아으

1493 [14th century?], “동동/動動 [Dongdong]”, in 樂學軌範/악학궤범 [Akhak gwebeom]:

By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men.

아으 壽(슈)命(며ᇰ)長(댜ᇰ)願(원)ᄒᆞ샤 넙거신 니마해
山(산)象(샤ᇰ) 이슷 기ᇫ어신 눈닙에
愛(ᄋᆡ)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)相(샤ᇰ)見(견)ᄒᆞ샤 오ᄋᆞᆯ어신 누네

1493, “處容歌/처용가 [Cheoyong-ga]”, in 樂學軌範/악학궤범 [Akhak gwebeom]:

O by his brows, wide by his longevity;
By his eyebrows, lush like the mountains;
By his eyes, made complete from seeing his beloved

(poetic) ah, o, alas; the most common exclamation or interjection in native Korean songs and poetry.


져차다

head

져차다 (cyechata) (infinitive 져차, sequential 져차니)

cyechata (romanization)
져차 (infinitive)
져차니 (sequential)

瘴(장)難(난)을 져차쇼셔

1500s, “삼성대왕/三城大王”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:

술도 됴터라 드로라 고기도 됴터라 드로라 엇더다 別(별)大(대)王(왕) 들러신ᄃᆡ 四(ᄉᆞ)百(ᄇᆡᆨ)瘴(장)難(난)을 아니 져차실가

1500s, “대국/大國”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:

I have heard that the wine was good; I have heard that the meat was good; now that [the deity] Byeoldaewang has visited, shall he not remove the four hundred miasmic illnesses?

swul-two tywothela tulwola kwoki-two tywothela tulwola esteta PYEL.TAY.WANG tullesintoy SO.POYK.CANG.NAN-ul ani cyecasil-ka


녀름짓다

녀름〮짓〯다〮 (nyèlúmcǐstá)

녀름〮짓〯다〮 (canonical)
nyèlúmcǐstá (romanization)

Korean: 여름짓다 (yeoreumjitda)

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, from 녀름〮 (nyèlúm, “farming”) + 짓〯다〮 (cǐstá, “to make”).


거느리다

head

거느〮리다〮 (kènúlìtá) (infinitive 거느〮려〮, sequential 거느〮리니〮)

거느〮리다〮 (canonical)
kènúlìtá (romanization)
거느〮려〮 (infinitive)
거느〮리니〮 (sequential)

남지니 어디디 몯ᄒᆞ면 겨지블 거느리디 몯ᄒᆞ고, 겨지비 어디디 몯ᄒᆞ면 남지ᄂᆞᆯ 셤기디 몯ᄒᆞ며

1573, 내훈 [naehun], volume 2 상 [2 sang], pages 5b-6a:

If a man is not virtuous, he will not be able to have his wife under command, and if a woman is not virtuous, she will not be able to serve her husband

(transitive) to lead, to have under one's command


ᄉᆞᆶ

Korean: 살 (sal)


지극

지〮극〮 (canonical)
cíkúk (romanization)
至極 (hanja)

[t͡ɕí.ɡɨ́k̚]


Rising-tone [◌̌] pitch accent on a long vowel.


High-tone [◌́] pitch accent on a short vowel.


버히다

버히〮다〮 (pèhítá) (infinitive 버혀〮 (pèhyé), sequential 버히〮니〮 (pèhíní))

버히〮다〮 (canonical)
pèhítá (romanization)
버혀〮 (infinitive)
버히〮니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: 버히다 (pehita)

Korean: 베다 (beda)


벋

Jeju: 벗 (beot)

desctree

Early Modern Korean: 벋 (pet), 벗 (pes)
Korean: 벗 (beot)


-ㅭ

Post-vocalic allomorphic form of -으ᇙ〮 (-úlq, irrealis gerundive/adnominal suffix)


불무

Early Modern Korean: 불무 (pwulmwu), 플무 (phulmwu), 풀무 (phwulmwu)

Korean: 풀무 (pulmu)


굴허ᇰ

굴허ᇰ〮 (canonical)
kwùlhéng (romanization)

Early Modern Korean: 굴헝 (kwulheng), 굴엉 (kwuleng), 구렁 (kwuleng)

Korean: 구렁 (gureong)

Jeju: 굴헝 (gulheong)

그 比(삥〮)丘(쿠ᇢ)ㅣ 怒(농〯)ᄒᆞ〮야 그 겨〯지블〮 ᄧᅩᄎᆞ〮니 기픈〮 굴허ᇰ〮에 ᄲᅡ〮디〮여 주그〮니

1482, 南明集諺解 / 남명집언해 [Nammyeongjip eonhae], page I:60a:

The furious bhikkhu chased after the woman, only for her to die falling into a deep pit.

depression in land:
hole, pit (depression in the ground)

ᄯᅡ〮 平(뼈ᇰ)호〮미〮 소ᇇ바다ᇰ〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮 뫼〯히며〮 두들〮기며〮 시〯내〯며〮 굴허〮ᅌᅵ〮 업〯고〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 15:13a–b:

The land will be as level as the palm of the hand, free of mountains or hills, streams or gorges.

