Níłchʼi Bidaʼiiníziinii Binantʼaʼí

níłchʼi (“spirit”) + da- (plural marker) + biʼiiníziinii (“demon, evil”) + binantʼaʼí (“their king”)


-KʼAII

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʼ'a̓ɣ̇ (“fat, to be fat”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna lkʼaax (“it is fat”).


iidiʼaah

adishʼaah (first-person imperfective singular)
adiitʼaah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adadiitʼaah (first-person imperfective plural)
adíʼaah (imperfective second-person singular)
adohʼaah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adadohʼaah (imperfective plural second-person)
iidiʼaah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adeidiʼaah (imperfective plural third-person)
azhdiʼaah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adazhdiʼaah (fourth-person imperfective plural)
adííʼą́ (first-person perfective singular)
adiitʼą́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
adadeetʼą́ (first-person perfective plural)
adííníʼą́ (perfective second-person singular)
adooʼą́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasidooʼą́ (perfective plural second-person)
iidííʼą́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adeideezʼą́ (perfective plural third-person)
azhdííʼą́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adazhdeezʼą́ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adideeshʼááł (first-person future singular)
adidiitʼááł (duoplural first-person future)
adadidiitʼááł (first-person future plural)
adidííʼááł (future second-person singular)
adidoohʼááł (duoplural future second-person)
adadidoohʼááł (future plural second-person)
iididooʼááł (duoplural future singular third-person)
adeididooʼááł (future plural third-person)
azhdidooʼááł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
adazhdidooʼááł (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (“relinquish”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼááh (imperfective stem of root -ʼĄ́, “to handle a solid roundish object”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼááh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼĄ́</i>

nv-link-to-root

Nihá yóóʼ iididooʼááł.

Yóóʼ adashideezʼą́.

(with yóóʼ) he/she forsakes him/her/it, forgives him/her/it, gives up on it


Záágweb

Zagreb (the capital and largest city of Croatia)


biib

(onomatopoeia) beep, the characteristic sound made by the horn of a car


hał

club (weapon used by Naayééʼ Neizghání to kill Fear)


jóósh

shijóózh (first-person singular)
nihijóózh (duoplural first-person)
danihijóózh (first-person plural)
nijóózh (second-person singular)
nihijóózh (duoplural second-person)
danihijóózh (plural second-person)
bijóózh (third-person)
yijóózh (fourth-person)
hajóózh (fourth-person)
ajóózh (indefinite)


adih

more, better, a lot, more than anticipated or thought (with verbs of doing)


gad diltáłii

alligator juniper, checkerbark juniper (Juniperus deppeana)


kétłoh

Compound of ké (“feet”) + -tłoh (“application”, usitative stem of root -TŁÉÉʼ, “to be wet”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłoh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁÉÉʼ</i>

tłʼééʼjí kétłoh

any of many different infusions (a ceremonial potion made from water and herbs. It is drunk by the patient and applied to the body, beginning from the feet.)


shééʼ

shizhééʼ (first-person singular)
nihizhééʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihizhééʼ (first-person plural)
nizhééʼ (second-person singular)
nihizhééʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihizhééʼ (plural second-person)
bizhééʼ (third-person)
yizhééʼ (fourth-person)
hazhééʼ (fourth-person)
azhééʼ (indefinite)


sitsʼil

si- (modal) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsʼil (neuter perfective stem of root -TSʼIL, “to shatter”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼil</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSʼIL</i>


dajółdonígíí

From dajółdon (“people shoot at it multiple times”, from -DON, “to explode”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


-GIZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɢətsʼ (“twist, wring”). Compare Carrier nasguz (“wash wet linen”) and Tanacross nachʼegétth (“wash (especially clothes)”).
In Navajo the momentaneous imperfective stem is attested in the doublet: -géés / -gíís. This root is related with -GEEZ (“to be twisted, crooked”).


átágoʼ

shítágoʼ (first-person singular)
nihítágoʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihítágoʼ (first-person plural)
nítágoʼ (second-person singular)
nihítágoʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihítágoʼ (plural second-person)
bítágoʼ (third-person)
yítágoʼ (fourth-person)
hátágoʼ (fourth-person)
átágoʼ (indefinite)

From átááʼ (“forehead”) + goʼ (neuter perfective stem of root -GOʼ, “to flow in the air”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">goʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GOʼ</i>


Halchíítah

From halchííʼ (“there is a red area”) + -tah (“among”). Literally, among the red areas.


-CHIŁ

to glitter, to glisten (like the sunlight, a jewel or a pearl)


-TSʼĮĮL

In today's Navajo this root is obsolete and appears to be related to -TSʼÍLÍ (“to be clear”).


-NÁÁŁ

From Proto-Athabaskan *-nαɣ̇αɬ (“be in one's presence”). Compare also Navajo anááʼ (“eye”).
This quasi-verb root is alway bounded with possessive prefixes indicating the subject, like in the phrase shinááł, meaning “I witness” (literally, “it is in my presence”).

inh

to witness, to watch, to be in one's presence


bináałii

From binááł (“s/he witnesses”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix). Ultimately from the quasi-verb root -NÁÁŁ (“to witness, be in one's presence”).


bighájíchiiʼ

b- (thematic) + -ghá- (“through”) + -dzi- (“away into distance”) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -chiiʼ (neuter perfective stem of root -CHIIʼ, “to be red”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chiiʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHIIʼ</i>

it is translucent red (as a glass of red wine)


bighádzítso

b- (thematic) + -ghá- (“through”) + -dzi- (“away into distance”) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tso (neuter perfective stem of root -TSOII, “to be yellow”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tso</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSOII</i>

it is translucent yellow (as a piece of amber)


bighádzideetłʼizh

b- (thematic) + -ghá- (“through”) + -dzi- (“away into distance”) + -di- (“color”) + -ee- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tłʼizh (neuter perfective stem of root -TŁʼIIZH, “to be blue, green”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼizh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼIIZH</i>

it is translucent blue, green (as a blue ink)


bighádzíbá

b- (thematic) + -ghá- (“through”) + -dzi- (“away into distance”) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -bá (neuter perfective stem of root -BAʼ, “to be gray”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-bá</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BAʼ</i>

it is translucent gray, muddy (as dirty water)


bighádzígai

b- (thematic) + -ghá- (“through”) + -dzi- (“away into distance”) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -gai (neuter perfective stem of root -GAII, “to be white”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gai</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GAII</i>

it is translucent white (as a thin cloud)


naalnishí

From naalnish (“s/he works”) + -í (nominalizer).


tsinlátah

Compound of tsin (“tree”) + álátah (“tip, summit”).


adichʼą́ą́h

adishchʼą́ą́h (first-person imperfective singular)
adiichʼą́ą́h (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼdiichʼą́ą́h (first-person imperfective plural)
adíchʼą́ą́h (imperfective second-person singular)
adohchʼą́ą́h (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼdohchʼą́ą́h (imperfective plural second-person)
adichʼą́ą́h (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼdichʼą́ą́h (imperfective plural third-person)
azhdichʼą́ą́h (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhʼdichʼą́ą́h (fourth-person imperfective plural)
adéchʼąąʼ (first-person perfective singular)
adeechʼąąʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼdeechʼąąʼ (first-person perfective plural)
adíníchʼąąʼ (perfective second-person singular)
adishoochʼąąʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadiʼshoochʼąąʼ (perfective plural second-person)
adeezhchʼąąʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼdeezhchʼąąʼ (perfective plural third-person)
azhdeezhchʼąąʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhʼdeezhchʼąąʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adideeshchʼąh (first-person future singular)
adidiichʼąh (duoplural first-person future)
dadiʼdiichʼąh (first-person future plural)
adidííchʼąh (future second-person singular)
adidoohchʼąh (duoplural future second-person)
dadiʼdoohchʼąh (future plural second-person)
adidoochʼąh (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadiʼdoochʼąh (future plural third-person)
azhdidoochʼąh (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dadizhʼdoochʼąh (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (inceptive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chʼą́ą́h (momentaneous imperfective stem of root -CHʼĄĄʼ, “to decorate”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼą́ą́h</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼĄĄʼ</i>

to start to make a design, a drawing, a decoration


-TʼÉ

Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Athabaskan *tʼe (“roast, cook”).


daʼnílʼį́

From da- pl + ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + nílʼį́ (“it is looked at”), passive form of yiníłʼį́ (“he looks at it”). Literally, things are looked at.


dą́ą́ʼ

dáʼ- (in-compounds)
dáʼá- (in-compounds)

Possibly from the root -YĄ́Ą́ʼ (“to eat”).


dáʼákʼeh

Compound of dą́ą́ʼ (“food, corn”) + -kʼeh (“place”).


akaz

sikaz (first-person singular)
nihikaz (duoplural first-person)
danihikaz (first-person plural)
nikaz (second-person singular)
nihikaz (duoplural second-person)
danihikaz (plural second-person)
bikaz (third-person)
yikaz (fourth-person)
hakaz (fourth-person)
akaz (indefinite)


daʼnílʼínígíí

head

daʼnílʼínígíí

From da- (plural) + ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + nílʼį́ (“it is looked at”), passive form of yiníłʼį́ (“he looks at it”) + -n- (ligature) + -ígíí (nominalizer).


-CHʼĮ́Į́D

This root only occurs in a neuter perfective base which serves as an enclitic word attached to a noun stem. The original meaning of this root appears to be reduced or abbreviated, but nowadays it refers to the hoarseness and stubbiness of ears and horns of animals, and to the change of voice during adolescence. Probably cognate with -CHʼĮ́Į́DÍ (“to be few”).


-CHʼĮ́Į́D

From Proto-Athabaskan *čʼʷenʸ (“be jealous”). It only occurs in neuter imperfective bases.


-CHʼĮ́Į́DÍ

Probably derived from the root -CHʼĮ́Į́D (“to be reduced”) + -í (nominalizer). Cognates found in Carrier ntsʼid (“be few”) and Hupa -chʼid (“die, become exhausted”).


naaldzil

naasdzil (first-person imperfective singular)
neiildzil (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndeiildzil (first-person imperfective plural)
nanildzil (imperfective second-person singular)
naałdzil (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndaałdzil (imperfective plural second-person)
naaldzil (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndaaldzil (imperfective plural third-person)
njildzil (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndajildzil (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nisisdzil (first-person perfective singular)
nisiildzil (duoplural first-person perfective)
ndasiildzil (first-person perfective plural)
nisíníldzil (perfective second-person singular)
nisoołdzil (duoplural perfective second-person)
ndasoołdzil (perfective plural second-person)
naasdzil (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ndaasdzil (perfective plural third-person)
njisdzil (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ndajisdzil (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeesdził (first-person future singular)
ndiildził (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiildził (first-person future plural)
ndííldził (future second-person singular)
ndoołdził (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoołdził (future plural second-person)
ndooldził (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadooldził (future plural third-person)
nizhdooldził (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdooldził (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -dzil (continuative imperfective stem of root -DZIL, “to strain”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dzil</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DZIL</i>

he/she/it strains, puts a continuous effort (as in pulling or lifting a heavy object)


atłʼááh

shitłʼááh (first-person singular)
nihitłʼááh (duoplural first-person)
danihitłʼááh (first-person plural)
nitłʼááh (second-person singular)
nihitłʼááh (duoplural second-person)
danihitłʼááh (plural second-person)
bitłʼááh (third-person)
yitłʼááh (fourth-person)
hatłʼááh (fourth-person)
atłʼááh (indefinite)


tódááʼ

Compound of tó (“water”) + adááʼ (“edge, lip”).


adághaaʼ

shidághaaʼ (first-person singular)
nihidághaaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihidághaaʼ (first-person plural)
nidághaaʼ (second-person singular)
nihidághaaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihidághaaʼ (plural second-person)
bidághaaʼ (third-person)
yidághaaʼ (fourth-person)
hadághaaʼ (fourth-person)
adághaaʼ (indefinite)

Compound of adaaʼ (“lips”) + aghaaʼ (“fur, hair”).


azábąąh

sizábąąh (first-person singular)
nihizábąąh (duoplural first-person)
danihizábąąh (first-person plural)
nizábąąh (second-person singular)
nihizábąąh (duoplural second-person)
danihizábąąh (plural second-person)
bizábąąh (third-person)
yizábąąh (fourth-person)
hazábąąh (fourth-person)
azábąąh (indefinite)

/ʔɑ̀zɑ́pɑ̃̀ːx/

Compound of azééʼ (“mouth”) + bąąh (“beside it”).


zábąąh bee yichxíhí

From zábąąh (“lips”) + bee (“with it”) + yichííh (“s/he putting rouge on it”) + -í (nominalizer) + -x- (emphatic infix).


azhą́

Azhą́ shibéeso hólǫ́ǫ ndi doo łaʼ naa deeshʼáał da.

