돗가비

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돗〮가비〮 (twóskàpí)

돗〮가비〮 (canonical)
twóskàpí (romanization)

Korean: 도깨비 (dokkaebi)

dokkaebi (mythical being in Korean folklore or fairy tales)


닙다

닙다〮 (nìptá) (infinitive 니버〮 (nìpé), sequential 니브〮니〮 (nìpúní))

닙다〮 (canonical)
nìptá (romanization)
니버〮 (infinitive)
니브〮니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: 닙다 (nipta)

Korean: 입다 (ipda)


에ᇰ

에ᇰ올〮ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 (Seokbo sangjeol), page 13:47a:


-ᅀᆞᇦ-

Early Modern Korean: -ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup), -ᄋᆞᆸ (-eup)

Korean: -으옵- (-euop-), -오- (-o-)

desc

⇒ Korean: -습니다 (-seumnida), -ㅂ니다 (-mnida)

⇒ Korean: -습니까 (-seumnikka), -ㅂ니까 (-mnikka)

⇒ Korean: -십시오 (-sipsio), -으십시오 (-eusipsio)

⇒ Korean: -읍시다 (-eupsida), -ㅂ시다 (-psida)

⇒ Korean: -습디다 (-seupdida, dated), -ㅂ디다 (-pdida)

⇒ Korean: -습디까 (-seupdikka, dated), -ㅂ디까 (-pdikka)

⇒ Korean: -소 (-so, semi-formal speech level suffix)

⇒ Korean: -요 (-yo, casually polite speech level particle)

Jeju: -읍- (-eup-) (no longer productive)

⇒ Jeju: -읍서 (-eupseo), -ㅂ서 (-pseo)

⇒ Jeju: -읍센 (-eupsen), -ㅂ센 (-psen)

⇒ Jeju: -읍주 (-eupju), -ㅂ주 (-pju)

⇒ Jeju: -읍데다 (-eupdeda), -ㅂ데다 (-pdeda)

⇒ Jeju: -읍네다 (-eumneda), -ㅂ네다 (-mneda)

⇒ Jeju: -읍데가 (-eupdega), -ㅂ데가 (-pdega)

⇒ Jeju: -읍네까 (-eumnekka), -ㅂ네까 (-mnekka)

⇒ Jeju: -수다 (-suda), -우다 (-uda), -으우다 (-euuda)

⇒ Jeju: -수과 (-sugwa), -우과 (-ugwa), -으우과 (-euugwa)

/zʌ̀.β◌́~zʌ̀.w◌́/

/sʌ̀.β◌́~s͈ʌ̀.w◌́/

/t͡sʌ̀.β◌́~t͡sʌ̀.w◌́/

A verbal suffix honoring the object (either direct or indirect) of the verb.

Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones

기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!

kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22

are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example

which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state

comes from a merger of the imperfective -더〮- and the emotive morpheme -ㅅ-. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes

even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive

-닷〮- has been attested as co-occurring with the latter

only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix -돗〮-

used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century

used to convey a past state when something was about to happen


ᄠᅡᆯ기

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ᄠᅡᆯ〮기〮 (ptálkí)

ᄠᅡᆯ〮기〮 (canonical)
ptálkí (romanization)

Jeju: 탈 (tal)

Korean: 딸기 (ttalgi)


그릏

Korean: 그루 (geuru)


도ᄌᆞᆨ

>? Korean: 도둑 (doduk)


우워ᇰ

Korean: 우엉 (ueong)

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean word 우바ᇰ (wupang) (牛蒡, wupang)


-ᅀᆞ오-

Allomorphic form of ᅀᆞᇦ (-zoW, object honorific marker)


프르다

phuluta (romanization)
프를다 (alternative)

Korean: 푸르다 (pureuda)


ᄌᆞ셕

Korean: 자석 (jaseok) (dialectal)

alternative form of ᄌᆞ식 (cosik, “child”)


믌결

Korean: 물결 (mulgyeol)

From 믈 (mul, “water”) + -ㅅ (-s, “genitive marker”) + 결 (kyel, “wave”).


아ᇡ

Korean: 암 (am)


셓

Korean: 셋 (set)

Possibly related to Baekje 新台𢀳 (*saydʌp, “three”).


넿

Korean: 넷 (net)


ᄀᆞᆷ다

Korean: 감다 (gamda)

This verb is connected to a wide range of ideophones; see more on ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (komcok).


ᄀᆞᆷ다

Korean: 감다 (gamda)

Jeju: ᄀᆞᆷ다 (gawmda)


겨ᅀᅳᆶ

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겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (kyèzúlh) (isolated 겨ᅀᅳᆯ〮 (kyèzúl), locative 겨ᅀᅳᆯ〮헤〮 (kyèzúlh-éy))

겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (canonical)
kyèzúlh (romanization)
겨ᅀᅳᆯ〮헤〮 (locative)

Korean: 겨울 (gyeoul)


ᄒᆞᄫᆞᅀᅡ

Korean: 혼자 (honja)


뎔

뎔〮 (canonical)
tyél (romanization)
뎌레〮 (locative)

Korean: 절 (jeol)


ᄮᅡᄒᆡ

alternative form of ᄉᆞ나희 (sonahuy, “man”)


산ᄒᆡᇰ

Korean: 사냥 (sanyang)

Korean: 산행(山行) (sanhaeng)

From Middle Chinese 山行 (MC srean haeng, “to traverse mountains”).


칩다

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칩〮다〮 (chíptá) (infinitive 치〮ᄫᅥ〮, sequential 치〮ᄫᅳ니〮)

칩〮다〮 (canonical)
chíptá (romanization)
치〮ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮 (sequential)
칩〮다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮니라〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ가〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳ녀〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ고〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳ뇨〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ다〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅮ라〮 (past)
칩〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮노라〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮리라〮
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳ려〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳ료〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅮ〮리라〮
칩〮더라〮
칩〮더〮니라〮
칩〮던가〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
칩〮던고〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
칩〮던다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮다라〮
치〮ᄫᅮ마〮
칩〮져〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
칩〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ뎌〮
치〮ᄫᅳᆯ쎠〮
칩〮도다〮
칩〮돗다〮
치〮ᄫᅦ라〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅮ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
칩〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
칩〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
치〮ᄫᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅮ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
칩〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅦ〮ᅌᅵ다〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮니라〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
칩〮거〮시다〮
칩〮거시〮니라〮
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
칩〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
칩〮고〮
치〮ᄫᅳ며〮
칩〮다가〮
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮 (causative)
칩〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
치〮ᄫᅳᆯᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
칩〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
치〮ᄫᅳ면〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ대〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ나〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅮᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅮ려〮 (interrogative)
칩〮고져〮 (interrogative)
칩〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ〮 (past)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅮᆫ〮 (past)
칩〮논〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅮᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅮᇙ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ신〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시ᇙ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅮᆷ〮 (causative past present)
치〮ᄫᅮᆷ〮 (past present)
치〮ᄫᅳ샴〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅳ샴〮 (present)

Central Korean: 춥다 (chupda)

Hamgyong Korean: 칩다 (chipda)

Gyeongsang Korean: 칩다 (chipda)

치〮ᄫᅥ〮 므〮리〮 어렛〮다가〮 더ᄫᅳ〮면〮 노가〮 므〮리〮 ᄃᆞ외ᄂᆞ니〮라〮

[It is like how] water freezes from the cold [weather] and then melts in the warm [weather], becoming water [again]

(of weather, adjectivally) to be cold; (of weather, verbally) to become cold


븕다

Korean: 붉다 (bukda)

Probably cognate with 블 (pul, “fire, light”), ᄇᆞᆰ다 (polkta, “to be bright”).


그ᅌᅥ긔

그ᅌᅥ긔〮 (kù.ngèkúy)

그ᅌᅥ긔〮 (canonical)
kù.ngèkúy (romanization)
거긔 (alternative)

Korean: 거기 (geogi)


수ᇧ

Korean: 숯 (sut)


숳

Korean: 수 (su)


셜흔

Korean: 서른 (seoreun)


ᄀᆞᇫ

ᄀᆞᇫ〯 (kǒz) (isolated ᄀᆞᆺ〯 (kǒs), locative ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᅢ〮 (kǒz-áy), alternative locative ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᆡ〮 (kǒz-óy))

ᄀᆞᇫ〯 (canonical)
kǒz (romanization)
ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᅢ〮 (locative)
ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᆡ〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 가 (ga)


처ᅀᅥᆷ

처〮ᅀᅥᆷ (chézèm)

Korean: 처음 (cheo'eum)


가개

가〯개〮 (kǎkáy)

Korean: 가게 (gage)


ᄇᆞᅀᆞ다

Korean: 바수다 (basuda) (yang-vowel form)

Korean: 부수다 (busuda) (yin-vowel form)


셤

Early Modern Korean: 셤 (syem), 섬 (sem)

Korean: 섬 (seom)

Jeju: 섬 (seom)

First attested in the 使高麗錄, 1123, as Late Old Korean 苫.
Possibly related to Baekje 斯麻 (*syema, “island”) and Japanese 島 (shima, “island”).

ko-etym-native

셤〯 안해〮 자〮시ᇙ 제〮 한〮비〮 사ᄋᆞ〮리로ᄃᆡ〮 뷔〯어ᅀᅡ〮 ᄌᆞ〮ᄆᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮

1447, “Stanza 67”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

When [General Yi] stationed [his troops] on [Wihwa] Island, heavy rain fell for three days; only after [they] cleared themselves away from it, the [island] was submerged.

syěm ành-áy cásìlq céy hánpí sàól-ì-lwòtóy pwǔyGèzá cómòníngìtá


셤

Early Modern Korean: 셤 (syem), 섬 (sem)

Korean: 섬 (seom)

Jeju: 섬 (seom)

그듸ᄂᆞᆫ〮 긼〮ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᆡᆺ ᄇᆞ리〮옛〮ᄂᆞᆫ 모〮ᄉᆞᆯ 보디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞᄂᆞᆫ다〮 […] ᄒᆞᆫ 셤〮만〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 녯〯 므〮레 蛟龍이〮 갈맛〮ᄂᆞ니〮라

1481, “君不見簡蘇徯 / 군불견간소혜”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 19:45b:

Have you not seen by the roadside a deserted pond? […] In that seom of old water, there hides the Jiaolong.

kùtùy-nón kíl-s-kǒz-òy-s pòlíyéysnòn mwós-òl pwòtí àníhònòntá […] hòn syém-mán hòn nyěy-s múl-èy KYWO.LYWONG-í kàlmásnònílà


츩

Korean: 칡 (chik)


ᄉᆞᄌᆞ

Korean: 사자 (saja)


올ᄒᆡ

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올ᄒᆡ〮 (wòlhóy)

Korean: 올해 (olhae)

옳 (wolh, “this year”) + -ᄋᆡ (-oy, locative particle). Etymologically unrelated to 오다 (oda, “to come”) and ᄒᆡ (hoy, “year”).


가ᄉᆞᆷ

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가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (kàsóm) (locative 가ᄉᆞ〮매〮 (kàsóm-áy))

가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (canonical)
kàsóm (romanization)
가ᄉᆞ〮매〮 (locative)

Korean: 가슴 (gaseum)


긑

긑〮 (kúth) (isolated 귿〮 (kút), locative 그테〮 (kùth-éy))

긑〮 (canonical)
kúth (romanization)
그테〮 (locative)

Korean: 끝 (kkeut)

末(마ᇙ〮)ᄋᆞᆫ〮 그〮티라〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 9:2b:


앒

앒 (àlph) (isolated 앏 (àlp), locative 알ᄑᆡ〮 (àlph-óy))

Korean: 앞 (ap)


졎

졎〮 (cyéc) (isolated 졋〮 (cyés), locative 져제〮 (cyèc-éy))

졎〮 (canonical)
cyéc (romanization)
져제〮 (locative)

Korean: 젖 (jeot)


ᄲᅢ티다

Korean: 빼다 (ppaeda)

1576, 《신증유합 / 新增類合》 하 11:ㄱ

拔 ᄲᅢ틸 발.


ᄲᅡ이다

Korean: 빼다 (ppaeda)

1581, 《속삼강행실도 /續三綱行實圖》 중간본 충 1:ㄱ
도적이 노ᄒᆞ야 칼을 ᄲᅡ야
twoceki nwohoya khalul spaya

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


ᄲᅢ다

Korean: 빼다 (ppaeda)

1617, 《동국신속삼강행실도 / 東國新續三綱行實圖》 열1ㄱ
죄로ᄡᅥ 두 누ᄂᆞᆯ ᄲᅢ고 ᄇᆡ예 두어.
cwoylwopse twu nwunol spaykwo poyyey twue.


부화

Korean: 부아 (bua)


코ᇰᄑᆞᆺ

khwong.phos (romanization)
코ᇰᄑᆞᆾ (alternative)
코ᇰᄑᆞᇧ (alternative)

Korean: 콩팥 (kongpat)

A combined form of 코ᇰ (khwong, “soybean”) and ᄑᆞᆺ (phos, “red bean”), due to their physical similarities with human kidney.

1527, 《훈몽자회 / 訓蒙字會》 상:14ㄱ
腎 코ᇰᄑᆞᆺ 신.


파라ᄒᆞ다

파〮라ᄒᆞ다〮 (phálàhòtá)

파〮라ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
phálàhòtá (romanization)

Korean: 파랗다 (parata)

Formed as a compound of the root *pA/E/Ur- ("blue-green") (eg. 프르— (pulu-, “to be blue or green”)) + ᄒᆞ— (ho-).


ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯ

isolated form spelling of ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆶ (kòzòlh, “fall, autumn”)


ᄀᆞᆺ

isolated form spelling of ᄀᆞᇫ〯 (kǒz, “edge”)


겨ᅀᆞᆯ

rare, unorthodox spelling of 겨ᅀᅳᆶ (kyezulh, “winter”)


졋

isolated form spelling of 졎 (cyec, “breast, milk”)


즛

isolated form spelling of 즈ᇫ〯 (cǔz, “act, appearance”)


기ᇧ다

기ᇧ다〮 (kìsktá) (infinitive 깃거〮 (kìské), sequential 깃그〮니〮 (kìskúní))

기ᇧ다〮 (canonical)
kìsktá (romanization)
깃거〮 (infinitive)
깃그〮니〮 (sequential)

⇒ Korean: 기쁘다 (gippeuda)

⇒ Korean: 기껍다 (gikkeopda)


ᄃᆞᇫ다

phonemically faithful spelling of ᄃᆞᆺ다 (tosta, “to love, to be warm”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


ᄲᅳᆯ

Jeju: 뿔 (ppul)

Korean: 뿔 (ppul)


ᄇᆞᆲ다

ᄇᆞᆲ〯다〮 (pǒlp-tá)

ᄇᆞᆲ〯다〮 (canonical)
pǒlp-tá (romanization)

Jeju: ᄇᆞᆲ다 (bawlda), ᄇᆞᆯ르다 (bawlleuda)

Korean: 밟다 (bapda)


ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞᆸ다

ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞᆸ〮다〮 (sòlàng-hóptá)

ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞᆸ〮다〮 (canonical)
sòlàng-hóptá (romanization)

Korean: 사랍다 (sarapda) (Yukjin)


진딧

Early Mandarin 真的 (EM *tʂintiᴿ, “really”) + -ㅅ (-s), the pronunciation of the first character influenced by the Sino-Korean reading of 眞.

眞(진)金(금)은〮 진딧〮 金(금)이〮라〮
CÌN.KÙM-ún cìntís KÙM-ílá
[The Chinese word] 眞金 means, "true gold".

1459, 《월인석보 / 月印釋譜》 7:29


진딧

진딧〮 업〯수미〮 아니〮니〮

1459, 《월인석보 / 月印釋譜》 1:36


우르다

우르다〮 (wùlùtá) (infinitive 울어〮, sequential 우르니〮)

우르다〮 (canonical)
wùlùtá (romanization)
울어〮 (infinitive)
우르니〮 (sequential)
우르다〮
우르고〮
울어〮 (infinitive)
우르면〮 (conditional)

Korean: 으르다 (eureuda, “to threaten”)

⇒ Korean: 우레 (ure, “thunder”)

desc

⇒ Korean: 으르렁 (eureureong, onomatopoeia of roaring)

⇒ Korean: 우렁차다 (ureongchada, “to be loud”)

From 울〯- (wǔl-, “to cry”) + -으- (-u-, causative suffix).

suf

멀허〮멧〮ᄆᆞ리〮우르고〮

1481, “杜位宅守歲 / 두위댁수세”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

The horses in the stables neigh loudly, and...