굴허〮ᅌᅦ〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 디〯내〯샤〮 도ᄌᆞ기〮 다〯 도라〮가니〮 半 길〯 노ᄑᆡᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 년기〮 디〯나리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

1447, “Stanza 48”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

[Chased] into an alley, [emperor Taizu] had his horse leap over [a cliff a gil high], and all the bandits [had no choice but to] turn back. Even if it were half a gil high, could anyone else [i.e. the bandits] have done the same?

kwùlhéng-éy mòl-ól tǐnǎysyá twòcòk-í tǎ twòlákàní PAN kǐl nwòphóy-ntól nyènk-í tǐnàlíngìká

기픈〮 굴허〮ᅌᅵ 슬프고〮 車馬ㅣ 그츠〮니 書案ㅅ 그테〮 글〮 닑던〮 반〮되 ᄆᆞᆯ라〮 주겟〮도다〮

1481, “題鄭十八著作丈 / 제정십팔저작장”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 21:40b:

Desolate is the alley, its carriages and horses gone; dried up and dead are the fireflies on your desk, by [whose glow] you once read.

kìphún kwùlhéng-ì sùlphùkwó KE.MA-y kùchúnì SYE.AN-s kùth-éy kúl nìlktén pántwòy mòllá cwùké-ys-twòtá


위ᄒᆞ다

head

위〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (wǔyhòtá) (infinitive 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (wǔyhóyá), sequential 위〯ᄒᆞ니〮 (wǔyhòní), hanja 爲ᄒᆞ다)

위〯ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
wǔyhòtá (romanization)
위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (infinitive)
위〯ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)
爲ᄒᆞ다 (hanja)

Early Modern Korean: 위ᄒᆞ다 (wuyhota)

Korean: 위하다 (wihada)

Middle Chinese 爲 (MC hjweH, “for (the sake of)”) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá, light verb deriving verbs).

龍(료ᇰ)과〮 鬼(귕〯)神(씬)과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮더〮시다〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:

[Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits.

(transitive) to do (something) for the sake of


-하

[…]世(솅〮)尊(존)하〮 분별〮 마〯ᄅᆞ〮쇼셔〮[…]

1447, Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol]:

O (honorable) the World-Honored One (i.e. the Buddha), do not fret!

(honorific) O honorable... (vocative case particle showing extreme respect)


ᄉᆡᆷ

Korean: 샘 (saem)

ᄉᆡ〯미〮 기픈〮 므〮른〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ래〮 아니〮 그츨〮ᄊᆡ〮 내〯히〮 이러〮 바ᄅᆞ〮래〮 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The water from a deep spring, for a drought dries it not, becomes a stream and flows into the sea.

sǒy-mí kìphún mú-lún kómò-láy àní kùchúlssóy nǎy-hí ìlé pàló-láy kánòní


여다

여〯다〮 (yětá) (infinitive 여러〮 (yèlé), sequential 여〯니〮 (yění), phonemic spelling 열〯다〮)

여〯다〮 (canonical)
yětá (romanization)
여러〮 (infinitive)
여〯니〮 (sequential)

desc

Korean: 열다 (yeolda, “to open”, transitive), 열다 (yeolda, “(of fruits, rare) to ripen”, intransitive)


ᄂᆡ

Korean: 내 (nae)

한 일훔〮난 香(햐ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 퓌우〮니〮 그 ᄂᆡ〮 구〮룸 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ리〮니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:41a:

Select incense shall be burnt, its smoke resembling clouds.

hàn ìlhwúm-nàn HYÀNG-ól phwùyGwúní kù nóy kwúlwùm kóthòlíní

서〮늘코 가ᄇᆡ〮야온〮 져젯〮 우흿〮 묏〯 ᄂᆡ〮 퍼〮러ᄒᆞ고〮

1481, “十二月一日三首 / 십이월일일삼수”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 10:45b:

Over the chill-laden market the mountain mist is emerald green.

sénùlkhwò kàpóyyàwón cyècéy-s wùh-úy-s mwǒy-s nóy phélèhòkwó


보ᅀᆞ

Korean: 보아 (boa)

Korean: 보 (bo)

Korean: 보시기 (bosigi)

First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527, as a gloss to the character 甌.


