kǫʼ

Cognate with Western Apache kǫʼ, Chiricahua kųų, Jicarilla ko̱ʼ, Lipan kǫǫʼ, Plains Apache kǫʼ, Tsuut'ina kù, Chipewyan kon, Beaver kʊ́n, Carrier kʊn, Sekani kon, Ahtna konʼ, Gwich'in kwʼanʼ.

Áko tʼááłáʼí jinítínígo atsooʼ kǫʼ ndahalingo hakʼijįʼ adahwiizleʼgo dajiiłtsą́.

1985, Diyin God Bizaad: The Holy Bible in Navajo, Acts 2:3:

And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them.


łigaii

łigai (“it is white”) + -ii (nominalizer)


łizhiní

łizhin (“it is black”) + -í (nominalizer)


tłʼóóʼgóó dadiltłiʼígíí

head

tłʼóóʼgóó dadiltłiʼígíí

tłʼóóʼgóó dadiltłiʼígíí

From tłʼóóʼgóó (“outdoors”) + da- (plural marker) + diltłiʼ (“it is burning”) + -ígíí (nominalizer), "they that burn outdoors".


ooljééʼ

From oo- (object-subject pronoun meaning “something”) + l- (classifier) + -jééʼ (obsolete verb stem meaning “to shine”). Cognate with Ahtna dzaes (“shine”) and dzaen (“day”), and probably with Ket qīp (“moon”).


łitsooí

łitso (“it is yellow”) + -í (nominalizer). Compare Ahtna ltsooy.


yéego łitso

Díí jooł éí yéego łitso.


łitsxo

łinistsxo (first-person imperfective singular)
łiniitsxo (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dałiniitsxo (first-person imperfective plural)
łinítsxo (imperfective second-person singular)
łinohtsxo (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dałinohtsxo (imperfective plural second-person)
łitsxo (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daaltsxo (imperfective plural third-person)
jiltsxo (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiltsxo (fourth-person imperfective plural)

łi- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tso (neuter imperfective stem of root -TSOII, “to be yellow”), with emphatic infix -x-.
The łi- prefix appears to have originated historically from the -ł- classifier. When this prefix appears immediately in pre-stem position, it takes the shape of a -l- classifier.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tso</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSOII</i>

nv-link-to-root

Díí nidaashchʼąąʼígíí éí łitsxo.


yiitsóóh

yiistsóóh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiitsóóh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiitsóóh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiitsóóh (imperfective second-person singular)
woohtsóóh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoohtsóóh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiitsóóh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiitsóóh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiitsóóh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiitsóóh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiitsoii (first-person perfective singular)
yiitsoii (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiitsoii (first-person perfective plural)
yinitsoii (perfective second-person singular)
wootsoii (duoplural perfective second-person)
daootsoii (perfective plural second-person)
yiitsoii (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deitsoii (perfective plural third-person)
jiitsoii (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiitsoii (fourth-person perfective plural)

yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsóóh (transitional imperfective stem of root -TSOII, “to be yellow”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsóóh</i>

nv-link-to-stem

he/she is turning yellow, tan, or light green


diłhił

dinishhił (first-person imperfective singular)
diniilyił (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiniilyił (first-person imperfective plural)
diníłhił (imperfective second-person singular)
dinołhił (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadinołhił (imperfective plural second-person)
diłhił (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadiłhił (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiłhił (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiłhił (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hodiłhił (spatial-person)

di- (“color”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -yił (neuter imperfective stem of root -YÉÉL, “to be dark”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yił</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YÉÉL</i>


łitsxooí

łitsxo (“he/she/it is orange / yellowish orange”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


yiyiiłtsóóh

yiistsóóh (first-person imperfective singular)
yiiltsóóh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
deiiltsóóh (first-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtsóóh (imperfective second-person singular)
woołtsóóh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daoołtsóóh (imperfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtsóóh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtsóóh (imperfective plural third-person)
jiiłtsóóh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajiiłtsóóh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
yiiłtsoii (first-person perfective singular)
yiiltsoii (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiiltsoii (first-person perfective plural)
yiniłtsoii (perfective second-person singular)
woołtsoii (duoplural perfective second-person)
daoołtsoii (perfective plural second-person)
yiyiiłtsoii (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dayiiłtsoii (perfective plural third-person)
jiiłtsoii (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajiiłtsoii (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -tsóóh (transitional imperfective stem of root -TSOII, “to be yellow”).