ᄀᆞᆯ며기ᄂᆞᆫ〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮개ᄅᆞᆯ싯고〮우르놋〮다

1481, “寄韋有夏卽中 / 기위유하즉중”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

kòlmyèkì-nón nólkày-lòl sìskwó wùlùnwóstà

그낤〮바〮ᄆᆡ〮버〯미ᄯᅩ와우르거늘〮

1511, “烈女圖 / 열녀도”, in 三綱行實圖 / 삼강행실도:

That night, the tiger came again and roared

(of an animal or bird) to roar, to bellow, to cry, to make a large sound

놀〯라〮怨(원)讐(슈)ㅣ여〮일ᄏᆞ라〮ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮울오〮ᄃᆡ〮

Surprised, he said, shouting most loudly, "You enemy [of mine]!"

nwǒllá WEN.SYWU-ìyé ìlkhòlá kòcáng wùlGwótóy

세서레곧能(느ᇰ)히키우르ᄂᆞ니

At the age of three, he could straightaway shout loudly

ᄇᆞᄅᆞ매우르는소리란버믈드르리로소니

1481, “水宿遣興奉呈群公 / 수숙견흥봉정군공”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

for the sound of the roar of the wind is like listening to a tiger

polom-ay wulunun swoli-lan pem-ul tululilwoswoni

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ〮미우르니〮믌〮氣(긔)運(운)이〮ᄠᅦᆺ〮도다〮

1481, “立秋雨院中有作 / 입추우원중유작”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

as the river roars, how the water's mist is afloat!

kòlóm-ì wùlùní múl-s KUY.WUN-í ptéystwòtá

(figurative, of a natural object) to roar, to rage


빟다

head

빟다〮 (pìthá) (infinitive 비허〮, sequential 비흐니〮)

빟다〮 (canonical)
pìthá (romanization)
비허〮 (infinitive)
비흐니〮 (sequential)
비타〮 (past)
비흐니〮라〮 (past)
비흔가〮 (interrogative past)
비흐녀〮 (interrogative past)
비흔고〮 (interrogative past)
비흐뇨〮 (interrogative past)
비흔다〮 (interrogative past)
비후〮라〮 (past)
빈ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
빈ᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (present)
빈ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
빈ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
빈ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
빈ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
빈ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
빈노〮라〮 (present)
비흐리〮라〮
비흐ᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
비흐려〮 (interrogative)
비흐ᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
비흐료〮 (interrogative)
비흐ᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
비후〮리라〮
비터〮라〮
비터〮니라〮
비턴〮가〮 (interrogative)
비터〮녀〮 (interrogative)
비턴〮고〮 (interrogative)
비터〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
비턴〮다〮 (interrogative)
비타〮라〮
비허〮다〮
비허〮니라〮
비허〮녀〮 (interrogative)
비허〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
비헌〮다〮 (interrogative)
비콰〮라〮
비후〮마〮
비쳐〮
비흐라〮 (imperative interrogative)
비코〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
비흔뎌〮
비흘쎠〮
비토〮다〮
비톳〮다〮
비헤〮라〮
비흐ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비흐니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비흐니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
비흐니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
비후〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
빈ᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
빈ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
빈ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
빈ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
빈노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
비흐리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비흐리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
비흐리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
비후〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비싸〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비흐쇼〮셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
비코〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (imperative interrogative)
비헤〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비흐시〮다〮 (past)
비흐시〮니라〮 (past)
비흐시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
비흐시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
비흐시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
비터〮시다〮 (interrogative)
비터〮시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
비허〮시다〮
비허〮시〮니라〮
비흐시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비흐시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비흐시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
비흐시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
비흐시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
비터〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
비터〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
비허〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비허〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비ᄊᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
비ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
비ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
비ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
비ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
비ᄊᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
비ᄊᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
비ᄊᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
비ᄊᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
비코〮
비흐며〮
비타가〮
비흐니〮 (causative)
비허〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
비흘ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
비콴〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
비흐면〮 (interrogative present)
비허〮든〮 (interrogative present)
비흔대〮 (interrogative present)
비헌〮댄〮 (interrogative present)
비흐나〮 (interrogative present)
비후〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
비흔ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
비헌〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
비후〮려〮 (interrogative)
비코〮져〮 (interrogative)
비콰〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
비허〮 (infinitive)
비흔 (past)
빈ᄂᆞᆫ (present)
비흐ᇙ (infinitive present)
비흐ᇙ (present)
비훈〮 (past)
빈논〮 (present)
비후ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
비후ᇙ〮 (present)
비흐신〮 (past)
비흐시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
비흐시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
비흐시ᇙ〮 (present)
비훔〮 (causative past present)
비훔〮 (past present)
비흐샴〮 (infinitive present)
비흐샴〮 (present)

Perhaps from earlier **비ᄒᆞ다〮 (**pìhòtá), from 비〮 (pí, “rain”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota, “to do”), subsequently contracted via the common reduction of ᄒᆞ- (ho-) into ㅎ- (h-). Compare 낳다〮 (nàhtá, “to give birth”), hypothesized to have been derived in the same manner from 나다〮 (nàtá, “to come out”).

이〮제 世(셰)尊(존)이〮 큰〮 法(법)을〮 니르시며〮 큰〮 法(법)雨(우)를〮 비흐시〮며〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 13:26:

Now the World-Honored [Buddha] utters the Great Dharma and scatters the Great Dharma Rain

香(햐ᇰ) 퓌우며〮 곳 비허〮 太(태)子(ᄌᆞ)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 供(고ᇰ)養(야ᇰ)ᄒᆞ〮ᅀᆞᆸ고〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 11:9:

Spreading perfume and scattering flowers, one makes offerings to the Prince

靑(쳐ᇰ)蓮(련)華(화)애〮 抹(말)香(햐ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞᄃᆞ기 다마〮 그 우희〮 供(고ᇰ)養(야ᇰ)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 비코〮

1463, 妙法蓮華經諺解 / 묘법연화경언해 [Myobeopyeonhwagyeong eonhae], page 6:182:

One fills the top of the green lotus [seeds] with powder incense, and scatters them as an offering


냏

냏〯 (canonical)
nǎyh (romanization)
나리 (alternative archaic)

Korean: 내 (nae)

ᄉᆡ〯-미〮 기픈〮 므〮-른〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ-래〮 아니〮 그츨〮ᄊᆡ〮 내〯-히〮 이러〮 바ᄅᆞ〮-래〮 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The water from a deep spring, for a drought dries it not, becomes a stream and flows into the sea.

sǒym-í kìphún múl-ún kómòl-áy àní kùchúlssóy nǎyh-í ìlé pàlól-áy kánòní


힐후다

hilhwuta (romanization)
힐후〮다〮
힐후〮고〮
힐후〮어〮 (infinitive)
힐후〮면〮 (conditional)

Appears to be a derived causative of the unattested verb *힐다 (*hilta).

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ해〮셔〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 理(리) 버ᅌᅳᆫ〮 ᄯᅡ〮히라〮 世(셰)間(간)과〮 힐후〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞᆯ씨〮라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 7:5:

It is a land five leagues away from the town, where one does not dispute with the world

(with 숨 (swum, “breath”) as subject) to pant

굽힐후다

밀힐후다

(in compounds) to repeat (frequentative auxiliary)

고티힐후다

(in compounds) auxiliary of unclear meaning attached to verbs related to change of state or location


고마ᄂᆞᄅᆞ

고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (canonical)
Kwòmánòlò (romanization)
熊津 (hanja)

Equivalent to 곰〯 (kwǒm, “bear”) + ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (nòlò, “ford”). The name of the town was also historically written with logograms as 熊津 (Ung Jin, “Bear Ford”).
The first element preserves the ancestral form of Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm). The rising pitch in the latter word implies that the pre-Middle Korean form was bisyllabic, and a parallel likely exists in Japanese 熊 (kuma, “bear”).
This toponym is first attested in the eighth-century Japanese history Nihon Shoki, which writes the Baekje name of the same town as 久麻那利 (*Kuma-nari).

Gongju, ancient capital town of the kingdom of Baekje


갈두

Probably from 갏 (kalh, “knife”) + Sino-Korean 두(頭) (twu, “head, tip”), in reference to the shape of the peak. There are still about a dozen attested locales called 갈두 (Galdu) in modern Korea, most of which are also called 갈머리 (Galmeori) using the native alternative 머리 (meori) for "head".

Various peaks in Korea, notably:
A peak in Anju, modern North Korea

Various peaks in Korea, notably:
Jeoldu-san, a rocky promontory in Seoul


듬바되

듬바되〮 (canonical)
Tùmpàtwóy (romanization)
澄波渡 (hanja)

This is one of the few place names in the Yongbi eocheonga without a transparent Korean, Chinese, or Jurchen etymology.

unk

A famous crossing over the Imjin River, now in Yeoncheon County near the Korean Demilitarized Zone


투먼가ᇰ

투먼〮가ᇰ (canonical)
Thwùmén-kàng (romanization)
豆滿江 (hanja)
豆漫江 (hanja)

desc

⇒ Korean: 두만강(豆滿江) (Duman'gang, “Tumen River”)

From Jurchen tumən (“ten thousand”) + Middle Sino-Korean 가ᇰ (Yale: kàng, “river”, 江). The modern Korean name 두만강 (豆滿江, duman'gang, “Tumen River”) derives from an orthodox Sino-Korean reading of the hanja spelling.

Tumen River, border between Korea and the Tungusic peoples


고마

head

고〯마〮 (kwŏmá)

desc

⇒ Korean: 고맙다 (gomapda, “to be thankful”)

⇒ Central Korean: 고매굴다 (gomaegulda, “to respect, to behave with gratitude”)


고마

From Middle Mongol ᠬᠤᠮᠠ (quma, “concubine”), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *Koma (“concubine”). Compare Karakhanid قُمَ (quma) and Turkish kuma.


쟈ᇰ긔

쟈ᇰ〯긔 (canonical)
cyǎngkùy (romanization)

Korean: 장기 (janggi)

니ᄅᆞ거ᄂᆞᆯ〮드로〮니長(댜ᇰ)安(안)ㅣ바독〮쟈ᇰ〯긔ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ니〮

1481, 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae], page 6:7b:

According to what they say, Chang'an is like a game of go and chess


ᄆᆡᆸ다

head

ᄆᆡᆸ다〮 (mòyptá)

Korean: 맵다 (maepda)

1447 석보상절 (seokbosangjeol) 3:21ㄴ
猛ᄋᆞᆫ ᄆᆡᄫᆞᆯ 씨라

1510 번역박통사 (beonyeokbaktongsa) 23ㄴ
이 ᄒᆞᆫ 손 두미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ ᄆᆡᆸ다
i hon swon twumi kocang moypta


거믜

Jeju: 거여미 (geoyeomi)

Korean: 거미 (geomi)


기릐

Korean: 길이 (giri)

From 길— (kil-, “to be long”) + -의 (-ui, “noun-derivative suffix”).


딮

Korean: 짚 (jip)


ᄠᅳᆮ

Korean: 뜻 (tteut)


어려ᄫᅮᆷ

Korean: 어려움 (eoryeoum)

Substantive form of 어렵다 (elyepta, “to be difficult”).


다대골

다대골〯 (canonical)
Tàtàykwǒl (romanization)

다대 (Tàtày, “Tatar; barbarian”) + 골〯 (kwǒl, “vale”).

af

a settlement of Tatars or Mongols in modern Hongwon County, North Korea


바톨

From Middle Mongol ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ (baɣatur, “hero”).


ᄉᆞᆱ다

Korean: 삶다 (samda)


기름믈

From 기름 (kilum, “oil; fat”) + 믈 (mul, “water”).


도산

First attested in the Beonyeok Bak Tongsa (飜譯朴通事 / 번역박통사), before 1517.


묗

Korean: 뫼 (moe)

From pre-MK <*mwòrV́h>. See modern Korean 뫼 (moe) for more.


ᄠᅳᆮ다

Korean: 뜯다 (tteutda)

to extort, levy (fine, penalty, tax, tenth)


므스

This is one of four related Middle Korean interrogatives all beginning with /mɨsɨ-/: 므스 (musu), 므슥 (musuk), 므슴 (musum), and 므슷 (musus). The precise etymological relationship between the four remains unclear.

師(ᄉᆞ)ㅣ ᄯᅩ 니ᄅᆞ샤ᄃᆡ 네 일후믄 므스고

1496, 六祖法寶壇經諺解 / 육조법보단경언해 [Korean Translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch], page 56b:

The master said also, "What is your name?"

SO-i stwo nilosyatoy ne-y ilhwum-un musu-kwo


므스

q

contraction from <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">므스 것</i> (musu kes, “what thing”)

⇒ Early Modern Korean: 므섯 (muses, “what”), 므엇 (meueot, “what”) (contraction from 므스 것 (musu kes, “what thing”))

Korean: 무엇 (mueot, “what”), 뭐 (mwo)

내〮 므스〮 거시〮 不(불)足(죡)ᄒᆞ료〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:24a:

므스 일 ᄒᆞ다가 온다

1496, 六祖法寶壇經諺解 / 육조법보단경언해 [Korean Translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch], page 95a:


므스

(interrogative) alternative form of 므슴 (musum, “how could...”)


므슥

This is one of four related Middle Korean interrogatives all beginning with /mɨsɨ-/: 므슥 (musuk), 므스 (musu), 므슴 (musum), and 므슷 (musus). The precise etymological relationship between the four remains unclear.

누〯를〮ᄃᆞ려〮 므스〮기라〮 ᄒᆞ〮시랴〮

1447, Sejong the Great, 月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡 [Worin cheon'gang jigok], page 56b:


므슷

므슷〮 이〯리 이시리〮오

mùsús ǐl-ì ìsìlíwò


곰ᄇᆡ

desc

⇒ Early Modern Korean: 곰븨님븨 (kwompuynimpuy) (derived ideophone)

Korean: 곰비임비 (gombiimbi, “recurrently, stackingly”)

⇒ Early Modern Korean: 님븨곰븨 (nimpuykwompuy) (derived ideophone)

In the highly archaic fifteenth-century song "Dongdong", the speaker says that she receives virtue in "kwompoy" and fortune in "limpoy". The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Yang 1947, the first major study of the work, believed that kwompoy and limpoy were two vessels used in the ceremonial dance that accompanied the singing of "Dongdong", connecting the second syllable poy to Sino-Korean 杯 (bēi, “cup”). Note, however, that the "Dongdong" manuscript marked all Sino-Korean words as such, whereas kwompoy and limpoy were written as fully native words.

Yang also speculated a connection to sailors' jargon 고물 (gomul, “stern of a ship”) and 이물 (imul, “bow of a ship”), with kwompoy perhaps referring to something towards the back and limpoy to something towards the front.

Park 1968 connected kwompoy to 검 (geom, “deity”) and limpoy to 님 (nim, “lord”), and speculated that the first was an invocation of the divine and the second a reference to the monarch.

Kim 2000 suggested that kwompoy and limpoy were two different movements in the choreography of the dance.

Park 2018 suggested that kwompoy and limpoy are divine locations from which human virtue and fortune originate, noting that the contemporaneous history Goryeosa states that "Dongdong" was inspired by the "language of the immortals".

德(덕)으란 곰ᄇᆡ예 받ᄌᆞᆸ고 福(복)으란 림ᄇᆡ예 받ᄌᆞᆸ고 德(덕)이여 福(복)이라 호ᄂᆞᆯ 나ᅀᆞ라 오소ᅌᅵ다

14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):

As for virtue, I receive it in kwompoy; as for fortune, I receive it in limpoy; I have come to present what is called virtue and fortune.

TEK-ulan kwompoy-yey patcopkwo PWOK-ulan limpoy-yey patcopkwo TEK-iye PWOK-ila hwon-ol nazola woswongita


림ᄇᆡ

In the highly archaic fifteenth-century song "Dongdong", the speaker says that she receives virtue in "kwompoy" and fortune in "limpoy". The meaning of this term is uncertain.


소옴

Korean: 솜 (som)


더디다

던지다 (deonjida)


ᄇᆡᄎᆡ

head

ᄇᆡ〯ᄎᆡ〮 (pǒychóy)

ᄇᆡ〯ᄎᆡ〮 (canonical)
pǒychóy (romanization)

Early Modern Korean: ᄇᆡᄎᆡ (poychoy)

Korean: 배추 (baechu)

Jeju: 베치 (bechi)

From Early Mandarin 白菜 (EM *pajᴸᴸtsʰajᴰ).

