názhah

náshah (first-person imperfective singular)
néiijah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nídeiijah (first-person imperfective plural)
nánízhah (imperfective second-person singular)
náhshah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nídaahshah (imperfective plural second-person)
názhah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nídaazhah (imperfective plural third-person)
níjízhah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nídajizhah (fourth-person imperfective plural)
níshézhah (first-person perfective singular)
níshiijah (duoplural first-person perfective)
nídashiijah (first-person perfective plural)
níshínízhah (perfective second-person singular)
níshoozhah (duoplural perfective second-person)
nídashoozhah (perfective plural second-person)
názhah (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nídaazhah (perfective plural third-person)
níjízhah (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nídajizhah (fourth-person perfective plural)

ná- (“around”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zhah (reversative imperfective stem of root -ZHAʼ, “to be curved”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhah</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHAʼ</i>

he/she is curling up, is curling his/her body around


názhah

third-person singular/dual perfective of názhah


Nííyóó sídii

New York City (a city in the United States)


Kin Yótʼááh Deezʼá Hahoodzo

kin (“house”) + yótʼááh (“in the sky”) + deezʼá (“rock”) + hahoodzo (“state”)


yiłkaad

yishkaad (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilkaad (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilkaad (first-person imperfective plural)
niłkaad (imperfective second-person singular)
wołkaad (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daałkaad (imperfective plural second-person)
yiłkaad (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deiłkaad (imperfective plural third-person)
jiłkaad (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiłkaad (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yíłkaad (first-person perfective singular)
yiilkaad (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiilkaad (first-person perfective plural)
yíníłkaad (perfective second-person singular)
woołkaad (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasoołkaad (perfective plural second-person)
yiyííłkaad (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deiskaad (perfective plural third-person)
jííłkaad (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiskaad (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -kaad (imperfective stem of root -KAAD, “flatness moves, liquid or profusion of small objects spreads out”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kaad</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KAAD</i>

nv-link-to-root

he/she is throwing them (many small objects)


yihah

yi- (progressive) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -hah (progressive stem of root -HAI, “winter passes”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-hah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-HAI</i>


bitłʼóól

his/her/its rope, cord, twine, string, lariat, thread


tʼáá shxǫǫdí

head

tʼáá shxǫǫdí


siláołtsooí

Siláołtsooí Bigáál Dah Nídahidiitʼįʼígíí Béédahaniih


tánéígis

tánásgis (first-person imperfective singular)
tánéiigis (duoplural first-person imperfective)
táádeiigis (first-person imperfective plural)
táánígis (imperfective second-person singular)
tánáhgis (duoplural imperfective second-person)
táádaahgis (imperfective plural second-person)
tánéígis (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
táádeigis (imperfective plural third-person)
táájígis (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
táádajigis (fourth-person imperfective plural)
tááségiz (first-person perfective singular)
táásiigiz (duoplural first-person perfective)
táádasiigiz (first-person perfective plural)
táásínígiz (perfective second-person singular)
táásoogiz (duoplural perfective second-person)
táádasoogiz (perfective plural second-person)
tánéízgiz (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
táádeizgiz (perfective plural third-person)
táájízgiz (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
táádajizgiz (fourth-person perfective plural)

tá- (“water”) + -ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -gis (imperfective stem of root -GIZ, “to wash”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gis</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GIZ</i>

he/she is washing it (something impermeable)


łitsxooí

łitsxo (“he/she/it is orange / yellowish orange”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


sháátis

sháátis (first-person singular)
niháátis (duoplural first-person)
náátis (second-person singular)
niháátis (duoplural second-person)
báátis (third-person)
yáátis (fourth-person)
háátis (fourth-person)
áátis (fourth-person singular)
ádáátis (reflexive singular)
aháátis (duoplural reciprocal)


sikʼis

sikʼisóó (plural)
sikʼis (first-person singular)
nihikʼis (duoplural first-person)
danihikʼis (first-person plural)
nikʼis (second-person singular)
nihikʼis (duoplural second-person)
danihikʼis (plural second-person)
bikʼis (third-person)
yikʼis (fourth-person)
hakʼis (fourth-person)
akʼis (indefinite)

my older brother, my older sister (of the same sex as me)

my older maternal cousin (of the same sex as me)

my friend (chiefly of the same sex as me)


shi-

my, me (often indicates primary or inalienable possession, in opposition to she-. See for example abeʼ, shibeʼ)


naʼashjéʼii bitłʼóól

From naʼashjéʼii (“spider”) + bitłʼóól (“its thread”).


dizééh

disééh (first-person imperfective singular)
diidzééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiidzééh (first-person imperfective plural)
dízééh (imperfective second-person singular)
dohsééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadohsééh (imperfective plural second-person)
dizééh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadizééh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidizééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdizééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
dézaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
deedzaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadeedzaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
dínízaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
disoozaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadisoozaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
deezaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadeezaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jideezaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdeezaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

di- (“oral”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zééh (imperfective stem of root -ZAʼ, “to burp”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZAʼ</i>


chʼínéísííd

chʼéénísííd (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼééniilzííd (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼéédaniilzííd (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼéénísííd (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼéénóhsííd (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼéédanohsííd (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼínéísííd (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼéédayísííd (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼééjísííd (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼéédajísííd (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼéénísid (first-person perfective singular)
chʼééniilzid (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼéédaniilzid (first-person perfective plural)
chʼééínísid (perfective second-person singular)
chʼéénoosid (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼéédanoosid (perfective plural second-person)
chʼééyinísid (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼéédeisid (perfective plural third-person)
chʼéézhnísid (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼéédajisid (fourth-person perfective plural)
chʼéédeesił (first-person future singular)
chʼéédiisił (duoplural first-person future)
chʼéédadiisił (first-person future plural)
chʼéédíísił (future second-person singular)
chʼéédoohsił (duoplural future second-person)
chʼéédadoohsił (future plural second-person)
chʼínéidoosił (duoplural future singular third-person)
chʼéédeidoosił (future plural third-person)
chʼéézhdoosił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
chʼéédazhdoosił (fourth-person future plural)

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zííd (imperfective stem of root -ZID, “to be aware, to gather awareness”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zííd</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZID</i>

nv-link-to-root

he/she is waking him/her up, awakens him/her, reawakens him/her


joobaah

jiinishbaah (first-person imperfective singular)
jooshbaah (first-person imperfective singular)
jiiniibaah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dajiiniibaah (first-person imperfective plural)
jiiníbaah (imperfective second-person singular)
jiinohbaah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dajiinohbaah (imperfective plural second-person)
joobaah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dajoobaah (imperfective plural third-person)
jijoobaah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajijoobaah (fourth-person imperfective plural)
jiisébaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
jiisiibaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dajiisiibaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
jiisíníbaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
jiisoobaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dajiisoobaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
joozbaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dajoozbaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jijoozbaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajijoozbaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

ji- (“emotion”) + -oo- (meaning unclear, combining form of yini- in the 3rd person) + -∅- (classifier) + -baah (imperfective stem of root -BAʼ, “to be kind”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-baah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BAʼ</i>

Bee naa jiinishbaah.

I'm treating you with it, I'm aiding you with it.

he/she is behaving nicely, generously or helpfully


jiilgéésh

jiilgéésh (imperfective singular third-person)
jiilgish (imperfective singular third-person)
jishgish (perfective singular third-person)
jidoolgish (future singular third-person)

dzi- (“away into distance”) + -yi- (semelfactive) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -géésh (imperfective stem of root -GIZH, “to flash”).
See also root -GĘSH (“to flash”), of similar meaning.
Prefix dzi- becomes ji- under consonantal harmony with the root's final -sh sibilant.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-géésh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GIZH</i>

lightning flashes, there is a flash of lightning.


naakaii

naakai (“they walk”) + -ii (“nominalizer”) ("the walkers", probably an early semantic loan from Spanish exploradores)


Naʼazhǫǫsh hahoodzo

From naʼazhǫǫsh (“casino”) + hahoodzo (“state”).


nahasdzáánígíí

Nahasdzáánígíí nitsaa, áádóó ooljééʼígíí tʼáá áchʼįʼgo áníłtso

As shown in the illustration, the Earth is large, and its pull on the Moon is large.


hashkééjí naatʼááh

hashké (“warrior”) + -jí (“on the side of”) + naatʼááh (“he orates”)


nihá

shá (first-person singular)
nihá (duoplural first-person)
ná (second-person singular)
nihá (duoplural second-person)
bá (third-person)
yá (fourth-person)
há (fourth-person)
á (fourth-person singular)
ádá (reflexive singular)
ahá (duoplural reciprocal)


yiyiiłtsóóh

yiistsóóh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiiltsóóh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiiltsóóh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtsóóh (imperfective second-person singular)
woołtsóóh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołtsóóh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtsóóh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtsóóh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłtsóóh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłtsóóh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtsoii (first-person perfective singular)
yiiltsoii (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiiltsoii (first-person perfective plural)
yiniłtsoii (perfective second-person singular)
woołtsoii (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołtsoii (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtsoii (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtsoii (perfective plural third-person)
jiiłtsoii (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiiłtsoii (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -tsóóh (transitional imperfective stem of root -TSOII, “to be yellow”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsóóh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSOII</i>

he/she is turning it yellow, tan, or light green


nímaz

ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -maz (neuter perfective stem of root -MÁÁZ, “to roll”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-maz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-MÁÁZ</i>


hasįįh

hasįįh (imperfective singular third-person)
hóósįįd (perfective singular third-person)
hodoosįįł (future singular third-person)
náhásįįh (iterative singular third-person)
hósįįh (optative singular third-person)

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zįįh (imperfective stem of root -ZĮĮD, “to know”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zįįh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZĮĮD</i>

Dichin hasįįh.

