乙

本國乙背叛

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:

idu form of ᄋᆞᆯ (accusative case marker)


中國

desc

Korean: 중국 (jungguk), 즁국 (jungguk), 듕국 (dyungguk)

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”).

ltc-l

나랏〮 말〯ᄊᆞ미〮 中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮 달아〮 文(문)字(ᄍᆞᇰ〮)와〮로〮 서르 ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆺ디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮

1459, Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해)

The language of the country is different from [that of] China and does not match the [Chinese] script

nàlá-s mǎlssòm-í TYWÙNG.KWÚYK-éy tàlG-á MWÙN.CCÓNG-wá-lwó sèlù sòmòs-tí àníhò-lssóy


丷

Top part of the character 為(위)(爲(위)) (wi, “to do”). Cognate with Japanese 𬼀.

Kwukyel spelling of ᄒᆞ- (ho-, “to do”, also a light verb deriving verbs and adjectives).


亽

Lower half of the character 罖, simplified form of 羅 (la).

伊亽

Kwukyel spelling of -라〮 (-lá, alternative form of declarative suffix -다〮 (-tá), notably found after the copulas).


兄

Jeju: 성 (seong)

Central Korean: 형 (hyeong)

Gyeongsang Korean: 성 (seong)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 兄 (MC xjwaeng).


爲

idu form of ᄒᆞ (“to do”, also a light verb deriving verbs and adjectives)


爳

From the Chinese characters 爲 (“to do”, representing Middle Korean ᄒᆞ- (ho-)) and 了 (“to be done”, representing Middle Korean -ㄴ), both used for their semantics; but 了 may be a variant/mistake for the usual kwukyel phonetic 𰆊 (-n, abbreviation of 隱 (-n)).
ᄒᆞ- (ho-, “to do”) + -ㄴ (-n, past tense marker).


這

Simplified from 邊 (“edge”), used as hungaja for similarly pronounced ᄀᆞᆺ〯 (kǒs, “edge”).


遣

本國乙背叛爲遣


일

Korean: 일 (il)


일

Korean: 일(一) (il)


-를

Probably from a reduplication of Old Korean 乙 (*-(u)r), whence also -을〮 (-úl).

post-vowel allomorphic form of -을〮 (-úl, accusative case marker)


아홉

Jeju: 아홉 (ahop)

Korean: 아홉 (ahop)


눈

눈〮 (canonical)
nwún (romanization)
누네〮 (locative)

Korean: 눈 (nun)


눈

눈〯 (canonical)
nwǔn (romanization)
누〯네〮 (locative)

Korean: 눈 (nun)


하다

head

하〮다〮 (hátá) (infinitive 하〮, sequential 하〮니〮)

하〮다〮 (canonical)
hátá (romanization)
하〮 (infinitive)
하〮니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: 하다 (hata)

desc

⇒ Korean: 한강(漢江) (han'gang, “Han River (in Seoul)”)

⇒ Korean: 한숨 (hansum, “sigh”)

Jeju: 하다 (hada)

Perhaps related to Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (khútá, “to be big”).

ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯 제 ᄠᅳ〮들〮 시러〮 펴디〮 몯〯 ᄒᆞᇙ 노〮미〮 하니〮라〮

...many of them in the end cannot state their concerns.

mòchómnǎy cèy ptútúl sìlé phyètí mwǒt hòlq nwómí hànílá


말

Korean: 말 (mal)


말

Korean: 말 (mal)

Possibly cognate with Japanese 升 (masu), a similar unit of measure.

measure (containing about 18 liters or 10 doe (되 (doe))


누리

→ Korean: 누리 (nuri)

누릿 가온ᄃᆡ 나곤 몸하 ᄒᆞ올로 녈셔

14th century?, “動動 / 동동 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 / 악학궤범 (Akhak Gwebeom):

though it was born in the middle of the world, oh this body of mine! It goes its way alone.

nwuli-s kawontoy nakwon mwom-ha howollwo nyelsye

世(셰〯) 누리〮 셰〯

1527, Choe Sejin, 최세진(崔世珍), 訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회 [Hunmong Jahoe]:

[The Chinese word] 世 (shì) [means] "world" [and is pronounced] syěy.

archaic form of 뉘〯 (nwǔy, “world; time, epoch, era”)


적

Korean: 적 (jeok)

time, occurrence (must be preceded by the adnominal suffix -은 (-un) or -으ᇙ (-ulq))


예

Early Modern Korean: 예 (Yey, “Japanese”)

From Old Korean 倭理 (*YEri, “Japanese”), today replaced by Sino-Korean terms in all modern dialects.

請(쳐ᇰ)으〮로〮 온 예〯와〮 싸호〮샤〮 투〮구〮 아니〮 밧기〮시면〮 나랏〮 小(쇼)民(민)을〮 사ᄅᆞ시〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

1447, “Stanza 52”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheon'ga]:

If [he] had not been called to combat the hundreds of Japanese and not removed the helmet [of the Japanese general], would he have saved the poor people [of Korea]?

CHYENG-úlwó wòn Yěy-Gwoá ssàhwósyá thwúkwú àní pàskísìmyén nàlá-s SYWO.MIN-úl sàlòsílíngìská


설

설〯 (canonical)
sěl (romanization)
서〯레〮 (locative)

Korean: 설 (seol, “New Year”), 살 (sal, “year of age”)

죠〯ᅌᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ〮 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나하〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 그 아〮기〮 닐굽〮 설〯 머거〮 […]

The servant gives birth to a son, and the baby grows to be seven years old […]

道(또ᇢ〯)士(ᄊᆞᆼ〯)ᄃᆞᆯ〮히〮 서〯레〮 님〯금〮 뵈〯ᅀᆞ〮ᄫᅩ라〮 모다〮 왯〮다가〮 […]

1459, Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보) 2:68b-69a

When the priests gathered to see the king for the New Year […]


날

날〮 (canonical)
nál (romanization)
나래〮 (locative)

Korean: 날 (nal)


감

Jeju: 감 (gam)

Korean: 감 (gam)

From Late Old Korean 坎 (*kǎm), attested in the twelfth-century wordlist Jilin leishi.


제

Korean: 제 (je)

셤〯 안해〮 자〮시ᇙ 제〮 한〮비〮 사ᄋᆞ〮리로ᄃᆡ〮 뷔〯어ᅀᅡ〮 ᄌᆞ〮ᄆᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮

When [General Yi] stationed [his troops] on [Wihwa] Island, heavy rain fell for three days; only after [they] cleared themselves away from it, the [island] was submerged.

syěm ànháy cásìlq céy hánpí sàólì-lwòtóy pwǔyèzá cómòníngìtá

contraction of 저-긔〮 (cek-úy, literally “at the time”): when


신

Korean: 신 (sin)


길

Korean: 길 (gil)

굴허〮ᅌᅦ〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 디〯내〯샤〮 도ᄌᆞ기〮 다〯 도라〮가니〮 半 길〯 노ᄑᆡᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 년기〮 디〯나리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

[Chased] into an alley, [emperor Taizu] had his horse leap over [a cliff a gil high], and all the bandits [had no choice but to] turn back. Even if it were half a gil high, could anyone else [i.e. the bandits] have done the same?

a gil, a traditional Korean unit of length equal to the height of a person; a fathom


길

isolated form spelling of 긿〮 (kílh, “road”)


손

손〮 (canonical)
swón (romanization)
소내〮 (locative)

Korean: 손 (son)


손

Korean: 손 (son)


범

Korean: 범 (beom)


비

비〮 (canonical)
pí (romanization)
비〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 비 (bi)


우산

head

우〮산〮 (wúsán)

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 雨傘 (MC hjuX sanX).

이〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 우〯산

1517, 번역박통사 [beonyeokbaktongsa], volume 상 [sang], page 40a:

傘(산〯) 우〮산〮 산〯

1527, 훈몽자회 [hunmongjahoe], 예산문고본 [yesanmun'gobon] edition, volume 중 [jung], page 7b:

못 가온ᄃᆡ 년니픈 고기의 우사니오

The lily pad amidst the pond is the fish's umbrella, ...


개

개〮 (canonical)
káy (romanization)
개〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 개 (gae)


개

개〯 (canonical)
kǎy (romanization)
개〯예〮 (locative)

Korean: 개 (gae)


가다

가다〮 (kàtá) (infinitive 가〮, sequential 가니〮)

가다〮 (canonical)
kàtá (romanization)
가〮 (infinitive)
가니〮 (sequential)
가다〮 (past)
가니〮라〮 (past)
간가〮 (interrogative past)
가녀〮 (interrogative past)
간고〮 (interrogative past)
가뇨〮 (interrogative past)
간다〮 (interrogative past)
가〯라〮 (past)
가〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮노라〮 (present)
가리〮라〮
가ᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
가려〮 (interrogative)
가ᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
가료〮 (interrogative)
가ᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
가〯리라〮
가〮더라〮
가〮더〮니라〮
가〮던가〮 (interrogative)
가〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
가〮던고〮 (interrogative)
가〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
가〮던다〮 (interrogative)
가〮다라〮
가〯마〮
가져〮
가라〮 (imperative interrogative)
가고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
간뎌〮
갈쎠〮
가〮도다〮
가〮돗다〮
가〮애라〮
가ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
가〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
가〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
가리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
가〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
가〮애ᅌᅵ다〮
가〮시다〮 (past)
가〮시〮니라〮 (past)
가〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
가〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
가〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
가〮거〮시다〮
가〮거시〮니라〮
가〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
가〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
가〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가고〮
가며〮
가〮다가〮
가니〮 (causative)
가〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
갈ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
가관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
가면〮 (interrogative present)
가〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
간대〮 (interrogative present)
가〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
가나〮 (interrogative present)
가〯ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
간ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
가〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
가〯려〮 (interrogative)
가고〮져〮 (interrogative)
가과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
가〮 (infinitive)
간 (past)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
가ᇙ (infinitive present)
가ᇙ (present)
간〯 (past)
가〮논〮 (present)
가ᇙ〯 (infinitive present)
가ᇙ〯 (present)
가〮신〮 (past)
가〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
가〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
가〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
감〯 (causative past present)
감〯 (past present)
가〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
가〮샴〮 (present)

Korean: 가다 (gada)

(intransitive) to go (especially somewhere for a certain purpose)

(auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) Marks a continuous action that either stretches from the present into the future, or involves physical movement away from the speaker.


오다

Jeju: 오다 (oda)

Korean: 오다 (oda)


목

Korean: 목 (mok)


더

Korean: 더 (deo)


너

Jeju: 느 (neu)

Korean: 너 (neo)


귀

귀〮 (canonical)
kwúy (romanization)
귀예〮 (locative)

Korean: 귀 (gwi)


나라

isolated form spelling of 나랗〮 (nàláh, “country”)


고기

Jeju: 궤기 (gwegi)

Korean: 고기 (gogi)


벌

Korean: 벌 (beol)


다

Korean: 다 (da)


논

논〮 (canonical)
nwón (romanization)
노내〮 (locative)

Korean: 논 (non)


바지

匠ᄋᆞᆫ 바지라.

1463, 《법화경언해》 서:21

master craftsman, master artisan, blacksmith, smith


보다

보다〮 (pwòtá) (infinitive 보아〮, sequential 보니〮)

보다〮 (canonical)
pwòtá (romanization)
보아〮 (infinitive)
보니〮 (sequential)
보다〮 (past)
보니〮라〮 (past)
본가〮 (interrogative past)
보녀〮 (interrogative past)
본고〮 (interrogative past)
보뇨〮 (interrogative past)
본다〮 (interrogative past)
보〯라〮 (past)
보〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮노라〮 (present)
보리〮라〮
보ᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
보려〮 (interrogative)
보ᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
보료〮 (interrogative)
보ᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
보〯리라〮
보〮더라〮
보〮더〮니라〮
보〮던가〮 (interrogative)
보〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
보〮던고〮 (interrogative)
보〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
보〮던다〮 (interrogative)
보〮다라〮
보〯마〮
보져〮
보라〮 (imperative interrogative)
보고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
본뎌〮
볼쎠〮
보〮도다〮
보〮돗다〮
보〮애라〮
보ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
보니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
보〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
보〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
보리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
보리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
보〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
보〮애ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮시다〮 (past)
보〮시〮니라〮 (past)
보〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
보〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
보〮거〮시다〮
보〮거시〮니라〮
보〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
보〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
보〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
보〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거다〮
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮
보고〮
보며〮
보〮다가〮
보니〮 (causative)
보〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
볼ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
보관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
보면〮 (interrogative present)
보〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
본대〮 (interrogative present)
보〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
보나〮 (interrogative present)
보〯ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
본ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
보〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
보〯려〮 (interrogative)
보고〮져〮 (interrogative)
보과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
보아〮 (infinitive)
본 (past)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
보ᇙ (infinitive present)
보ᇙ (present)
본〯 (past)
보〮논〮 (present)
보ᇙ〯 (infinitive present)
보ᇙ〯 (present)
보〮신〮 (past)
보〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
보〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
보〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
봄〯 (causative past present)
봄〯 (past present)
보〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
보〮샴〮 (present)

Jeju: 보다 (boda)

Korean: 보다 (boda)

1447, 《석보상절 / 釋譜詳節》 3:11ㄱ
ᄒᆞᆫ 玉女 ᄀᆞᄐᆞ시니ᄅᆞᆯ 보ᅀᆞᆸ고 와 ᄉᆞᆯᄫᅩᄃᆡ 執杖釋의 ᄯᆞ니미 겨시더ᅌᅵ다.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1447, 《석보상절 / 釋譜詳節》 9:24 ㄴ
아뫼나 ᄯᅩ 사ᄅᆞ미 모딘 ᄭᅮ믈 어더 구즌 相ᄋᆞᆯ 보거나 妖怪ᄅᆞᄫᆡᆫ 새 오거나 妖怪ᄂᆞᆫ 常例ᄅᆞᆸ디 아니ᄒᆞᆫ 荒唐ᄒᆞᆫ 이리라 잇논 ᄯᅡ해 온가짓 妖怪 뵈어나 ᄒᆞ거든 이 사ᄅᆞ미 種種 貴ᄒᆞ 거스로 뎌 藥師琉璃光如來ᄅᆞᆯ 恭敬ᄒᆞ야 供養ᄒᆞᅀᆞᄫᆞ면 머즌 ᄭᅮ미며 믈읫 됴티 몯ᄒᆞᆫ 이리 다 업서 분벼리 아니ᄃᆞ외며 믈블갈 모딘 것과 어려ᄫᅳᆫ 石壁과.

1459, 《월인석보 / 月印釋譜》 18:21ㄱ
이 經을 보ᅀᆞᆸ건댄 智로 體ᄅᆞᆯ 셰시고.

to see, to look at, to watch (to perceive with the eyes)

(auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) to try, to try out


크다

크〮다〮 (khútá) (infinitive 커〮, sequential 크〮니〮)

크〮다〮 (canonical)
khútá (romanization)
커〮 (infinitive)
크〮니〮 (sequential)
크〮다〮 (past)
크〮니라〮 (past)
큰〮가〮 (interrogative past)
크〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
큰〮고〮 (interrogative past)
크〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
큰〮다〮 (interrogative past)
쿠〮라〮 (past)
크〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮노라〮 (present)
크〮리라〮
크ᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
크〮려〮 (interrogative)
크ᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
크〮료〮 (interrogative)
크ᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
쿠〮리라〮
크〮더라〮
크〮더〮니라〮
크〮던가〮 (interrogative)
크〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
크〮던고〮 (interrogative)
크〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
크〮던다〮 (interrogative)
크〮다라〮
쿠〮마〮
크〮져〮
크〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
크〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
큰〮뎌〮
클〮쎠〮
크〮도다〮
크〮돗다〮
케〮라〮
크〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
쿠〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
크〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
크〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
쿠〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
케〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮시다〮 (past)
크〮시〮니라〮 (past)
크〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
크〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
크〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
크〮거〮시다〮
크〮거시〮니라〮
크〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
크〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
크〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮고〮
크〮며〮
크〮다가〮
크〮니〮 (causative)
크〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
클〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
크〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
크〮면〮 (interrogative present)
크〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
큰〮대〮 (interrogative present)
크〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
크〮나〮 (interrogative present)
쿠〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
큰〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
크〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
쿠〮려〮 (interrogative)
크〮고져〮 (interrogative)
크〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
커〮 (infinitive)
큰〮 (past)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
크ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
크ᇙ〮 (present)
쿤〮 (past)
크〮논〮 (present)
쿠ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
쿠ᇙ〮 (present)
크〮신〮 (past)
크〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
크〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
크〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
쿰〮 (causative past present)
쿰〮 (past present)
크〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
크〮샴〮 (present)

Korean: 크다 (keuda)

From Old Korean *hùkú-; see the modern Korean 크다 (keuda) entry for more.