菘 ᄇᆡ〯ᄎᆡ〮 쇼ᇰ 俗呼白菜

1527, 《훈몽자회》 상:7


스싀로

스싀〮로〮 (sùsúy-lwó)

스싀〮로〮 (canonical)
sùsúy-lwó (romanization)

Korean: 스스로 (seuseuro)

From Old Korean 自衣以 (SUSuy-lwo), equivalent to 스싀〮 (sùsúy, “(by) oneself”) + 로〮 (-lwó, instrumental particle).

스싀〮로〮 가〮 밥〮 어〯더〮 스싀〮로〮 먹고〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 11:40b:

She went by herself to get rice, and ate by herself

by oneself, on one's own, without assistance


부텨

Korean: 부처 (bucheo)

龍(료ᇰ)鬼(귀) 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(셜)法(법)ᄒᆞ〮샤미〮 부텻 나〮히〮 셜흔〮둘〯히러〮시니

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:

Buddha was thirty-two years old when he preached his teachings to dragons and ghosts.

王(와ᇰ)이〮 부텨를〮 닐웨〮 供(고ᇰ)養(야ᇰ)ᄒᆞ〮ᅀᆞᆸ고〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 7:52b:

The king makes offerings to Buddha [for] seven days, and...

부톄〯 阿(아)難(난)ᄃᆞ려〮 니ᄅᆞ샤〮ᄃᆡ〮 […]

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 [Neung'eomgyeong eonhae], page 1:85b:

大(대)衆(쥬ᇰ) 中(듀ᇰ)에〮 다시〮 부텨ᄭᅴ〮 ᄉᆞᆯ오〮ᄃᆡ〮 부텨 니ᄅᆞ샴〮 […]

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 [Neung'eomgyeong eonhae], page 10:76b:

[Ānanda], among his peers, asks again to Buddha, "Buddha said […] "

一(일)切(쳬) 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 다〯 반ᄃᆞ〮기 부텨 ᄃᆞ〮욀 ᄄᆞᆯ〮 알〯면〮 엇〯뎨〮 업〯시〮우미〮 이시리〮오〮

1463, 法華經諺解 / 법화경언해 [Beophwagyeong eonhae], page 6:78b:

How could contempt exist if one knows everyone will become one with Buddha?


바ᇧ

바ᇧ (pàsk) (isolated 밧 (pàs), locative 밧긔〮 (pàsk-úy))

Korean: 밖 (bak)


여ᅀᆞ

yèzò (romanization)
여ᇫㅇ- (connective)
여ᅀᅳ (alternative)

Jeju: 여시 (yeosi)

Korean: 여우 (yeou)


수을

swùùl (romanization)
수울 (alternative)
술 (alternative)

Korean: 술 (sul)

From Old Korean *수블 (swùpùl), as seen in Jilin leishi forms 酥孛 and 蘇孛 (*swupul~*swuWul).
A form containing some bilabial consonant was perhaps used as late as the 15th century; see 數本 (*swùWùl) in the Chaoxian Guan Yi Yu (朝鮮官譯語, early 15c.). However, such form is not directly attested in the currently available Middle Korean corpus, making this word one of the earlier examples of the /p > W > w/ chain shift.
The form 수울 (swuwul) reflects rounding of the second vowel due to the above shift, whereas this form shows typical dissimilation of the same vowel caused by the preceding /wu/.


짛다

짛다〮 (cìhtá) (infinitive 지허〮, sequential 지흐니〮)

짛다〮 (canonical)
cìhtá (romanization)
지허〮 (infinitive)
지흐니〮 (sequential)
지타〮
지코〮
지허〮 (infinitive)
지흐면〮 (conditional)

This verb is attested only in association with three quite divergent entities: packsaddles, bowstrings, and names of people or objects.
Lee Ki-moon suggests that at least some senses of the verb, including that of "name", represent a compound of the verbs 지 (ci-, “to bear (a load, etc.)”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota, “to do”) with a derived causative sense, thus meaning "to cause to bear". A potential derivational relationship between 지다 and 짛다 has been proposed by other Korean scholars as well. Yi 2006 alternatively suggests that the primary meaning of this verb was "to tie", with the "name" sense arising from a figurative expression in which a name is something "tied" to the person.
The verb was lost in the seventeenth century, apparently due to merging with 짓다 (jitda, “to build”).

사ᄅᆞᆷ 블러 그 象(샤ᇰ)애 金(금) 기르마 지허 ᄲᆞᆯ리 잇거 내라 ᄒᆞ고

They called a person and told him to tie a golden packsaddle to that elephant and quickly lead it out

salom pulle ku SYANG-ay KUM kiluma cihe spolli iske nayla hokwo

홠시우를 지허 우흘 向(햐ᇰ)ᄒᆞ야 노코

1466, 救急方諺解 (Gugeupbang eonhae), page 1:61a:

Stringing the bowstring and placing it facing up

hwal-s siwul-ul cihe wuh-ul HYANG-hoya nokhwo

(transitive) to string a bow for shooting

各(각〮)別(벼ᇙ〮)히〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 그〮를〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라〮 일훔〮 지허〮 ᄀᆞ로〮ᄃᆡ〮 釋(셕〮)譜(봉〯)詳(싸ᇰ)節(져ᇙ〮)이〮라〮 ᄒᆞ고〮

1447, Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 (Seokbo sangjeol), pages Intro: 4b—5a:

I specially composed a written work and named it, calling it the "Seokbo sangjeol"

KÁK.PYÉLQ-hí hòn kúl-úl mòyngkólá ìlhwúm cìhé kòlwótóy SYÉK.PWǑ.SSYÀNG.CYÉLQ-ílá hòkwó

(transitive, with object 일훔〮 (ìlhwúm, “name”)) to give (a name), to christen, to name (a person, an object, etc.)


갓갑다

갓갑〯다〮 (kàskǎptá) (infinitive 갓가ᄫᅡ〮, sequential 갓가ᄫᆞ〮니〮)

갓갑〯다〮 (canonical)
kàskǎptá (romanization)
갓가ᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)
갓갑〯다〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞᆫ〮가〮 (interrogative past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
갓가ᄫᆞᆫ〮고〮 (interrogative past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
갓가ᄫᆞᆫ〮다〮 (interrogative past)
갓가ᄫᅩ〮라〮 (past)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯노라〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮리라〮
갓가ᄫᆞᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮려〮 (interrogative)
갓가ᄫᆞᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮료〮 (interrogative)
갓가ᄫᆞᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
갓가ᄫᅩ〮리라〮
갓갑〯더라〮
갓갑〯더〮니라〮
갓갑〯던가〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯더녀〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯던고〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯더뇨〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯던다〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯다라〮
갓가ᄫᅩ〮마〮
갓갑〯져〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
갓갑〯고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
갓가ᄫᆞᆫ〮뎌〮
갓가ᄫᆞᆯ〮쎠〮
갓갑〯도다〮
갓갑〯돗다〮
갓가ᄫᅢ〮라〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
갓가ᄫᅩ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
갓갑〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
갓가ᄫᅩ〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갓갑〯사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
갓가ᄫᅢ〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시다〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시〮니라〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯거〮시다〮
갓갑〯거시〮니라〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갓갑〯거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯거다〮
갓갑〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮
갓갑〯고〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮며〮
갓갑〯다가〮
갓가ᄫᆞ〮니〮 (causative)
갓갑〯거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
갓가ᄫᆞᆯ〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
갓갑〯관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮면〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯거든〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᆞᆫ〮대〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯건댄〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮나〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᅩ〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
갓갑〯건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
갓가ᄫᅩ〮려〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯고져〮 (interrogative)
갓갑〯과뎌〮 (interrogative)
갓가ᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
갓가ᄫᆞᆫ〮 (past)
갓갑〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᆞᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
갓가ᄫᆞᇙ〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᅩᆫ〮 (past)
갓갑〯논〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᅩᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
갓가ᄫᅩᇙ〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮신〮 (past)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
갓가ᄫᅩᆷ〮 (causative past present)
갓가ᄫᅩᆷ〮 (past present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
갓가ᄫᆞ〮샴〮 (present)

Korean: 가깝다 (gakkapda)

Most plausibly from the unattested verbal root *가ᄌᆞᆨ- (*kacok-, probably "to approach") + -아ᇦ〯- (-ǎW-, adjective-deriving suffix). Dialects not directly descended from Middle Korean commonly preserve the original root.

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ히〮 멀〯면〮 乞(걸〮)食(식〮)ᄒᆞ디〮 어렵〮고〮 하〮 갓가ᄫᆞ〮면〮 조〮티 몯〯ᄒᆞ리〮니〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:23b:

If the village is far away, it would be difficult to beg for food, and if it is close, it wouldn't be clean.

그 모〮시〮 城(셔ᇰ)에〮 갓갑〯고〮 龍(료ᇰ)王(와ᇰ)宮(구ᇰ)殿(뎐〯)이〮 그 못〮 가온〮ᄃᆡ〮 잇거든〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:30a:

The pond is close to the castle, and the palace of the Dragon King is situated in the middle of that pond.

to be close, near; (verbally) to become close, near; to approach


ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ다

ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (mòyngkóltá) (infinitive ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라〮 (mòyngkólá), sequential ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮니〮 (mòyngkóní))

ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (canonical)
mòyngkóltá (romanization)
ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라〮 (infinitive)
ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Jeju: 멩글다 (menggeulda)

Korean: 맹글다 (maenggeulda) (dialectal)

새〮로〮 스〮믈〮여듧〮 字(ᄌᆞ)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮노니〮

1446, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본 [Hunmin jeongeum eonhae]:

I have newly created twenty-eight letters

優(우)塡(뎐)王(와ᇰ)이〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론〮 金(금)像(샤ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 象(샤ᇰ)애〮 싣〯ᄌᆞᄫᅡ〮 가〮더니〮 […]

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 11:13a:

[As they] move the golden Buddha statue made by King Udayana on an elephant […]


집웋

Korean: 지붕 (jibung)


ᄡᅳᆯ게

Korean: 쓸개 (sseulgae)


ᄌᆡ조

Korean: 재주 (jaeju)


-ᄫᆞ-

Yang-vowel form of -ᄫᅳ- (-Wù-, adjective-deriving suffix)


스스ᇰ

Korean: 스승 (seuseung)


업시

Korean: 없이 (eopsi)


ᅀᅲᆺ

Korean: 윷 (yut)

4 points (made by a cast of yut sticks).


잇브다

잇브다〮 (ìspùtá) (infinitive 잇버〮 (ìspé), sequential 잇브니〮 (ìspùní))

잇브다〮 (canonical)
ìspùtá (romanization)
잇버〮 (infinitive)
잇브니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: 잇부다 (ispwuta)

From 잋다 (ich-ta, “to weary”) + -브- (-pu-, adjective-deriving suffix).

suffix

衆(쥬ᇰ〮)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 度(또〮)脫(퇄〮)ᄒᆞ〮샤〮 잇부〮믈〮 마〯디〮 아니〮 ᄒᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 21b:115b:

He liberates the sentient beings from craving, he does not refrain from being weary [for this task]

to be tired, to be weary, to be exhausted


-ᄫᅳ-

-Wù- (alternative)
-ㅂ- (alternative)
-ㅸ- (alternative)
-브- (alternative)
-ᄇᆞ- (alternative)

A suffix attaching to verbal stems to derive adjectives.


ᄉᆡᇰ각ᄒᆞ다

head

ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (sóyngkák-hòtá)

ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
sóyngkák-hòtá (romanization)

Korean: 생각하다 (saenggakhada)

From ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮 (sóyngkák, “idea, thought”) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá, verbalizing suffix).


아ᄎᆞᆫᄯᆞᆯ

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아ᄎᆞᆫ〮ᄯᆞᆯ〮 (àchónstól)

아ᄎᆞᆫ〮ᄯᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
àchónstól (romanization)


요ᄉᆞᅀᅵ

Korean: 요사이 (yosai)

요 (ywo, “this”) + ᄉᆞᅀᅵ (sozi, “space between”).


ᄀᆞᆮ다

head

ᄀᆞᆮ다〮 (kòttá)

desc

⇒ Korean: 가로다 (garoda), 가라사대 (garasadae), 일컫다 (ilkeotda)

Jeju: ᄀᆞᆮ다 (gawtda)

無盡意 묻ᄌᆞᄫᆞ샤ᄃᆡ, 엇던 因緣으로 觀世音 일훔을 이리 ᄀᆞᆮᄂᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ가?

Akṣayamati asked, "For what reason do you say the name of Avalokiteśvara like so?"


안도도다

head

안〯도도〮다〮 (ǎntwòtwótá)

안〯도도〮다〮 (canonical)
ǎntwòtwótá (romanization)
안〯도도〮다〮
안〯도도〮고〮
안〯도도〮아〮 (infinitive)
안〯도도〮면〮 (conditional)

From 안〯— (ǎn-, “to embrace”) + 도도〮다〮 (twòtwótá, “to raise”).

compound

太(태)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅣ ᄌᆞ라시ᇙ 제 졎어미 네히 안도도아 기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ니

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 20:39a:

When the prince was growing up, four wet nurses raised him with embracing and nurturing

to embrace and nurture, to nurture with embraces


즘게

→ Korean: 즘게 (jeumge)

ᄇᆞ〮야미〮 가〯칠〮 므러〮 즘겟〮 가〮재〮 연ᄌᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 7”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheonga]:

The snake held the magpie in its mouth and placed it on the branch of a large tree

póyàm-í kǎchí-l mùlé cùmkéy-s kác-áy yèncòní

뫼〯히며〮 수프〮리며〮 즘게〮며〮 무더〮멧〮 神(씬)靈(려ᇰ)을〮 請(쳐ᇰ〮)ᄒᆞ고〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 9:17a:

They call on the spirits which are on the mountains and in the forests and on the great trees and in the graves

mwǒyh-ìmyé swùphúl-ìmyé cùmkéy-myé mwùtém-éy-s SSÌN.LYÈNG-úl CHYÉNG-hòkwó


즘게

a distance of thirty li, around twelve kilometres


바오달

From Middle Mongol ᠪᠠᠭᠣᠳᠠᠯ (baɣodal, “camp”), whence also modern Mongolian буудал (buudal).

營(여ᇰ) 바오달〮 여ᇰ

1527, 崔世珍 [Choe Se-jin], 訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회 [Hunmong jahoe]:

[The Chinese word] 營 /营 (yíng) [means] "encampment" [and is pronounced] yèng.

an encampment, such as for a military host or for the royal entourage


이ᄅᆞ삶다

Korean: 이뤄삶다 (irwosamda)


바회

Korean: 바위 (bawi)

1447, 《석보상절 / 釋譜詳節》 9:24 ㄴ
ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ ᄀᆞ〮티 션 바회〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 石(썩〮)壁(벽〮)이〮라〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮
pòlòm kát-hì syèn pàhwóy-lól SSÉK.PYÉK-ílá hónónìlá
A rock that stands like a wall is called 石壁 (shíbì) [Chinese for "cliff, precipice"].


거우루

거우〮루 (canonical)
거우로 (alternative)
거으로 (alternative)

Korean: 거울 (geoul, “mirror”)

Modern dialectal 게골 (gegol, “mirror”) suggests that the Proto-Korean form may have had a leniting velar in the second syllable.

가ᄌᆞᆯ〮비〮건댄〮 ᄆᆞᆯᄀᆞᆫ〮 거우〮뤼 여러〮 가짓〮 色(ᄉᆡᆨ〮)像(쌰ᇰ〯) 디니〮ᄃᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆞ니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 11:81a:

To draw an analogy, it is as with how the clear mirror contains images of various kinds


삿기

Korean: 새끼 (saekki)


아ᄅᆞᆷ답다

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아ᄅᆞᆷ〮답다〮 (àlóm-tàptá)

아ᄅᆞᆷ〮답다〮 (canonical)
àlóm-tàptá (romanization)

Korean: 아름답다 (areumdapda)


누의

Jeju: 누의 (nuui)

Korean: 누이 (nu'i)

⇒ Korean: 누나 (nuna)

Ultimately appears to be from pre-Middle Korean */nup/ "sister" with the euphonic noun suffix 이 (-i) attached, as seen by the final vocalism in the Gyeongsang dialect form 누부 (nubu, “older sister of a male”) which is incompatible if the vowel -i was always part of the root. The phonologically conservative Gyeongsang dialect and Yukjin dialects conserve the original /p~b/ in this word.