It causes famine, it makes people feel hungry.

Baa yá hasįįh.

It causes shame, it makes people feel embarrassed.

conditions cause a feeling, make one be in a state (as shame, amusement, rush,...)


nitsxaa

ni- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsaa (neuter imperfective stem of root -TSAA, “to be big”), with emphatic infix -x-.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsaa</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSAA</i>

nv-link-to-root

it (inanimate object) is really big, extremely large, really huge


níłtsą́

ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsą́ (neuter perfective stem of root -TSĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to rain”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSĄ́Ą́ʼ</i>

níłtsą́ biʼáád

níłtsą́ bikąʼ


nahałtin

nahałtin (imperfective singular third-person)
nahóółtą́ (perfective singular third-person)
nahodoołtį́į́ł (future singular third-person)
nináháłtį́į́h (iterative singular third-person)
nahółtį́į́ł (optative singular third-person)
nahółtą́ą́ʼ (optative singular third-person)

na- (“downward”) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tin (durative imperfective stem of root -TĄ́, “to rain”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tin</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TĄ́</i>


nináháhááh

nináháhááh (imperfective singular third-person)
nináhaasxai (perfective singular third-person)
nináhidoohah (future singular third-person)

ni- (terminative, disjunct) + -ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -hi- (seriative) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -hááh (imperfective stem of root -HAI, “winter passes”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-hááh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-HAI</i>

years or winters go by one after the other


náhádleeh

náhádleeh (imperfective singular third-person)
náhásdlį́į́ʼ (perfective singular third-person)
náhodoodleeł (future singular third-person)
nínáhádleeh (iterative singular third-person)
náhódleʼ (optative singular third-person)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier, shift triggered by ná-) + -leeh (imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to become”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-leeh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

hózhǫ́ náhásdlį́į́ʼ

it has become beauty again; harmony is restored

Dąągo nahasdzáán bikááʼ tłʼoh bee hodootłʼizh nínáhádleeh.

In the springtime the earth’s surface gets back to its cover of green.

(Spatial person of nádleeh, itself reversionary of yileeh “to become”) things come back into being, are being restored, regenerate.


náhidizííd

náhidizííd (imperfective singular third-person)
náhideezid (perfective singular third-person)
náhididooził (future singular third-person)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -hi- (seriative) + -di- (thematic) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zííd (imperfective stem of root -ZID, “month passes”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zííd</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZID</i>

(seriative of ńdízííd) months pass one after another


hashké

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -sh- (“angry”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ké (neuter imperfective stem of root -KEED, “to scold”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ké</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KEED</i>


hashké

hoshishké (first-person imperfective singular)
hoshiiké (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dahoshiiké (first-person imperfective plural)
hoshíníké (imperfective second-person singular)
hoshohké (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dahoshohké (imperfective plural second-person)
hashké (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dahashké (imperfective plural third-person)
hojishké (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dahojishké (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hashishké (first-person imperfective singular)
hashiiké (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dahashiiké (first-person imperfective plural)
hashíníké (imperfective second-person singular)
hashohké (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dahashohké (imperfective plural second-person)
hashké (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dahashké (imperfective plural third-person)
hajishké (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dahajishké (fourth-person imperfective plural)


nahachaʼ

nahashchaʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
nahiichaʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndahiichaʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
nahíchaʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
nahohchaʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndahohchaʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
nahachaʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndahachaʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
njiichaʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndajiichaʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nahéchaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
naháchaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
nahaachaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
naheechaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
ndaheechaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
nahíníchaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
nahisoochaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
ndahisoochaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
nahaazhchaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ndahaazhchaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
njiizhchaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ndajiizhchaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
nahideeshchah (first-person future singular)
nahidiichah (duoplural first-person future)
ndahidiichah (first-person future plural)
nahidííchah (future second-person singular)
nahidoohchah (duoplural future second-person)
ndahidoohchah (future plural second-person)
nahidoochah (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndahidoochah (future plural third-person)
nahizhdoochah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndahizhdoochah (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -hi- (seriative) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chaʼ (continuative imperfective stem of root -CHAʼ, “to hop”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chaʼ</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHAʼ</i>

he/she/it is hopping or hobbling around with the feet together


yilkeed

yishkeed (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilkeed (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilkeed (first-person imperfective plural)
nilkeed (imperfective second-person singular)
wołkeed (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daałkeed (imperfective plural second-person)
yilkeed (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deilkeed (imperfective plural third-person)
jilkeed (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajilkeed (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yishkid (first-person perfective singular)
yiilkid (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiilkid (first-person perfective plural)
yínílkid (perfective second-person singular)
woołkid (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołkid (perfective plural second-person)
yoolkid (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayoolkid (perfective plural third-person)
joolkid (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajoolkid (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -keed (durative imperfective stem of root -KID, “to eat a chunky object”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-keed</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KID</i>

he/she is chewing it (something roundish)

he/she is eating it (something roundish)


ayóóʼánóshʼní

head

ayóóʼánóshʼní


tséghániłchʼi

Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea#Translingual


siʼą́

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼą́ (neuter perfective stem of root -ʼĄ́, “to handle a solid roundish object”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼĄ́</i>

nv-link-to-root

bił yaa siʼą́

it lies, it is located (a solid roundish object as a house, mountain, town, book or hat)


yizéés

yiséés (first-person imperfective singular)
yiidéés (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiidéés (first-person imperfective plural)
nizéés (imperfective second-person singular)
wohséés (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daahséés (imperfective plural second-person)
yizéés (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deizéés (imperfective plural third-person)
jizéés (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajizéés (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yízeez (first-person perfective singular)
yiideez (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiideez (first-person perfective plural)
yínízeez (perfective second-person singular)
woozeez (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoozeez (perfective plural second-person)
yiyíízeez (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayíízeez (perfective plural third-person)
jíízeez (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajíízeez (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zéés (imperfective stem of root -ZEEZ, “to singe”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zéés</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZEEZ</i>


ałhą́ą́ʼ

ashhą́ą́ʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
iilghą́ą́ʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiilghą́ą́ʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
íłhą́ą́ʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
ołhą́ą́ʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼołhą́ą́ʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
ałhą́ą́ʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼałhą́ą́ʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
ajiłhą́ą́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjiłhą́ą́ʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ííłhą́ą́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
iilghą́ą́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼiilghą́ą́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
ííníłhą́ą́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
oołhą́ą́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼoołhą́ą́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
ííłhą́ą́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼííłhą́ą́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ajííłhą́ą́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjííłhą́ą́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -ghą́ą́ʼ (durative imperfective stem of root -GHĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to snore”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ghą́ą́ʼ</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GHĄ́Ą́ʼ</i>


nitʼą́

nitʼą́ (imperfective singular third-person)
neestʼą́ (perfective singular third-person)

ni- (terminative) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tʼą́ (conclusive stem of root -TʼĄ́, “to ripen”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼĄ́</i>


yiyiiłchííh

yiishchííh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilchííh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilchííh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłchííh (imperfective second-person singular)
woołchííh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołchííh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłchííh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłchííh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłchííh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłchííh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiiłchiiʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yiilchiiʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiilchiiʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yiniłchiiʼ (perfective second-person singular)
woołchiiʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołchiiʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłchiiʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiiłchiiʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jiiłchiiʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiiłchiiʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -chííh (transitional imperfective stem of root -CHIIʼ, “to be red”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chííh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHIIʼ</i>

he/she is turning it red, making it red, reddening it


shitah honiigai

shitah (“in my body”) + honiigaii (“it (an area) got very warm”)


shitah honeezgai

shitah (“in my body”) + ho- (“it (denoting space or area)”) + neezgai (“it hurts”)


dikos shidoolnaʼ

dikos (“cough”) + shidoolnaʼ (“I got infected with it”)


shitah

shitah (first-person singular)
nihitah (duoplural first-person)
nitah (second-person singular)
nihitah (duoplural second-person)
bitah (third-person)
yitah (fourth-person)
hatah (fourth-person)
atah (fourth-person singular)
átah (reflexive singular)
ałtah (duoplural reciprocal)
ahiłtah (duoplural reciprocal)