Although I have money, I won't give you any.

even though, despite the fact that, notwithstanding, although


índída

then, and then, only then, at that time, only when


łeeshtah

From łeezh (“ground”) + -tah (“among”). Literally, among the dirt.


dziłeezh

Compound of dził (“mountain”) + łeezh (“soil”).

(synecdochically) herbs used in ceremonies found on mountains


ayaadááʼ

shiyaadááʼ (first-person singular)
nihiyaadááʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihiyaadááʼ (first-person plural)
niyaadááʼ (second-person singular)
nihiyaadááʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihiyaadááʼ (plural second-person)
biyaadááʼ (third-person)
yiyaadááʼ (fourth-person)
hayaadááʼ (fourth-person)
ayaadááʼ (indefinite)

From ayaa (“under it”) + adááʼ (“edge, lip”).


adááʼ

shidááʼ (first-person singular)
nihidááʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihidááʼ (first-person plural)
nidááʼ (second-person singular)
nihidááʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihidááʼ (plural second-person)
bidááʼ (third-person)
yidááʼ (fourth-person)
hadááʼ (fourth-person)
adááʼ (indefinite)

edge, rim, brink (of a rock or a canyon)


dizéí

di- (adjectival) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zéí (neuter imperfective stem of root -ZÉÍ, “to crumble”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zéí</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZÉÍ</i>


-ZÉÍ

From Proto-Athabaskan *saxʸ ~ *zay (“sand, to crumble”). Compare Navajo séí (“sand”).
Cognates found in Tanacross thaayh (“sand”) and also Tlingit xagw (“sand”).

inh

to crumble, be crumbly (as soft sandstone)


-TSĄ́Ą́ʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *kʸan (“rain”). Possibly related to the root -TSĄĄD (“to be pregnant”).
Navajo níłtsą́ (“rain”) originates from this root. Other cognates are found in Ahtna caan (“rain”), Dena'ina kun (“rain”), Koyukon konh (“rain”) and Hupa kyangkyoh (“hailstorm”).


atsʼǫʼ

sitsʼǫʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsʼǫʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsʼǫʼ (first-person plural)
nitsʼǫʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsʼǫʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsʼǫʼ (plural second-person)
bitsʼǫʼ (third-person)
yitsʼǫʼ (fourth-person)
hatsʼǫʼ (fourth-person)
atsʼǫʼ (indefinite)


anádił

Compound of anááʼ (“eye”) + dił (“blood”).


azahdił

Compound of azééʼ (“mouth”) + dił (“blood”).


anéʼédił

Compound of ánííʼ (“nose, nostrils”) + dił (“blood”).


chʼíhonítʼiʼ

/tʃʔɪ́.hò.nɪ̃́.tʔɪ̀ʔ/

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tʼiʼ (neuter perfective stem of root -TʼIʼ, “a slender flexible object extends”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼiʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼIʼ</i>


chʼíhonítʼiʼ

/tʃʔɪ́.hò.nɪ̃́.tʔɪ̀ʔ/

(weaving) spirit line, spirit pathway (a woven line of contrasting color extending out from the center to the textile's edge which allows the weaver's spirit to exit the object, separating the weaver from the weaving and from any harmful thoughts that may come into contact with it as it is used or exhibited)


achʼííʼ bitsʼániʼnísą́

Achʼííʼ bitsʼániʼnísą́ ńtʼiʼ łóód silį́į́ʼ


The ogonek diacritic ⠨ and the letter ⠁ (a)


The ogonek diacritic ⠨ and the letter ⠊ (i)


The ogonek diacritic ⠨ and the letter ⠕ (o)


The ogonek diacritic ⠨ and the letter ⠷ (á)


The ogonek diacritic ⠨ and the letter ⠮ (é)


The ogonek diacritic ⠨ and the letter ⠌ (í)


The ogonek diacritic ⠨ and the letter ⠬ (ó)


naadįįtááʼ

From naadiin (“twenty”) + tááʼ (“three”).


-GĄĄZH

Unknown. The underlying meaning is also obscure. According to Young and Morgan, it is related to the noun íígąsh (“semen”).


ánítʼį́į́hii

head

ánítʼį́į́hii

From ánítʼį́į́h (“s/he practices sorcery”, from -TʼĮ́Į́H, “to practice witchcraft”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


-TʼĮ́Į́H

Possibly a cognate with the root -ʼĮĮD (“to bark”), which in turn appears to be related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ (“to see, look”).
It only occurs in the neuter imperfective mode.

to practice witchcraft, be a witch or a wizard


-YÉÉʼ

to be dreadful, be terrifying, be menacing


chąąłtązhii

/t͡ʃʰɑ̃̀ːɬtʰɑ̃̀ʒìː/


-WOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̣əš (“thorn”). The noun hosh (“cactus”) comes from this root.


-WOZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣ̇ətšʼ (“to tickle”).


tó díchʼííʼí

head

tó díchʼííʼí

tó díchʼííʼí

From tó (“water”) + díchʼííʼ (“it is bitter”, from -CHʼÍÍʼ, “to be hot, bitter”) + -í (nominalizer).


áchį́į́shnííʼ

head

áchį́į́shnííʼ

shíchį́į́shnííʼ (first-person singular)
nihíchį́į́shnííʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihíchį́į́shnííʼ (first-person plural)
níchį́į́shnííʼ (second-person singular)
nihíchį́į́shnííʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihíchį́į́shnííʼ (plural second-person)
bíchį́į́shnííʼ (third-person)
yíchį́į́shnííʼ (fourth-person)
háchį́į́shnííʼ (fourth-person)
áchį́į́shnííʼ (indefinite)

Compound of áchį́į́h (“nose”) + ałnííʼ (“center”).


áchį́į́hlátah

shíchį́į́hlátah (first-person singular)
nihíchį́į́hlátah (duoplural first-person)
danihíchį́į́hlátah (first-person plural)
níchį́į́hlátah (second-person singular)
nihíchį́į́hlátah (duoplural second-person)
danihíchį́į́hlátah (plural second-person)
bíchį́į́hlátah (third-person)
yíchį́į́hlátah (fourth-person)
háchį́į́hlátah (fourth-person)
áchį́į́hlátah (indefinite)

Compound of áchį́į́h (“nose”) + bílátah (“its tip”).


áchį́į́stsʼiin

shíchį́į́stsʼiin (first-person singular)
nihíchį́į́stsʼiin (duoplural first-person)
danihíchį́į́stsʼiin (first-person plural)
níchį́į́stsʼiin (second-person singular)
nihíchį́į́stsʼiin (duoplural second-person)
danihíchį́į́stsʼiin (plural second-person)
bíchį́į́stsʼiin (third-person)
yíchį́į́stsʼiin (fourth-person)
háchį́į́stsʼiin (fourth-person)
áchį́į́stsʼiin (indefinite)

Compound of áchį́į́h (“nose”) + atsʼin (“bone”).


áchį́į́stah

shíchį́į́stah (first-person singular)
nihíchį́į́stah (duoplural first-person)
danihíchį́į́stah (first-person plural)
níchį́į́stah (second-person singular)
nihíchį́į́stah (duoplural second-person)
danihíchį́į́stah (plural second-person)
bíchį́į́stah (third-person)
yíchį́į́stah (fourth-person)
háchį́į́stah (fourth-person)
áchį́į́stah (indefinite)

From áchį́į́h (“nose”) + -tah (“among”).


-TʼÉÉZH

From Proto-Athabaskan *tʼetšʼ (“to blacken with charcoal”). Compare also Navajo tʼeesh (“charcoal”).


-KʼǪSH

From Proto-Athabaskan *qʼutšʼ (“to be sour, rancid”).
In Northern Athabaskan languages, the stem Proto-Athabaskan *qʼəž, with the same meaning, is derived from Proto-Athabaskan *qʼəš (“alder”), whence Navajo kʼish (“alder”).

to be sour, be rancid, be bitter, be salty


kʼistsʼóóz

From kʼish (“alder”) + áłtsʼóózí (“it is slender”, from -TSʼÓÓZÍ, “to be slender”).

nv-term

(botany) speckled alder, hoary alder (Alnus incana)


ayaayááh

shiyaayááh (first-person singular)
nihiyaayááh (duoplural first-person)
danihiyaayááh (first-person plural)
niyaayááh (second-person singular)
nihiyaayááh (duoplural second-person)
danihiyaayááh (plural second-person)
biyaayááh (third-person)
yiyaayááh (fourth-person)
hayaayááh (fourth-person)
ayaayááh (indefinite)


yaayááhálzhiin

Compound of ayaayááh (“throat”) + łizhin (“it is black”) + -ii (nominalizer). Literally, “black throat”.


-YĄĄD

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸanʸ (“to be wise, be aged”). Nouns such as są́ (“old aged”) and sání (“elderly, old one”) both belong to this root.
Possibly related to the root -YĄ́ (“to grow”).


azhiʼtsʼin

Compound of azhiʼ (“body”) + atsʼin (“bone”).


ázhiʼ

shízhiʼ (first-person singular)
nihízhiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihízhiʼ (first-person plural)
nízhiʼ (second-person singular)
nihízhiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihízhiʼ (plural second-person)
bízhiʼ (third-person)
yízhiʼ (fourth-person)
házhiʼ (fourth-person)
ázhiʼ (indefinite)

From the root -ZHIʼ (“to call by name”).


-CHĮĮD

The noun áháchįʼ (“anger”) derives from the contraction of the neuter imperfective verb hachįʼ (“it is nasty”) and the postposition á (“for someone”).
The momentaneous perfective stem of this root is either -chįįd or -chįʼ.


-CHĮĮD

Compare Carrier -tsin (“to be weak”).
This root is attested only in the durative aspect.


náhookǫs bikąʼii

From náhookǫs (“north”) + bikąʼ (“her male mate”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


náhookǫs biʼáadii

From náhookǫs (“north”) + biʼáád (“his female mate”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


chąądił

Compound of chąąʼ (“excrement”) + dił (“blood”).


jį́ʼaniʼįįhí

head

jį́ʼaniʼįįhí

From jį́ (“day”) + aniʼįįh (“he is a thief”, from -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to steal”) + -í (nominalizer). Literally, “the one who steals during daytime”.


akétsoh

sikétsoh (first-person singular)
nihikétsoh (duoplural first-person)
danihikétsoh (first-person plural)
nikétsoh (second-person singular)
nihikétsoh (duoplural second-person)
danihikétsoh (plural second-person)
bikétsoh (third-person)
yikétsoh (fourth-person)
hakétsoh (fourth-person)
akétsoh (indefinite)


nááłtsoii

From anááʼ (“eye, seed”) + łitso (“yellow”) + -ii (nominalizer). Literally, the one with yellow seeds.


łééchąąłkiizh

From łééchąąʼí (“dog”) + łikizh (“it is spotted”) + -ii (nominalizer).


