y

A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


is

as if, as if it were true, it could be, is it really?, what do you mean by that?, so you say expressing surprise


A

The first letter of the Navajo alphabet, called a and written in the Latin script.


i

i = /ɪ˨/

į = /ɪ̃˨/

í = /ɪ˥/

į́ = /ɪ̃˥/

ii = /iː˨˨/

įį = /ĩː˨˨/

íi = /iː˥˨/

į́į = /ĩː˥˨/

ií = /iː˨˥/

įį́ = /ĩː˨˥/

íí = /iː˥˥/

į́į́ = /ĩː˥˥/

The thirteenth letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script:


his

shihis (first-person singular)
nihihis (duoplural first-person)
danihihis (first-person plural)
nihis (second-person singular)
nihihis (duoplural second-person)
danihihis (plural second-person)
bihis (third-person)
yihis (fourth-person)
hahis (fourth-person)
ahis (indefinite)


o

ǫ = /õ˨/

ó = /o˥/

ǫ́ = /õ˥/

oo = /oː˨˨/

ǫǫ = /õː˨˨/

óo = /oː˥˨/

ǫ́ǫ = /õː˥˨/

oó = /oː˨˥/

ǫǫ́ = /õː˨˥/

óó = /oː˥˥/

ǫ́ǫ́ = /õː˥˥/

Navajo alphabet
Appendix:Roman script#Navajo alphabet

The twenty-second letter of the Navajo alphabet


bee

shee (first-person singular)
nihee (duoplural first-person)
nee (second-person singular)
nihee (duoplural second-person)
bee (third-person)
yee (fourth-person)
hee (fourth-person)
ee (fourth-person singular)
ádee (reflexive singular)
ahee (duoplural reciprocal)


tin

From the root -TIN (“to freeze”), from Proto-Athabaskan *tən (“ice, frost”).
Cognates:
* Apachean: Western Apache tįh, Chiricahua tį’, Lipan kįh
* Others: Hupa -tiŋ, Galice tʰɐn, Chilcotin tə̀n, Slavey tę̀, -téné’, Dogrib tǫ́, Dene Sųłiné tə̀n, Sarcee nistiní, Chipewyan tvn, Beaver istv́ni, Carrier tvn, Sekani tə̀n, Hän tán, Ahtna ten, Dena’ina tən.


god

From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɢᴜ̓t’.
Cognates:
* Apachean: Western Apache -god, Chiricahua -go’
* Others: Hupa -ɢot’, Mattole -goʔł, Galice -gʷay’, Chilcotin -gʷə́d, Slavey, Dogrib -gò, Chipewyan -gór, Sekani -gʷə̀de’, Beaver -gʷəd, Lower Tanana -gᴜd, Hän -gòd, Ahtna -ɢo’d, Dena'ina -ɢət’, Eyak -ɢuʰd


sin

biyiin (possessed-form)
shiyiin (first-person singular)
nihiyiin (duoplural first-person)
danihiyiin (first-person plural)
niyiin (second-person singular)
nihiyiin (duoplural second-person)
danihiyiin (plural second-person)
biyiin (third-person)
yiyiin (fourth-person)
hayiin (fourth-person)
ayiin (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *xʸən (“shaman's power, medicine, song”). Related to -YĮĮD (“to be holy”), from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸən (“to act as a shaman, to be endowed with supernatural powers”).
Compare Ahtna sen (“spiritual power, medicine”), Koyukon sən (“shaman's spirit”), Gwich'in shan (“shamanism, magic”), Tlingit shí, shī, shi(n) (“sing, song”), Eyak tsį, Dena'ina shen, Galice šan (“song”), Lipan shį̀.


kin

shikin (first-person singular)
nihikin (duoplural first-person)
danihikin (first-person plural)
nikin (second-person singular)
nihikin (duoplural second-person)
danihikin (plural second-person)
bikin (third-person)
yikin (fourth-person)
hakin (fourth-person)
akin (indefinite)

Kingóó déyá.


e

e = /ɛ˨/

ę = /ɛ̃˨/

é = /ɛ˥/

ę́ = /ɛ̃˥/

ee = /ɛː˨˨/

ęę = /ɛ̃ː˨˨/

ée = /ɛː˥˨/

ę́ę = /ɛ̃ː˥˨/

eé = /ɛː˨˥/

ęę́ = /ɛ̃ː˨˥/

éé = /ɛː˥˥/

ę́ę́ = /ɛ̃ː˥˥/

The eighth letter of the Navajo alphabet:


ni

Shí dóó ni ayóo ałk’is niidlį́.

Díí naaltsoos éí ni.

second person singular possessive pronoun yours


daan

Dąągo honeezílí łeh.


pop

Shichʼįʼ nił pop!


baa

shaa (first-person singular)
nihaa (duoplural first-person)
naa (second-person singular)
nihaa (duoplural second-person)
baa (third-person)
yaa (fourth-person)
haa (fourth-person)
aa (fourth-person singular)
ádaa (reflexive singular)
ahaa (duoplural reciprocal)

baa níʼą́


hai

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̣αy. Related to the root -HAI (“a winter or a year passes”).

Haigo deeskʼaaz łeh.


doo

doo ... da

doo yáʼátʼééh da

doo yáʼátʼéehii

doo naalnishii

doo bénáshniihígíí

With a nominalizer, forms a negative noun phrase:

Doo naashnishgóó níká adeeshwoł.

With a verb + -góó, forms a negative conditional:


doo

Dine bizaad bóhooshʼaah doo ńtʼééʼ.

Éí nizhóní doo ńtʼééʼ.

That would have been nice; that could have been nice.

ńtʼééʼ ńtʼééʼ#Navajo

When paired with ńtʼééʼ, forms a conditional:


da

doo yáʼátʼééh da


-ee

hashkéhee

tąądee

slowly, leisurely, gradually, little by little

tʼáá ádíláahee

tʼáá łaʼ bizhiʼee

tʼáá naʼńleʼee

tʼáadoo yistiʼee

tʼáá nanitʼinee

tsʼísee kehgo


di-

Represents multiple homophonous thematic and aspectual prefixes of position I and VI, whose exact meaning and etymology remain mostly speculative.

diidiłjeeh

diidiłjeeh

dilʼéés

dilwosh

disééh

yidiitsʼį́į́h

dinilgai

yą́ą́ʼdíłgééd

bidizóóh

diyin

kʼiidilé

yidiséí

hadii-

díní- (prolongative)

tádi- (diversative)

bibadi-

Unclassified, often entering in the formation of other prefix compounds

dighááh

Forms a number of inceptive verbs, with a (∅/si) paradigm.

dah diighááh

Forms a number of inchoative verbs, with prepounded dah and a transitional (yii/yii) paradigm.

doogááł

didoogááł

dah didoogááł

Forms the future mode of all active verbs along with the progressive yi-.

dijool


di-

Probably cognate with a prefix of similar shape occurring in other Athabascan languages a reflexive possessive pronoun.
Probably cognate with classifier -d- marking passive and reflexive verbs.

yishchʼid

nishchʼid

ádíshchʼid

ánáádíshchʼid

Personal prefix used in combination with the prefix of position I à-, marking the reflexive verbs. It always triggers a classifier shift (∅ → d, ł → l).


gaan

gąą- (in-compounds)
gą- (in-compounds)
gan- (in-compounds)
-gaan (canonical)

From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɢa̓·ŋ-əʔ.
Cognates:
* Apachean: Western Apache -gan, Chiricahua -gan, Jicarilla -gan, Lipan -gąą’, Plains Apache -gąą
* Others: Tsuut’ina -gànὰ’, Hupa -ɢan-, Mattole, -gaane’, Galice gaaneʔ, Chilcotin -gán, Slavey -gǫ́’, Hare -góné’, Dogrib -gǫ̀, Dene Sųłiné -gané, Sekani -gòne’, Dunneza -góné’, Central Tanana -gonaʔ, Hän -gæ̀nn’, Ahtna -ɢaane’, Dena'ina -ɢuna, Eyak -ɢəla’, Tlingit jín ("hand")

-ganighah

also -gąąghah, compare -gąnaghah, -gąną́ghah

-gąnaghah

also -gąną́ghah, compare -gąąghah, -ganighah

-gąnághah

also -gąnąghah, compare -gąąghah, -ganighah

-gąądikééʼ

human arm prints, quadruped foreleg prints

-gąąghah

also -ganighah, compare gąnaghah, -gąną́ghah

-gąąstsiin

compare gąątsʼin, -gąąstsiin, -gą́ą́stsiin

-láshgaan

fingernail, bird claw, quadruped fore-claws

gaanee naanish

manual labor, hand labor, unskilled labor

-gąąstsiin ałchʼįʼ nahííláhí

-gąąstsiin (“scapula, shoulder blade”) (also -gą́ą́stsiin, compare -gąątsʼin, -gąątsʼiin)

-gąąstsʼin bitaʼ sitání

-gąątsʼin (“arm/foreleg bone”) (compare gąąstsiin, -gą́ą́stsiin, -gąąstsʼiin)


aziz

shiziz (first-person singular)
nihiziz (duoplural first-person)
danihiziz (first-person plural)
niziz (second-person singular)
nihiziz (duoplural second-person)
danihiziz (plural second-person)
biziz (third-person)
yiziz (fourth-person)
haziz (fourth-person)
aziz (indefinite)


ę

ę = /ɛ̃˨/

ę́ = /ɛ̃˥/

ęę = /ɛ̃ː˨˨/

ę́ę = /ɛ̃ː˥˨/

ęę́ = /ɛ̃ː˨˥/

ę́ę́ = /ɛ̃ː˥˥/


chai

maternal grandfather, mother's father, grandson (from daughter), daughter's son


gad

juniper, cedar (especially Juniperus deppeana)


muu

(onomatopoeia) moo, the characteristic lowing sound made by cattle


bá

shá (first-person singular)
nihá (duoplural first-person)
ná (second-person singular)
nihá (duoplural second-person)
bá (third-person)
yá (fourth-person)
há (fourth-person)
á (fourth-person singular)
ádá (reflexive singular)
ahá (duoplural reciprocal)

for him/her/it/them, for his/her/its/their sake

bá yáʼátʼééh

bá áshłééh


dinas

Cognates: Western Apache nos~dinos~danos.


jó

Jó, nizhóní!

Jó, ákótʼé.


zh

A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


yah

inside, into an enclosed space, into an enclosure


dah

dah yooʼááł

dah diilwod


bí

third person singular and dual pronoun: he, she, it; they two

Łį́į́łgaii éí shicheii bí.

1995, Irvy W. Goossen, Diné Bizaad: Speak, Read, Write Navajo, Salina Bookshelf, →ISBN, page 73:

third person singular and dual possessive pronoun: his, hers, its; theirs (for two people)


a

a = /a˨/

ą = /ã˨/

á = /a˥/

ą́ = /ã˥/

aa = /aː˨˨/

ąą = /ãː˨˨/

áa = /aː˥˨/

ą́ą = /ãː˥˨/

aá = /aː˨˥/

ąą́ = /ãː˨˥/

áá = /aː˥˥/

ą́ą́ = /ãː˥˥/

The first letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


zid

From Proto-Athabaskan *-zə̓t.
Cognates:
* Apachean: Western Apache -zig, -zhig, -zid, -zhid, Jicarilla -zi’, Lipan -zi
* Others: Tsuut’ina -zì’, Hupa -sit’, Mattole, -tsiʔł, Galice sa’ł, Chilcotin -ẑə́d, Slavey -ðé’, Hare -wé’, Dogrib -wò, -wò’, Dene Sųłiné -ðə́r, Dunneza -zə́d, -zə́t’, Central Tanana -ðed, Hän -ðʌ̀d, Ahtna -ze’d, Dena'ina -zət’, Eyak -saʰd


nikad

second-person singular imperfective of yikad


siitin

first-person duoplural perfective of yitin


abid

shibid (first-person singular)
nihibid (duoplural first-person)
danihibid (first-person plural)
nibid (second-person singular)
nihibid (duoplural second-person)
danihibid (plural second-person)
bibid (third-person)
yibid (fourth-person)
habid (fourth-person)
abid (indefinite)


wah

whew! (as one sits down after a strenuous activity)


sis

-ziiz (possessed-form)
shiziiz (first-person singular)
nihiziiz (duoplural first-person)
danihiziiz (first-person plural)
niziiz (second-person singular)
nihiziiz (duoplural second-person)
danihiziiz (plural second-person)
biziiz (third-person)
yiziiz (fourth-person)
haziiz (fourth-person)
aziiz (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *səx. Cognate with Western Apache sis, Chiricahua sis, Jicarilla sis, Plains Apache sis.

Shiziiz áshłééh.


sis

Cognate with Tsuut'ina sis, Beaver shís, hís, Sekani hís, Chipewyan sheθ, Carrier shuθ.


sid

bizid (possessed-form)
shizid (first-person singular)
nihizid (duoplural first-person)
danihizid (first-person plural)
nizid (second-person singular)
nihizid (duoplural second-person)
danihizid (plural second-person)
bizid (third-person)
yizid (fourth-person)
hazid (fourth-person)
azid (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *-x̯ɑ̓t.
Cognates: Western Apache sig ~ shig ~ sid ~ shid, Mescalero sįh.

shizid


Bilagáana bizaad

/pɪ̀lɑ̀kɑ̂ːnɑ̀ pɪ̀zàːt/

Literally, "White's language"; Bilagáana (“white person”) and bizaad (“her/his/their language”), from bi- (“his/her/their”) + saad (“language”).


nisin

first-person singular imperfective of nízin: "I think"

first-person singular imperfective of yinízin: "I want (something)"


sido

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -do (neuter perfective stem of root -DOII, “to be hot”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-do</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DOII</i>


siil

shiziil (first-person singular)
nihiziil (duoplural first-person)
danihiziil (first-person plural)
niziil (second-person singular)
nihiziil (duoplural second-person)
danihiziil (plural second-person)
biziil (third-person)
yiziil (fourth-person)
haziil (fourth-person)
aziil (indefinite)


hó

fourth-person singular and duoplural pronoun he, she, they, someone


aho

From Kiowa aho (“thank you”), and loaned to many other Native American languages during the 20th century because it was frequently heard at pow-wows and widely used in the Native American Church (NAC).


