sin

biyiin (possessed-form)
shiyiin (first-person singular)
nihiyiin (duoplural first-person)
danihiyiin (first-person plural)
niyiin (second-person singular)
nihiyiin (duoplural second-person)
danihiyiin (plural second-person)
biyiin (third-person)
yiyiin (fourth-person)
hayiin (fourth-person)
ayiin (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *xʸən (“shaman's power, medicine, song”). Related to -YĮĮD (“to be holy”), from Proto-Athabaskan *ɣʸən (“to act as a shaman, to be endowed with supernatural powers”).
Compare Ahtna sen (“spiritual power, medicine”), Koyukon sən (“shaman's spirit”), Gwich'in shan (“shamanism, magic”), Tlingit shí, shī, shi(n) (“sing, song”), Eyak tsį, Dena'ina shen, Galice šan (“song”), Lipan shį̀.


alzhish

ashzhish (first-person imperfective singular)
iilzhish (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiilzhish (first-person imperfective plural)
ílzhish (imperfective second-person singular)
ołzhish (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼołzhish (imperfective plural second-person)
alzhish (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼalzhish (imperfective plural third-person)
ajilzhish (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjilzhish (fourth-person imperfective plural)
eeshzhiizh (first-person perfective singular)
iilzhiizh (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼiilzhiizh (first-person perfective plural)
íínílzhiizh (perfective second-person singular)
oołzhiizh (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼoołzhiizh (perfective plural second-person)
oolzhiizh (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼoolzhiizh (perfective plural third-person)
ajoolzhiizh (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjoolzhiizh (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshzhish (first-person future singular)
adiilzhish (duoplural first-person future)
daʼdiilzhish (first-person future plural)
adíílzhish (future second-person singular)
adoołzhish (duoplural future second-person)
daʼdoołzhish (future plural second-person)
adoolzhish (duoplural future singular third-person)
daʼdoolzhish (future plural third-person)
azhdoolzhish (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhʼdoolzhish (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -zhish (imperfective stem of root -ZHIIZH, “to poke, move rhythmically”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-zhish</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ZHIIZH</i>


nił

shił (first-person singular)
nihił (duoplural first-person)
nił (second-person singular)
nihił (duoplural second-person)
bił (third-person)
yił (fourth-person)
hił (fourth-person)
ił (fourth-person singular)
ádił (reflexive singular)
ahił (duoplural reciprocal)


nił

From -nił (“to pound”), from + -neʼ (imperfective stem of root -NEʼ, “to propel a solid roundish object”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-neʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-NEʼ</i>


Dágháilchįįh

From dághá (“moustache”) + the iterative form néíłchįįh of yishchin (“to smell”), “he who smells his moustache”.


Doodaatsaahii

doo (“not”) + daatsaah (“he dies”) + -ii (nominalizer), “he that does not die”.


beeʼeldǫǫh

Literally, “an explosion is made with it”. Compare bee.

beeʼeldǫǫh tʼáá bíniʼdii bikʼa ádiih yiyiinííłígíí

chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí

chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí


Jíísas

From English Jesus, from Latin Iēsus, from Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs), from Biblical Hebrew יֵשׁוּעַ (yēšū́aʿ).


head

Composed of chidí naaʼnaʼí (“caterpillar tractor”), from chidí (“car”) + naaʼnaʼ (“it crawls about”) + -í (“nominalizer”); and beeʼeldǫǫh (“gun”), from the verb beeʼeldǫǫh (“explosion is made with it”); and the particle bikááʼ (“on it”) plus the verb dah naaznil (“they sit up”) plus -ígíí (“nominalizer”)

nv:chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí


tééhoołtsódii

tééh (“deep water”) + hoołtsóód (“it grabs things”) + -ii (nominalizer)

(mythology) a monster that lived in the water and that would grab and drag its victims into the water


tsin naaʼeeł bee daʼahijighánígíí

tsin naaʼeeł (“ship”) + bee (“by means of it”) + daʼahijighą́ą́ʼ (“they fought each other”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”)


naaki góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ

naaki góneʼ (“second”) + yéigo (“seriously”) + daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ (“there was war”), from daʼahijigą́ (“they kill one another”)


Composed of chidí naaʼnaʼí (“caterpillar tractor”), from chidí (“car”) + naaʼnaʼ (“it crawls about”) + -í (nominalizer); and beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh (“cannon”), from the verb beeʼeldǫǫh (“explosion is made with it”) + the adjectival enclitic -tsoh (“big”); and the particle bikááʼ (“on it”) plus the verb dah naaznil (“they sit up”) plus -ígíí (nominalizer).

nv:chidí naaʼnaʼí beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh bikááʼ dah naaznilígíí


tsin naaʼeeł chidí naatʼaʼí bee nágéhé

nv:tsin naaʼeeł chidí naatʼaʼí bee nágéhé


beeʼeldǫǫhtsoh

From beeʼeldǫǫh (“gun”) + -tsoh (“big”).


Wikiibíídiiya

/wɪ̀kʰìːpíːtìːjɑ̀/

From English Wikipedia, from Hawaiian wikiwiki (“fast, quick”) and English encyclopedia.