yishóóh

yishóóh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilzhóóh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilzhóóh (first-person imperfective plural)
nishóóh (imperfective second-person singular)
wohshóóh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daahshóóh (imperfective plural second-person)
yishóóh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deishóóh (imperfective plural third-person)
jishóóh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajishóóh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yíshóóʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yiilzhóóʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiilzhóóʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yíníshóóʼ (perfective second-person singular)
wooshóóʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daooshóóʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yiyííshóóʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayííshóóʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jííshóóʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajííshóóʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshshoh (first-person future singular)
diilzhoh (duoplural first-person future)
dadiilzhoh (first-person future plural)
dííshoh (future second-person singular)
doohshoh (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohshoh (future plural second-person)
yidooshoh (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidooshoh (future plural third-person)
jidooshoh (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdooshoh (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zhóóh (imperfective stem of root -ZHÓÓʼ, “to brush”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhóóh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHÓÓʼ</i>


yishóóh

first-person singular imperfective form of yishóóh


nilį́

nishłį́ (first-person singular)
niidlį́ (duoplural first-person)
daniidlį́ (first-person plural)
nílį́ (second-person singular)
nohłį́ (duoplural second-person)
danohłį́ (plural second-person)
nilį́ (duoplural singular third-person)
danilį́ (plural third-person)
jílį́ (duoplural fourth-person singular)
dajílį́ (fourth-person plural)
sélį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
siidlį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiidlį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
sínílį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
soolį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasoolį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
silį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dazlį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jizlį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajizlį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshłeeł (first-person future singular)
diidleeł (duoplural first-person future)
dadiidleeł (first-person future plural)
dííleeł (future second-person singular)
doohłeeł (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohłeeł (future plural second-person)
dooleeł (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadooleeł (future plural third-person)
jidooleeł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdooleeł (fourth-person future plural)

ni- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -lį́ (neuter imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to be, to become”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

Diné nílį́


sitą́

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tą́ (neuter perfective stem of root -TĄ́, “to handle a slender stiff objects”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TĄ́</i>

nv-link-to-root

it lies somewhere, is located somewhere (a slender stiff object as a stick)


yileeh

yishłeeh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiidleeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiidleeh (first-person imperfective plural)
nileeh (imperfective second-person singular)
wohłeeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daahłeeh (imperfective plural second-person)
yileeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daaleeh (imperfective plural third-person)
jileeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajileeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
aleeh (indefinite-person)
haleeh (spatial-person)
sélį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
siidlį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiidlį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
sínílį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
soolį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasoolį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
silį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daazlį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jizlį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajizlį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
azlį́į́ʼ (indefinite-person)
hazlį́į́ʼ (spatial-person)
deeshłeeł (first-person future singular)
diidleeł (duoplural first-person future)
dadiidleeł (first-person future plural)
dííleeł (future second-person singular)
doohłeeł (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohłeeł (future plural second-person)
dooleeł (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadooleeł (future plural third-person)
jidooleeł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdooleeł (fourth-person future plural)
náshdleeh (first-person singular)
néiidleeh (duoplural first-person)
nídeiidleeh (first-person plural)
nánídleeh (second-person singular)
náhdleeh (duoplural second-person)
nídaahdleeh (plural second-person)
nádleeh (duoplural singular third-person)
nídaadleeh (plural third-person)
ńjídleeh (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ńdajidleeh (fourth-person plural)
wóshłeʼ (first-person singular)
wooleʼ (duoplural first-person)
daooleʼ (first-person plural)
wóóleʼ (second-person singular)
woohłeʼ (duoplural second-person)
daoohłeʼ (plural second-person)
wóleʼ (duoplural singular third-person)
daóleʼ (plural third-person)
jóleʼ (duoplural fourth-person singular)
dajóleʼ (fourth-person plural)

y- (peg element) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -leeh (imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to become”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-leeh</i>

Áłah daaleeh.

They meet, they congregate, they gather (lit. they become together).

Áłah aleeh.

There are meetings, a convention takes place (lit. unspecified persons gather).


wónaanídę́ę́ʼ

head

wónaanídę́ę́ʼ

wónaaní- (“the other side”) + -dę́ę́ʼ (“from”)

suffix

Tó Wónaanídę́ę́ʼ Bitsįʼ Yishtłizhii Bikéyah


noodǫ́ǫ́z

neesdǫ́ǫ́z (first-person perfective singular)
niidǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural first-person perfective)
daniidǫ́ǫ́z (first-person perfective plural)
níínídǫ́ǫ́z (perfective second-person singular)
noohdǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural perfective second-person)
danoohdǫ́ǫ́z (perfective plural second-person)
noodǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daneesdǫ́ǫ́z (perfective plural third-person)
jinoodǫ́ǫ́z (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhneesdǫ́ǫ́z (fourth-person perfective plural)

ni- (thematic) + -oo- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -zǫ́ǫ́z (neuter perfective stem of root -ZǪ́Ǫ́Z, “to pull, to tear”).
Stem initial z- becomes d- under d-effect.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zǫ́ǫ́z</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZǪ́Ǫ́Z</i>


iiłʼá

iishʼá (first-person imperfective singular)
iilʼá (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiilʼá (first-person imperfective plural)
aniłʼá (imperfective second-person singular)
oołʼá (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaałʼá (imperfective plural second-person)
iiłʼá (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adeiłʼá (imperfective plural third-person)
ajiłʼá (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajiłʼá (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ííłʼaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
iilʼaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
adasiilʼaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
ííníłʼaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
oołʼaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasoołʼaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
ayííłʼaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adeisʼaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ajííłʼaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajisʼaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -ʼá (imperfective stem of root -ʼAʼ, “to send”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼá</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼAʼ</i>


yáshtiʼ

first-person singular imperfective of yáłtiʼ


yichʼą́ą́h

shichʼą́ą́h (first-person singular)
nihichʼą́ą́h (duoplural first-person)
nichʼą́ą́h (second-person singular)
nihichʼą́ą́h (duoplural second-person)
bichʼą́ą́h (third-person)
yichʼą́ą́h (fourth-person)
hachʼą́ą́h (fourth-person)
achʼą́ą́h (fourth-person singular)
áchʼą́ą́h (reflexive singular)
ałchʼą́ą́h (duoplural reciprocal)
ahiłchʼą́ą́h (duoplural reciprocal)

in his/her way; in front of it/him/her/them


yiyiiłgááh

yiishgááh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilgááh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilgááh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłgááh (imperfective second-person singular)
woołgááh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołgááh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłgááh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłgááh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłgááh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłgááh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiiłgaii (first-person perfective singular)
yiilgaii (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiilgaii (first-person perfective plural)
yiniłgaii (perfective second-person singular)
woołgaii (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołgaii (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłgaii (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiiłgaii (perfective plural third-person)
jiiłgaii (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiiłgaii (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -gááh (transitional imperfective stem of root -GAII, “to be white”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gááh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GAII</i>

he/she is turning it white, he/she is whitening it


ʼáásh ńtsʼííd

head

ʼáásh ńtsʼííd?

ʼáásh ńtsʼííd?


ʼáh nístsʼííd

ʼáh nístsʼííd

ʼáh nístsʼííd


łikan

łinishkan (first-person imperfective singular)
łiniikan (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dałiniikan (first-person imperfective plural)
łiníkan (imperfective second-person singular)
łinohkan (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dałinohkan (imperfective plural second-person)
łikan (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daalkan (imperfective plural third-person)
jilkan (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajilkan (fourth-person imperfective plural)

łi- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kan (neuter imperfective stem of root -KĄĄD, “to be sweet”).
The łi- prefix appears to have originated historically from the -ł- classifier. When this prefix appears immediately in pre-stem position, it takes the shape of a -l- classifier.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kan</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KĄĄD</i>

Bááh éí shił łikan.


siką́

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ką́ (neuter perfective stem of root -KĄ́, “to handle matter in an open container”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ką́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KĄ́</i>

nv-link-to-root

it lies somewhere, is located somewhere (matter in open containers as glasses of water, dishes of food)


sinil

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -nil (neuter perfective stem of root -NIL, “to handle several objects”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nil</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIL</i>

they lie somewhere, are located somewhere (a group of several, separable and visually countable objects)


siłtsooz

siłtsooz (perfective singular third-person)
naastsooz (perfective plural third-person)
ndaastsooz (distributive perfective plural third-person)

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsooz (neuter perfective stem of root -TSOOZ, “to handle a flat flexible object”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsooz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSOOZ</i>

nv-link-to-root

it lies somewhere, is located somewhere (a flat flexible object as a sheet, paper)


shijool

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -jool (neuter perfective stem of root -JOOL, “non-compact matter moves or lies”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-jool</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-JOOL</i>

nv-link-to-root

it lies somewhere, is located somewhere (non-compact matter as a wig, hay, wool)