-TSʼĮĮD

From Proto-Athabaskan *də·tsʼən (“to be bony, hard”). Navajo atsʼin (“bone”) originates from this root.

inh

to be bony, be hard, be mature, be expert


ayidtsʼin

siyidtsʼin (first-person singular)
nihiyidtsʼin (duoplural first-person)
danihiyidtsʼin (first-person plural)
niyidtsʼin (second-person singular)
nihiyidtsʼin (duoplural second-person)
danihiyidtsʼin (plural second-person)
biyidtsʼin (third-person)
yiyidtsʼin (fourth-person)
hayidtsʼin (fourth-person)
ayidtsʼin (indefinite)

Compound of ayid (“chest”) + atsʼin (“bone”).


ayidítsįʼ

Compound of ayid (“chest”) + atsįʼ (“flesh”).

flesh of the chest (referring to the meat of some animals)


bééshtłʼééł

Compound of béésh (“metal”) + tłʼééł (“igniter”).


kétłʼááh

Compound of ké (“foot”) + atłʼááh (“underside”).


nanidééh

nanidééh (imperfective singular third-person)
naníídeeʼ (perfective singular third-person)
ndínóodah (future singular third-person)

na- (“downward”) + -ni- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -dééh (imperfective stem of root -DEEʼ, “to move through air”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DEEʼ</i>

it falls down (as snowflakes or meteors)


achʼííʼ yázhí

head

achʼííʼ yázhí

Compound of achʼííʼ (“sausage”) + yázhí (“small”).


-CHʼÍÍʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tšʼikʸʼ (“be peppery, hot”).

inh

to burn, inflame, irritate, be peppery, be hot, be bitter


atsólátah

sitsólátah (first-person singular)
nihitsólátah (duoplural first-person)
danihitsólátah (first-person plural)
nitsólátah (second-person singular)
nihitsólátah (duoplural second-person)
danihitsólátah (plural second-person)
bitsólátah (third-person)
yitsólátah (fourth-person)
hatsólátah (fourth-person)
atsólátah (indefinite)

Compound of atsooʼ (“tongue”) + álátah (“tip, end”).


-TSIZ

Possibly from two different stems, later confused, mainly Proto-Athabaskan *tsəz (“to become extinguished”) and Proto-Athabaskan *tsa̓z (“to be apprehensive, fearful”).
Compare also -TSEED (“sink, soak”), which may be cognate with this root.


naʼídíłkidii

From naʼídíłkid (“s/he asks questions”, from -KEED, “to beg, ask”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


níłchʼi díílidígíí

From níłchʼi (“air”) + díílid (“it has burned”, from -LID, “to burn”) + -ígíí (nominalizer). Literally, the air that has burned.


dilid

dilid (imperfective singular third-person)
díílid (perfective singular third-person)

di- (“fire”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lid (durative imperfective stem of root -LID, “to burn”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lid</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LID</i>


-LID

From Proto-Athabaskan *ləd (“to burn, smoke”). Compare Navajo łid (“smoke”).


adiłidí

From adiłid (“it burns things”, from -LID, “to burn”) + -í (nominalizer). Literally, the one which burns things.


didlid

di- (“fire”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier, passive) + -lid (durative imperfective stem of root -LID, “to burn”).

nv-prefixes

simple passive imperfective of dilid: he/she/it is burned


chʼéhááh

chʼéhááh (imperfective singular third-person)
chʼééhai (perfective singular third-person)
chʼídoohah (future singular third-person)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -hááh (momentaneous imperfective stem of root -HAI, “a winter passes”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-hááh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-HAI</i>


neiyeeł

neishheeł (first-person imperfective singular)
neiigeeł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nideiigeeł (first-person imperfective plural)
neíyeeł (imperfective second-person singular)
naohheeł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nidaohheeł (imperfective plural second-person)
neiyeeł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nideiyeeł (imperfective plural third-person)
nijiiyeeł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nidajiiyeeł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
neiséyeel (first-person perfective singular)
neisiigeel (duoplural first-person perfective)
nideisiigeel (first-person perfective plural)
neisíníyeel (perfective second-person singular)
neisooyeel (duoplural perfective second-person)
nideisooyeel (perfective plural second-person)
neizyeel (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nideizyeel (perfective plural third-person)
nijiizyeel (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nidajiizyeel (fourth-person perfective plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -yi- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -yeeł (continuative stem of root -YÉÉL, “to dream”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yeeł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YÉÉL</i>

Tłʼéédą́ą́ʼ naa neiséyeel.

Nizhónígo nijiiyeeł.


dichił

di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chił (neuter imperfective stem of root -CHIŁ, “to glisten”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chił</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHIŁ</i>

it glistens, glitters (as a seashell in the sunlight, a pearl or a jewel)


ałtį́į́tłʼóól

head

ałtį́į́tłʼóól

sheʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (first-person singular)
niheʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (first-person plural)
neʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (second-person singular)
niheʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (plural second-person)
beʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (third-person)
yeʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (fourth-person)
hweʼałtį́į́tłʼóól (fourth-person)
ałtį́į́tłʼóól (indefinite)

Compound of ałtį́į́ʼ (“bow”) + tłʼóół (“string, cord”).


basdéél

From Spanish pastel (“cake, pie”), a diminutive form of Latin pasta.


adzástsooʼ

Compound of ajáád (“leg”) + -s- (ligature) + atsooʼ (“tongue”).


adástsooʼ

Compound of adááʼ (“lip, mouth”) + -s- (ligature) + atsooʼ (“tongue”).


tsisteeł bitsʼaʼ

From tsisteeł (“turtle, tortoise”) + bitsʼaʼ (“its shell”).


Bilagáana bineeshchʼííʼ

From Bilagáana (“Americans”) + bineeshchʼííʼ (“their nut”).


-TSʼÍLÍ

Cognate with Dena'ina chʼul, Koyukon tsʼəł, both meaning “to be bright, clear”.
Apparently related to the root -TSʼĮĮL (“to be clear”).


niłtsʼílí

ni- (adjectival) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsʼílí (neuter imperfective stem of root -TSʼÍLÍ, “to be clear, crystalline”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼílí</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSʼÍLÍ</i>

nv-link-to-root

it is clear, pure, crystalline (as water)


jaaʼniłtsʼílí

Compound of ajaaʼ (“ear”) + niłtsʼílí (“it is translucent”). Literally, "the one with translucent ears".


abaní

beʼabaní (possessed-form)
sheʼabaní (first-person singular)
niheʼabaní (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼabaní (first-person plural)
neʼabaní (second-person singular)
niheʼabaní (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼabaní (plural second-person)
beʼabaní (third-person)
yeʼabaní (fourth-person)
hweʼabaní (fourth-person)
abaní (indefinite)


ajaayiʼ

shijaayiʼ (first-person singular)
nihijaayiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihijaayiʼ (first-person plural)
nijaayiʼ (second-person singular)
nihijaayiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihijaayiʼ (plural second-person)
bijaayiʼ (third-person)
yijaayiʼ (fourth-person)
hajaayiʼ (fourth-person)
ajaayiʼ (indefinite)

From ajaaʼ (“ear”) + biyiʼ (“inside of it”).


biiʼ sitłéʼé

From biiʼ (“inside of it”) + sitłééʼ (“a mushy object lies in position”, from -TŁÉÉʼ, “to handle mushy matter”) + -í (nominalizer).


yiiłtsʼįįł

yiiłtsʼįįł (imperfective singular third-person)
yiiłtsʼįįl (perfective singular third-person)

yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsʼįįł (transitional imperfective stem of root -TSʼĮĮL, “to be clear, shiny”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼįįł</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSʼĮĮL</i>


niłtsʼį́į́l

ni- (adjectival) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsʼį́į́l (neuter imperfective stem of root -TSʼĮĮL, “to be clear, shiny”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼį́į́l</i>


-LĮ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *lənʸ (“to flow”), possibly from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *ɬ-hənʸ. The original *-ł- classifier fused with the following segment and, due to a subsequent sonorization, has been reinterpreted as the initial consonant of the stem.
This root occurs almost exclusively in the neuter perfective mode, although the repetitive stem -lį́į́h (< -d- + -łį́į́h) is apparently attested in the toponym Tó Nehelį́į́h (literally “where water customarily flows one time after another to a stopping point”), derived from the usitative form of neheezlį́ (Young & Morgan, 1991).


yílį́

y- (peg element) + -◌́- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́</i>

Tsééh yílį́.


Tsééhílį́

Compound of tsééh (“into the rocks”) + yílį́ (“it flows”).


chʼínílį́

chʼínílį́ (perfective plural singular third-person)
chʼídaazlį́ (distributive perfective plural third-person)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).


nílį́

nílį́ (perfective plural singular third-person)
danílį́ (distributive perfective plural third-person)

ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).

nv-prefixes

Béésh tó bighádaazlínígíí biiʼ nílį́.


tooh nílínígíí

From tooh (“river”) + nílį́ (“it flows along”) + -ígíí (nominalizer).


deezlį́

di- (extension) + -z- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).


Chézhįįh Deezlį́

From chézhin (“lava, black stone”) + biih (“into it”) + deezlį́ (“it flows along”). Literally, where water flows into the black rocks.


názlį́

názlį́ (perfective plural singular third-person)
ńdaazlį́ (distributive perfective plural third-person)

ná- (“around”) + -z- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).


Názlíní

From názlį́ (“it flows in a circle”) + -í (nominalizer).


náálį́

na- (“downward”) + -◌́◌́- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).


Tó Náálíní

From tó (“water”) + náálį́ (“it flows downwards”) + -í (nominalizer).


íílį́

íílį́ (perfective plural singular third-person)
adaazlį́ (distributive perfective plural third-person)

ʼa- (“away”) + -◌́◌́- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).


chʼéélį́

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -◌́◌́- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).

Adah chʼéélį́.


ninílį́

ni- (terminative) + -ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).


ahéénílį́

ʼah- (reciprocal) + -í- (“against, reaching”) + -ná- (“around”) + -ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).


éljołí

From éljoł (“it is rubbed against something”), from yéłjoł (“s/he rubs it against it”, from -JOOL, “to handle non-compact matter”) + -í (nominalizer).


bighánílį́

bighánílį́ (perfective plural singular third-person)
bighádaazlį́ (distributive perfective plural third-person)

bi- (3rd person indirect object prefix) + -ghá- (“through”) + -ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).

nv-prefixes

it flows through it (as water through pipes)


béésh tó nílínígíí

head

béésh tó nílínígíí

béésh tó nílínígíí

From béésh (“metal”) + tó (“water”) + nílį́ (“it flows along”) + -ígíí (nominalizer). Literally, the metal through which water flows along.


béésh tó bighádaazlínígíí

From béésh (“metal”) + tó (“water”) + bighádaazlį́ (“it distributedly flows through it”, from -LĮ́, “to flow”) + -ígíí (nominalizer).


dił atsʼíístaazlíní

From dił (“blood”) + atsʼíís (“body”, incorporated noun) + -tah (“among”) + -z- (si-perfective modal) + -lį́ (from -LĮ́, “to flow”) + -í (nominalizer).


-CHÍÍL

From Proto-Athabaskan *tšitɬʼ (“snow”). Compare Navajo chííl (“snowstorm”). The root often appears with the emphatic infix -x-.
The verb yíchííł translates as “a snowstorm arrives” in the imperfective mode, while in the perfective mode it means “it snows”.


yichííł

yi- (progressive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chííł (progressive stem of root -CHÍÍL, “to snow”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chííł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHÍÍL</i>

Dziłbąąhgóó yichííł.

A snowstorm is moving along the mountainside.


haastih

haastih (perfective plural singular third-person)
hadaastih (distributive perfective plural third-person)

ha- (“aging”) + -s- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tih (neuter perfective stem of root -TIH, “to be old, decrepit”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tih</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TIH</i>


haʼastih

From the root -TIH (“to be old, decrepit”).


-TIH

Derivation unknown. Compare Hupa tigy (“to pinch, squeeze”).


-TIH

Derivation unknown. This root is apparently related to the noun hastiin (“man”).


diitííh

diishtííh (first-person imperfective singular)
diitííh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiitííh (first-person imperfective plural)
diitííh (imperfective second-person singular)
doohtííh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadoohtííh (imperfective plural second-person)
diitííh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadiitííh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiitííh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiitííh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
diitih (first-person perfective singular)
diitih (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiitih (first-person perfective plural)
dinitih (perfective second-person singular)
dootih (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadootih (perfective plural second-person)
diitih (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadiitih (perfective plural third-person)
jidiitih (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdiitih (fourth-person perfective plural)

di- (thematic) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tííh (transitional stem of root -TIH, “to grow old”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tííh</i>

Óltaʼ baa diitih.