멀험

Korean:

Attested in the Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527 as a gloss to hanja 閑. First part is probably related to the word ᄆᆞᆯ.

lang

(訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회)

(訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회)


셰

Korean: 세로 (sero)


셔

Korean: 서까래 (seokkarae)


ᅘᅧ다

head

ᅘᅧ다〮 (hhyètá) (infinitive ᅘᅧ〮아〮, sequential ᅘᅧ니〮)

ᅘᅧ다〮 (canonical)
hhyètá (romanization)
ᅘᅧ〮아〮 (infinitive)
ᅘᅧ니〮 (sequential)

desc

Early Modern Korean: 혀다 (hyeta), ᄻᅧ다 (shyeta)

Korean: 켜다 (kyeoda), 써다 (sseoda)

Cognate to Jeju ᄊᆞ다 (ssawda), Jeju 싸다 (ssada, “to light, to drain”). Possibly from earlier *ᅘᆢ다 (*hhyota).
The base meaning seems to be 'to drag'. The sense 'to light (a fire)' probably comes from the fact that fires were typically started with a piece of steel (부시 (busi)) struck or dragged on a flintstone (부싯돌 (busitdol)), before matchsticks were introduced.

to play a stringed instrument with a bow


훠

From Middle Chinese 靴 (hɨuɑ). Modern Korean counterpart is 목화 (木靴).


나ᇚ

Korean: 나무 (namu)


마ᅀᆞᆫ

head

마ᅀᆞᆫ〮 (màzón)

desc

Early Modern Korean: 마은 (maun), 마흔 (mahun)

Korean: 마흔 (maheun)

→ Jeju: 마은 (ma'eun), 마흔 (maheun)


뭀

Korean: 뭇 (mut)


돗귀

Jeju: 도치 (dochi), 도끼 (dokki)

Korean: 도끼 (dokki)


ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆷ알다

Korean: 가말다 (gamalda)


저우룸

From earlier *저ᄫᅳ룸 (*ceWulwum), attested in the Chaoxian Guanyiyu under Mandarin orthography 則卜論 (zébǔlùn). Further etymology unclear; seems to be an -음 (-um) nominalization of an unattested verb. Not attested in any other sense than as an Earthly Branch, although other Earthly Branches are referred to by corresponding animal names in Middle Korean.

ᄯᅩ 正(져ᇰ)月(월) 첫 저우룸 날 뒷간 앏ᄑᆡᆺ 검주를 ᄠᅳᆳ 가온ᄃᆡ ᄉᆞᆯ면 덥단 병긔를 업게 ᄒᆞᄂᆞ니라

1525, 간이벽온방(簡易辟瘟方) [ganibyeogonbang, Simple Antidotes Against Pestilence], page 19a:

And if one burns kindling in the middle of the yard in front of the outhouse on the day of the Tiger, one will make the spirit of the pestilence disappear.

텬황시ᄂᆞᆫ 나무 덕으로ᄡᅥ 님금 되다 ᄒᆡ 저울음의 니러나

late 1600s, 십구사략언해(十九史略諺解) [sipgusaryageonhae, Korean Translation of the Epitome of the Nineteen Histories], pages 1–1:a:

Tianhuang became ruler by the potency of Wood; he rose when the year was the Tiger […]

寅 (yín), the third of twelve earthly branches (十二支 (shí'èrzhī)): "Tiger"


바독범

head

바독〮범〯 (pàtwókpĕm)

바독〮범〯 (canonical)
pàtwókpĕm (romanization)

바독〮 (pàtwók, “go stone”) + 범〯 (pĕm, “tiger”). Leopards have spots like the black stones used in the game of Go.

af

leopard (mainly the Amur leopard, the only subspecies found in Korea)


도의

Korean: 되넘기 (doeneomgi)

First attested in the Hunmong jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Presumably from Old Korean *tobɨi.
Was further compared to Proto-Japonic *tupiyay and Middle Japanese つひ𛀁 (Modern 費(つい)え (tsuie)) meaning expenses.