네〯 아ᄃᆞ〮리〮 各(각〮)各(각〮) 어〮마님〯내〮 뫼〯ᅀᆞᆸ고〮 누의님〯내〮 더브〮러〮 즉〮자히〮 나〮가니〮 力(륵〮)士(ᄊᆞᆼ〯)와〮 百(ᄇᆡᆨ〮)姓(셔ᇰ〮)ᄃᆞᆯ〮히〮 만〯히〮 조차〮 가니〮라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:6b:

The four sons [of the king] left immediately, each accompanying their [own] mother and bringing their [own] sisters; many strong men and commoners went following them.


뫼ᅀᅡ리

뫼〯ᅀᅡ리〮 (mwǒyzàlí)

뫼〯ᅀᅡ리〮 (canonical)
mwǒyzàlí (romanization)

Korean: 메아리 (meari)

From 뫼〯 (mwǒy, “mountain”) + 살〯— (sǎl-, “to live”) + —이 (-i, noun suffix).


가큰도ᇰ

가큰〮도ᇰ (canonical)
Kàkhúntwòng (romanization)
加斤洞 (hanja)

The second element is the realis adnominal form of 크다 (khú-tá, “to be large”) and the third element is Sino-Korean 동(洞) (twong, “district”), but the first syllable is unclear.
In Hanja, the place is written 加斤洞. It has been proposed that the first syllable stemmed from a mistaken Sino-Korean reading of the character 加 (ka, “to add; more”) which had originally been intended as a logogram for Korean 더 (te, “more”), and thus that the original, purely native name was 더큰〮골〯 (Tè Khún Kwǒl, literally "the Bigger Town"). This is speculative, however.

unk

unclear.

a mountain ford over the Han River in Yeongwol County


달내

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달〮내〯 (Tálnǎy)

Korean: 달천 (Dalcheon), 달내 (Dallae)

The second element is 내〯 (nǎy, “stream”), but the first element is unclear.
There are several streams which still bear this native name in contemporary Korea, along with other locations that seem to be named after such a stream: 달내말/月(월)谷(곡)洞(동) (Dallaemal, literally "Talnay village"), 달내산/月(월)下(하)山(산) (Dallaesan, literally "Talnay Mountain"), and so forth. Many of these are written in Chinese with the character 月 (“moon”), to represent Modern Korean 달 (dal, “moon”). However, this cannot be the etymology of the attested Middle Korean names because the Middle Korean word for "moon" is ᄃᆞᆯ (tol), which has a different vowel. Similarly, the stream in Chungju is now connected to 달— (dal-, “to be sweet”) by folk etymology and is sometimes even written with the corresponding Chinese character 甘 (gān, “sweet”), but this is also impossible because the Middle Korean word for "to be sweet" was also ᄃᆞᆯ— (tol—) with the same incompatible vocalism.

unk

unclear

ruby

􂀿月􂁀(월)􂀿谷􂁀(곡)􂀿洞􂁀(동)

月(월)谷(곡)洞(동)

􂀿月􂁀(월)􂀿下􂁀(하)􂀿山􂁀(산)

月(월)下(하)山(산)

a tributary of the Han River running through Chungju, now called 달천(達川) (Dalcheon)

a stream in Chongju, now North Korea, today called 달천(㺚川) (Dalcheon)

달천(㺚川)
w:ko:달천 (정주시)

presumably other streams in Korea which are now called Dalcheon, Dallae, etc., although these are not attested in Middle Korean


머툰ᄂᆞᄅᆞ

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머툰〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (Mèthúnnòlò)

머툰〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (canonical)
Mèthúnnòlò (romanization)

The second element is ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (nòlò, “ford”), but the first element is unclear. It appears to be the realis adnominal form, with modulator present, of the verb or adjective *멑다 (meth-ta), but no such word is known in Middle Korean or any modern dialect. Alternatively, 머툰〮 (mèthún) may be a single morpheme, although it is still undecipherable.

unk

unclear

a ford across the lower Taedong River near Pyongyang


이ᅀᅵᇰ개

이〮ᅀᅵᇰ개〮 (canonical)
Ízìngkáy (romanization)
圍仍浦 (hanja)
어〮ᅀᅵᇰ개〮 (alternative)
어〮ᅀᅵᆷ개〮 (alternative)

The second element is 개〮 (káy, “tidal flat”), but the first element is unclear; the shape is not typical of native Middle Korean words, but the word does not appear to be Chinese. Given the existence of orthographic variation, there seems to have been confusion over the identity of the first component even during the period.

unclear

a beach with white sand in Kangryong, modern North Korea


및다

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및다〮 (mìchtá) (infinitive 미처〮 (mìché), sequential 미츠〮니〮 (mìchúní))

및다〮 (canonical)
mìchtá (romanization)
미처〮 (infinitive)
미츠〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 및다 (mitda, “to reach”)

百(ᄇᆡᆨ〮)分(분) 千(쳔)分(분) 百(ᄇᆡᆨ〮)千(쳔)萬(먼〮)億(ᅙᅳᆨ〮)分(분)에〮 ᄒᆞ나토〮 몯〯 미츠〮리니〮 算(솬〮)數(ᅀᅮᆼ〮) 譬(핑〮)喩(융〮)로〮 몯〯 아로ᇙ〮 배〮라〮

1447, Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절) 19:4b

It will not reach one in a hundred, nor one in a thousand, nor one in hundreds of thousands of tens of thousands of hundreds of millions; it is something which cannot be understood by analogy with numbers.

PÓYK.PWÙN CHYÈN.PWÙN PÓYK.CHYÈN.MÉN.QÚK.PWÙN-éy hònà-thwó mwǒt mìchú-lì-ní SWÁN.ZWÚ PHÍ.YWÚ-lwó mwǒt àl-wólq pá-ylá

泰(태)山(산)이 높다컨마ᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ 하ᄂᆞᆯ해 몬 밋거니와 / 님의 놉ᄑᆞ샨 恩(은)과 德(덕)과ᄂᆞᆫ 하ᄂᆞᆯ ᄀᆞ티 노ᄑᆞ샷다

late 15th century, “感君恩 (Gamguneun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa):

They say Mount Tai is high, but it cannot reach to the heavens
Yet the high grace and virtue of my lord are as high as the heavens.

THAY.SAN-i nwophta-khenmalon-on hanolh-ay mwon mis-keniwa / nim-uy nwopph-osyan UN-kwa TEK-kwa-non hanol kothi nwoph-osyas-ta


닐위다

닐〯위〯다〮 (nǐlGwǔytá)

닐〯위〯다〮 (canonical)
nǐlGwǔytá (romanization)
닐〯위〯다〮
닐〯위〯오〮
닐〯위여〮 (infinitive)
닐〯위면〮 (conditional)

From 닐다 (nil-ta, “to rise, to lift oneself”) + -우 (-Gwu-, causative suffix) + -이 (-i-, causative suffix).

suffix

過(광〮)去(컹〮)集(찝〮)이〮 現(ᅘᅧᆫ〮)在(ᄍᆡᆼ〮)苦(콩〯)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 닐〯위〯오〮 現(ᅘᅧᆫ〮)在(ᄍᆡᆼ〮)集(찝〮)이〮 未(밍〮)來(ᄅᆡᆼ)苦(콩〯) 닐〯위〮요ᄆᆞᆯ〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 14:33a:

[…] that the craving of the past causes present suffering to rise, and the craving of the present causes future suffering to rise.

to cause to rise, to cause to emerge, to bring about


계우다

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계우〮다〮 (kyèyGwútá) (infinitive 계워〮, sequential 계우〮니〮)

계우〮다〮 (canonical)
kyèyGwútá (romanization)
계워〮 (infinitive)
계우〮니〮 (sequential)
계오다 (alternative)

desc

⇒ Korean: 겹다 (gyeopda, “to be overcome by; to be excessive”)

Has the shape of *계다 (*kyey-ta, unknown intransitive verb) + -우- (-Gwu-, causative suffix), but no such relevant verb is attested. The only known verb in Middle Korean with the form 계다 (kyeyta) means "to pass (of time)", which is unlikely to be related.

그 제ᅀᅡ〮 ᄒᆡ〮 ᄃᆞ〮리〮 처〮ᅀᅥᆷ 나니〮라〮 그 後(후〯)에〮ᅀᅡ〮 외〯니〮 올〮ᄒᆞ니〮 이긔〮니〮 계우〮니〮 홀〮 이〯리〮 나니〮라〮

1459, 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 1:42b:

It was only then that the sun and the moon first came into being. It was only after that that there came to be things of right and wrong, of winning and of losing.

波(바)羅(라)門(문)이〮 제 가ᄉᆞᆯ〮 계와〮 太(태)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅅ긔〮 나ᅀᅡ〮 오〮ᅀᆞ〮ᄫᆞ니〮

1459, “月印千江之曲其三百六十九/월인천강지곡 기369”, in 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo]:

The brahman could not prevail over his wife, and came before the prince [as his wife had told him to].

滿(만)頭(두)揷(삽)花(화) 계오샤 기울어신 머리예
아으 壽(슈)命(며ᇰ)長(댜ᇰ)願(원)ᄒᆞ샤 넙거신 니마해

1493, “處容歌/처용가”, in 樂學軌範/악학궤범:

By his head which has stooped, unable to overcome [the weight of] the flowers atop his head / O, by his brow, wide by his longevity

MAN.TWU.SAP.HWOA kyeyGwosya kiwulGesin meli-yey
au SYU.MYENG.TYANG.WON-hosya nepkesin nimah-ay

(transitive) to lose to; to be defeated by; to fail to overcome


뮈다

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뮈〯다〮 (mwǔytá) (infinitive 무여〮 or 뮈여〮, sequential 뮈〯니〮)

뮈〯다〮 (canonical)
mwǔytá (romanization)
무여〮 (infinitive)
뮈여〮 (infinitive)
뮈〯니〮 (sequential)
뮈〯다〮 (past)
뮈〯니라〮 (past)
뮌〯가〮 (interrogative past)
뮈〯녀〮 (interrogative past)
뮌〯고〮 (interrogative past)
뮈〯뇨〮 (interrogative past)
뮌〯다〮 (interrogative past)
무유〮라〮 (past)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯노라〮 (present)
뮈〯리라〮
뮈ᇙ〯가〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯려〮 (interrogative)
뮈ᇙ〯고〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯료〮 (interrogative)
뮈ᇙ〯다〮 (interrogative)
무유〮리라〮
뮈〯더라〮
뮈〯더〮니라〮
뮈〯던가〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯더녀〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯던고〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯더뇨〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯던다〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯다라〮
무유〮마〮
뮈〯져〮
뮈〯라〮 (imperative interrogative)
뮈〯오라〮 (imperative interrogative)
뮌〯뎌〮
뮐〯쎠〮
뮈〯도다〮
뮈〯돗다〮
무예〮라〮
뮈〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
뮈〯니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
뮈〯니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
뮈〯니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
무유〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
뮈〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
뮈〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
뮈〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
뮈〯리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
뮈〯리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
무유〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
뮈〯사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
뮈〯쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
무예〮ᅌᅵ다〮
뮈〯시다〮 (past)
뮈〯시〮니라〮 (past)
뮈〯시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯어〮시다〮
뮈〯어시〮니라〮
뮈〯시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
뮈〯시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
뮈〯시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯어시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
뮈〯어〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
뮈〯오〮
뮈〯며〮
뮈〯다가〮
뮈〯니〮 (causative)
뮈〯어ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
뮐〯ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
뮈〯완ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
뮈〯면〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯어든〮 (interrogative present)
뮌〯대〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯언댄〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯나〮 (interrogative present)
무유〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
뮌〯ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
뮈〯언〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
무유〮려〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯오져〮 (interrogative)
뮈〯와뎌〮 (interrogative)
무여〮 (infinitive)
뮌〯 (past)
뮈〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
뮈ᇙ〯 (infinitive present)
뮈ᇙ〯 (present)
무윤〮 (past)
뮈〯논〮 (present)
무유ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
무유ᇙ〮 (present)
뮈〯신〮 (past)
뮈〯시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
뮈〯시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
뮈〯시ᇙ〮 (present)
무윰〮 (causative past present)
무윰〮 (past present)
뮈〯샴〮 (infinitive present)
뮈〯샴〮 (present)

Possibly from *무- (*mwu-, “to shake”) + -이〮- (-í-, passive suffix). Compare 무으다〮 (mwùù-tá, “to shake”), 무우다〮 (mwùwù-tá, “id”).

suffix

불휘〮 기픈〮 남ᄀᆞᆫ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ매〮 아니〮 뮐〯 ᄊᆡ〯 곶 됴〯코〮 여름〮 하〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheonga]:

For the tree with deep roots does not shake in the wind, its flowers are good and its fruits are many

pwùlhwúy kìphún nàmk-ón pòlòm-áy àní mwǔyls-sǒ-y kwòc tyǒkwó yèlúm hánòní

ᄯᅡ〮히〮 믈〮 우희〮 잇고〮 므〮리〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ매〮 잇고〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ미〮 虛(헝)空(코ᇰ)애〮 잇ᄂᆞ니〮 空(코ᇰ) 中(듀ᇰ)에〮 큰〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ미〮 니러〮 큰〮 므〮리〮 뮈〯면〮 너비〮 地(띵〮)動(또ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ며〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:102:

The earth is above the waters, and the waters are in the wind, and the wind is in the void, so when the great winds rise amid the void, and the great waters tremble, the earth widely shakes […]


ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ

head

ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ〮 (hònpskúy)

ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ〮 (canonical)
hònpskúy (romanization)
ᄒᆞᆷᄢᅴ (alternative)
ᄒᆞᆫᄭᅴ (alternative)
ᄒᆞᆷᄭᅴ (alternative)
ᄒᆞᆷ긔 (alternative)

Jeju: ᄒᆞᆷ치 (hawmchi)

Korean: 함께 (hamkke)

ᄒᆞᆫ (hon, “one”) + ᄢᅳ (psku, variant of ᄢᅵ (pski, “occasion”)) + -의 (-uy, locative particle). Literally "at one time".

compound

variant of <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">ᄢᅵ</i> (pski, “occasion”)

모ᄃᆞᆫ〮 商(샤ᇰ)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)이〮 ᄒᆞᆫᄢᅴ〮 소리〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 내〯야〮 南(남)無(뭉)觀(관)世(솅〮)音(ᅙᅳᆷ)菩(뽕)薩(사ᇙ〮) ᄒᆞ〮야〮 일ᄏᆞᄅᆞ면〮 즉〮자히〮 버서〮 나리〮니〮

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 21:6b:

If all the merchants cry out as one and say, "Hail to the Guanyin Bodhisattva", they will escape [it] immediately


구레

desc

⇒ Korean: 옆구리 (yeopguri, “side, flank, ribs”)

⇒ Korean: 허구리 (heoguri, “between the waist and hips”)


구룸

Korean: 구름 (gureum)

Middle Korean nouns ending in *-m tend to be substantialized verbs, but the putative etymon, *구루다 (kwulwu-ta), is not attested. John Whitman speculated a connection to Old Japanese 雲 (kumo₁), but Alexander Vovin rejects this.

虛(헝)空(코ᇰ)애〮 ᄀᆞᄃᆞ기 구〮룸 ᄀᆞ〮티 ᄂᆞ리〮며〮[…]

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 20:9b:

Filling the air, it descends like clouds

ᄃᆞᆯ〮니ᇝ〯긔〮 구〮룸 몯ᄃᆞᆺ〮 더〮시니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 4:45a:

They were like clouds which gather towards the honored moon


굴에

Korean: 굴레 (gulle)

The second element is perhaps the nominalizing suffix 개/게 (-kay, -key), which lenites after a liquid-final verb stem, although the etymon verb is not clear. Compare ᄃᆞᆯ애 (tolGay, “saddle flap”) from ᄃᆞᆯ- (tol-, “to attach”).


귀믿터리

head

귀믿터리〮 (kwìmìtthèlí)

귀믿터리〮 (canonical)
kwìmìtthèlí (romanization)

Korean: 귀밑털 (gwimit'teol)

From 귀 (kwuy, “ear”) + 밑 (mith, “below”) + 터리 (theli, “hair”).


ᄆᆞ니다

head

ᄆᆞ니〮다〮 (mònítá)

ᄆᆞ니〮다〮 (canonical)
mònítá (romanization)
ᄆᆞ니〮다〮
ᄆᆞ니〮고〮
ᄆᆞ녀〮 (infinitive)
ᄆᆞ니〮면〮 (conditional)

The synonymous verb ᄆᆞᆫ지다 (moncita) suggests that the root may have been *ᄆᆞᆫ (*mon), perhaps also found in ᄆᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ다 (montolta, “to make”).