바다

isolated form spelling of 바닿〮 (pàtáh, “sea; ocean”)


봄

봄〮 (canonical)
pwóm (romanization)
보ᄆᆡ〮 (locative)

Korean: 봄 (bom)


여름

Nominalisation form of 열〯다〮 (yěltá, “to ripen”).


밤

밤〮 (canonical)
pám (romanization)
바ᄆᆡ〮 (locative)

Korean: 밤 (bam)


밤

밤〯 (canonical)
pǎm (romanization)
바〯매〮 (locative)

Korean: 밤 (bam)


빛

빛〮 (pích) (isolated 빗〮 (pís), locative 비체〮 (pìch-éy), alternative locative 비〮체〮 (pích-éy))

빛〮 (canonical)
pích (romanization)
비체〮 (locative)
비〮체〮 (alternative locative)

Jeju: 빗 (bit)

Korean: 빛 (bit)


새

새〯 (canonical)
sǎy (romanization)
새〯예〮 (locative)

Korean: 새 (sae)

고기〮와〮 새〯와〮 거붑〮과〮 ᄇᆡ〮얌괘〮 그 類(ᄅᆔᆼ〮) ᄀᆞᄃᆞᆨᄒᆞ니〮라〮

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 [Neung-eomgyeong eonhae], page 7:79a:

[Therefore], the [world] has plenty of fish, birds, turtles, snakes, and the like.


새

엇〯뎨〮 모로〮매〮 ᄂᆞᆯᄀᆞ〮닐〮 덜〯오〮 새〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 더으며〮 […]

1465, 圓覺經諺解 / 원각경언해 [Wongakgyeong eonhae], page 4:188b:

[Then], how shall I drop that which is old and take that which is new, […] ?


새

沙(상)彌(밍)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 새〮 出(츄ᇙ〮)家(강)ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞ〮미니〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:2a:

沙彌 [Chinese for "novice Buddhist monk"] is a person who newly became a Buddhist monk.


새

Korean: 새 (sae)


섬

Korean: 섬 (seom)

階(갱)砌(촁〮)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 서〮미라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin Seokbo], page 2:27a:


발

발〮 (canonical)
pál (romanization)
바래〮 (locative)

Korean: 발 (bal)


발

발〯 (canonical)
pǎl (romanization)
바〯래〮 (locative)

Korean: 발 (bal)

blind, screen, or curtain made with woven bamboo or reed strips


집

Jeju: 집 (jip)

Korean: 집 (jip)


거리

거리〮 (canonical)
kèlí (romanization)
거리〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 거리 (geori)


해

내〮 아〯랫〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ로〮 바다〮 세〯 ᄇᆞᆳ〮 오〮ᄉᆞᆯ〮 니보〮니〮 둘〯흔〮 迦(강)葉(셥〮)佛(뿌ᇙ〮) 오〮시오〮 ᄒᆞ나ᄒᆞᆫ〮 내 해〮라〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 25, pages 45a-45b:

I receive as in the past and wear three articles of clothing, two are of Kāśyapa Buddha and one is my possession


골

Korean: 골 (gol)


갈다

갈〯다〮 (kǎltá) (infinitive 가라〮, sequential 가〯니〮)

갈〯다〮 (canonical)
kǎltá (romanization)
가라〮 (infinitive)
가〯니〮 (sequential)

Unknown. Perhaps related to 가ᄅᆞ다 (kalota, “to split”), 가리다 (kalita, “to be split”).


위

Probably imitative. Compare English oi, Japanese おい (oi).

爲(위〯) 四(ᄉᆞ〯)海(ᄒᆡ〯) 天(텬)下(하〯) 無(업〯)豆(두〮)舍叱(샷)多(다〮)

1330, 안축/安軸 [An Chuk], 關東別曲/관동별곡 [Gwandong byeolgok, Song of the Lands East of the Pass]:

O, it does not exist [anywhere else] between the four seas under Heaven!

아바님도 어이어신 마ᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ
위 덩더둥셩
어마님 ᄀᆞ티 괴시리 업세라

16th century [14th century?], “[思母曲/사모곡] [Jeongseok-ga]”, in 樂章歌詞/악장가사 [Akjang gasa]:

My father is my parent, too
wuy tengtetwungsyeng
But there is none to love me like my mother does.

An interjection which appears in certain poems.


밑

밑 (mìth) (isolated 믿 (mìt), locative 미틔〮 (mìth-úy))

Korean: 밑 (mit)

모〮미〮 道(또ᇢ〯)ㅅ 미티〮라〮 미티〮 올〯면〮 道(또ᇢ〯)ㅣ 올〯릴ᄊᆡ〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 12:34a:

As the body is the basis of enlightenment, if this “basis” is proper, so will its enlightenment.

그ᄢᅴ〮 舍(샹〮)利(링〮)弗(부ᇙ〮)이〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나모 미틔〮 안자〮 […]

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:28a-b:

Then, Śāriputra sat down under this one tree […]


놓다

phonemically faithful spelling of 노타〮 (nwòthá, “to place, to put”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


낳다

phonemically faithful spelling of 나타 (natha, “to give birth to”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


밭

밭 (pàth) (isolated 받 (pàt), locative 바ᄐᆡ〮 (pàth-óy))

Korean: 밭 (bat)


아니

⇒ Korean: 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)

From Old Korean 不知 (*ANti).
The Old Korean form was strictly a particle used to negate nouns. The adverbial sense was an innovation, in which 아니 displaced the older adverb 不冬 (*ANtol).

소ᇇ가락과〮소ᇇ가락아니〮와〮애〮나게〮ᄒᆞ리〮라〮

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 (Neung'eomgyeong Eonhae) [Korean Translation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra], page 2:61a:

[He] will make it sprout on the fingers, and [also] on that which is not the fingers.

swòn-s-kàlàk-kwá swòn-s-kàlàk àní-Gwá-áy nà-kéy hò-lí-lá


아니

Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)

⇒ Korean: 안 (an, “not”)


아니

Korean: 아니 (ani, “no”)


굿

Korean: 굿 (gut)

아비〮 平(뼈ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)애〮 六(륙〮)波(방)羅(랑)蜜(미ᇙ〮)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 天(텬)宮(구ᇰ)에〮 快(쾡〮)樂(락〮)ᄋᆞ〮로〮 뵈〯니〮
어〮미〮 平(뼈ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)애〮 심바ᇰ 굿〮ᄲᅮᆫ〯 즐〮길ᄊᆡ〮 天(텬)宮(구ᇰ)에〮 몯〯 어〯더〮 보니〮

1459, 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23.68:

Because his father practiced the Six Pāramitās all his life, he was seen enjoying pleasures in the palace of the celestials.
Because his mother enjoyed only the ceremonies of shamans all her life, he could not see her in the palace of the celestials.

羅(라)令(려ᇰ)公(고ᇰ)宅(ᄐᆡᆨ) 儺(나)禮(례)日(ᅀᅵᆯ)이리라 廣(과ᇰ)大(대)도 金(금)線(션)이샤ᄉᆞ이다
그ᇰ에ᅀᅡ 山(산)ㅅ굿ᄇᆞᆺ 겻더신ᄃᆞᆫ 鬼(귀)衣(의)도 金(금)線(션)이리라

c. 1500, “나례가/儺禮歌”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:

In the house of Lord La, it is exorcism day; even the clowns are in threads of gold!
If you should but undergo the mountain ritual there, the spirits' robes, too, shall be in threads of gold.

LA.LYENG.KWONG.THOYK NA.LYEY.ZIL-ilila KWANG.TAY-two KUM.SYEN-isyaso[ng]ita
ku-ngey-za SAN-s kwus-pos kyestesinton KWUY.UY-two KUM.SYEN-ilila

shamanic ritual; indigenous religious ceremony


별

별〯 (canonical)
pyěl (romanization)
벼〯레〮 (locative)

Korean: 별 (byeol)


구무

Korean: 구무 (gumu)


살

살〮 (canonical)
sál (romanization)
사〮래〮 (locative)

Korean: 살 (sal)

五(ᅌᅩᆼ〯)百(ᄇᆡᆨ〮) 群(꾼)賊(쯕〮)이〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 사〮래〮 다〯 디니〮 […]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 10:26b:

as the group of five hundred bandits falls to a single arrow […]

輻(복〮)은〮 술윗〮 사〮리오〮 輪(륜)은〮 바회〮라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:38a:

[The Chinese word] 輻 means, "spokes on a cart[wheel]," and [the Chinese word] 輪 means, "wheel."


우리

Jeju: 우리 (uri)

Korean: 우리 (uri)

From Old Korean 吾里 (*WUli), from Old Korean 又 (*wu) + unknown suffix *-li.

ᄆᆡ야ᇰ자내ᄃᆞ려내닐오ᄃᆡᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ누어셔이보소ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞ티서ᄅᆞ에엿ᄲᅵ녀겨ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ리ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞᄐᆞᆫ가

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

All the time, I used to say to you—while we were lying together—"Hey, do you think other [wives and husbands] look at each other as prettily and love each other as much as we do? Do you think they're like us too?"

moyyang canay-tolye na-y nilwotoy hontoy nwuesye, "i pwoswo, nom-two wuli kothi selo eyyesspi nyekye solang-holi? nom-two wuli kothonka?"


우리

Korean: 우리 (uri)


국

Korean: 국 (guk)


술

Korean: 술 (sul)

⇒ Korean: 숟가락 (sutgarak)

From Old Korean *술〮, seen as the Jilin leishi form 戌 (*swul).


술

Korean: 술 (sul)

alternative form of 수을 (swùùl, “liquor”)


해자

님〯그ᇝ〮 해〯자ᄅᆞᆯ〮 져〯기〮 ᄒᆞ〮시고〮 님〯그ᇝ〮 欲(욕〮)을〮 져〮기〮 ᄒᆞ〮시면 비록〮 糧(랴ᇰ)食(씩〮) 업〯서도〮 足(죡〮)ᄒᆞ리니〮

1463, 법화경언해 [beophwagyeong'eonhae], volume 7, page 157b:

If you reduce the king's spending and reduce the king's greed, [there] shall be enough even if there is no food


갚다

갚다〮 (kàphtá) (infinitive 가파〮, sequential 가ᄑᆞ〮니〮)

갚다〮 (canonical)
kàphtá (romanization)
가파〮 (infinitive)
가ᄑᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

丕寧子(비녀ᇰᄌᆞ)ㅣ 절ᄒᆞ야 닐오ᄃᆡ 주구므로 恩惠(은혜) 갑ᄉᆞᄫᅩ리ᅌᅵ다 ᄒᆞ고

1481, 삼강행실도충신도언해 [samganghaengsildochungsindo'eonhae], page 31a:

Binyeoengja bowed and said, "I will return this favor with my death."


높다

Jeju: 노프다 (nopeuda)

Korean: 높다 (nopda)


몸

몸〮 (canonical)
mwóm (romanization)
모매〮 (locative)

Jeju: 몸 (mom)

Korean: 몸 (mom)


어른

Korean: 얼른 (eolleun)

瞥(펴ᇙ〮)은〮 누네〮 어른 디〯날 ᄊᆞᅀᅵ〮오〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page Preface 2b:

[The Chinese word] 瞥 (piē) means, "the interval of something passing quickly before the eyes."


얼우다

얼우다 (elGwuta) (infinitive 얼우어 (elGwue), sequential 얼우니 (elGwuni))

elGwuta (romanization)
얼우어 (infinitive)
얼우니 (sequential)

The derived causative of 얼다 (elta, “to freeze”).


얼우다

rare form of 얼이〮다〮 (èlGítá, “to marry (someone) to”)


기름

Korean: 기름 (gireum)


애

Korean: 애 (ae)

Semantically, compare Chinese 腸／肠 (cháng).

the inner organs, in particular:
the intestines, the guts

the inner organs, in particular:
the gall bladder

(possibly) the liver (only attested in early Early Modern Korean)

(in figurative expressions) anxiety, impatience

(in figurative expressions) trouble; effort


쇠

Korean: 쇠 (soe)


피

피〮 (canonical)
phí (romanization)
피〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 피 (pi)


닙

isolated form spelling of 닢〮 (níph, “leaf”)


닢

닢〮 (níph) (isolated 닙〮 (níp), locative 니페〮 (nìph-éy))

닢〮 (canonical)
níph (romanization)
니페〮 (locative)

Korean: 잎 (ip)


낛

Korean: 낚시 (naksi, “hook, fishing”)

Korean: 낚다 (nakda, “to hook, fish”)

졈졈미러낙새다ᄃᆞᆮ게ᄒᆞ고 […]

(Can we date this quote?), 구급방언해(救急方諺解) [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 상 [sang]:

hook, gaff. compare Korean 갈고리 (galgori)


낳

Jeju: 나이 (nai), 나 (na)

Korean: 나이 (nai)

Jeolla Korean: 나 (na)

龍(료ᇰ)鬼(귕〯) 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮샤미〮 부텻 나〮히〮 셜흔〮둘〯히러〮시니

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:

The Buddha's age was thirty-two when he was preaching to dragons and spirits.


낮

낮〮 (nác) (isolated 낫〮 (nás), locative 나ᄌᆡ〮 (nàc-óy), alternative locative 나재〮 (nàc-áy))

낮〮 (canonical)
nác (romanization)
나ᄌᆡ〮 (locative)
나재〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 낮 (nat)


낫

isolated form spelling of 낮〮 (nác, “daytime”)


파

파〮 (canonical)
phá (romanization)
팧〮 (alternative)

Perhaps from earlier *밯 (*pah), as in 코〮 (khwó, “nose”) from 곻〮 (kwóh) and ᄑᆞᆯ (phòl, “arm”) from ᄇᆞᆶ (pòlh). See the alternative form 팧〮 (pháh) below.

몬져 赤(쳑〮)葛(가ᇙ〮)ㅅ 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 디허〮 므르거든〮 버거〮 파〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 ᄀᆞ〮라〮 므르거든〮 ᄡᆞᆳ 醋(총)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 져〯기 녀허〮

1466, 구급방언해 [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 하 [ha], page 21b:

First pound tuber fleeceflower roots and when it becomes loose add spring onions next and grind; when it becomes loose, adding a bit of rice vinegar ...


괴

desc

Jeju: 고냉이 (gonaeng'i), 고낭이 (gonang'i), 궤 (gwe)

Korean: 괴 (goe)

⇒ Korean: 고양이 (goyang'i)


누

누〮 (canonical)
nwú (romanization)
누〮
뉘〮  from 누〮이〮 (nominative)
눌〯 (accusative)
누〮를〮 (accusative)
누〯를〮 (accusative)
뉘〯  from 누〮의〮 (genitive)

Korean: 누 (nu, “who, someone”) (archaic or dialectal)

⇒ Korean: 누구 (nugu, “who, someone”)

⇒ Korean: 누가 (nuga, “who, someone”, as subject)

⇒ Korean: 뉘 (nwi, “who, someone”) (archaic)

It has been suggested since the 1950s that the basic Korean pronouns 나 (na, “I; me”), 너 (ne, “you”), and 누 (nwu, “who”) (> modern 누구 (nugu)) were all formed from the same etymon via ablaut, which appears to have once been an extremely productive process in Korean, at some very ancient stage. Given the very limited data on prehistoric Korean, this hypothesis cannot be proven for sure either way.

ruby

􂀿母􂁀(모)􂀿音􂁀(음)의 􂀿意􂁀(의)􂀿味􂁀(미)􂀿交􂁀(교)􂀿替􂁀(체)의 􂀿範􂁀(범)􂀿疇􂁀(주)-􂀿中􂁀(중)􂀿期􂁀(기)􂀿國􂁀(국)􂀿語􂁀(어)를 􂀿中􂁀(중)􂀿心􂁀(심)으로

母(모)音(음)의 意(의)味(미)交(교)替(체)의 範(범)疇(주)-中(중)期(기)國(국)語(어)를 中(중)心(심)으로

lang

母(모)音(음)의 意(의)味(미)交(교)替(체)의 範(범)疇(주)中(중)期(기)國(국)語(어)를 中(중)心(심)으로

ruby

􂀿硏􂁀(연)􂀿究􂁀(구)

벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가

14th century?, “滿殿春 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa):

Who was the one, who was the one who had made that vow?