ínsadoobíídiiya

/ʔɪ́nsɑ̀tòːpíːtìːjɑ̀/


siláo

shisiláo (first-person singular)
nihisiláo (duoplural first-person)
danihisiláo (first-person plural)
nisiláo (second-person singular)
nihisiláo (duoplural second-person)
danihisiláo (plural second-person)
bisiláo (third-person)
yisiláo (fourth-person)
hasiláo (fourth-person)
asiláo (indefinite)


bikááʼdahʼasdáhí

bikááʼ (“on it”) + dah (“up”) + asdá (“sitting”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


hatsiʼ

shitsiʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsiʼ (first-person plural)
nitsiʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsiʼ (plural second-person)
bitsiʼ (third-person)
yitsiʼ (fourth-person)
hatsiʼ (fourth-person)
atsiʼ (indefinite)


hayeʼ

hayeʼke (plural)
shiyeʼ (first-person singular)
nihiyeʼ (duoplural first-person)
niyeʼ (second-person singular)
nihiyeʼ (duoplural second-person)
biyeʼ (third-person)
yiyeʼ (fourth-person)
hayeʼ (fourth-person)
ayeʼ (fourth-person singular)
áyeʼ (reflexive singular)
ałyeʼ (duoplural reciprocal)
ahiłyeʼ (duoplural reciprocal)


amá

shimá (first-person singular)
nihimá (duoplural first-person)
danihimá (first-person plural)
nimá (second-person singular)
nihimá (duoplural second-person)
danihimá (plural second-person)
bimá (third-person)
yimá (fourth-person)
hamá (fourth-person)
amá (indefinite)


atłʼó

ashtłʼó (first-person imperfective singular)
iitłʼó (duoplural first-person imperfective)
daʼiitłʼó (first-person imperfective plural)
ítłʼó (imperfective second-person singular)
ohtłʼó (duoplural imperfective second-person)
daʼohtłʼó (imperfective plural second-person)
atłʼó (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daʼatłʼó (imperfective plural third-person)
ajitłʼó (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
daʼjitłʼó (fourth-person imperfective plural)
asétłʼǫ́ (first-person perfective singular)
asiitłʼǫ́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
daʼsiitłʼǫ́ (first-person perfective plural)
asínítłʼǫ́ (perfective second-person singular)
asootłʼǫ́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daʼsootłʼǫ́ (perfective plural second-person)
aztłʼǫ́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daʼaztłʼǫ́ (perfective plural third-person)
ajiztłʼǫ́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
daʼjiztłʼǫ́ (fourth-person perfective plural)
adeeshtłʼóół (first-person future singular)
adiitłʼóół (duoplural first-person future)
daʼdiitłʼóół (first-person future plural)
adíítłʼóół (future second-person singular)
adoohtłʼóół (duoplural future second-person)
daʼdoohtłʼóół (future plural second-person)
adootłʼóół (duoplural future singular third-person)
daʼdootłʼóół (future plural third-person)
azhdootłʼóół (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
dazhʼdootłʼóół (fourth-person future plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tłʼó (imperfective stem of root -TŁʼǪ́, “to weave”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tłʼó</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TŁʼǪ́</i>

Dííshjį́ adeeshtłʼóół biyah shił hóyééʼ.


chąąʼ

bichaan (possessed-form)
shichaan (first-person singular)
nihichaan (duoplural first-person)
danihichaan (first-person plural)
nichaan (second-person singular)
nihichaan (duoplural second-person)
danihichaan (plural second-person)
bichaan (third-person)
yichaan (fourth-person)
hachaan (fourth-person)
achaan (indefinite)

lókʼeeshchąąʼí

youngest member of a family, last child born


béeso bá hooghan

béeso (“money”) + bá hooghan (“a house for it”), from bá (“for it”) + hooghan (“house”)


hastiin

Irregular nominalized form of haastih (“s/he is old”, from -TIH, “to be old, decrepit”).


hánaaí

shínaaí (first-person singular)
nihínaaí (duoplural first-person)
danihínaaí (first-person plural)
nínaaí (second-person singular)
nihínaaí (duoplural second-person)
danihínaaí (plural second-person)
bínaaí (third-person)
yínaaí (fourth-person)
hánaaí (fourth-person)
ánaaí (indefinite)

bínaaí

nínaaí

shínaaí


dootłʼizh

The use of dootłʼizh (green) to refer to the dime coin comes from the green color of the fractional currency note for this denomination during the Civil War.


chizh

Cognate with Western Apache chizh, Chipewyan tsez, Beaver chvch, Carrier tsez, Sekani tsvz, Ahtna tsets.

wood, log, firewood, kindling, dead wood


naaltsoos

shinaaltsoos (first-person singular)
nihinaaltsoos (duoplural first-person)
danihinaaltsoos (first-person plural)
ninaaltsoos (second-person singular)
nihinaaltsoos (duoplural second-person)
danihinaaltsoos (plural second-person)
binaaltsoos (third-person)
yinaaltsoos (fourth-person)
hanaaltsoos (fourth-person)
anaaltsoos (indefinite)

na- (“around, about”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tsoos (“carry a flat flexible object”, imperfective verb stem)

papers, documentation, printed material:


alzhishí

alzhish (“he/she dances”) + -í (nominalizer)


naaltsoos wóltaʼí

naaltsoos (“page, book”) + wóltaʼ (“it is read”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


naalté

shinaalteʼ (first-person singular)
nihinaalteʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihinaalteʼ (first-person plural)
ninaalteʼ (second-person singular)
nihinaalteʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihinaalteʼ (plural second-person)
binaalteʼ (third-person)
yinaalteʼ (fourth-person)
hanaalteʼ (fourth-person)
anaalteʼ (indefinite)


tsénił

tsé (“stone”) + -nił (“to pound”), from + -neʼ (imperfective stem of root -NEʼ, “to propel a solid roundish object”). See nił.


hooghan

shighan (first-person singular)
nihighan (duoplural first-person)
danihighan (first-person plural)
nighan (second-person singular)
nihighan (duoplural second-person)
danihighan (plural second-person)
bighan (third-person)
yighan (fourth-person)
haghan (fourth-person)
aghan (indefinite)

ho- (deictic pronoun denoting space or area) + -ghan (verb stem meaning to live, reside)

Hooghan baa hashneʼ dooleeł.
Haʼaʼaahdę́ę́ʼ yah ajighááh. Ákweʼé nitsáhákees silá.
Shádiʼááhjígo dashdiighááh. Ákweʼé nahatʼá silá.
Áádóó eʼeʼaahjígo dashdiighááh. Ákweʼé iiná silá.
Áádóó náhookǫsjígo dashdiighááh. Ákweʼé sih hasin silá.
I will speak about the hogan.
You enter from the east. Here thought exists.
You head toward the south. Here planning exists.
You head toward the west. Here life exists.
You head toward the north. Here wisdom exists.


