Москва

Moskva (romanization)
Москва́ (attributive)
Москва́ (indefinite nominative singular)
Москва́гийн (genitive indefinite singular)
Москва́г (accusative indefinite singular)
Москва́д (dative indefinite locative singular)
Москва́гаас (ablative indefinite singular)
Москва́гаар (indefinite instrumental singular)
Москва́тай (comitative indefinite singular)
Москва́гүй (indefinite privative singular)
Москва́ руу (directive indefinite singular)
Москва́гаа (indefinite nominative singular)
Москва́гийнхаа (genitive indefinite singular)
Москва́гаа (accusative indefinite singular)
Москва́даа (dative indefinite locative singular)
Москва́гаасаа (ablative indefinite singular)
Москва́гаараа (indefinite instrumental singular)
Москва́тайгаа (comitative indefinite singular)
Москва́гүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Москва́ руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

mn-decl

Москва́<r.bor>

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


Португал

/pʰɔr̥tʰʊˈkaɮ/


Андорра

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Андорра • (Andorra) (Mongolian spelling ᠠᠨᠳᠣᠷᠷᠠ)

Andorra (romanization)
ᠠᠨᠳᠣᠷᠷᠠ (Mongolian)

Andorra (a microstate in Southern Europe, between Spain and France)


Беларусь

Беларусь • (Belarusʹ)

mn-prop

Беларусь • (Belarusʹ)

/ˈpʲɵɮarʊsʲ/

Borrowed from Russian Белару́сь (Belarúsʹ), from Belarusian Белару́сь (Bjelarúsʹ).

Бүгд Найрамдах Беларусь Улс
Бүгд Найрамдах Беларусь Улс#Mongolian

Belarus (a country in Eastern Europe; official name: Бүгд Найрамдах Беларусь Улс (Bügd Najramdax Belarusʹ Uls))


Казахстан

Kazaxstan (romanization)
Казахстан (attributive)
Казахстан (indefinite nominative singular)
Казахстаны (genitive indefinite singular)
Казахстаныг (accusative indefinite singular)
Казахстанд (dative indefinite locative singular)
Казахстанаас (ablative indefinite singular)
Казахстанаар (indefinite instrumental singular)
Казахстантай (comitative indefinite singular)
Казахстангүй (indefinite privative singular)
Казахстан руу (directive indefinite singular)
Казахстанаа (indefinite nominative singular)
Казахстаныхаа (genitive indefinite singular)
Казахстаныгаа (accusative indefinite singular)
Казахстандаа (dative indefinite locative singular)
Казахстанаасаа (ablative indefinite singular)
Казахстанаараа (indefinite instrumental singular)
Казахстантайгаа (comitative indefinite singular)
Казахстангүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Казахстан руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

mn-decl

Казахстан<r.bor>

[kʰä.t͜sə̝q˖s.täˑɴ̟]

Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán).

bor+

(⁓ улс) Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


Санкт-Петербург

From Russian Са̀нкт-Петербу́рг (Sànkt-Peterbúrg).

bor

Са̀нкт-Петербу́рг

Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg#English

Saint Petersburg (a federal city of Russia); known as Petrograd from 1914 to 1924, and as Leningrad from 1924 to 1991


Лондон

Лондон (attributive)
London (attributive)
Лондон (indefinite nominative singular)
London (indefinite nominative singular)
Лондонгийн (genitive indefinite singular)
Лондонг (accusative indefinite singular)
Лондонд (dative indefinite locative singular)
Лондонгоос (ablative indefinite singular)
Лондонгоор (indefinite instrumental singular)
Лондонтой (comitative indefinite singular)
Лондонгүй (indefinite privative singular)
Лондон руу (directive indefinite singular)
Лондонгоо (indefinite nominative singular)
Лондонгийнхоо (genitive indefinite singular)
Лондонгоо (accusative indefinite singular)
Лондондоо (dative indefinite locative singular)
Лондонгоосоо (ablative indefinite singular)
Лондонгоороо (indefinite instrumental singular)
Лондонтойгоо (comitative indefinite singular)
Лондонгүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Лондон руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