아라〮 녀리〮 그츤〮 이〮런 이ᄫᅳᆫ〮 길헤〮 눌〯 보〯리라〮 우러〮곰〮 온다〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 8:86b—8.87a:

On this confounding trail where there are no longer those to know the way, who do you intend to see, that you come weeping thus?


독

Korean: 독 (dok)


독

독〮 (canonical)
twók (romanization)
毒 (hanja)

Korean: 독(毒) (dok)

미친〮 가히〮 믈인〮 독〮이〮 다시〮 나거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 프〮러 두〯 돈〯을〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라

1489, 救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해 [Gugeupganibang eonhae], pages 6:39a–b:

Having been bitten by a rabid dog, should [the effects of] the poison [i.e. the rabies virus] recur, take two dons of ground dry ginger dissolved in water, and [the symptoms] will get better.


되

⇒ Korean: 되강 (doegang)

⇒ Korean: 되놈 (doenom)

First attested in Hangul form in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459. Probably a native Korean word, but possibly a corruption of Middle Chinese 東夷 (MC tuwng yij, “eastern barbarian”). The first attestation of the Korean word is Japanese; a 1019 raid on the Japanese island of Kyushu by Jurchen pirates is still referred to as the Toi invasion in Japan, after the Korean word for this unfamiliar people.

lang

(月印釋譜 / 월인석보)

(月印釋譜 / 월인석보)

네〯 뉘〯손〮ᄃᆡ〮 글〮 ᄇᆡ혼〮다〮?
내〮 되〯 ᄒᆞᆨ〮다ᇰ의〮셔〮 글〮 ᄇᆡ호〮라〮.

Who did you learn to write [Chinese] from?
I learned to write from a Han Chinese school.

듀ᇰ〮샤ᇰ이 되〯게 자피〮여 가〮 깁〯 일〮쳔 필 받고〮ᅀᅡ 노하〮 보내〮려 커늘〮[…]

1516, 二倫行實圖/이륜행실도 [Iryun Haengsildo], page 37a:

Zhongxiang [Tang-era Chinese commander] was captured by the barbarians [native peoples of Yunnan], and they would release him only after receiving a thousand rolls of silk […]


옷

옷〮 (canonical)
wós (romanization)
오새〮 (locative)

Korean: 옷 (ot)


옷

Korean: 옻 (ot)


오래

Korean: 오래 (orae)

Derived from 오라〮다〮 (Yale: wòlá-tá, “to be a long time”).


오래

Korean: 오래 (orae)

Yukjin Korean: 우래 (urae)


님

Korean: 님 (nim), 임 (im)

From Old Korean *nirim. See Korean 님 (nim) for more.

數(숭〮)萬(먼〮)里(링〯)ㅿ 니〯미어〮시니〮

1447, “Stanza 31”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheonga]:

As he is the master of tens of thousands of leagues [of land]

七(칠)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 百(ᄇᆡᆨ)種(죠ᇰ) 排(ᄇᆡ)ᄒᆞ야 두고 니믈 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 녀가져 顧(원)을 비ᅀᆞᆸ노ᅌᅵ다

14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom), published 16th century:

On the night of the full moon in the seventh [lunar] month, oh, I set up a hundred kinds [of offerings] and make the prayer: may I be together [lit. "may I go in the same place"] with my love.

CHIL.WUEL-s pwolwom-ay au POYK.CYWONG POY-hoya twukwo nim-ul hon toy nyekacye WEN-ul pizopnwongita

어름 우희 댓 닙 자리 보와 님과 나와 어러 주글만뎌ᇰ 情(져ᇰ) 준 오ᄂᆞᆳ 밤 더듸 새오시라 더듸 새오시라

14th century?, “滿殿春 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa), published 16th century:

Even if my love and I should freeze to death, having set up [only] a bed of bamboo leaves upon the ice, may this night when we make love pass slowly by, pass slowly by.

elum wuh-uy tay-s nip cali pwowoa nim-kwa na-Gwa ele cwukul mantyeng CYENG cwun wonol-s pam tetuy sayGwosila tetuy sayGwosila


님

Korean: 님 (nim)

honored; esteemed; attached to nouns to show respect for the noun


마시다

head

마시〮다〮 (màsí-tá)

마시〮다〮 (canonical)
màsí-tá (romanization)

Jeju: 마시다 (masida)

Korean: 마시다 (masida)


가리다

가리〮다〮 (kàlítá) (infinitive 가리〮여〮, sequential 가리〮니〮)

가리〮다〮 (canonical)
kàlítá (romanization)
가리〮여〮 (infinitive)
가리〮니〮 (sequential)

*갈- (*kal-, “to split?”) + -이- (-i-, passive suffix). Compare 가ᄅᆞ다〮 (kàlòtá, “to split”).

suffix

枝流(지류)ᄂᆞᆫ 므리 가리여 나 正流(져ᇰ류) 아닌 거시라

1481, 원각경언해 (Wongakgyeong Eonhae), volumes 상1–1, page 23a:

A tributary is a river that has been split, which is not the main branch.

CI.LYWU-non mul-i kali-ye na CYENG.LYWU ani-n kes-ila


가지다

head

가지〮다〮 (kàcítá) (infinitive 가져〮, sequential 가지〮니〮)

가지〮다〮 (canonical)
kàcítá (romanization)
가져〮 (infinitive)
가지〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가져오다 (gajeooda)

Possibly related to Manchu ᡤᠠᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (gajimbi, “to bring”).

엇뎨 ᄎᆞ마 그 ᄂᆞᆺ 가지고 도라-온다

1459, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 20, page 86a:

How do you dare to bring that face here with you?

estyey choma ku nos kaci-kwo twol-a-wo-nta

(transitive) to bring, to carry, to have on


감기다

감기〮다〮 (kàmkítá) (infinitive 감겨〮, sequential 감기〮니〮)

감기〮다〮 (canonical)
kàmkítá (romanization)
감겨〮 (infinitive)
감기〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 감기다 (gamgida)

감〯다〮 (kǎmtá, “to wrap around”) + -기- (-ki-, passive suffix).

suffix

과ᄀᆞ리 ᄇᆡ얌 감겨 프디 몯ᄒᆞ거든 더운 믈로 저지라. 더운 믈옷 업거든 사ᄅᆞᆷ으로 오좀 누이라.

1459, 구급간이방언해 (Gugeup Ganibang Eonhae), volume 6, page 49a:

If you are suddenly wrapped around by a snake and cannot loosen it, make it wet with hot water. If you do not have hot water, then make a person urinate on it.

kwakoli poyyam kamkye phu-ti mwotho-ketun tew-un mul-lwo ceci-la. tew-un mul-wos ep-ketun salom-ulwo wocwom nwui-la.


감다

head

감〯다〮 (kǎmtá) (infinitive 가마〮, sequential 가ᄆᆞ〮니〮)

감〯다〮 (canonical)
kǎmtá (romanization)
가마〮 (infinitive)
가ᄆᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 감다 (gamda)

ᄯᅩ 後(후)에 變化(변화)로 龍(료ᇰ)ᄋᆡ 形體(혀ᇰ톄)ᄅᆞᆯ 지ᅀᅥ 부텻 모매 닐웨ᄅᆞᆯ 가맷다ᅌᅵ다

1459, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 4, page 27b:

Also later I made a figure of a dragon by using metamorphosis, and wrapped it around Buddha's body for seven days.

stwo HWU-ey PYEN.HWA-lwo LYWONG-oy HYENG.THYEY-lol ciz-e pwuthy-es mwom-ay nilwey-lol kama-ys-tangita


감다

Korean: 감다 (gamda)

Vowel harmony ablaut form of Middle Korean 검〯다〮 (kěmtá).

玄蟬無停號 秋燕已如客

1481, 분류두공부시언해 (Bullyu Du Gongbu Si Eonhae), volume 4, translation of original in Chinese, page 27b:

As black cicadas do not cease their sounds, the autumn sparrows feel already like sojourners.

kam-on moyyami wulwum-ul memulGwu-ti aniho-noni kozol-s cyepi-non homa swon kot-twota


개다

개〯다〮 (kǎytá) (infinitive 개여〮 or 가여〮, sequential 개〯니〮)

개〯다〮 (canonical)
kǎytá (romanization)
개여〮 (infinitive)
가여〮 (infinitive)
개〯니〮 (sequential)

松悲天水冷 沙亂雪山晴

1481, 분류두공부시언해 [bullyudugongbusieonhae], volume 23, page 1b:

Tianshui is cold in the sorrowful sounds of pine trees, and the snow mountain has cleared up in the roiling sand.

(intransitive) (of the weather) to clear up


괴다

괴〯다〮 (kwǒytá) (infinitive 괴여〮 (kwòyyé), sequential 괴〯니〮 (kwǒyní))

괴〯다〮 (canonical)
kwǒytá (romanization)
괴여〮 (infinitive)
괴〯니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 괴다 (goeda)

Jeju: 궤다 (gweda)

괴시란ᄃᆡ 아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

1500s [1300s], “서경별곡/西京別曲 [Seogyeong byeolgok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

If you only loved me, oh, if you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept.

kwoysilantoy aculka kwoysilantoy wule-kwom cwosninwongita

아바님도 어이어신 마ᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ 어마님 ᄀᆞ티 괴시리 업세라

1500s [1300s?], “사모곡/思母曲 [Samo-gok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

My father is my parent, too, but there is none who can love me like my mother does.

apa-nim-two ei-Gesin malonon ema-nim kothi kwoysil_i epseyla

다롱다리 三(삼)城(셩)大(대)王(왕) 녜라와 괴쇼셔

1500s [1400s?], “삼성대왕/三城大王”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:

Talwongtali, Great King of the Three Towns [the title of a deity]! Favor us more than [you have] before.

talwongtali SAM.SYENG.TAY.WANG nyey-lawoa kwoysyosye


덥다

덥〯다〮 (těptá)

덥〯다〮 (canonical)
těptá (romanization)
덥〯다〮
덥〯고〮
더ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
더ᄫᅳ〮면〮 (conditional)

Jeju: 덥다 (deopda)

Korean: 덥다 (deopda)

모〮미〮 겨ᅀᅳ〮렌 덥〯고〮 녀르〮멘 ᄎᆞ〮고〮

The body is warm during the winter and cold during the summer, and...


펴다

펴다〮 (phyètá) (infinitive 펴〮아〮, sequential 펴니〮)

펴다〮 (canonical)
phyètá (romanization)
펴〮아〮 (infinitive)
펴니〮 (sequential)

Possibly related to Middle Korean 프다 (phuta, “to spread”). Perhaps 프- (phu-, “to spread”) + ᅘᅧ다 (hhyeta, “to pull”).


지다

그쇠텰초를머거아유덕ᄒᆞ신님여ᄒᆡᄋᆞ와지이다

14th century?, “鄭石歌 (Jeongseok-ga)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang Gasa):

Only if that cow eats iron grass shall I desire to depart from my virtuous lover

ku soy tyelcwo-lul mekeya yutek-hosin nim yehoyowa cingita


즐겁다

head

즐〮겁다〮 (cúlkèptá)

즐〮겁다〮 (canonical)
cúlkèptá (romanization)
즐〮겁다〮
즐〮겁고〮
즐〮거ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
즐〮거〮ᄫᅳ면〮 (conditional)

Korean: 즐겁다 (jeulgeopda)

이〮 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 一(일)切(쳬) 즐〮거ᄫᅳᆫ〮 거스〮로〮 […]

The person [gives alms] to […] as something "wholly" pleasing


잇다

잇다〮 (ìstá) (infinitive 이셔〮 (ìsyé), sequential 이시니〮 (ìsìní))

잇다〮 (canonical)
ìstá (romanization)
이셔〮 (infinitive)
이시니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 있다 (itda)

q

compounded with verbal infinitive suffix <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">-어</i> (-eo)

Korean: -었- (-eot-, past tense marker) (compounded with verbal infinitive suffix -어 (-eo))

(auxiliary) to be (in a state of having done the main verb)


그리다

head

그〮리다〮 (kúlìtá) (infinitive 그〮려〮, sequential 그〮리니〮)

그〮리다〮 (canonical)
kúlìtá (romanization)
그〮려〮 (infinitive)
그〮리니〮 (sequential)
그〮리다〮 (past)
그〮리〮니라〮 (past)
그〮린가〮 (interrogative past)
그〮리녀〮 (interrogative past)
그〮린고〮 (interrogative past)
그〮리뇨〮 (interrogative past)
그〮린다〮 (interrogative past)
그〮료라〮 (past)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
그〮리ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮노라〮 (present)
그〮리〮리라〮
그〮리ᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
그〮리려〮 (interrogative)
그〮리ᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
그〮리료〮 (interrogative)
그〮리ᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
그〮료〮리라〮
그〮리〮더라〮
그〮리더〮니라〮
그〮리〮던가〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮던고〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮던다〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮다라〮
그〮료마〮
그〮리져〮
그〮리〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮리〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮린뎌〮
그〮릴〮쎠〮
그〮리〮도다〮
그〮리〮돗다〮
그〮리〮예라〮
그〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
그〮리니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
그〮료〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
그〮리노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그〮리리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮리리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮료리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮리예〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리〮시다〮 (past)
그〮리시〮니라〮 (past)
그〮리시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
그〮려〮시다〮
그〮려시〮니라〮
그〮리시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
그〮리더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
그〮려시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮려〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
그〮리고〮
그〮리며〮
그〮리〮다가〮
그〮리니〮 (causative)
그〮려ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
그〮릴〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
그〮리〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
그〮리면〮 (interrogative present)
그〮려든〮 (interrogative present)
그〮린대〮 (interrogative present)
그〮련댄〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리나〮 (interrogative present)
그〮료ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
그〮린ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
그〮련〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
그〮료려〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮고져〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
그〮려〮 (infinitive)
그〮린〮 (past)
그〮리ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
그〮리ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그〮리ᇙ〮 (present)
그〮룐〮 (past)
그〮리논〮 (present)
그〮료ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그〮료ᇙ〮 (present)
그〮리신〮 (past)
그〮리〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
그〮리시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그〮리시ᇙ〮 (present)
그〮룜〮 (causative past present)
그〮룜〮 (past present)
그〮리샴〮 (infinitive present)
그〮리샴〮 (present)

Korean: 그리다 (geurida)

From Old Korean 慕理 (*KUri-), Jilin leishi 乞林 (*ku(l/r)i-m).


긋다

긋다〮 (kùstá) (infinitive 그처〮 (kùché), sequential 그츠〮니〮 (kùchúní), phonemic spelling 긏다〮)

긋다〮 (canonical)
kùstá (romanization)
그처〮 (infinitive)
그츠〮니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: 긏다 (kuchta), 그ퟌ다 (kunchta), ᄭᅳퟌ다 (skunchta), ᄭᅳᆭ다 (skunhta)

desc

Korean: 끊다 (kkeunta, “to cut; to stop”, transitive)

ᄉᆡ〯-미〮 기픈〮 므〮-른〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ-래〮 아니〮 그츨〮ᄊᆡ〮 내〯-히〮 이러〮 바ᄅᆞ〮-래〮 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The water from a deep spring, for a drought stops [i.e. dries] it not, becomes a stream and flows into the sea.

sǒym-í kìphún múl-ún kómòl-áy àní kùchúlssóy nǎyh-í ìlé pàlól-áy kánòní


긋다

head

긋다 (kusta) (infinitive 그ᅀᅥ (kuze), sequential 그ᅀᅳ니 (kuzuni), phonemic spelling 그ᇫ다)

kusta (romanization)
그ᅀᅥ (infinitive)
그ᅀᅳ니 (sequential)

Korean: 긋다 (geutda)


ᄀᆞᆲ다

ᄀᆞᆲ〯다〮 (kǒlptá) (infinitive ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮 (kòlWá), sequential ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮 (kòlWóní), phonemic spelling ᄀᆞᇕ다)

ᄀᆞᆲ〯다〮 (canonical)
kǒlptá (romanization)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮가〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮고〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮다〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯노라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮료〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯던가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더녀〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯던고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더뇨〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯던다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯다라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮마〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯져〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮뎌〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆯ〮쎠〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯도다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯돗다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅢ〮라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅢ〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거〮시다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거시〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯고〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮며〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯다가〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆯ〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮면〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거든〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮대〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯건댄〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮나〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯고져〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯과뎌〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᆫ〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯논〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮신〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᆷ〮 (causative past present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᆷ〮 (past present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮샴〮 (present)

Gyeongsang Korean: 갋다 (galda)

Korean: 가루다 (garuda) (archaic)

⇒ Korean: 가리비 (garibi, “scallop”)

⇒ Korean: 갈비 (galbi, “rib”)

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⇒ Korean: 갈피 (galpi, “a space between folds, layers, pages”)

[kʌ̌ɾp̚.t͈á]

業(ᅌᅥᆸ〮)力(륵〮)이〮 甚(씸〮)히〮 커〮 能(느ᇰ)히〮 須(슈)彌(미)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮며〮 能(느ᇰ)히〮 바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 두고〮 기프〮며〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 21:I:78a–b:

The power of cause and effect is so great that it easily equals Mount Sumeru [in height] and the Great Ocean in depth.