죽사리

head

죽사리〮 (cwùksàlí)

죽사리〮 (canonical)
cwùksàlí (romanization)

Korean: 죽살이 (juksari)

죽- (cwùk-, “to die”) + 살〯 (sǎl-, “to live”) + -이〮 (-í, nominalizer).

af

살〯락〮 주그〮락〮 ᄒᆞ〮야〮 그지〮 업〯시〮 受(쓔ퟝ〯)苦(콩〯) ᄒᆞ〮거〮니와〮 부텨는〮 죽사리〮 업〯스〮실ᄊᆡ〮 寂(쪅〮)滅(며ᇙ〮)이〮 즐〮겁다〮 ᄒᆞ〮시〮니라〮

1459, Worin seokbo 月印釋譜/월인석보, page 2.16a:

[The sentient beings] live, then die, then live again, receiving suffering without end; the Buddha does not have reincarnation, so it has been said that he finds death to be a pleasure.

sǎllák cwùkúlák hóyá kùc-í ěpsí SSYWǓW.KHWǑ hókénìwoá pwùthyè-nún cwùksàlí ěpsúsìlssóy CCYÉK.MYÉLQ-í cúlkèptá hósínìlá

(Buddhism) samsara; the cycle of birth and death


ᄇᆡ

Jeju: 베 (be), 배 (bae), 부애 (buae)

Korean: 배 (bae)


ᄇᆡ

Jeju: 베 (be), 배 (bae)

Korean: 배 (bae)


ᄇᆡ

Jeju: 베 (be), 배 (bae)

Korean: 배 (bae)


ᄭᆞ자ᇰ

head

ᄭᆞ자ᇰ〮 (skòcáng)

ᄭᆞ자ᇰ〮 (canonical)
skòcáng (romanization)

desc

Jeju: -ᄁᆞ지 (-kkawji), -꺼정 (-kkeojeong), -ᄁᆞ장 (-kkawjang)

Korean: -까지 (-kkaji), -껏 (-kkeot)

-ㅅ (-s, “genitive marker”) + ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮 (kòcáng, “very, extremely”)


ᄌᆞ조

head

ᄌᆞ조〮 (còcwó)

Jeju: ᄌᆞ주 (jawju)

Korean: 자주 (jaju)


ᄌᆞᆽ다

ᄌᆞᆽ다〮 (còc-tá)

Jeju: ᄌᆞᆽ다 (jawtda)

Korean: 잦다 (jatda)


ᄀᆞᄅᆞ

Jeju: ᄀᆞ로 (gawro)

Korean: 가로 (garo)


ᄀᆞᄅᆞ

Jeju: ᄀᆞ를 (gawreul)

Korean: 가루 (garu)


내죠ᇰ

내〯죠ᇰ (canonical)
nǎycyòng (romanization)

Jeju: 내중 (naejung)

Korean: 나중 (najung)


ᄉᆞᆰ

Jeju: 식 (sik)

⇒ Jeju: ᄉᆞᆯ캥이 (sawlkaeng'i)

Korean: 삵 (sak)

⇒ Korean: 살쾡이 (salkwaeng'i)

Compare Manchu ᠰᠣᠯᠣᡥᡳ (solohi) and Evenki солига (soliga).


나ᄇᆡ

Jeju: 나비 (nabi)

Korean: 나비 (nabi)


나ᅀᅵ

Jeju: 난시 (nansi), 나시 (nasi), 난지 (nanji)

⇒ Jeju: 난생이 (nansaeng'i)

Korean: 냉이 (naeng'i)


ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다

ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다〮 (tòWòytá) (infinitive ᄃᆞᄫᆡ여〮, sequential ᄃᆞᄫᆡ니〮)

ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다〮 (canonical)
tòWòytá (romanization)
ᄃᆞᄫᆡ여〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞᄫᆡ니〮 (sequential)
ᄃᆞ외다 (alternative)

Jeju: 뒈다 (dweda)

Korean: 되다 (doeda)


개야미

Jeju: 게염지 (geyeomji)

Korean: 개미 (gaemi)


ᄃᆞᆰ

Jeju: ᄃᆞᆨ (dawk)

Korean: 닭 (dak)


ᄭᅩ리

Jeju: 꼴리 (kkolli)

Korean: 꼬리 (kkori)


거붑

Jeju: 거북 (geobuk)

Korean: 거북 (geobuk)


몬ᄌᆡ

Jeju: 몬지 (monji)

Korean: 먼지 (meonji)


듣글

Jeju: 뜨끌 (tteukkeul)

Korean: 티끌 (tikkeul)


어듸

Jeju: 어듸 (eodui)

Korean: 어디 (eodi)


여ᄉᆔᆫ

여ᄉᆔᆫ〯 (canonical)
yèsywǔyn (romanization)

Jeju: 예순 (yesun)

Korean: 예순 (yesun)


ᄉᆞᄆᆡ

ᄉᆞ〮ᄆᆡ〮 (sómóy)

Jeju: ᄉᆞ미 (sawmi)

Korean: 소매 (somae)


읏듬

Jeju: 이뜸 (itteum)

Korean: 으뜸 (eutteum)


고키리

고〮키리〮 (kwókhìlí)