(with baa) he/she gets too old for something


wóʼą́ą́lį́

wóʼą- (“over an edge”) + -◌́◌́- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -LĮ́, “to flow”).

nv-prefixes

it overflows, runs over (as water in an overfilled glass)


yitih

yishtih (first-person progressive singular)
yiitih (duoplural first-person progressive)
deíníitííh (first-person plural progressive)
yítih (progressive second-person singular)
wohtih (duoplural progressive second-person)
deínóhtííh (plural progressive second-person)
yitih (duoplural progressive singular third-person)
deítííh (plural progressive third-person)
jootih (duoplural fourth-person progressive singular)
dajítííh (fourth-person plural progressive)

yi- (progressive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tih (progressive stem of root -TIH, “to grow old”).

he/she is aging, is getting old, is growing old


áyóʼní

óoshʼní (first-person singular)
ííníshʼní (first-person singular)
ííníiʼní (duoplural first-person)
ádeíníiʼní (first-person plural)
ííníʼní (second-person singular)
íínóhʼní (duoplural second-person)
ádeínóhʼní (plural second-person)
áyóʼní (duoplural singular third-person)
ádayóʼní (plural third-person)
ájóʼní (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ádajóʼní (fourth-person plural)

ʼá- (“thus”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ó- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -d- (classifier) + -ní (neuter imperfective stem of root -NIID, “to desire, to love”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ní</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIID</i>

Ayóí ánóshʼní.

Ayóí áshííníʼní.

Ayóí ádóʼní.

Ayóí ádeíníiʼní.

Ayói ádanííníiʼní.


ání

ádíshní (first-person singular)
ádiiʼní (duoplural first-person)
ádadiiʼní (first-person plural)
ádíní (second-person singular)
ádóhní (duoplural second-person)
ádadohní (plural second-person)
ání (duoplural singular third-person)
ádaaní (plural third-person)
ájíní (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ádajiní (fourth-person plural)
ádííniid (first-person perfective singular)
ádiiʼniid (duoplural first-person perfective)
ádadiiʼniid (first-person perfective plural)
ádííníniid (perfective second-person singular)
ádooniid (duoplural perfective second-person)
ádadooniid (perfective plural second-person)
ádííniid (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ádadííniid (perfective plural third-person)
ájidííniid (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ádazhdííniid (fourth-person perfective plural)
ádideeshniił (first-person future singular)
ádidiiʼniił (duoplural first-person future)
ádadidiiʼniił (first-person future plural)
ádidííniił (future second-person singular)
ádidoohniił (duoplural future second-person)
ádadidoohniił (future plural second-person)
ádidooniił (duoplural future singular third-person)
ádadidooniił (future plural third-person)
ádizhdooniił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ádazhdidooniił (fourth-person future plural)
áńdíshʼniih (first-person singular)
áńdiiʼniih (duoplural first-person)
áńdadiiʼniih (first-person plural)
áńdíʼniih (second-person singular)
áńdóhʼniih (duoplural second-person)
áńdadohʼniih (plural second-person)
áńdíʼniih (duoplural singular third-person)
áńdadiʼniih (plural third-person)
ánízhdíʼniih (duoplural fourth-person singular)
áńdazhdiʼniih (fourth-person plural)
ádóshneʼ (first-person singular)
ádooʼneʼ (duoplural first-person)
ádadooʼneʼ (first-person plural)
ádóóneʼ (second-person singular)
ádoohneʼ (duoplural second-person)
ádadoohneʼ́ (plural second-person)
ádóneʼ (duoplural singular third-person)
ádadóneʼ (plural third-person)
ázhdóneʼ (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ádazhdóneʼ (fourth-person plural)

ʼá- (“thus”) + -di- (“oral”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ní (neuter imperfective stem of root -NIID, “to say”).

nv-prefixes

Mąʼii ání “doo shił bééhózin da”.

he/she says thus, he/she says as follows

Bíká ádíshní.

Yíká ání.

(with bíká) he/she calls him/her, he/she gets his/her attention

Atʼéés bimósí yázhí ání.

Shimá yázhí bidibé ádaaní.


yidiłní

bidishní (first-person imperfective singular)
bidiilní (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dabidiilní (first-person imperfective plural)
bidíłní (imperfective second-person singular)
bidołní (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dabidołní (imperfective plural second-person)
yidiłní (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deidiłní (imperfective plural third-person)
bizhdiłní (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dabizhdiłní (fourth-person imperfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -ní (neuter imperfective stem of root -NIID, “to say”).

Tsídii bidishní.

Néʼéshjaaʼ mósí yidiłní.


ííłní

ábidishní (first-person imperfective singular)
ábidiiʼní (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádabidiiʼní (first-person imperfective plural)
ábidiní (imperfective second-person singular)
ábidohní (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádabidohní (imperfective plural second-person)
ííłní (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádeiłní (imperfective plural third-person)
ábijiní (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádabijiní (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼá- (“thus”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -ní (neuter imperfective stem of root -NIID, “to say”).

John bilį́į́ʼ shaʼdooltééł biniiyé ábidishní.

Ni dooda, John ábidishní.


-YĄ́

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸanʸ (“to grow”). Possibly from the same source of the root -YĄĄD (“to be wise, experienced”).
The meaning of this root refers either to physical maturity of humans or to an increment in size of plants and vegetation.
The initial consonant of the root is subjected to the following irregular phonetic alterations:
* In the theme ni + ∅ + -YĄ́ (“to grow up, mature, accumulate”, intransitive)
# when preceded by the voiceless fricative -sh-, the marker of the first person singular, it surfaces as y (IPA: [j̝])
#: e.g., nishyé (“I grow up”, imperfective), dínéeshyééł (“I will grow up”, future) and nóshyééł (“I would grow up”, optative)
# in the first person duoplural, due to the d-effect, it is realized as g (IPA: [k])
#: e.g., niigé (“we (two) grow up”, imperfective), díníigééł (“we (two) will grow up”, future) and noogééł (“we (two) would grow up”, optative)
* In the theme O + ni + ł + -YĄ́ (“to raise O, bring O up”, transitive)
# it merges with the ł-classifier, producing s (IPA: [s])
#: e.g., yinisé (“s/he raises him/her”, imperfective), yidínóosééł (“s/he will raise him/her”, future), yinósééł (“s/he would raise him/her”, optative)
# it becomes z (IPA: [z]) after l (< d + ł-classifier, by d-effect), especially in passive themes (ni + l + -YĄ́, “to be raised, reared”, passive)
#: e.g., nilzé (“it is raised”, passive of the preceding base, imperfective)
The momentaneous imperfective stem has two shapes, mainly -yééh and -yé. The latter, however, is identical to the conclusive imperfective stem of the same root.

to grow up, mature, grow in size, accumulate


kǫʼ nooyééł

From kǫʼ (“fire”) + nooyééł (“it is growing along”, from -YĄ́, “to grow”).


halzhíísh

halzhíísh (imperfective singular third-person)
hashzhiizh (perfective singular third-person)

ho- (“space, area, things”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -zhíísh (momentaneous imperfective stem of root -ZHIIZH, “time passes”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhíísh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHIIZH</i>

Tłʼéédą́ą́ʼ hatáál baa naʼaldeehígíí bílátah dah hashzhiizh.

The ceremony people were carrying on ended last night.


tóchxǫ́ʼí

From tó (“water”) + nichǫ́ǫ́ʼí (“it is dirty”, from -CHXǪʼ, “to ruin”), with emphatic infix -x-.


kinchǫ́ʼí

From kin (“house”) + nichǫ́ǫ́ʼí (“it is ruined”, from -CHXǪʼ, “to ruin”), with emphatic infix -x-.


-DÁÁZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *da̓z ~ *das (“to be heavy”). Compare Chipewyan yekʼéghíłdath (“it is coming down heavy on him”) and Navajo das (“weight”).
In active intransitive bases this root describes the movement of a mass of plural objects. In neuter adjectival and comparative bases it retains the original meaning “to be heavy”.


shóyoołtʼeeh

shóosht’eeh (first-person imperfective singular)
shóolt’eeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
shóiníłt’eeh (imperfective second-person singular)
shóołt’eeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
shóyoołt’eeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
shódayoołt’eeh (imperfective plural third-person)
shójoołt’eeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
shódajoołt’eeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
shóiséłt’e’ (first-person perfective singular)
shóisiilt’e’ (duoplural first-person perfective)
shódeisiilt’e’ (first-person perfective plural)
shóisíníłt’e’ (perfective second-person singular)
shóisoołt’e’ (duoplural perfective second-person)
shódeisoołt’e’ (perfective plural second-person)
shóyoost’e’ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
shódayoost’e’ (perfective plural third-person)
shójoost’e’ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
shódajoost’e’ (fourth-person perfective plural)
shóideesht’eeł (first-person future singular)
shóidiilt’eeł (duoplural first-person future)
shódeidiilt’eeł (first-person future plural)
shóidííłt’eeł (future second-person singular)
shóidoołt’eeł (duoplural future second-person)
shódeidoołt’eeł (future plural second-person)
shóidoołt’eeł (duoplural future singular third-person)
shódeidoołt’eeł (future plural third-person)
shóizhdoołt’eeł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
shódeizhdoołt’eeł (fourth-person future plural)
shónáosht’eeh (first-person singular)
shónáoolt’eeh (duoplural first-person)
shónídaoolt’eeh (first-person plural)
shónáołt’eeh (second-person singular)
shónáoołt’eeh (duoplural second-person)
shónídaoołt’eeh (plural second-person)
shónáyoołt’eeh (duoplural singular third-person)
shónídayoołt’eeh (plural third-person)
shóníjoołt’e (duoplural fourth-person singular)
shónídajoołt’eeh (fourth-person plural)
shóosht’eeh (first-person singular)
shóolt’eeh (duoplural first-person)
shódaoolt’eeh (first-person plural)
shóółt’eeh (second-person singular)
shóołt’eeh (duoplural second-person)
shódaoołt’eeh (plural second-person)
shóyoołt’eeh (duoplural singular third-person)
shódayoołt’eeh (plural third-person)
shójoołt’eeh (duoplural fourth-person singular)
shódajoołt’eeh (fourth-person plural)

shó- (thematic) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -oo- (meaning unclear, combining form of yini- in the 3rd person) + -ł- (classifier) + -tʼé (imperfective stem of root -TʼEʼ, “to be”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼé</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼEʼ</i>


tł

A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ayaayááhkaz

siyaayááhkaz (first-person singular)
nihiyaayááhkaz (duoplural first-person)
danihiyaayááhkaz (first-person plural)
niyaayááhkaz (second-person singular)
nihiyaayááhkaz (duoplural second-person)
danihiyaayááhkaz (plural second-person)
biyaayááhkaz (third-person)
yiyaayááhkaz (fourth-person)
hayaayááhkaz (fourth-person)
ayaayááhkaz (indefinite)

From ayaayááh (“throat”) + akaz (“stem”).


ałjił

ashjił (first-person imperfective singular)
iiljił (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiiljił (first-person imperfective plural)
íłjil (imperfective second-person singular)
ołjił (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaołjił (imperfective plural second-person)
ałjił (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaałjił (imperfective plural third-person)
ajiłjił (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajiłjił (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼa- (thematic) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -jił (neuter imperfective stem of root -JIŁ, “to be lusty”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-jił</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-JIŁ</i>

he/she is lusty, libidinous, sexually promiscuous


-JIŁ

Unknown.
This root is attested in the neuter imperfective mode only.

to be lusty, be libidinous, be sexually promiscuous


ásaah

Contraction of ásaaʼ (“pot”) + -iih (“into”).


déesʼeez

dínísʼeez (first-person perfective singular)
díníilʼeez (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadíníilʼeez (first-person perfective plural)
dínílʼeez (perfective second-person singular)
dínółʼeez (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadínółʼeez (perfective plural second-person)
déesʼeez (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadéesʼeez (perfective plural third-person)
jidéesʼeez (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazdéesʼeez (fourth-person perfective plural)

díní- (prolongative) + -s- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -ʼeez (neuter perfective stem of root -ʼEEZ, “move the feet”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼeez</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼEEZ</i>

he/she/it holds his/her/its feet in position


nááʼádįįh

From anááʼ (“eyes”, incorporated noun) + ádįįh (“they (two) vanish”). It refers to a kind of mushroom that causes blindness.


hachįʼ

hachįʼ (imperfective singular third-person)
hóóchįįd (perfective singular third-person)

ho- (“space, area, things”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chįʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -CHĮĮD, “to be nasty, angry”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chįʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHĮĮD</i>

Shá hóóchįįd.