NGÉP.LÚK-í SSÍM-hí khé NÙNG-hí SYÙ.MÌ-lól kòlWómyé NÙNG-hí pàlól twùkwó kìphúmyé

一生애〮 제 獵호〮ᄆᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆯ오〮리 업〯소ᄆᆞᆯ〮 아〯노니〮

1481, “王兵馬使二角鷹 / 왕병마사이각응”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 17:11b:

All its life it [the hawk] has known none that matches it in hunting.

IL.SOYNG-áy cèy LYEP-hwóm-òl kòlwól-ì ěpswòm-ól ǎnwòní

石堂ㅅ 아래〮 ᄀᆞᆯ와〮 안자〮 큰〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 므〮릐 ᄃᆞ로〮ᄆᆞᆯ 구버〮 보〯라

1481, “貽華陽柳少府 / 이화양유소부”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 19:37b:

[We] sat side by side in the chamber by the rock and looked down upon the large river as it rushed by.

SYEK.TANG-s àláy kòlwá àncá khún kòlóm múl-ùy tòlwóm-òl kwùpé pwǒlà

내 모〮미〮 부텨와〮 ᄀᆞᆯ오〮리라〮

1496, 육조법보단경언해 / 六祖法寶壇經諺解 [Korean Translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch], volume 1, page 59a:

my body shall be equal to that of the Buddha

(intransitive) to be equal; to be parallel


더럽다

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더〯럽다〮 (tělèptá)

더〯럽다〮 (canonical)
tělèptá (romanization)
더〯럽다〮
더〯럽고〮
더〯러ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
더〯러〮ᄫᅳ면〮 (conditional)

Korean: 더럽다 (deoreopda)


울다

울〯다〮 (wǔl-tá)

Modern phonemically faithful spelling of 우〯다〮 (wǔtá, “to cry; to weep”), not actually used during the Middle Korean period.


열다

열〯다〮 (yěl-tá)

phonemically faithful spelling of 여〯다〮 (yě-tá, “to open, to ripen”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


믿다

Korean: 믿다 (mitda)

나ᄂᆞᆫᄭᅮ믈자내보려믿고인뇌이다

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

I'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.

na-non skwum-ul canay pwolye mitkwo innwoyta

to believe in something; to trust someone


사회

Jeju: 사위 (sawi)

Korean: 사위 (sawi)


죽다

죽다 (cwùktá) (infinitive 주거〮, sequential 주그〮니〮)

cwùktá (romanization)
주거〮 (infinitive)
주그〮니〮 (sequential)
죽다〮 (past)
주그〮니라〮 (past)
주근〮가〮 (interrogative past)
주그〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
주근〮고〮 (interrogative past)
주그〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
주근〮다〮 (interrogative past)
주구〮라〮 (past)
죽ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
죽노〮라〮 (present)
주그〮리라〮
주그ᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
주그〮려〮 (interrogative)
주그ᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
주그〮료〮 (interrogative)
주그ᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
주구〮리라〮
죽더〮라〮
죽더〮니라〮
죽던〮가〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮녀〮 (interrogative)
죽던〮고〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
죽던〮다〮 (interrogative)
죽다〮라〮
주구〮마〮
죽져〮
주그〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
죽고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
주근〮뎌〮
주글〮쎠〮
죽도〮다〮
죽돗〮다〮
주게〮라〮
주그〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
주그〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
주구〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
죽ᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
죽노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
주그〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
주그〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
주그〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
주구〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
죽사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
주그쇼〮셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
주게〮ᅌᅵ다〮
주그시〮다〮 (past)
주그시〮니라〮 (past)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
죽더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
죽거〮시다〮
죽거〮시〮니라〮
주그시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
죽더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
죽거〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
죽거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
죽고〮
주그〮며〮
죽다가〮
주그〮니〮 (causative)
죽거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
주글〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
죽관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
주그〮면〮 (interrogative present)
죽거든〮 (interrogative present)
주근〮대〮 (interrogative present)
죽건댄〮 (interrogative present)
주그〮나〮 (interrogative present)
주구〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
주근〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
죽건마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
주구〮려〮 (interrogative)
죽고〮져〮 (interrogative)
죽과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
주거〮 (infinitive)
주근〮 (past)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ (present)
주그ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
주그ᇙ〮 (present)
주군〮 (past)
죽논〮 (present)
주구ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
주구ᇙ〮 (present)
주그신〮 (past)
주그시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
주그시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
주그시ᇙ〮 (present)
주굼〮 (causative past present)
주굼〮 (past present)
주그샴〮 (infinitive present)
주그샴〮 (present)

Korean: 죽다 (jukda)

14th century?, “滿殿春 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa), published 16th century:

Even if my love and I should freeze to death, having set up [only] a bed of bamboo leaves upon the ice, may this night when we make love pass slowly by, pass slowly by.


힘

힘〮 (canonical)
hím (romanization)
히〮메〮 (locative)

Korean: 힘 (him)

고기와힘과ᄲᅧ와ᄂᆞᆫ

1465, 圓覺經諺解 / 원각경언해 (Won'gakgyeong Eonhae) [Korean Translation of the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment]:

as for the meat and the muscle and the bone


글

글〮 (canonical)
kúl (romanization)
그〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 글 (geul)


굵다

Jeju: 훍다 (hukda)

Korean: 굵다 (gukda)


두르다

Korean: 두르다 (dureuda)

Perhaps from *둘〯- (*twǔl-, “to turn”, ablaut pair of 돌〯다〮 (twǒltá)) + -으- (-u-, causative suffix), or perhaps directly an ablaut pair from 도르다〮 (twòlùtá, “to turn something”).

suf

ablaut pair of <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">돌〯다〮</i> (twǒltá)


아기

Korean: 아기 (agi)


마치

Korean: 망치 (mangchi)


새로

Korean: 새로 (saero, “newly”)

새〮 (sáy, “something new”) + 로〮 (-lwó, “to, as”, instrumental or directional particle), literally "as something new".

새〮로〮 스〮믈〮여듧〮 字(ᄍᆞᆼ〮)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮노니〮

1446, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본 [Hunmin jeongeum eonhae]:

I have newly created twenty-eight letters

sáy-lwó súmúlyètúlp CCÓ-lól mòyngkónwòní


아직

alternative form of 안직〮 (àncík, “still; yet; etc.”)


편지

Korean: 편지 (pyeonji)

From Middle Chinese 片紙 (MC phenH tsyeX).


외

Korean: 오이 (oi)


가져오다

head

가져〮오다〮 (kàcyé-wòtá) (infinitive 가져〮와〮, sequential 가져〮오니〮)

가져〮오다〮 (canonical)
kàcyé-wòtá (romanization)
가져〮와〮 (infinitive)
가져〮오니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가져오다 (gajeooda)

가지- (kaci-, “to take”) + -어 (-e, “to come”) + 오다 (wota).

compound

고기 네-히 ᄠᅱ여나거늘 가-져와 머기니 病(벼ᇰ)이 즉재 됴ᄒᆞ니라

1514, 속삼강행실도 (Sok Samgang Haengsildo), page 28a:

Four fish jumped out, so he brought it and and fed it to him, which made the illness better.

kwoki neyh-i ptwuy-ye-na-kenul kacye-wa meki-ni PYENG-i cukcay tywoho-nila

(transitive) to take, to bring (something somewhere)


벗다

head

벗다〮 (pèstá) (infinitive 버서〮 (pèsé), sequential 버스〮니〮 (pèsúní))

벗다〮 (canonical)
pèstá (romanization)
버서〮 (infinitive)
버스〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 벗다 (beotda)

(transitive) to take off or remove something from one's self (see usage notes)


근원

Korean: 근원(根源) (geunwon)


짓

isolated form spelling of 짗〮 (cích, “feather”)


곁

곁 (kyèth) (isolated 겯 (kyèt), locative 겨틔〮 (kyèth-úy))

Korean: 곁 (gyeot)


거두다

거두〮다〮 (canonical)
kètwútá (romanization)
거두〮어〮 (infinitive)
거도다 (alternative)

걷- (ket-, “to gather”) + -우- (-wu-, “causative suffix”).

suffix

收買些絹子綾子緜子, 迴還王京賣去。

a. 1517, 번역노걸대 [beonyeongnogeoldae], translation of original in Chinese, page 13a:

I am going back to Wangkyeng to sell after collecting and buying various kinds of silk and cotton fabric.


온

First attested as Late Old Korean 醞 in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103.


가히

가히〮 (canonical)
kàhí (romanization)
가히〮예〮 (locative)
개〯 (alternative obsolete)

Korean: 개 (gae)


져

Korean: 저 (jeo)


뫼

isolated form spelling of 묗〯 (mwǒyh, “mountain”)


뷔

Korean: 비 (bi)


-브-

Postconsonantal form of -ᄫᅳ- (-Wù-, adjective-deriving suffix)


쇼

Jeju: 쉐 (swe)

Korean: 소 (so)

Possibly related to Goguryeo *首 (*siu, “cow, ox”), appearing in place name glosses of the Samguk Sagi as an equivalent to Chinese 牛.

Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi
Samguk Sagi


염

⇒ Korean: 염소 (yeomso)

심ᄒᆞᆫ 치위예 나ᄅᆞᆯ 프른 염의 갓오-ᄉᆞᆯ 주ᄂᆞ다

You give me clothes made of blue goat's leather in the blistering cold.

simhon chiwuy-yey na-lol phulun yem-uy kaswos-ol cwunota

튝ᄉᆡᇰ은 ᄆᆞᆯ 쇼 야ᇰ 염 돋 개 ᄀᆞᄐᆞᆫ 거-시라

Early 16th century, 장수경언해 (jangsugyeong'eonhae):

Domestic animals include horses, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs.

thywuksoyng-un mol sywo yang yem twot kay kothon kes-ila

孔子(공ᄌᆞ)ᄂᆞᆫ 거믄 여-믜 갓옷과 거믄 곳갈로ᄡᅥ 됴사ᇰ 아니ᄒᆞ더시다

Confucius did not mourn with black goat's leather clothes and a black hat.

KWONG.COnon kemun yem-uy kaswos-kwa kemun kwoskal-lwopse tywosang anihotesita


天南星

head

天(텬)南(남)星(셔ᇰ)

Korean: 천남성(天南星) (cheonnamseong)

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 天南星 (MC then nom seng).

obor

믄득〮 中(듀ᇰ)風(보ᇰ)ᄒᆞ니〮 고티〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 法(법〮)은 도〮렫고〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 天(텬)南(남)星(셔ᇰ)을 저즌〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예〮 ᄡᅡ〮 구으〮니와〮

1466, Gugeupbang eonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해) 上:1b

The way to cure someone who has suddenly suffered a stroke is to take the roots of round and white tian nan xing, wrapped in wet paper and baked...

mùntúk TYWÙNG.PWÒNG-hò-ní kwòthí-nón PÉP-ùn twólyèt-kwó hóy-n THYÈN.NÀM.SYÈNG-ùl cèc-ún cywòhóyy-éy ps-á kwù-ún-ì-wá

tian nan xing (a flowering plant of the species Arisaema amurense, native to East Asia, whose roots are used for traditional medicine)


ㅸ

The sound known as 가벼운비읍 (gabyeounbieup), a voiced bilabial fricative; /β/. This vanished around 1480 when /β/ became /w/.


곶

head

곶 (kwòc) (isolated 곳 (kwòs), locative 고ᄌᆡ〮 (kwòc-óy), alternative locative 고재〮 (kwòc-áy))

kwòc (romanization)
고ᄌᆡ〮 (locative)
고재〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 꽃 (kkot)


곶

곶〮 (kwóc) (isolated 곳〮 (kwós), locative 고재〮 (kwòc-áy), hanja 串)

곶〮 (canonical)
kwóc (romanization)
고재〮 (locative)
串 (hanja)

Korean: 곶 (got)

⇒ Korean: 꼬치 (kkochi)

Related to 곶다〮 (kwòc-tá, “to pierce, to skewer”). Compare Japanese 串 (kushi, “skewer”), of uncertain relation.


ㆄ

(not used after 1490) The voiceless bilabial fricative, /ɸ/. Used solely in representing the pronunciation of Chinese characters.


ㅱ

Used solely to transcribe the phoneme /w/ in Middle Chinese; used neither in native Middle Korean nor in Sino-Korean as actually pronounced.


下直

HǍ.TÍK (romanization)
하〯딕〮 (alternative)


움즈기다

Modern Korean: 움직이다 (umjigida)


잣

잣〮 (cás) (locative 자〮새〮 (cás-áy), alternative locative 자새〮 (càs-áy))

잣〮 (canonical)
cás (romanization)
자〮새〮 (locative)
자새〮 (alternative locative)

Jeju: 잣 (jat)

Korean: 재 (jae)

From Old Korean 城叱 (*CAs). Likely related to Baekje サシ (*casi, “fortress”).
Compare Old Japanese さし (sasi), a loanword for Korean toponyms recorded in the Nihon Shoki, 720. Possibly cognate, via Japanese, with Ainu チャシ (casi, “fence; enclosure; castle; fortress”).

cog

잣 다온뎌 當(다ᇰ)今(금)景(ᄭᅧᇰ) 잣 다온뎌

1400s [1390s], “신도가/新都歌 [Sindo-ga]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

What a splendid city this scene today is! What a splendid city!


잣

Korean: 잣 (jat)


오곰

오곰〮 (canonical)
wòkwóm (romanization)
오고매 (locative)

Korean: 오금 (ogeum)

옥- (wok-, “to cave inward”) + -옴 (-wom, gerund suffix).

compound

the inside of the curved part of the knee


조각

Korean: 조각 (jogak)

머리〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 닐굽〮 조가개〮 ᄢᅢ텨〮 阿(ᅙᅡᆼ)利(링)樹(쓩〮)ㅅ 가〮지 ᄀᆞ〮티 호〮리니〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 21:30b:

Their heads will be split into seven pieces, just like the branches of an arjaka tree.


㢱

錢粮乙生徵令是㢱

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:

they illegitimately confiscate money and food, and

idu form of 며 (“and”, verbal connective suffix)


쉰

Korean: 쉰 (swin)

Jeju: 쉰 (swin)


시냏

Korean: 시내 (sinae)

*실〯 (*sǐl, “valley”) + 냏〯 (nǎyh, “stream”).

ᄯᅡ〮 平(뼈ᇰ)호〮미〮 소ᇇ바다ᇰ〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮 뫼〯히며〮 두들〮기며〮 시〯내〯며〮 굴허〮ᅌᅵ〮 업〯고〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 15:13a–b:

The land will be as level as the palm of the hand, free of mountains or hills, streams or gorges.


엷다

Jeju: 얄룹다 (yallupda)

Korean: 얇다 (yalda)


가져가다

head

가져〮가다〮 (kàcyé-kàtá) (infinitive 가져〮가〮, sequential 가져〮가니〮)

가져〮가다〮 (canonical)
kàcyé-kàtá (romanization)
가져〮가〮 (infinitive)
가져〮가니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가져가다 (gajeogada)

가지- (kaci-, “to take”) + -어 (-e, “to go”) + 가다 (kata).

compound

받 님자-히 무-로ᄃᆡ 눌 爲(위)ᄒᆞ야 가-져간다

1459, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 2, page 13a:

The field owner asked, "Who are you taking it for?"

pat nimcah-i mwul-wotoy nwul WUYho-ya kac-yekanta


실

Korean: 실 (sil)


한숨

한〮숨〯 (canonical)
hánswǔm (romanization)
한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯 (alternative)

Korean: 한숨 (hansum)

Univerbation of 하〮다〮 (hátá, “to be big”) + -ㄴ (-n, realis adnominal suffix) + 숨〯 (swǔm, “breath”).
하〮다〮 (hátá) belongs to tone class H!, meaning that its realis adnominal form is generally expected to be 한 (han, “hàn”), not 한〮 (hán). However, this high tone is consistent with some other compounds, see e.g. 한〮아비〮 (hánàpí, “grandfather”).