다〯 모다〮 오〮나〮시ᄂᆞᆯ〮 世(솅〮)尊(존)이〮 머리〮 ᄆᆞ니〮시니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 21a:3b:

They all gathered and came, and the World-Honored [Buddha] touched their heads


고ᄋᆞ다

Early Modern Korean: 고오다 (kwowota)

Korean: 골다 (golda)


괴오다

Jeju: 궤다 (gweda)

Korean: 괴다 (goeda)

Has the shape of *괴다 (*kwoy-ta, unknown intransitive verb) + 오 (-Gwo-, causative suffix), but no such relevant verb is attested.


기드리다

기드〮리다〮 (kìtúlìtá) (infinitive 기드〮려〮 (kìtúlyé), sequential 기드〮리니〮 (kìtúlìní))

기드〮리다〮 (canonical)
kìtúlìtá (romanization)
기드〮려〮 (infinitive)
기드〮리니〮 (sequential)
기ᄃᆞ리다 (alternative)

Korean: 기다리다 (gidarida)

ᄭᅬ 한 도ᄌᆞᄀᆞᆯ〮 모ᄅᆞ〮샤〮 보〮리라〮 기드〮리〮시〮니〮 셴〯 할〮미ᄅᆞᆯ〮 하ᄂᆞᆯ〮히〮 보내〮시니〮

1447, “Stanza 19”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheonga]:

He did not know the robbers full of cunning, and waited to see them; but Heaven sent a white-haired crone [to warn him]

skòy hàn twòcèk-ól mwòlósyá pwólìlá kìtúlísíní syěyn hálmì-lól hànólh-í pwònáysìní

人(ᅀᅵᆫ)生(ᄉᆡᆼ) 즐〮거〮ᄫᅳᆫ ᄠᅳ〮디〮 업〯고〮 주구〮믈〮 기드〮리〮노니〮

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6.5a:

I have no cause for joy in life and I am waiting to die


긔ᄌᆞ

From Old Korean, ultimately derived from Baekje 吉支 (*kici, “ruler”) or at least cognate to the Baekje form. The vowel quality of the second syllable is probably an irregular sound shift caused by conflation with Chinese 子, Middle Korean reading ᄌᆞ (co).
The existence of the Old Korean ancestor is implied by a quotation in the Goryeosa, the official history of the Goryeo dynasty (918—1392), that the ninth-century priest Doseon made a comment alluding to kingship by referring to the millet plant. The quote in the Goryeosa states that the words for "millet" and "king" sounded similar in the Korean language of the time. "Millet" in Middle Korean is 기자ᇰ (kìcàng).

王(왕) 긔ᄌᆞ 왕

1575, 光州千字文 / 광주천자문 [Gwangju Cheonjamun]:

[The Chinese word] 王 [means] "king" [and is pronounced] wang.

Doseon
Goryeosa
Gwangju
Thousand Character Classic


싀어버ᅀᅵ

From 싀 (suy, “husband (noun prefix)”) + 어버ᅀᅵ (epezi, “parents”).


이ᅌᅥ긔

이ᅌᅥ긔 (ì.ngèkúy)

Korean: 여기 (yeogi)

/ìŋ.ə̀.kɨ́j/


-ᄉᆞᆸ-

Allomorphic form of -ᅀᆞᇦ- (-zoW, object honorific marker for transitive verbs)


술위

Korean: 수레 (sure)


과ᇰ대

과ᇰ〯대〮 (canonical)
kwǎngtáy (romanization)

Korean: 광대 (gwangdae)


자최

Korean: 자취 (jachwi)

일〮희 자최〮 ᄲᅥ즛ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 狼(라ᇰ)迹(젹〮)山(산)이〮라〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ니

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 4:27a:

As it resembles the mark of a wolf, it is called 狼迹山 [literally, wolf-mark-mountain].


한어버ᅀᅵ

First attested in the Jeongsok eonhae (正俗諺解 / 정속언해 (of 李源周敎授本 / 이원주 교수본)), 1518. From 한 (ha-, “big, great”) + 어버ᅀᅵ (epezi, “parents”).


남진

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447.


닐굽

Korean: 일곱 (ilgop)


오라비

head

오〮라비〮 (wólàpí)

Korean: 오라비 (orabi)

From *올 (*wol, “brother”) + 아비 (api, “father; (by extension) man”).


묏괴

묏〯괴〯 (canonical)
mwǒy-s kwǒy (romanization)

Compound of 뫼〯 (mwǒy, “mountain”) + -ㅅ (-s, “genitive marker”) + 괴〯 (kwǒy, “cat”).

com+

貍(리)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 묏〯괴〯라〮

1465, 圓覺經諺解 (Won'gakgyeong eonhae), volume 上1-1, page 129b:


모ᄀᆡ

head

모〮ᄀᆡ〮 (mwókóy)

Korean: 모기 (mogi)


마ᄂᆞᆯ

마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (mànól)

Korean: 마늘 (maneul)

夫(붕)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)이〮 마ᄂᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 받ᄌᆞᄫᅡ〮 좌〯시게〮 ᄒᆞ니〮 즉〮자히〮 됴〯커늘〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 24:51a:

蒜 마ᄂᆞᆯ〮 숸〮

1527, chapter 1, in 訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회 [Hunmong jahoe], page 7a:


음란

음란〮 (canonical)
ùmlán (romanization)
陰卵 (hanja)

From Middle Chinese 陰卵 (MC 'im lwanX, “testicles”).


자내

Korean: 자네 (jane)


-사ᅌᅵ다

사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (sá.ngìtá)

사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
sá.ngìtá (romanization)

⇒ Korean: -읍시다 (-eupsida)

A deferential propositive suffix, used to make suggestions to a social superior.

Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject

History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.


뒿

뒿〯 (twǔyh) (isolated 뒤〯 (twǔy), locative 뒤〯헤〮 (twǔyh-éy))

뒿〯 (canonical)
twǔyh (romanization)
뒤〯헤〮 (locative)

Korean: 뒤 (dwi)


말ᄒᆞ다

말〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (mǎl-hòtá)

말〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
mǎl-hòtá (romanization)

Korean: 말하다 (malhada)

말〯 (mǎl, “word, speech”) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá, “to do”).


언마

enma (romanization)
어드록 (alternative)
현마 (alternative)

Korean: 얼마 (eolma)

From 어느 (enu, “which”) + 마 (ma, “as much as”).


돝

head

돝 (twòth) (isolated 돋 (twòt), locative 도태〮 (twòth-áy))

Gyeongsang Korean: 돝 (dot)

Jeju: 돗 (dot)

desc

⇒ Early Modern Korean: 도야지 (twoyaci), 되야지 (twoyyaci)

Korean: 돼지 (dwaeji)

→? Jeju: 도야지 (doyaji), 뒈야지 (dweyaji)

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 突 (Yale: *twot). See the modern entry at 돼지 (dwaeji) for more.


고마ᄒᆞ다

head

고〯마〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (kwŏmáhòtá) (infinitive 고〯마〮ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 고〯마〮ᄒᆞ니〮)

고〯마〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kwŏmáhòtá (romanization)
고〯마〮ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
고〯마〮ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

고〯마〮 (kwŏmá, “respect, admiration”) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá, “to do”).


돌숫

First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. From 돌 (twol, “stone”) + 숫 (swus, “charcoal”)


구겨ᇰ

구겨ᇰ〮 (canonical)
kwùkyéng (romanization)

Korean: 구경 (gugyeong)


나타

head

나타〮 (nàthá) (infinitive 나하〮, sequential 나ᄒᆞ니〮)

나타〮 (canonical)
nàthá (romanization)
나하〮 (infinitive)
나ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)
나타〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ니〮라〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative past)
나ᄒᆞ녀〮 (interrogative past)
나ᄒᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative past)
나ᄒᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative past)
나ᄒᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative past)
나호〮라〮 (past)
난ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
난ᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (present)
난ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
난ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
난ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
난ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
난ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
난노〮라〮 (present)
나ᄒᆞ리〮라〮
나ᄒᆞᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
나ᄒᆞ려〮 (interrogative)
나ᄒᆞᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
나ᄒᆞ료〮 (interrogative)
나ᄒᆞᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
나호〮리라〮
나터〮라〮
나터〮니라〮
나턴〮가〮 (interrogative)
나터〮녀〮 (interrogative)
나턴〮고〮 (interrogative)
나터〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
나턴〮다〮 (interrogative)
나타〮라〮
나하〮다〮
나하〮니라〮
나하〮녀〮 (interrogative)
나하〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
나한〮다〮 (interrogative)
나콰〮라〮
나호〮마〮
나쳐〮
나ᄒᆞ라〮 (imperative interrogative)
나코〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
나ᄒᆞᆫ뎌〮
나ᄒᆞᆯ쎠〮
나토〮다〮
나톳〮다〮
나해〮라〮
나ᄒᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
나ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
나호〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
난ᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
난ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
난ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
난ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
난노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
나ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
나ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
나ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
나호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
나싸〮ᅌᅵ다〮
나ᄒᆞ쇼〮셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
나코〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (imperative interrogative)
나해〮ᅌᅵ다〮
나ᄒᆞ시〮다〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ시〮니라〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄒᆞ시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
나터〮시다〮 (interrogative)
나터〮시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
나하〮시다〮
나하〮시〮니라〮
나ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄒᆞ시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
나터〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
나터〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
나하〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
나하〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
나ᄊᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
나ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
나ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄊᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
나ᄊᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
나ᄊᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
나ᄊᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
나코〮
나ᄒᆞ며〮
나타가〮
나ᄒᆞ니〮 (causative)
나하〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
나ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
나콴〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
나ᄒᆞ면〮 (interrogative present)
나하〮든〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄒᆞᆫ대〮 (interrogative present)
나한〮댄〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄒᆞ나〮 (interrogative present)
나호〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
나ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
나한〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
나호〮려〮 (interrogative)
나코〮져〮 (interrogative)
나콰〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
나하〮 (infinitive)
나ᄒᆞᆫ (past)
난ᄂᆞᆫ (present)
나ᄒᆞᇙ (infinitive present)
나ᄒᆞᇙ (present)
나혼〮 (past)
난논〮 (present)
나호ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
나호ᇙ〮 (present)
나ᄒᆞ신〮 (past)
나ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
나ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
나ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (present)
나홈〮 (causative past present)
나홈〮 (past present)
나ᄒᆞ샴〮 (infinitive present)
나ᄒᆞ샴〮 (present)

Korean: 낳다 (nata)

Probably a contraction of 나〮 (ná-, “to be born, to come out”) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá, “to do”).

(of a female) to lay, to give birth to; (of a male) to sire


갊다

갊〯다〮 (kǎlmtá) (infinitive 갈마〮, sequential 갈ᄆᆞ〮니〮)

갊〯다〮 (canonical)
kǎlmtá (romanization)
갈마〮 (infinitive)
갈ᄆᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)
갊〯다〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞᆫ〮가〮 (interrogative past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
갈ᄆᆞᆫ〮고〮 (interrogative past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
갈ᄆᆞᆫ〮다〮 (interrogative past)
갈모〮라〮 (past)
갊〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
갊〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
갊〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯노라〮 (present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮리라〮
갈ᄆᆞᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
갈ᄆᆞ〮려〮 (interrogative)
갈ᄆᆞᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
갈ᄆᆞ〮료〮 (interrogative)
갈ᄆᆞᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
갈모〮리라〮
갊〯더라〮
갊〯더〮니라〮
갊〯던가〮 (interrogative)
갊〯더녀〮 (interrogative)
갊〯던고〮 (interrogative)
갊〯더뇨〮 (interrogative)
갊〯던다〮 (interrogative)
갊〯다라〮
갈모〮마〮
갊〯져〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
갊〯고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
갈ᄆᆞᆫ〮뎌〮
갈ᄆᆞᆯ〮쎠〮
갊〯도다〮
갊〯돗다〮
갈매〮라〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
갈모〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갊〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
갊〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
갊〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
갊〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
갊〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
갈ᄆᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
갈모〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갊〯사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
갈매〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮시다〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시〮니라〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
갊〯더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
갈마〮시다〮
갈마〮시〮니라〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
갊〯더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
갈마〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갈마〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
갊〯ᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
갊〯ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
갊〯ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
갊〯ᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
갊〯ᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
갊〯ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
갊〯ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
갊〯고〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮며〮
갊〯다가〮
갈ᄆᆞ〮니〮 (causative)
갈마〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
갈ᄆᆞᆯ〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
갊〯관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
갈ᄆᆞ〮면〮 (interrogative present)
갈마〮든〮 (interrogative present)
갈ᄆᆞᆫ〮대〮 (interrogative present)
갈만〮댄〮 (interrogative present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮나〮 (interrogative present)
갈모〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
갈ᄆᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
갈만〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
갈모〮려〮 (interrogative)
갊〯고져〮 (interrogative)
갊〯과뎌〮 (interrogative)
갈마〮 (infinitive)
갈ᄆᆞᆫ〮 (past)
갊〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
갈ᄆᆞᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
갈ᄆᆞᇙ〮 (present)
갈몬〮 (past)
갊〯논〮 (present)
갈모ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
갈모ᇙ〮 (present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮신〮 (past)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
갈몸〮 (causative past present)
갈몸〮 (past present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
갈ᄆᆞ〮샴〮 (present)

⇒ Korean: 갈무리 (galmuri)

to safeguard; to arrange or put in order, so as to safeguard for the future


얼운

얼〯운〮 (ělGwún)

Korean: 어른 (eoreun)


드릏

드릏〮 (tùlúh) (isolated 드르〮 (tùlú), locative 드르〮헤〮 (tùlúh-éy))

드릏〮 (canonical)
tùlúh (romanization)
드르〮헤〮 (locative)

Korean: 들 (deul)


어비ᄆᆞᆮ

어비〮ᄆᆞᆮ (èpímòt)

어비〮ᄆᆞᆮ (canonical)
èpímòt (romanization)

*어비〮 (*èpí, “father; man”) + ᄆᆞᆮ (mot, “eldest person, head”). Compare 어버ᅀᅵ〮 (èpèzí, “parents”) for the first element.

compound

나랏〮 어비〮ᄆᆞᆮ내〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 모도〮아〮 니ᄅᆞ샤〮ᄃᆡ〮[…]

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:9b:

He spoke, having gathered the honored lords of the country […]


ᄌᆞᄂᆞᆨᄌᆞᄂᆞᆨ

head

ᄌᆞᄂᆞᆨᄌᆞᄂᆞᆨ (cònòkcònòk)

Korean: 자늑자늑 (janeukjaneuk) (archaic)


저프다

저프다〮 (cèphùtá) (infinitive 저퍼〮, sequential 저프니〮)

저프다〮 (canonical)
cèphùtá (romanization)
저퍼〮 (infinitive)
저프니〮 (sequential)

From Old Korean 次弗 (*copu-l), equivalent to 젛다〮 (cèh-tá, “to fear”) + -ᄫᅳ (-Wu-, adjective-deriving suffix).

suffix

世(솅〮)界(갱〮)ㅅ 일〯ᄋᆞᆯ〮 보〮샤〮 아로〮미〮 훤ᄒᆞ〮시며〮 ᄯᅡᆺ〮 相(샤ᇰ〮)이〮 드러〮치〮니〯
智(딩〮)慧(ᅘᆒᆼ〮) ᄇᆞᆯᄀᆞ샤〮 저푸〮미〮 업〯스〮시며〮 하ᄂᆞᆳ〮 부〮피〮 절로〮 우〯니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 4:38b—39a:

He saw the affairs of the world; his knowledge was clear; the earth's image trembled.
His wisdom was bright; he had no fears; the drum of heaven was beating by itself.