고〮키리〮 (canonical)
kwókhìlí (romanization)

Jeju: 코끼리 (kokkiri)

Korean: 코끼리 (kokkiri)


며주

Jeju: 메쥐 (mejwi)

Korean: 메주 (meju)

(cooking) block of fermented beans, used to make doenjang


ᄭᅯᇰ

Jeju: 꿩 (kkwong)

Korean: 꿩 (kkwong)


바다ᇰ

Jeju: 바닥 (badak)

Korean: 바닥 (badak)


할미

Korean: 할미 (halmi)

드ᅌᅴᆫ〮 할〮미〮 업고〮 알ᄑᆡᆫ〮 주근〮 아〮기 아냇〮더니〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 4, page 7b:

Carrying an old lady on their back and a dead baby in front


버슷

desc

Jeju: 버섯 (beoseot), 버섭 (beoseop), 버슷 (beoseut), 초기 (chogi)

Korean: 버섯 (beoseot)


프ᅀᅥᇰ귀

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프〮ᅀᅥᇰ귀〮 (phúzèngkwúy)

프〮ᅀᅥᇰ귀〮 (canonical)
phúzèngkwúy (romanization)

Korean: 푸성귀 (puseonggwi)

[pʰɨ́.zə̀ŋ.ɡúj]

From 플〮 (phúl) + *서ᇰ귀〮 (Yale: *sèngkwúy), which the second element is ultimately borrowed from Jurchen.


바ᄂᆞᆯ

바ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (pànól)

Korean: 바늘 (baneul)


깃브다

Jeju: 지쁘다 (jippeuda)

Korean: 기쁘다 (gippeuda)

From 기ᇧ- (kisk-, “to rejoice”) + -브- (-pu-, adjective-deriving suffix).


ᄎᆞᆷ새

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ᄎᆞᆷ〮새〯 (chómsǎy)

ᄎᆞᆷ〮새〯 (canonical)
chómsǎy (romanization)

Jeju: ᄎᆞᆷ새 (chawmsae)

Korean: 참새 (chamsae)

From ᄎᆞᆷ〮 (chóm, “true; common”) + 새〯 (sǎy, “bird”)


ᄒᆞᄅᆞ사리

Jeju: ᄒᆞ로살이 (hawrosari)

Korean: 하루살이 (harusari)

[hʌ̀ɾʌ̀sàɾí]

From ᄒᆞᄅᆞ (holo, “one day”) + 살〯– (sǎl–, “to live”) + 이 (i, “agentive noun-deriving suffix”).


말ᄫᅡᆷ

head

말ᄫᅡᆷ〯 (màlWǎm)

말ᄫᅡᆷ〯 (canonical)
màlWǎm (romanization)
말왐〯 (alternative)

Jeju: ᄆᆞᆯ망쉬 (mawlmangswi)

Korean: 마름 (mareum)

Gyeongsang Korean: 말밤 (malbam)


ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆷ

ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (mòlóm)

Korean: 마름 (mareum)


듀ᇰ귁

듀ᇰ귁〮 (canonical)
tywùngkwúyk (romanization)

An orthodox Middle Korean reading of Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok)

나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮달아〮

1459, 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해 (Hunminjeongeum Eonhae):

The language of the country being different from China

Dongguk Jeongun orthodox reading form of 듀ᇰ국(中國) (tywungkwuk, “China”)


ᄀᆞᆺᄇᆞ다

ᄀᆞᆺᄇᆞ다〮 (kòspòtá)

ᄀᆞᆺᄇᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kòspòtá (romanization)

Jeju: ᄀᆞ쁘다 (gawppeuda)

Korean: 가쁘다 (gappeuda)


ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆷ

ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆷ (kòzòm)

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄀᆞᄋᆞᆷ (koom), ᄀᆞ음 (koum)

Korean: 감 (gam)

→ Jeju: ᄀᆞ음 (gaweum), 가음 (ga'eum)


ᄯᅩ

Jeju: 또 (tto)

Korean: 또 (tto)


ᄂᆞᆺ갑다

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ᄂᆞᆺ갑〯다〮 (nòskǎp-tá)

ᄂᆞᆺ갑〯다〮 (canonical)
nòskǎp-tá (romanization)

Jeju: ᄂᆞᆽ갑다 (nawtgapda)

Possibly ᄂᆞᄌᆞᆨ (nocok, “being low”) + -아ᇦ- (-aW-, adjective-deriving suffix).
Also compare Middle Korean ᄂᆞᆯ압〯다〮 (nòlGǎp-tá, “to be lowly”).


