A

The first letter of the Mohawk alphabet, written in the Latin script.


ken

Question particle used in yes-or-no questions.


-s

habitual verb suffix
in verbal nouns: -er

in adjectival verbs, indicates that the subject is not singular


-on

forms perfective aspect, which require patient pronouns


s-

you _____


i-

translocative, indicating motion away from the speaker

epenthetic vowel added to certain verb forms

Alternative form of ka- (before o- and on-stems)


te-

From Proto-North Iroquoian *te, ultimately from Proto-Iroquoian *teː.

dualic prefix
with nouns, indicates two of something

dualic prefix
forms superlatives with aonhá’a


ao-

her ______

its ______

third person feminine/neuter singular possessive prefix


she-

You ____ her/someone

You ____ them

pronominal prefix for a first person singular agent and a third person feminine/indefinite patient


ri-

I ____ him

pronominal prefix for a first person singular agent and a third person singular masculine patient


nat (stem)
akená:ta (first-person possessive singular)
onkeniná:ta (dual first-person possessive)
onkwaná:ta (first-person plural possessive)
saná:ta (possessive second-person singular)
seniná:ta (dual possessive second-person)
sewaná:ta (plural possessive second-person)
raoná:ta (dual possessive third-person)
akoná:ta (dual possessive third-person)
aoná:ta (dual possessive third-person)
raotiná:ta (plural possessive third-person)
aotiná:ta (plural possessive third-person)
tewakená:ta (first-person possessive singular)
teionkeniná:ta (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwaná:ta (first-person plural possessive)
tesaná:ta (possessive second-person singular)
teseniná:ta (dual possessive second-person)
tesewaná:ta (plural possessive second-person)
tehoná:ta (dual possessive third-person)
teioná:ta (dual possessive third-person)
teiakoná:ta (dual possessive third-person)
tehotiná:ta (plural possessive third-person)
teiotiná:ta (plural possessive third-person)


kon-

I ____ you


kon-

Alternative form of konti- (before a-stems, and replaces initial a)


-a-

joiner vowel used when adding verb suffixes


ka-

third person feminine/neuter agent pronominal prefix


ro-

He ____ (patient)

It/she ____ him

He ____ him


ṉ

A consonant /n/ following a nasal vowel in the same syllable. Only occurs after the letters e and o (for the nasal vowels en and on).


t-

cislocative, indicating motion towards the speaker


ie-

she ______

she ______ it/her


ie-

Alternative form of i- (translocative prefix)


ni-

They both (m) ____


sa-

you ______ (patient)


sa-

your ______

second person singular possessive prefix


kwa-

I ____ you (pl.)


tsh-

You ____ him


ak-

my ______


kanien'keha

The Mohawk people, one of the five of the original Iroquois confederation.


ówera

Noun stem from Proto-North Iroquoian *-wɹ-.


onéntshaʼ

/ʔoˈnʌ̃t͡sʰaʔ/


akká:ra’ (first-person possessive singular)
onkeniká:ra’ (dual first-person possessive)
onkwaká:ra’ (first-person plural possessive)
saká:ra’ (possessive second-person singular)
seniká:ra’ (dual possessive second-person)
sewaká:ra’ (plural possessive second-person)
raoká:ra’ (dual possessive third-person)
akoká:ra’ (dual possessive third-person)
aoká:ra’ (dual possessive third-person)
raotiká:ra’ (plural possessive third-person)
aotiká:ra’ (plural possessive third-person)
tewakká:ra’ (first-person possessive singular)
teionkeniká:ra’ (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwaká:ra’ (first-person plural possessive)
tesaká:ra’ (possessive second-person singular)
teseniká:ra’ (dual possessive second-person)
tesewaká:ra’ (plural possessive second-person)
tehoká:ra’ (dual possessive third-person)
teioká:ra’ (dual possessive third-person)
teiakoká:ra’ (dual possessive third-person)
tehotiká:ra’ (plural possessive third-person)
teiotiká:ra’ (plural possessive third-person)