óltaʼ

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -ó- (“directed at”, combining form of yíní- in the 3rd person) + -l- (classifier, passive) + -taʼ (imperfective stem of root -TAʼ, “to read, to count”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-taʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TAʼ</i>


diyin

dinishyin (first-person imperfective singular)
diniigin (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dadiniigin (first-person imperfective plural)
diníyin (imperfective second-person singular)
dinohyin (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dadinohyin (imperfective plural second-person)
diyin (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
dadiyin (imperfective plural third-person)
jidiyin (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dazhdiyin (fourth-person imperfective plural)

di- (“sanctity”) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -yin (neuter imperfective stem of root -YĮĮD, “to be holy”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-yin</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-YĮĮD</i>


łitso

The use of łitso (yellow) to refer to the nickel coin comes from the gold or yellowish color used in the fractional currency note for this denomination during the Civil War.


Ééʼ neishoodii

From ééʼ (“shirt”) + neishood (“he drags it about”) + -ii (nominalizer).


naatʼáanii

/naː˨tʼaː˦˨niː˨/

NihiNaatʼáanii Barack Obama éí Wááshindoondi Alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí yá yilwoł.

President Barack Obama is running for President.


agaanstsiin

agaan (“arm”) + -s- (ligature) + atsiin (“stem, stalk”). Doublet of agąąstsiin.


łichííʼ

łinishchííʼ (first-person imperfective singular)
łiniichííʼ (duoplural first-person imperfective)
dałiniichííʼ (first-person imperfective plural)
łiníchííʼ (imperfective second-person singular)
łinohchííʼ (duoplural imperfective second-person)
dałinohchííʼ (imperfective plural second-person)
łichííʼ (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
daalchííʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
dałichííʼ (imperfective plural third-person)
jilchííʼ (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
dajilchííʼ (fourth-person imperfective plural)

/ɬɪ̀t͡ʃʰíːʔ/

łi- (adjectival) + -∅- (ni-modal 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chííʼ (neuter imperfective stem of root -CHIIʼ, “to be red”).
Compare Dogrib dekʼo, Ahtna ltʼeli.
The łi- prefix appears to have originated historically from the -ł- classifier. When this prefix appears immediately in pre-stem position, it takes the shape of a -l- classifier.

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chííʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHIIʼ</i>

Tsídii łichííʼ

Tsídii daalchííʼ


łichííʼ

/ɬɪ̀t͡ʃʰíːʔ/


nahaghá

binahaghaʼ (possessed-form)
shinahaghaʼ (first-person singular)
nihinahaghaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihinahaghaʼ (first-person plural)
ninahaghaʼ (second-person singular)
nihinahaghaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihinahaghaʼ (plural second-person)
binahaghaʼ (third-person)
yinahaghaʼ (fourth-person)
hanahaghaʼ (fourth-person)
anahaghaʼ (indefinite)


ééʼ neishoodii

From ééʼ (“shirt”) + neishood (“he drags it around”) + -ii (nominalizer).


hataałii

From hataał (“he sings”) + -ii (nominalizing suffix).


ééʼneishoodii bikin

From ééʼ (“shirt”) + neishoodii (“what he drags around”) + bikin (“his house”).


chʼį́įdiitah

chʼį́įdii (“evil spirit, ghost, devil”) + -tah (“place where”)


adeeʼ

shideeʼ (first-person singular)
nihideeʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihideeʼ (first-person plural)
nideeʼ (second-person singular)
nihideeʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihideeʼ (plural second-person)
bideeʼ (third-person)
yideeʼ (fourth-person)
hadeeʼ (fourth-person)
adeeʼ (indefinite)
sheʼadeeʼ (first-person singular)
niheʼadeeʼ (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼadeeʼ (first-person plural)
neʼadeeʼ (second-person singular)
niheʼadeeʼ (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼadeeʼ (plural second-person)
beʼadeeʼ (third-person)
yeʼadeeʼ (fourth-person)
hweʼadeeʼ (fourth-person)

In Navajo culture, spoons were originally made of deer antler, and the word adeeʼ (originally meaning "antler" or "horn"), in the meaning of "spoon," was kept even as spoons were later made from the dried fruits of the gourd (ndilkal) plant. Since adeeʼ is no longer used to mean "deer antler," it becomes independent in that meaning and grammatically loses its inalienable status: bįįh bideeʼ (deer's horn), beʼadeeʼ ("his spoon").


yáʼąąsh

heaven, celestial space, region beyond the sky


Bóhólníihii bisodizin

bóhólnííh (“he is in authority”) + -ii (“nominalizer”) + bi- (“his”) + sodizin (“prayer”)

The Lord's Prayer. See the citations page.


bikin

shikin (first-person singular)
nihikin (duoplural first-person)
danihikin (first-person plural)
nikin (second-person singular)
nihikin (duoplural second-person)
danihikin (plural second-person)
bikin (third-person)
yikin (fourth-person)
hakin (fourth-person)
akin (indefinite)

bi- (3rd person possessive) + kin (“house”)


wááshindoon

/wɑ́ːʃɪ̀ntòːn/


dah iistłʼǫ́

dah (“up”) + ii- (contraction of ʼa-hi-) = ʼa- (indefinite 3rd-person object-subject pronoun) + hi- (seriative aspect, one after another) + -s- (ligature) + -tłʼǫ́ (perfective stem, to tie, weave)


biwááshindoon

bi- (“his, its”) + wááshindoon (“government”), from English Washington.