Amá yichʼįʼ bá hachįʼ.


náháłchįįh

náháshchįįh (first-person singular)
náhwiilchįįh (duoplural first-person)
nádahwiilchįįh (first-person plural)
náhółchįįh (second-person singular)
náhółchįįh (duoplural second-person)
nádahołchįįh (plural second-person)
náháłchįįh (duoplural singular third-person)
nádahałchįįh (plural third-person)
náhojiłchįįh (duoplural fourth-person singular)
nádahojiłchįįh (fourth-person plural)

ná- (iterative) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -chįįh (momentaneous iterative stem of root -CHĮĮD, “to be nasty”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chįįh</i>


níłtsą́ʼééʼ

From níłtsą́ (“rain”) + ééʼ (“garment”).


awóchaan

From awooʼ (“teeth”) + chąąʼ (“excrement”).


yaałáí

Awééʼ biyaałáí


awooʼ bee yichʼiishí

sheʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (first-person singular)
niheʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (first-person plural)
neʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (second-person singular)
niheʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (plural second-person)
beʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (third-person)
yeʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (fourth-person)
hweʼawooʼ bee yichʼiishí (fourth-person)
awooʼ bee yichʼiishí (indefinite)

From awooʼ (“teeth”) + bee (“with it”) + yichʼiish (“he/she brushes them”) + -í (nominalizer).


hóyáanii

From hóyą́ (“s/he is wise”, from -YĄĄD, “to be wise”) + -n- (ligature) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


atsíín

foot, base (of a promontory, mountain, cliff or tree)


tʼáá dzígaidi

tʼáá (“just”) + dzígai (“plain, flatland”) + -di (“in”)

Tʼáá dzígaidi sézį́įgo béésh bee haneʼé yił hidideełígíí tsʼídá ádin.

I'm standing in the middle of nowhere and I have no cell phone signal.


hoogááh

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -gááh (transitional stem of root -GAII, “to white”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gááh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GAII</i>

it becomes white, a whiteout happens, the place turns white


yidáanii

From yidą́ (“it is eaten”), passive form of yiyą́ (“he/she eats it”, from -YĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to eat”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix). Literally, “that which is eaten”.


akwih

shikwih (first-person singular)
nihikwih (duoplural first-person)
danihikwih (first-person plural)
nikwih (second-person singular)
nihikwih (duoplural second-person)
danihikwih (plural second-person)
bikwih (third-person)
yikwih (fourth-person)
hakwih (fourth-person)
akwih (indefinite)


tséghádiʼńdínii

From tsé (“rock”, incorporated noun) + bighádiʼnídíín (“light shines through it”, from -DÍÍN, “to light”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


ndeezniiʼ

na- (atelic, circuital) + -di- (“sensory”) + -eez- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -niiʼ (continuative perfective stem of root -NIIʼ, “to hurt”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-niiʼ</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIIʼ</i>

(with biyiʼ) to have an internal pain moving about


akʼinaalzhoodí

From akʼi (“on it”) + naalzhood (“it is dragged around”) + -í (nominalizer).


akʼinaʼalzhoodí

From akʼi (“on it”) + naʼalzhood (“something (a harrow) is dragged around”) + -í (nominalizer).


abeʼ neeskʼįhígíí

Compound of abeʼ (“milk”) + neeskʼįh (“it curdled”) + -ígíí (nominalizer).


nilkʼįh

nilkʼįh (imperfective singular third-person)
neeskʼįh (perfective singular third-person)

ni- (adjectival) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kʼįh (momentaneous imperfective stem of root -KʼĮH, “to curdle”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼįh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼĮH</i>


-KʼĮH

Probably from Proto-Athabaskan *qʼəy (“birch”).
Cognates found in Koyukon dodaalkkʼeyh (“it is layered”) and Dena'ina tqʼey (“it is shingled with bark”).


meeʼ

(onomatopoeia) baa, the characteristic bleating sound made by sheep


-ZEEZ

From Proto-Athabaskan *ha̓dž ~ *yadž (“singe”).


kintah

Kintahgóó

Kintah góyaa


łeechʼosh

Compound of łeezh (“ground, soil”) + chʼosh (“bug, insect”).


neezgai

ni- (terminative) + -z- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -gai (neuter perfective stem of root -GAII, “to be hot”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gai</i>

Shitah neezgai.


Mágí Bitseeʼ Noodǫ́zí Bikéyah

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


yoołgaii

Compound of yooʼ (“white shell”) + łigaii (“white”).


spéshelígíí

/spɛ́ʃɛ̀lɪ́kíː/


oh-

oh- + yicha (“he/she is crying”) → wohcha (“you (plural) are crying”)


didzétsoh yázhí

From didzétsoh (“peach”) + yázhí (“small”)


yáadilá áwééʼátʼéego lá

affix

áwééʼátʼéego


ałtániiłgizh

ʼał- (reciprocal) + -ł- (classifier, causative) root -GIZH, “to cut”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GIZH</i>


bílaʼ dį́įʼii

head

bílaʼ dį́įʼii


awooʼ bił yichʼiishí

awooʼ (“tooth”) + bił (“with him”) + yichʼiish (“he/she brushes them”) + -í (nominalizer).


yichʼiishí

yichʼiish (“he/she brushes them”) + -í (nominalizer).


óola niłtólí ílínígíí

óola (“gold”) + niłtólí (“of glass”) + ílínígíí


didoogááł

di- (inceptive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + ∅- (classifier) + -ááł (imperfective stem of root -YÁ, “to go, to walk — 1 actor”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ááł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YÁ</i>


bił hodiikʼąąd

bił (“drowsiness”) + hodiikʼąąd (“he/she is hunched”)


nalí asdzaan

paternal grandmother
paternal grandmother


łééchąąʼí yił nínii

head

łééchąąʼí yił nínii

łééchąąʼí (“dog”) + yił (“with him”) + nínii


zénáztʼiʼí

/zɛ́nɑ́ztʼɪ̀ʔɪ́/


kǫʼ yiniłtsésí

From kǫʼ (“fire”) + yiniłtséés (“he extinguishes it”) + -í (nominalizer), literally “the one that extinguishes fires”.


kǫʼ bee niltsésí

From kǫʼ (“fire”) + bee (“with it”) + niltséés (“it is extinguished”, passive form of yiniłtséés) + -í (nominalizer), literally “that with which fire is extinguished”.

passive form of <i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">yiniłtséés</i>


tídááchįįd

tídááchįįd (first-person perfective singular)
tídeiichįįd (duoplural first-person perfective)
tídadeiichįįd (first-person perfective plural)
tídéíníchįįd (perfective second-person singular)
tídaoohchįįd (duoplural perfective second-person)
tídadaoohchįįd (perfective plural second-person)
tídááchįįd (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
tídadááchįįd (perfective plural third-person)
tídajííchįįd (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
tídadajííchįįd (fourth-person perfective plural)

tí- (“injury, wound”) + -da- (“death”, disjunct prefix) + -◌́◌́- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chįįd (imperfective stem of root -CHĮĮD, “to hopeless”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chįįd</i>


dízdiin

From dį́į́ʼ (“four”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


ashdladiin

From ashdlaʼ (“five”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


wó-

Contraction of w- (peg element) + ó- (optative mood)

Marks a third person subject of an optative mode verb


biwooʼ hólóní

bi- (“its”) + awooʼ (“tooth”) + hólǫ́ (“there is”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


hastą́diin

From hastą́ą́ (“six”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


-tsʼáadah

Used to form cardinal numbers from eleven to nineteen.


Łeesdísí Bikéyah

/ɬèːstísí pɪ̀kʰɛ́jàh/

From łeesdísí (“kiwi”) + bikéyah (“their country”).

New Zealand (a country and archipelago in Oceania, to the east of Australia)


Chooyééł Dineʼé Bikéyah

Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea#English:_Q691


yił hidideełígíí

yił hidideeł (“he catches them”) + -ígíí (nominalizer). Literally, "what is being caught".


Dibé Ndeiniłkaadí Bikéyah

From dibé (“sheep”) + neiniłkaad (“he/she is herding”) + -í (nominalizer) + bikéyah (“their country”)


-NÍÍʼ

to be in charge, have authority or control over


bóhólnííh

From the root -NÍÍʼ, “to have authority over”

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NÍÍʼ</i>


-LÁÁʼ

Possibly Proto-Athabaskan *la̓G (“make”)


-TʼOH

to shoot an arrow, to throw or stab with a spear


-TʼOH

Possibly related to -TʼÓÓD (“to smoke”).


naʼiiniʼ

From the root -NIIʼ (“to act with hand”). See also Navajo naʼiishniih.


-GHAAL

From Proto-Athabaskan *ghiłʼ (“beat with a stick; stick-like object falls abruptly”).

inh

to bat, club, beat
 2. to become worn out, tired
 3. to wrap
 4. area is smooth


-DZID

From Proto-Athabaskan *gʸud (“be rotten; amorphous substance [odor] moves”).

be rotten; amorphous substance 􂀿odor􂁀 moves


naachid

From the root -CHID (“to move hand”), 'gesturing'.

A traditional Navajo political gathering.


naachʼid

From the extended meaning of -CHʼID (“to scratch”) as 'management', 'handling'.


nanidaahii

na- (atelic, circuital) + -ni- (modal) + -DÁ (“to sit — 1 actor”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix)


naalʼeełídaaʼí

/nɑɑlʔɛɛɬítɑɑʔí/


Naʼashǫ́ʼiitsoh Łichííʼí Bikéyah

From naʼashǫ́ʼiitsoh (“dragon”) + łichííʼ (“red”) + bikéyah (“country”), a reference to the Welsh flag.


Ałnánoodǫ́ǫ́z Dineʼé Bikéyah

Scotland (a country in the United Kingdom)


-KÁÁL

From Proto-Athabaskan *kal (“spread out, stretch out”).


-TŁʼIN

become firm, packed down (but not hard and dry)


-YOOD

Proto-Athabaskan *ghʸuʼd (“chase, drive”)


head

nv:Shádiʼááhjí Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah


yibéézh

yiłbéézh

naʼniyęęsh

something flows about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-∅-yęęsh)

naʼniłhęęsh

he’s making it flow about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-ł-yęęsh)

siʼą́

a roundish object lies in position (-∅-ʼą́)

séłʼą́

I keep a roundish object in position (-ł-ʼą́)

the ∅- classifier (valence-change prefix), which is the absence of a prefix and usually marks an active verb as intransitive


yi∅ltłʼééł

represents a third-person singular subject, which does not have any explicit marking on Navajo verbs.


ą́

A variant of a representing a nasalized /a/ with a high tone (/ã˥/)


tʼ

A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ałneʼííʼáázh

ałneʼííʼáázh


joo-

Marks a fourth person subject of a progressive verb


shash łigaii

shash (“bear”) + łigai (“it is white”) + -ii (“nominalizer”); "white bear"


Shádiʼááhjí Jeeshóóʼ Bikéyah

Shádiʼááhjí Jeeshóóʼ bikéyah (canonical)

shádiʼááhjí (“On the south”) + Jeeshóóʼ (“vulture”) + bikéyah (“their country”)


Jádító

English: Jadito, Jeddito

census-designated place
census-designated place

Jeddito (a census-designated place in Navajo County, Arizona).


Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí


Chʼah Bideeʼí Dineʼé Bikéyah

From chʼah (“head covering”) + bideeʼ (“horn, antler”) + dineʼé (“nation”) + bikéyah (“one's people”), literally 'nation of the people with horned helmets.'