ʼáh

ʼáh tsʼííd

just, only (a particularizing element, often difficult to translate)


atʼąąʼ nahalinii

atʼąąʼ (“leaf”) + nahalin (“it resembles”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


siyį́

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -yį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -YĮ́, “to handle loads, packs, burdens”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YĮ́</i>

nv-link-to-root

it (a load or pack) lies somewhere, is located somewhere


yiyiiłtsóód

yiistsóód (first-person imperfective singular)
yiiltsóód (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiiltsóód (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtsóód (imperfective second-person singular)
woołtsóód (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołtsóód (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtsóód (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtsóód (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłtsóód (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłtsóód (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtsood (first-person perfective singular)
yiiltsood (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiiltsood (first-person perfective plural)
yiniłtsood (perfective second-person singular)
woołtsood (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołtsood (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtsood (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtsood (perfective plural third-person)
jiiłtsood (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiiłtsood (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsóód (transitional imperfective stem of root -TSOOD, “to grab”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsóód</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSOOD</i>

he/she is grabbing it, grasping it, seizing it


sitłééʼ

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tłééʼ (neuter perfective stem of root -TŁÉÉʼ, “to handle mushy matter”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłééʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁÉÉʼ</i>

it (a mushy object as mud, butter) lies somewhere, is located somewhere


łeʼdilchʼííł

head

łeʼdilchʼííł

łeʼdilchʼííł (imperfective singular third-person)
łeʼdoolchʼil (perfective singular third-person)
łediʼdoochʼił (future singular third-person)

łe- (“into the ground”, from łeeh, contraction of łeezh “ground” + -iih “into”) + -ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (“fire”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -chʼííł (imperfective stem of root -CHʼIL, “lightning strikes”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼííł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼIL</i>

Bił łeʼdilchʼííł.


iinééh

iishnééh (first-person imperfective singular)
iiʼnééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiiʼnééh (first-person imperfective plural)
aninééh (imperfective second-person singular)
oohnééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaahnééh (imperfective plural second-person)
iinééh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaanééh (imperfective plural third-person)
ajinééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajinééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ííná (first-person perfective singular)
iiʼná (duoplural first-person perfective)
adasiiʼná (first-person perfective plural)
ííníná (perfective second-person singular)
ooná (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasooná (perfective plural second-person)
ííná (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adaazná (perfective plural third-person)
ajííná (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajizná (fourth-person perfective plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -nééh (imperfective stem of root -NÁ, “to migrate”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NÁ</i>

he/she is moving (his/her household or residence) away, is emigrating


naateeł

naashteeł (first-person imperfective singular)
neiiteeł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ndeiiteeł (first-person imperfective plural)
naniteeł (imperfective second-person singular)
naahteeł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ndaahteeł (imperfective plural second-person)
naateeł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ndaateeł (imperfective plural third-person)
njiteeł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ndajiteeł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nisétéél (first-person perfective singular)
nisiitéél (duoplural first-person perfective)
ndasiitéél (first-person perfective plural)
nisínítéél (perfective second-person singular)
nisootéél (duoplural perfective second-person)
ndasootéél (perfective plural second-person)
naaztéél (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ndaaztéél (perfective plural third-person)
njiztéél (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ndajiztéél (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeeshtił (first-person future singular)
ndiitił (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiitił (first-person future plural)
ndíítił (future second-person singular)
ndoohtił (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoohtił (future plural second-person)
ndootił (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadootił (future plural third-person)
nizhdootił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdootił (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -teeł (continuative imperfective stem of root -TÉÉL, “to slide”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-teeł</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TÉÉL</i>

he/she is slipping, sliding around, skating around


tʼáá hó ájítʼéego tʼéiyá

head

tʼáá hó ájítʼéego tʼéiyá

tʼáá hó ájítʼéego tʼéiyá

tʼáá (“just”) + hó (“someone”) + ájítʼé (“he is”) + -go (“while”) + tʼéiyá (“only”)

just do it; it’s up to you; that’s all it takes (take responsibility for yourself)


tó dilchxoshí

tó (“water”) + dilchxosh (“effervesce, pop”) + -í (nominalizer)


naadą́ą́ʼ dilchxoshí

naadą́ą́ʼ (“corn”) + dilchxosh (“effervesce, pop”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


siziid

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ziid (neuter perfective stem of root -ZIID, “to pour”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ziid</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZIID</i>

it lies somewhere, is located somewhere (pourable matter as powder, seeds, liquid)


head

náʼoolkiłí tʼááłáʼí ahééʼílkid bee náás ninádajiiłkeed

náʼoolkiłí (“clock”) + tʼááłáʼí (“one”) + ahééʼílkid (“hour”) + bee (“by means of it”) + náás (“forward”) + ninádajiiłkeed (“the people set it”)

daylight saving time
daylight saving time


haidizóóh

hadisóóh (first-person imperfective singular)
hadiidzóóh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hadadiidzóóh (first-person imperfective plural)
hadízóóh (imperfective second-person singular)
hadohsóóh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hadadohsóóh (imperfective plural second-person)
haidizóóh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hadeidizóóh (imperfective plural third-person)
hazhdizóóh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
hadazhdizóóh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hadíízoʼ (first-person perfective singular)
hadiidzoʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
hadadiidzoʼ (first-person perfective plural)
hadíínízoʼ (perfective second-person singular)
hadoozoʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
hadadoozoʼ (perfective plural second-person)
haidíízoʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
hadeideezoʼ (perfective plural third-person)
hazhdíízoʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
hadazhdeezoʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

ha- (“up out”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (“oral”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zóóh (imperfective stem of root -ZOʼ, “to spit”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zóóh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZOʼ</i>


achįʼ

ashchįʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
iichįʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiichįʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
íchįʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
ohchįʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼohchįʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
achįʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼachįʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
ajichįʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjichįʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ashéchąąʼ (first-person perfective singular)
ashiichąąʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼshiichąąʼ (first-person perfective plural)
ashíníchąąʼ (perfective second-person singular)
ashoochąąʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼshoochąąʼ (perfective plural second-person)
azhchąąʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼazhchąąʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ajizhchąąʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjizhchąąʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshchįįł (first-person future singular)
adiichįįł (duoplural first-person future)
daʼdiichįįł (first-person future plural)
adííchįįł (future second-person singular)
adoohchįįł (duoplural future second-person)
daʼdoohchįįł (future plural second-person)
adoochįįł (duoplural future singular third-person)
daʼdoochįįł (future plural third-person)
azhdoochįįł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhʼdoochįįł (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chįʼ (imperfective stem of root -CHĄĄʼ, “to defecate”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chįʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHĄĄʼ</i>


nízin

nisin (first-person imperfective singular)
niidzin (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniidzin (first-person imperfective plural)
nínízin (imperfective second-person singular)
nohsin (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danohsin (imperfective plural second-person)
nízin (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
danízin (imperfective plural third-person)
jinízin (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daznízin (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ni- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zin (neuter imperfective stem of root -ZĮĮD, “to think, to know”).
This verb exhibits irregular tones on the inner prefix /ni/ syllable in the second-person singular and third-person singular and duoplural forms.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zin</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZĮĮD</i>

Ashkii léi háágóó deeyá nínízin?

George shíká adoolwoł nisin.

George bíká adeeshwoł nízin.

George wants to help him. (lit. George thinks “I will help him”.)

George jíká adeeshwoł nízin.

George wants to help me. (lit. George thinks “I will help him (4th person)”.)

ahééh nízin

bił nízin

dibááʼ nízin

dichin nízin

tsį́į́ł nízin

(in a number of set expressions) he/she feels:


yinízin

nisin (first-person imperfective singular)
niidzin (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniidzin (first-person imperfective plural)
nínízin (imperfective second-person singular)
nohsin (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danohsin (imperfective plural second-person)
yinízin (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deinízin (imperfective plural third-person)
jinízin (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daznízin (fourth-person imperfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ni- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zin (neuter imperfective stem of root -ZĮĮD, “to think, to know”).
This verb exhibits irregular tones on the inner prefix /ni/ syllable in the second-person singular and third-person singular and duoplural forms.

nv-prefixes

tó łaʼ nisin.

doo nisin da.

doo nisxin da.


néíshoh

náshoh (first-person imperfective singular)
néiilzhoh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nídeiilzhoh (first-person imperfective plural)
náníshoh (imperfective second-person singular)
náhshoh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nídaahshoh (imperfective plural second-person)
néíshoh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nídeishoh (imperfective plural third-person)
níjíshoh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nídajishoh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
níshéshoh (first-person perfective singular)
níshiilzhoh (duoplural first-person perfective)
nídashiilzhoh (first-person perfective plural)
níshíníshoh (perfective second-person singular)
níshooshoh (duoplural perfective second-person)
nídashooshoh (perfective plural second-person)
néíshoh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nídeishoh (perfective plural third-person)
níjíshoh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nídajishoh (fourth-person perfective plural)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zhoh (conclusive imperfective stem of root -ZHO, “to moisten”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhoh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHO</i>


dizheeh

disheeh (first-person imperfective singular)
diijeeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiijeeh (first-person imperfective plural)
dízheeh (imperfective second-person singular)
dohsheeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadohsheeh (imperfective plural second-person)
dizheeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadizheeh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidizheeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdizheeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
díízhééʼ (first-person perfective singular)
diijééʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiijééʼ (first-person perfective plural)
díínízhééʼ (perfective second-person singular)
doozhééʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoozhééʼ (perfective plural second-person)
díízhééʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadíízhééʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jidíízhééʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdíízhééʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

di- (“oral”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zheeh (imperfective stem of root -ZHÉÉʼ, “to spit”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zheeh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHÉÉʼ</i>