af

its government, its administrative headquarters, its capital


bighan

dabighan (plural)
shighan (first-person singular)
nihighan (duoplural first-person)
danihighan (first-person plural)
nighan (second-person singular)
nihighan (duoplural second-person)
danihighan (plural second-person)
bighan (third-person)
yighan (fourth-person)
haghan (fourth-person)
aghan (indefinite)


bikááʼ adání

bikááʼ (“upon it”) + adą́ (“eating takes place”) + -n- (ligature) + -í (nominalizer)


head

beeʼeldǫǫh tʼáá bíniʼdii bikʼa ádiih yiyiinííłígíí


eʼelyaaígíí

From eʼelyaa (“photograph”) + -ígíí (nominalizer).

the photograph, the picture, the replica, the image (definitive form of eʼelyaa)


Wááshindoon

/wɑ́ːʃɪ̀ntòːn/

Naabeehó biWááshindoon


iikááh

iikááh áshłééh


hataał

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -taał (durative imperfective stem of root -TÁÁL, “to sing”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-taał</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TÁÁL</i>


bikááʼ adlání

bikááʼ (“upon it”) + adlą́ (“he drinks something”) + -n- (ligature) + -í (nominalizer)

bar (counter for serving alcoholic beverages)


naalyéhé bá hooghan

naalyéhé (“goods”) + bá (“for it”) + hooghan (“house”)

department store, trading post, general store


Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé

/ʔɑ̀st͡sɑ̃́ː nɑ́tˡèːhɛ́/

Compare Chiricahua Isdzánádleeshéń (“White Painted Woman”)


bééshʼadeeʼ

béésh (“metal”) + adeeʼ (“gourd, dipper”)


aahwiinítʼį́ bá hooghan

aahwiinítʼį́ (“trial”) + bá (“for it”) + hooghan (“house”)


tsáskʼeh bá hooghan

tsáskʼeh (“bed”) + bá (“for it”) + hooghan (“house”)


adeezhí

shideezhí (first-person singular)
nihideezhí (duoplural first-person)
danihideezhí (first-person plural)
nideezhí (second-person singular)
nihideezhí (duoplural second-person)
danihideezhí (plural second-person)
bideezhí (third-person)
yideezhí (fourth-person)
hadeezhí (fourth-person)
adeezhí (indefinite)

alah

brother or sister, sibling of the opposite sex


aseezį́ binaaltsoos

From aseezį́ (“gossip”) and bi- (“third-person possessive”) + naaltsoos (“pages”).


béésh astʼogii

From béésh (“flint”) + astʼod (“stuck in something”) + -g- (ligature) + -ii (nominalizer).


atłʼóóh

Appears to be a nominalization of the iterative form of verb atłʼó (“he / she weaves”).


tʼáá ákótʼée doo

head

tʼáá ákótʼée doo

/tʼáː ʔákʰótʼêː tòː/

tʼáá (“just”) + ákótʼé (“it is thus”) + doo (“it will be”)


łáaʼii góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ

łáaʼii góneʼ (“first”) + yéigo (“seriously”) + daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ (“there was war”), from daʼahijigą́ (“they kill one another”)


ásaaʼ

beʼésaʼ (possessed-form)
sheʼésaʼ (first-person singular)
niheʼésaʼ (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼésaʼ (first-person plural)
neʼésaʼ (second-person singular)
niheʼésaʼ (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼésaʼ (plural second-person)
beʼésaʼ (third-person)
yeʼésaʼ (fourth-person)
hweʼésaʼ (fourth-person)
sheʼésaaʼ (first-person singular)
niheʼésaaʼ (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼésaaʼ (first-person plural)
neʼésaaʼ (second-person singular)
niheʼésaaʼ (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼésaaʼ (plural second-person)
beʼésaaʼ (third-person)
yeʼésaaʼ (fourth-person)
hweʼésaaʼ (fourth-person)

Possibly Proto-Athabaskan *usa̓sakʸ, suggested to be of Eskimo-Aleut origin, compare Aleut isxatix (“grass basket”). Cognate with Chiricahua ʼísaa, Eyak ʼishXah, Tsuut'ina ʼásaʼ, Dena'ina isukʼ.


atʼééd

atʼééké (plural)
sheʼatʼééd (first-person singular)
niheʼatʼééd (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼatʼééd (first-person plural)
neʼatʼééd (second-person singular)
niheʼatʼééd (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼatʼééd (plural second-person)
beʼatʼééd (third-person)
yeʼatʼééd (fourth-person)
hweʼatʼééd (fourth-person)
atʼééd (indefinite)

Compare Tanacross tʼêd (“adolescent girl”)


chʼikę́ę́h

chʼikę́ę́h (possessed form bichʼeekęʼ, plural chʼikéí)

bichʼeekęʼ (possessed-form)
chʼikéí (plural)

Compare Ahtna tsʼakae (“girl”) and Tanacross tsʼéxeh gaay (“young girl”)

Nahasdzáán bichʼikę́ę́h

maiden, young woman, young girl, adolescent, teenager (aged 13 to 30)


acheii

shicheii (first-person singular)
nihicheii (duoplural first-person)
danihicheii (first-person plural)
nicheii (second-person singular)
nihicheii (duoplural second-person)
danihicheii (plural second-person)
bicheii (third-person)
yicheii (fourth-person)
hacheii (fourth-person)
acheii (indefinite)

maternal grandfather
maternal grandfather

maternal grandfather, as well as any of his brothers (maternal great-uncles)


amá sání

shimá sání (first-person singular)
nihimá sání (duoplural first-person)
danihimá sání (first-person plural)
nimá sání (second-person singular)
nihimá sání (duoplural second-person)
danihimá sání (plural second-person)
bimá sání (third-person)
yimá sání (fourth-person)
hamá sání (fourth-person)
amá sání (indefinite)

shimá sání

maternal grandmother
maternal grandmother

maternal grandmother, as well as any of her sisters (maternal great-aunts)


análí

análíké (plural)
shinálí (first-person singular)
nihinálí (duoplural first-person)
danihinálí (first-person plural)
ninálí (second-person singular)
nihinálí (duoplural second-person)
danihinálí (plural second-person)
binálí (third-person)
yinálí (fourth-person)
hanálí (fourth-person)
análí (indefinite)


asdzání

asdzání (possessed form beʼasdzáán, plural sáanii)

beʼasdzáán (possessed-form)
sáanii (plural)