수다

head

수〮다〮 (swútá) (infinitive 수〮어〮, sequential 수〮니〮)

수〮다〮 (canonical)
swútá (romanization)
수〮어〮 (infinitive)
수〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 쑤다 (ssuda)

몬져 ᄉᆈ〯져〮즈로〮 파〮ᄒᆞᆯ 봇가〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮로 샤ᇰ녜〮 쥭〮ᄀᆞ〮티 수〮어 머그〮라

1489, 구급간이방 [gugeupganibang], volume 3, pages 90a-90b:

First stir-fry spring onions with cow's milk, boil with white rice like regular porridge, then eat [it]


멎다

phonemically faithful spelling of 멋다〮 (mèstá, “to be inauspicious”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


안해

Korean: 아내 (anae)


솥

솥 (swòth) (isolated 솓 (swòt), locative 소ᄐᆡ〮 (swòth-óy))

Korean: 솥 (sot)


솔

Korean: 솔 (sol)


솔

Korean: 솔 (sol)


솔

Korean: 솔 (sol)

내〮 平ᄒᆞᆫ 肩輿ᄅᆞᆯ〮 뒷〮노니〮 앏길〮히 활 소ᄂᆞᆫ〮 솔〯 봄〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

1481, “鄭典設自施州歸 / 정곡설자시주귀”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 19:29b:

Having but a modest palanquin, I look toward the road ahead as if I were aiming at a target with my bow.

ná-y PHYENG-hòn KYEN.YE-lól twú-ys-nwòní àlp kílh-ì hwàl swònón swǒl pwǒm kót-hónìlá

우〮리〮 먼〯 솔〯 노하〮 두고〮 ᄡᅩ〮아〮

1517, 飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대 [The Old Cathayan], page 2:36b:


-ㅯ-

모로매 降ᄒᆡ요려커든 내 알ᄑᆡ셔 주거뵈요ᇝ다

1490, 三綱行實圖諺解本 (Samgang Haengsildo Eonhaebon) [Korean Translation of the Illustrated Conduct of the Three Bonds]:

If you indeed wish to make me surrender, it is fitting that I die in front [of you] to show [that I will not surrender].

mwolwomay HANG-hoyyolyekhetun na-y alph-oysye cwuke-pwoyyomsta

(archaic) necessity-marking suffix attached to a verb stem, equivalent to English "it is fitting that..."


ㅹ

A digraph intended to transcribe [v~β] in various forms of Chinese.


ㆁ

q

merged with <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">ㅇ</i>

Korean: ㅇ (–, ng, also represents lack of a consonant) (merged with ㅇ)

From ㅇ (represents lack of a consonant), with an additional stroke from ㄱ (k) to represent a velar sound. See the Etymology section on modern Korean ㅇ (–, ng) for the motivations of this.

A letter representing the velar nasal, /ŋ/. Called 옛이응 (yesieung) in Modern Korean.


ㆆ

From ㅇ (null consonant), with an additional stroke.

Transcribes [ʔ] in Chinese. This was not a sound in Middle Korean.

Used to represent an archiphoneme which tenses the subsequent consonant.


ㆈ

A trigraph of ㅛ (ywo), ㅑ (ya), and ㅣ (i).


ㆊ

A digraph of ㅠ (ywu) and ㅕ (ye), intended to transcribe certain triphthongs in Chinese without Korean equivalent, e.g. Middle Chinese [iuᴇ], [wiæ].


ㆋ

A trigraph of ㅠ (ywu), ㅕ (ye), and ㅣ (i), intended to transcribe certain triphthongs in Chinese without Korean equivalent, e.g. Middle Chinese [wei].


沙門

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 沙門 (MC srae mwon).

沙(상)門(몬)이〮 ᄃᆞ외야〮 錫杖(셕〮땨ᇰ) 잡고〮 바리 받고〮 알ᄑᆞ〮로〮 디〯나〮가〮거늘〮

Having become an acetic monk, grabs a khakkhara and receives an ōryōki and passes on forth...

SANG.MWON-í tòwòy-yá SYÉK.TTYÀNG càp-kwó pàlì pàt-kwó àlph-ólwó tǐnáká-kènúl


뭍

head

뭍 (mwùth) (isolated 묻 (mwùt), locative 무틔〮 (mwùth-úy))

Korean: 뭍 (mut)


언

⇒ Korean: 언덕 (eondeok)


플

Korean: 풀 (pul)


사ᄅᆞᆷ

사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (sǎlòm)

Jeju: 사름 (sareum), 사ᄅᆞᆷ (sarawm)

desctree

Early Modern Korean: 사ᄅᆞᆷ (salom)
Korean: 사람 (saram)

Inherited from Old Korean 人音 (*SALOm). By surface analysis, 살〯다〮 (sǎl-tá, “to live, to be alive”) + -ᄋᆞᆷ (-om, noun suffix).

surf

사〯ᄅᆞᆷ마〯다〮 ᄒᆡ〯ᅇᅧ〮 수〯ᄫᅵ〮 니겨〮

That every person would easily master it,


므슴

This is one of four related Middle Korean interrogatives all beginning with /mɨsɨ-/: 므스 (musu), 므슥 (musuk), 므슴 (musum), and 므슷 (musus). The precise etymological relationship between the four remains unclear.

孝(효)道(도) 아니 ᄒᆞ면 너를 어더 므슴ᄒᆞ료

1475, Queen Insu, 內訓 / 내훈 [Instructions for Women], page 1:43a:

If you do not practice filial piety, what would be the point of having you?

HYWO.TWO ani homyen ne-lul ete musum holywo

定(뎌ᇰ)慧(혜)ᄂᆞᆫ 므슴과 ᄀᆞᆮᄒᆞ뇨

1496, 六祖法寶壇經諺解 / 육조법보단경언해 [Korean Translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch], page 中:7a:


므슴

desc

⇒ Early Modern Korean: 므슨 (musun, “what”)

Korean: 무슨 (museun, “what”)

일〮로〮 혜〯여〮 보〮건덴〮 므슴〮 慈(ᄌᆞ)悲(비) 겨〯시〮거뇨〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:6:

When one considers this, what compassion could he [possibly] have?

í-llwó hyěy-é pwókèntéyn mùsúm CO.PI kyěsíkènywó

므슴〮 ᄠᅳ〮드로〮 琴(금)臺(ᄃᆡ)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 바랫〮ᄂᆞ니〮오

1481, “野老 / 야로”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해, page 7:3:

With what intention did it linger at the Zither Pavilion?

mùsúm ptút-ùlwó KUM.TOY-lól pàláysnòníwò


므슴

묏〯 가온〮ᄃᆡ 이슈〮믈 므슴〮 슬흐〮리오〮

1481, “君不見簡蘇徯 / 군불견간소혜”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해, page 19:46a:

How is it that you grieve from being amid the mountains?

mwǒy-s kàwóntòy ìsywúm-ùl mùsúm sùlhúlìwó

므슴〮 쇽졀업〯시〮 겻고〮료〮

1517, 飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대 [The Old Cathayan], page 63a:

How is it that we should fight pointlessly?

(interrogative, rhetorical) how is it...


ᄇᆡ호다

Early Modern Korean: ᄇᆡ호다 (baehoda)

Korean: 배우다 (bae'uda) (Modern Standard)

學(ᄒᆞᆨ)堂(다ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆫ 글 ᄇᆡ호시ᇙ 지비라

An academy is a house where one learns literature.


븓잡다

Korean: 붙잡다 (butjapda)

眞實로 자쵯 이레 븓자ᄇᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ 니ᄅᆞ와ᄃᆞ면 迷惑ᄒᆞᆫ 나비 우므레 ᄠᅥ러디여 주구미 ᄀᆞᆮᄒᆞ니라.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


ᄃᆞᆯ

ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
tól (romanization)
ᄃᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

Jeju: ᄃᆞᆯ (dawl)

Korean: 달 (dal)


다ᄉᆞᆺ

head

다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 (tàsós)

Korean: 다섯 (daseot)

Jeju: 다ᄉᆞᆺ (dasawt)

Possibly related to Baekje 刀士𢀳 (*tasip, “five”).


넙다

Korean: 넓다 (neolda)


ᄆᆞᆯ

Jeju: ᄆᆞᆯ (mawl)

Korean: 말 (mal)


ᄆᆞᆯ

Jeju: ᄆᆞᆯ (mawl)

Korean: 말 (mal)


믈

믈〮 (canonical)
múl (romanization)
므〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 물 (mul)


부하

Korean: 부아 (bua)

[…] 부〮하와〮 코ᇰᄑᆞᆺ〮기라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 4:7b:

[The five internal organs] are […] , the lung, and the kidney.


횩다

Early Modern Korean: 횩다 (hyokda)


않

않〮 (ánh) (isolated 안〮 (án), locative 안해〮 (ành-áy))

않〮 (canonical)
ánh (romanization)
안해〮 (locative)

Early Modern Korean: 않 (anh)

Korean: 안 (an)


긿

긿〮 (kílh) (isolated 길〮 (kíl), locative 길헤〮 (kìlh-éy))

긿〮 (canonical)
kílh (romanization)
길헤〮 (locative)

Early Modern Korean: 긿 (kilh)

Korean: 길 (gil)

From Old Korean 道尸 (*KIl). /-h/ here may be the remnant of an ancient place-related suffix; see Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns.


ᄒᆞ다

ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hótá) (infinitive ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (hóyá), sequential ᄒᆞ니〮 (hòní))

ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
hótá (romanization)
ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (infinitive)
ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Jeju: ᄒᆞ다 (hawda)

Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ다 (hota)

Korean: 하다 (hada)

A light verb attached to various non-verbs to derive verbs and adjectives.


ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆶ

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆶ (mòzòlh) (isolated ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ (mòzòl), locative ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (mòzòlh-óy), alternative locative ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ해〮 (mòzòlh-áy))

mòzòlh (romanization)
ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (locative)
ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ해〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 마을 (ma'eul)

孔(고ᇰ)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅣ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ 겨셔 고디식고 온고ᇰ히 ᄒᆞ더시니

1517, Kim Jeon (金詮 / 김전), Choe Suk-saeng (崔淑生 / 최숙생), (飜譯小學 / 번역소학) [Beonyeok Sohak, Translated Small Learning]:

Confucius was staying at a village and acted righteously and conducted himself courteously


부루

Jeju: 부루 (buru)


ᄉᆞ

so (romanization)
after the verbal irrealis suffix 으ᇙ

⇒ Korean: -을세 (-eulse)

⇒ Korean: -을세라 (-eulsera)

⇒ Korean: -을수록 (-eulsurok)

⇒ Korean: -을시 (-eulsi)

⇒ Korean: -을시고 (-eulsigo)

⇒ Korean: -을쏜가 (-eulsson'ga)

⇒ Korean: -을쏘냐 (-eulssonya)

There are no uncontroversial attestations in Old Korean.

what to […] , something to […] , something that will […]


ᄉᆞ

Korean: 사 (sa)


각시

Jeju: 각시 (gaksi)

Korean: 각시 (gaksi)


올히

Jeju: 올히 (olhi)

Korean: 오리 (ori)


이시다

alternative form of 잇다 (ista) (allomorph before vowels)


ᄑᆞᆯ

Korean: 파리 (pari)


ᄃᆞᆺᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다

Middle Korean: ᄯᆞᆺᄯᆞᆺᄒᆞ다 (stosstoshota)

⇒ Korean: 따뜻하다 (ttatteuthada)

Reduplication of *ᄃᆞᆺ (tòs, “warm”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota). See also ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다 (tòshòta, “(to be) warm”).


ᄎᆞᆷ

Korean: 참 (cham)

Jeju: ᄎᆞᆷ (chawm)


둏다

둏〯다〮 (tywǒhtá) (infinitive 됴〯하〮, sequential 됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮)

둏〯다〮 (canonical)
tywǒhtá (romanization)
됴〯하〮 (infinitive)
됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)
됴〯타〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ녀〮 (interrogative past)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative past)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative past)
됴〯호라〮 (past)
됸〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
됸〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
됸〯ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
됸〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
됸〯노라〮 (present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮리라〮
됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
됴〯ᄒᆞ려〮 (interrogative)
됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
됴〯ᄒᆞ료〮 (interrogative)
됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
됴〯호〮리라〮
됴〯터라〮
됴〯터〮니라〮
됴〯턴가〮 (interrogative)
됴〯터녀〮 (interrogative)
됴〯턴고〮 (interrogative)
됴〯터뇨〮 (interrogative)
됴〯턴다〮 (interrogative)
됴〯타라〮
됴〯커다〮
됴〯커〮니라〮
됴〯커녀〮 (interrogative)
됴〯커뇨〮 (interrogative)
됴〯컨다〮 (interrogative)
됴〯콰라〮
됴〯호마〮
됴〯쳐〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ라〮 (imperative interrogative)
됴〯코라〮 (imperative interrogative)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ뎌〮
됴〯ᄒᆞᆯ쎠〮
됴〯토다〮
됴〯톳다〮
됴〯해라〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
됴〯호〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
됸〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
됸〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
됸〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
됴〯호리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
됴〯싸〮ᅌᅵ다〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
됴〯코〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (imperative interrogative)
됴〯해〮ᅌᅵ다〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시다〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮니라〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯터〮시다〮 (interrogative)
됴〯터시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
됴〯커〮시다〮
됴〯커시〮니라〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯터시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
됴〯터〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
됴〯커시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
됴〯커〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거다〮
됴〯ᄊᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮
됴〯코〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ며〮
됴〯타가〮
됴〯ᄒᆞ니〮 (causative)
됴〯커ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
됴〯콴ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
됴〯ᄒᆞ면〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯커든〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ대〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯컨댄〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ나〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯호ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯컨〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
됴〯호려〮 (interrogative)
됴〯코져〮 (interrogative)
됴〯콰뎌〮 (interrogative)
됴〯하〮 (infinitive)
됴〯ᄒᆞᆫ〮 (past)
됸〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
됴〯ᄒᆞᇙ〮 (present)
됴〯혼〮 (past)
됸〯논〮 (present)
됴〯호ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
됴〯호ᇙ〮 (present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ신〮 (past)
됴〯ᄒᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (present)
됴〯홈〮 (causative past present)
됴〯홈〮 (past present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ샴〮 (infinitive present)
됴〯ᄒᆞ샴〮 (present)

Early Modern Korean: 둏다 (tywohta)

Korean: 좋다 (jota)

Pyongan Korean: 돟다 (dota)

Yukjin Korean: 둏다 (dyota)

Seemingly reanalyzed from earlier 됴〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (tywǒhòtá), cf. 만〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (mǎnhòtá) > Korean 많다 (manta), ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (kóthòtá) > ᄀᆞᇀ〮다〮 (kóthtá).
Thus etymologically a compound 됴〯 (tywǒ) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota, light verb deriving adjectives). The first element, 됴〯 (tywǒ), is a cranberry morpheme; it may potentially be a nativized Sino-Korean root, given that this syllable does not occur in any other native Middle Korean word.

com

올하 올하 아련 비올하 여흘란 어듸 두고 소해 자라 온다 소콧 얼면 여흘도 됴ᄒᆞ니

14th c.? (pub. late 15th c.), “滿殿春 / 만전춘 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang gasa):

O duck, o duck, o foolish rain-duck! Where have you left your riffles that you come sleep in the marsh? But once the marsh freezes, the riffles are good as well.

wolh-a wolh-a alyen piwolh-a yehul-lan etuy twukwo swoh-ay cala wonta swoh-kwos elmyen yehul-two tyohoni

사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 ᄯᅩ〮 가마괴〮도〮 됴〯토다〮

Though people are pleasing to me, how the ravens please me as well!

sǎlàm-í tyǒhòlssóy stwó kàmàkwóy-twó tyǒthwòtá

(intransitive) to become (or to be) pleasing; to become (or to be) good

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 됴〯ᄒᆞ신〮 누의님〮하〮

(intransitive) to become (or to be) of superior quality; to become (or to be) good

새〮 약곳〮 업〯거든〮 달힌〮 즈ᅀᅴ도〮 됴〯ᄒᆞ〮니라〮

As long as one has none of the new medicine, the boiled dregs are also suitable.

sáy yàk-kwós ěpkètún tàlhín cùzùy-twó tyǒhónìlá

(intransitive) to become (or to be) suitable or good for a specific purpose

미친〮 가히〮 믈인〮 독〮이〮 다시〮 나거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 프〮러 두〯 돈〯을〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라

Having been bitten by a rabid dog, should [the effects of] the poison [i.e. the rabies virus] recur, take two dons of ground dry ginger dissolved in water, and [the symptoms] will get better.

mìchín kàhí mùlGín twók-í tàsí nàkètún mòlòn sòyngàng-úl kólà múl-èy púlè twǔ twǒn-úl mèkúmyèn tyǒhòlílà

(intransitive) to get better, to be healed, to recover from an illness

(uncommon, transitive) to be pleased by, to consider as good

(hapax legomenon, transitive) to heal, to cure (possibly awkward literal translation from Chinese)


-ᄒᆞ고

Korean: 하고 (hago)


-고나

-고〮나〮 (canonical)
-kwóná (romanization)
-고〮녀〮 (alternative)
-고〮야〮 (alternative)

Korean: -구나 (-guna)

suffix used to exclaim newly-learned information.

Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject

History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.


복셔ᇰ화

Korean: 복숭아 (boksung'a)

From 복셔ᇰ (pwoksyeng, “peach”) + 화 (hwa, “flower”).


ᄉᆞᅀᅵ

head

ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮 (sòzí) (locative ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예〮 (sòzí-yéy))

ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮 (canonical)
sòzí (romanization)
ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 사이 (sai)


솝

Korean: 속 (sok)


나모

Korean: 나무 (namu)


ᄀᆞᆲ

Korean: 겹 (gyeop)


가ᄫᆞᆫᄃᆡ

가ᄫᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆡ〮 (kàWóntóy)

가ᄫᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆡ〮 (canonical)
kàWóntóy (romanization)
가온ᄃᆡ (alternative)

Korean: 가운데 (gaunde)

가ᄫᆞᆫ〮 (kàW-ón, the adnominal form of the unattested verb *갑〯다〮 (*kǎW-tá, hence perhaps meaning "to be central")) + ᄃᆡ〮 (tóy, “place”).


ᄯᅴ

Korean: 띠 (tti)


ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ

ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (pòlòm)

Korean: 바람 (baram)

Uncertain, though traceable at least as far back as Late Old Korean 孛䌫 (*pòlòm), attested in the Jilin leishi, 1103. Beyond that, the hyangga "Jemangmaega" (祭亡妹歌 / 제망매가), a. 766, features the locative form 風未; while the word for "wind" itself is rendered as the completely opaque semantic character 風 (“wind”), the phonetic spelling 未 (*muy~moy) for the locative marker reveals that the eighth-century Old Korean word for "wind" also had a final *-m.
Some scholars have suggested the term may be an ancient borrowing from Old Chinese 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”), but such a claim cannot be supported beyond superficial phonological correspondences. Alternatively, perhaps originally a verbal construction equivalent to *ᄇᆞᆯ- (*pòl) + -ᄋᆞᆷ (-òm, nominalizer), wherein the first component is an unattested but regular yang-vowel ablaut pair of 블다〮 (pùltá, “to blow (of wind)”). While promising at first glance, this etymology is made slightly less plausible by the scarcity of attestation of 블다〮 (pùltá). Within the Middle Korean corpus, 불다〮 (pwùltá) is by far the more common form; rounding assimilation of weak vowels following bilabial consonants in this position is not typically found until later periods, meaning that 블다〮 (pùltá) may be a misprint or otherwise nontraditional. If that were to be the case, a stem *ᄇᆞᆯ- (*pòl) could not be posited.


ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ

ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (pòlòm)


놀애

Korean: 노래 (norae)

놀〯— (nwǒl-, “to play”) + -애 (-Gay, allomorph of -개 (-kay, inanimate agentive suffix)), literally "that by which one plays".

etymon

놀애〮

af

allomorph of <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">-개</i> (-kay, inanimate agentive suffix)

놀애〮로〮 讚(찬)嘆(탄)ᄒᆞ〮ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮 佛(불)像(샤ᇰ) 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 녀그〮로〮 가ᇝ도〯ᅀᆞᆸ고〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 9:23a:

praising with [music and] songs, [they] circle around to the right side of the Buddha statue


엻

head

엻〮 (yélh) (isolated 열〮 (yél), locative 열〮헤〮 (yélh-éy))

엻〮 (canonical)
yélh (romanization)
열〮헤〮 (locative)

Jeju: 열 (yeol)

Korean: 열 (yeol)

열〮희〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 하ᄂᆞᆯ히〮 달애〮시니〮

1447, “Stanza 18”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The heavens soothe the hearts of ten [people]

雪山ㅅ白象 열희 히미 ᄒᆞᆫ 香象만 몯ᄒᆞ니라

1459, “Book 2, Page 38b”, in 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin Seokbo]:

The strength of ten white elephants on a snowy mountain is not as strong as that of one.

sywelsan-s-baeksyang yélh-uy himihon baeksyangman mothonira


엻

엻 (yèllh) (isolated 열 (yèl), locative 열헤〮 (yèlh-éy))

Korean: 열 (yeol)

시혹 時예 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 한 열콰(엻과) ᄒᆞᆫ 밀ᄒᆞᆯ 머거도 그 얼구리 ᄉᆞᆯ지리니

1461, “Book 9, Page 106”, in 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 [Neung'eomgyeong eonhae]:

Sometimes you will grow healthy even if you eat one hemp seed and one grain of wheat a day.

sihwok siye horo han yelkhwa (yelh kwa) hon milhol meogeodo geu eolguri soljirini


ᄒᆞ낳

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ낳 (honah), ᄒᆞ나 (hona)

Korean: 하나 (hana)

Jeju: ᄒᆞ나 (hawna)


둟

Korean: 둘 (dul)


나랗

head

나랗〮 (nàláh) (isolated 나라〮 (nàlá), locative 나라〮해〮 (nàláh-áy))

나랗〮 (canonical)
nàláh (romanization)
나라〮해〮 (locative)

Korean: 나라 (nara) (Standard Seoul)

셔울도 나라히 나가시다 ᄒᆞ니 온 자 안ᄒᆞᆯ ᄇᆞ린 거시니[…]

1592, 양호당 이덕열 언간 [yanghodang ideogyeol eon'gan, Korean-language letter of Yangho-dang Yi Deogyeol]:

Even the king has left the capital, so it is the case that the entire city has been abandoned […]


ᄀᆞ티

Korean: 같이 (gachi)


갓가ᄫᅵ

갓가ᄫᅵ〮 (kàskàWí)

갓가ᄫᅵ〮 (canonical)
kàskàWí (romanization)

Korean: 가까이 (gakkai)


ᄀᆞᄅᆞᄫᅵ

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᄫᅵ〮 (kòlòWí)

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᄫᅵ〮 (canonical)
kòlòWí (romanization)

Korean: 가랑비 (garangbi)

/kʌ̀.ɾʌ̀.βí/

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ (kòlò, “powder”) + 비〮 (pí, “rain”).


겨집

Jeju: 제집 (jejip)

Korean: 계집 (gyejip)

From Old Korean 在 (*KYE-, “to be”) + 집 (cìp, “home”). Literally "one who stays home".


ᄯᆞᆯ

Korean: 딸 (ttal)


님금

님〯금〮 (nǐmkúm)

님〯금〮 (canonical)
nǐmkúm (romanization)
님〯굼〮 (alternative)

Jeju: 님금 (nimgeum)

Korean: 임금 (imgeum)

御(ᅌᅥᆼ〮)製(졩〮)ᄂᆞᆫ〮님〯금〮지〯ᅀᅳ샨〮그〮리라〮

1459, Hunminjeong'eum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

御製 [Chinese for "written by the king"] is "writing done by the king".


도ᇰ모

Korean: 동무 (dongmu)


가븨얍다

kapuyyapta (romanization)
가ᄇᆡ얍다 (alternative)

Jeju: 가벱다 (gabepda)

Korean: 가볍다 (gabyeopda)


ᄇᆡ얌

Jeju: 베염 (beyeom)

Korean: 뱀 (baem)


블

블〮 (canonical)
púl (romanization)
브〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 불 (bul)


아ᄒᆞᆫ

Jeju: 아은 (a'eun)

Korean: 아흔 (aheun)


션ᄇᆡ

Korean: 선비 (seonbi)


셔ᄫᅳᆯ

셔〯ᄫᅳᆯ (syěWùl)

desctree

Korean: 서울 (seoul)
→ Burmese: ဆောအူလ် (hcau:ul)
→ Chinese: 首爾／首尔 (Shǒu'ěr)
→ English: Seoul (possibly through a French-based romanization)
→ French: Séoul
→ English: Seoul (possible)
→ Japanese: ソウル
→ Norwegian Bokmål: Seoul
→ Spanish: Seúl

From an Old Korean proper noun referring to the capital of the kingdom of Silla. See modern Korean 서울 (Seoul) for more.


ᄉᆞ과

Korean: 사과 (sagwa)

1608, 《언해두창집요》
ᄉᆞ과ᄅᆞᆯ 겁질 ᄡᅵ 조ᄎᆞᆫ 재 검게 ᄉᆞ라 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 사당믈예 플어 머기라
sokwalol kepcil psi cwochon cay kemkey sola kolo moyngkola satangmulyey phule mekila


여듧

Korean: 여덟 (yeodeol)

Possibly related to Baekje 今毛𢀳 (*yətərɨp, “eight”).


ᄉᆞ나희

sonahuy (romanization)
ᄮᅡᄒᆡ (alternative)

Jeju: 소나이 (sonai)

Korean: 사나이 (sanai)


붚

head

붚〮 (pwúph) (isolated 붑〮 (pwúp), locative 부페〮 (pwùph-éy))

붚〮 (canonical)
pwúph (romanization)
부페〮 (locative)

Korean: 북 (buk)

世(솅〮)界(갱〮)ㅅ 일〯ᄋᆞᆯ〮 보〮샤〮 아로〮미〮 훤ᄒᆞ〮시며〮 ᄯᅡᆺ〮 相(샤ᇰ〮)이〮 드러〮치〮니〯
智(딩〮)慧(ᅘᆒᆼ〮) ᄇᆞᆯᄀᆞ샤〮 저푸〮미〮 업〯스〮시며〮 하ᄂᆞᆳ〮 부〮피〮 절로〮 우〯니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 4:38b—39a:

He saw the affairs of the world; his knowledge was bright; the earth's image trembled.
His wisdom was bright; he had no fears; the drum of heaven was beating by itself.


하ᄂᆞᆶ

하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (hànólh) (isolated 하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (hànól), locative 하ᄂᆞᆯ〮해〮 (hànólháy))

하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (canonical)
hànólh (romanization)
하ᄂᆞᆯ〮해〮 (locative)

Korean: 하늘 (haneul)

From Old Korean 天乙 (*HANOr). The final /h/ is likely an innovation, but it is unclear why, when, or how it was added. See Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns for a more in-depth discussion.


ᄒᆡ

ᄒᆡ〮 (canonical)
hóy (romanization)
ᄒᆡ〮예〮 (locative)

Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆡ (hoy)

Korean: 해 (hae)

Jeju: 헤 (he)


ᄑᆞᆾ

Korean: 팥 (pat)

Inherited from Old Korean 小豆 (*pos(k)), attested in the compound 狄小豆 (*twoy-pos(k), “sickle senna”) in the Hyang'yak gugeupbang (鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방), 1236.
In the 15th century, a rare alternate form ᄑᆞᇧ〮 (phósk) is seen, and reflexes of this form still survive dialectally as in Korean 팎 (pak) (Northern Pyeongan). The alternation ch ~ sk, also seen in several other words, may hint at an earlier *ck as in *ᄑᆞᆽㄱ (*phock).

lang

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

Vigna angularis
Vigna angularis#Translingual

the red bean or azuki bean (Vigna angularis)


일홈

일홈〮 (canonical)
ìlhwóm (romanization)
일훔〮 (alternative)

Jeju: 일흠 (ilheum)

Korean: 이름 (ireum)

Likely from unattested verb *잃다〮 (*ìlhtá, “to name”) + -옴〮 (-wóm, “gerund-forming suffix”).


ᄡᆞᆯ

ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
psól (romanization)
ᄡᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

Korean: 쌀 (ssal)


-ᄃᆞᆶ

Korean: 들 (deul)


기ᅀᅳᆷ

Jeju: 짐 (jim)

Korean: 김 (gim)


ᅀᅵᆫ간

Korean: 인간 (in'gan)

이 ᅀᅵᆫ간앳 도솔텬이러라

(Can we date this quote?), 飜譯朴通事(번역박통사):


니르ᅘᅧ다

head

니르ᅘᅧ〮다〮 (nìlùhhyétá) (infinitive 니르ᅘᅧ〮, sequential 니르ᅘᅧ니〮)

니르ᅘᅧ〮다〮 (canonical)
nìlùhhyétá (romanization)
니르ᅘᅧ〮 (infinitive)
니르ᅘᅧ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 일으키다 (ireukida)

Compound of 니르- (nìlù-) + ᅘᅧ〮다〮 (hhyétá).


ᄒᆞᄅᆞ

holo (romanization)
form: ᄒᆞᆯㄹ (connective)

Jeju: ᄒᆞ를 (hawreul)

Korean: 하루 (haru)

Probably from Old Korean 一等 (*HAton) via lenition of intervocalic */t/ to /ɾ/.


죠ᄒᆡ

head

죠ᄒᆡ〮 (cyòhóy)

Korean: 종이 (jong'i)

(Yukjin) 죠이 (joi)


나ᄋᆞᆯ

Jeju: 나흘 (naheul)

Korean: 나흘 (naheul)

From Proto-Koreanic *ne (“four”) + *hoL (“day”).


닷쇄

Korean: 닷새 (datsae)


엿쇄

Jeju: ᄋᆢᆺ쉐 (yawtswe)

Korean: 엿새 (yeotsae)


닐웨

Korean: 이레 (ire)


여ᄃᆞ래

Jeju: ᄋᆢ드레 (yawdeure)

Korean: 여드레 (yeodeure)


아ᄒᆞ래

Jeju: 아흐레 (aheure)

Korean: 아흐레 (aheure)


쳔

도즉ᄃᆞᆯ〮히〮 네의〮 쳔〯 이시며〮 쳔〯 업〯슨〮 주〮를〮 엇〯디〮 알〯리〮오〮

1517, 飜譯老乞大(번역노걸대) [Beonyeok nogeoldae]:

How should the bandits know if you have money or not?


쳔

Korean: 천 (cheon)


즈믄

Uncertain, though evidently perceived as native by the 1400s.
Compare Old Chinese 萬 (OC *mlans, “ten thousand”) and Middle Mongol ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ (tümen, “ten thousand”).


ᄇᆡᆨ

Jeju: 벡 (bek)

Early Modern Korean: ᄇᆡᆨ (poyk)

Korean: 백 (baek)


ᄣᅢ

Korean: 때 (ttae)


녀름

Korean: 여름 (yeoreum)


ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆶ

head

ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆶ (kòzòlh) (isolated ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯ (kòzòl), locative ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (kòzòlh-óy))

kòzòlh (romanization)
ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (locative)

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄀᆞᄋᆞᆶ (koolh), ᄀᆞᄋᆞᆯ (kool), ᄀᆞ을 (koul), 가을 (kaul)

Korean: 가을 (ga'eul)

→ Jeju: ᄀᆞ을 (gaweul)


거ᅀᅴ

Jeju: 거의 (geoui)

Korean: 거의 (geoui)


새배

Jeju: 새베 (saebe)

Korean: 새벽 (saebyeok)


ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ

head

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (kòlóm) (locative ᄀᆞᄅᆞ〮매〮 (kòlóm-áy))

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (canonical)
kòlóm (romanization)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ〮매〮 (locative)

→ Korean: 가람 (garam)


어ᅀᅵ

Korean: 어이 (eoi)


어버ᅀᅵ

어버ᅀᅵ〮 (èpèzí)

Korean: 어버이 (eobeoi)

*어비〮 (*èpí, “father”) + 어ᅀᅵ〮 (èzí, “mother”). Compare 어비〮ᄆᆞᆮ (èpímòt, “nobleman”) for the first element.


듫

head

듫〯 (tǔlh) (isolated 들〯 (tǔl), locative 들〯헤〮 (tǔlh-éy))

듫〯 (canonical)
tǔlh (romanization)
들〯헤〮 (locative)

Korean: 들 (deul)

alternative form of 드릏〮 (tùlúh, “meadow”)


ᄣᅵ르다

Korean: 찌르다 (jjireuda)


ᄎᆞᄆᆡ

Korean: 참외 (chamoe)

the Korean melon, (Cucumis melo Makuwa Group) or its fruit.