-bid

From Proto-Athabaskan *-wə̓tʼ.
Cognate: Western Apache -bid ~ -big, Plains Apache -bid.

shibid

bibid


tó

head

tó (possessed form -toʼ, prefixal form tá-)

-toʼ (possessed-form)
shitoʼ (first-person singular)
nihitoʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitoʼ (first-person plural)
nitoʼ (second-person singular)
nihitoʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitoʼ (plural second-person)
bitoʼ (third-person)
yitoʼ (fourth-person)
hatoʼ (fourth-person)
atoʼ (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ (“water”). Cognates include Western Apache tú and Chiricahua tú.

Shí éí tó tʼéiyá bee danihisį́į́h ńtʼééʼ; ndi bí tʼéí Níłchʼi Diyinii yee danihisį́įh dooleeł.

1985, Diyin God Bizaad: The Holy Bible in Navajo, Mark 1:8:

I indeed have baptized you with water; but he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost.

Tó éí iiná átʼé.


ná

ná yáʼátʼééh

ná áshłééh


diz

pile of trash and debris or driftwood accumulated in a stream by the whirling water


dih

more, better, a lot, more than anticipated or thought (with verbs of doing)


sih

∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -sih (“hope”, noun stem used as a verb stem)


sih

sih (imperfective singular third-person)
yísih (perfective singular third-person)
doosih (future singular third-person)
násih (iterative singular third-person)
wósih (optative singular third-person)


shí

Shí éí Kii yinishyé.

Díí naaltsoos éí shí.

first-person singular possessive pronoun my, mine


há

for him/her/it/one/them, for his/her/its/one's/their sake


nicha

second-person singular imperfective of yicha


naa

naa níʼą́


yá

From Proto-Athabaskan *yaˑ (“sky”). Cognate with Tsuut'ina naakʼos, Chipewyan yaa, Beaver yaa, Carrier yaah, Sekani yaa, Ahtna yaa, and with Ket есь (ēs’).


ní

dishní (first-person singular)
diiʼní (duoplural first-person)
dadiiʼní (first-person plural)
diní (second-person singular)
dohní (duoplural second-person)
dadohní (plural second-person)
ní (duoplural singular third-person)
daaní (plural third-person)
jiní (duoplural fourth-person singular)
dajiní (fourth-person plural)
dííniid (first-person perfective singular)
diiʼniid (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiiʼniid (first-person perfective plural)
dííníniid (perfective second-person singular)
dooniid (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadooniid (perfective plural second-person)
dííniid (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadííniid (perfective plural third-person)
jidííniid (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdííniid (fourth-person perfective plural)
dideeshniił (first-person future singular)
didiiʼniił (duoplural first-person future)
dadidiiʼniił (first-person future plural)
didííniił (future second-person singular)
didoohniił (duoplural future second-person)
dadidoohniił (future plural second-person)
didooniił (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadidooniił (future plural third-person)
dizhdooniił (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdidooniił (fourth-person future plural)
ńdíshʼniih (first-person singular)
ńdiiʼniih (duoplural first-person)
ńdadiiʼniih (first-person plural)
ńdíʼniih (second-person singular)
ńdóhʼniih (duoplural second-person)
ńdadohʼniih (plural second-person)
ńdíʼniih (duoplural singular third-person)
ńdadiʼniih (plural third-person)
nízhdíʼniih (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ńdazhdiʼniih (fourth-person plural)
dóshneʼ (first-person singular)
dooʼneʼ (duoplural first-person)
dadooʼneʼ (first-person plural)
dóóneʼ (second-person singular)
doohneʼ (duoplural second-person)
dadoohneʼ́ (plural second-person)
dóneʼ (duoplural singular third-person)
dadóneʼ (plural third-person)
jidóneʼ (duoplural fourth-person singular)
dazhdóneʼ (fourth-person plural)

di- (“oral”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ní (neuter imperfective stem of root -NIID, “to say”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ní</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NIID</i>

Dooda, dishní!


ńdízídígíí

/ń̩tízítíkíː/

ńdízííd (“months pass”) + -ígíí (“those who...”, nominalizer suffix)


óola

Borrowed from Spanish oro (“gold”). Spanish (and Italian) cards traditionally had chalices, gold coins (instead of diamonds), swords, and batons.


óola

Borrowed from Spanish hora (“hour, o'clock”).


ké

bikeeʼ (possessed-form)
shikeeʼ (first-person singular)
nihikeeʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihikeeʼ (first-person plural)
nikeeʼ (second-person singular)
nihikeeʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihikeeʼ (plural second-person)
bikeeʼ (third-person)
yikeeʼ (fourth-person)
hakeeʼ (fourth-person)
akeeʼ (indefinite)


shá

Compare Ahtna saa, Beaver saa, Chipewyan saaʼ, Sekani sáa, Carrier saa


lá

Ashxoshgo tłʼízí shichʼahkʼįįʼí yę́ę sitsʼą́ą́ʼ yiyííłchozh lá.

While I was sleeping the goat ate my straw hat.

it occurred to me (emphasizes a statement, or turns it into an exclamation, usually indicating recently discovered knowledge)


sho

Tłʼéédą́ą́ʼ sho yiigaii jiní.


daa

Daa wolyé?


-lah

shilah

bilah

An opposite sex sibling (a woman’s brother, a man’s sister)


gish

shigish (first-person singular)
nihigish (duoplural first-person)
danihigish (first-person plural)
nigish (second-person singular)
nihigish (duoplural second-person)
danihigish (plural second-person)
bigish (third-person)
yigish (fourth-person)
hagish (fourth-person)
agish (indefinite)

From the root -GIZH (“make a motion with a sticklike object”).


sigan

si- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -gan (neuter perfective stem of root -GAN, “to dry up, wither”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gan</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GAN</i>


Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí

Wááshindoon (“Washington”) + bikéyah (“their country”) + ałhidadiidzooígíí (“federated”).

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


da-

Thematic prefix, referring to death.
► Navajo verbs with disjunct prefix da-.

bidziil ― he is / they two are strong

dabidziil ― they (three or more) are strong

kin áshłaa

Distributive plural marker, indicating that three or more subjects, objects or events are involved individually in the action denoted by the verb. In addition to verbs, it may also pluralize nouns, pronouns or postpositions. This prefix marks the boundary between disjunct (outer) and conjunct (inner) prefixes.


Bilagáana

Alternative letter-case form of bilagáana


WBA

USA (a country in North America); initialism of Wááshindoon bikéyah ałhidadiidzooígíí (literally “United Country of Washington”)


be-

his, her (indicates secondary or alienable possession, in opposition to bi-. See for example akʼah, beʼakʼah)


bisóodi

From early modern Mesoamerican Spanish pitzote, from Classical Nahuatl pitzotl (“pig”). Compare Hopi pitsooti.


gah

Cognate with Tsuut'ina nitłʼadigha, Chipewyan gah, Beaver gaah, Carrier goh, Sekani gah, Ahtna ggax, Tlingit g̱áx̱ and South Slavey gah.


shash

Proto-Athabaskan *xʸɨshʷ (“bear”). Compare Ahtna sos.


chʼał

From Proto-Athabaskan *tšʼəx̣tɬʼ (“frog”).


łóóʼ

Compare Ahtna łukʼae, South Slavey łue, Chipewyan łue, Beaver lhuuge, Kaska łūge, Gwich'in łuk, Southern Carrier lhook, Southern Tutchone łu, Sekani lhoowe, Tahltan łuwe, Chilcotin lhuy, Hän łuk, Hupa ło:q', Tolowa lhuk.


bįįh

Bįįh há nideilzheeh.


l-

Produced from an earlier combination of the two classifiers ł- + d-.

néíłtsááh

náltsááh

valence-change prefix
valence-change prefix#English

the l- classifier or valence-change prefix, a detransitivizing prefix of active verbs that modifies the transitivity or valence and grammatical voice of a verb, and occurs in most passive, mediopassive, reflexive, and reciprocal verbs that are derived from verbs with a ł- classifier


she-

my, me (indicates secondary or alienable possession, in opposition to shi-. See for example abeʼ, sheʼabeʼ)


-ii

nominalizer, creating agentive nouns from verbs and adjectives: "that which [verbs]", or "that which [is of adjective quality]"; compare English -er


į

į = /ɪ̃˨/

į́ = /ɪ̃˥/

įį = /ĩː˨˨/

į́į = /ĩː˥˨/

įį́ = /ĩː˨˥/

į́į́ = /ĩː˥˥/


nideiiʼné

first-person plural imperfective of naané


naohné

second-person dual imperfective of naané


naashné

first-person singular imperfective of naané


naniné

second-person singular imperfective of naané


neiiʼné

first-person duoplural of naané: we are playing

first-person duoplural of naaʼné: we are wild


nidaohné

second-person plural imperfective of naané


nidaané

third-person plural imperfective of naané


naané

naashné (first-person imperfective singular)
neiiʼné (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nideiiʼné (first-person imperfective plural)
naniné (imperfective second-person singular)
naahné (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nidaahné (imperfective plural second-person)
naané (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nidaané (imperfective plural third-person)
nijiné (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nidajiné (fourth-person imperfective plural)
niséneʼ (first-person perfective singular)
nisiiʼneʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
nidasiiʼneʼ (first-person perfective plural)
nisíníneʼ (perfective second-person singular)
nisooneʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
nidasooneʼ (perfective plural second-person)
naazneʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nidaazneʼ (perfective plural third-person)
nijizneʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nidajizneʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeeshneeł (first-person future singular)
nidiiʼneeł (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiiʼneeł (first-person future plural)
ndííneeł (future second-person singular)
nidoohneeł (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoohneeł (future plural second-person)
ndooneeł (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadooneeł (future plural third-person)
nizhdooneeł (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdooneeł (fourth-person future plural)
nináshʼneeh (first-person singular)
ninéiiʼneeh (duoplural first-person)
ninádeiiʼneeh (first-person plural)
nináníʼneeh (second-person singular)
nináhʼneeh (duoplural second-person)
ninádaahʼneeh (plural second-person)
nináʼneeh (duoplural singular third-person)
ninádaaʼneeh (plural third-person)
ninájíʼneeh (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ninádajiʼneeh (fourth-person plural)
naooshneʼ (first-person singular)
naooʼneʼ (duoplural first-person)
ndaooʼneʼ (first-person plural)
naóóneʼ (second-person singular)
naoohneʼ (duoplural second-person)
ndaoohneʼ (plural second-person)
naooneʼ (duoplural singular third-person)
ndaooneʼ (plural third-person)
njóneʼ (duoplural fourth-person singular)
ndajóneʼ (fourth-person plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -né (continuative imperfective stem of root -NEʼ, “to play”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-né</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NEʼ</i>

Amásání doo naanée da!

Bee naané.

He plays with it (a toy); he plays it (a musical instrument).

Bił naané.


nisíníneʼ

second-person singular perfective of naané


niséneʼ

first-person singular perfective of naané


naazneʼ

third-person singular/dual perfective of naané


nidasooneʼ

second-person plural perfective of naané


niłbéézh

second-person singular imperfective of yiłbéézh


yishbéézh

first-person singular imperfective of yiłbéézh

third-person singular/dual perfective of yiłbéézh


yiłbéézh

yishbéézh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiilbéézh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiilbéézh (first-person imperfective plural)
niłbéézh (imperfective second-person singular)
wołbéézh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daałbéézh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiłbéézh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deiłbéézh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiłbéézh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiłbéézh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
shéłbéézh (first-person perfective singular)
shiilbéézh (duoplural first-person perfective)
dashiilbéézh (first-person perfective plural)
shíníłbéézh (perfective second-person singular)
shoołbéézh (duoplural perfective second-person)
dashoołbéézh (perfective plural second-person)
yishbéézh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deishbéézh (perfective plural third-person)
jishbéézh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajishbéézh (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshbish (first-person future singular)
diilbish (duoplural first-person future)
dadiilbish (first-person future plural)
dííłbish (future second-person singular)
doołbish (duoplural future second-person)
dadoołbish (future plural second-person)
yidoołbish (duoplural future singular third-person)
deidoołbish (future plural third-person)
jidoołbish (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdoołbish (fourth-person future plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -béézh (conclusive imperfective stem of root -BÉÉZH, “to boil”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-béézh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BÉÉZH</i>


nidooneeł

third-person singular/dual future of naané


yiilbéézh

first-person dual imperfective of yiłbéézh


nanilnish

second-person singular imperfective of naalnish


yishcha

first-person singular imperfective of yicha


neiilnish

first-person dual imperfective of naalnish


naołnish

second-person dual imperfective of naalnish


naashnish

first-person singular imperfective of naalnish: I am working

third-person singular/dual perfective of naalnish: He/she worked


wohcha

second-person dual imperfective of yicha


wołbéézh

second-person dual imperfective of yiłbéézh


yicha

yishcha (first-person imperfective singular)
yiicha (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiicha (first-person imperfective plural)
nicha (imperfective second-person singular)
wohcha (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daahcha (imperfective plural second-person)
yicha (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daacha (imperfective plural third-person)
jicha (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajicha (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yícha (first-person perfective singular)
yiicha (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiicha (first-person perfective plural)
yínícha (perfective second-person singular)
woocha (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoocha (perfective plural second-person)
yícha (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dáácha (perfective plural third-person)
jíícha (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajíícha (fourth-person perfective plural)
deeshchah (first-person future singular)
diichah (duoplural first-person future)
dadiichah (first-person future plural)
dííchah (future second-person singular)
doohchah (duoplural future second-person)
dadoohchah (future plural second-person)
doochah (duoplural future singular third-person)
dadoochah (future plural third-person)
jidoochah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhdoochah (fourth-person future plural)

y- (peg element) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -cha (durative imperfective stem of root -CHA, “to cry”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-cha</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHA</i>


naalnish

naashnish (first-person imperfective singular)
neiilnish (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nideiilnish (first-person imperfective plural)
nanilnish (imperfective second-person singular)
naołnish (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nidaałnish (imperfective plural second-person)
naalnish (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nidaalnish (imperfective plural third-person)
nijilnish (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nidajilnish (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nishishnish (first-person perfective singular)
nishiilnish (duoplural first-person perfective)
nidashiilnish (first-person perfective plural)
nishínílnish (perfective second-person singular)
nishoołnish (duoplural perfective second-person)
nidashoołnish (perfective plural second-person)
naashnish (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nidaashnish (perfective plural third-person)
nijishnish (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nidajishnish (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeeshnish (first-person future singular)
ndiilnish (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiilnish (first-person future plural)
ndíílnish (future second-person singular)
ndoołnish (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoołnish (future plural second-person)
ndoolnish (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadoolnish (future plural third-person)
nizhdoolnish (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdoolnish (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier, thematic) + -nish (continuative imperfective stem of root -NISH, “to work”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-nish</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NISH</i>