ʼa- (unspecified person prefix) + -s- (ligature) + -dzą́ (“pitted, having a cavity or hole”, perfective stem) + -n- (ligature) + -í (nominalizer)


baaʼ

From Proto-Athabaskan *-waˑʼɢ (“raid, make war”).

inh

heroine, warrior-girl (used as a component in many feminine personal names)


haneʼ binaaltsoos

From haneʼ (“news”) and bi- (“third-person possessive”) + naaltsoos (“pages”).


gíinsi

Borrowed from Spanish quince (“fifteen”).


Áłtsé Asdzą́ą́

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Áłtsé Asdzą́ą́

Áłtsé Asdzą́ą́


Tóbájíshchíní

tó (“water”) + bá (“for it”) + jízhchį́ (“He was born”) + -í (“nominalizer”). Compare Chiricahua Tóbájiishchinéń (“Child of the Water”).

cog

Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé
Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé#Navajo

“Born of Water”, “Child of the Water” (the younger of the Hero Twins, sons of Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé)


Naayééʼ Neizghání

/nɑ̀ːjéːʔ nɛ̀ɪ̀zɣɑ́nɪ́/

Compare Chiricahua Naaghééʼneesgháné (“Killer of Enemies”).

“Monster Slayer” (the elder of the Hero Twins, sons of Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé)


yéʼiitsoh

/jɛ́ʔìːt͡sʰox/

From yéʼii (“god”) + -tsoh (“big”).
Compare Chiricahua Ghééʼyeń (“the Giant”), from ghééʼye (“giant”).


yéʼii

From yééʼ (“fear, terror”) + -ii (nominalizer).


biyáázh

shiyáázh (first-person singular)
nihiyáázh (duoplural first-person)
danihiyáázh (first-person plural)
niyáázh (second-person singular)
nihiyáázh (duoplural second-person)
danihiyáázh (plural second-person)
biyáázh (third-person)
yiyáázh (fourth-person)
hayáázh (fourth-person)
ayáázh (indefinite)


naʼníʼá

Chidí deiyíjeehígíí bikáaʼdi haʼnaa naʼníʼá

Áko díí haʼnaa naʼníʼáhígíí bikáaʼdi diné nehekááh


kʼaaʼ

bikʼaʼ (possessed-form)
shikʼaʼ (first-person singular)
nihikʼaʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihikʼaʼ (first-person plural)
nikʼaʼ (second-person singular)
nihikʼaʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihikʼaʼ (plural second-person)
bikʼaʼ (third-person)
yikʼaʼ (fourth-person)
hakʼaʼ (fourth-person)
akʼaʼ (indefinite)

From Proto-Athabaskan *-q’aʔ, cognates include Western Apache kʼaaʼ and Chipewyan k’á.


áłtsé góneʼ yéigo daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ

áłtsé (“first”) + góneʼ (ordinal marker) + yéigo (“seriously”) + daʼahijoogą́ą́ʼ (“there was war”), from daʼahijigą́ (“they kill one another”)


siláołtsooí

Siláołtsooí Bigáál Dah Nídahidiitʼįʼígíí Béédahaniih


hashkééjí naatʼááh

hashké (“warrior”) + -jí (“on the side of”) + naatʼááh (“he orates”)


hashké

ho- (“space, area, things”) + -sh- (“angry”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -ké (neuter imperfective stem of root -KEED, “to scold”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-ké</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-KEED</i>


hweʼesdzáán

hwi- (impersonal 3rd-person possessive) + asdzáán (“woman”)

pre

beʼesdzáán

sheʼesdzáán


naalkidgo bee bééhoʼdílzin

naalkid (“(a movie) is rolled”) + -go (“while”) + bee (“by means of it”) + bééhoʼdílzin (“he is famous”)


Ndaʼiiníísh Yáʼátʼéehii

Ndaʼiiníísh (“Friday”) + yáʼátʼééh (“good”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


Jesus Biʼdiisxínę́ędą́ą́ʼ Bééhániih

Jesus + biʼdiisxį́ (“he was killed”) + -ę́ę (“at that time back then”) + -dą́ą́ʼ (“marking a point in the past”) + bééhániih (“it is remembered”)


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Jesus Daaztsą́ą́dę́ę́ʼ Náádiidzáhígíí Bééhániih

Jesus + daaztsą́ (“he died”) + -dę́ę́ʼ (“from”) + náádiidzá (“he arose (from the dead)”) (from -d- (classifier) + -yá (perfective stem meaning to go on foot)) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”) + bééhániih (“it is remembered”)


ínáóltąʼí

Ínáóltąʼí díí jį́ akéeʼdi nahalyééh tłʼééʼ ííłníiʼjįʼ

This is the last day, until midnight, to pay your taxes.


amásání

shimásání (first-person singular)
nihimásání (duoplural first-person)
danihimásání (first-person plural)
nimásání (second-person singular)
nihimásání (duoplural second-person)
danihimásání (plural second-person)
bimásání (third-person)
yimásání (fourth-person)
hamásání (fourth-person)
amásání (indefinite)


atsʼos bee alzhishí

atsʼos (“feather”) + bee (“by means of it”) + alzhish (“he dances”) + -í (“nominalizer”)

atsʼos bee alzhishí baa naʼaldeeh

atsʼos yee alzhishí


Amá Bééhániih

amá (“mother”) + bééhániih (“it is remembered”)

Amá Bééhániihígíí binahjįʼ ahéheeʼ dadiiʼní!