(narratology) account, narrative, story or tale


(automobiles) auto, automobile, car, motor, motorcar


kanónhsa’

nonhs (stem)
akenónhsa’ (first-person possessive singular)
onkeninónhsa’ (dual first-person possessive)
onkwanónhsa’ (first-person plural possessive)
sanónhsa’ (possessive second-person singular)
seninónhsa’ (dual possessive second-person)
sewanónhsa’ (plural possessive second-person)
raonónhsa’ (dual possessive third-person)
akonónhsa’ (dual possessive third-person)
aonónhsa’ (dual possessive third-person)
raotinónhsa’ (plural possessive third-person)
aotinónhsa’ (plural possessive third-person)
tewakenónhsa’ (first-person possessive singular)
teionkeninónhsa’ (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwanónhsa’ (first-person plural possessive)
tesanónhsa’ (possessive second-person singular)
teseninónhsa’ (dual possessive second-person)
tesewanónhsa’ (plural possessive second-person)
tehonónhsa’ (dual possessive third-person)
teionónhsa’ (dual possessive third-person)
teiakonónhsa’ (dual possessive third-person)
tehotinónhsa’ (plural possessive third-person)
teiotinónhsa’ (plural possessive third-person)

From Proto-North Iroquoian *-nõhs-, ultimately from Proto-Iroquoian *-nõhs-.

(architecture) dwelling, home, house or residence


kanákta

akenákta’ (first-person possessive singular)
onkeninákta’ (dual first-person possessive)
onkwanákta’ (first-person plural possessive)
sanákta’ (possessive second-person singular)
seninákta’ (dual possessive second-person)
sewanákta’ (plural possessive second-person)
raonákta’ (dual possessive third-person)
akonákta’ (dual possessive third-person)
aonákta’ (dual possessive third-person)
raotinákta’ (plural possessive third-person)
aotinákta’ (plural possessive third-person)
tewakenákta’ (first-person possessive singular)
teionkeninákta’ (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwanákta’ (first-person plural possessive)
tesanákta’ (possessive second-person singular)
teseninákta’ (dual possessive second-person)
tesewanákta’ (plural possessive second-person)
tehonákta’ (dual possessive third-person)
teionákta’ (dual possessive third-person)
teiakonákta’ (dual possessive third-person)
tehotinákta’ (plural possessive third-person)
teiotinákta’ (plural possessive third-person)


kanien’kéha

/ɡanjʌ̃ʔɡˈɛha/


karíhton

peacekeeper (peace officer in an Indian Reserve)


ra-

He ______ it/her


English: Kahnawake

French: Kahnawake

Kahnawake, Caughnawaga (a large Mohawk community on the South Shore region of Montreal)


→ English: Kanienkehaka

→ French: Agniers

/ɡanjʌ̃ʔɡɛˈhaːɡa/

Aié:wate’ akwé nontá:rehte’ ne wísk nihononhwentsá:ke, Kanien’kehá:ka’, Oneniothá:ka’, Ononta’kehá:ka’, Kaio’konhá:ka’, tánon’ Shotinontowane’há:ka’

1976, Josephine Horne, “Tharonhiawa:kon [The Holder of the Heavens]”, in Kanien’kéha Okara’shón:’a [Mohawk Stories], pages 94-95:

Hiawatha went to the five nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca


atateken

brotherhood, sisterhood, equality, fraternity between people


From Proto-North Iroquoian *tsihˈskoɁkoɁ, ultimately from Proto-Iroquoian *tsiːhskʷoːɁkʷoːɁ.


roti- + kanónhsa + kón:nis. Cognate with Seneca Hodínöhšö:ni:h.


rotisken’rakéhte

A noun created by combining the (male, plural, patient) prefix roti- and the noun hsken'rakehte (warrior), derived from PNI noun stem *hskẽʔɹ (bone) as bone carrier.


ako-

her ______

someone’s ______

third person feminine/indefinite singular possessive prefix


io-

it/her ____ (patient)

It/she ____ it/her


sátien

second-person singular imperative of kátiens


tesaráhtat

second-person singular imperative of tekaráhtats


Montreal (the largest city in Quebec, Canada)


wísk

From Proto-North Iroquoian *ˈhwihsk, ultimately from Proto-Iroquoian *hwihsk.