Shizhéʼé Wááshindoon yá naalnish.

bee iigisí doo naalnish da.


shéłbéézh

first-person singular perfective of yiłbéézh


daacha

third-person plural imperfective of yicha


deishbéézh

third-person plural perfective of yiłbéézh


daohcha

second-person plural imperfective of yicha


dashoołbéézh

second-person plural perfective of yiłbéézh


deiilbéézh

first-person plural imperfective of yiłbéézh


shiilbéézh

first-person dual perfective of yiłbéézh


deiłbéézh

third-person plural imperfective of yiłbéézh


shoołbéézh

second-person dual perfective of yiłbéézh


daołbéézh

second-person plural imperfective of yiłbéézh


dashiilbéézh

first-person plural perfective of yiłbéézh


yícha

first-person singular perfective of yicha

third-person singular/dual perfective of yicha


deiicha

first-person plural imperfective of yicha


daoocha

second-person plural perfective of yicha


yínícha

second-person singular perfective of yicha


nideiilnish

first-person plural imperfective of naalnish


nidaołnish

second-person plural imperfective of naalnish


nidaalnish

third-person plural imperfective of naalnish


shíníłbéézh

second-person singular perfective of yiłbéézh


nishishnish

first-person singular perfective of naalnish


naaʼnaʼ

naashʼnaʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
neiiʼnaʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nideiiʼnaʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
naniʼnaʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
naahʼnaʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nidaahʼnaʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
naaʼnaʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nidaaʼnaʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
nijiʼnaʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nidajiʼnaʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nisisʼnaʼ (first-person perfective singular)
nisiiʼnaʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
nidasiiʼnaʼ (first-person perfective plural)
nisíníʼnaʼ (perfective second-person singular)
nisoohʼnaʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
nidasoohʼnaʼ (perfective plural second-person)
naasʼnaʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nidaasʼnaʼ (perfective plural third-person)
nijisʼnaʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nidajisʼnaʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
ndeeshʼnah (first-person future singular)
ndiiʼnah (duoplural first-person future)
ndadiiʼnah (first-person future plural)
ndííʼnah (future second-person singular)
ndoohʼnah (duoplural future second-person)
ndadoohʼnah (future plural second-person)
ndooʼnah (duoplural future singular third-person)
ndadooʼnah (future plural third-person)
nizhdooʼnah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
ndazhdooʼnah (fourth-person future plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier, thematic) + -naʼ (continuative imperfective stem of root -NAʼ, “to crawl”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-naʼ</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NAʼ</i>


haiłgéésh

haashgéésh (first-person imperfective singular)
haiilgéésh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hadeiilgéésh (first-person imperfective plural)
haniłgéésh (imperfective second-person singular)
haałgéésh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hadaałgéésh (imperfective plural second-person)
haiłgéésh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hadeiłgéésh (imperfective plural third-person)
hajiłgéésh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
hadajiłgéésh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hááłgizh (first-person perfective singular)
haiilgizh (duoplural first-person perfective)
hadeiilgizh (first-person perfective plural)
háíníłgizh (perfective second-person singular)
haoołgizh (duoplural perfective second-person)
hadaoołgizh (perfective plural second-person)
hayííłgizh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
hadeishgizh (perfective plural third-person)
hajííłgizh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
hadajishgizh (fourth-person perfective plural)
hadeeshgish (first-person future singular)
hadiilgish (duoplural first-person future)
hadadiilgish (first-person future plural)
hadííłgish (future second-person singular)
hadoołgish (duoplural future second-person)
hadadoołgish (future plural second-person)
haidoołgish (duoplural future singular third-person)
hadeidoołgish (future plural third-person)
hazhdoołgish (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
hadazhdoołgish (fourth-person future plural)

ha- (“up out”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -géésh (imperfective stem of root -GIZH, “to cut”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-géésh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GIZH</i>

Alkąąd łaʼ shá haniłgéésh.

he/she is cutting it out, he/she cuts out a pattern


sání

From są́ (“old age”) + -í (“the one that has”). Possibly cognate with Ket синьсь (sīn).

cog

Ket синьсь (sīn)


haashgéésh

first-person singular imperfective of haiłgéésh


naashʼnaʼ

first-person singular imperfective of naaʼnaʼ


nidaohʼnaʼ

second-person plural imperfective of naaʼnaʼ


naohʼnaʼ

second-person dual imperfective of naaʼnaʼ


neiiʼnaʼ

first-person dual imperfective of naaʼnaʼ


naniʼnaʼ

second-person singular imperfective of naaʼnaʼ


nideiiʼnaʼ

first-person plural imperfective of naaʼnaʼ


haołgéésh

second-person dual imperfective of haiłgéésh


haiilgéésh

first-person dual imperfective of haiłgéésh


hadeiłgéésh

third-person plural imperfective of haiłgéésh


hadeiilgéésh

first-person plural imperfective of haiłgéésh


hadaołgéésh

second-person plural imperfective of haiłgéésh


nidaaʼnaʼ

third-person plural imperfective of naaʼnaʼ


haniłgéésh

second-person singular imperfective of haiłgéésh


alzhish

ashzhish (first-person imperfective singular)
iilzhish (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiilzhish (first-person imperfective plural)
ílzhish (imperfective second-person singular)
ołzhish (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼołzhish (imperfective plural second-person)
alzhish (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼalzhish (imperfective plural third-person)
ajilzhish (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjilzhish (fourth-person imperfective plural)
eeshzhiizh (first-person perfective singular)
iilzhiizh (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼiilzhiizh (first-person perfective plural)
íínílzhiizh (perfective second-person singular)
oołzhiizh (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼoołzhiizh (perfective plural second-person)
oolzhiizh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼoolzhiizh (perfective plural third-person)
ajoolzhiizh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjoolzhiizh (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshzhish (first-person future singular)
adiilzhish (duoplural first-person future)
daʼdiilzhish (first-person future plural)
adíílzhish (future second-person singular)
adoołzhish (duoplural future second-person)
daʼdoołzhish (future plural second-person)
adoolzhish (duoplural future singular third-person)
daʼdoolzhish (future plural third-person)
azhdoolzhish (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhʼdoolzhish (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -zhish (imperfective stem of root -ZHIIZH, “to poke, move rhythmically”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhish</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHIIZH</i>


nitsékees

nitséskees (first-person imperfective singular)
nitsíikees (duoplural first-person imperfective)
nitsídeiikees (first-person imperfective plural)
nitsíníkees (imperfective second-person singular)
nitsíóhkees (duoplural imperfective second-person)
nitsídaahkees (imperfective plural second-person)
nitsékees (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
nitsídaakees (imperfective plural third-person)
nitsíjíkees (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
nitsídajikees (fourth-person imperfective plural)
nitsísékééz (first-person perfective singular)
nitsísiikééz (duoplural first-person perfective)
nitsídasiikééz (first-person perfective plural)
nitsísíníkééz (perfective second-person singular)
nitsísookééz (duoplural perfective second-person)
nitsídasookééz (perfective plural second-person)
nitsézkééz (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
nitsídaazkééz (perfective plural third-person)
nitsíjízkééz (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
nitsídajizkééz (fourth-person perfective plural)
nitsídeeskos (first-person future singular)
nitsídiikos (duoplural first-person future)
nitsídadiikos (first-person future plural)
nitsídííkos (future second-person singular)
nitsídoohkos (duoplural future second-person)
nitsídadoohkos (future plural second-person)
nitsídookos (duoplural future singular third-person)
nitsídadookos (future plural third-person)
nitsízhdookos (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
nitsídazhdookos (fourth-person future plural)
nitsínáskos (first-person singular)
nitsínéiikos (duoplural first-person)
nitsíńdéiikos (first-person plural)
nitsínáníkos (second-person singular)
nitsínáhkos (duoplural second-person)
nitsíńdáhkos (plural second-person)
nitsínákos (duoplural singular third-person)
nitsíńdákos (plural third-person)
nitsíńjíkos (duoplural fourth-person singular)
nitsíńdajikos (fourth-person plural)
nitsóoskees (first-person singular)
nitsóokees (duoplural first-person)
nitsídaookees (first-person plural)
nitsóókees (second-person singular)
nitsóohkees (duoplural second-person)
nitsídaoohkees (plural second-person)
nitsóokees (duoplural singular third-person)
nitsídaookees (plural third-person)
nitsíjókees (duoplural fourth-person singular)
nitsídajókees (fourth-person plural)

na- (atelic, circuital) + -tsí- (“mental”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -kees (continuative stem of root -KÉÉZ, “to think”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-kees</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KÉÉZ</i>

Bilagáana kʼehjígo baa ntsíjíkeesgo doo nantłʼah da.

When you think about it in English, it’s not difficult.

(with baa) he/she is thinking, pondering about it

béésh bee akʼeʼelchíhí tʼáá bí nitsékeesígíí


yitłʼó

yishtłʼó (first-person imperfective singular)
yiitłʼó (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiitłʼó (first-person imperfective plural)
nitłʼó (imperfective second-person singular)
wohtłʼó (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daahtłʼó (imperfective plural second-person)
yitłʼó (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deitłʼó (imperfective plural third-person)
jitłʼó (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajitłʼó (fourth-person imperfective plural)
sétłʼǫ́ (first-person perfective singular)
siitłʼǫ́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
dasiitłʼǫ́ (first-person perfective plural)
sínítłʼǫ́ (perfective second-person singular)
sootłʼǫ́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
dasootłʼǫ́ (perfective plural second-person)
yiztłʼǫ́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deiztłʼǫ́ (perfective plural third-person)
jiztłʼǫ́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiztłʼǫ́ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tłʼó (conclusive imperfective stem of root -TŁʼǪ́, “to weave”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼó</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼǪ́</i>


yáłtiʼ

yáshtiʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
yéiiltiʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
yádeiiltiʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
yáníłtiʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
yáłtiʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
yádaałtiʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
yáłtiʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
yádaałtiʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
yájíłtiʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
yádajiłtiʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yááłtiʼ (first-person perfective singular)
yéiiltiʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
yádeiiltiʼ (first-person perfective plural)
yéíníłtiʼ (perfective second-person singular)
yáoołtiʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
yádaoołtiʼ (perfective plural second-person)
yááłtiʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
yádááłtiʼ (perfective plural third-person)
yájííłtiʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
yádajííłtiʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
yádeeshtih (first-person future singular)
yádiiltih (duoplural first-person future)
yádadiiltih (first-person future plural)
yádííłtih (future second-person singular)
yádoołtih (duoplural future second-person)
yádadoołtih (future plural second-person)
yádoołtih (duoplural future singular third-person)
yádadoołtih (future plural third-person)
yázhdoołtih (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
yádazhdoołtih (fourth-person future plural)

yá- (thematic) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -tiʼ (durative imperfective stem of root -TIʼ, “to talk”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tiʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TIʼ</i>

Naʼáłchíní hólǫ́ǫgo éí nizaad bee bichʼįʼ yáníłtiʼ. Nihimá dóó nihizhéʼé Bilagáana bizaad bił nantłʼah ndi Bilagáanají nihichʼįʼ yádááłtiʼ ńtʼééʼ.

If you have children, talk to them in your language. Our mothers and fathers spoke to many of us in the white man’s language even though it was difficult for them.

Daʼ Diné bizaadísh beeyáníłtiʼ?


nisíníʼnaʼ

second-person singular perfective of naaʼnaʼ


nisisʼnaʼ

first-person singular perfective of naaʼnaʼ


naasʼnaʼ

third-person singular/dual perfective of naaʼnaʼ


nisoohʼnaʼ

second-person dual perfective of naaʼnaʼ


nidasiiʼnaʼ

first-person plural perfective of naaʼnaʼ


nidasoohʼnaʼ

second-person plural perfective of naaʼnaʼ


nidaasʼnaʼ

third-person plural perfective of naaʼnaʼ


gáa

(onomatopoeia) caw, the characteristic cry of a crow


chézhin

Compound of tsé (“rock, stone”) + -zhin (neuter perfective stem of root -ZHĮ́Į́ʼ, “to be black”). Literally, a stone that is black.