In honor of Mother’s Day, we say thanks.


Yéʼiitsoh

/jɛ́ʔìːt͡sʰox/


Dah Naatʼaʼí Sǫʼ bił Sinil

The Star-Spangled Banner
The Star-Spangled Banner


Siláołtsooí Bigáál Dah Nídahidiitʼįʼígíí Béédahaniih

siláołtsooí (“soldier”) + bigáál (“his life”) + dah (“up”) + ńdahidiitʼįʼ (“they ended”) + -ígíí (“nominalizer”) + béédahaniih (“they are remembered”)

Siláołtsooí Bigáál Dah Ńdahidiitʼįʼígíí Béédahaniih

Siláołtsooí Bee Iinaʼ Nidahaztʼįʼígíí Béédahaniih


Azhéʼé Bééhániih

azhéʼé (“father”) + bééhániih (“it is remembered”)

Azhéʼé Bééhániihígíí binahjįʼ ahéheeʼ dadiiʼní!

In honor of Father’s Day, we say thanks.


béégashii yáázh tʼóó yisdlohígíí

béégashii (“cow”) + yáázh (“little”) + tʼóó (“merely, just”) + yisdloh (“it is roped”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


áłchíní ółtaʼígíí

áłchíní ółtaʼígíí

áłchíní daʼółtaʼígíí

áłchíní ółtaʼígíí (plural áłchíní daʼółtaʼígíí)


awáalya

Awáalyadi doo shił yáʼáhootʼéeh da


hainiłchaad

hanishchaad (first-person imperfective singular)
haniilchaad (duoplural first-person imperfective)
hadaniilchaad (first-person imperfective plural)
haníłchaad (imperfective second-person singular)
hanołchaad (duoplural imperfective second-person)
hadanołchaad (imperfective plural second-person)
hainiłchaad (duoplural imperfective singular third-person)
hadeiniłchaad (imperfective plural third-person)
hazhniłchaad (duoplural fourth-person imperfective singular)
hadazhniłchaad (fourth-person imperfective plural)
hanííłchaad (first-person perfective singular)
haniilchaad (duoplural first-person perfective)
hadaniilchaad (first-person perfective plural)
hanííníłchaad (perfective second-person singular)
hanoołchaad (duoplural perfective second-person)
hadanoołchaad (perfective plural second-person)
hainííłchaad (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
hadeineeshchaad (perfective plural third-person)
hazhnííłchaad (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
hadazhneeshchaad (fourth-person perfective plural)
hadínéeshchał (first-person future singular)
hadíníilchał (duoplural first-person future)
hadadíníilchał (first-person future plural)
hadínííłchał (future second-person singular)
hadínóołchał (duoplural future second-person)
hadadínóołchał (future plural second-person)
haidínóołchał (duoplural future singular third-person)
hadeidínóołchał (future plural third-person)
hazhdínóołchał (duoplural fourth-person future singular)
hadazhdínóołchał (fourth-person future plural)

/hɑ̀ɪ̀nɪ̀ɬt͡ʃʰɑ̀ːt/

ha- (“up out”) + -y- (3rd person object prefix) + -ni- (“round shape”) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -ł- (classifier) + -chaad (imperfective stem of root -CHAAD, “to swell”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chaad</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHAAD</i>

he/she is carding wool, is making it fluffy


Diné bizaad yee naazbaaʼígíí

Diné bizaad (“Navajo language”) + yee (“by means of it”) + naazbaaʼ (“he went to war”) + -ígíí (nominalizer)

With the Navajo language they helped defeat the enemy

Diné Bizaad yee atah naayééʼ yikʼehdeesdlį́į́ʼ


Diyin God

diyin (“is sacred, is holy”) + English God


níłchʼi naalkidí

níłchʼi (“air”) + naalkid (“he sees it moving”) -í (nominalizer)


ałtį́į́ʼ

sheʼałtį́į́ʼ (first-person singular)
niheʼałtį́į́ʼ (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼałtį́į́ʼ (first-person plural)
neʼałtį́į́ʼ (second-person singular)
niheʼałtį́į́ʼ (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼałtį́į́ʼ (plural second-person)
beʼałtį́į́ʼ (third-person)
yeʼałtį́į́ʼ (fourth-person)
hweʼałtį́į́ʼ (fourth-person)
ałtį́į́ʼ (indefinite)

sheʼałtį́į́ʼ


éélkid

Naʼníʼá Hótsaa hoolyéhígíí, chidí naatʼaʼídę́ę́ʼ éélkid

The place called Page, Arizona, photographed from an airplane.


naʼachʼąąh

na- (atelic, circuital) + -ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -chʼąąh (continuative imperfective stem of root -CHʼĄĄʼ, “to decorate”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-chʼąąh</i>

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-CHʼĄĄʼ</i>


naaltsoos saad bee siʼánígíí

naaltsoos ("book") + saad ("word") + bee ("with it") + siʼą́ ("it is located") + -n- (ligature) + -ígíí (nominalizer)


biiʼndaʼaʼnéhé

biiʼ (“in, within”) + ndaané (“they are playing”), from naané (“he is playing”)


bééshbiiʼkǫǫʼítsoh

From béésh (“metal”) + biiʼ (“inside it”) + kǫʼ (“fire”) + -í (nominalizer) + -tsoh (“big”).

power plant, generating station, power station (coal-powered)


atsiniltłʼish bá hooghan

atsiniltłʼish (“electricity”) + bá (“for it”) + hooghan (“house”)

power plant, generating station, power station (general term)


béégashii bichaan

béégashii (“cow”) + bi- (“its”) + chąąʼ (“feces”)


kiyąąh sizíní

Literally, the one who is standing/propped against the house, from kin (“house”) + yąąh (“alongside it”) + sizį́ (“she stands”) + -í (nominalizer)

Shizhanéʼé kiyąąh sizíní shíká nóotááł

I’m in luck, she's "leaning up against the house", looking everywhere for me!