ᄯᅡ

isolated form spelling of ᄯᅡᇂ〮 (stáh, “earth; land”)


ᄯᅡᇂ

head

ᄯᅡᇂ〮 (stáh) (isolated ᄯᅡ〮 (stá), locative ᄯᅡ해〮 (stàh-áy))

ᄯᅡᇂ〮 (canonical)
stáh (romanization)
ᄯᅡ해〮 (locative)

Early Modern Korean: ᄯᅡ (tta)

Korean: 따 (tta)


웋

웋 (wùh) (isolated 우 (wù), locative 우희〮 (wùh-úy))

Jeju: 우 (u)

Korean: 우 (u)

Korean: 위 (wi)


ᄂᆞᆾ

ᄂᆞᆾ (nòch) (isolated ᄂᆞᆺ (nòs), locative ᄂᆞᄎᆡ〮 (nòch-óy))

Korean: 낯 (nat)


ᄂᆞᆺ

isolated form spelling of ᄂᆞᆾ (noch, “face”)


아ᄎᆞᆷ

아ᄎᆞᆷ〮 (àchóm) (locative 아ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡ〮 (àchóm-óy))

아ᄎᆞᆷ〮 (canonical)
àchóm (romanization)
아ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡ〮 (locative)

Korean: 아침 (achim)


앏

isolated form spelling of 앒 (àlph, “fore, front; south”)


붑

isolated form spelling of 붚〮 (pwúph, “drum”)


ᄀᆞ옳

ᄀᆞ옳 (kòwòlh) (isolated ᄀᆞ올 (kòwòl), locative ᄀᆞ올ᄒᆡ〮 (kòwòlh-óy), alternative locative ᄀᆞ올해〮 (kòwòlh-áy))

kòwòlh (romanization)
ᄀᆞ올ᄒᆡ〮 (locative)
ᄀᆞ올해〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 고을 (go'eul)


ᄀᆞ올

isolated form spelling of ᄀᆞ옳 (kòwòlh, “district”)


ᄒᆞᆰ

ᄒᆞᆰ (hòlk) (locative ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮 (hòlk-óy), alternative locative ᄒᆞᆯ개〮 (hòlk-áy))

hòlk (romanization)
ᄒᆞᆯᄀᆡ〮 (locative)
ᄒᆞᆯ개〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 흙 (heuk)

From Late Old Korean 轄希 (*hòlkí), attested in the twelfth-century wordlist Jilin leishi.


겨ᅀᅳᆯ

겨ᅀᅳᆯ〮 (kyèzúl)

isolated form spelling of 겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (kyèzúlh, “winter”)


ᄂᆞᆶ

ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (nólh) (isolated ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (nól), locative ᄂᆞᆯ해〮 (nòlh-áy))

ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (canonical)
nólh (romanization)
ᄂᆞᆯ해〮 (locative)

Korean: 날 (nal)


ᄂᆞᆯ

isolated form spelling of ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (nólh, “blade, edge”)


ᄠᅳᆶ

ᄠᅳᆶ〮 (ptúlh) (isolated ᄠᅳᆯ〮 (ptúl), locative ᄠᅳᆯ헤〮 (ptùlh-éy))

ᄠᅳᆶ〮 (canonical)
ptúlh (romanization)
ᄠᅳᆯ헤〮 (locative)

Korean: 뜰 (tteul)


ᄠᅳᆯ

isolated form spelling of ᄠᅳᆶ〮 (ptúlh, “court, garden”)


니마

isolated form spelling of 니맣〮 (nìmáh, “forehead, brow”)


이웆

이웆〮 (ìwúc) (isolated 이웃〮 (ìwús), locative 이우〮제〮 (ìwúc-éy))

이웆〮 (canonical)
ìwúc (romanization)
이우〮제〮 (locative)

Korean: 이웃 (iut)


돓

돓〯 (twǒlh) (isolated 돌〯 (twǒl), locative 돌〯해〮 (twǒlh-áy))

돓〯 (canonical)
twǒlh (romanization)
돌〯해〮 (locative)

Korean: 돌 (dol)


요조ᅀᆞᆷ

요〮조ᅀᆞᆷ〮 (yócwòzóm)

요〮조ᅀᆞᆷ〮 (canonical)
yócwòzóm (romanization)

Korean: 요즈음 (yojeueum)

요〮 (yó, “this; these”) + 조ᅀᆞᆷ〮 (cwòzóm, “times”).


무뤂

head

무뤂 (mwùlwùph) (isolated 무룹 (mwùlwùp), locative 무루페〮 (mwùlwùph-éy))

Korean: 무릎 (mureup)


무룹

isolated form spelling of 무뤂 (mwùlwùph, “knee”)


갏

갏〮 (kálh) (isolated 갈〮 (kál), locative 갈해〮 (kàlh-áy))

갏〮 (canonical)
kálh (romanization)
갈해〮 (locative)

Korean: 칼 (kal)


수울

alternative form of 수을 (swùùl, “liquor”)


불휘

Korean: 뿌리 (ppuri)

ᄲᅮ릐巺巺Central KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul뿌리巺巺Guri뿌리巺巺

뿌렁구巺巺DiasporaJilin City뿌레기巺巺Jeolla KoreanNorth JeollaJeonju뿌랭이巺巺

뿌리巺巺Gunsan뿌리巺巺Jinan뿌랭이巺巺Muju뿌링이巺巺Gimje뿌랭이巺巺

불리巺This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers

which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas


ᄇᆞᆯ

ᄇᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
pól (romanization)
ᄇᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

Korean: 벌 (beol)


ᄇᆞᆯ

isolated form spelling of ᄇᆞᆶ (pòlh, “arm”)


ᄇᆞᆶ

ᄇᆞᆶ (pòlh) (isolated ᄇᆞᆯ (pòl), locative ᄇᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (pòlh-óy), alternative locative ᄇᆞᆯ해〮 (pòlh-áy))

pòlh (romanization)
ᄇᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (locative)
ᄇᆞᆯ해〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 팔 (pal)


ᄀᆞᇫ다

ᄀᆞᇫ다〮 (kòztá)

phonemically faithful spelling of ᄀᆞᆺ다〮 (kòstá, “to cut”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


ᄀᆞᆺ다

ᄀᆞᆺ다 (kosta) (infinitive ᄀᆞᅀᅡ〮, sequential ᄀᆞᅀᆞ니, phonemic orthography ᄀᆞᇫ다)

kosta (romanization)
ᄀᆞᅀᅡ〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᅀᆞ니 (sequential)


믿

isolated form spelling of 밑 (mìth, “bottom; underneath”)


분별

분별〮 (canonical)
pwùnpyél (romanization)
分別 (hanja)

世(솅〮)尊(존)ㅅ 勑(틱〮)다히〮 다〯 奉(뽀ᇰ〯)行(ᅘᆡᇰ〮)ᄒᆞ〮ᅀᆞᄫᅩ〮리니〮 世(솅〮)尊(존)하〮 분별〮 마〯ᄅᆞ〮쇼셔〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 20:3b:

"We will do all as the World-Honoured One directs us. Please, O World-Honoured One, do not worry about this."


나조

isolated form spelling of 나좋 (nàcwòh, “evening”)


나좋

나좋 (nàcwòh) (isolated 나조 (nàcwò), locative 나조ᄒᆡ〮 (nàcwòh-óy))

ᄒᆡ〮 東(도ᇰ)녀긔〮 이시면〮 아ᄎᆞ〮미오〮 西(솅)ㅅ녀긔〮 가면〮 나조힐〮ᄊᆡ〮 […]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:50a:

As it is morning when the Sun rises in the east and evening when the Sun sets in the west […]


ᄭᅮᆯ

alternative form of ᄢᅮᆯ〮 (pskwúl, “honey”)


받

isolated form spelling of 밭 (pàth, “dry field (for crops)”)


만ᄒᆞ다

만〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (mǎn-hòtá) (infinitive 만〯ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 만〯ᄒᆞ니〮)

만〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
mǎn-hòtá (romanization)
만〯ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
만〯ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 많다 (manta)

만〯 (mǎn, element unproductive in isolation) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá, light verb deriving verbs and adjectives).
The first element is usually, though somewhat speculatively, connected to Sino-Korean 萬 (mǎn, “ten thousand; myriad; (figuratively) countless”). The likelihood of a Sinitic derivation is strengthened both by the light verb construction and the synonymous and clearly native adjective 하다〮 (hàtá).


비ᅀᅳ다

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비ᅀᅳ다〮 (pìzùtá) (infinitive 비ᇫ어〮 (pìzGé) or 빗어〮 (pìsGé), sequential 비ᅀᅳ니〮 (pìzùní))

비ᅀᅳ다〮 (canonical)
pìzùtá (romanization)
비ᇫ어〮 (infinitive)
빗어〮 (infinitive)
비ᅀᅳ니〮 (sequential)
비ᅀᅳ다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ니〮라〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳᆫ가〮 (interrogative past)
비ᅀᅳ녀〮 (interrogative past)
비ᅀᅳᆫ고〮 (interrogative past)
비ᅀᅳ뇨〮 (interrogative past)
비ᅀᅳᆫ다〮 (interrogative past)
비ᇫ우〮라〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ노〮라〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳ리〮라〮
비ᅀᅳᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ려〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ료〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
비ᇫ우〮리라〮
비ᅀᅳ더〮라〮
비ᅀᅳ더〮니라〮
비ᅀᅳ던〮가〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ더〮녀〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ던〮고〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ더〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ던〮다〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ다〮라〮
비ᇫ어〮다〮
비ᇫ어〮라〮
비ᇫ어〮녀〮 (interrogative)
비ᇫ어〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
비ᇫ언〮다〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ과〮라〮
비ᇫ우〮마〮
비ᅀᅳ져〮
비ᅀᅳ라〮 (imperative interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
비ᅀᅳᆫ뎌〮
비ᅀᅳᆯ쎠〮
비ᅀᅳ도〮다〮
비ᅀᅳ돗〮다〮
비ᇫ에〮라〮
비ᅀᅳᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
비ᅀᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
비ᇫ우〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비ᅀᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
비ᇫ우〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비ᅀᅳ사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비ᅀᅳ쇼〮셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (imperative interrogative)
비ᇫ에〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비ᅀᅳ시〮다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ시〮니라〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ더〮시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
비ᇫ어〮시다〮
비ᇫ어〮시〮니라〮
비ᅀᅳ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
비ᇫ어〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비ᇫ어〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
비ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
비ᅀᅳ고〮
비ᅀᅳ며〮
비ᅀᅳ다가〮
비ᅀᅳ니〮 (causative)
비ᇫ어〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
비ᅀᅳᆯᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
비ᅀᅳ관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
비ᅀᅳ면〮 (interrogative present)
비ᇫ어〮든〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᆫ대〮 (interrogative present)
비ᇫ언〮댄〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳ나〮 (interrogative present)
비ᇫ우〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
비ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
비ᇫ언〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
비ᇫ우〮려〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ고〮져〮 (interrogative)
비ᅀᅳ과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
비ᇫ어〮 (infinitive)
비ᅀᅳᆫ (past)
비ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ (present)
비ᅀᅳᇙ (infinitive present)
비ᅀᅳᇙ (present)
비ᇫ운〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ논〮 (present)
비ᇫ우ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
비ᇫ우ᇙ〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳ신〮 (past)
비ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
비ᅀᅳ시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
비ᅀᅳ시ᇙ〮 (present)
비ᇫ움〮 (causative past present)
비ᇫ움〮 (past present)
비ᅀᅳ샴〮 (infinitive present)
비ᅀᅳ샴〮 (present)

desc

⇒ Korean: 설빔 (seolbim, “new clothes or shoes worn for Lunar New Year”)

to become splendid; (adjectivally) to be splendid


모ᄃᆡ

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모〯ᄃᆡ〮 (mwǒtóy)

살〯면〮 모〯ᄃᆡ〮 죽고〮 어울〮면〮 모〯ᄃᆡ〮 버ᅌᅳ〮는 거시〮니〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:15b:

To live is necessarily to die, and to come together is necessarily to separate […]


넌즈시

넌즈시 (nèncùsì)

Korean: 넌지시 (neonjisi), 넌즈시 (neonjeusi)

넌즛 (nèncùs) + -이 (-i, adverb-attaching suffix).

af

흐ᇰ져ᇰ바지〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮히〮 넌즈시 너겨〮 供(고ᇰ)養(야ᇰ〮)홀〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 아니〮커늘〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 4:60a:

As the tradesman did not have any intention to make offerings, considering it as something unimportant […]


그ᅀᅳ다

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그ᅀᅳ다〮 (kùzùtá) (infinitive 그ᇫ어〮, sequential 그ᅀᅳ니〮)

그ᅀᅳ다〮 (canonical)
kùzùtá (romanization)
그ᇫ어〮 (infinitive)
그ᅀᅳ니〮 (sequential)
그ᅀᅳ다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ니〮라〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳᆫ가〮 (interrogative past)
그ᅀᅳ녀〮 (interrogative past)
그ᅀᅳᆫ고〮 (interrogative past)
그ᅀᅳ뇨〮 (interrogative past)
그ᅀᅳᆫ다〮 (interrogative past)
그ᇫ우〮라〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ노〮라〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳ리〮라〮
그ᅀᅳᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ려〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ료〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
그ᇫ우〮리라〮
그ᅀᅳ더〮라〮
그ᅀᅳ더〮니라〮
그ᅀᅳ던〮가〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ더〮녀〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ던〮고〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ더〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ던〮다〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ다〮라〮
그ᇫ어〮다〮
그ᇫ어〮라〮
그ᇫ어〮녀〮 (interrogative)
그ᇫ어〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
그ᇫ언〮다〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ과〮라〮
그ᇫ우〮마〮
그ᅀᅳ져〮
그ᅀᅳ라〮 (imperative interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
그ᅀᅳᆫ뎌〮
그ᅀᅳᆯ쎠〮
그ᅀᅳ도〮다〮
그ᅀᅳ돗〮다〮
그ᇫ에〮라〮
그ᅀᅳᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
그ᅀᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
그ᇫ우〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그ᅀᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
그ᇫ우〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그ᅀᅳ사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그ᅀᅳ쇼〮셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (imperative interrogative)
그ᇫ에〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그ᅀᅳ시〮다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ시〮니라〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ더〮시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
그ᇫ어〮시다〮
그ᇫ어〮시〮니라〮
그ᅀᅳ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
그ᇫ어〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그ᇫ어〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
그ᅀᅳᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
그ᅀᅳ고〮
그ᅀᅳ며〮
그ᅀᅳ다가〮
그ᅀᅳ니〮 (causative)
그ᇫ어〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
그ᅀᅳᆯᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
그ᅀᅳ관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
그ᅀᅳ면〮 (interrogative present)
그ᇫ어〮든〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᆫ대〮 (interrogative present)
그ᇫ언〮댄〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳ나〮 (interrogative present)
그ᇫ우〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
그ᅀᅳᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
그ᇫ언〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
그ᇫ우〮려〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ고〮져〮 (interrogative)
그ᅀᅳ과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
그ᇫ어〮 (infinitive)
그ᅀᅳᆫ (past)
그ᅀᅳᄂᆞᆫ (present)
그ᅀᅳᇙ (infinitive present)
그ᅀᅳᇙ (present)
그ᇫ운〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ논〮 (present)
그ᇫ우ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그ᇫ우ᇙ〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳ신〮 (past)
그ᅀᅳ시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
그ᅀᅳ시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그ᅀᅳ시ᇙ〮 (present)
그ᇫ움〮 (causative past present)
그ᇫ움〮 (past present)
그ᅀᅳ샴〮 (infinitive present)
그ᅀᅳ샴〮 (present)
ᄭᅳᅀᅳ다〮 (alternative)

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄭᅳ으다 (kkeueuda), ᄭᅳ을다 (kkeueulda), ᄭᅳᆯ다 (kkeulda)

Korean: 끌다 (kkeulda)


소얌

(hapax legomenon) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

伊(이) 소얌 이

[The Chinese word] 伊 (yī) [means] swoyam [and is pronounced] i.


일벗다

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일벗다〮 (ìlpèstá) (infinitive 일버ᅀᅥ〮 (ìlpèzé), sequential 일버ᅀᅳ니〮 (ìlpèzùní))

일벗다〮 (canonical)
ìlpèstá (romanization)
일버ᅀᅥ〮 (infinitive)
일버ᅀᅳ니〮 (sequential)


에우다

에우〮다〮 (èyGwútá) (infinitive 에우〮어〮 (èyGwúé), sequential 에우〮니〮 (èyGwúní))

에우〮다〮 (canonical)
èyGwútá (romanization)
에우〮어〮 (infinitive)
에우〮니〮 (sequential)

果(광〯)實(씰〮)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 좌〯시고〮 믈〮을〮 마시〮샤〮 飮(ᅙᅳᆷ〯)食(씩〮)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 에우〮더〮시니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 20:44b-45a:

He made do for food by dining on fruits and drinking water


샤오ᇰ

샤〯오ᇰ (canonical)
syǎwòng (romanization)
舍翁 (hanja)

A compound from Middle Chinese 舍 (MC syaeX|syaeH, “house”) + 翁 (MC 'uwng, “old man; father”). Perhaps originally a calque of native 집아비〮 (cìp-àpí, literally “house-father”).