yiyiighas

yiisxas (first-person imperfective singular)
yiigas (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiigas (first-person imperfective plural)
yiighas (imperfective second-person singular)
woohhas (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohhas (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiighas (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiighas (imperfective plural third-person)
jiighas (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiighas (fourth-person imperfective plural)
séghas (first-person perfective singular)
siigas (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiigas (first-person perfective plural)
síníghas (perfective second-person singular)
sooghas (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasooghas (perfective plural second-person)
yizghas (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deizghas (perfective plural third-person)
jizghas (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajizghas (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ghas (semelfactive imperfective stem of root -GHAZ, “to scratch”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ghas</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GHAZ</i>

he/she is scratching him/her/it once, giving him/her/it a scratch


haatih

haashtih (first-person imperfective singular)
haiitih (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hadeiitih (first-person imperfective plural)
hanitih (imperfective second-person singular)
haahtih (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hadaahtih (imperfective plural second-person)
haatih (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hadaatih (imperfective plural third-person)
hajitih (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
hadajitih (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hasistih (first-person perfective singular)
hasiitih (duoplural first-person perfective)
hadasiitih (first-person perfective plural)
hasínítih (perfective second-person singular)
hasoohtih (duoplural perfective second-person)
hadasoohtih (perfective plural second-person)
haastih (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
hadaastih (perfective plural third-person)
hajistih (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
hadajistih (fourth-person perfective plural)

ha- (“aging”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tih (conclusive imperfective stem of root -TIH, “to be old”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tih</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TIH</i>


head

nv:Beʼekʼid Honeezítsoh Bibąąhgi Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah


yooʼį́

yishʼį́ (first-person perfective singular)
yiitʼį́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deíníitʼį́ (first-person perfective plural)
yíníʼį́ (perfective second-person singular)
wohʼį́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
deínóhʼį́ (perfective plural second-person)
yooʼį́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deíʼį́ (perfective plural third-person)
jooʼį́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajíʼį́ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ʼį́ (neuter perfective stem of root -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to look”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼį́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼĮ́Į́ʼ</i>


néíłʼah

náshʼah (first-person imperfective singular)
néiilʼah (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nídeiilʼah (first-person imperfective plural)
náníłʼah (imperfective second-person singular)
náłʼah (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nídaałʼah (imperfective plural second-person)
néíłʼah (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nídeiłʼah (imperfective plural third-person)
níjíłʼah (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nídajiłʼah (fourth-person imperfective plural)
níséłʼah (first-person perfective singular)
nísiilʼah (duoplural first-person perfective)
nídasiilʼah (first-person perfective plural)
nísíníłʼah (perfective second-person singular)
nísoołʼah (duoplural perfective second-person)
nídasoołʼah (perfective plural second-person)
néísʼah (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nídeisʼah (perfective plural third-person)
níjísʼah (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nídajisʼah (fourth-person perfective plural)

ná- (thematic) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + ʼah (conclusive imperfective stem of root -ʼAH, “to butcher”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">ʼah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ʼAH</i>


ółtaʼ

object (unspecified)
ííníshtaʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
ííníiltaʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼííníiltaʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
ííníłtaʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
íínółtaʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼíínółtaʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
ółtaʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼółtaʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
ájółtaʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjółtaʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ííłtaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
íiltaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼíiltaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
ííníłtaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
óołtaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼóołtaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
ííłtaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼííłtaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ájííłtaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjííłtaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
íídéeshtah (first-person future singular)
íídíiltah (duoplural first-person future)
daʼíídíiltah (first-person future plural)
íídííłtah (future second-person singular)
íídóołtah (duoplural future second-person)
daʼíídóołtah (future plural second-person)
íídóołtah (duoplural future singular third-person)
daʼíídóołtah (future plural third-person)
íízhdóołtah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
daʼíízhdóołtah (fourth-person future plural)
náʼííníshtah (first-person singular)
náʼííníiltah (duoplural first-person)
ńdaʼííníiltah (first-person plural)
náʼííníłtah (second-person singular)
náʼíínółtah (duoplural second-person)
ńdaʼíínółtah (plural second-person)
náʼółtah (duoplural singular third-person)
ńdaʼółtah (plural third-person)
náʼjółtah (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ńdaʼjółtah (fourth-person plural)
óoshtaʼ (first-person singular)
óoltaʼ (duoplural first-person)
daʼóoltaʼ (first-person plural)
óółtaʼ (second-person singular)
óołtaʼ (duoplural second-person)
daʼóołtaʼ (plural second-person)
óltaʼ (duoplural singular third-person)
daʼółtaʼ (plural third-person)
ajółtaʼ (duoplural fourth-person singular)
daʼjółtaʼ (fourth-person plural)

[ʔo̞ɬ˦.txäʔ˨]

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -ó- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -ł- (classifier) + -taʼ (imperfective stem of root -TAʼ, “to read”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-taʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TAʼ</i>

Diné bizaad baa ííníshtaʼ

Shaʼáłchíní áadi daʼółtaʼ.

he/she is attending school, goes to school


neeznáá dah yíjihí

(card games) Navajo tens (a popular card game similar to gin rummy)


iizhííd

iishííd (first-person imperfective singular)
iijííd (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiijííd (first-person imperfective plural)
anizhííd (imperfective second-person singular)
oohshííd (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaahshííd (imperfective plural second-person)
iizhííd (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaazhííd (imperfective plural third-person)
ajizhííd (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajizhííd (fourth-person imperfective plural)
iishííł (first-person singular)
iijííł (duoplural first-person)
adeiijííł (first-person plural)
anizhííł (second-person singular)
oohshííł (duoplural second-person)
adaahshííł (plural second-person)
iizhííł (duoplural singular third-person)
adaazhííł (plural third-person)
ajizhííł (duoplural fourth-person singular)
adajizhííł (fourth-person plural)
íízhil (first-person perfective singular)
iijil (duoplural first-person perfective)
adashiijil (first-person perfective plural)
íínízhil (perfective second-person singular)
oozhil (duoplural perfective second-person)
adashoozhil (perfective plural second-person)
íízhil (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adaazhil (perfective plural third-person)
ajíízhil (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajizhil (fourth-person perfective plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zhííd (imperfective stem of root -ZHIL, “to breathe”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhííd</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHIL</i>

he/she is breathing in, inhaling, gasping


nádleeh

náshdleeh (first-person imperfective singular)
néiidleeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nídeiidleeh (first-person imperfective plural)
nánídleeh (imperfective second-person singular)
náhdleeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nídaahdleeh (imperfective plural second-person)
nádleeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nídaadleeh (imperfective plural third-person)
níjídleeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nídajidleeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
náhádleeh (spatial-person)
nísísdlį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
nísiidlį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
nídasiidlį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
nísínídlį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
nísoohdlį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
nídasoohdlį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
násdlį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nídaasdlį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
níjísdlį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nídajisdlį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
náhásdlį́į́ʼ (spatial-person)

ná- (“back”, reversionary) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier, shift triggered by ná-) + -leeh (imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to become”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-leeh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

(reversionary of yileeh,“to become”) he/she is reverting to a previous state or condition


diiłheeł

diishheeł (first-person imperfective singular)
diilyeeł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiilyeeł (first-person imperfective plural)
diiłheeł (imperfective second-person singular)
doołheeł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadoołheeł (imperfective plural second-person)
diiłheeł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadiiłheeł (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiiłheeł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiiłheeł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
diiłheel (first-person perfective singular)
diilyeel (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiilyeel (first-person perfective plural)
diniłheel (perfective second-person singular)
doołheel (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoołheel (perfective plural second-person)
diiłheel (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadiiłheel (perfective plural third-person)
jidiiłheel (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdiiłheel (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideeshhił (first-person future singular)
didiilhił (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiilhił (first-person future plural)
didííłhił (future second-person singular)
didoołhił (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoołhił (future plural second-person)
didoołhił (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadidoołhił (future plural third-person)
jididoołhił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidoołhił (fourth-person future plural)

di- (“oral”) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -yeeł (imperfective stem of root -YÉÉL, “to be calm”).
The root onset, originally *gh (> y), devoices after ł-classifier: ł + ghéél > ł + héél.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yeeł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YÉÉL</i>

(intransitive) he/she is calming down, becoming quiet

Second-person singular imperfective form of diiłheeł


dáʼákaz

Compound of dą́ą́ʼ (“food, corn”) + akaz (“stalk, stem”).