(vulgar) prostitute, whore, streetwalker, slut


iʼiiʼnííł bijį́

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iʼiiʼnííł bijį́

iʼiiʼnííł bijį́

Yiską́o iʼiiʼnííł bijį́


iʼiiʼnííł

Dííjį́ éí iʼiiʼnííł. Adaʼdiiyohnił!

Today is election day. Go cast your ballots! (said to three or more people)

Iʼiiʼnííł! Ílį́įgo átʼé!


yiltsą́

yistsą́ (first-person perfective singular)
yiiltsą́ (duoplural first-person perfective)
deiiltsą́ (first-person perfective plural)
yíníltsą́ (perfective second-person singular)
wołtsą́ (duoplural perfective second-person)
daałtsą́ (perfective plural second-person)
yiltsą́ (duoplural perfective singular third-person)
daaltsą́ (perfective plural third-person)
jooltsą́ (duoplural fourth-person perfective singular)
dajooltsą́ (fourth-person perfective plural)

y- (peg element) + -∅- (3rd person subject prefix) + -l- (classifier) + -tsą́ (neuter perfective stem of root -TSĄĄD, “to be pregnant”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tsą́</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TSĄĄD</i>


Dzaanééz

Dzaanééz éí Náhookǫsjí Kééláanah hahoodzodi ntsaago áłah azlį́į́ʼ.

The Democratic National Convention was held in North Carolina.


Dzaanééz Nahatʼá Bee Dah Ooldah

dzaanééz (“mule”) + nahatʼá (“plan, idea”) + bee (“by means of it”) + dah (“up”) + ooldah (“many gather together”)


alą́ąjįʼ dahsidáhígíí

alą́ąjįʼ (“ahead, in front”) + dah (“elevated”) + sidá (“he is sitting”) + -ígíí (nominalizer).

Wááshindoon Alą́ąjįʼ Dahsidáhígíí


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Chį́į́h Yee Adilohii Nahatʼá Bee Dah Ooldah

chį́į́h yee adilohii (“elephant”) + nahatʼá (“plan, idea”) + bee (“by means of it”) + dah (“up”) + ooldah (“many gather together”)


Bóhólníihii

bóhólnííh (“he is in authority”) + -ii (“nominalizer”)


atsilí

atsilíkéyóó (plural)
sitsilí (first-person singular)
nihitsilí (duoplural first-person)
danihitsilí (first-person plural)
nitsilí (second-person singular)
nihitsilí (duoplural second-person)
danihitsilí (plural second-person)
bitsilí (third-person)
yitsilí (fourth-person)
hatsilí (fourth-person)
atsilí (indefinite)

sitsilí


ánaaí

shínaaí (first-person singular)
nihínaaí (duoplural first-person)
danihínaaí (first-person plural)
nínaaí (second-person singular)
nihínaaí (duoplural second-person)
danihínaaí (plural second-person)
bínaaí (third-person)
yínaaí (fourth-person)
hánaaí (fourth-person)
ánaaí (indefinite)


ádí

bádí (possessed-form)
ádíké (plural)
shádí (first-person singular)
nihádí (duoplural first-person)
danihádí (first-person plural)
nádí (second-person singular)
nihádí (duoplural second-person)
danihádí (plural second-person)
bádí (third-person)
yádí (fourth-person)
hwádí (fourth-person)


hashtʼeʼ nihénil

hashtʼeʼ (“aside”) + 1st-person perfective form of niyii (“he places it”)

Hooghan łaʼ nahideeshnih biniiyé béeso hashtʼeʼ niheshnííł

I saved money (literally, I have set it aside)


áhátʼíinii

From áhátʼį́ (“happen, take place, occur”) + -n- (ligature) + -ii (nominalizer).


Diyin Dineʼé

the immortal Holy People who created the sun, moon, seasons, and stars.


yáál

dį́į́ʼ yáál dóó łitso

dį́į́ʼ yáál dóó baʼąą tʼááłáʼí dootłʼizh dóó tááʼ tsindáo

sixty-three cents (literally, “four bits and in addition one green and three cents”)


naʼashchʼąąʼ

simple passive perfective of naʼachʼąąh: the painting of something unspecified occurred, something unspecified was painted.


awáalya yaa áhályání

awáalya (“jail”) + yaa (“to it”) + áhályą́ (“he is taking care of”) + -í (nominalizer)


tsindáo

/t͡sʰɪ́ntɑ́ò/


gíinisi

/ˈkîːnɪ̀sɪ̀/


Sǫʼtah Anah

/sõ̀ʔtʰɑ̀h ʔɑ̀nɑ̀ːʔ/

From sǫʼ (“stars”) + -tah (“among”) + anaaʼ (“state of war”).


Haashchʼééłtiʼí

haashchʼééh (“god”) + -ł- (classifier) + -tiʼ (perfective stem of -TIʼ (“to talk”)) + -í (“nominalizer”).