모〯딘〮 女(녕〯)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)이〮 제 舍(샹〮)翁(ᅙᅩᇰ) 보차〮아〮 太(탱〮)子(ᄌᆞᇰ〯)ㅅ긔〮 가라〮 ᄒᆞ〮더니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 20:46a:

The wicked woman pestered her husband and told him to go to the Prince.


안직

안직〮 (canonical)
àncík (romanization)
아직〮 (alternative)
안ᄌᆞᆨ〮 (alternative)

desc

Korean: 아직 (ajik), 안직 (anjik), 안즉 (anjeuk)

(with explicit or implicit verbal negation) yet; not yet


안직

most, -est (adds superlative meaning to adjectives)

extremely, completely (adds intensive meaning to verbs)


브릇그다

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브릇그〮다〮 or 브릇〮그다〮 (pùlùskútá or pùlúskùtá) (infinitive 브릇거〮 (pùlùské) or 브릇〮거〮 (pùlúské), sequential 브릇그〮니〮 (pùlùskúní) or 브릇〮그니〮 (pùlúskùní))

브릇그〮다〮 (canonical)
브릇〮그다〮 (canonical)
pùlùskútá (romanization)
pùlúskùtá (romanization)
브릇거〮 (infinitive)
브릇〮거〮 (infinitive)
브릇그〮니〮 (sequential)
브릇〮그니〮 (sequential)

[pɨ̀.ɾɨ̀s̚.k͈ɨ́.dá~pɨ̀.ɾɨ́s̚.k͈ɨ̀.dá]

녜〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 도라〮오ᇙ 제 두〯 아기〮 마조〮 보〮아〮 겨틔〮 브릇거〮 오〮ᄉᆞᆯ〮 ᄩᅥ〯더니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 20:51b:

Previously, when she came back [home], [she and] her two children would face each other and [they would] cling to her sides and brush her clothes.


드러치다

드러〮치다〮 (tùléchìtá) (infinitive 드러〮치어〮 (tùléchìé), sequential 드러〮치니〮 (tùléchìní))

드러〮치다〮 (canonical)
tùléchìtá (romanization)
드러〮치어〮 (infinitive)
드러〮치니〮 (sequential)

[tɨ̀.ɾə́.t͡ɕì.dá]

諸(졍)天(텬)이〮 보〮ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮 讚(잔〮)歎(탄〮)ᄒᆞ〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮며〮 하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 ᄯᅡ〮히〮 드러〮치〮더니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 20:53a:

The celestial ones saw and cried out in praise, and heaven and earth trembled.


노타

노타〮 (nwòthá) (infinitive 노하〮 (nwòhá), sequential 노ᄒᆞ니〮 (nwòhòní), modern phonemic orthography 놓다〮)

노타〮 (canonical)
nwòthá (romanization)
노하〮 (infinitive)
노ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)
phonemic orthography 놓다〮 (modern)
노타〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ니〮라〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative past)
노ᄒᆞ녀〮 (interrogative past)
노ᄒᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative past)
노ᄒᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative past)
노ᄒᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative past)
노호〮라〮 (past)
논ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
논ᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (present)
논ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
논ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
논ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
논ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
논ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
논노〮라〮 (present)
노ᄒᆞ리〮라〮
노ᄒᆞᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
노ᄒᆞ려〮 (interrogative)
노ᄒᆞᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
노ᄒᆞ료〮 (interrogative)
노ᄒᆞᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
노호〮리라〮
노터〮라〮
노터〮니라〮
노턴〮가〮 (interrogative)
노터〮녀〮 (interrogative)
노턴〮고〮 (interrogative)
노터〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
노턴〮다〮 (interrogative)
노타〮라〮
노하〮다〮
노하〮니라〮
노하〮녀〮 (interrogative)
노하〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
노한〮다〮 (interrogative)
노콰〮라〮
노호〮마〮
노쳐〮
노ᄒᆞ라〮 (imperative interrogative)
노코〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
노ᄒᆞᆫ뎌〮
노ᄒᆞᆯ쎠〮
노토〮다〮
노톳〮다〮
노해〮라〮
노ᄒᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
노ᄒᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
노호〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
논ᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
논ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
논ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
논ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
논노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
노ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
노ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
노ᄒᆞ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
노호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
노싸〮ᅌᅵ다〮
노ᄒᆞ쇼〮셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
노코〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (imperative interrogative)
노해〮ᅌᅵ다〮
노ᄒᆞ시〮다〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ시〮니라〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄒᆞ시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
노터〮시다〮 (interrogative)
노터〮시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
노하〮시다〮
노하〮시〮니라〮
노ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄒᆞ시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
노터〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
노터〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
노하〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
노하〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
노ᄊᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
노ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
노ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄊᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄊᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄊᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
노ᄊᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
노ᄊᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
노ᄊᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
노코〮
노ᄒᆞ며〮
노타가〮
노ᄒᆞ니〮 (causative)
노하〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
노ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
노콴〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
노ᄒᆞ면〮 (interrogative present)
노하〮든〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄒᆞᆫ대〮 (interrogative present)
노한〮댄〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄒᆞ나〮 (interrogative present)
노호〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
노ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
노한〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
노호〮려〮 (interrogative)
노코〮져〮 (interrogative)
노콰〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
노하〮 (infinitive)
노ᄒᆞᆫ (past)
논ᄂᆞᆫ (present)
노ᄒᆞᇙ (infinitive present)
노ᄒᆞᇙ (present)
노혼〮 (past)
논논〮 (present)
노호ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
노호ᇙ〮 (present)
노ᄒᆞ신〮 (past)
노ᄒᆞ시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
노ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
노ᄒᆞ시ᇙ〮 (present)
노홈〮 (causative past present)
노홈〮 (past present)
노ᄒᆞ샴〮 (infinitive present)
노ᄒᆞ샴〮 (present)

Korean: 놓다 (nota)

五(옹〯)百(ᄇᆡᆨ〮)人(ᅀᅵᆫ) ᄇᆡ예〮 시러 바ᄅᆞᆳ 이 ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᅢ〮 노하〮 珍(딘)寶(보ᇢ〯)山(산)애〮 니르〮르〮시니〮 / 한 보〯ᄇᆡ〮 ᄇᆡ〮예〮 시러 바ᄅᆞᆳ〮 뎌〮 ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᅢ〮 노하〮 波(방)羅(랑)㮈(냉)예〮 돌아〮 보내시니

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 22:5b:

He loaded five hundred people in the ships and put [the ships on] this side of the sea, so as to reach the Mountain of Jewels; he loaded the ships with much treasure and put [them] on that other side of the sea, so as to return them to Varanasi.


ᄒᆞ야디다

ᄒᆞ〮야〮디다〮 (hóyá-tìtá) (infinitive ᄒᆞ〮야〮디여〮 (hóyá-tìyé), sequential ᄒᆞ〮야〮디니〮 (hóyá-tìní))

ᄒᆞ〮야〮디다〮 (canonical)
hóyá-tìtá (romanization)
ᄒᆞ〮야〮디여〮 (infinitive)
ᄒᆞ〮야〮디니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 해어지다 (haeeojida)

ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (hóyá, infinitive of unattested verb *ᄒᆡ〮다〮 (hóytá, “to ruin; to harm”)) + 디다〮 (tìtá, passive-forming auxiliary).

af

이〮 ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᅢ〮 도라〮오〮샤〮 惡(ᅙᅡᆨ〮)友(우ᇢ〯)를〮 보〮시고〮 제 버〯들〮 무〯르〮시니〮 / 그 ᄇᆡ〮 ᄒᆞ야[ᄒᆞ〮야〮]디〮여〮 사〮ᄅᆞᆷ이〮 다〮 죽고〮 내 몸ᄲᅮᆫ[몸〮ᄲᅮᆫ〯] 사로〮ᅌᅵ다〮 ᄒᆞ니[ᄒᆞ니〮]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 22:8b—9a:

He returned to this side [of the ocean], saw the Evil Friend, and asked him about what had befallen his companions. [The Evil Friend] replied, "That ship was wrecked and everyone died; I alone have survived."

観(관)音(ᅙᅳᆷ〮)을〮 念(념〮)혼〮 히〮ᄆᆞ로〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 터럭도〮 ᄒᆞ〮야〮디디〮 아니〮 ᄒᆞ리〮니〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 21:3b:

By the virtue of his prayers to Guanyin, not a single hair of his shall be hurt.


ᄡᆞ눈

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ᄡᆞ〮눈〯 (psónwǔn)

ᄡᆞ〮눈〯 (canonical)
psónwǔn (romanization)

Korean: 쌀눈 (ssallun) (dialect)

ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (psól, “rice”) + 눈〯 (nwǔn, “snow”), with elision of /ɾ/ before /n/.


-을

-을〮 (canonical)
-úl (romanization)
-를〮 (alternative)
-ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (alternative)
-ㄹ (alternative variant)

Korean: 을 (eul)


ᄃᆞ리다

ᄃᆞ리〮다〮 (tòlítá) (infinitive ᄃᆞ려〮 (tòlyé), sequential ᄃᆞ리〮니〮 (tòlíní))

ᄃᆞ리〮다〮 (canonical)
tòlítá (romanization)
ᄃᆞ려〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞ리〮니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: ᄃᆞ리다 (darida)

Korean: 데리다 (derida)

(transitive) to bring along, to take with oneself


얼이다

얼이〮다〮 (èlGítá) (infinitive 얼이〮어〮 (èlGíé), sequential 얼이〮니〮 (èlGíní))

얼이〮다〮 (canonical)
èlGítá (romanization)
얼이〮어〮 (infinitive)
얼이〮니〮 (sequential)

The derived causative of 어르다〮 (èlùtá, “to copulate, to have sex; to marry”).


마고

Early Modern Korean: 마고 (makwo), 마구 (magu)

Korean: 마구 (magu), 막 (mak)

막 (màk-, “to block”) + -오〮 (-wó, adverb-deriving suffix).

af

blocking; stopping up; presenting an obstacle


솨줄

솨 (swà, from Middle Chinese 鎖 (MC swaX, “chain, lock”)) + 줄〮 (cwúl, “rope, cord”). The tone of the first syllable is irregular (rising pitch is expected).

惡(ᅙᅡᆨ〮)友(우ᇢ〮)를〮 보〮시니〮 솨줄〮 갈〮 메옛〮더니〮 솨줄〮 갈〮ᄒᆞᆯ〮 고대〮 그르시〮니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 21:18b:

He saw the Evil Friend, who was confined by a cangue and in fetters; immediately, he had the cangue and the fetters undone.


낟다

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낟다〮 (nàttá) (infinitive 나타〮 (nàthá) or 나다〮 (nàtá), sequential 나ᄐᆞ〮니〮 (nàthóní) or 나ᄃᆞ〮니〮 (nàtóní))

낟다〮 (canonical)
nàttá (romanization)
나타〮 (infinitive)
나다〮 (infinitive)
나ᄐᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)
나ᄃᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

⇒ Korean: 나타나다 (natanada)


가마괴

가마괴〮 (kàmàkwóy)

가마괴〮 (canonical)
kàmàkwóy (romanization)
가마귀〮 (alternative rare)

Early Modern Korean: 가마귀 (kamakwuy), 가마괴 (gamagoe)

Korean: 까마귀 (kkamagwi)

From 감〯다〮 (kǎm-tá, “to be black”). See Korean 까마귀 (kkamagwi) for more.

사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 됴〯ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 ᄯᅩ〮 가마괴〮도〮 됴〯토다〮

Though people are pleasing to me, how the ravens please me as well!

Sǎlòm-í tywǒh-òlssóy stwó kàmàkwóy-twó tywǒthwòtá


-ㅅ

-s (alternative)
ㅅ (alternative)
ㅿ (alternative)
ㄱ (alternative)
ㄷ (alternative)
ㅂ (alternative)
ㆆ (alternative)

Korean: -ㅅ- (-s-)

From Old Korean 叱 (inanimate genitive particle).

-의〮

genitive marker for non-honored animate nouns

나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮 中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮 달아〮

1446, Hunminjeongeum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

The language of the country being different from China

부텻 모〮미〮 여러〮 가짓〮 相(샤ᇰ〮)이〮 ᄀᆞᄌᆞ샤〮

1447, Seokbo sangjeol 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절, page 6:41a:

The body of the Buddha having forms of many kinds

Pwùthyè-s mwóm-í yèlé kàcí-s SYÁNG-í kòcòsyá

of, -s; Genitive marker used for an inanimate noun or for an honored animate noun.

Used after another particle, especially the locative particles, to mark it as attributing the subsequent noun.


-다

아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

orig. 14th century?, “西京別曲 / 서경별곡 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang Gasa):

If you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept

aculka kwoysilantoy wulekwom cwosninwongita

語(ᅌᅥᆼ〯)는 말〯ᄊᆞ미라〮

1459, Hunmin jeongeum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄭᅮ믈 자내 보려 믿고 인뇌이다

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

I'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.

na-non skwum-ul canay pwolye mitkwo innwoyita

declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix


-도다

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도〮다〮 (twótá)

도〮다〮 (canonical)
twótá (romanization)
-로〮다〮 (alternative)
-옷〮다〮 (alternative)

A compound suffix made up of -도〮- (-twó-, emotive suffix) and -다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).


-더-

더〮 (canonical)
-té (romanization)
-러〮- (alternative)

Korean: -더- (-deo-)

넉시라도 님은 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 녀져라 아으 벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가

14th century? (pub. 1493), “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):

That even in spirit, I'd walk with my love! Oh, who was [being] the one who had been making that vow?

neks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin_i nwu-ylesiningiska

龍(료ᇰ)과〮 鬼(귕〯)神(씬)과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮더〮시다〮

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:

[Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits.

金(금)으〮로〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄭᆞ〮로ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄢᅳᆷ〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 이〮 東(도ᇰ)山(산)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄑᆞ〮로〮리라〮 須(슝)達(따ᇙ〮)이〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 니ᄅᆞ샨〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로〮 호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 太(탱〮)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 내〮 로ᇰ〮담ᄒᆞ〮다라〮

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:24b:

"If you carpet the earth in gold without a single gap, I will sell this hill [to you]." "I shall do as you say," said Sudatta. "I was joking," said the prince.

imperfective aspect
imperfective aspect#English

-으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮-

An imperfective aspect marker, denoting an action or state in the past which is perceived as continuous, loosely equivalent to English "was [...]ing". When used together with the conjectural suffix -으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮- (-úlí/olí-), it is loosely equivalent to English "would be [...]ing". Sometimes somewhat misleadingly called "retrospective" due to conflation with its modern descendant.

기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!


-ㅂ-

Pre-consonant allophonic spelling of -ㅸ- (-W-)


-ㅸ-

두리〮니〮 (twùlí-ní, “as one fears”) + ㅸ (-W-) → 두리〮ᄫᅳ니〮 (twùlí-W-ùní, “as [it] is scary”)

Post-vowel and ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of -ᄫᅳ- (-Wù-, suffix attaching to verbal stems to derive adjectives)


-기

-ing, -ment, -tion; derives nouns from verbs and adjectives.


-압-

Allophonic spelling of -아ᇦ- (-aW-, adjective-deriving suffix), used before consonants


-아ᇦ-

Yang-vowel form of -어ᇦ- (-eW-, adjective-deriving suffix)


-어ᇦ-

-아ᇦ- (canonical)
-aW- (alternative)
-업- (alternative)
-압- (alternative)

Related to -ᄫᅳ- (-Wù-). The two suffixes are in complementary distribution in fifteenth-century Middle Korean; -어ᇦ- (-eW-) is used after stems ending in falling diphthongs or certain stems with liquid finals, and -ᄫᅳ- (-Wù-) otherwise.

A suffix attaching to verbal stems ending in ㅣ (i) or ㄹ (l) to derive adjectives.


-우-

우〮 (canonical)
-wú- (alternative)
-요〮- (alternative)
-유〮- (alternative)
-로〮- (alternative)

From Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, modulator suffix).

1) in the main clause, a suffix marking a first-person subject

右(우ᇢ〯)手(슈ᇢ〯) 左(장〯)手(슈ᇢ〯)로〮 天(텬)地(띵〮) ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샤〮 ᄒᆞ오ᅀᅡ〮 내〮 尊(존)호〮라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:34b:

With his right and left hands, he pointed at heaven and earth, saying, "I alone am honored."