Táłkááʼ Yadaazʼáhí

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


Ǫ́

A variant of o representing a nasalized /o/ with a high tone (/õ˥/)


į́

A variant of i representing a nasalized /i/ with a high tone (/ĩ˥/)


nimá

shimá (first-person singular)
nihimá (duoplural first-person)
danihimá (first-person plural)
nimá (second-person singular)
nihimá (duoplural second-person)
danihimá (plural second-person)
bimá (third-person)
yimá (fourth-person)
hamá (fourth-person)
amá (indefinite)

(2nd-personal single possessive) your mother


danihí

first-person distributive plural pronoun we

second-person distributive plural pronoun you (plural)


daahó

fourth-person distributive plural pronoun they


sitsiiʼ

first-person singular possessed form of bitsiiʼ


nitsiiʼ

second-person singular possessed form of bitsiiʼ


nihitsiiʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of bitsiiʼ


daakǫʼ

daa- (distributive plural) + kǫʼ (“fire”)

af

distributive plural of kǫʼ (“fire”); many fires


shílaʼ

first-person singular possessed form of álaʼ


nílaʼ

second-person singular possessed form of álaʼ


nihílaʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of álaʼ


shádí

first-person singular possessed form of ádí


nádí

second-person singular possessed form of ádí


nihádí

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of ádí


níká

shíká (first-person singular)
nihíká (duoplural first-person)
níká (second-person singular)
nihíká (duoplural second-person)
bíká (third-person)
yíká (fourth-person)
háká (fourth-person)
áká (fourth-person singular)
áká (reflexive singular)
ádíká (reflexive singular)
áłká (duoplural reciprocal)
ahíłká (duoplural reciprocal)


shileezh

first-person singular possessed form of łeezh


nileezh

second-person singular possessed form of łeezh


nihileezh

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of łeezh


shikʼaʼ

first-person singular possessed form of kʼaaʼ


nikʼaʼ

second-person singular possessed form of kʼaaʼ


nihikʼaʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of kʼaaʼ


ł-

From Proto-Athabaskan *ɬ (progressive suffix), from Proto-Na-Dene *ɬ (progressive suffix); cognate with Eyak *ɬ (progressive suffix), and Tlingit *n (progressive suffix). The same or a similar classifier prefix is found in all of the Athabaskan languages, as well as the more distantly related Eyak and Tlingit. It has also been compared with Proto-Yeniseian *l (progressive suffix).

inh

yibéézh (“it’s boiling (yi-∅-béézh)”) + ł- → yiłbéézh (“he’s boiling it (yi-ł-béézh)”)

naʼniyęęsh (“something flows about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-∅-yęęsh)”) + ł- → naʼniłhęęsh (“he’s making it flow about in a meandering fashion (naʼni-ł-yęęsh)”)

siʼą́ (“a roundish object lies in position (-∅-ʼą́)”) + ł- → séłʼą́ (“I keep a roundish object in position (-ł-ʼą́)”)

the ł- classifier or valence-change prefix, a causative-transitivizing prefix of active verbs that modifies the transitivity or valence and grammatical voice of a verb; it often transitivizes an intransitive -∅- (unmarked) verb:


áńt'į́

→ English: anti'l


shitsiʼ

first-person singular possessed form of atsiʼ


nihitsiʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of atsiʼ


danihitsiʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of atsiʼ


nitsiʼ

second-person singular possessed form of atsiʼ


sitsįʼ

first-person singular possessed form of atsįʼ


nihitsįʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of atsįʼ


danihitsįʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of atsįʼ


nitsįʼ

second-person singular possessed form of atsįʼ


béésh halneʼé

béésh (“metal”) + halneʼ (“tell, explain”) + -é (“nominalizer”)


Dził Ntsaaí

From dził (“mountain”) + nitsaa (“it is big, large”) + -í (nominalizer)

af

Holonym: Dziłíjiin

Big Mountain (a mesa in Navajo County, Arizona, United States)


Séítan

From English Satan, from Latin Satān, from Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Hebrew שָׂטָן (satán, “adversary, accuser”).


tsostsʼidiin

From tsostsʼid (“seven”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


tseebídiin

From tseebíí (“eight”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


náhástʼédiin

From náhástʼéí (“nine”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


t'ááłáhádí míiltsoh

tʼááłáhádí mííl (“one thousand”) + -tsoh (“big, great”)

tʼááłáhádí mííl


yínínizh

second-person singular perfect of yinizh


nímááz

inflection of yímáás:
first-person singular perfect

inflection of yímáás:
third-person perfect


yínímááz

second-person singular perfect of yímáás


shilizh

first-person singular possessed form of łizh


shitłʼóól

tłʼóół tłʼóół#Navajo

first-person singular possessed form of tłʼóół


shiyéél

first-person singular possessed form of hééł


shihis

first-person singular possessed form of his


shibeʼ

first-person singular possessed form of abeʼ


yitsiiʼ

fourth-person obviate possessed form of bitsiiʼ


yílaʼ

fourth-person obviate possessed form of álaʼ


yádí

fourth-person obviate possessed form of ádí


shikʼi

first-person singular of ałkʼi; on, upon me


nikʼi

second-person singular of ałkʼi; on, upon you


nihikʼi

first/second-person duoplural of ałkʼi; on, upon us/you


shíłóóʼ

łóóʼ łóóʼ#Navajo

first-person singular possessed form of łóóʼ


naadįįdį́į́ʼ

head

naadįįdį́į́ʼ

From naadiin (“twenty”) + a reduplication of dį́į́ʼ (“four”).


naadįįʼashdlaʼ

From naadiin (“twenty”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”).


naadįįhastą́ą́

From naadiin (“twenty”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


naadįįtsostsʼid

From naadiin (“twenty”) + tsostsʼid (“seven”).


naadįįtseebíí

From naadiin (“twenty”) + tseebíí (“8”).


naadįįnáhástʼéí

From naadiin (“twenty”) + náhástʼéí (“9”).


tádiin dóó baʼąą naaki

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + naaki (“2”).


bilį́į́ʼ

łį́į́ʼ łį́į́ʼ#Navajo


akʼahkǫʼ níyizígíí

From akʼahkǫʼ (“oil”) + níyiz (“it is cylindrical”) + -ígíí (nominalizer), literally “oil cylinder”.


ashdladiin dóó baʼąą tááʼ

From ashdladiin (“fifty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tááʼ (“3”).


dízdįįłaʼ

From dízdiin (“forty”) + tʼááłáʼí (“one”).


hastą́diin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

head

hastą́diin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

From hastą́diin (“sixty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + dį́į́ʼ (“four”).


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą tseebíí

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tseebíí (“eight”).


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą tááʼ

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tááʼ (“three”).


náhástʼédiin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

head

náhástʼédiin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

From náhástʼédiin (“ninety”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + dį́į́ʼ (“four”).


nihimá

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of amá


nihi-

amá (“one's mother”) + nihi- → nihimá (“our/your mother”)

your; our (used to refer to two or more people)


shimá

first-person singular possessed form of amá


shíchį́į́h

first-person singular possessed form of áchį́į́h


shí-

áchį́į́h (“one's nose”) + shí- → shíchį́į́h (“my nose”)


níchį́į́h

second-person singular possessed form of áchį́į́h


nihíchį́į́h

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of áchį́į́h


hashkéhee

hashké (“he/she is angry”) + -ee (adverbial enclitic)


náá-

Marks the semeliterative aspect, which indicates that the action of a verb is repeated one time


dízdiin dóó baʼąą ashdlaʼ

From dízdiin (“forty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”).


ę́

A variant of e representing a nasalized /e/ with a high tone (/ẽ˥/)


tádiin dóó baʼąą hastą́ą́

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


tádiin dóó baʼąą ashdlaʼ

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + ashdlaʼ (“5”).


tádiin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

head

tádiin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + dį́į́ʼ (“4”).


Ę́

A variant of E representing a nasalized /e/ with a high tone (/ẽ˥/)


yíłchozh

first-person singular perfective of yiłchozh


Dikos Ntsaaígíí-19

dikos (“cough”) + nitsaa (“big”) + -ígíí (nominalizer) + 19, the last element presumably borrowed from COVID-19.


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + dį́į́ʼ (“four”).


tádiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

head

tádiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + naaki (“one”).


hastą́diin dóó baʼąą naaki

From hastą́diin (“sixty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + naaki (“two”).


hastą́diin dóó baʼąą ashdlaʼ

From hastą́diin (“sixty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”).


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą tsostsʼid

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tsostsʼid (“seven”).


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą naaki

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + naaki (“two”).


náhástʼédiin dóó baʼąą ashdlaʼ

From náhástʼédiin (“ninety”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”).


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą hastą́ą́

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


náhástʼédiin dóó baʼąą náhástʼéí

From náhástʼédiin (“ninety”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + náhástʼéí (“nine”).


ashdladiin dóó baʼąą naaki

From ashdladiin (“fifty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + naaki (“two”).


ashdladiin dóó baʼąą hastą́ą́

From ashdladiin (“fifty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


ashdladiin dóó baʼąą ashdlaʼ

From ashdladiin (“fifty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”).


tádiin dóó baʼąą tááʼ

head

tádiin dóó baʼąą tááʼ

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tááʼ (“three”).


tádiin dóó baʼąą tsostsʼid

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tsostsʼid (“seven”).


tádiin dóó baʼąą tseebíí

From tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tseebíí (“eight”).


dízdiin dóó baʼąą naaki

From dízdiin (“forty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + naaki (“two”).


dízdiin dóó baʼąą hastą́ą́

From dízdiin (“forty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


dízdiin dóó baʼąą tsostsʼid

From dízdiin (“forty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tsostsʼid (“seven”).


dízdiin dóó baʼąą tseebíí

From dízdiin (“forty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tseebíí (“eight”).


dízdiin dóó baʼąą náhástʼéí

From dízdiin (“forty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + náhástʼéí (“nine”).


hastą́diin dóó baʼąą hastą́ą́

From hastą́diin (“sixty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


hastą́diin dóó baʼąą tseebíí

From hastą́diin (“sixty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tseebíí (“eight”).


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą ashdlaʼ

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”).


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą tsostsʼid

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tsostsʼid (“seven”).


náhástʼédiin dóó baʼąą hastą́ą́

From náhástʼédiin (“ninety”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą tááʼ

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tááʼ (“three”).


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą ashdlaʼ

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”).


náhástʼédiin dóó baʼąą tseebíí

From náhástʼédiin (“ninety”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tseebíí (“eight”).


daaleeh

third-person plural imperfective of yileeh


daalchííʼ

third-person plural imperfective of łichííʼ


daaltso

third-person plural imperfective of łitso


daalzhin

third-person plural imperfective of łizhin


daalgai

third-person plural imperfective of łigai


daaztsą́

third-person plural perfective of daatsaah


jooshbaʼ

first-person singular imperfective of joobaʼ


sheʼabaní

first-person singular possessed form of abaní


sheʼatsįʼ

first-person singular possessed form of atsįʼ


shibeeʼeldǫǫh

first-person singular possessed form of beeʼeldǫǫh


shibéeso

first-person singular possessed form of béeso


shibid

first-person singular possessed form of -bid


shichʼah

first-person singular possessed form of chʼah


shigod

first-person singular possessed form of god


shikéyah

first-person singular possessed form of kéyah


shílázhoozh

first-person singular possessed form of álázhoozh


shínaaí

first-person singular possessed form of ánaaí


dooleełígíí

dooleeł (“it will be”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


łį́į́ʼ biyéél

head

łį́į́ʼ biyéél

From łį́į́ʼ (“horse”) + biyéél (“its burden, cargo”)


yitʼah

yi- (progressive) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tʼah (imperfective stem of root -TʼAʼ, “to fly”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼAʼ</i>

(of a bird, airplane) he/she/it is flying


ádaałtsʼózí

third-person plural imperfective of áłtsʼózí


-diin

ashdlaʼ (“five”) + -diin → ashdladiin (“fifty”)

hastą́ą́ (“six”) + -diin → hastą́diin (“sixty”)