“Talking God” (one of the Diyin Dineʼé, Holy People, in the Navajo Creation story; his body is white)


hazhéʼé ájíłʼíní

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hazhéʼé ájíłʼíní

hazhéʼé ájíłʼíní

shizhéʼé áshʼíní

nizhéʼé áníłʼíní

bizhéʼé ííłʼíní

nihizhéʼé íilʼíní

nihizhéʼé ółʼíní

or

shizhéʼé nishʼíní

nizhéʼé níłʼíní

bizhéʼé yiłʼíní

bizhéʼé jíłʼíní

nihizhéʼé niilʼíní

nihizhéʼé nołʼíní


Yoołgaii Asdzą́ą́

yoołgai (“white shell, white scallop seashell”) + asdzą́ą́ (“woman”)

White Shell Girl (she became tłʼéhonaaʼéí in the Navajo creation story)


hákʼaʼí

shíkʼaʼí (first-person singular)
nihíkʼaʼí (duoplural first-person)
danihíkʼaʼí (first-person plural)
níkʼaʼí (second-person singular)
nihíkʼaʼí (duoplural second-person)
danihíkʼaʼí (plural second-person)
bíkʼaʼí (third-person)
yíkʼaʼí (fourth-person)
hákʼaʼí (fourth-person)
ákʼaʼí (indefinite)


aadaaní

son-in-law (daughter’s husband, male speaker)

sister’s daughter’s husband (nephew-in-law, male speaker)

father’s sister’s daughter’s husband (cousin-in-law, male speaker)

father’s sister’s husband (uncle-in-law, male speaker)

mother’s sister’s husband (uncle-in-law, male speaker)


ootsą́

ʼa- (unspecified person object prefix) + -oo- (yi-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tsą́ (neuter perfective stem of root -TSĄĄD, “to be pregnant”)


adáʼi

shidáʼi (first-person singular)
nihidáʼi (duoplural first-person)
danihidáʼi (first-person plural)
nidáʼi (second-person singular)
nihidáʼi (duoplural second-person)
danihidáʼi (plural second-person)
bidáʼi (third-person)
yidáʼi (fourth-person)
hadáʼi (fourth-person)
adáʼi (indefinite)

maternal uncle (brother of one's mother)


amáyázhí

shimáyázhí (first-person singular)
nihimáyázhí (duoplural first-person)
danihimáyázhí (first-person plural)
nimáyázhí (second-person singular)
nihimáyázhí (duoplural second-person)
danihimáyázhí (plural second-person)
bimáyázhí (third-person)
yimáyázhí (fourth-person)
hamáyázhí (fourth-person)
amáyázhí (indefinite)


álííl

sheʼálííl (first-person singular)
niheʼálííl (duoplural first-person)
daniheʼálííl (first-person plural)
neʼálííl (second-person singular)
niheʼálííl (duoplural second-person)
daniheʼálííl (plural second-person)
beʼálííl (third-person)
yeʼálííl (fourth-person)
hweʼálííl (fourth-person)


atsiʼ

atsiʼké (plural)
shitsiʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsiʼ (first-person plural)
nitsiʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsiʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsiʼ (plural second-person)
bitsiʼ (third-person)
yitsiʼ (fourth-person)
hatsiʼ (fourth-person)
atsiʼ (indefinite)


achó

shichó (first-person singular)
nihichó (duoplural first-person)
danihichó (first-person plural)
nichó (second-person singular)
nihichó (duoplural second-person)
danihichó (plural second-person)
bichó (third-person)
yichó (fourth-person)
hachó (fourth-person)
achó (indefinite)


head

siláołtsooí ídlį́į́ ńtʼę́ęʼgo naaltsoos bee bééhózinígíí


tsíłkę́ę́h

tsíłkéí, tsíłkéyóó

tsíłkę́ę́h (possessed form bitsíłkęʼ, plural tsíłkéí, tsíłkéyóó)

bitsíłkęʼ (possessed-form)
tsíłkéí (plural)
tsíłkéyóó (plural)
sitsíłkęʼ (first-person singular)
nihitsíłkęʼ (duoplural first-person)
danihitsíłkęʼ (first-person plural)
nitsíłkęʼ (second-person singular)
nihitsíłkęʼ (duoplural second-person)
danihitsíłkęʼ (plural second-person)
bitsíłkęʼ (third-person)
yitsíłkęʼ (fourth-person)
hatsíłkęʼ (fourth-person)
atsíłkęʼ (indefinite)

Compare Ahtna ciił (“boy”) and Tanacross tsiil gaay (“young boy”). Related to atsilí (“younger brother”).

kid, young man, young boy, adolescent, teenager (aged 13 to 30)


Níłchʼi Bidaʼiiníziinii Binantʼaʼí

níłchʼi (“spirit”) + da- (plural marker) + biʼiiníziinii (“demon, evil”) + binantʼaʼí (“their king”)


hał

club (weapon used by Naayééʼ Neizghání to kill Fear)


chʼíhonítʼiʼ

/tʃʔɪ́.hò.nɪ̃́.tʔɪ̀ʔ/

chʼí- (“out horizontally”) + -ho- (“space, area, things”) + -ní- (ni-perfective 3rd person subject prefix) + -∅- (classifier) + -tʼiʼ (neuter perfective stem of root -TʼIʼ, “a slender flexible object extends”).

nowrap

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-tʼiʼ</i>

<i class="Latn mention" lang="nv">-TʼIʼ</i>

nv-link-to-root

(weaving) spirit line, spirit pathway (a woven line of contrasting color extending out from the center to the textile's edge which allows the weaver's spirit to exit the object, separating the weaver from the weaving and from any harmful thoughts that may come into contact with it as it is used or exhibited)


biwooʼ hólóní

bi- (“its”) + awooʼ (“tooth”) + hólǫ́ (“there is”) + -í (“nominalizer”)


naachʼid

From the extended meaning of -CHʼID (“to scratch”) as 'management', 'handling'.

A traditional Navajo political gathering.


nanidaahii

na- (atelic, circuital) + -ni- (modal) + -DÁ (“to sit — 1 actor”) + -ii (nominalizer)


áńt'į́

→ English: anti'l


Séítan

From English Satan, from Latin Satān, from Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Hebrew שָׂטָן (satán, “adversary, accuser”).