Perhaps derived from the root -iahia’k- (“cross over”) as seen in tetià:ia’ks (“I cross over”), referring to crossing over from finger-counting on one hand to the other. If true then inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *-jahjaɁk-.


Michelson et al. compare it with Laurentian Addegué.


onónha

they/them (feminine, indefinite or neuter)


Aterónto

Toronto (the capital city of Ontario, Canada, and largest city in Canada)


-onwe

suffix indicating something is real or genuine


wak-

I ____ (patient)

She/It ____ me


akewén:na (first-person possessive singular)
onkeniwén:na (dual first-person possessive)
onkwawén:na (first-person plural possessive)
sawén:na (possessive second-person singular)
seniwén:na (dual possessive second-person)
sewawén:na (plural possessive second-person)
raowén:na (dual possessive third-person)
akowén:na (dual possessive third-person)
aowén:na (dual possessive third-person)
raotiwén:na (plural possessive third-person)
aotiwén:na (plural possessive third-person)
tewakewén:na (first-person possessive singular)
teionkeniwén:na (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwawén:na (first-person plural possessive)
tesawén:na (possessive second-person singular)
teseniwén:na (dual possessive second-person)
tesewawén:na (plural possessive second-person)
tehowén:na (dual possessive third-person)
teiowén:na (dual possessive third-person)
teiakowén:na (dual possessive third-person)
tehotiwén:na (plural possessive third-person)
teiotiwén:na (plural possessive third-person)


moh-verb

kató:rats (future enkató:rate’, perfect wakatoráthon)

enkató:rate’ (future)
wakatoráthon (perfect)


kátiens

kátiens (future enkátien’, perfect wakátien)


iakeni-

We two (not you) _____


seni-

you two ______ (agent)

you two ______ (patient)


seni-

both of your’s ______


teni-

Me and you _______

first person dual inclusive agent pronominal prefix


tewa-

We all (incl. you) ____ (agent)


khiá:tons (future enkhiá:ton’, perfect wakhiá:ton)

enkhiá:ton’ (future)
wakhiá:ton (perfect)
khiá:tons (first-person singular)
tenihiá:tons (dual first-person)
iakenihiá:tons (dual first-person)
tewahiá:tons (first-person plural)
iakwahiá:tons (first-person plural)
tekhiá:tons (first-person negative singular)
tetenihiá:tons (dual first-person negative)
teiakenihiá:tons (dual first-person negative)
tetewahiá:tons (first-person negative plural)
teiakwahiá:tons (first-person negative plural)
shiá:tons (second-person singular)
senihiá:tons (dual second-person)
sewahiá:tons (plural second-person)
tehshiá:tons (negative second-person singular)
tesenihiá:tons (dual negative second-person)
tesewahiá:tons (negative plural second-person)
rahiá:tons (dual third-person)
iehiá:tons (dual third-person)
kahiá:tons (dual third-person)
nihiá:tons (negative singular third-person)
kenihiá:tons (negative singular third-person)
ratihiá:tons (negative plural third-person)
kontihiá:tons (negative plural third-person)
tehahiá:tons (third-person)
teiehiá:tons (third-person)
tekahiá:tons (third-person)
tehnihiá:tons (third-person)
tekenihiá:tons (third-person)
tehatihiá:tons (third-person)
tekontihiá:tons (third-person)


sewa-

you (p) ______ (agent)

you (p) ______ (patient)