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhin</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHĮ́Į́ʼ</i>


aniłtʼánii

lacewing (Neuroptera, net-winged insects)


yaaʼ

biyaʼ (possessed-form)
shiyaʼ (first-person singular)
nihiyaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihiyaʼ (first-person plural)
niyaʼ (second-person singular)
nihiyaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihiyaʼ (plural second-person)
biyaʼ (third-person)
yiyaʼ (fourth-person)
hayaʼ (fourth-person)
ayaʼ (indefinite)


deistin

third-person plural perfective of yiłtin


haa

shaa (first-person singular)
nihaa (duoplural first-person)
naa (second-person singular)
nihaa (duoplural second-person)
baa (third-person)
yaa (fourth-person)
haa (fourth-person)
aa (fourth-person singular)
ádaa (reflexive singular)
ahaa (duoplural reciprocal)


saad

bizaad (possessed-form)
shizaad (first-person singular)
nihizaad (duoplural first-person)
danihizaad (first-person plural)
nizaad (second-person singular)
nihizaad (duoplural second-person)
danihizaad (plural second-person)
bizaad (third-person)
yizaad (fourth-person)
hazaad (fourth-person)
azaad (indefinite)

Hodeeyáadi Saad jílį́, Saad éí Diyin God bił hojílǫ́, índa Saad éí Diyin God jílį́.

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.

bizaad

his/her/their language; his/her/their words

Tʼahdii nihizaad bee yádeiiltiʼ

Bilagáana bizaad

Diné bizaad


dineʼé

From diné (“person”), from di- (thematic prefix relating to action performed with the arms and legs) + -neʼé (plural stem), from -né (stem noun, “man”, “person”).


Ą

Ą = /ã˨/

Ą́ = /ã˥/

ĄĄ = /ãː˨˨/

Ą́Ą = /ãː˥˨/

ĄĄ́ = /ãː˨˥/

Ą́Ą́ = /ãː˥˥/


jaaʼabaní

/tʃàːʔàpàní/


atsá

From -tsá (noun stem meaning grasp with teeth or beak), from the root -TSAʼ (“to grasp with teeth”), from Proto-Athabaskan *tsαɢ, from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *tsəɢ (“act with teeth by biting”); compare the verb yiyiitsah (“he grasps it with teeth or beak”).


-s-

bįįh + -s- + tsoh → bįįstsoh

a consonant that sometimes appears as a ligature between the elements of a compound word.


Tʼą́ą́chil

/tʼɑ̃́ːtʃʰɪ̀l/

atʼąąʼ (“leaf”) + -chil (“little”). Compare Western Apache Tʼąąʼ Náchil (“March, leaf buds swell again”).


Níłchʼitsoh

/nɪ́ɬt͡ʃʼɪ̀t͡sʰòh/


Yaʼiishjááshchilí

/jɑ̀ʔìʃtʃɑ́ːʃtʃʰɪ̀lɪ́/

yah (“inside”) + eʼeshjááh (“I plant seeds”) + -sh- (ligature) + -chil (“small”) + -í (nominalizer)


Níłchʼitsʼósí

/nɪ́ɬt͡ʃʼɪ̀t͡sʼósɪ́/


Wóózhchʼį́į́d

head

Wóózhchʼį́į́d

/wóːʒtʃʼɪ̃́ːt/

From the root -CHʼĮ́Į́D (“to be hoarse”), referring to the sound of an eaglet’s cry and its changing voice. For a base with similar meaning, see bizhízhchʼį́į́d (“his voice is changing”).
Compare Western Apache Múhshchiiʼ (“February, owl hoots”).

cog

Wóózhchʼį́į́d biiʼ yiził. Naadįįtseebíígóó yoolkááł.

It is March 28th. (It is in the month of March. It is the twenty-eighth day.)


Ghąąjįʼ

Literally, "back-to-back": hwííshgháán (“one’s back”) + -jįʼ (“against it”). Compare Western Apache Ghąązhįʼ (“October, lying side-by-side”).


Yaʼiishjáástsoh

/jɑ̀ʔìːʃtʃɑ́ːstsʰòh/

From yah (“inside”) + eʼeshjááh (“I plant seeds”) + -s- (ligature) + -tsoh (“big”).


Tʼą́ą́tsoh

/tʼɑ̃́ːtsʰòx/

From atʼąąʼ (“leaf”) + -tsoh (“big”). Compare Western Apache Tʼąąʼ Náchoh (“April, leaves are full grown again”).


Yas Niłtʼees

/jɑ̀s nɪ̀ɬtʼéːs/

yas (“snow”) + niłtʼees (“frying, roasting”). Compare Western Apache Zas Nłtʼees (“December, roasting snow”).

Díí yiziłígíí éí Yas Niłtʼees wolyé


Atsá Biyáázh

/ɑ̀tsʰɑ́ pɪ̀jɑ́ːʒ/

atsá (“eagle”) and biyáázh (“her chicks”). Compare Western Apache Itsáh Bizhaazh (“October, eaglets”).


Biniʼantʼą́ą́tsʼózí

"Light ripening": bini (“in it”) + a- (“modal prefix...the act of doing”) + nitʼą́ą́ (“ripened”), from ńtʼą́ (“it ripens”) + tsʼózí (“light”). Compare Western Apache Binestʼántsʼǭǭsé (“August, slender harvest”).


Biniʼantʼą́ą́tsoh

/pɪ̀nɪ̀ʔɑ̀nɪ̀tʼɑ̃́ːtsʰòx/

"Great ripening": bini (“in it”) + a- (“the act of doing”, modal prefix) + nitʼą́ą́ (“ripened”, from ńtʼą́ (“it ripens”)) + -tsoh (“great”). Compare Western Apache Binestʼánchoh (“September, big harvest”).

af

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">ńtʼą́</i> (“it ripens”)


shoh

Shoh, atiingi chidí léiʼ yiiłtsą́ą niʼ.

Oh, by the way, I saw a certain car on the road.

"oh, by the way", (connoting sudden recollection of an event)

"oh, yes, I almost forgot" (when recalling something)


jį́

From Proto-Athabaskan *džʷeˑn. Cognate with Ket иʼ (iˀ).

jį́ dóó tłʼééʼ


-n-

łeesʼáán = łeezh + siʼą́ + -n- + -í

a consonant that often appears as a ligature between the elements of a compound word. It usually comes between a final nasal vowel (ą, ę, į, ǫ) and a suffix that begins with a vowel. The nasal vowel(s) lose the nasal mark when followed by -n.


jiní

Jiní. Jiní, jiníigo éí tʼóó ájíníi łeh jiní. Éí biniinaa doo jiní jiníi da, jiní.

They say. When you say they say, you are just making it up, they say. So that's why you do not say they say, they say.

fourth-person singular imperfective of ní


dz

A letter of the Navajo alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ł

In Navajo, the letter Ł is used for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (/ɬ/), like the Welsh Ll.


hóla

doo shił bééhózin da
doo shił bééhózin da

Initial interjection, carrying a negative connotation. Vaguely similar to some uses of English "well..." at the beginning of a sentence. Often used in the phrase, Hóla, doo shił bééhózin da: Well, I don't know.


ʼ

The nineteenth letter of the Navajo alphabet. It is used before or after a vowel to indicate a glottal stop.


é-

(disjunct prefix of position I); postpositional prefix meaning “about”, “concerning”; is often found in contraction with ná- (“around”, reversionary) as (b)éé-, where it converges in shape with -í (“against”)

postpositional prefix meaning “about”, “concerning”; is often found in contraction with ná- (“around”, reversionary) as (b)éé-, where it converges in shape with -í (“against”)
► Navajo terms prefixed with é- (postpositional)


diné

head

diné (plural dineʼé, distributive plural dadineʼé)

dineʼé (plural)
dadineʼé (distributive plural)

From di- (thematic prefix relating to action performed with the arms and legs) + -né (“man, person”, stem noun). Compare Chipewyan dëné, Dogrib done, Tsuut'ina dìná.


yił

shił (first-person singular)
nihił (duoplural first-person)
nił (second-person singular)
nihił (duoplural second-person)
bił (third-person)
yił (fourth-person)
hił (fourth-person)
ił (fourth-person singular)
ádił (reflexive singular)
ahił (duoplural reciprocal)


shił

Shił hózhǫ́

Shił yáʼátʼééh

Shił bééhózin


nił

From -nił (“to pound”), from + -neʼ (imperfective stem of root -NEʼ, “to propel a solid roundish object”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-neʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NEʼ</i>


bił

Bił nisin

Daʼ bił nínízin?

Bił nízin

bił hastįį

sleepy man (a spirit that lies in a woman’s unmade bed and calls her back to bed all day long)

bił asdzą́ą́

sleepy woman (a spirit that lies in a man’s unmade bed and calls him back to bed all day long)


hózhǫ́

hoozhǫǫh (imperfective singular third-person)
hóózhǫǫd (perfective singular third-person)
hodoozhǫǫł (future singular third-person)
náhoojǫh (iterative singular third-person)
hózhǫh (optative singular third-person)

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -◌́- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier)
+ -zhǫ́ (neuter imperfective stem of root -ZHǪǪD, “to be nice, peaceful, beautiful”).
The high-tone comes from the ni- deletion characteristic of the ni-imperfective. See niteel, nineez for similar examples.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhǫ́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHǪǪD</i>

nv-link-to-root

Bił hózhǫ́.
With him, things are beautiful. → He is happy.

Baa shił hózhǫ́.
About it, with me, things are beautiful. → I am happy about it (that it is done well in terms of quality).

(impersonal) it is beautiful, peaceful, harmonious, nice


hózhǫ́

Hózhǫ́ náhásdlį́į́ʼ

it has become beauty again; beauty is restored.

(nominalization of the verb) beauty and harmony, peace, balance, happiness and contentment, wholeness, goodness


ą

ą = /ã˨/

ą́ = /ã˥/

ąą = /ãː˨˨/

ą́ą = /ãː˥˨/

ąą́ = /ãː˨˥/

ą́ą́ = /ãː˥˥/


Ę

Ę = /ɛ̃˨/

Ę́ = /ɛ̃˥/

ĘĘ = /ɛ̃ː˨˨/

Ę́Ę = /ɛ̃ː˥˨/

ĘĘ́ = /ɛ̃ː˨˥/

Ę́Ę́ = /ɛ̃ː˥˥/


ayol

shiyol (first-person singular)
nihiyol (duoplural first-person)
danihiyol (first-person plural)
niyol (second-person singular)
nihiyol (duoplural second-person)
danihiyol (plural second-person)
biyol (third-person)
yiyol (fourth-person)
hayol (fourth-person)
ayol (indefinite)

Shiyol iishdóóh.

Genesis 2:7

And He breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.

Áádóó biyol yee hánííʼ góneʼ bee iináanii yee ííyolgo diné hwiiʼ sizíinii hinááh silį́į́ʼ.


head

naałniih yichʼą́ą́h naabaahígíí (“disease fighter, immune system”) + bąąh (“on it”) + dahooʼaahgo (“hampered”)

acquired immune deficiency syndrome
acquired immune deficiency syndrome

(pathology) acquired immune deficiency syndrome

nv:naałniih yichʼą́ą́h naabaahígíí bąąh dahooʼaahgo


naałniih yichʼą́ą́h naabaahígíí

naałniih (“infectious disease”) + yichʼą́ą́h (“preventing it”) + naabaah (“fights”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


Diné bizaad

[tìnépìz̥ɑ̀ːt]

diné (“Navajo”) + bi- (3rd person possessive) + saad (“language”)

Tʼóó ahayóigo diné bizaad yídahoołʼaah


Dágháilchįįh

From dághá (“moustache”) + the iterative form néíłchįįh of yishchin (“to smell”), “he who smells his moustache”.


Tséyiʼ

tséyiʼ (“canyon”), from tsé (“rock”) + biyiʼ (“inside it”)


tsékooh

tsé (“rock”) + kooh (“canyon, riverbed”)


łeetsoh

From łeezh (“soil, dirt”) + łitso (“yellow”).


Ayahkinii

From biyah (“beneath it”) + kin (“house”) + -ii (nominalizer), or people of the underground house.


chidítsoh

From chidí (“automobile”) + -tsoh (“big”).


Doodaatsaahii

doo (“not”) + daatsaah (“he dies”) + -ii (nominalizer), “he that does not die”.


Naashtʼézhí

census-designated place
census-designated place

Zuni Pueblo (a census-designated place in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States)


beeʼeldǫǫh

Literally, “an explosion is made with it”. Compare bee.

beeʼeldǫǫh tʼáá bíniʼdii bikʼa ádiih yiyiinííłígíí

chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí

chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí


Hoozdoh

From hoozdo (“warm area”), from ho- (indefinite 3rd-person pronoun of area) + sido (“it is hot”).

Phoenix (a city in Arizona, United States)


dziʼizítsoh

From dziʼizí (“bicycle”) + -tsoh (“big”).


yágháhookáán

From the perfective stem -KĄ́, an object or substance contained or moved in an open container, as water in a bucket.


Yootó Hahoodzo

/jòːtʰó xɑ̀xòːt͡sò/

Meronym: Bis Deezʼáhí

New Mexico (a state of the United States)


Dibé nitsaa hahoodzo

dibé (“sheep”) + nitsaa (“it is big”) + hahoodzo (“state or territory”)


naʼałkaahí

From naʼałkaah (“investigate”) + -í (“nominalizer”).


Oozéí

Navajo pronunciation of Hopi Orayvi (“Oraibi”)


géeso

Borrowed from Spanish queso, from Latin cāseus.


jóhonaaʼéí

From jį́įgo (“during the day”) + honaaʼá (“a solid roundish object moves around in a space”) + -í (nominalizer).