ᄍᆞᆼ

An orthodox Middle Korean reading of Middle Chinese 字 (MC dziH)

Dongguk Jeongun orthodox reading form of ᄌᆞ(字) (co, “letter, character”)


혀ᇰ

Hangul spelling of 兄(혀ᇰ) (HYÈNG, “elder brother”)


아ᄃᆞᆯ

아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (àtól) (locative 아ᄃᆞ〮래〮 (àtól-áy))

아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
àtól (romanization)
아ᄃᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

Korean: 아들 (adeul)


ᄀᆞᇫ애

ᄀᆞᇫ애〮 (kòzGáy)

Korean: 가위 (gawi) (Standard Seoul)

From Old Korean 割子蓋 (*kòsòkáy) (attested in the Jilin leishi), equivalent to ᄀᆞᇫ- (koz-, “to cut”) + -개 (-kay, inanimate agentive suffix).

suffix

가외祜祜Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul가위祜祜Yeoncheon가위祜祜

가지개祜祜Pyongan KoreanSouth PyonganPyongyang가우祜祜Unsan강애祜祜Anju강애祜祜Maengsan강애祜祜North PyonganSinuiju강애祜祜Chongju강애祜祜Sonchon강애祜祜Cholsan강애祜祜Ryongchon강애祜祜Kusong가애祜祜Unsan강애祜祜Sakju가애祜祜Changsong가애祜祜Huichon강새祜祜Chosan가애祜祜Tongsin가웨祜祜Chonchon강애祜祜Ryongrim가웨祜祜Kanggye가애祜祜Chunggang가애祜祜DiasporaShenyang강애祜祜Fushun강애祜祜Yingkou강애祜祜Hamgyong KoreanSouth HamgyongHamhung가'새祜祜Yodok가'새祜祜Pukchong가'새祜祜Tanchon가'새祜祜Changjin가'새祜祜Pujon가'새祜祜Rangrim가'새祜祜North HamgyongChongjin가'새祜祜Kimchaek가'새祜祜Myongchon가'새祜祜Samjiyon가'새祜祜Kapsan가'새祜祜Samsu가'새祜祜Yukjin KoreanYukjinKyonghung가새祜祜Onsong가새祜祜DiasporaHunchun가새祜祜JejuJeju Cityᄀᆞ새祜Daejeongᄀᆞ새祜Seogwipoᄀᆞ새祜This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers

which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas


브ᅀᅥᆸ

head

브ᅀᅥᆸ (pùzèp) (locative 브ᅀᅥ베〮 (pùzèp-éy) or 브ᅀᅥ븨〮 (pùzèp-úy))

pùzèp (romanization)
브ᅀᅥ베〮 (locative)
브ᅀᅥ븨〮 (locative)
브ᅀᅥᆨ (alternative)

Jeju: 부섭 (buseop)

Possibly a compound of 블〮 (púl, “fire”) + 섭 (sèp, “side”). The mutation of medial consonants is explained by a lenition of s > z following l and then a subsequent dropping of l before an alveolar; compare 프〮ᅀᅥ〮리 (phúzélì, “land overgrown with weeds”), from 플〮 (phúl) + 서〮리 (sélì). The tonal discrepancy (low-low instead of the individual elements' high-low) also seems semi-regular; compare for instance 귀밑 (kwùymìth, “root of the ear”) from 귀〮 (kwúy, “ear”) + 밑 (mìth, “underneath”).
Alternatively, perhaps from some **브ᇫ (**puz) + -업 (-ep), wherein the root is speculatively linked to Proto-Tungusic *pusku; compare Manchu ᡶᡠᠰᡥᡠ (fushu), Ulch пуску, Nanai пуксу (puksu).


도ᇰᄒᆡ

Jeju: 동의 (dong'ui)

Korean: 동이 (dong'i)


ᅀᅭᇂ

Korean: 요 (yo)

Perhaps from Middle Chinese 褥 (MC nyowk).


큰림금

From 큰 (khun, “big”) + 림금 (limkum, “crabapple”).

㰋(빈) 큰림금 빈 𪳪(파) 큰림금 파.

1527, “菓實”, in 訓蒙字會(훈몽자회) [hunmongjahoe]:

㰋, read as pin, meaning "apple"; 𪳪, read as pha, meaning "apple".


ᄲᅧ

Jeju: 뻬 (ppe)

Korean: 뼈 (ppyeo)

From a reconstructed Old Korean form *sùpyé. It was pointed that several names for body parts in Old Korean were affixed with ㅅ-: ᄭᅩ리〮 (*sokwo(l/r)i), ᄲᅡᆷ (*su/so-pam), ᄲᅳᆯ〮 (*sèpúl).
A theory propose origin of Middle Korean ㅿ from earlier *ń. Loss of *-ń- gives *-y- and thus *sùpyé can be further compared to Proto Japanese *pənay.


ᄢᅵ니

Korean: 끼니 (kkini)


ᄯᅥᆨ

Korean: 떡 (tteok)


ᄂᆞᄆᆞᆶ

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ᄂᆞᄆᆞᆶ (nòmòlh)

desc

Jeju: ᄂᆞᄆᆞᆯ (nawmawl), ᄂᆞ멀 (nawmeol), ᄂᆞ믈 (nawmeul), ᄂᆞ물 (nawmul)

Korean: 나물 (namul)


아ᅀᆞ

Jeju: 아시 (asi)

Korean: 아우 (au)


바닿

head

바닿〮 (pàtáh) (isolated 바다〮 (pàtá), locative 바다〮해〮 (pàtáh-áy))

바닿〮 (canonical)
pàtáh (romanization)
바다〮해〮 (locative)

Korean: 바다 (bada)


바ᄅᆞᆯ

바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (pàlól) (locative 바ᄅᆞ〮래〮 (pàlól-áy))

바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
pàlól (romanization)
바ᄅᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

desc

Jeju: 바르 (bareu), 바를 (bareul), 바릇 (bareut)

ᄉᆡ〯-미〮 기픈〮 므〮-른〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ-래〮 아니〮 그츨〮ᄊᆡ〮 내〯-히〮 이러〮 바ᄅᆞ〮-래〮 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The water from a deep spring, for a drought dries it not, becomes a stream and flows into the sea.

sǒym-í kìphún múl-ún kómòl-áy àní kùchúlssóy nǎyh-í ìlé pàlól-áy kánòní


아ᄒᆡ

Jeju: 아의 (aui)

Korean: 아이 (ai)


ᄎᆡᆨ

Jeju: 첵 (chek)

Korean: 책 (chaek)


사ᄉᆞᆷ

head

사ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (sàsóm)

Korean: 사슴 (saseum)


듀ᇰ

Early Modern Korean: 듕 (tywung)

Korean: 중 (jung)


ᅀᅵᆫ

Jeju: 인 (in)

Korean: 인 (in)


ᅀᅵ

Korean: 이 (i)

ᄉᆞ이 ᄠᅮ미 ᅀᅵ십 릿 ᄯᅡ히니

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

내 아니 갈셔 ᅌᅪᇰᄅᆡ ᅀᅵ쳔 리 ᄯᅡ해

ᅀᅵ십리만 ᄯᅡ해

1517, 《번역노걸대》 상:29


ᄉᆡᇰ각

ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮 (sóyngkák)

ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮 (canonical)
sóyngkák (romanization)

Jeju: 셍각 (senggak)

Korean: 생각 (saenggak)

[sʌ́jŋ.ɡák̚]

The term has the shape of a Sino-Korean word, but the etymological origin is ultimately unclear.


빈혀

Jeju: 빈네 (binne)

Korean: 비녀 (binyeo)


비노

Jeju: 비누 (binu)

Korean: 비누 (binu)


코ᇰ

Korean: 콩 (kong)


곻

곻〮 (kwóh) (isolated 고〮 (kwó), locative 고해〮 (kwòh-áy))

곻〮 (canonical)
kwóh (romanization)
고해〮 (locative)

Korean: 코 (ko)


닐흔

Korean: 일흔 (ilheun)


렴토ᇰ

Korean: 염통 (yeomtong)

Perhaps the first syllable is related to Manchu ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ (niyaman, “heart”) and Jurchen 捏麻 (nie-ma /niama/, “heart”).


거즛말

kecusmal (romanization)
거즛말ᄉᆞᆷ (alternative)

Korean: 거짓말 (geojinmal)


지차리

지〮차〮리〮 (cíchálí)

지〮차〮리〮 (canonical)
cíchálí (romanization)

蚰(유) 지〮차〮리〮 유

1527, 훈몽자회 [hunmongjahoe], 예산문고본 [yesanmun'gobon] edition, volume 上, page 12a:

蚰 [is read] ywù [and means] house centipede

house centipede (centipedes of the family Scutigeridae)


벌에

desc

Central Korean: 벌레 (beolle), 벌래 (beollae)

From immediately pre-Middle Korean *pèlkéy. See Korean 벌레 (beolle) for more.

bug, insect (any small arthropod such as insects, spiders, etc.)

버러지虇虇Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul벌레虇虇

벌기虇虇Pyongan KoreanSouth PyonganPyongyang벌거지虇虇North PyonganPakchon벌거지虇虇Nyongbyon벌거지虇虇Kusong벌거지虇虇Huichon벌거지虇虇Kanggye벌거지虇虇Chasong벌거지虇虇DiasporaFushun벌컥지虇虇Hamgyong KoreanSouth HamgyongHamhung벌거지虇虇

벌거지虇This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers


ᄯᅩᇰ

Korean: 똥 (ttong)


한아비

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한〮아비〮 (hánàpí)

한〮아비〮 (canonical)
hánàpí (romanization)
하〮나비〮 (alternative)

desc

Jeju: ⇒ 하르비 (hareubi), >? 하르방 (hareubang)

Korean: 한아비 (hanabi), ⇒ 할아비 (harabi), >? 할아버지 (harabeoji)

From 하〮- (há-, “to be big”) + -ㄴ (-n, realis adnominal suffix) + 아비〮 (àpí, “father”).
하〮다〮 (hátá) belongs to tone class H!, meaning that its realis adnominal form is generally expected to be 한 (han, “hàn”), not 한〮 (hán). However, this high tone is consistent with some other compounds, see e.g. 한〮숨〯 (hánswǔm, “sigh (lit. big breath)”).


도ᇰᄉᆡᇰ

Korean: 동생 (dongsaeng)


혀ᇰ뎨

Jeju: 성제 (seongje)

Korean: 형제 (hyeongje)


바디

Korean: 바지 (baji)


져구리

Jeju: 저고리 (jeogori)

Korean: 저고리 (jeogori)

jeogori (Korean traditional jacket, upper garment of Korean traditional clothes)


ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치다

head

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다〮 (kòlòchítá) (infinitive ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쳐〮, sequential ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮)

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다〮 (canonical)
kòlòchítá (romanization)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쳐〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮 (sequential)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮가〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮고〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮다〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮노라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮료〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮던가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮던고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮던다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮마〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮져〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮뎌〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ칠〮쎠〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮도다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮돗다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치예〮라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치예〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거〮시다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거시〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮고〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮며〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다가〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ칠〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮면〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮대〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮나〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮고져〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쳐〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵼〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮논〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮신〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ춈〮 (causative past present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ춈〮 (past present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샴〮 (present)

okm-conj-short/H

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거〮

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯건〮

Korean: 가르치다 (gareuchida, “to teach”)

Korean: 가리키다 (garikida, “to point”)

[kʌ̀.ɾʌ̀.t͡ɕʰí.dá]

右(우)手(슈) 左(좌)手(슈)로〮 天(텬)地(디) ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샤〮 ᄒᆞ오ᅀᅡ〮 내〮 尊(존)호〮라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:34b:

Pointing to heaven and earth with the left and right hands, [the Buddha] said, "I alone am the honored one".

부텨를〮 보〮아〮 法(법) 듣고〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮논 마〯ᄅᆞᆯ〮 信(신)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 바ᄃᆞ〮리라〮

1447, Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol]:

He shall see the Buddha, hear the Dharma, and accept and believe in the words which [the Buddha] teaches.


여슷

Korean: 여섯 (yeoseot)


샤ᇰᄌᆞ

Jeju: 상지 (sangji)

Korean: 상자 (sangja)


ᄲᆞᄅᆞ다

head

ᄲᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (spòlòtá)

ᄲᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (canonical)
spòlòtá (romanization)


겨시다

Korean: 계시다 (gyesida)

(honorific) honorific of 이시다 (isita) to stay


말ᄊᆞᆷ

말〯ᄊᆞᆷ (mǎlssòm)

말〯ᄊᆞᆷ (canonical)
mǎlssòm (romanization)
말ᄉᆞᆷ (alternative)

Jeju: 말씀 (malsseum)

Korean: 말씀 (malsseum)

나랏〮 말〯ᄊᆞ미〮 中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮 달아〮

1459, 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해 (Hunminjeongeum Eonhae):

The language of the country being different from China


즈ᇫ

즈ᇫ〯 (cǔz) (isolated 즛〯 (cǔs), locative 즈〯ᅀᅦ〮 (cǔz-éy))

즈ᇫ〯 (canonical)
cǔz (romanization)
즈〯ᅀᅦ〮 (locative)

desc

Korean: 짓 (jit, “act; movement; behavior”)

From Old Korean 皃 (*CUS), attested together with a nominative case marker as 皃史 (*CUs-i) in Ujeok-ga and Mojukjirang-ga and also in Idu texts. The nature of Old Korean orthography, where only the final coda consonant of a noun is written phonetically, means that the only thing that can said about the Old Korean form is that its coda consonant was *-s.

다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 羅(랑)刹(차ᇙ〮)女(녕〯)ㅣ 골 업〯슨 즈ᇫ〯을〮 지ᅀᅡ〮

1459, Worin seokbo 月印釋譜 / 월인석보, page 7:22b:

The five female demons formed a hideous appearance

tàsós LÀ.CHÁLQ.NYĚ-y kwòl ěps-ùn cǔz-úl cìz-á

visage; appearance; shape (e.g. of a person)

(by extension) situation; circumstances; behavior


녀다

head

녀다〮 (nyètá) (infinitive 녀〮아〮, sequential 녀니〮)

녀다〮 (canonical)
nyètá (romanization)
녀〮아〮 (infinitive)
녀니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 예다 (yeda)

ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 몃〮 里(링〯)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 對(됭〮)答(답〮)호〮ᄃᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 二(ᅀᅵᆼ〮)十(씹〮)里(링〯)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮 […]

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:23a:

"How many leagues does [the World-Honoured one] travel a day?" [Śāriputra] answered, "[He] travels twenty leagues a day."

길〮 녀〮다가〮 바〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 그릇 드듸〮유미〮 […]

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 [Neung'eomgyeong eonhae], page 7:61a:

While walking [on the] street, [he] missed his footing […]

to go; to move physically towards another place


맡

Korean: 맡 (mat)

⇒ Jeju: 마당 (madang)

⇒ Korean: 마당 (madang)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Middle Korean 바타ᇰ (pathang, “yard”), 바다ᇰ (patang, “floor”).


사ᄫᅵ

Jeju: 사위 (sawi)

Korean: 새우 (sae'u)

From pre-Middle Korean *sàp(o)í. Compare Proto-Ryukyuan *sai, which may be a Wanderwort.

대하朱朱North Korean Cultured Language새우朱朱Historical formsMiddle Korean사ᄫᅵ〮朱朱Early Modern Seoul Korean새요朱朱

새우朱朱Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul새우朱朱

징개미朱朱Danyang새우朱朱

large freshwater; freshwater or small marine

새비朱Seogwipo새위朱Many Korean dialects traditionally had a four-way division in words for shrimp. Some surveys are inexact on this matter.This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers


무ᅀᅮ

Korean: 무우 (muu)

Korean: 무 (mu)

Korean: 무유 (muyu)


야ᇰ

Jeju: 양 (yang)

Korean: 양 (yang)


ᄌᆡ

Korean: 재 (jae)


셔ᇰ

Jeju: 썽 (sseong)

Korean: 성 (seong)


글ᄫᅡᆯ

Korean: 글월 (geurwol)


녀ᄌᆞ

Jeju: 여ᄌᆞ (yeojaw)

Korean: 여자 (yeoja)

Korean: 녀자 (nyeoja) (North Korea)

Middle Korean reading of 女子, from 女 (“female”) + 子 (“offspring”).


良中

闕內城良中越入爲在乙良絞死齊

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:

if one trespasses on castles within the palace compound, he is to be hanged


고디식다

고디〮식다〮 (kwòtí sìktá)

고디〮식다〮 (canonical)
kwòtí sìktá (romanization)

desc

Korean: 고지식하다 (gojisikhada, “to be self-righteous; to be stubborn; to be inflexible”)

Formed by attaching the adverb 고디〮 (Yale: kwòtí) "in a straight way; righteously" to Old Korean 爲只 (*SIk-, “to act”), thus "to act righteously".