sewa-

your (p) ______


iakwa-

We (not you) ______

first person plural exclusive agent pronominal prefix


rati-

third person masculine plural agent pronominal prefix


konti-

They (f.) ______

third person feminine plural agent pronominal prefix


keni-

I ______ you two

We two ______ you

We two ______ you two


rao-

his ______

third person masculine singular possessive prefix


akwathén:no’ (first-person possessive singular)
ontiathén:no’ (dual first-person possessive)
onkwathén:no’ (first-person plural possessive)
sathén:no’ (possessive second-person singular)
tsathén:no’ (dual possessive second-person)
sewathén:no’ (plural possessive second-person)
raothén:no’ (dual possessive third-person)
akothén:no’ (dual possessive third-person)
aothén:no’ (dual possessive third-person)
raonathén:no’ (plural possessive third-person)
aonathén:no’ (plural possessive third-person)
tewakathén:no’ (first-person possessive singular)
teiontiathén:no’ (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwathén:no’ (first-person plural possessive)
tesathén:no’ (possessive second-person singular)
tetsathén:no’ (dual possessive second-person)
tesewathén:no’ (plural possessive second-person)
tehothén:no’ (dual possessive third-person)
teiothén:no’ (dual possessive third-person)
teiakothén:no’ (dual possessive third-person)
tehonathén:no’ (plural possessive third-person)
teionathén:no’ (plural possessive third-person)


Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *tɹiɁtɹiːɁ.


kérios

moh-verb

kérios (future enkério’, perfect wakério)


iesa-

She/someone ____ you

They ____ you


khe-

I ____ her/someone

I ____ them


rak-

He ____ me


ront (stem)
akerón:ta (first-person possessive singular)
onkenirón:ta (dual first-person possessive)
onkwarón:ta (first-person plural possessive)
sarón:ta (possessive second-person singular)
senirón:ta (dual possessive second-person)
sewarón:ta (plural possessive second-person)
raorón:ta (dual possessive third-person)
akorón:ta (dual possessive third-person)
aorón:ta (dual possessive third-person)
raotirón:ta (plural possessive third-person)
aotirón:ta (plural possessive third-person)
tewakerón:ta (first-person possessive singular)
teionkenirón:ta (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwarón:ta (first-person plural possessive)
tesarón:ta (possessive second-person singular)
tesenirón:ta (dual possessive second-person)
tesewarón:ta (plural possessive second-person)
tehorón:ta (dual possessive third-person)
teiorón:ta (dual possessive third-person)
teiakorón:ta (dual possessive third-person)
tehotirón:ta (plural possessive third-person)
teiotirón:ta (plural possessive third-person)


onkeni-

Both of our’s ______


onkwa-

our (pl.) ______


nakwá:

(with dualic te- and third person referant) the most


ia-

He ____ you


iako-

She/it ___ (patient)

She/it ____ it/s.o.

She/it ____ them


third-person singular habitual of kató:rats


ionkeni-

first person dual patient pronominal prefix


roti-

third person masculine dual/plural patient pronominal prefix


ioti-

third person feminine/indefinite/neuter dual/plural patient pronominal prefix


ionkwa-

we ______

first person plural patient pronominal prefix


shako-

He ____ her/someone

He ____ them


Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *-noɹõ- (“to find difficult, to be valuable”) from Proto-Iroquoian *-nuːɹõ- (“to be difficult, to fail to do”).