가ᄇᆡ얍다

Jeju: 가벱다 (gabepda)

Korean: 가볍다 (gabyeopda)


킈

Korean: 키 (ki)

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 킈〮 (Yale: khúy).

lang

(釋譜詳節 / 석보상절)

(釋譜詳節 / 석보상절)


-고녀

-고〮녀〮 (canonical)
-kwónyé (romanization)
-고〮나〮 (alternative)
-고〮야〮 (alternative)

First attested in the Gugyeol annotations of Cheollo Geumganggyeong (川老金剛經 / 천로금강경), 14th century, as Middle Korean -古隱亦 (*-kwonye).

(川老金剛經 / 천로금강경)

(川老金剛經 / 천로금강경)

suffix used to exclaim newly-learned information.

Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject

History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.


-고져

-고〮져〮 (canonical)
-kwócyé (romanization)
-고〮쟈〮 (alternative)

Jeju: -고정 (-gojeong)

desc

followed by <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">싶다</i> (sipda)

Korean: -고자 (-goja), -고 (-go) (followed by 싶다 (sipda))

suffix used to express the subject's desire to do something.


-과뎌

-과〮뎌〮 (canonical)
-kwátyé (romanization)
-과〮ᄃᆡ〮여〮 (alternative)
-과〮댜〮 (alternative)

내 ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ며 듀ᇰ히 너겨 너희ᄃᆞᆯ히 본받과뎌 원ᄒᆞ노라.

1518, 번역소학 (飜譯小學), translation of 小學 (in Literary Chinese):

I love him and consider him important, so I want you to make him your role model.

Nay solanghomye tywunghi nekye nehuytolhi pwonpatkwatye wenhonwola.

suffix used to express one's desire for another person to do something.


셔다

head

셔다〮 (syètá) (infinitive 셔〮아〮, sequential 셔니〮)

셔다〮 (canonical)
syètá (romanization)
셔〮아〮 (infinitive)
셔니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 서다 (seoda)


-ㄹ쎠

-ㄹ쎠〮 (canonical)
-lssyé (romanization)
-ㄹ셔〮 (alternative)

Korean: -ㄹ사 (-lsa)

ᄯᅩ 涅槃애 드로려 ᄒᆞ시니 이리ᄃᆞ록 셜ᄫᅳᆯ쎠

Also, he is about to enter nirvana. Oh, I am so sad!

suffix used to exclaim one's own emotion.


-ㄴ뎌

Korean: -ㄴ저 (-njeo)

그 어미 닐오ᄃᆡ 아가 아가 긴 劫에 몯 볼까 ᄒᆞ다니 오ᄂᆞᆳ날 地獄門 알ᄑᆡ셔 아기와 서르 보관뎌

The mother said, "My baby, my baby! I thought we would never see each other again over the eons, but now we have met together in front of the door to hell!"

suffix used to exclaim or state a fact with certainty and emphasis.


-오ᄃᆡ

-오〮ᄃᆡ〮 (-wótóy)

-오〮ᄃᆡ〮 (canonical)
-wótóy (romanization)
-우〮ᄃᆡ〮 (alternative)
-로〮ᄃᆡ〮 (alternative)

desc

Korean: -되 (-doe), -으되 (-eudoe), -로되 (-rodoe)

Either from Old Korean -乎尸矣 (*-woltoy) or Old Korean -乎隱矣 (*-wontoy), both of which are attested in 12-13th century Gugyeol sources.

五色 幡을 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ로ᄃᆡ 마ᅀᆞᆫ아홉 자ᄒᆞᆯ ᄒᆞ고

Make a banner in five colors, and make it forty-nine feet long

suffix used to connect two clauses with general and specific information.

내〮 ᄉᆞ라ᇰ호〮ᄃᆡ〮 어누〮 藏ㅅ 金이〮ᅀᅡ〮 마〮치〮 ᄭᆞᆯ이〮려뇨〮 ᄒᆞ〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮

I am wondering, "Which storage house's gold would cover it perfectly?"


-ㄴ대

-ㄴ대〮 (canonical)
-ntáy (romanization)
-은〮대〮 (alternative)
-ᄋᆞᆫ〮대〮 (alternative)

우므를 횟도라 절ᄒᆞ야 하ᄂᆞᆯᄭᅴ 블러 빈대 므리 소사나거늘

1514, 속삼강행실도 (續三綱行實圖):

When he bowed around the well and prayed to heaven, water gushed out from there

Wumulul hwoystwola celhoya hanolskuy pulle pintay muli swosanakenul


-오마

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-오〮마〮 (-wómá)

-오〮마〮 (canonical)
-wómá (romanization)
-우〮마〮 (alternative)

Korean: -으마 (-euma)

내 닐고마 네 드르라.