Forms multiples of ten, equivalent to English -ty


shichʼą́ą́h

first-person singular of bichʼą́ą́h; in front of/blocking me


nichʼą́ą́h

second-person singular of bichʼą́ą́h; in front of/blocking you


nihichʼą́ą́h

first/second-person duoplural of bichʼą́ą́h; in front of/blocking us/you


nihigaan

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of gaan


shigaan

first-person singular possessed form of gaan


yijáád

fourth-person obviate possessed form of bijáád


nihijáád

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of bijáád


nijáád

second-person singular possessed form of bijáád


shijáád

first-person singular possessed form of bijáád


yikeeʼ

fourth-person obviate possessed form of hakeeʼ


nihikeeʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of hakeeʼ


nikeeʼ

second-person singular possessed form of hakeeʼ


shikeeʼ

first-person singular possessed form of hakeeʼ


nihąąh

first/second-person duoplural of bąąh; on us/you


nihichʼįʼ

first/second-person duoplural of bichʼįʼ; to/toward us/you


hachʼįʼ

third-person area of bichʼįʼ; to/toward an area


shimásání

first-person singular possessed form of amásání


nihimásání

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of amásání


nihideezhí

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of adeezhí


shideezhí

first-person singular possessed form of adeezhí


sitsʼíís

first-person sing possessed form of atsʼíís


Mąʼii

Coyote (trickster figure featured in Navajo mythology)


diilkǫʼ

first-person duoplural perfective of yidiiłkǫǫh


nihikʼos

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of bikʼos


nikʼos

second-person singular possessed form of bikʼos


nigish

second-person singular possessed form of gish


ashdladiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

From ashdladiin (“fifty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tʼááłáʼí (“one”).


nihiinééʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of iinééʼ


shiinééʼ

first-person sing possessed form of iinééʼ


hwiinééʼ

third-person areal possessed form of iinééʼ


niinééʼ

second-person singular possessed form of iinééʼ


shiyáázh

first-person singular possessed form of biyáázh


niyáázh

second-person singular possessed form of biyáázh


danihiyáázh

first/second-person plural possessed form of biyáázh


nihiyáázh

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of biyáázh


shizeedí

first-person singular possessed form of azeedí


sheʼashkii

first-person singular possessed form of ashkii


daató

daa- (distributive plural) + tó (“water”)

af

distributive plural of tó (“water”); bodies of water


nihitoʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of tó


naashjid

first-person singular imperfective of neiłjid


yiijį́į́ʼ

inflection of yiijį́į́h:
first-person duoplural imperfective

inflection of yiijį́į́h:
third-person imperfective


nídeisʼah

third-person plural perfective of néíłʼah


danihijaaʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of shijaaʼ


nihijaaʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of shijaaʼ


nihikʼis

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of sikʼis


nihíniʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of bíniʼ


danihíniʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of bíniʼ


nijaaʼ

second-person singular possessed form of bijaaʼ


nohʼaash

second-person duoplural imperfective of yíghááh


noh-

Marks a second person duoplural subject of a ni-imperfective verb


nish-

Marks a first person singular subject of a ni-imperfective verb


nitłʼááh

second-person singular possessed form of atłʼááh


sitseeʼ

first-person sing possessed form of bitseeʼ


bitłʼaajįʼééʼ

head

bitłʼaajįʼééʼ

third-person possessed form of tłʼaajįʼééʼ


yish-

Marks a first person singular subject of a progressive verb


yii-

Marks a second person duoplural subject of a progressive verb


wooh-

Contraction of w- (peg element) + ó- (optative mood) + oh-

af

Marks a second person duoplural subject of an optative mode verb


deesh-

deesh- + yideeł (“he/she is rushing at it”) → deeshdił (“I will rush at it”)

Marks a first person singular subject of a future mode verb


díí-

From di- + yí-, the latter equivalent to yi- + ni-

díí- + yideeł (“he/she is rushing at it”) → díídił (“You will rush at it”)

Marks a second person singular subject of a future mode verb


dii-

dii- + yideeł (“he/she is rushing at it”) → diidił (“we will rush at it”)

Marks a first person duoplural subject of a future mode verb


doo-

Marks a second person duoplural subject of a future mode verb


doo-

doo- + yideeł (“he/she is rushing at it”) → doodił (“He/she will rush at it”)

Marks a third person subject of a future mode verb


dooh-

dooh- + yideeł (“he/she is rushing at it”) → doohdił (“You (pl.) will rush at it”)


hodoo-

Marks a spatial/areal subject of a future mode verb


jidoo-

Marks a fourth person subject of a future mode verb


wósh-

Contraction of w- (peg element) + ó- (optative mood) + sh-

Marks a first person singular subject of an optative mode verb


wóó-

Contraction of w- (peg element) + ó- (optative mood) + ni-

Marks a second person singular subject of an optative mode verb


jó-

Marks a fourth person subject of an optative mode verb


hó-

Marks a spatial/areal subject of an optative mode verb


yíní-

Marks a second person singular subject of a yi-perfective verb


nikétsíín

second-person singular possessed form of hakétsíín


nisneez

first-person singular imperfective of nineez


łinishgai

first-person singular imperfective of łigai


bíláshgaan

third-person possessed form of áláshgaan


nihizáanii

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of sáanii


nihijéí

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of ajéí


shijéí

first-person singular possessed form of ajéí


nijéí

second-person singular possessed form of ajéí


łi-

łi- + -gai (“white”) → łigai (“it is white”)

łi- + -tso (“yellow”) → łitso (“it is yellow”)

An adjectival prefix that forms neuter imperfective verbs, especially those relating to color


niyeʼ

second-person singular possessed form of biyeʼ


shiyeʼ

first-person singular possessed form of biyeʼ


nidziil

second-person singular possessed form of dziil


nihidziil

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of dziil


shidziil

first-person singular possessed form of dziil


nidił

second-person singular possessed form of dił


shidił

first-person singular possessed form of dił


nihidił

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of dił


yidił

fourth-person obviate possessed form of dił


yigaan

fourth-person obviate possessed form of bigaan


shidaaʼ

first-person singular possessed form of adaaʼ


deeshłeeł

first-person singular future form of yileeh


dííleeł

second-person singular future form of yileeh


diidleeł

first-person duoplural future form of yileeh


dadiidleeł

first-person plural future form of yileeh


doohłeeł

second-person duoplural future of yileeh


diid-

diid- + yileeh (“he/she is becoming”) → diidleeł (“We will become”)