London (the capital city of the United Kingdom; capital city of England)


Исланд

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in Europe, North Atlantic Ocean; capital: Reykjavík)


Армен

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Армен • (Armen) (Mongolian spelling ᠠᠷᠮᠧᠨ)

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


Орос

From Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (Orus), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus), from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ). Initial О- (O-) is a prosthetic determined by vowel harmony, as native Mongolian does not allow a word-initial rhotic consonant.

Орос орон

Орос улс

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Герман

Герма́н (attributive)
Герма́н (indefinite nominative singular)
Герма́ны (genitive indefinite singular)
Герма́ныг (accusative indefinite singular)
Герма́нд (dative indefinite locative singular)
Герма́наас (ablative indefinite singular)
Герма́наар (indefinite instrumental singular)
Герма́нтай (comitative indefinite singular)
Герма́нгүй (indefinite privative singular)
Герма́н руу (directive indefinite singular)
Герма́наа (indefinite nominative singular)
Герма́ныхаа (genitive indefinite singular)
Герма́ныгаа (accusative indefinite singular)
Герма́ндаа (dative indefinite locative singular)
Герма́наасаа (ablative indefinite singular)
Герма́наараа (indefinite instrumental singular)
Герма́нтайгаа (comitative indefinite singular)
Герма́нгүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Герма́н руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

[ɡe̝r.mäˑɴ̟]

From Russian Герма́ния f (Germánija) and герма́н- (germán-, stem), from Latin Germānia f and Germān- (stem).

(⁓ улс) Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)

Buryat language
Kalmyk Oirat
Khalkha Mongolian
Mongolian script


Итали

Derived from Russian Ита́лия f inan (Itálija), from Latin Ī̆talia f. Russian suffix -ия (-ija) became silent -и (-i), resulting from the removal of unstressed feminine marker -a, along with preceding excrescence -j-.


Албани

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Албани • (Albani) (Mongolian spelling ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨᠢ)

Albani (romanization)
ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨᠢ (Mongolian)
Албани (nominative)
Албанийн (genitive)
Албанийнх (genitive possessive-substantive)
Албанид (dative locative)
Албанийг (accusative definite)
Албаниас (ablative)
Албаниар (instrumental)
Албанитай (comitative)
Албани руу (directional)
Албаниа (accusative)
Албанийгаа (accusative definite)
Албанийнхаа (genitive)
Албанидаа (dative locative)
Албаниасаа (ablative)
Албаниараа (instrumental)
Албанитайгаа (comitative)
Албани руугаа (directional)

From Russian Алба́ния (Albánija), from Latin Albania.

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


Бельги

Бельги • (Belʹgi) (Mongolian spelling ᠪᠧᠯᠭᠢ)

Borrowed from Russian Бе́льгия (Bélʹgija).

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


Австри

Австри • (Avstri) (Mongolian spelling ᠠᠦᠰᠲᠷᠢ)

Avstri (romanization)
ᠠᠦᠰᠲᠷᠢ (Mongolian)

From the stem of Russian А́встрия f inan sg (Ávstrija), from Medieval Latin Austria f sg.

Бүгд Найрамдах Австри Улс


Турк

Бүгд Найрамдах Турк Улс ― Bügd Najramdax Turk Uls ― the Republic of Türkiye, the Republic of Turkey

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


Азербайжан

Азербайжан • (Azerbajžan)

mn-proper noun

Азербайжан • (Azerbajžan)

А‧зер‧бай‧жан

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


Грек

From грек (grek), from Russian грек (grek).