孔(고ᇰ)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅣ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ 겨셔 고디식고 온고ᇰ히 ᄒᆞ더시니

1517, Kim Jeon (金詮 / 김전), Choe Suk-saeng (崔淑生 / 최숙생), (飜譯小學 / 번역소학) [Beonyeok Sohak, Translated Small Learning]:

Confucius was staying at a village and acted righteously and conducted himself courteously

(by extension) to be self-righteous, to be stubborn


기춤

Jeju: 지침 (jichim)

Korean: 기침 (gichim)

From 깇다 (Yale: kichta, “to cough”) + ㅁ (Yale: -m, “nominaliser suffix”).


깇다

head

깇다〮 (kìchtá) (infinitive 기처〮 (kìché), sequential 기츠〮니〮 (kìchúní))

깇다〮 (canonical)
kìchtá (romanization)
기처〮 (infinitive)
기츠〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 깇다 (gitda)


셰다

Korean: 세다 (seda)

자내샹해날ᄃᆞ려닐오ᄃᆡ둘히머리셰도록사다가ᄒᆞᆷᄭᅬ죽쟈ᄒᆞ시더니

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

You always used to say to me, "Let's live [together] until our hair turns grey, and die at the same time."

canay syang-hay na-ltolye nilotwoy twulh-i meli syeytwolwok sataka homskwoy cukcya hositeni


ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ다

Korean: 사랑하다 (saranghada)

ᄉᆞ라ᇰ (solang, “love”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota, verbalizing suffix)

compound

ᄆᆡ야ᇰ자내ᄃᆞ려내닐오ᄃᆡᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ누어셔이보소ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞ티서ᄅᆞ에엿ᄲᅵ녀겨ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ리ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞᄐᆞᆫ가

All the time, I used to say to you—while we were lying together—"Hey, do you think other [wives and husbands] look at each other as prettily and love each other as much as we do? Do you think they're like us too?"

moyyang canay-tolye na-y nilwotoy hontoy nwuesye, "i pwoswo, nom-two wuli kothi selo eyyesspi nyekye solang-holi? nom-two wuli kothonka?"


ᄭᅮᆷ

head

ᄭᅮᆷ〮 (skwúm) (locative ᄭᅮ〮메〮 (skwúm-éy))

ᄭᅮᆷ〮 (canonical)
skwúm (romanization)
ᄭᅮ〮메〮 (locative)

Jeju: 꿈 (kkum)

Early Modern Korean: ᄭᅮᆷ (skwum)

Korean: 꿈 (kkum)

From ᄭᅮ〮 (skwú-, “to dream”) + -ㅁ (-m, verbal substantive suffix).

af

나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄭᅮ믈 자내 보려 믿고 인뇌이다

I'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.

na-non skwum-ul canay pwolye mitkwo innwoyta


ᄃᆞᆺ다

head

ᄃᆞᆺ〯다〮 (tǒstá) (infinitive ᄃᆞᅀᅡ〮 (tòzá), sequential ᄃᆞᅀᆞ〮니〮 (tòzóní))

ᄃᆞᆺ〯다〮 (canonical)
tǒstá (romanization)
ᄃᆞᅀᅡ〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞᅀᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

어〮마니ᇝ〯 山(산)陵(르ᇰ)을〮 ᄃᆞ〯ᅀᆞ샤〮 粟(속)村(촌)애〮 도라〮오〮시면〮 建(건)國(국)之(지)功(고ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 일우〮시리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

1447, “Stanza 93”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 (Yongbi eocheon'ga):

if he had returned to Sokchon out of his longing for his mother's mountain grave, could he have accomplished the merit of founding a new dynasty?

émànǐm-s SAN.LUNG-úl tǒzòsyá SWOK.CHWON-áy twòlá-wósìmyén KEN.KWUK.CI.KWONG-ól ìlGwúsìlíngìská

흐린 業(업)을〮 브트〮면〮五(오)塵(딘)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 欲(욕)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 ᄃᆞᅀᅩ〮매〮 貪(탐)着(탹)ᄒᆞ고〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 (Seokbo Sangjeol), page 13:55b:

if one depends on murky karma, one craves the āyatana and becomes obsessed with loving [sensory things]

hùlìn EP-úl pùtúmyén WO.TIN-ól YOK-hóyá tòzwóm-áy THAM.THYAK-hòkwó

子(ᄌᆞ)息(식)ᄋᆞᆯ ᄃᆞᅀᆞ샤 正(져ᇰ)法(법) 모ᄅᆞ실ᄊᆡ

1449, 月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡 (Worin Cheon'gang ji Gok):

as he loves his children [but] knows not the True Dharma

CO.SIK-ol tozosya CYENG.PEP mwolosilssoy

衆(쥬ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 念(념)호〮ᄃᆡ〮 믜디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ며〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〯디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), page 9:42a:

when reflecting upon the sentient beings, one must not hate them, nor must one love them

CYUNG.SOYNG-ól NYEM-hwótóy mùytí àní-hòmyé tǒstí àní-hóyá

to love, especially non-romantically or excessively


보로

First attested in the Akhak gwebeom (樂學軌範 / 악학궤범), 1493.


쥬련

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446.


슈룹

Inherited from Late Old Korean 聚笠 (*sywùlwúp), attested in the Jilin leishi, 1103.

inh+

ㅠ如(ᅀᅧ)율믜爲(위)薏(의〯)苡(이〯)쥭爲(위)飯(반〯)喿(쵸)슈룹〮爲(위)雨(우〮)繖(산〯)쥬련爲(위)帨(셰〯)

1446, 훈민정음 해례본 [hunminjeong'eum haeryebon], page 30a:

[The letter] ywu is like [that in] ywùlmùy meaning adlay, cywùk meaning porridge, sywùlúp meaning umbrella, and cywùlyèn meaning towel


가ᇰ아지

Korean: 강아지 (gang'aji)

From 가히 (kahi, “dog”) (> 개 (gae)) + —ᅌᅡ지 (-ngaci, diminutive suffix) (> 아지 (aji)).


바독

Early Modern Korean: 바독 (patwok)

Korean: 바둑 (baduk)

Most likely 밭 (pàth, “cultivated field”) + *돍〯 (twǒlk, “stone”), in reference to the checkerboard lines resembling a plowed field and the stones used to play the game (Martin 1996, p. 36). Other etymologies for the first element have been speculatively offered but are not plausible.

compound

니ᄅᆞ거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 드로〮니 長(댜ᇰ)安(안)ㅣ 바독〮 쟈ᇰ〯긔 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ니〮

1481, 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae], page 6:7b:

According to what they say, Chang'an is like a game of go and chess


거유

Korean: 거위 (geowi)


ᄆᆡᅀᅵᆯ

Korean: 매일 (maeil)


ᄆᆡᅀᅵᆯ

Korean: 매일 (maeil)


텬쳐ᇰ빛

From 텬쳐ᇰ (天靑, thyenchyeng) + 빛 (pich, “color”).


소ᄅᆡ

Korean: 소리 (sori)


ᄒᆡ골

Korean: 해골 (haegol)


니맣

head

니맣〮 (nìmáh) (isolated 니마〮 (nìmá), locative 니마〮ᄒᆡ〮 (nìmáh-óy), alternative locative 니마〮해〮 (nìmáh-áy))

니맣〮 (canonical)
nìmáh (romanization)
니마〮ᄒᆡ〮 (locative)
니마〮해〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 이마 (ima)

미친〮 도ᄌᆞ가〮 내〮 너 몯〯 주기〮논〮 이〯ᄅᆞᆯ〮 애〯 ᄃᆞ라〮 ᄒᆞ〮가니〮 엇〯뎨〮 너 조차〮 反(반〯)ᄒᆞ리〮오〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 니마〮ᄒᆞᆯ〮 티〮니〮 피〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄲᅳ리〮더니〮

1490, “秀實奪笏 / 수실탈홀”, in 三綱行實圖諺解本 / 삼강행실도언해 [Samgang haengsildo eonhaebon, Korean Translation of the Illustrated Guide to the Three Bonds]:

He said, "Mad scoundrel, I still grieve that I failed to kill you, so how would I follow you in treachery?", and struck his forehead; his blood was sprayed on the earth.

아으 壽(슈)命(며ᇰ)長(댜ᇰ)願(원)ᄒᆞ샤 넙거신 니마해 / 山(산)象(샤ᇰ) 이슷 기ᇫ어신 눈닙에 / 愛(ᄋᆡ)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)相(샤ᇰ)見(견)ᄒᆞ샤 오ᄋᆞᆯ어신 누네

1493, “處容歌 / 처용가”, in 樂學軌範 / 악학궤범:

O by his brow, wide by his longevity / by his eyebrows, lush like the mountains / by his eyes, made complete from seeing his beloved

au SYU.MYENG.TYANG.WON-hosya nepkesin nimah-ay / SAN.SYANG isus kizGesin nwunnip^([sic])-ey / OY.ZIN.SYANG.KYEN-hosya woolesin nwun-ey

general Liaoning Korean, no region specified

임뎅이ABRIDGERNote: Korean varieties also have vulgar 이마빡 and variants

the extent to which the vulgar form is acceptable in conversation

will vary according to dialect.This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers


믿나랗

Korean: 밑나라 (minnara)

From 믿 (mit) + 나랗 (nalah, “country, nation”).


벼기다

넉시라도님은ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ녀져라아으벼기더시니뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가

14th century?, “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):

That even in spirit, I'd walk with [you,] my love! Oh, who was the one who had cried out that vow?

neks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin i nwuy-lesiningiska

to make a vow; to make a promise; to cry out in a vow


바ᇰ올

Jeju: 방울 (bang'ul)

Korean: 방울 (bang'ul)


무뤼

1449, 《월인천강지곡》
열여슷 毒龍이 모딘 性을 펴아 몸애 블나고 무뤼ᄅᆞᆯ 비ᄒᆞ니.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


빋

Korean: 빚 (bit, “debt”)


하ᄂᆞᆯ

하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (hànól)

alternative form of 하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (hànólh, “sky”)


하ᄂᆞᆳ아ᄃᆞᆯ

하---ᄂᆞᆳ〮-아ᄃᆞᆯ〮

하--ᄂᆞᆳ〮아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (hànól-s-àtól)

하--ᄂᆞᆳ〮아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
hànól-s-àtól (romanization)

From 하ᄂᆞᆯ (hanol, “sky, heaven”) + -ㅅ (-s, genitive marker) + 아ᄃᆞᆯ (adol, “son”). Calque of Chinese 天子 (tiānzǐ).

compound

天(텬)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 하ᄂᆞᆳ〮아ᄃᆞ〮리니〮 東(도ᇰ)土(통〯)애〮셔〮 皇(ᅘᅪᇰ)帝(뎽〮)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 天(텬)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ시다〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:69a:

[The Chinese word] 天子 means, "the Son of Heaven": in China, the emperor is called the Son of Heaven.


화ᇰ뎨

Korean: 황제 (hwangje)


션ᄉᆡᇰ

Jeju: 선셍 (seonseng)

Korean: 선생 (seonsaeng)


ᄒᆡ다

Korean: 희다 (huida)


이바디

Korean: 이바지 (ibaji)


ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ

head

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ (mòzòm)

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄆᆞ음 (moum), ᄆᆞᄋᆞᆷ (moom)

Korean: 마음 (ma'eum)

→ Jeju: ᄆᆞ음 (maweum)

解(ᅘᅢᆼ〯)脫(톼ᇙ〮)ᄋᆞᆫ〮 버서〮날씨〮니〮 變(변〮)化(황〮)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초〮 ᄒᆞ〮야〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞ미〮 自(ᄍᆞᆼ〮)得(득〮)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 드트릐〮 얽ᄆᆡᅇᅲ〮미〮 아니〮 ᄃᆡ욀씨〮라〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:29a:

시혹 地獄이 이쇼ᄃᆡ 罪人ᄋᆡ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ ᄲᅡᅘᅧ 夜叉ㅣ 머그며

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 21:79:

ᄇᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄩᅡ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ ᄲᅡᅘᅧ 내야 鬼神 이바ᄃᆞ 며 즐겨 락닥ᄒᆞ더니라

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:75:

이비 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ고 두 ᄲᅡ미 븕고 손과 발와 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ괘 더워 즈츼유미 긋디 아니ᄒᆞ고 여러 藥ᄋᆞ로 됴티 몯ᄒᆞ릴 고튜ᄃᆡ

1466, 救急方諺解 / 구급방언해 [Gugeupbang eonhae], page 2:50a:

心 념토ᇰ 심 又稱 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 심

1527, chapter 1, in 訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회 [Hunmong jahoe], page 14a:


ᄡᅵ

Jeju: 씨 (ssi)

Korean: 씨 (ssi)


ᄀᆞᆫ쟈ᇰ

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ᄀᆞᆫ〮쟈ᇰ〯 (kóncyǎng)

ᄀᆞᆫ〮쟈ᇰ〯 (canonical)
kóncyǎng (romanization)

Jeju: ᄀᆞᆫ장 (gawnjang)

Korean: 간장 (ganjang)

ᄀᆞᆫ〮 (kón, “salty seasoning”) + 醬(쟈ᇰ〯) (CYǍNG, “fermented beans”).


구믈구믈

Korean: 구물구물 (gumulgumul) (see also chart below)

From Old Korean 丘物叱丘物叱 (*kwumulskwumuls).


ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ

Regularly derived from the verb ᄀᆞᆷ- (Yale: kom-) "to close one's eyes", modern 감- (gam-).
This ideophone had two forms, the yang-vowel form ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (Yale: komcok) and the extremely rare yin-vowel form 금즉 (Yale: kumcuk), attested only once. ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (Yale: komcok) had a sense broader than the verb from which it was derived: besides the image of closing one's eyes, it could also evoke movement in general, including the budging of the body and the metaphoric movement of the heart when emotionally agitated.
In the Early Modern era of Korean (1600—1900), these two terms diversified into dozens of nuanced ideophones relating in many different ways to the closing of the eyes, to the movement of the body, or to emotional surprise, as seen in the table below. This diversification was brought about by a combination of yin-yang vowel ablaut, consonant tensing, and consonant alternation.
At the same time, initial tensing occurred for sound-symbolic reasons. The variants relating to bodily movement were influenced by the 곰틀 (gomteul, “squirmingly”) family of ideophones, explaining why they were unaffected.

budgingly; while moving one's body in a single motion

shockedly; in an emotionally agitated manner


금즉

alternative form of ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (komcok), yin-vowel equivalent


ᄂᆡᅀᅵᆯ

Jeju: 늴 (nuil)

Korean: 내일 (naeil)


몰애

Korean: 모래 (morae)

From pre-Middle Korean <*mwòlkáy>, a form which still survives in southeastern dialects as 몰개 (molgae). See modern Korean 모래 (morae) for more.


붇

Jeju: 붓 (but)

Korean: 붓 (but)

From Old Chinese 筆 (OC *prud), a pre-Sino-Korean borrowing.


쟈ᇰᅀᅵᆫ

쟈ᇰ〯ᅀᅵᆫ (canonical)
cyangzin (romanization)

Korean: 장인 (jang'in)


셰ᄃᆡ

Korean: 세대 (sedae)


푸ᇰ륫갓

From 푸ᇰ류 (phwunglyu) + -ㅅ (-s, genitive marker) + 갓 (kas, “thing”).


거ᇫᄫᅡᅀᅵ

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거ᇫᄫᅡᅀᅵ〮 (kèzWàzí)

거ᇫᄫᅡᅀᅵ〮 (canonical)
kèzWàzí (romanization)
것ᄫᅡᅀᅵ (alternative)
거ᇫ워ᅀᅵ (alternative)

Early Modern Korean: 거어지 (keeci)

Korean: 거지 (geoji)

Possibly from 乞(걸〮) (KÉL, “beggar”) + -ㅅ (-s, genitive) + -바ᅀᅵ (-pazi, “suffix for profession”).


ᄢᅮᆯ

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ᄢᅮᆯ〮 (pskwúl) (locative ᄢᅮ〮레〮 (pskwúl-éy))

ᄢᅮᆯ〮 (canonical)
pskwúl (romanization)
ᄢᅮ〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 꿀 (kkul)


누ᇈ믈

누ᇈ〮믈〮 (canonical)
nwún-z-múl (romanization)
누ᇇ〮믈〮 (alternative)

Korean: 눈물 (nunmul)

From 눈〮 (nwún, “eye”) + -ㅿ (-z, genitive marker) + 믈〮 (múl, “water”).


머섬

Korean: 머슴 (meoseum)


국슈

Korean: 국수 (guksu)