yiyiiłbááh

yiishbááh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilbááh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilbááh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłbááh (imperfective second-person singular)
woołbááh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołbááh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłbááh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłbááh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłbááh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłbááh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiiłbaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yiilbaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiilbaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yiniłbaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
woołbaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołbaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłbaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiiłbaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jiiłbaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiiłbaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -bááh (transitional imperfective stem of root -BAʼ, “to be gray”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-bááh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BAʼ</i>


neishood

naashood (first-person imperfective singular)
neiilzhood (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nideiilzhood (first-person imperfective plural)
nanishood (imperfective second-person singular)
naahshood (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nidaahshood (imperfective plural second-person)
neishood (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nideishood (imperfective plural third-person)
nijishood (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nidajishood (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nishéshóód (first-person perfective singular)
nishiilzhóód (duoplural first-person perfective)
nidashiilzhóód (first-person perfective plural)
nishíníshóód (perfective second-person singular)
nishooshóód (duoplural perfective second-person)
nidashooshóód (perfective plural second-person)
neishóód (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nideishóód (perfective plural third-person)
nijishóód (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nidajishóód (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeeshoł (first-person future singular)
ndiilzhoł (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiilzhoł (first-person future plural)
ndííshoł (future second-person singular)
ndoohshoł (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoohshoł (future plural second-person)
neidooshoł (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndeidooshoł (future plural third-person)
nizhdooshoł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdooshoł (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -zhood (continuative imperfective stem of root -ZHÓÓD, “a bulky object moves, slides”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhood</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHÓÓD</i>

nv-link-to-root

he/she is dragging it around, hauling it around


iisááł

iisááł (first-person imperfective singular)
iilzááł (duoplural first-person imperfective)
adeiilzááł (first-person imperfective plural)
anisááł (imperfective second-person singular)
oohsááł (duoplural imperfective second-person)
adaahsááł (imperfective plural second-person)
iisááł (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
adaasááł (imperfective plural third-person)
ajisááł (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
adajisááł (fourth-person imperfective plural)
íísaal (first-person perfective singular)
iilzaal (duoplural first-person perfective)
adasiilzaal (first-person perfective plural)
íínísaal (perfective second-person singular)
oosaal (duoplural perfective second-person)
adasoosaal (perfective plural second-person)
íísaal (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
adaasaal (perfective plural third-person)
ajíísaal (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
adajisaal (fourth-person perfective plural)

ʼa- (“away”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -zááł (imperfective stem of root -ZAAL, “to dash”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zááł</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZAAL</i>

he/she is running away, speeding away, dashing away

First-person singular imperfective form of iisááł


yighą́

yishhą́ (first-person imperfective singular)
yiigą́ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiigą́ (first-person imperfective plural)
nighą́ (imperfective second-person singular)
wohhą́ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daahhą́ (imperfective plural second-person)
yighą́ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deighą́ (imperfective plural third-person)
jighą́ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajighą́ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yíghą́ą́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yiigą́ą́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiigą́ą́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yíníghą́ą́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
wooghą́ą́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daooghą́ą́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yiyííghą́ą́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayííghą́ą́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jííghą́ą́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajííghą́ą́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ghą́ (imperfective stem of root -GHĄ́Ą́ʼ, “to kill 2+ objects”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ghą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GHĄ́Ą́ʼ</i>


yiłąąh

yishłąąh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiidląąh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiidląąh (first-person imperfective plural)
niłąąh (imperfective second-person singular)
wohłąąh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daahłąąh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiłąąh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deiłąąh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiłąąh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiłąąh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yíłąąd (first-person perfective singular)
yiidląąd (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiidląąd (first-person perfective plural)
yíníłąąd (perfective second-person singular)
woołąąd (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołąąd (perfective plural second-person)
yiyííłąąd (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayííłąąd (perfective plural third-person)
jííłąąd (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajííłąąd (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -ląąh (imperfective stem of root -LĄĄD, “to increase”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ląąh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĄĄD</i>

he/she is increasing the number of them, producing many of them


íílééh

áshłééh (first-person imperfective singular)
íilnééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádeiilnééh (first-person imperfective plural)
ánílééh (imperfective second-person singular)
óhłééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádaahłééh (imperfective plural second-person)
íílééh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádeilééh (imperfective plural third-person)
ájílééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádajilééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
álnééh (passive)
ábiʼdilnééh (agentive passive)
áshłaa (first-person perfective singular)
íishłaa (first-person perfective singular)
íilyaa (duoplural first-person perfective)
ádeiilyaa (first-person perfective plural)
íinilaa (perfective second-person singular)
óohłaa (duoplural perfective second-person)
ádaoohłaa (perfective plural second-person)
áyiilaa (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
ádayiilaa (perfective plural third-person)
ájiilaa (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
ádajiilaa (fourth-person perfective plural)
ályaa (passive)
ábiʼdiilyaa (agentive passive)
ádeeshłííł (first-person future singular)
ádiilnííł (duoplural first-person future)
ádadiilnííł (first-person future plural)
ádíílííł (future second-person singular)
ádoohłííł (duoplural future second-person)
ádadoohłííł (future plural second-person)
íidoolííł (duoplural future singular third-person)
ádeidoolííł (future plural third-person)
ázhdoolííł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ádazhdoolííł (fourth-person future plural)
ádoolnííł (passive)
ábidiʼdoolnííł (agentive passive)
ánéishʼįįh (first-person singular)
ánéiilʼįįh (duoplural first-person)
áńdeiilʼįįh (first-person plural)
ánéilʼįįh (second-person singular)
ánáoołʼįįh (duoplural second-person)
áńdaoołʼįįh (plural second-person)
ánáyiilʼįįh (duoplural singular third-person)
áńdayiilʼįįh (plural third-person)
áńjiilʼįįh (duoplural fourth-person singular)
áńdajiilʼįįh (fourth-person plural)

ʼá- (“thus”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -nééh (imperfective stem of root -YAA, “to make”).
Classifier and stem-initial merge as follows:
* ł + -nééh > -∅-lééh
* ł + -yaa > -∅-laa
The stem initial reappears under d-effect (1st person duoplural and passives):
* d + ł + -nééh > -l-nééh
* d + ł + -yaa > -l-yaa.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YAA</i>

Bááh ádeiilnééh.

(with łahgo) he/she is changing it, altering it


nteel

Alternative form of niteel (“it is wide, broad”)


áłtʼą́ą́ʼígo

head

áłtʼą́ą́ʼígo

Nahasdzáán áłtʼą́ą́ʼígo dah sikaad.


deeskʼaaz

it (the weather) is cold (perfective form of diłkʼáás, “to start to get cold”)


yiyiishį́į́h

yiishį́į́h (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilzhį́į́h (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilzhį́į́h (first-person imperfective plural)
yiishį́į́h (imperfective second-person singular)
woohshį́į́h (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohshį́į́h (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiishį́į́h (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiishį́į́h (imperfective plural third-person)
jiishį́į́h (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiishį́į́h (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiishį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yiilzhį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiilzhį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yinishį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
wooshį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daooshį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiishį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiishį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jiishį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiishį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -zhį́į́h (transitional imperfective stem of root -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ, “to be black”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhį́į́h</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

he/she is turning it black, he/she is blackening it


hweʼesdzáán

hwi- (impersonal 3rd-person possessive) + asdzáán (“woman”)

pre

beʼesdzáán

sheʼesdzáán


bikétłʼóól

/pɪ̀kɛ́t͡ɬʼóːl/

bi- (“his/her/its/their”) + ké (“foot”) + tłʼóól (“weaving, winding”), akin to bitłʼóól (“thread”) and one of the stem forms from atłʼó (“he/she/it is weaving”)


chʼil látah hózhóón

chʼil (“plant”) + álátah (“tips”) + hózhóón (“it is beautiful”)


anághah

shinághah (first-person singular)
nihinághah (duoplural first-person)
danihinághah (first-person plural)
ninághah (second-person singular)
nihinághah (duoplural second-person)
danihinághah (plural second-person)
binághah (third-person)
yinághah (fourth-person)
hanághah (fourth-person)
anághah (indefinite)


ayid

shiyid (first-person singular)
nihiyid (duoplural first-person)
danihiyid (first-person plural)
niyid (second-person singular)
nihiyid (duoplural second-person)
danihiyid (plural second-person)
biyid (third-person)
yiyid (fourth-person)
hayid (fourth-person)
ayid (indefinite)


akágí

shikágí (first-person singular)
nihikágí (duoplural first-person)
danihikágí (first-person plural)
nikágí (second-person singular)
nihikágí (duoplural second-person)
danihikágí (plural second-person)
bikágí (third-person)
yikágí (fourth-person)
hakágí (fourth-person)
akágí (indefinite)

From akááʼ (“something's surface”) + -í (nominalizer).


ajaaʼ

shijaaʼ (first-person singular)
nihijaaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihijaaʼ (first-person plural)
nijaaʼ (second-person singular)
nihijaaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihijaaʼ (plural second-person)
bijaaʼ (third-person)
yijaaʼ (fourth-person)
hajaaʼ (fourth-person)
ajaaʼ (indefinite)


áláshgaan

shíláshgaan (first-person singular)
nihíláshgaan (duoplural first-person)
danihíláshgaan (first-person plural)
níláshgaan (second-person singular)
nihíláshgaan (duoplural second-person)
danihíláshgaan (plural second-person)
bíláshgaan (third-person)
yíláshgaan (fourth-person)
háláshgaan (fourth-person)
áláshgaan (indefinite)

From álaʼ (“hand”) + -sh- (ligature) + -gan (“dried up”, from -GAN, “to wither”) + -ii (nominalizer).


sikaad

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kaad (neuter perfective stem of root -KAAD, “flatness moves or stands”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kaad</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KAAD</i>

it lies, spreads out, is in position (a spreading object as a brush, vegetation, fog, a blanket, a sheet of ice or a body of water)


áníłtsááz

ʼá- (comparative) + -ní- (comparative) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tsaaz (imperfective stem of root -TSAAZ, “to be thick”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsaaz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSAAZ</i>


sikʼaz

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kʼaz (neuter perfective stem of root -KʼAAZ, “to be cold”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kʼaz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KʼAAZ</i>


áłtsʼíísí

ánístsʼíísí (first-person imperfective singular)
ániiltsʼíísí (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádaniiltsʼíísí (first-person imperfective plural)
áníłtsʼíísí (imperfective second-person singular)
ánółtsʼíísí (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádanołtsʼíísí (imperfective plural second-person)
áłtsʼíísí (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádaałtsʼíísí (imperfective plural third-person)
ájíłtsʼíísí (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádajíłtsʼíísí (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼá- (comparative) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsʼíísí (neuter imperfective stem of root -TSʼÍÍSÍ, “to be small”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼíísí</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSʼÍÍSÍ</i>

Shighan áłtsʼíísí yeeʼ.