Tó Wónaanídi Bilagáana Bikéyah

From tó (“water”) + wónaanídi (“on the other side”) + bilagáana (“white people”) + bikéyah (“their land”).


naaʼołí

naaʼoł (“it droops down”) + -í (nominalizer)


Jíísas

From English Jesus, from Latin Iēsus, from Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs), from Biblical Hebrew יֵשׁוּעַ (yēšū́aʿ).


chidí naatʼaʼí

chidí (“automobile”) + naatʼaʼí (“something that flies”), from + naatʼaʼ (“it flies”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


Tsé Bee Bighan Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah

nv:Tsé Bee Bighan Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah


Beeʼeldííl Dahsinil

/pèːʔɛ̀ltíːl tɑ̀hsɪ̀nɪ̀l/

beeʼeldííl (“that with which ringing is done, bells”) + dah (“held up, above”) + sinil (“large objects in place or in position”)

Albuquerque (a city in New Mexico, United States)


hashkʼaan

Hashkʼaan tsáʼásziʼ bąąh náhádleeh.


chʼil łichxíʼí

chʼil (“plant, vegetable”) + łichxíʼí (“red”)


alóós

From Spanish arroz, from Arabic أَرُزّ (ʔaruzz), from Ancient Greek ὄρυζα (óruza), from an Iranian language.


tsísʼná bitłʼizh

tsísʼná (“honey bee”) + bitłʼizh (“its bile”)


abeʼ yistiní

abeʼ (“milk”) + yistin (“it is frozen”) + -í (“nominalizer”)

Ákweʼé abeʼ yistiní nidahaniih


ałchʼįʼ beʼestłʼóní

head

ałchʼįʼ beʼestłʼóní

ałchʼįʼ beʼestłʼóní

ałchʼįʼ (“together”) + beʼeshtłʼǫ́ (“to tie it, tie a knot in it”) + -í (nominalizer)


Composed of chidí naaʼnaʼí (“caterpillar tractor”), from chidí (“car”) + naaʼnaʼ (“it crawls about”) + -í (“nominalizer”); and beeʼeldǫǫh (“gun”), from the verb beeʼeldǫǫh (“explosion is made with it”); and the particle bikááʼ (“on it”) plus the verb dah naaznil (“they sit up”) plus -ígíí (“nominalizer”)

nv:chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí


Mókiwii

From English Mercury, from Latin Mercurius.


chʼil łitsooí díkʼǫ́zhígíí

chʼil (“plant”) + łitso (“it is yellow”) + -í (nominalizer) + díkʼǫ́ǫ́zh (“sour, alkaline”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


abeʼ bee neezmasí

abeʼ (“milk”) + bee (“by means of it”) + neezmas (“it gets round”) + -í (nominalizer)


bilasáana bitseeʼ nineezígíí

bilasáana (“apple”) + bitseeʼ (“its tail”), from atseeʼ (“tail”) + nineezígíí (“which is long”), from nineez (“it is long”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


naʼazhǫǫsh

From the name of the hoop-and-pole game, so called because the birch wood was used in the construction of the pole for the once popular hoop-and-pole game,http://books.google.com/books?id=uw4qyw_BZrgC&pg=PA142&dq=%22hoop+and+pole+games%22&hl=en&ei=1tPITOH2BYSs8Ab38bwa&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22hoop%20and%20pole%20games%22&f=false which often involved betting on the winners.

(botany) birch (Betula utahensis, Betula occidentalis)


naʼazhǫǫsh

na- (“round about”) + ʼa- (“something, someone”, 3rd person indefinite objective-subject pronoun) + -zhǫǫsh (“to play the hoop-and-pole game”, imperfective stem). Compare Chipewyan thųth (“spear”)


dilyį́hí

Literally, the one that can be melted. From dilyį́h (“to be meltable”) + -í (nominalizer)


Dziłíjiin

Meronym: Dził Ntsaaí

Black Mesa (an upland area in Navajo County, Arizona, United States)


chʼiyáán

chʼiyąʼ (possessed-form)
shichʼiyąʼ (first-person singular)
nihichʼiyąʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihichʼiyąʼ (first-person plural)
nichʼiyąʼ (second-person singular)
nihichʼiyąʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihichʼiyąʼ (plural second-person)
bichʼiyąʼ (third-person)
yichʼiyąʼ (fourth-person)
hachʼiyąʼ (fourth-person)
achʼiyąʼ (indefinite)

Díí chʼiyáán ayóo áhálniih lá.

Shimá sání bichʼiyąʼ bíhásááh.


chʼagii

red-winged blackbird
red-winged blackbird

Agelaius phoeniceus
Agelaius phoeniceus#Translingual

red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)


kááʼtsʼiní

bikááʼ (“on its surface”) + tsʼin (“bone”) + -í (nominalizer)


nímasii

From nímaz (“it is spherical”, from -MÁÁZ, “to roll”) + -ii (nominalizer).


ahwééh

From Spanish café. Doublet of gohwééh. False cognate of South Levantine Arabic قهوة ('ahwe).


atsįʼ

sitsįʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsįʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsįʼ (first-person plural)
nitsįʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsįʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsįʼ (plural second-person)
bitsįʼ (third-person)
yitsįʼ (fourth-person)
hatsįʼ (fourth-person)
atsįʼ (indefinite)
sheʼatsįʼ (first-person singular)
niheʼatsįʼ (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼatsįʼ (first-person plural)
neʼatsįʼ (second-person singular)
niheʼatsįʼ (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼatsįʼ (plural second-person)
beʼatsįʼ (third-person)
yeʼatsįʼ (fourth-person)
hweʼatsįʼ (fourth-person)
atsįʼ (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *tsənʸ (“flesh, meat”). Cognate with Ket ись.

sheʼatsįʼ

sitsįʼ


dahiitį́hii

dah (“up at an elevation”) + yiitį́į́h (“to hang poised in the air”) + -ii (nominalizer). Compare Western Apache dahtiyé


tiníléítsoh

From tiníléí (“Gila monster”) + -tsoh (“big”).


abeʼ

shibeʼ (first-person singular)
nihibeʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihibeʼ (first-person plural)
nibeʼ (second-person singular)
nihibeʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihibeʼ (plural second-person)
bibeʼ (third-person)
yibeʼ (fourth-person)
habeʼ (fourth-person)
abeʼ (indefinite)
sheʼabeʼ (first-person singular)
niheʼabeʼ (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼabeʼ (first-person plural)
neʼabeʼ (second-person singular)
niheʼabeʼ (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼabeʼ (plural second-person)
beʼabeʼ (third-person)
yeʼabeʼ (fourth-person)
hweʼabeʼ (fourth-person)
abeʼ (indefinite)

a- (3rd-person indefinite possessive pronoun) + -beʼ (stem)

sheʼabeʼ

shibeʼ


Hoozdo hahoodzo

From Hoozdoh (“Phoenix”) + hahoodzo (“a line is drawn around it”).


jááłánii

From bijáád (“his legs”) + łą́ (“many”) + -ii (“nominalizer”).


tééh łį́į́ʼ

tééh (“water”) + łį́į́ʼ (“horse”) (a mythological animal).

nv:tééh łį́į́ʼ


hosh aditsahiitsoh

From hosh (“cactus”) + aditsah (“it grabs”) + -ii (nominalizer) + -tsoh (“big”).


chaaʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *tshaʼ (“beaver”). Cognate with Hän tsà’, Sarcee tsxa, Chipewyan tsáá, Beaver chááʼ, Carrier tsaa, Sekani tsáʼ, Ahtna tsaʼ.


téél halchíʼí

bitéél (“its front”) + halchííʼ (“an area is red”) (from ha- (“deictic pronoun denoting area”) + łichííʼ (“red”)) + -í (“nominalizer”)


tłʼiish

From Proto-Athabaskan *tł’əɣəš (“eel, snake”). Cognate with Ahtna tlʼaghes (“eel”), Tlingit tłʼikʼʷx (“worm, snake”), possibly cognate with Ket тиг, тих (tìɣ).
See also the root -TŁʼIIZH (“to wriggle, to be serpentine”).


náshdóítsoh

/nɑ́ʃtóɪ́t͡sʰòx/


mąʼii

Tłʼéédą́ą́ʼ mąʼii łą́ągo daacha ńtʼééʼ

last night, there were many coyotes howling.

Used in colloquial themes connoting contempt.


naʼashjéʼii

Literally, the one that spreads something sticky around. From the same root as yijeeh (“he smears it with a sticky substance”) + -ii (nominalizer)


chʼééh digháhii

chʼééh (“in vain”) + dighááh (“it starts to go along slowly”) + -ii (nominalizer)


nahasdzáán

Literally, "our mother", from nihá (“our”) + asdzáán (“woman”). Compare Western Apache niʼgosdzán.

Nahasdzáán Bikáaʼgi Kéyah Naaznilgo Ałhidadiidzooígíí


bilasáana

/pɪ̀lɑ̀sɑ̂ːnɑ̀/

Bilasáana bitooʼ éí shił łikan.

Bilasáana łaʼ yishkeed.


chidí

shichidí (first-person singular)
nihichidí (duoplural first-person)
danihichidí (first-person plural)
nichidí (second-person singular)
nihichidí (duoplural second-person)
danihichidí (plural second-person)
bichidí (third-person)
yichidí (fourth-person)
hachidí (fourth-person)
achidí (indefinite)

/t͡ʃʰɪ̀.tɪ́/

Possibly from chid, imitative of the sound of a Ford Model T engine, and the nominalizing suffix -í, meaning roughly "chugger", or alternatively derived from the neuter perfective verb shichid (“it sits squatting”).


tsin naaʼeeł

sitsin naaʼeeł (first-person singular)
nihitsin naaʼeeł (duoplural first-person)
danihitsin naaʼeeł (first-person plural)
nitsin naaʼeeł (second-person singular)
nihitsin naaʼeeł (duoplural second-person)
danihitsin naaʼeeł (plural second-person)
bitsin naaʼeeł (third-person)
yitsin naaʼeeł (fourth-person)
hatsin naaʼeeł (fourth-person)
atsin naaʼeeł (indefinite)

tsin (“tree timber”) + naaʼeeł (“it floats”)


łį́į́ʼ

head

łéʼé-, łéé-, łį́į́ʼ-

łį́į́ʼ (compound łéʼé-, łéé-, łį́į́ʼ-, possessed form bilį́į́ʼ)

łéʼé- (compound)
łéé- (compound)
łį́į́ʼ- (compound)
bilį́į́ʼ (possessed-form)
shilį́į́ʼ (first-person singular)
nihilį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihilį́į́ʼ (first-person plural)
nilį́į́ʼ (second-person singular)
nihilį́į́ʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihilį́į́ʼ (plural second-person)
bilį́į́ʼ (third-person)
yilį́į́ʼ (fourth-person)
halį́į́ʼ (fourth-person)
alį́į́ʼ (indefinite)

Of the extant senses, “pet” is oldest; the original meaning, retained in Athabaskan cognates, was “dog”. Upon the reintroduction of the horse to North America, the Navajo language transferred the usage of łį́į́ʼ to the horse (which became the new favored "pet" in Navajo culture), with the dog being referred to by a derived term, łééchąąʼí (literally “shit pet”), i.e. pet which eats excrement. Compare Dogrib tłı̨ (“dog”).

tóshjeeh binaago łį́į́ʼ náádadiilwoʼígíí


tsin yiłkaałii

tsin (“tree”) + yiłkaał (“he chips it/chops it”) + -ii (nominalizer)


Góóhníinii

Hualapai (in the Western Navajo dialect)


Béíyózhin

/pɛ́ɪ́jóʒɪ̀n/


gólízhii

The first syllable, gó, is of unclear origin and meaning. The remainder is thought to be from łizh (“urine”) + -ii (nominalizer)


tʼiisbáí

tʼiis (“cottonwood”) + łibá (“gray”) + -í (nominalizer)

Populus tremuloides
Populus tremuloides#Translingual

quaking aspen, American aspen (Populus tremuloides)


Kéʼ łizhiní

ké (“foot”) + łizhiní, from łizhin (“it is black”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


adijiłii

From adijił (“to be prickly”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


dahsání

dah (“at an elevation, as in a tree”) + sání (“old one”)


tééhoołtsódii

tééh (“deep water”) + hoołtsóód (“it grabs things”) + -ii (nominalizer)

(mythology) a monster that lived in the water and that would grab and drag its victims into the water


Naałání

anaaʼ (“war”) + łą́ (“many”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


táłtłʼááh łį́į́ʼ

head

táłtłʼááh łį́į́ʼ

táłtłʼááh łį́į́ʼ

táłtłʼááh (“the bottom of the water”) + łį́į́ʼ (“horse”)

nv:táłtłʼááh łį́į́ʼ


naayééʼ

Literally “enemy terror”.
Compound of anaaʼ (“war, enemy”, incorporated noun) + yééʼ (“terror, fear”).


nahatʼeʼii

/nàhàtʼɛ̀ʔìː/

From nahatʼéʼ (“it hops around”) + -ii (nominalizer).


déélgééd

Derivation unclear. Possibly from adeeʼ (“horn”, incorporated noun) + -l- (classifier) + -gééd (momentaneous imperfective stem of root -GEED, “to stick, jab”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-gééd</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GEED</i>


łéʼétsoh

From łeeʼ (“in the ground”) + -tsoh (“big”).


naadoobooʼíinii

naa- (“enemy”) + doo (“not”) + booʼį́ (“sees him”) + -n- (ligature) + -ii (nominalizer)


łóóʼ hashkéhé

head

łóóʼ hashkéhé

łóóʼ hashkéhé


nahatʼeʼiitsoh

/nàhàtʼɛ̀ʔìːt͡sʰòh/

From nahatʼeʼii (“kangaroo rat”, from nahashtʼéʼ (“to hop around”)) + -tsoh (“big”).

af

from <i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">nahashtʼéʼ</i> (“to hop around”)


Kinłání

kin (“house”) + łą́ (“many”) + nv (nominalizer) + -í

affix

Flagstaff (a city, the county seat of Coconino County, Arizona, United States)


dził

dziil (in-compounds)
shidziil (first-person singular)
nihidziil (duoplural first-person)
danihidziil (first-person plural)
nidziil (second-person singular)
nihidziil (duoplural second-person)
danihidziil (plural second-person)
bidziil (third-person)
yidziil (fourth-person)
hadziil (fourth-person)
adziil (indefinite)

Cognate with Chilcotin dẑelh, Chipewyan ttheshéth, Hän ddhäl, Gwich'in ddhah, Tahltan dẕeł, Southern Carrier dzulh, Beaver t̲s̲e, Tagish dzeł.