Before 1517, 번역노걸대 (飜譯老乞大), volume 하 (下), translation of 老乞大 (in Chinese):

Sentence-ending suffix used to promise to do something to the listener.


-으ᅌᅵ다

-으〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-úngìtá)

-으〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
-úngìtá (romanization)
-ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (alternative)
ᅌᅵ다〮 (alternative)

Combination of -으〮ᅌᅵ- (-úngì-) + -다〮 (-tá).

우리 罪 아니ᅌᅵ다.

a polite declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix.


-ᅌᅵᆺ가

-ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (canonical)
-ngìská (romanization)

Probably contains -ᅌᅵ- (-ngi-) and -가〮 (-ká). However, the ㅅ in between is difficult to explain.

부텻 ᄠᅳ데 當티 몯ᄒᆞᅀᅩ오면 쟈ᇰᄎᆞ 아니 罪 어드리ᅌᅵᆺ가?

If it doesn't match the Buddha's intentions, will they not become sinners in the future?


-ᅌᅵᆺ고

-ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (canonical)
-ngìskwó (romanization)

Probably contains -ᅌᅵ- (-ngi-) and -고〮 (-kwó). However, the -ㅅ- in between is difficult to explain.

아홉 橫死ᄂᆞᆫ 므스기ᅌᅵᆺ고?


-으쇼셔

-으쇼〮셔〮 (canonical)
-ùsywósyé (romanization)

Korean: -으소서 (-eusoseo)

Probably contains -으시〮- (-ùsí-) and Old Korean -立 (*-sye, imperative suffix). However, the exact composition is unclear. See Old Korean -古只賜立 (*-kwok[i]sisye, polite imperative suffix) for more information. See also -어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé).

m+

부텨하 드르쇼셔


-놋다

-놋〮다〮 (canonical)
-nwóstá (romanization)

⇒ Korean: -는도다 (-neundoda)

A compound suffix made up of -ᄂᆞ- (-no-, processive suffix) and -옷〮- (-wós-, emotive suffix) + -다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

An exclamatory sentence-final suffix, referring to an ongoing process.


-도소ᅌᅵ다

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-도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-twóswóngìtá)

-도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
-twóswóngìtá (romanization)

A compound suffix made up of -돗〮- (-twós-, emotive suffix) + -ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ- (-óngì-, polite suffix) + -다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix). The 2nd vowel was assimilated in roundedness by the previous one. The polite version of -도〮다〮 (-twótá, emotive declarative suffix).

lang

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

A polite exclamatory sentence-final suffix.


-노소ᅌᅵ다

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-노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-nwóswóngìtá)

-노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
-nwóswóngìtá (romanization)

A compound suffix made up of -ᄂᆞ- (-no-, processive suffix) + -옷〮- (-wós-, emotive suffix) + -ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ- (-óngì-, polite suffix) + -다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix). The 2nd vowel was assimilated in roundedness by the previous one. The polite version of -놋〮다〮 (-nwóstá, processive emotive declarative suffix).

lang

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

A polite exclamatory sentence-final suffix, referring to ongoing action.


-ᄂᆞ-

Korean: -는- (-neun-), -느- (-neu-), -ㄴ- (-n-)

내 北京 햐ᇰᄒᆞ야 가노라.

거릿 븍녀긔 잇ᄂᆞᆫ 뎜은 이 내 녯 쥬ᅀᅵᆫ 지비니

The store that is located on the north side of the street is my old master's house.

Kelis puknyekuy isnon tyemun i nay nyeys cywuzin cipini

A suffix that indicates present, ongoing action. Commonly referred to as the processive suffix.

Indicates present tense, when attached to dynamic verbs or 잇다 (ista).

酒壺ᄅᆞᆯ 기우리고 뎌 피리 부로매 셴 머리 도로 검ᄂᆞ니

As I drink and play the various flutes, my white hair is becoming black again.

Indicates ongoing transition of state; "is becoming ...", when attached to stative verbs (excluding 잇다 (ista)).


-돗-

Unknown. Maybe grammaticalized from a verb stem, as it is one of the strong endings which makes a preceding high~low alternating monosyllabic verb stem surface as high tone. However, there is no verb that looks like 돗- in Middle Korean.

忽然히〮 부텨 向ᄒᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 니즈〮니〮 누〮니〮 도로 어듭〮거늘 제〯 너교〮ᄃᆡ〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 가〮다가〮 귓것과〮 모〯딘〮 쥬ᇰᄉᆡᇰ이〮 므ᅀᅴ〮엽도〮소니 므스〮므라〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 나〮오〮나뇨

As he forgot his thoughts towards Buddha, his vision became dark again. He realized, 'I am scared of the ghosts and fierce creatures while travelling at night!', and wondered 'Why have I come out at night?'