áłtsʼóózí

ánístsʼóózí (first-person imperfective singular)
ániiltsʼóózí (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádaniiltsʼóózí (first-person imperfective plural)
áníłtsʼóózí (imperfective second-person singular)
ánółtsʼóózí (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádanołtsʼóózí (imperfective plural second-person)
áłtsʼóózí (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádaałtsʼóózí (imperfective plural third-person)
ájíłtsʼóózí (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádajíłtsʼóózí (fourth-person imperfective plural)
áhoołtsʼóózí (spatial-person)

/ʔɑ́ɬt͡sʼóːzɪ́/

ʼá- (comparative) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tsʼóóz (imperfective stem of root -TSʼÓÓZÍ, “to be slender”) + -í (nominalizing suffix), resulting noun later repurposed as a verb.

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsʼóóz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSʼÓÓZÍ</i>


akʼos

sikʼos (first-person singular)
nihikʼos (duoplural first-person)
danihikʼos (first-person plural)
nikʼos (second-person singular)
nihikʼos (duoplural second-person)
danihikʼos (plural second-person)
bikʼos (third-person)
yikʼos (fourth-person)
hakʼos (fourth-person)
akʼos (indefinite)


náʼálkad

Simple passive of náʼáłkad : sewing is taking place


tsʼííh niidóóh

fever (especially a fever due to the seasonal flu)

Tsʼííh niidóóh bitsʼą́ą́ʼ naa adootsihísh nínízin?


kʼézdon

kʼí- (“straight”) + -z- (si-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -don (neuter perfective stem of root -DǪǪD, “to straighten up”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-don</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DǪǪD</i>


deení

di- (thematic) + -ee- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ní (neuter imperfective stem of root -NÍ, “to be sharp”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ní</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NÍ</i>

doo deení da


atsʼééʼ

sitsʼééʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsʼééʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsʼééʼ (first-person plural)
nitsʼééʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsʼééʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsʼééʼ (plural second-person)
bitsʼééʼ (third-person)
yitsʼééʼ (fourth-person)
hatsʼééʼ (fourth-person)
atsʼééʼ (indefinite)


bízhiʼ

shízhiʼ (first-person singular)
nihízhiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihízhiʼ (first-person plural)
nízhiʼ (second-person singular)
nihízhiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihízhiʼ (plural second-person)
bízhiʼ (third-person)
yízhiʼ (fourth-person)
házhiʼ (fourth-person)
ázhiʼ (indefinite)


álánééz

shílánééz (first-person singular)
nihílánééz (duoplural first-person)
danihílánééz (first-person plural)
nílánééz (second-person singular)
nihílánééz (duoplural second-person)
danihílánééz (plural second-person)
bílánééz (third-person)
yílánééz (fourth-person)
hálánééz (fourth-person)
álánééz (indefinite)

/ʔɑ́lɑ́néːz/

álaʼ (“finger”) + -nééz (neuter comparative stem of root -NEEZ, “to be long, tall”), from Proto-Athabaskan *nʸe̓z, from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *nʸeʼs (“long, tall”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nééz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NEEZ</i>


dilkǫǫh

di- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -kǫǫh (imperfective stem of root -KǪʼ, “to be smooth”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kǫǫh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KǪʼ</i>


diltłiʼ

di- (“fire”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tłiʼ (imperfective stem of root -TŁAH, “to burn”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłiʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁAH</i>


daatsaah

daastsaah (first-person imperfective singular)
danitsaah (imperfective second-person singular)
daatsaah (imperfective singular third-person)
dajitsaah (fourth-person imperfective singular)
dasétsą́ (first-person perfective singular)
dasínítsą́ (perfective second-person singular)
daaztsą́ (perfective singular third-person)
dajiztsą́ (fourth-person perfective singular)
dadeestsaał (first-person future singular)
dadíítsaał (future second-person singular)
dadootsaał (future singular third-person)
dazhdootsaał (fourth-person future singular)
daostsaał (first-person singular)
daóótsaał (second-person singular)
daotsaał (singular third-person)
dajótsaał (fourth-person singular)

da- (“death”, disjunct prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsaah (imperfective stem of root -TSĄ́, “to die — 1 actor”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsaah</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSĄ́</i>

Shizhéʼé sitsʼą́ą́ʼ daaztsą́.

Ooljééʼ daaztsą́.

(with ooljééʼ or jóhonaaʼéí) there is an eclipse


naalkidgo bee bééhoʼdílzin

naalkid (“(a movie) is rolled”) + -go (“while”) + bee (“by means of it”) + bééhoʼdílzin (“he is famous”)


naaldeehii daʼalghałígíí

naaldeehii (“animals”) + daʼalghał (“they eat (meat)”) + -ígíí (“...type of thing”, nominalizing suffix)

Carnivore, as a classification of a group of animals.


daʼalghał

da- (distributive plural) + ʼa- (unspecified object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -ghał (“to chew something meaty”, imperfective verb stem)

(in general, object unspecified): They eat (meat): third person plural form of alghał (“he/she/it eats (meat)”), the generic form of yilghał (“he/she/it eats something (meat)”).


yidiłid

dishłid (first-person imperfective singular)
diidlid (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiidlid (first-person imperfective plural)
díłid (imperfective second-person singular)
dohłid (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadohłid (imperfective plural second-person)
yidiłid (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deidiłid (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiłid (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiłid (fourth-person imperfective plural)
dííłid (first-person perfective singular)
diidlid (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiidlid (first-person perfective plural)
dííníłid (perfective second-person singular)
doołid (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoołid (perfective plural second-person)
yidííłid (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deidííłid (perfective plural third-person)
jidííłid (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdííłid (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideeshłił (first-person future singular)
didiilił (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiilił (first-person future plural)
didííłił (future second-person singular)
didoohłił (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoohłił (future plural second-person)
yididoołił (duoplural future singular third-person)
deididoołił (future plural third-person)
jididoołił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidoołił (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (“fire”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -lid (durative imperfective stem of root -LID, “to burn”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-lid</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LID</i>


nibéédahwiizįįhgo

when information concerning it is acquired


Iithiyópya

/ìː.θɪ̀.jó.pʰjɑ̀/

From English Ethiopia, from Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπία (Aithiopía). Historical orthography. Note that p only appears in borrowed words.


yidiiłtłʼíísh

diishtłʼíísh (first-person imperfective singular)
diiltłʼíísh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiiltłʼíísh (first-person imperfective plural)
diiłtłʼíísh (imperfective second-person singular)
doołtłʼíísh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadoołtłʼíísh (imperfective plural second-person)
yidiiłtłʼíísh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deidiiłtłʼíísh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiiłtłʼíísh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiiłtłʼíísh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
diiłtłʼiizh (first-person perfective singular)
diiltłʼiizh (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiiltłʼiizh (first-person perfective plural)
diniłtłʼiizh (perfective second-person singular)
doołtłʼiizh (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoołtłʼiizh (perfective plural second-person)
yidiiłtłʼiizh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deidiiłtłʼiizh (perfective plural third-person)
jidiiłtłʼiizh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdiiłtłʼiizh (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (“color”) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -tłʼíísh (imperfective stem of root -TŁʼIIZH, “to be blue”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼíísh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼIIZH</i>


ghąąjįʼ

hwííshgháán (“one’s back”) + -jįʼ (“against it”)


tsį́įłgo yilkiłígíí

ashdlaʼáadah tsį́įłgo yilkiłígíí biyiʼ


akałii

/ʔɑ̀kʰɑ̀ɬìː/


Daakǫʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


shikéédę́ę́ʼ

head

shikéédę́ę́ʼ


bideiidę́ęʼgo

/pɪ̀tɛ̀ìːtẽ̂ːʔkò/


shinaagóó

/ʃɪ̀nɑ̀ːkóː/


shíká

shíká (first-person singular)
nihíká (duoplural first-person)
níká (second-person singular)
nihíká (duoplural second-person)
bíká (third-person)
yíká (fourth-person)
háká (fourth-person)
áká (fourth-person singular)
áká (reflexive singular)
ádíká (reflexive singular)
áłká (duoplural reciprocal)
ahíłká (duoplural reciprocal)