onón:ta’ (“hill, mountain”) + -ke (“at”) + -haka’ (forms names of nationalities)


satént

My
matént
Your
satént
His
raotént
Her
akotént


kahiatónhsera

hiatonhser (stem)
akhiatonhsera (first-person possessive singular)
onkenihiatonhsera (dual first-person possessive)
onkwahiatonhsera (first-person plural possessive)
sahiatonhsera (possessive second-person singular)
senihiatonhsera (dual possessive second-person)
sewahiatonhsera (plural possessive second-person)
raohiatonhsera (dual possessive third-person)
akohiatonhsera (dual possessive third-person)
aohiatonhsera (dual possessive third-person)
raotihiatonhsera (plural possessive third-person)
aotihiatonhsera (plural possessive third-person)
tewakhiatonhsera (first-person possessive singular)
teionkenihiatonhsera (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwahiatonhsera (first-person plural possessive)
tesahiatonhsera (possessive second-person singular)
tesenihiatonhsera (dual possessive second-person)
tesewahiatonhsera (plural possessive second-person)
tehohiatonhsera (dual possessive third-person)
teiohiatonhsera (dual possessive third-person)
teiakohiatonhsera (dual possessive third-person)
tehotihiatonhsera (plural possessive third-person)
teiotihiatonhsera (plural possessive third-person)


My
riièn:’a
Your
tién:’a
His
roièn:’a
Her


My
kheièn:’a
Your
sheièn:’a
His
shakoièn:’a
Her
akoièn:’a


Wahní:ron’, tsi nikarì:wes enkahwatsiratátie’ tánon’ entkarahkwinekénhseke’, óhente’ entkahnióseke’ tánon’ ohné:kanos kón:ne’s é’ thó nikarì:wes enkatátie’ ne Kaianere’kó:wa

1976, Josephine Horne, “Tharonhiawa:kon [The Holder of the Heavens]”, in Kanien’kéha Okara’shón:’a [Mohawk Stories], page 93:

They said as long as the generations come, the sun rises, grass grows, and rivers flow, the League of Peace will stand


Tóka’ ensathón:te’ne’ ónhka’k taienken’to’ókhon’ tánon’ iáh ónhka’ té:ien’s né kén:ton’ tsi ónhka’k eniaíheie’

1976, Mary Nicholas and Carolee Jacobs, “Kaienterehstahkhwa’ [Omens]”, in Kanien’kéha Okara’shón:’a [Mohawk Stories], page 113:

If you hear someone knocking and no one is there, that means that someone will die


moh-verb

kerí:ios (future enkerí:io’, perfect wakerí:io)


tak-

You ____ me


Ahkwesáhsne

English: Akwesasne

French: Akwesasne

Literally, “Land Where the Partridge Drums”, from the abundant wildlife in the area.

lit

Akwesasne: A Mohawk territory in North America, at the triple point of the New York state, Ontario, Quebec border lying astride the Canada-United States international boundary.

St. Regis Mohawk Reservation
St. Regis Mohawk Reservation#English

St. Regis Mohawk Reservation: A district of Akwesasne, New York state, United States


moh-verbal-noun

rana'tarón:nis m (feminine iena'tarón:nis)


iena'tarón:nis f (masculine rana'tarón:nis)


ranénhskwas

ranénhskwas m (plural ratinénhskwas, feminine ienénhskwas)

ratinénhskwas (plural)
ienénhskwas (feminine)


renn (stem)
akerén:na (first-person possessive singular)
onkenirén:na (dual first-person possessive)
onkwarén:na (first-person plural possessive)
sarén:na (possessive second-person singular)
senirén:na (dual possessive second-person)
sewarén:na (plural possessive second-person)
raorén:na (dual possessive third-person)
akorén:na (dual possessive third-person)
aorén:na (dual possessive third-person)
raotirén:na (plural possessive third-person)
aotirén:na (plural possessive third-person)
tewakerén:na (first-person possessive singular)
teionkenirén:na (dual first-person possessive)
teionkwarén:na (first-person plural possessive)
tesarén:na (possessive second-person singular)
tesenirén:na (dual possessive second-person)
tesewarén:na (plural possessive second-person)
tehorén:na (dual possessive third-person)
teiorén:na (dual possessive third-person)
teiakorén:na (dual possessive third-person)
tehotirén:na (plural possessive third-person)
teiotirén:na (plural possessive third-person)


tsítsho

Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *tsitshoɁ.


attokháhtshera

Wahshakona’tón:hahse’ tánon’ tahshakó:ion’ ne rononkwehón:we nattokháhtshera, nahontó:rate’, nahontátenonte’ tánon’ tsi nahatì:iere’ nahatikwatá:ko’ ne raonatsherónnia’.