Dził bąąh yas

dził dadiyinígíí


naʼashǫ́ʼii łóóʼ

head

naʼashǫ́ʼii łóóʼ

naʼashǫ́ʼii łóóʼ

naʼashǫ́ʼii łóóʼ atsiniltłʼish ííłʼínígíí


naʼashǫ́ʼii

Literally, the one that moves its tail here and there. Apparently from neishood (“he drags it [the tail] here and there”) + -ii (nominalizer)


naadą́ą́ʼ

/nɑ̀ːtɑ̃́ːʔ/

From anaaʼ (“alien, enemy”) + dą́ą́ʼ (“food”), literally “enemy's food”, referring to the introduction of corn into the Navajo diet from Pueblo peoples, with whom early Navajos were often in conflict.


Tsiiʼyishbizhí Dineʼé

From atsiiʼ (“hair”) + yishbizh (“braided”), literally "braided-hair people".


Tsé Bitʼaʼí

tsé (“rock”) + bi- (“its”) + atʼaʼ (“wing”) -í (“nominalizer”)

Shiprock (a rock formation in New Mexico)


Naʼnízhoozhí

naʼnízhoozh (“bridge made of planks”) + -í (nominalizer), the planks being laid side by side across an expanse (literally, something lies side by side across). Naʼnízhoozhí refers to the old foot bridge spanning the Rio Puerco River across from the Santa Fe Railway station.

affix

Gallup (a city, the county seat of McKinley County, New Mexico, United States)


tłʼoh

Cognate with Sarcee (guu)tłʼowí, Chipewyan tłʼog, Beaver tłʼógi, Carrier tłʼooh, Sekani tłʼóó, Ahtna tłʼogh, and with Ket daan.


Akałii bikéyah

/ʔɑ̀kʰɑ̀ɬìː pɪ̀kʰɛ́jɑ̀h/

akałii (“cowboy”) + bikéyah (“his country”)


tązhii

From the root -TĄZH (“to peck with a beak”).

Tązhii bitsįʼ náʼáshdį́įhgo bił nánísdziih.


Tségháhoodzání

tsé (“rock”) + bighá (“through it”) + ho- (3rd-person indefinite pronoun denoting space or area) + -dzą́ (verb stem meaning perforated) + -n- (ligature) + -í (nominalizer)

Tségháhoodzánídi shiʼdizhchį́.

Window Rock, a census-designated place in Arizona, United States


tsin naaʼeeł bee daʼahijighánígíí

tsin naaʼeeł (“ship”) + bee (“by means of it”) + daʼahijighą́ą́ʼ (“they fought each other”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


Bidááʼ Haʼaztʼiʼ Tsékooh

bidááʼ (“its rim”) + haʼaztʼiʼ (“it (the railroad) extends in a line to”) + tsékooh (“rock canyon”)


kǫʼ

Cognate with Western Apache kǫʼ, Chiricahua kųų, Jicarilla ko̱ʼ, Lipan kǫǫʼ, Plains Apache kǫʼ, Tsuut'ina kù, Chipewyan kon, Beaver kʊ́n, Carrier kʊn, Sekani kon, Ahtna konʼ, Gwich'in kwʼanʼ.

Áko tʼááłáʼí jinítínígo atsooʼ kǫʼ ndahalingo hakʼijįʼ adahwiizleʼgo dajiiłtsą́.

1985, Diyin God Bizaad: The Holy Bible in Navajo, Acts 2:3:

And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them.


naaki góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ

naaki góneʼ (“second”) + yéigo (“seriously”) + daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ (“there was war”), from daʼahijigą́ (“they kill one another”)


Ahééháshį́į́h Hahoodzo

Literally, it's always summer, from ahéé- (“around in a circle”) + hi- (seriative prefix indicating around and around) + -shį́į́h (momentaneous imperfective stem of root -ZHĮ́, “to become summer”) (compare shį́ (“summer”)); and hahoodzo (“an area is marked out with a line around it”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-shį́į́h</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHĮ́</i>

California (a state of the United States)


sǫʼ

bizǫʼ (possessed-form)
shizǫʼ (first-person singular)
nihizǫʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihizǫʼ (first-person plural)
nizǫʼ (second-person singular)
nihizǫʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihizǫʼ (plural second-person)
bizǫʼ (third-person)
yizǫʼ (fourth-person)
hazǫʼ (fourth-person)
azǫʼ (indefinite)

Cognate with Tsuut'ina sʊ́n, Chipewyan tθʊ́n, Beaver sʊ́n, Carrier sʊm, Sekani sʊm, Ahtna sonʼ, and with Ket qòʁ.
Related with the root -SǪS (“to glitter”).

shizǫʼ yę́ę!


ǫ

ǫ = /õ˨/

ǫ́ = /õ˥/

ǫǫ = /õː˨˨/

ǫ́ǫ = /õː˥˨/

ǫǫ́ = /õː˨˥/

ǫ́ǫ́ = /õː˥˥/

The letter o with a hook, which represents the nasalization:


head

Composed of chidí naaʼnaʼí (“caterpillar tractor”), from chidí (“car”) + naaʼnaʼ (“it crawls about”) + -í (nominalizer); and beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh (“cannon”), from the verb beeʼeldǫǫh (“explosion is made with it”) + the adjectival enclitic -tsoh (“big”); and the particle bikááʼ (“on it”) plus the verb dah naaznil (“they sit up”) plus -ígíí (nominalizer).

nv:chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí


łééchąąʼí

bilééchąąʼí (possessed-form)
shilééchąąʼí (first-person singular)
nihilééchąąʼí (duoplural first-person)
danihilééchąąʼí (first-person plural)
nilééchąąʼí (second-person singular)
nihilééchąąʼí (duoplural second-person)
danihilééchąąʼí (plural second-person)
bilééchąąʼí (third-person)
yilééchąąʼí (fourth-person)
halééchąąʼí (fourth-person)
alééchąąʼí (indefinite)

/ɬéːt͡ʃʰɑ̃̀ːʔɪ́/

From łį́į́ʼ (“pet”) + chąąʼ (“shit”) + -í (nominalizer); literally, "shit pet" (pet that eats excrement). Replaced the old simplex łį́į́ʼ, which shifted meaning to "horse" following the reintroduction of the horse to North America, which led to the horse replacing the dog as the most favored "pet." Compare Chipewyan łį, Tsuut'ina tłíchʼà, Ahtna łicʼae.

nv:łééchąąʼí

Nahatʼeʼiitsoh Bikéyahdę́ę́ʼ łééchąąʼí ałchiní


éí

it, that one, that, those (demonstrative pronoun, not present or visible)

Awééʼ éí tʼáá naaki ńdeezid. Éí Dlíníbaaʼ wolyé.
The baby is only two months old. She is called Dlíníbaaʼ.

Shimá bimósí tʼóó ahayóí ndi, éí shicheii bighandi kéédahatʼį́.

My mother has a lot of cats, but they (the cats) live at my grandfather's house.

Used to mark and/or refer to the subject of a sentence.


ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii

bíígháán (“his back”) + dah yiskʼid (“mound”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


naʼatsʼǫǫsí

/nɑʔɑtsʔõõsí/

naʼatsʼǫǫs (“it goes about sucking against a surface”) + -í (nominalizer)

naʼastsʼǫǫsí

some will say this is a mispronunciation


yas

From Proto-Athabaskan *yəx̣s. Cognate with Tsuut'ina zas, Chipewyan yaθ, Beaver yas, Carrier yvθ, Sekani yas, Ahtna yaas.


gáagii

onomatopoeia + -ii (“nominalizer”). Compare Ahtna ggaaggi (“bird”).


nahachagii

. Cognate with Western Apache naʼishchagi


hadoh dóó hakʼaz neiłkidígíí

hado (“heat”) + dóó (“and”) + hakʼaz (“cold”) + neiłkid (“it causes it to move about in a sliding manner”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


táłkááʼ tsʼin

táłkááʼ tsʼin

táłkááʼ tsʼin

táłkááʼ (“on the surface of the water”) + tsʼin (“bone”)


tániilʼáí

“those that swarm out over the water”: táni- (prefix, over the water) + -lʼá (neuter stem, a plurality extends), from -l- (classifier) + -ʼa (stem, it extends), plus -í (nominalizer)


naalʼeełí

/nɑ̀ːlʔèːɬɪ́/

From naalʼeeł (“it droops about”) + -í (nominalizer). Literally, the one that droops about.


tsin naaʼeeł chidí naatʼaʼí bee nágéhé

nv:tsin naaʼeeł chidí naatʼaʼí bee nágéhé


tsin naaʼeeł táłtłʼááh naagháhígíí

tsin (“tree timber”) + naaʼeeł (“it floats”) + táłtłʼááh (“at the bottom of the water”) + naaghá (“it goes about”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


łeetsoii

From łeezh (“soil, dirt”) + łitso (“yellow”) + -ii (nominalizer).


beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh

From beeʼeldǫǫh (“gun”) + -tsoh (“big”).


ahéheeʼ

Bimá sání dóó bicheii ahéheeʼ bidiní

Audio: (file) — Tell his grandma and grandpa thank you.

Ahéheeʼ shikʼéí dóó shidineʼé

Audio: (file) — Thank you to my friends/family and my people.

shijéí bitłʼáádę́ę́ʼ tsʼídí yéigo ahéheeʼ


Naabeehó

From Spanish navajo, from Tewa navahu (“field adjoining an arroyo”).


Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah

From bichʼah (“his hat”) + łichííʼ (“red”) + -ii (nominalizer) + bikéyah (“their country”)

Turkey (a country located in Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


bikááʼ

shikááʼ (first-person singular)
nihikááʼ (duoplural first-person)
nikááʼ (second-person singular)
nihikááʼ (duoplural second-person)
bikááʼ (third-person)
yikááʼ (fourth-person)
hakááʼ (fourth-person)
akááʼ (fourth-person singular)
ákááʼ (reflexive singular)
ałkááʼ (duoplural reciprocal)
ahiłkááʼ (duoplural reciprocal)

Haadzííʼ yę́ę naaltsoos bikááʼ niijaaʼ


-tsoh

From Proto-Athabaskan *k̯aʔx̣ʷ. Cognate with Dogrib -cho, Ket [script needed] (qaˀ).


yishchin

first-person singular imperfective of yiłchin


łóód doo nádziihii

Literally "the sore that never heals"^(Source)


naałdzid

naałniih (“infectious disease”) + sid (“scar”).


tłʼohchin

/t͡ɬʼòht͡ʃʰɪ̀n/

tłʼoh (“grass”) + -chin (“smell, scent”)


neeshchʼíínímazí

/nèːʃt͡ʃʼíːnɪ́mɑ̀zɪ́/

neeshchʼííʼ (“pine nut”) + nímaz (“it is round”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


bįįh yildeeʼí

Physalis peruviana
Physalis peruviana#Translingual

Cape gooseberry, groundcherry (Physalis peruviana)


bił níjoobałí

bił (“with it”) + níjoobał (“one spins around [trying to find a stronger signal]”) (from náábał (“it is whirling”)) + -í (“nominalizer”)


chʼil łigaii

/t͡ʃʼɪ̀l ɬɪ̀kɑ̀ìː/

chʼil (“plant, vegetable”) + łigaii (“white”)


Bitsiighaʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah

bitsiighaʼ (“his mane”) + łichííʼ (“is red”) + -í (“nominalizer”) + bikéyah (“their country”)


agąąstsiin

shigąąstsiin (first-person singular)
nihigąąstsiin (duoplural first-person)
danihigąąstsiin (first-person plural)
nigąąstsiin (second-person singular)
nihigąąstsiin (duoplural second-person)
danihigąąstsiin (plural second-person)
bigąąstsiin (third-person)
yigąąstsiin (fourth-person)
hagąąstsiin (fourth-person)
agąąstsiin (indefinite)

From agaan (“arm”) + -s- (ligature) + atsiin (“stem, stalk”). Doublet of agaanstsiin.


kéyah

kédaayah (plural)
shikéyah (first-person singular)
nihikéyah (duoplural first-person)
danihikéyah (first-person plural)
nikéyah (second-person singular)
nihikéyah (duoplural second-person)
danihikéyah (plural second-person)
bikéyah (third-person)
yikéyah (fourth-person)
hakéyah (fourth-person)
akéyah (indefinite)

Derivation uncertain. Possibly from ké (“foot”) + biyaa (“under”). Compare Carrier keyoh (“village, open country”).


bíchį́į́h yee adilohii

head

bíchį́į́h yee adilohii (plural bíchį́į́h yee daʼdilohii)

bi- (“its”) + áchį́į́h (“nose”) + yee (“by means of it”) + adiloh (“it is a roper”, from -LOʼ) + -ii (nominalizer)


neeshchʼííʼ

shineeshchʼííʼ (first-person singular)
nihineeshchʼííʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihineeshchʼííʼ (first-person plural)
nineeshchʼííʼ (second-person singular)
nihineeshchʼííʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihineeshchʼííʼ (plural second-person)
bineeshchʼííʼ (third-person)
yineeshchʼííʼ (fourth-person)
haneeshchʼííʼ (fourth-person)
aneeshchʼííʼ (indefinite)