Дани

Dani (romanization)
ᠳᠠᠨᠢ (Mongolian)
Дани (nominative)
Данийн (genitive)
Данийнх (genitive possessive-substantive)
Данид (dative locative)
Данийг (accusative definite)
Даниас (ablative)
Даниар (instrumental)
Данитай (comitative)
Дани руу (directional)
Даниа (accusative)
Данийгаа (accusative definite)
Данийнхаа (genitive)
Данидаа (dative locative)
Даниасаа (ablative)
Даниараа (instrumental)
Данитайгаа (comitative)
Дани руугаа (directional)

From Russian Да́ния (Dánija), from Medieval Latin Dānia.


Испани

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Испани • (Ispani) (Mongolian spelling ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢ)

Ispani (romanization)
ᠢᠰᠫᠠᠨᠢ (Mongolian)
Испани (nominative)
Испанийн (genitive)
Испанид (genitive possessive-substantive)
Испанийг (dative locative)
Испаниас (accusative definite)
Испаниар (ablative)
Испанитай (instrumental)
Испани руу (comitative)
Испаниа (accusative)
Испанийгаа (accusative definite)
Испанийнхаа (genitive)
Испанидаа (dative locative)
Испаниасаа (ablative)
Испаниараа (instrumental)
Испанитайгаа (comitative)
Испани руугаа (directional)

From Russian Испа́ния (Ispánija), from Latin Hispānia.

(⁓ улс) Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Франц

Franc (romanization)
Франц (attributive)
Франц (indefinite nominative singular)
Францын (genitive indefinite singular)
Францыг (accusative indefinite singular)
Францад (dative indefinite locative singular)
Францаас (ablative indefinite singular)
Францаар (indefinite instrumental singular)
Францтай (comitative indefinite singular)
Францгүй (indefinite privative singular)
Франц руу (directive indefinite singular)
Францаа (indefinite nominative singular)
Францынхаа (genitive indefinite singular)
Францыгаа (accusative indefinite singular)
Францдаа (dative indefinite locative singular)
Францаасаа (ablative indefinite singular)
Францаараа (indefinite instrumental singular)
Францтайгаа (comitative indefinite singular)
Францгүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Франц руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

Borrowed from Russian Фра́нция (Fráncija) + -∅, from Latin Francia. Displaced Middle Mongol terms ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠨᠺᠺᠤᠳ (barankkud, plural) and ᠸᠢᠷᠠᠨᠺᠺᠤᠳ (wirankkud, plural).


Гүрж

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Гүрж • (Gürž) (Mongolian spelling ᠭᠦᠷᠵᠢ)

Georgia (A transcontinental country in the Caucasus region of Europe and Asia, on the coast of the Black Sea, often considered to belong politically to Europe)


Украйн

Ukraine (a country in Eastern Europe, bordering on the north shore of the Black Sea)


Болгар

Derived from Russian Болга́рия (Bolgárija).

der+

Монгол, Болгарын харилцаа ― Mongol, Bolgaryn xarilcaa ― Mongolia–Bulgaria relations

Болгар улс
Болгар улс#Mongolian

short for Болгар улс (Bolgar uls).: Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


Нидерланд

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Нидерланд • (Niderland) (Mongolian spelling ᠨᠢᠳᠧᠷᠯᠠᠨᠳ)

Niderland (romanization)
ᠨᠢᠳᠧᠷᠯᠠᠨᠳ (Mongolian)

Ни‧дер‧ла́нд

Borrowed from Russian Нидерла́нды (Niderlándy).

Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands#English

constituent countries
constituent country

Netherlands (The main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located primarily in Western Europe bordering Germany and Belgium)

Netherlands, Kingdom of the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe, consisting of four constituent countries: the Netherlands per se, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten)

mn:Нидерланд


Хорват

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Хасаг

Хасаг • (Xasag) (Mongolian spelling ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠭ)

Xasag (romanization)
ᠬᠠᠰᠠᠭ (Mongolian)
Хасаг (attributive)
Хасаг (indefinite nominative singular)
Хасагийн (genitive indefinite singular)
Хасагийг (accusative indefinite singular)
Хасагт (dative indefinite locative singular)
Хасагаас (ablative indefinite singular)
Хасагаар (indefinite instrumental singular)
Хасагтай (comitative indefinite singular)
Хасаггүй (indefinite privative singular)
Хасаг руу (directive indefinite singular)
Хасагаа (indefinite nominative singular)
Хасгийнхаа (genitive indefinite singular)
Хасгийгаа (accusative indefinite singular)
Хасагтаа (dative indefinite locative singular)
Хасгаасаа (ablative indefinite singular)
Хасгаараа (indefinite instrumental singular)
Хасагтайгаа (comitative indefinite singular)
Хасаггүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Хасаг руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

(informal) Kazakhstan (a country in Central Asia and Eastern Europe)


Польш

Польш • (Polʹš)

mn-proper noun

Польш • (Polʹš)

Polʹš (romanization)
Польш (attributive)
Польш (indefinite nominative singular)
Польшийн (genitive indefinite singular)
Польшийг (accusative indefinite singular)
Польшид (dative indefinite locative singular)
Польшоос (ablative indefinite singular)
Польшоор (indefinite instrumental singular)
Польштой (comitative indefinite singular)
Польшгүй (indefinite privative singular)
Польш руу (directive indefinite singular)
Польшоо (indefinite nominative singular)
Польшийнхоо (genitive indefinite singular)
Польшийгоо (accusative indefinite singular)
Польшдоо (dative indefinite locative singular)
Польшоосоо (ablative indefinite singular)
Польшоороо (indefinite instrumental singular)
Польштойгоо (comitative indefinite singular)
Польшгүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Польш руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

Borrowed from Russian По́льш- (Pólʹš-), stem of По́льша f inan sg (Pólʹša, “Poland”); in turn from Middle Russian По́льша f sg (Pólʹša, “Poland”), from Old Ruthenian [Term?] f sg (“Poland”), from Middle Polish Polska f sg (“Poland”), from Old Polish Polska f sg (“Poland”).

der

Бүгд Найрамдах Польш Улс


Украин

Borrowed from the stem of Russian Украи́на f inan sg (Ukraína, “Ukraine”), from Old East Slavic оукраина f sg (ukraina).


Голланд

Borrowed from Russian Голла́ндия (Gollándija).

Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)

mn:Нидерланд


Серби

Borrowed from Russian Се́рбия (Sérbija).

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс

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Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс

Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс • (Zövlölt Xolboot Uls)

mn-prop

Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс

Alternative form: (abbreviation) ЗХУ (ZXU)

Зөвлөлт Социалист Бүгд Найрамдах Холбоот Улс

(historical) Soviet Union (a former country in Europe and Asia)


Румын

Румын улс ― Rumyn uls ― Romania

Румын Улс


Словени

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Словени • (Sloveni) (Mongolian spelling ᠰᠯᠤᠸᠧᠨᠢ)

Sloveni (romanization)
ᠰᠯᠤᠸᠧᠨᠢ (Mongolian)
Словени (nominative)
Словенийн (genitive)
Словенийнх (genitive possessive-substantive)
Словенид (dative locative)
Словенийг (accusative definite)
Словениос (ablative)
Словениор (instrumental)
Словенитой (comitative)
Словени руу (directional)
Словенио (accusative)
Словенийгоо (accusative definite)
Словенийнхоо (genitive)
Словенидоо (dative locative)
Словениосоо (ablative)
Словениороо (instrumental)
Словенитойгоо (comitative)
Словени руугаа (directional)

(⁓ улс) Slovenia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Central Europe)


Европын Холбоо

Европын Холбоо

mn-proper noun

Европын Холбоо

ᠧᠦᠷᠣᠫᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠ

mn:Европын Холбоо


ᠣᠷᠤᠰ

Mongolian Cyrillic ᠣᠷᠤᠰ Орос ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (canonical)
Orus (romanization)
Oros (romanization)
orus (romanization)