nv-prefixes

he/she is turning it yellow, tan, or light green


yidiiłtłʼíísh

diishtłʼíísh (first-person imperfective singular)
diiltłʼíísh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiiltłʼíísh (first-person imperfective plural)
diiłtłʼíísh (imperfective second-person singular)
doołtłʼíísh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadoołtłʼíísh (imperfective plural second-person)
yidiiłtłʼíísh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
deidiiłtłʼíísh (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiiłtłʼíísh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiiłtłʼíísh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
diiłtłʼiizh (first-person perfective singular)
diiltłʼiizh (duoplural first-person perfective)
dadiiltłʼiizh (first-person perfective plural)
diniłtłʼiizh (perfective second-person singular)
doołtłʼiizh (duoplural perfective second-person)
dadoołtłʼiizh (perfective plural second-person)
yidiiłtłʼiizh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
deidiiłtłʼiizh (perfective plural third-person)
jidiiłtłʼiizh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dazhdiiłtłʼiizh (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (3rd person object prefix) + -di- (“color”) + -yi- (transitional) + ∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier, causative) + -tłʼíísh (imperfective stem of root -TŁʼIIZH, “to be blue”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼíísh</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼIIZH</i>


adiníłdíín

adííníshdíín (first-person imperfective singular)
adííníildíín (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼdííníildíín (first-person imperfective plural)
adííníłdíín (imperfective second-person singular)
adíínółdíín (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼdíínółdíín (imperfective plural second-person)
adiníłdíín (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼdiníłdíín (imperfective plural third-person)
adizhníłdíín (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiʼníłdíín (fourth-person imperfective plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -di- (“fire”) + -ní- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -ł- (classifier) + -díín (imperfective stem of root -DÍÍN, “light shines”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-díín</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-DÍÍN</i>

he/she/it is directing, casting or reflecting light


naaltsoos dildoní

naaltsoos (“paper”) + dildǫǫh (“it explodes”) + -í (“nominalizer”)

Yaʼiishjáástsoh yiziłígíí biyiʼ dį́į́ʼgóó yoołkááłgóó naaltsoos dildoní daʼdiłdon łeh

On the 4th of July, people usually pop fireworks.


łichxííʼ

łinishchxííʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
łiniichxííʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dałiniichxííʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
łiníchxííʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
łinohchxííʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dałinohchxííʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
łichxííʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daalchxííʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
jilchxííʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajilchxííʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)

/ɬɪ̀t͡ʃʰxíːʔ/

łi- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chííʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -CHIIʼ, “to be red”), with emphatic infix -x-.
The łi- prefix appears to have originated historically from the -ł- classifier. When this prefix appears immediately in pre-stem position, it takes the shape of a l- classifier.

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chííʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHIIʼ</i>

nv-link-to-root

Díí chʼilátah baa hózhónii éí łichxííʼ.


náátsʼíílid

Derivation unknown. Possibly related with the root -LID (“to burn”).

Náátsʼíílid haʼnaa ninítʼiʼ


diidiłjeeh

didishjeeh (first-person imperfective singular)
didiiljeeh (duoplural first-person imperfective)
didadiiljeeh (first-person imperfective plural)
didíłjeeh (imperfective second-person singular)
didołjeeh (duoplural imperfective second-person)
didadołjeeh (imperfective plural second-person)
diidiłjeeh (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dideidiłjeeh (imperfective plural third-person)
dizhdiłjeeh (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
didazhdiłjeeh (fourth-person imperfective plural)
didííłjééʼ (first-person perfective singular)
didiiljééʼ (duoplural first-person perfective)
didadiiljééʼ (first-person perfective plural)
didííníłjééʼ (perfective second-person singular)
didoołjééʼ (duoplural perfective second-person)
didadoołjééʼ (perfective plural second-person)
diidííłjééʼ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
dideidííłjééʼ (perfective plural third-person)
dizhdííłjééʼ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
didazhdííłjééʼ (fourth-person perfective plural)
didideeshjah (first-person future singular)
dididiiljah (duoplural first-person future)
didadidiiljah (first-person future plural)
dididííłjah (future second-person singular)
dididoołjah (duoplural future second-person)
didadidoołjah (future plural second-person)
diididoołjah (duoplural future singular third-person)
dideididoołjah (future plural third-person)
dizhdidoołjah (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
didazhdidoołjah (fourth-person future plural)

he/she is making it, starting it, building it (a fire)


sháńdíín

shą́ą́ʼ (“sunshine”, incorporated noun) + -díín (neuter perfective stem of root -DÍÍN, “to cast or reflect light”).


adinídíín

ʼa- (unspecified person subject prefix) + -di- (“fire”) + -ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -díín (neuter perfective stem of root -DÍÍN, “to reflect light”).

nv-prefixes

ooljééʼ bee adinídíín

atsiniltłʼish bee adinídíín


akʼah diltłiʼí

Literally, burning grease. From akʼah (“fat, grease”) + diltłiʼ (“it is burning”) + -í (nominalizer)


akʼahkǫʼ níyizígíí

From akʼahkǫʼ (“oil”) + níyiz (“it is cylindrical”) + -ígíí (nominalizer), literally “oil cylinder”.