1976, Josephine Horne, “Tharonhiawa:kon [The Holder of the Heavens]”, in Kanien’kéha Okara’shón:’a [Mohawk Stories], page 89:

He showed and gave the Indians the wisdom for them to hunt, to feed themselves, and to sew their clothing


atsherónnia’

wahshakona’tón:hahse’ tánon’ tahshakó:ion’ ne rononkwehón:we nattokháhtshera, nahontó:rate’, nahontátenonte’ tánon’ tsi nahatì:iere’ nahatikwatá:ko’ ne raonatsherónnia’.


Tahshakó:ion’ ne ó:nenhste’ wahshakona’tón:hase’ ka’ nón nahatitshén:ri’ ne onatsakén:ra, o’nionkseri, osahé:ta’, tánon’ onon’ónsera’.

1976, Josephine Horne, “Tharonhiawa:kon [The Holder of the Heavens]”, in Kanien’kéha Okara’shón:’a [Mohawk Stories], page 90:

He gave them the corn, showed them where they would find rice, onions, beans and squash


o’niónhsa’

Noun stem from Proto-North Iroquoian *-Ɂnjõhs-, ultimately from Proto-Iroquoian *-Ɂnjõːhs-.


Wisk ní:kon kanónhsa


Wísk-niwáhsen nihá:ti Rotiiá:ner wahontkennísa’ katsénhakon

1976, Josephine Horne, “Tharonhiawa:kon [The Holder of the Heavens]”, in Kanien’kéha Okara’shón:’a [Mohawk Stories], page 96:

Fifty chiefs gathered around the council fire


tewáhsen

te- + wáhsen, ultimately from Proto-North Iroquoian *-ahnshẽːh.


shonkwa-

He ____ us


-t-

joiner used with some nouns in noun incorporation


wakatshenón:ni’ (first-person singular)
iontiatshenón:ni’ (dual first-person)
ionkwatshenón:ni’ (first-person plural)
tewakatshenón:ni’ (first-person negative singular)
teiontiatshenón:ni’ (dual first-person negative)
teionkwatshenón:ni’ (first-person negative plural)
satshenón:ni’ (second-person singular)
tstshenón:ni’ (dual second-person)
sewatshenón:ni’ (plural second-person)
tesatshenón:ni’ (negative second-person singular)
tetstshenón:ni’ (dual negative second-person)
tesewatshenón:ni’ (negative plural second-person)
rotshenón:ni’ (singular third-person)
iakotshenón:ni’ (singular third-person)
iotshenón:ni’ (singular third-person)
ronatshenón:ni’ (dual plural third-person)
ionatshenón:ni’ (dual plural third-person)
tehotshenón:ni’ (negative singular third-person)
teiakotshenón:ni’ (negative singular third-person)
teiotshenón:ni’ (negative singular third-person)
tehonatshenón:ni’ (dual negative plural third-person)
teionatshenón:ni’ (dual negative plural third-person)


tókha’

Tóka’ tóhka’ niionkwé:take eniaíheie’ né kén:ton’ tsi Shonkwaia’tíson thotén:niote’

1976, Mary Nicholas, Carolee Jacobs, “Kaienterehstahkhwa’ [Omens]”, in Kanien’kéha Okara’shón:’a [Mohawk Stories], page 113:

If several people die, it means our Creator is having a wedding


kenón:we’s
iakeninón:we’s
iakwanón:we’s
teninón:we’s
tewanón:we’s
senón:we’s
seninón:we’s
sewanón:we’s
kanón:we’s
ranón:we’s
ienón:we’s
keninón:we’s
kontinón:we’s
ninón:we’s
ratinón:we’s
wakenón:we’s
ionkeninón:we’s
ionkwanón:we’s
sanón:we’s
ionón:we’s
ronón:we’s
iakonón:we’s
iotinón:we’s
rotinón:we’s
rinón:we’s
shakeninón:we’s
shakwanón:we’s
tshiteninón:we’s
tshitewanón:we’s
tshenón:we’s
tshiseninón:we’s
tshisewanón:we’s
ronwanón:we’s
rakenón:we’s
shonkeninón:we’s
shonkwanón:we’s
ianón:we’s
shakonón:we’s
khenón:we’s
iakhinón:we’s
iethinón:we’s
shenón:we’s
ietshinón:we’s
iakotinón:we’s
shakotinón:we’s
ionkenón:we’s
ionkhinón:we’s
iesanón:we’s
konwanón:we’s
konwatinón:we’s
ronwatinón:we’s
konnón:we’s
kwanón:we’s
takenón:we’s
takeninón:we’s
takwanón:we’s
iontatenón:we’s


Koráhne

Kó:ra (“governor”) + -hne (“locative clitic”).


raoti-

their (m) ______

third person masculine dual/plural possessive prefix


aoti-

their ______

third person feminine/indefinite/neuter dual/plural possessive prefix


shonkeni-

He ____ us two


ótskeri’

Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *-inskɹ-.


ionk-

She/someone ______ me

They ______ me


takeni-

you ____ us two

you two ____ me

you two ____ us two


takwa-

you (sg) ____ us (pl.)

you (sg) ____ us two

you two ____ us (pl.)

you (pl) ____ me

you (pl) ____ us two

you (pl) ____ us all (pl)


ronwa-

She/Someone ______ him

They ______ him


konwa-

She/someone ______ her/it

They ______ her/it


tshitewa-

We (incl. you) ______ him


tshisewa-

You (pl) ______ him


iakhi-

we (excl) ____ her/someone

we (excl) ____ them


wake’nikonhrowá:nen (first-person singular)
ionkeni’nikonhrowá:nen (dual first-person)
ionkwa’nikonhrowá:nen (first-person plural)
tewake’nikonhrowá:nen (first-person negative singular)
teionkeni’nikonhrowá:nen (dual first-person negative)
teionkwa’nikonhrowá:nen (first-person negative plural)
sa’nikonhrowá:nen (second-person singular)
seni’nikonhrowá:nen (dual second-person)
sewa’nikonhrowá:nen (plural second-person)
tesa’nikonhrowá:nen (negative second-person singular)
teseni’nikonhrowá:nen (dual negative second-person)
tesewa’nikonhrowá:nen (negative plural second-person)
ro’nikonhrowá:nen (singular third-person)
iako’nikonhrowá:nen (singular third-person)
io’nikonhrowá:nen (singular third-person)
roti’nikonhrowá:nen (dual plural third-person)
ioti’nikonhrowá:nen (dual plural third-person)
teho’nikonhrowá:nen (negative singular third-person)
teiako’nikonhrowá:nen (negative singular third-person)
teio’nikonhrowá:nen (negative singular third-person)
tehoti’nikonhrowá:nen (dual negative plural third-person)
teioti’nikonhrowá:nen (dual negative plural third-person)


wakkwátshe

wakkwátshe (first-person singular)
ionkenikwátshe (dual first-person)
ionkwakwátshe (first-person plural)
tewakkwátshe (first-person negative singular)
teionkenikwátshe (dual first-person negative)
teionkwakwátshe (first-person negative plural)
sakwátshe (second-person singular)
senikwátshe (dual second-person)
sewakwátshe (plural second-person)
tesakwátshe (negative second-person singular)
tesenikwátshe (dual negative second-person)
tesewakwátshe (negative plural second-person)
rokwátshe (singular third-person)
iakokwátshe (singular third-person)
iokwátshe (singular third-person)
rotikwátshe (dual plural third-person)
iotikwátshe (dual plural third-person)
tehokwátshe (negative singular third-person)
teiakokwátshe (negative singular third-person)
teiokwátshe (negative singular third-person)
tehotikwátshe (dual negative plural third-person)
teiotikwátshe (dual negative plural third-person)