2) in an adnominal verb, a suffix marking the noun as a direct or indirect object of the verb

누ᄫᅮᆫ 자리〮예〮 겨〯샤〮 合(ᅘᅡᆸ〮)掌(쟈ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ〮샤〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 10:9b:

Being at the place where he had lain down, he put his hands together […]

3) in nominalized or gerund verbal constructions, simply an integral part of the nominalizing or gerund suffix (equivalent to English "-ing")

比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ)를〮 뫼호〮시니〮 比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ) 우루〮믈〮 말〯라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:99b:

He gathered together the bhikkhu, and the bhikkhu said, "Stop your crying" […]

A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the "modulator" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes:

내... 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나호〮니〮[…]婢(비) ᄒᆞᆫ 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나ᄒᆞ니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 (Worin seokbo), pages 10:24a, 21:55a:

I... gave birth [-wo] to a son […] The slave-girl gave birth to one son.

na-y... àtól-ól nàhwóní […] PI hòn àtól-ól nàhòní

내... 두〯 누〮늘〮 일후〮니〮

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 (Neung'eomgyeong eonhae), page 5:43a:

Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the "volitive", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include:

羊(야ᇰ)鬚(슈)筆(필) 鼠(셔)鬚(슈)筆(필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 景(겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고

13th century, “翰林別曲 (Hallim byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa):

Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how splendid is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!

YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo

二(ᅀᅵ)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 燈(드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 萬(만)人(ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다

14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak gwebeom):

By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men.

ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta

Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory:

德(덕)이여 福(복)이라 호ᄂᆞᆯ 나ᅀᆞ라 오소ᅌᅵ다

14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):

I have come [-wo] to present [this] which they call [-wo] virtue and fortune.

TEK-iye PWOK-ila hwon-ol nazola woswongita

괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

14th century?, “西京別曲 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa):

If you only loved me, I would chase after [-wo] you as I wept

보ᄇᆡ ᄭᅮ뮨 술위예 象(샤ᇰ)이 메더니

1449, Sejong the Great, 月印千江之曲 (Worin cheon'gang ji gok):

The elephant was bearing a cart which they had decorated [-wu] with treasures

pwopoy skwumywun sulGwuy-yey SYANG-i meyteni

Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how [splendid] is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!

The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include:


-우-

-우〮- (canonical)
-Gwú- (romanization)
-후〮- (alternative)
-호〮- (alternative)
-구〮- (alternative)
-고〮- (alternative)

Lenition of earlier <*-kwú-> in voiced environments.

일〯다〮 (ǐl-tá, “to occur”) + -우〮- (-Gwú-) → 일우〮다〮 (ìl-Gwú-tá, “to create; to accomplish [to cause to occur]”)

퓌〮다〮 (pwúy-tá, “(of a fire) to be kindled”) + -우〮- (-Gwú-) → 퓌우〮다〮 (pwùy-Gwú-tá, “to kindle”)

A causative-deriving suffix attached to verb and adjective stems.


-우

From Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, adverb-deriving suffix).

inh

ᄌᆞᆽ ᄌᆞ조〮

돌〯 도로

넘〯 너무

An adverb-deriving suffix attached to verb and adjective stems.


-오

Yang-vowel form of -우 (-wu, adverb-deriving suffix)


-오

Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.

Lenited allomorphic form of -고〮 (-kwó, verbal connective suffix) (in certain voiced environments)


-오

Lenited allomorphic form of -고〮 (-kwo, non-polar interrogative marker) (in certain voiced environments)


-오-

Yang-vowel form of -우〮- (-wú-, modulator suffix)


-오-

Yang-vowel form of -우〮- (-wú-, causative suffix)


혜다

head

혜〯다〮 (hyěytá)

Korean: 세다 (seda)


샤님

샤〯님〯 (syǎnǐm)

Middle Chinese 舍 (MC syaeX, “house”) + native 님〯 (nĭm, “lord”): "lord of the house".


맣

⇒ Korean: 장마 (jangma)

⇒ Korean: 마파람 (maparam)

水(ᄉᆔᆼ〯)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 마히〮오〮 旱(ᅘᅡᆫ〮)ᄋᆞᆫ〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ〮리라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:6b:

[When used in the compound 水旱 (shuǐhàn), the Chinese word] 水 (shuǐ) is rainy season, and 旱 (hàn) is drought.


시긧벼ᇰ

시긧벼ᇰ〯 (canonical)
sìkùy-s pyěng (romanization)

[sì.ɡɨ̀j.p͈jə̌ŋ]

시긔 (sìkùy, “period, time”, from Middle Chinese 時期 (MC dzyi gi)) + -ㅅ (-s, “of”, genitive marker) + 벼ᇰ〯 (pyěng, “disease”, from Middle Chinese 病 (MC bjaengH)): "disease of the time".


-거-

-ke- (alternative)
-어- (alternative)
-아〮- (alternative)
-어〮- (alternative)

A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean. The meaning of this term is uncertain. There are two main competing hypotheses, and it is also possible that both hypotheses were simultaneously true in some capacity:

A perfective aspect marker, regarding the action of the verb as having completed (either from the perspective of the present, or from some future vantage point). An important argument is that it is commonly used to translate Mandarin 了 (le); another is that it fits the same paradigmal slot as the imperfective -더〮- (-té).

A confirmative mood marker, emphasizing the speaker's subjective certitude that the action of the verb must have taken (or must take) place.


-곳

곳〮 (canonical)
-kwós (romanization)
-옷 (alternative)

Unattested in Old Korean, where only 火叱 (*-pos) (whence Middle Korean ᄇᆞᆺ (-pos)) is attested.
In Middle Korean, 곳 (-kwos) and ᄇᆞᆺ (-pos) appear to be wholly synonymous except that the former is much more common (the latter is also not attested outside conditional clauses, but this may be a result of its rarity). It is often speculated that they stem from the same etymon and that there is a diachronic shift from 火叱 / ᄇᆞᆺ > 곳, but the phonological differences are difficult to resolve.

소콧 얼면 여흘도 됴ᄒᆞ니

14th century?, “滿殿春 / 만전춘 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang gasa):

As long as the pond is frozen, the rapids are good as well

산〯 것곳〮 아니〮 주기〮면〮 어〯두ᇙ 주〮리〮 업〯스니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 (Worin seokbo), page 11:4b:

As long as one does not kill a living thing, it cannot be obtained

sǎn kès-kwós àní cwùkímyén ĕtwùlq cwúl-í ěpsùní

(in conditional clauses) as long as (emphasizes that if the conditional holds true, the result is inescapable)

ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ〮야〮도〮 ᄯᅩ〮 모ᄅᆞ〮리라〮 나옷〮 이〮 相(샤ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 알〯오〮 十(십)方(바ᇰ)佛(불)도〮 아〯ᄅᆞ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮라〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 (Seokbo sangjeol), pages 13:42b—43a:

(limiting) Even if they reflect upon it, they will not know; it is only that I know this figure, and the Buddhas of the Ten Directions know it as well.
(emphatic) Even if they reflect upon it, they will not know; I indeed know this figure, and the Buddhas of the Ten Directions know it as well.

sòlàng-hóyá-twó stwó mwòlólìlá nà-Gwós í SYANG-ól ǎlGwó SIP.PANG.PWUL-twó ǎlòsínònílá

(outside conditional clauses) Perhaps an emphatic marker, or perhaps a marker limiting the clause; see contrasting analyses below. Typically used with adverbs of limitation, such as 오직 (wocik, “only, solely”).


-앗-

alternative form of -돗〮- (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following -으시〮- (-ùsí-)


우다

head

우〯다〮 (wǔtá) (infinitive 우러〮, sequential 우르〮니〮)

우〯다〮 (canonical)
wǔtá (romanization)
우러〮 (infinitive)
우르〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 울다 (ulda)


흐리눅다

흐리눅다 (hulinwukta) (infinitive 흐리누거, sequential 흐리누그니)

hulinwukta (romanization)
흐리누거 (infinitive)
흐리누그니 (sequential)

흐리 (hùlì-, “to be murky; to be unclear”) + 눅다〮 (nwùk-tá, “to be damp; to be soggy”).

af

흐리누거 괴어시든 어누거 좃니져러 / 젼ᄎᆞ 젼ᄎᆞ로 벋니믜 젼ᄎᆞ로 / 셜면ᄌᆞᆺ 가ᄉᆡ론 ᄃᆞᆺ 범그려 노니져

c. 1330s, “평조북전/平調北殿”, in 금합자보/琴合字譜, published 1572:

For you loved [me], murky and wet, let me chase after you, freezing and wet / for your sake, your sake, my friend, for your sake / as if you were a thorn in silken floss, let us mingle and enjoy.

hulinwuke kwoyGesitun enwuke cwosnicyele / cyencho cyencho-lwo pet-nim-uy cyencho-lwo / syelmyeonco-s kasoy-lwon tos pemkulye nwonicye

(hapax legomenon) to be murky and damp (in the sole known use, apparently in relation to sexual intercourse)


겨ᇧ다

head

겨ᇧ다〮 (kyèsktá) (infinitive 겻거〮 (kyèské), sequential 겻그〮니〮 (kyèskúní))

겨ᇧ다〮 (canonical)
kyèsktá (romanization)
겻거〮 (infinitive)
겻그〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 겪다 (gyeokda)

空(공)房(방)을 겻고릴동 聖(셩)德(덕)을 너표릴동 / 乃(내)終(죵)始(시)終(죵)을 모ᄅᆞᄋᆞᆸ건마ᄅᆞᄂᆞ / 當(당)시론 괴실ᄉᆡ 좃ᄌᆞᆸ노이다

c. 1330s, “우조북전/羽調北殿”, in 금합자보/琴合字譜, published 1572:

Though I know not the future's beginnings and ends—whether it should be that I will suffer this empty room or extend your sacred virtue—I will chase after you, since you loved me at that time.

KWONG.PANG-ul kyeskwoliltwong SYENG.TEK-ul nephywoliltwong / NAY.CYWONG.SI.CYWONG-ul mwoloopkenmalono / TANGsi-lwon kwoysilsoy cwoscopnwoita

(transitive) to suffer, to undergo, to go through

(transitive) to feed (a large number of people)


다로ᇰ디리

Often connected to onomatopoeia of a wind instrument.

A common vocable in songs and poetry, apparently without any meaning.


ᄲᅮᆫ

Korean: 뿐 (ppun)

-ㅅ (-s, genitive marker) + 분〯 (pwǔn, “part, portion”, from Middle Chinese 分 (MC bjunH)).

compound

아비〮 平(뼈ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)애〮 六(륙〮)波(방)羅(랑)蜜(미ᇙ〮)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 天(텬)宮(구ᇰ)에〮 快(쾡〮)樂(락〮)ᄋᆞ〮로〮 뵈〯니〮
어〮미〮 平(뼈ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)애〮 심바ᇰ 굿〮ᄲᅮᆫ〯 즐〮길ᄊᆡ〮 天(텬)宮(구ᇰ)에〮 몯〯 어〯더〮 보니〮

1459, 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23.68:

Because his father practiced the Six Pāramitās all his life, he was seen enjoying pleasures in the palace of the celestials.
Because his mother enjoyed only the ceremonies of shamans all her life, he could not see her in the palace of the celestials.


설믜

⇒ Korean: 눈썰미 (nunsseolmi)

설믜 모도와 有(유)德(덕)ᄒᆞ신 가ᄉᆞ매
福(복)智(디)俱(구)足(죡)ᄒᆞ샤 브르거신 ᄇᆡ예

1493, “處容歌/처용가”, in 樂學軌範/악학궤범:

By his chest, made virtuous by gathering wisdom / By his belly, made swelling by being equipped with fortune and knowledge

selmuy mwotwowoa YU.TEK-hosin kasom-ay
PWOK.TI.KWU.CYOK-hosya pulukesin poy-yey


멋다

head

멋다〮 (mèstá) (infinitive 머저〮, sequential 머즈〮니〮, modern phonemic orthography 멎다〮)

멋다〮 (canonical)
mèstá (romanization)
머저〮 (infinitive)
머즈〮니〮 (sequential)
phonemic orthography 멎다〮 (modern)

머자 외야자 綠(록)李(리)야 ᄲᆞᆯ리 나 내 신 고ᄒᆞᆯ ᄆᆡ야라
아니옷 ᄆᆡ시면 나리어다 머즌 말

1493, “處容歌/처용가”, in 樂學軌範/악학궤범:

Cherry fruits, red plums, green plums, come quickly and fasten my toecaps. If they are not fastened, words of ill fortune shall I lay down upon you.

mec-a oyyac-a LWOK.LI-ya spolli na nay sin kwoh-ol moyyala
ani-Gwos moysimyen naliGeta mecun mal


멎

From the same root as Modern Korean 벚 (beot, “cherry”), showing /p~m/ alternation sporadically found in Korean.

1493, “處容歌/처용가”, in 樂學軌範/악학궤범:


슈신

Jeolla Korean: 수신 (susin), 수씨 (sussi)

Perhaps Sino-Korean, given unusual low-low pitch and overall phonetic shape; compare 신(身) (sìn, “body”, Sino-Korean morpheme).


므즤다

mucuyta (romanization)
므즤여〮 (infinitive)

(of clouds) to gather; to be covered (with clouds)


소곰

Korean: 소금 (sogeum)

Gyeongsang Korean: 소곰 (sogom)


핧다

핧다〮 (hàlhtá) (infinitive 할하〮, sequential 할ᄒᆞ〮니〮)

핧다〮 (canonical)
hàlhtá (romanization)
할하〮 (infinitive)
할ᄒᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 핥다 (halda)

쇼〮옷〮 할티〮 아니〮커든〮 소곰므〮를〮 ᄂᆞᄎᆡ〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ면〮 ᄉᆈ〮 곧〮 할ᄂᆞ니〮라〮

1466, 구급방언해 [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 상 [sang], page 24b:

If the cow does not lick [the patient], apply saltwater to the [patient's] face and the cow will lick [it] promptly


디히

디히〮 or 디〮히〮 (tìhí or tíhí)

디히〮 (canonical)
디〮히〮 (canonical)
tìhí (romanization)
tíhí (romanization)

Jeolla Korean: 지 (ji)


심바ᇰ

Jeju: 심방 (simbang)

q

conflated with <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">僧</i> (seung, “Buddhist priest”)

⇒ Korean: 승방 (seungbang) (conflated with 僧 (seung, “Buddhist priest”))

Hyeon Yong-jun suggested that this was composed of Middle Chinese elements 神 (MC zyin, “deity”) + 房 (MC bjang, “house; wife; concubine”), i.e. the house/wife of the divine. The Middle Chinese tone fits the pitch accent of the Middle Korean. Note also that in modern Seoul shamanism, 방 (房, bang) is used after the names of gods or rituals as a sort of suffix to denote a shaman deemed particularly skilled at venerating the god or holding the ritual;


여희다

head

여희〮다〮 (yèhúytá) (infinitive 여희〮여〮 (yèhúyyé), sequential 여희〮니〮 (yèhúyní))

여희〮다〮 (canonical)
yèhúytá (romanization)
여희〮여〮 (infinitive)
여희〮니〮 (sequential)

desc

Korean: 여의다 (yeouida, “to be bereaved of; to be widowed, or for one's parents to pass away”)

目(목〮)連(련)아〮 오직〮 七(치ᇙ〮)月(워ᇙ〮)ㅅ 보롬〮 나래〮 盂(웅)蘭(란)盆(뽄)齋(쟁)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 네 어〮미〮 가ᄒᆡ〮 모〮ᄆᆞᆯ〮 여희〮리라〮

1459, 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:91b:

O Maudgalyāyana! If only you should hold the Ghost Festival on the full moon of the seventh month, your mother will leave the body of a dog.

to leave; to depart from; to bid farewell to

삭삭기 셰몰애 별헤 나ᄂᆞᆫ
구은 밤 닷 되를 심고이다
그 바미 우미 도다 삭 나거시아[…]
有(유)德(덕)ᄒᆞ신 님믈 여ᄒᆡᄋᆞ와 지ᅌᅵ다

16th century [c. 14th century], “[鄭石歌/정석가] [Jeongseok-ga]”, in 樂章歌詞/악장가사 [Akjang gasa]:

On a dune of fine and cracking sand
I planted five boxes of roasted chestnuts
Should those chestnuts sprout shoots and buds […]
I will want to depart from my fine-hearted beloved.

to lose a loved one (by death or departure)