→ Dzongkha: ཨུ་རུ་སུ (u ru su)

→ Manchu: ᠣᡵᠣᠰ (oros)

→ Chinese: 俄羅斯 /俄罗斯 (Éluósī)

→ Vietnamese: Nga La Tư

→ Tibetan: ཨུ་རུ་སུ (u ru su)

Inherited from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (Orus, “Russia”), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus, “Rusʹ”), from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ). Initial o- was an epenthesis determined by vowel harmony, as natively Mongolian does not allow a word-initial liquid consonant.

inh+

ᠣᠷᠤᠰ
ᠣᠷᠤᠨ ― orus orun ― Russia (as geographical region)

ᠣᠷᠤᠰ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ― orus ulus ― Russia (as country or state)

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Норвег

Borrowed from Russian Норве́г- (Norvég-), root of Норве́гия f inan (Norvégija, “Norway”), which is from New Latin Norvegia f (“Norway”).

Норвегийн Хаант Улс

Norway (a country in Scandinavia, in northern Europe)


ОХУ

Оросын Холбооны Улс
Оросын Холбооны Улс#Mongolian

Russia (a country in Europe and Asia) (initialism of Оросын Холбооны Улс (Orosyn Xolboony Uls, “Russian Federation”))


ЗХУ

Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс
Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс#Mongolian

(historical) USSR (a former country in Europe and Asia) (initialism of Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс (Zövlölt Xolboot Uls, “Soviet Union”))


head

Зөвлөлт Социалист Бүгд Найрамдах Холбоот Улс • (Zövlölt Socialist Bügd Najramdax Xolboot Uls)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics#English

(historical) the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (a former country in Europe and Asia, existing from 1922 to 1991)

en-Зөвлөлт_Социалист_Бүгд_Найрамдах_Холбоот_Улс-mn-name-f2VR~bXy


Варшав

Варшав • (Varšav)

mn-proper noun

Варшав • (Varšav)

Varšav (romanization)
Варшав (attributive)
Варшав (indefinite nominative singular)
Варшавын (genitive indefinite singular)
Варшавыг (accusative indefinite singular)
Варшавт (dative indefinite locative singular)
Варшаваас (ablative indefinite singular)
Варшаваар (indefinite instrumental singular)
Варшавтай (comitative indefinite singular)
Варшавгүй (indefinite privative singular)
Варшав руу (directive indefinite singular)
Варшаваа (indefinite nominative singular)
Варшавынхаа (genitive indefinite singular)
Варшавыгаа (accusative indefinite singular)
Варшавтаа (dative indefinite locative singular)
Варшаваасаа (ablative indefinite singular)
Варшаваараа (indefinite instrumental singular)
Варшавтайгаа (comitative indefinite singular)
Варшавгүйгээ (indefinite privative singular)
Варшав руугаа (directive indefinite singular)

Borrowed from Russian Варша́ва (Varšáva), from Polish Warszawa.


ᠺᠠᠽᠠᠭᠰᠲᠠᠨ

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ᠺᠠᠽᠠᠭᠰᠲᠠᠨ • (kazaɣstan)

mn-prop

ᠺᠠᠽᠠᠭᠰᠲᠠᠨ • (kazaɣstan)

[kʰä.t͜sə̝q˖s.täˑɴ̟]

Borrowed from Russian Казахста́н (Kazaxstán).

bor+

ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ
ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ
ᠺᠠᠽᠠᠭᠰᠲᠠᠨ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ― bügüde nayiramdaqu kazaɣstan ulus ― the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (a country in Asia and Europe)


ᠫᠣᠯᠠᠨᠳ

Borrowed from English Poland, from German Polen n sg (“Poland”) and Polen m pl (“Poles”), from Old Polish Polanie m pl (“Poles”, literally “field dweller”), from Proto-Slavic *poľane m pl (“field dwellers”).