iethi-

Me and you ______ her/someone

We all (incl. you) ______ her/someone

Me and you ______ them

We all (incl. you) ______ them


ionkhi-

She/someone ______ us

They ______ us


ietshi-

She/Someone ______ you two

She/Someone ______ you all

They ______ you two

They ______ you all


iontat-

She/someone ______ her/someone


-tahkhwa

forms verbal nouns representing
things used to perform an action

forms verbal nouns representing
with tsi, places to perform an action


iontenawirohare’táhkhwa

ie- + at- + -nawir- + -ohare + -tahkhwa, literally “tooth washer”


-tha’

Combination of -t with habitual suffix -ha’

with, using (indicates the subject uses the object to do the verb)


-kwas

head

-kwas (punctual -ko’, stative -kwen, imperative -ko’)


tshiteni-

me and you ____ him


tshiseni-

We (not you) ____ him


shakeni-

We two (not you) ______ him


shakwa-

We all (not you) ______ him


shakoti-

They (m) ______ her/someone

They (m) ______ them


ohné:ka + iohní:ron, literally “hard water”


ohkwá:ri + kahòn:tsi, literally “black bear”


ohkwá:ri + kowá:nen, literally “big bear”


ohkwá:ri + karà:ken, literally “white bear”


takò:s owí:ra (kitten, literally “baby cat”)


Literally, “swimmer”, from the verb katá:wens


New York City (a city in New York, United States)


From Dutch Corlaer, referring to Arendt van Corlaer.

historical title used for Dutch and British colonial governors


kanà:taro + karà:ken, literally “white bread”


kanà:taro + kahòn:tsi, literally “dark bread”


katsi'nónhtaks

Otsí:non rón:neks ne katsi'nónhtaks.


kwéskwes kanonwakón:ha

Kontikowá:nen's ne kwéskwes kanonwakón:ha.


Kanà:ta Onkwehón:we raononhóntsa.


Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *-athõtaːt-, from Proto-Iroquoian *-athõː-.


ówera’

Noun root from Proto-North Iroquoian *-wɹ-.


Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *waɁˈkohɹi(ː)Ɂ, from Proto-Iroquoian * waɁkuhɹiːɁ.


Wahstonhró:non (“American”) + -’ke (“locative suffix”), itself from the Mohawk word Wáhston (“Boston”), from English Boston.

af

United States (a country in North America)


Wáhston (“Boston”) + -hronon (“demonym suffix”), from English Boston.


Wáhston

Boston (the capital city of Massachusetts, United States)


Ranatakariáhsne

Ranatakárias (“President of the United States”) + -hne (“locative clitic”).

Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.#English

Washington, D.C. (the capital city of the United States)


Ranatakárias

ra- (“pronominal prefix”) + -nat- (“town”) + -a- + -kari- (“to destroy (transitive)”) + -as (“habitual suffix”), literally “He destroys the town”.


ótsta’

Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *-inst-.


khekárias

Inherited from Proto-North Iroquoian *-kari- or Proto-North Iroquoian *-karj-, both from Proto-Iroquoian *-kar-.


konnorónhkhwa’

moh-verb

konnorónhkhwa’ (incorporating form -noronhkhw-)

kon- (“transitive pronominal prefix”) + -noron- (“it is precious”) + -hkw- (“instrumental suffix”) + -ha’ (“habitual suffix”), literally “I make you precious”, with the root -noron- from Proto-North Iroquoian *-noɹõ- (“to find difficult, to be valuable”) from Proto-Iroquoian *-nuːɹõ- (“to be difficult, to fail to do”).