Marks a first person duoplural subject of a future mode verb


sélį́į́ʼ

first-person singular perfective of nilį́


sínílį́į́ʼ

second-person singular perfective of nilį́


siidlį́į́ʼ

first-person duoplural perfective of nilį́


soolį́į́ʼ

second-person duoplural perfective of nilį́


dasoolį́į́ʼ

second-person plural perfective of nilį́


silį́į́ʼ

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of nilį́


niidlį́

first-person duoplural neuter imperfective of nilį́


daniidlį́

first-person plural neuter imperfective of nilį́


danohłį́

second-person plural neuter imperfective of nilį́


danilį́

third-person plural neuter imperfective of nilį́


nohłį́

second-person duopluralneuter imperfective of nilį́


nánishʼį́į́h

head

nánishʼį́į́h

first-person singular iterative of yiniʼįįh


náníʼį́į́h

second-person singular iterative of yiniʼįįh


náyiniʼį́į́h

náyiniʼį́į́h

third-person singular/duoplural iterative of yiniʼįįh


názhníʼį́į́h

názhníʼį́į́h


nánohʼį́į́h

second-person duoplural iterative of yiniʼįįh


nániitʼį́į́h

nániitʼį́į́h

first-person duoplural iterative of yiniʼįįh


náʼáshzhish

first-person singular iterative of alzhish


náʼílzhish

second-person singular iterative of alzhish


náʼołzhish

second-person duoplural iterative of alzhish


náʼiilzhish

first-person duoplural iterative of alzhish


náʼálzhish

third-person singular/duoplural iterative of alzhish


náshdleeh

first-person singular iterative of yileeh


nánídleeh

second-person singular iterative of yileeh


néiidleeh

first-person duoplural iterative of yileeh


náhdleeh

second-person duoplural iterative of yileeh


deeshgish

first-person singular future of yiyiigish


yidoogish

third-person singular/duoplural future of yiyiigish


díígish

second-person singular future of yiyiigish


diigish

first-person duoplural future of yiyiigish


doohgish

second-person duoplural future of yiyiigish


jidoochah

fourth-person singular/duoplural future of yicha


doochah

third-person singular/duoplural future of yicha


diilbąs

second-person singular future of yiłbąąs


yidoołbąs

third-person singular/duoplural future of yiłbąąs


jidoołbąs

fourth-person singular/duoplural future of yiłbąąs


doołbąs

second-person duoplural future of yiłbąąs


dííłbąs

first-person duoplural future of yiłbąąs


nínídá

second-person singular perfective of nidaah


neezdá

third-person singular perfective of nidaah


nédá

first-person singular perfective of nidaah


jineezdá

fourth-person singular perfective of nidaah


neeké

first-person duoplural perfective of nidaah


sinooké

second-person duoplural perfective of nidaah


yineezʼį́į́ʼ

yineezʼį́į́ʼ

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiniʼįįh


néʼį́į́ʼ

first-person singular perfective of yiniʼįįh


níníʼį́į́ʼ

second-person singular perfective of yiniʼįįh


jineezʼį́į́ʼ

jineezʼį́į́ʼ

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiniʼįįh


neetʼį́į́ʼ

first-person duoplural perfective of yiniʼįįh


sinooʼį́į́ʼ

second-person duoplural perfective of yiniʼįįh


jideeyá

fourth-person singular perfective of dighááh


nijizneʼ

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of naané


jishbéézh

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiłbéézh


sézį́

first-person singular perfective of sizį́


siidzį́

first-person duoplural perfective of sizį́


soozį́

second-person duoplural perfective of sizį́


jizį́

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of sizį́


sínízį́

second-person singular perfective of sizį́


jinééłʼį́į́ʼ

jinééłʼį́į́ʼ

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiníłʼį́


yinééłʼį́į́ʼ

yinééłʼį́į́ʼ

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiníłʼį́


níníłʼį́į́ʼ

second-person singular perfective of yiníłʼį́


nééłʼį́į́ʼ

first-person singular perfective of yiníłʼį́


níilʼį́į́ʼ

first-person duoplural perfective of yiníłʼį́


nooʼaaʼ

second-person duoplural perfective of yinóʼááh


nííʼaaʼ

first-person singular perfective of yinóʼááh


nííníʼaaʼ

second-person singular perfective of yinóʼááh


yinííʼaaʼ

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yinóʼááh


jinííʼaaʼ

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yinóʼááh


niitʼaaʼ

first-person duoplural perfective of yinóʼááh


nóołʼį́į́ʼ

second-person duoplural perfective of yiníłʼį́


nishʼnaʼ

first-person singular perfective of yiʼnééh


yíníʼnaʼ

second-person singular perfective of yiʼnééh


niiʼnaʼ

first-person duoplural perfective of yiʼnééh


noohʼnaʼ

second-person duoplural perfective of yiʼnééh


yíʼnaʼ

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiʼnééh


jíʼnaʼ

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiʼnééh


niiʼmááz

first-person duoplural perfect of yímáás


noomááz

second-person duoplural perfect of yímáás


jinímááz

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfect of yímáás


jiníłbą́ą́z

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiłbąąs


yiníłbą́ą́z

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiłbąąs


yíníłbą́ą́z

second-person singular perfective of yiłbąąs


níłbą́ą́z

first-person singular perfective of yiłbąąs


niilbą́ą́z

first-person duoplural perfective of yiłbąąs


noołbą́ą́z

second-person duoplural perfective of yiłbąąs


níłjool

first-person singular perfective of yiłjooł


yíníłjool

second-person singular perfective of yiłjooł


yiyíłjool

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiłjooł


jiníłjool

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiłjooł


noołjool

second-person duoplural perfective of yiłjooł


niiljool

first-person duoplural perfective of yiłjooł


jiijį́į́ʼ

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiijį́į́h


yiishjį́į́ʼ

first-person singular perfective of yiijį́į́h


yinijį́į́ʼ

second-person singular perfective of yiijį́į́h


woohjį́į́ʼ

second-person duoplural perfective of yiijį́į́h


áyiilaa

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of íílééh


íinilaa

second-person singular perfective of íílééh


óohłaa

second-person duoplural perfective of íílééh


íilyaa

first-person duoplural perfective of íílééh


ájiilaa

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of íílééh


yiiłgaii

first-person singular perfective of yiyiiłgááh


yiyiiłgaii

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiyiiłgááh


yiniłgaii

second-person singular perfective of yiyiiłgááh


woołgaii

second-person duoplural perfective of yiyiiłgááh


yiilgaii

first-person duoplural perfective of yiyiiłgááh


jiiłgaii

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yiyiiłgááh


doołkǫʼ

second-person duoplural perfective of yidiiłkǫǫh


diiłkǫʼ

first-person singular perfective of yidiiłkǫǫh


diniłkǫʼ

second-person singular perfective of yidiiłkǫǫh


yidiiłkǫʼ

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yidiiłkǫǫh


jidiiłkǫʼ

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yidiiłkǫǫh


háágeed

first-person singular perfective of haigééd


háínígeed

second-person singular perfective of haigééd


hayíígeed

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of haigééd


hajíígeed

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of haigééd


haiigeed

first-person duoplural perfective of haigééd


haoogeed

second-person duoplural perfective of haigééd


háámááz

first/third-person singular perfective of haigééd


yiildéél

first-person duoplural perfective of yildeeł


yishdéél

first-person singular perfective of yildeeł


yíníldéél

second-person singular perfective of yildeeł


yooldéél

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yildeeł


jooldéél

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yildeeł


woołdéél

second-person duoplural perfective of yildeeł


yoolghal

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yilghał


yiilghal

first-person duoplural perfective of yilghał


yishghal

first-person singular perfective of yilghał


yínílghal

second-person singular perfective of yilghał


joolghal

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yilghał


woołghal

second-person duoplural perfective of yilghał


jízhóní

fourth-person singular/duoplural of nizhóní


nihikʼijįʼ

first/second-person duoplural of yikʼijįʼ


nihizaad

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of bizaad


shizaad

first-person singular possessed form of bizaad


yikʼéí

fourth-person obviate possessed form of hakʼéí


nihikʼéí

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of hakʼéí


nikʼéí

second-person singular possessed form of hakʼéí


shikʼéí

first-person singular possessed form of hakʼéí


níniʼ

second-person singular possessed form of shíniʼ


shikin

first-person singular possessed form of kin


nitseʼ

second-person sing possessed form of tsé


nihiziiz

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of sis


daʼałchozh

third-person plural imperfective of ałchozh


daadził

daa- (distributive plural (variant of da-) + dził (“mountain”)

af

distributive plural (variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">da-</i>

distributive plural of dził; many mountains


deineezʼaaʼ

third-person plural perfective of yinóʼááh


dazhneezʼaaʼ

fourth-person plural singular/duoplural perfective of yinóʼááh


nihichidí

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of chidí


nihílátsíín

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of álátsíín


shílátsíín

first-person singular possessed form of álátsíín


nihídóʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of shídóʼ


dóó baʼąą

From dóó (“and”) + baʼąą (“in addition”)

tádiin (“thirty”) + dóó baʼąą + naaki (“two”)

Forms cardinal numbers from twenty-one to ninety-nine, with the exception of multiples of ten.


ashdladiin dóó baʼąą tseebíí

From ashdladiin (“fifty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tseebíí (“eight”).


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą tseebíí

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tseebíí (“eight”).


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą hastą́ą́

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + hastą́ą́ (“six”).


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą naaki

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + naaki (“two”).


yiid-

Marks a second person duoplural subject of a progressive verb


ʼadoo-

Marks an indefinite subject of a future mode verb


dadii-

Marks a first person plural subject of a future mode verb


dazhdoo-

Marks a fourth person plural subject of a future mode verb


dadoo-

Marks a third person plural subject of a future mode verb


dadooh-

Marks a second person plural subject of a future mode verb


ʼa-

Marks a verb as having an unspecified subject.

Marks a verb as having an unspecified object.


nihijeeh

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of jeeh


shijeeh

first-person singular possessed form of jeeh


Kʼaabizhii

Cove (an unincorporated community in Apache County, Arizona).


Kʼaiʼ Biiʼ Tó

From kʼaiʼ (“willow”) + biiʼ (“in it”) + tó (“water”).

Kaibito (a census-designated place in Coconino County, Arizona, United States).


kéyah binantʼaʼí

From kéyah (“land, country”) + binantʼaʼí (“its supervisor”)

secretary of the interior (position in the United States government)


-jigo

From -jiʼ (“as far as, up to”) + -go (adverbial suffix)

af

kéyah (“land”) + -jigo → kéyahjigo (“landward, towards land”)


Kinłichííʼ

Rio Arriba County
Rio Arriba County#English

Ohkay Owingeh (a pueblo and census-designated place in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States).


látsíín

shílátsíín (first-person singular)
nihílátsíín (duoplural first-person)
danihílátsíín (first-person plural)
nílátsíín (second-person singular)
nihílátsíín (duoplural second-person)
danihílátsíín (plural second-person)
bílátsíín (third-person)
yílátsíín (fourth-person)
hálátsíín (fourth-person)
álátsíín (indefinite)


nílátsíín

second-person singular possessed form of látsíín


Lókʼaʼdeeshjin

Keams Canyon (a census-designated place in Navajo County, Arizona, United States).


łééchąą yázhí

head

łééchąą yázhí

łééchąą yázhí

From łééchąąʼí (“dog”) + yázhí (“little”).


chʼélwod

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of chʼélyeed


chʼil ʼabeʼé

chʼil (“plant, vegetable”) + abeʼ (“milk”) + -é (nominalizer).


chʼikéí

By surface analysis, chʼikę́ę́h + -ké + -í


shiziiz

first-person singular possessed form of sis


biiʼłidí

From biiʼ (“inside of it”) + łid (“smoke”) + -í (nominalizer)


tó łikaní halchinígíí

From tó (“water”) + łikan (“it is sweet”) + -í (nominalizer) + halchin (“it smells”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


tsáskʼeh áłtsʼóózígíí

head

tsáskʼeh áłtsʼóózígíí

tsáskʼeh áłtsʼóózígíí

From tsáskʼeh (“bed”) + áłtsʼóózí (“it is narrow”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


bikááʼ dah asdáhí yiwodígíí

From bikááʼ dah asdáhí (“chair”) + yiwod (“it rocks”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


-nii

Forms the names of clans or groups of people related to a location.


tsitsʼósí

tsin (“wood”) + -tsʼósí (“long, slender”)


tsi-

Alternative form of tsin, appearing in compounds.


chizhtsʼósí

chizh (“firewood”) + -tsʼósí (“long, slender”)


-nééz

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NÉÉZ</i>

dzaa- (“ear”) + -nééz → dzaanééz (“donkey”)

ké (“shoe”) + -nééz → kénééz (“boot”)


sheʼazeʼ

first-person singular possessed form of azeeʼ


hałgizh

From ha- (areal) + l- (classifier) + -gizh (neuter imperfective stem of root -GIZH, “to cut, incise”)

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gizh</i>


Shikááʼgóó

Borrowed from English Chicago, from French Chécagou, a transcription of Miami šikaakwa (“wild leek, ramp, Allium tricoccum; striped skunk”), from Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa

der

Chicago (a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States).


hatsóóké

fourth-person possessed form of bitsóóké


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą dį́į́ʼ

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + dį́į́ʼ (“four”).


dízdiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

head

dízdiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

From dízdiin (“forty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tʼááłáʼí (“one”).


hastą́diin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

head

hastą́diin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

From hastą́diin (“sixty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tʼááłáʼí (“one”).


tsostsʼidiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

From tsostsʼidiin (“seventy”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tʼááłáʼí (“one”).


tseebídiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

head

tseebídiin dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí

From tseebídiin (“eighty”) + dóó baʼąą (“in addition”) + tʼááłáʼí (“one”).


nigod

second-person singular possessed form of hagod


nihibid

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of habid


nibid

second-person singular possessed form of habid


nihigod

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of god


danihizaad

first/second-person plural possessed form of bizaad


nihikin

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of bikin


danihikin

first/second-person plural possessed form of bikin


danihighan

first/second-person plural possessed form of bighan


danihidziil

first/second-person plural possessed form of dziil


danihilah

first/second-person plural possessed form of alah


nihilah

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of alah


danihikʼéí

first/second-person plural possessed form of hakʼéí


danihikʼis

first/second-person plural possessed form of akʼis


danihimá

first/second-person plural possessed form of amá


nihinááʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of anááʼ


danihinááʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of anááʼ


nitsʼin

second-person sing possessed form of atsʼin


sitsʼin

first-person sing possessed form of atsʼin


nihitsʼin

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of atsʼin


danihitsʼin

first/second-person plural possessed form of atsʼin


nihitłʼaaʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of atłʼaaʼ


danihitłʼaaʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of atłʼaaʼ


nitsʼíís

second-person sing possessed form of atsʼíís


danihitsʼíís

first/second-person plural possessed form of atsʼíís


nihitsʼíís

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of atsʼíís


nízhiʼ

second-person singular possessed form of bízhiʼ


shízhiʼ

first-person singular possessed form of bízhiʼ


danihízhiʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of bízhiʼ


nihízhiʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of bízhiʼ


danihílaʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of bílaʼ


danihitsooʼ

first/second-person plural possessed form of atsooʼ


nihitsooʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of atsooʼ


hashkééjí nahatʼá

hashké (“warrior”) + -jí (on the side of) + nahatʼá (“system, form of government”)


nihitaaʼ

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of ataaʼ


hayé

shiyé (first-person singular)
nihiyé (duoplural first-person)
danihiyé (first-person plural)
niyé (second-person singular)
nihiyé (duoplural second-person)
danihiyé (plural second-person)
biyé (third-person)
yiyé (fourth-person)
hayé (fourth-person)
ayé (indefinite)


nihiyé

first/second-person duoplural possessed form of hayé


biishchʼid

third-person possessed form of iishchʼid


shizid

first-person singular possessed form of azid


hojoobaʼ

By surface analysis, ho- + joobaʼ (“he/she/it is kind, generous”)


-JAAʼ

to handle, move PlO2 (plural objects, usually small and in large number, such as seeds)


dishgeeh

first-person singular imperfect of digeeh


dígeeh

second-person singular imperfective of digeeh


diigeeh

first-person duoplural imperfective of digeeh


dohgeeh

second-person duoplural imperfective of digeeh


dadiigeeh

first-person plural imperfective of digeeh


dadohgeeh

second-person plural imperfective of digeeh


dadigeeh

third-person plural imperfective of digeeh


dazhdigeeh

fourth-person plural imperfective of digeeh


didoogoh

third-person singular/duoplural future of digeeh


didoohgoh

second-person duoplural future of digeeh


-KĄ́

to handle, move an object within an open container


joolchʼą́ą́l

fourth-person singular/duoplural perfective of yilchʼąął


yilchʼą́ą́l

third-person singular/duoplural perfective of yilchʼąął


yínílchʼą́ą́l

head

yínílchʼą́ą́l

second-person singular perfective of yilchʼąął


yishchʼą́ą́l

first-person singular perfective of yilchʼąął


yiilchʼą́ą́l

first-person duoplural perfective of yilchʼąął


jidoodlish

fourth-person singular/duoplural future of yidleesh


yidoodlish

third-person singular/duoplural future of yidleesh


díídlish

second-person singular future of yidleesh


deeshdlish

first-person singular future of yidleesh


doohdlish

second-person duoplural future of yidleesh


diidlish

first-person duoplural future of yidleesh


dajidleesh

fourth-person plural imperfective of yidleesh


deidleesh

third-person plural imperfective of yidleesh


daahdleesh

second-person plural imperfective of yidleesh


deiidleesh

first-person plural imperfective of yidleesh


deiitaał

first-person plural imperfective of yitaał


dajitaał

fourth-person plural singular/duoplural imperfective of yitaał


daataał

third-person plural imperfective of yitaał


daahtaał

second-person plural imperfective of yitaał


dajikááh

fourth-person plural singular/duoplural imperfective of yikááh