hazháʼáád (fourth-person)
azháʼáád (indefinite)

mother's mother's brother's wife (great-aunt)

father's sister's son's wife (cousin's wife)