shikééʼ

shikééʼ (first-person singular)
nihikééʼ (duoplural first-person)
nikééʼ (second-person singular)
nihikééʼ (duoplural second-person)
bikééʼ (third-person)
yikééʼ (fourth-person)
hakééʼ (fourth-person)
akééʼ (fourth-person singular)
ákééʼ (reflexive singular)
ałkééʼ (duoplural reciprocal)
ahiłkééʼ (duoplural reciprocal)


ałeeh

ashłeeh (first-person imperfective singular)
iidleeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiidleeh (first-person imperfective plural)
íłeeh (imperfective second-person singular)
ohłeeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼohłeeh (imperfective plural second-person)
ałeeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼałeeh (imperfective plural third-person)
ajiłeeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjiłeeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
aleeh (passive)
aséłį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective singular)
asiidlį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼsiidlį́į́ʼ (first-person perfective plural)
asíníłį́į́ʼ (perfective second-person singular)
asoołį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼsoołį́į́ʼ (perfective plural second-person)
asłį́į́ʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼasłį́į́ʼ (perfective plural third-person)
ajisłį́į́ʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjisłį́į́ʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
azlį́į́ʼ (passive)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -leeh (imperfective stem of root -LĮ́Į́ʼ, “to become”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-leeh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-LĮ́Į́ʼ</i>

he/she is putting on an event, throwing a party

bą́ą́h ashłeeh

bą́ą́h aleeh

he/she sets a price, establishes a value

bee lą aséłį́į́ʼ

(with bee lą) he/she is approving it, agreeing to it (as a contract or proposal)


-dą́ą́ʼ

dąądą́ą́ʼ

yę́ędą́ą́ʼ


Ndaʼiiníísh Yáʼátʼéehii

Ndaʼiiníísh (“Friday”) + yáʼátʼééh (“good”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


-ę́ę

deeztʼiʼę́ę

ńtʼę́ʼę́ę

at that time back then (forms ending in -ę́ę are often part of a narrative when telling a story)


Jesus Biʼdiisxínę́ędą́ą́ʼ Bééhániih

Jesus + biʼdiisxį́ (“he was killed”) + -ę́ę (“at that time back then”) + -dą́ą́ʼ (“marking a point in the past”) + bééhániih (“it is remembered”)


áníldííl

áníshdííl (first-person imperfective singular)
ániildííl (duoplural first-person imperfective)
ádaniildííl (first-person imperfective plural)
áníníldííl (imperfective second-person singular)
ánółdííl (duoplural imperfective second-person)
ádanółdííl (imperfective plural second-person)
áníldííl (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
ádaníldííl (imperfective plural third-person)
ázhníldííl (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
ádazhníldííl (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼá- (comparative) + -ní- (comparative) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -dííl (imperfective stem of root -DÍÍL, “to be large”).

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dííl</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DÍÍL</i>


ałtaaneesdiz

ʼał- (reciprocal) + -tah- (comitative) + -ni- (thematic) + -si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -diz (perfective stem of root -DIZ, “to twist”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-diz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DIZ</i>


head

Jesus Daaztsą́ą́dę́ę́ʼ Náádiidzáhígíí Bééhániih

Jesus + daaztsą́ (“he died”) + -dę́ę́ʼ (“from”) + náádiidzá (“he arose (from the dead)”) (from -d- (classifier) + -yá (perfective stem meaning to go on foot)) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”) + bééhániih (“it is remembered”)


Jesus Biʼdiisyínę́ędą́ą́ʼ Bééhániih

Alternative form of Jesus Biʼdiisxínę́ędą́ą́ʼ Bééhániih


adiníłdíín

adííníshdíín (first-person imperfective singular)
adííníildíín (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼdííníildíín (first-person imperfective plural)
adííníłdíín (imperfective second-person singular)
adíínółdíín (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼdíínółdíín (imperfective plural second-person)
adiníłdíín (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼdiníłdíín (imperfective plural third-person)
adizhníłdíín (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiʼníłdíín (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (“fire”) + -ní- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -ł- (classifier) + -díín (imperfective stem of root -DÍÍN, “light shines”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-díín</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DÍÍN</i>

he/she/it is directing, casting or reflecting light


bihónéedząąh

bihónéedząąh (singular third-person)
bihónéedzą́ (singular third-person)
bihónéesdząąd (singular third-person)

b- (3rd person indirect object prefix) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -ní- (comparative) + -ee- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -dząąh (imperfective stem of root -DZĄĄD, “to be possible”).
The stem may actually be -ząąh, potentially ultimately deriving from the root -YĄĄD ("to be wise", see honisą/hóyą). Compare Chipewyan hurélyą (“good weather”) and Tsuut'ina nanidhzoh (“get well”).
Other difficulties are the origin of the high tone on ho- and the pre-stem long -née- (possibly from ní- + ni- ?), only found in few other bases (see ánéeltʼeʼ).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-dząąh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DZĄĄD</i>


bikééʼ

bi- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kééʼ (noun/postposition stem used as a verb stem)

tábąąhgóó bikééʼ

tábąąhgóó akééʼ

there is a line of footprints along the shore

his/her/its tracks extend, lead somewhere


náházo

náháso (first-person imperfective singular)
náhwiidzo (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nídahwiidzo (first-person imperfective plural)
náhózo (imperfective second-person singular)
náhóhso (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nídahohso (imperfective plural second-person)
náházo (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nídahazo (imperfective plural third-person)
náhojizo (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nídahojizo (fourth-person imperfective plural)
náhosézo (first-person perfective singular)
náhosiidzo (duoplural first-person perfective)
nídahosiidzo (first-person perfective plural)
náhosínízo (perfective second-person singular)
náhosoozo (duoplural perfective second-person)
nídahosoozo (perfective plural second-person)
náházo (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nídahazo (perfective plural third-person)
náhojizo (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nídahojizo (fourth-person perfective plural)

ná- (“around”) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -zo (continuative imperfective stem of root -ZO, “to mark”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zo</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZO</i>

Third-person singular and dual perfective form of náházo


chʼííłʼá

chʼíníshʼá (first-person imperfective singular)
chʼíniilʼá (duoplural first-person imperfective)
chʼídaniilʼá (first-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníłʼá (imperfective second-person singular)
chʼínółʼá (duoplural imperfective second-person)
chʼídanołʼá (imperfective plural second-person)
chʼííłʼá (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
chʼídeíłʼá (imperfective plural third-person)
chʼíjíłʼá (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
chʼídajíłʼá (fourth-person imperfective plural)
chʼíníłʼaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
chʼíniilʼaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
chʼídaniilʼaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
chʼííníłʼaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
chʼínoołʼaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
chʼídanoołʼaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
chʼíiníłʼaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
chʼídeisʼaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
chʼízhníłʼaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
chʼídajisʼaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

he/she is sending him/her/it out, ordering him/her/it out


diigis

diisgis (first-person perfective singular)
diigis (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiigis (first-person perfective plural)
dinigis (perfective second-person singular)
doohgis (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoohgis (perfective plural second-person)
diigis (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadiigis (perfective plural third-person)
jidiigis (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdiigis (fourth-person perfective plural)

di- (inceptive) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -gis (neuter perfective stem of root -GIZ, “to twist”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gis</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GIZ</i>

first-person duoplural imperfective of diigis


deesdoi

di- (inceptive) + -si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -doi (neuter perfective stem of root -DOII, “to be hot”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-doi</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DOII</i>

Shił deesdoi


kin yaaʼáanii

towering house people, towering house clan


hónágháahnii

he-walks-around-one people, one-who-walks-around clan


tó áhání

near to water people, near to water clan


Dziłghą́ʼí

From dziłghą́ą́ʼ (“mountaintop, summit”) + -í (nominalizer).

White Mountain Apache Tribe, a Western Apache tribe


diichʼééh

diishchʼééh (first-person imperfective singular)
diichʼééh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiichʼééh (first-person imperfective plural)
diichʼééh (imperfective second-person singular)
doohchʼééh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadoohchʼééh (imperfective plural second-person)
diichʼééh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadiichʼééh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiichʼééh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiichʼééh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
diichʼeeʼ (first-person perfective singular)
diichʼeeʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiichʼeeʼ (first-person perfective plural)
dinichʼeeʼ (perfective second-person singular)
doochʼeeʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoochʼeeʼ (perfective plural second-person)
diichʼeeʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadiichʼeeʼ (perfective plural third-person)
jidiichʼeeʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdiichʼeeʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)

di- (“oral”) + -yi- (transitional) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chʼééh (imperfective stem of root -CHʼEEʼ, “to open the mouth”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼééh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼEEʼ</i>

Second-person singular imperfective form of diichʼééh

First-person dual imperfective form of diichʼééh


nízah

haa nízah

haa nízahdę́ę́ʼ

haa nízahjįʼ


hoditłééʼ

spatial-person imperfective of ditłééʼ (“the place is wet, damp, it is humid”)


doo ákótʼée da

doo bił ákótʼée da


díłchʼil

di- (adjectival) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -chʼil (neuter perfective stem of root -CHʼIL, “plant”)

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼil</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼIL</i>

it (vegetation or some non-compact material) is dense, thick