/nèːʃt͡ʃʼíːʔ/

(singular or plural) nut (can refer to nuts in general, but this term is not exactly equivalent to the English word "nut" because one cannot call any particular kind of nut a neeshchʼííʼ unless it is a pine nut; other types of nuts have their own names.)


nitsaa

ni- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsaa (neuter imperfective stem of root -TSAA, “to be big”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsaa</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSAA</i>

it (inanimate object) is big, large, huge


níłchʼi

shiníłchʼi (first-person singular)
nihiníłchʼi (duoplural first-person)
danihiníłchʼi (first-person plural)
niníłchʼi (second-person singular)
nihiníłchʼi (duoplural second-person)
danihiníłchʼi (plural second-person)
biníłchʼi (third-person)
yiníłchʼi (fourth-person)
haníłchʼi (fourth-person)
aníłchʼi (indefinite)

/nɪ́ɬt͡ʃʼɪ̀/

From níchʼi (“to blow”, perfective) + ł- (classifier), from -chʼi (perfective verb stem describing the movement of a current of air), from Proto-Athabaskan *tšʼʷəy ~ *tšʼʷi, from Pre-Proto-Athabaskan *kʼʷəy (“wind blows”). An air current is conceived as a moving thing, and the perfective form marking its arrival is the equivalent of the English present progressive “it is blowing.”

der

*tšʼʷəy ~ *tšʼʷi

níłchʼi łikoní

Níłchʼi Diyinii


nitsxaaz

nistsxaaz (first-person imperfective singular)
niitsxaaz (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daniitsxaaz (first-person imperfective plural)
nítsxaaz (imperfective second-person singular)
nohtsxaaz (duoplural imperfective second-person)
danohtsxaaz (imperfective plural second-person)
nitsxaaz (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
danitsxaaz (imperfective plural third-person)
jítsxaaz (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajítsxaaz (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ni- (modal) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsxaaz (neuter absolute stem of root -TSXAAZ, “to be big”), with emphatic infix -x-.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsxaaz</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSXAAZ</i>

nv-link-to-root

(absolute) he/she/it (animate object) is big, strong, thick, large, corpulent


hahoodzo

/xɑ̀xòːt͡sò/

ha- (thematic) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -oo- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -zo (perfective stem of root -ZO, “to mark”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zo</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZO</i>

it (area) is marked out (with a line around it)


hahoodzo

/xɑ̀xòːt͡sò/


łóód

shilóód (first-person singular)
nihilóód (duoplural first-person)
danihilóód (first-person plural)
nilóód (second-person singular)
nihilóód (duoplural second-person)
danihilóód (plural second-person)
bilóód (third-person)
yilóód (fourth-person)
halóód (fourth-person)
alóód (indefinite)


Wikiibíídiiya

/wɪ̀kʰìːpíːtìːjɑ̀/

From English Wikipedia, from Hawaiian wikiwiki (“fast, quick”) and English encyclopedia.


Zas Niłtʼees

"Crusted snow": zas (“snow”) and niłtʼees (“frying, roasting”). Compare Western Apache Zas Nłtʼees (“December, roasting snow”).

cog

Díí yiziłígíí éí Zas Niłtʼees wolyé

Yas Niłtʼees Atsá Biyáázh Wóózhchʼį́į́d Tʼą́ą́chil Tʼą́ą́tsoh Yaʼiishjááshchilí Yaʼiishjáástsoh Biniʼantʼą́ą́tsʼózí Biniʼantʼą́ą́tsoh Ghąąjįʼ Níłchʼitsʼósí Níłchʼitsoh


dziʼizí

From dziʼiz (“a person pedals it”, from -ʼEEZ, “to step”) + -í (nominalizer). The one that a person pedals.


ínsadoobíídiiya

/ʔɪ́nsɑ̀tòːpíːtìːjɑ̀/


tábąąstíín

/tʰɑ́pɑ̃̀ːstíːn/

From tábąąh (“shore”) + sitį́ (“he lies”) + -n- (ligature) + -í (nominalizer).


dlǫ́ǫ́ʼ

Probably related to -dlóósh (“of a quadruped, to move on all fours”, stem). Compare Ahtna dluuni (“mouse”).


béésh tózháanii

From béésh (“metal”) and tózháán (“thin, as a batter”).


chʼosh doo yitʼínii

chʼosh (“bug”) + doo (“not”) + yitʼį́ (“it is visible”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


chʼil łitsxooí

chʼil (“plant”) + łitsxo (“orange”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


mágí bichʼiyąʼ

mágí (“monkey”) + bichʼiyąʼ (“his food”), from chʼiyáán (“food”)


taʼneeskʼání

/tɑ̀ʔnèːskʼɑ́nɪ́/

taʼneeskʼą́ (“it has ridges”) + -n- (ligature) + -í (nominalizer)

muskmelon, cantaloupe, melon (Cucumis melo)

bídazneeskʼą́

it has joining ridges, multiple surfaces


chʼil ahwééh

/t͡ʃʼɪ̀l ʔɑ̀hwéːh/

chʼil (“plant, vegetable”) + ahwééh (“coffee”), from Spanish café.

tea, especially Navajo tea (Thelesperma ssp.), wild tea


chʼil naʼatłʼoʼii

chʼil (“plant”) + naʼatłʼoʼii (“something that entwines”), from naʼatłʼoʼ (“intertwined, twisted, tangled”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


náshdóítsoh bitsiijįʼ daditłʼooígíí

From náshdóítsoh (“cougar; puma”) (this being from náshdóí (“wildcat”) + -tsoh (“big”)) + bitsiiʼ (“his head”) + -jįʼ (“up to”) + da- (plural marker) + ditłʼo (“it is hairy”) + -ígíí (nominalizer).
Thus "hairy-headed puma"


Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah

/péːʃ pɪ̀t͡ʃʼɑ̀hìː pɪ̀kʰɛ́jàh/

From béésh (“iron”) + bichʼah (“his hat”) + -ii (nominalizer) + bikéyah (“their country”), referring to the Stahlhelm helmets worn by German soldiers during World War II.

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


béésh

bibéézh (possessed-form)
shibéézh (first-person singular)
nihibéézh (duoplural first-person)
danihibéézh (first-person plural)
nibéézh (second-person singular)
nihibéézh (duoplural second-person)
danihibéézh (plural second-person)
bibéézh (third-person)
yibéézh (fourth-person)
habéézh (fourth-person)
abéézh (indefinite)

(by extension) census number, numeric code


aghaaʼ

shighaaʼ (first-person singular)
nihighaaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihighaaʼ (first-person plural)
nighaaʼ (second-person singular)
nihighaaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihighaaʼ (plural second-person)
bighaaʼ (third-person)
yighaaʼ (fourth-person)
haghaaʼ (fourth-person)
aghaaʼ (indefinite)


chʼééhjiyáán

chʼééh (“in vain”) + jiyą́ (“a person eats it”) + -n- (ligature) + -í (nominalizer). -áán is a contraction of -ání.


nidaashchʼąąʼígíí

From naashchʼąąʼ (“painting”) + da- (“pluralizer”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”).

Díí haitʼáo naashchʼąąʼ?

Díí éí tátłʼidgo dootłʼizh.

Áádóó nááná dííshąʼ?

Díí yágo dootłʼizh.


-dóó

kodóó

from (a fixed point or location in space or time)


siláo

shisiláo (first-person singular)
nihisiláo (duoplural first-person)
danihisiláo (first-person plural)
nisiláo (second-person singular)
nihisiláo (duoplural second-person)
danihisiláo (plural second-person)
bisiláo (third-person)
yisiláo (fourth-person)
hasiláo (fourth-person)
asiláo (indefinite)


chʼil

annual plant, weed, vegetable, vegetation


chʼil gohwéhí

chʼil (“plant, vegetable”) + gohwééh (“coffee”), from English coffee

tea, especially Navajo tea (Thelesperma spp.), wild tea


łigaii

łigai (“it is white”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


łizhiní

łizhin (“it is black”) + -í (nominalizer)

Shicheii bidibé atah, łizhiní éí doo shił yáʼátʼéeh da.

Of my grandfather's sheep, I don't like the black one.


Naakaii Łizhiní Bikéyah

naakai (“walk”) + -ii (“nominalizer”) + łizhiní (“black”) + bikéyah (“his land”)


bikéyah

/pɪ̀kʰɛ́jàh/

bi- (“his/her/its/their”) + kéyah (“land, country”)

his land, his homeland, his country, his nation


hazéítsʼósii

hazéí (“squirrel”) + -tsʼósí (“slender”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


tsah

awl, needle (may refer to a hypodermic needle, a cartridge needle for a phonograph, or a sewing needle)


bisóodi bitsįʼ yikʼánígíí

bisóodi (“hog”) + bitsįʼ (“its meat”), from atsįʼ (“meat, flesh”) + yikʼánígíí (“which is ground”)


tsin naaʼeeł nineezígíí

tsin (“tree timber”) + naaʼeeł (“it floats”) + nineez (“it is long”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


bisóodi bitsįʼ

bisóodi (“hog”) + bitsįʼ (“its meat”), from atsįʼ (“meat, flesh”)


bisóodi bitsįʼ niheeshchʼiizhígíí

bisóodi (“pig”) + bitsįʼ (“its flesh”) + niheeshchʼiizh (“it was sawed up”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


bikááʼdahʼasdáhí

bikááʼ (“on it”) + dah (“up”) + asdá (“sitting”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


bílátah łichííʼígíí

head

bílátah łichííʼígíí

bílátah łichííʼígíí

bílátah (“its tip”) + łichííʼ (“it is red”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


chʼosh bitsʼaʼ doolkʼoolígíí

chʼosh (“bug”) + bitsʼaʼ (“its shell”) + doolkʼool (“it is undulating”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


nidíyílii

/nɪ̀tɪ́jɪ́lìː/

Helianthus annuus
Helianthus annuus#Translingual

American dogweed (Verbesina encelioides)

Nuttall's sunflower (Helianthus nuttallii)


tłʼohchin díchʼííʼí

tłʼohchin (“onion”) + díchʼííʼ (“it is hot, piquant”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


bizhééʼ hólóní

bizhééʼ (“his saliva”), from azhééʼ (“saliva”) + hólóní (“the one that has”), from hólǫ́ (“there is”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


hatsiʼ

shitsiʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsiʼ (first-person plural)
nitsiʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsiʼ (plural second-person)
bitsiʼ (third-person)
yitsiʼ (fourth-person)
hatsiʼ (fourth-person)
atsiʼ (indefinite)


awos

shiwos (first-person singular)
nihiwos (duoplural first-person)
danihiwos (first-person plural)
niwos (second-person singular)
nihiwos (duoplural second-person)
danihiwos (plural second-person)
biwos (third-person)
yiwos (fourth-person)
hawos (fourth-person)
awos (indefinite)


azid

shizid (first-person singular)
nihizid (duoplural first-person)
danihizid (first-person plural)
nizid (second-person singular)
nihizid (duoplural second-person)
danihizid (plural second-person)
bizid (third-person)
yizid (fourth-person)
hazid (fourth-person)
azid (indefinite)


hayeʼ

hayeʼke (plural)
shiyeʼ (first-person singular)
nihiyeʼ (duoplural first-person)
niyeʼ (second-person singular)
nihiyeʼ (duoplural second-person)
biyeʼ (third-person)
yiyeʼ (fourth-person)
hayeʼ (fourth-person)
ayeʼ (fourth-person singular)
áyeʼ (reflexive singular)
ałyeʼ (duoplural reciprocal)
ahiłyeʼ (duoplural reciprocal)


adoh

shidoh (first-person singular)
nihidoh (duoplural first-person)
danihidoh (first-person plural)
nidoh (second-person singular)
nihidoh (duoplural second-person)
danihidoh (plural second-person)
bidoh (third-person)
yidoh (fourth-person)
hadoh (fourth-person)
adoh (indefinite)


binááʼ

shinááʼ (first-person singular)
nihinááʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihinááʼ (first-person plural)
ninááʼ (second-person singular)
nihinááʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihinááʼ (plural second-person)
binááʼ (third-person)
yinááʼ (fourth-person)
hanááʼ (fourth-person)
anááʼ (indefinite)

bi- (“his, her, their, its”) + anááʼ (“eye, seed”)

its seed (plant seed, seeds of trees other than fruit trees)

kʼeelyéí

seeds of cultivated plants such as corn, grain, garden crops


níbaal

ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -baal (neuter perfective stem of root -BAAL, “to hang curtainlike”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-baal</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-BAAL</i>

it (flat, flexible object) extends curtainlike, hangs curtainlike


agod

shigod (first-person singular)
nihigod (duoplural first-person)
danihigod (first-person plural)
nigod (second-person singular)
nihigod (duoplural second-person)
danihigod (plural second-person)
bigod (third-person)
yigod (fourth-person)
hagod (fourth-person)
agod (indefinite)


łid

bilid (possessed-form)
shilid (first-person singular)
nihilid (duoplural first-person)
danihilid (first-person plural)
nilid (second-person singular)
nihilid (duoplural second-person)
danihilid (plural second-person)
bilid (third-person)
yilid (fourth-person)
halid (fourth-person)
alid (indefinite)

From the root -LID (“to burn”), from Proto-Athabaskan *łəd (“smoke”). Cognate with Tsuut'ina tłi, Chipewyan łʊr, Beaver łʊd, Carrier łʊd, Sekani łʊd, Ahtna łet.


amá

shimá (first-person singular)
nihimá (duoplural first-person)
danihimá (first-person plural)
nimá (second-person singular)
nihimá (duoplural second-person)
danihimá (plural second-person)
bimá (third-person)
yimá (fourth-person)
hamá (fourth-person)
amá (indefinite)


iichʼąh

iishchʼąh (first-person imperfective singular)
iichʼąh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiichʼąh (first-person imperfective plural)
iichʼąh (imperfective second-person singular)
oohchʼąh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼoohchʼąh (imperfective plural second-person)
iichʼąh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼiichʼąh (imperfective plural third-person)
ajiichʼąh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjiichʼąh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
ashéchʼąh (first-person perfective singular)
ashiichʼąh (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼshiichʼąh (first-person perfective plural)
ashíníchʼąh (perfective second-person singular)
ashoochʼąh (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼshoochʼąh (perfective plural second-person)
azhchʼąh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼazhchʼąh (perfective plural third-person)
ajizhchʼąh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjizhchʼąh (fourth-person perfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -yi- (semelfactive) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chʼąh (semelfactive stem of root -CHʼĄH, “to have seizure”).
From the metaphorical meaning of fall-into-fire.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼąh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼĄH</i>


iichʼąh

iich'aa, an epileptiform, psychosomatic illness found among the Navajo people, characterised by nervousness, loss of self-control, convulsions, self-destructive behavior, and fits of violence and rage, and often accompanied by the belief that parts of the body are shrinking (associated with violating the taboo against incest and supposedly caused by the growth of a moth in the cranial cavity. The affected person is cured in a ceremony called the "Mothway" (iichʼąhjí, no longer performed), in which he vomits to get rid of the creature.)


atłʼó

ashtłʼó (first-person imperfective singular)
iitłʼó (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiitłʼó (first-person imperfective plural)
ítłʼó (imperfective second-person singular)
ohtłʼó (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼohtłʼó (imperfective plural second-person)
atłʼó (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼatłʼó (imperfective plural third-person)
ajitłʼó (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjitłʼó (fourth-person imperfective plural)
asétłʼǫ́ (first-person perfective singular)
asiitłʼǫ́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼsiitłʼǫ́ (first-person perfective plural)
asínítłʼǫ́ (perfective second-person singular)
asootłʼǫ́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼsootłʼǫ́ (perfective plural second-person)
aztłʼǫ́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼaztłʼǫ́ (perfective plural third-person)
ajiztłʼǫ́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjiztłʼǫ́ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshtłʼóół (first-person future singular)
adiitłʼóół (duoplural first-person future)
daʼdiitłʼóół (first-person future plural)
adíítłʼóół (future second-person singular)
adoohtłʼóół (duoplural future second-person)
daʼdoohtłʼóół (future plural second-person)
adootłʼóół (duoplural future singular third-person)
daʼdootłʼóół (future plural third-person)
azhdootłʼóół (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhʼdootłʼóół (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tłʼó (imperfective stem of root -TŁʼǪ́, “to weave”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼó</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼǪ́</i>

Dííshjį́ adeeshtłʼóół biyah shił hóyééʼ.


chąąshtʼezhiitsoh

/t͡ʃʰɑ̃̀ːʃtʼɛ̀ʒìːt͡ʃʰòh/

From chąąshtʼezhii (“Cymopterus montanus, mountain springparsley”) + -tsoh (“big”).


chąąʼ

bichaan (possessed-form)
shichaan (first-person singular)
nihichaan (duoplural first-person)
danihichaan (first-person plural)
nichaan (second-person singular)
nihichaan (duoplural second-person)
danihichaan (plural second-person)
bichaan (third-person)
yichaan (fourth-person)
hachaan (fourth-person)
achaan (indefinite)

lókʼeeshchąąʼí

youngest member of a family, last child born


tsintah

tsin (“wood”) + -tah (“among, through, in the area of”)


hahastiin

ha- (“indefinite deictic subject pronoun”) + hastiin (“man”)

bahastiin

shahastiin


łį́į́ʼ bighan

head

łį́į́ʼ bighan

łį́į́ʼ bighan


chʼiyáán ííłʼíní

chʼiyáán ííłʼíní

chʼiyáán ííłʼíní

chʼiyáán (“food”) + ííłʼį́ (“to do as a profession”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


bisóodi bijáád

bisóodi (“pig”) + bijáád (“its leg”), from ajáád (“leg”)


tó doo bidééłníní

tó (“water”) + doo (“not”) + bidééłní (“will have an effect on”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


béeso bá hooghan

béeso (“money”) + bá hooghan (“a house for it”), from bá (“for it”) + hooghan (“house”)


tooh

Compare Dogrib deh. Cognate with Ket дэ’ (deˀ).

Tooh Áákinsoo

Tooh Áshįįh

Tooh Baʼáadii (or Naakaii Bitooh)

Tooh Bikaʼí

Są́ Bitooh

Tooh Colorado

Tooh Deetéél Bikéyah

Tooh Gila

Tooh Pecos

Tooh Sonora

Tooh Yaqui


chʼosh bíláshgaantsohí

From chʼosh (“bug”) + bíláshgaan (“its fingernails”) + -tsoh (“big”) + -í (nominalizer).


hastiin

Irregular nominalized form of haastih (“s/he is old”, from -TIH, “to be old, decrepit”).


atsooʼ

tsó- (in-compounds)
sitsooʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsooʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsooʼ (first-person plural)
nitsooʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsooʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsooʼ (plural second-person)
bitsooʼ (third-person)
yitsooʼ (fourth-person)
hatsooʼ (fourth-person)
atsooʼ (indefinite)


hánaaí

shínaaí (first-person singular)
nihínaaí (duoplural first-person)
danihínaaí (first-person plural)
nínaaí (second-person singular)
nihínaaí (duoplural second-person)
danihínaaí (plural second-person)
bínaaí (third-person)
yínaaí (fourth-person)
hánaaí (fourth-person)
ánaaí (indefinite)

bínaaí

nínaaí

shínaaí


akétal

shikétal (first-person singular)
nihikétal (duoplural first-person)
danihikétal (first-person plural)
nikétal (second-person singular)
nihikétal (duoplural second-person)
danihikétal (plural second-person)
bikétal (third-person)
yikétal (fourth-person)
hakétal (fourth-person)
akétal (indefinite)

From akeeʼ. The ending likely comes from the root -TÁÁL, meaning "to move the foot."


agaan

forms gąą- (compound)
gą- (compound)
gan- (compound)
shigaan (first-person singular)
nihigaan (duoplural first-person)
danihigaan (first-person plural)
nigaan (second-person singular)
nihigaan (duoplural second-person)
danihigaan (plural second-person)
bigaan (third-person)
yigaan (fourth-person)
hagaan (fourth-person)
agaan (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *-ɢa̓·ŋ-əʔ.
Cognate with Western Apache -gan, Chiricahua -gan, Jicarilla -gan, Lipan -gąą’, Plains Apache -gąą, Tsuut'ina -gànὰ’, Hupa -ɢan-, Mattole -gaane’, Galice gaaneʔ, Chilcotin -gán, Slavey, Hare North Slavey -góné’, Dogrib -gǫ̀, Chipewyan -gané, Sekani -gòne’, Beaver -góné’, Lower Tanana -gonaʔ, Hän -gæ̀nn’, Ahtna -ggaane’, Dena'ina -ɢuna, Eyak -ɢəla’, Tlingit jín (“hand”).

tsin bigaan


adaaʼ

shidaaʼ (first-person singular)
nihidaaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihidaaʼ (first-person plural)
nidaaʼ (second-person singular)
nihidaaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihidaaʼ (plural second-person)
bidaaʼ (third-person)
yidaaʼ (fourth-person)
hadaaʼ (fourth-person)
adaaʼ (indefinite)


dootłʼizh

dinishtłʼizh (first-person perfective singular)
diniitłʼizh (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiniitłʼizh (first-person perfective plural)
dinítłʼizh (perfective second-person singular)
dinohtłʼizh (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadinohtłʼizh (perfective plural second-person)
dootłʼizh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dadootłʼizh (perfective plural third-person)
jidootłʼizh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdootłʼizh (fourth-person perfective plural)
hodootłʼizh (spatial-person)

di- (“color”) + -oo- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -d- (classifier) + -tłʼizh (neuter perfective stem of root -TŁʼIIZH, “to be blue, green”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼizh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼIIZH</i>

Łóóʼ dootłʼizh

Łóóʼ dadootłʼizh


dootłʼizh

The use of dootłʼizh (green) to refer to the dime coin comes from the green color of the fractional currency note for this denomination during the Civil War.


akeeʼ

shikeeʼ (first-person singular)
nihikeeʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihikeeʼ (first-person plural)
nikeeʼ (second-person singular)
nihikeeʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihikeeʼ (plural second-person)
bikeeʼ (third-person)
yikeeʼ (fourth-person)
hakeeʼ (fourth-person)
akeeʼ (indefinite)

From a- (indefinite personal possessive pronoun) + ké (“foot”). Possibly cognate with Ket ки’сь (kiˀs), if the Na-Dene and Yeniseian languages are related.

akeeʼ niiłtsǫǫz

akeeʼ bigháʼńjil


azééʼ

zá- (in-compounds)
-zaa- (in-compounds)
-zé- (in-compounds)
sizééʼ (first-person singular)
nihizééʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihizééʼ (first-person plural)
nizééʼ (second-person singular)
nihizééʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihizééʼ (plural second-person)
bizééʼ (third-person)
yizééʼ (fourth-person)
hazééʼ (fourth-person)
azééʼ (indefinite)


awooʼ

head

awooʼ (compound form -wó-, possessed form -wooʼ, prefixal form awó-)

-wó- (in-compounds)
-wooʼ (possessed-form)
shiwooʼ (first-person singular)
nihiwooʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihiwooʼ (first-person plural)
niwooʼ (second-person singular)
nihiwooʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihiwooʼ (plural second-person)
biwooʼ (third-person)
yiwooʼ (fourth-person)
hawooʼ (fourth-person)
awooʼ (indefinite)

Biwooʼ ádinii


doolghas

di- (adjectival) + -oo- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -ghas (neuter perfective stem of root -GHAZ, “to scratch”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ghas</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-GHAZ</i>


tádiin

From tááʼ (“three”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


heeneez

hi- (thematic) + -ee- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -neez (neuter imperfective stem of root -NEEZ, “to long”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-neez</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NEEZ</i>


naadiin

From naaki (“two”) + -diin (multiplicative "times 10" suffix).


tsé

sitseʼ (first-person singular)
nihitseʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitseʼ (first-person plural)
nitseʼ (second-person singular)
nihitseʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitseʼ (plural second-person)
bitseʼ (third-person)
yitseʼ (fourth-person)
hatseʼ (fourth-person)
atseʼ (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *tseˑ, from Proto-Na-Dene *caj. Cognates include Western Apache tséé and Chiricahua tsé and possibly Ket ты’сь.


chizh

Cognate with Western Apache chizh, Chipewyan tsez, Beaver chvch, Carrier tsez, Sekani tsvz, Ahtna tsets.

wood, log, firewood, kindling, dead wood


tłah

From the root -TŁAH (“to grease, to anoint”), from Proto-Athabaskan *tłɑɣ̇ (“to grease”).


tééh hóyáanii

tééh (“deep water”) + hóyą́ (“he/she/it is intelligent”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


naaʼahóóhai bichʼííʼ

naaʼahóóhai (“chicken”) + bi- (“its”) + achʼííʼ (“guts”)


hééł

biyéél (possessed-form)
shiyéél (first-person singular)
nihiyéél (duoplural first-person)
danihiyéél (first-person plural)
niyéél (second-person singular)
nihiyéél (duoplural second-person)
danihiyéél (plural second-person)
biyéél (third-person)
yiyéél (fourth-person)
hayéél (fourth-person)
ayéél (indefinite)


bilasáana diwozhí

bilasáana (“apple”) + diwozh (“thorny”) + -í (nominalizer)


bizis

shizis (first-person singular)
nihizis (duoplural first-person)
danihizis (first-person plural)
nizis (second-person singular)
nihizis (duoplural second-person)
danihizis (plural second-person)
bizis (third-person)
yizis (fourth-person)
hazis (fourth-person)
azis (indefinite)


naaltsoos

na- (“around, about”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tsoos (“carry a flat flexible object”, imperfective verb stem)

Simple passive form of neiłtsoos (“a flat flexible object is being carried around”)


naaltsoos

shinaaltsoos (first-person singular)
nihinaaltsoos (duoplural first-person)
danihinaaltsoos (first-person plural)
ninaaltsoos (second-person singular)
nihinaaltsoos (duoplural second-person)
danihinaaltsoos (plural second-person)
binaaltsoos (third-person)
yinaaltsoos (fourth-person)
hanaaltsoos (fourth-person)
anaaltsoos (indefinite)

papers, documentation, printed material:


alzhishí

alzhish (“he/she dances”) + -í (nominalizer)


béésh áłtsʼózí

head

béésh áłtsʼózí

béésh áłtsʼózí

béésh (“metal”) + áłtsʼózí (“it is narrow”)


hazaʼaleehtsoh

From hazaʼaleeh (“herb”) + -tsoh (“big”).

widewing springparsley (Cymopterus purpurascens)

Apium graveolens
Apium graveolens#Translingual


jooł nikídílniihí

jooł (“ball”) + nikídílniih (“it is dribbled”) + -í (nominalizer)


bílaʼashdlaʼii

bílaʼ (“his fingers”) + ashdlaʼ (“five”) + -ii (nominalizer). Literally "the five-fingered one".


chʼosh bikǫʼí

From chʼosh (“bug”) + bi- (“its”) + kǫʼ (“fire”) + -í (“nominalizer”).


béésh łichíiʼii

From béésh (“metal”) + łichííʼ (“it is red”) + -ii (nominalizer).