A suffix which expresses mirativity; indicates the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind upon realizing or learning new information. Commonly called the emotive suffix.

-노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

-nwóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive processive suffix

-놋〮다〮

-nwóstá, declarative emotive processive suffix

-다〮ᄉᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮

-tásóngìtá, declarative polite emotive retrospective suffix

-도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

-twóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive suffix


-도-

Alternate form of -돗〮- (-twós-, emotive suffix) occuring between a bare verb stem (except the copula) and 다〮 (tá).


-롯-

Alternate form of -돗〮- (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following 이〮- (í-, copula), -으〮니〮- (-úní-) or -으〮리〮- (-úlí-), and followed by something other than 다〮 (tá).


-로-

Alternate form of -우〮- (-wú-, 'modulator' suffix) that occurs following 이〮- (í-, copula).

Alternate form of -돗〮- (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following 이〮- (í-, copula), -으〮니〮- (-úní-) or -으〮리〮- (-úlí-), and followed by 다〮 (tá).


-옷-

Alternative form of -돗〮- (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following -ᄂᆞ- (-nò-), -더〮- (-té-), or -거- (-ke-).

-것〮다〮

-késtá, effective emotive declarative suffix

-놋〮다〮

-nwóstá, processive emotive declarative suffix

-닷〮다〮

-tástá, retrospective emotive declarative suffix


-옷-

Probably from Old Korean 古叱 (*-kwos-) attested in 12th-13th century Gugyeol.

큰 혀ᇰ아 우리 도라가노소라. 네 됴히 잇거라.

a. 1517, 번역노걸대하 (飜譯老乞大) [beonyeongnogeoldaeha], volume 하 (下):

Big brother, we are going back. You stay healthy.

Optional verbal suffix that indicates that the subject is plural.

-노〮소〮라〮

-nwóswólá, 1st person plural declarative suffix

-다〮소〮니〮

-táswóní, retrospective 1st person plural sequential suffix

-소〮라〮

-swólá, declarative 1st person plural suffix

-ᄉᆞᆫ〮다〮

-sóntá, 2nd person plural question suffix


-은다

head

-은〮다〮 (-úntá)

혀ᇰ아 네 드른다? 셔울셔 ᄒᆡᇰᄒᆡᇰ이 언제 나시리러뇨?

Before 1517, 번역박통사 (飜譯朴通事), volume 상(上):

Brother, did you hear? When would the Emperor's tour of the capital city take place?

Hyenga ney tulunta? syewulsye hoynghoyngi encey nasililenywo?

Suffix used for asking a question about the listener.


-으ᅌᅵ-

-으〮ᅌᅵ- (canonical)
-úngì- (romanization)

Verbal suffix showing politeness towards the listener.


ᄀᆞᆯ다

ᄀᆞᆯ다〮 (kòltá) (infinitive ᄀᆞ라〮, sequential ᄀᆞ니〮)

ᄀᆞᆯ다〮 (canonical)
kòltá (romanization)
ᄀᆞ라〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 갈다 (galda)

Possibly related to Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (halambi, “to change”).


ᄀᆞᆯ다

ᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (kóltá) (infinitive ᄀᆞ〮라〮, sequential ᄀᆞ〮니〮)

ᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (canonical)
kóltá (romanization)
ᄀᆞ〮라〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 갈다 (galda)


ᄀᆞᆯ다

ᄀᆞᆯ다〮 (kòltá)

desc

⇒ Korean: 가로다 (garoda), 가라사대 (garasadae)

Possibly reanalyzed from a conjugated form of ᄀᆞᆮ다 (kotta), a ㄷ-irregular verb.


우ᇠ다

⇒ Korean: 움츠리다 (umcheurida)


ᄃᆞᄆᆞ다

head

ᄃᆞᄆᆞ다〮 (tòmòtá) (infinitive ᄃᆞᆷ가〮, sequential ᄃᆞᄆᆞ니〮)

ᄃᆞᄆᆞ다〮 (canonical)
tòmòtá (romanization)
ᄃᆞᆷ가〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞᄆᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 담그다 (damgeuda)

From ᄃᆞᆷ〮- (tóm-, “to be submerged”) + -ᄋᆞ- (-o-, causative suffix).


ᄃᆞᆷ다

ᄃᆞᆷ〮다〮 (tómtá) (infinitive ᄃᆞ〮마〮, sequential ᄃᆞ〮ᄆᆞ니〮)

ᄃᆞᆷ〮다〮 (canonical)
tómtá (romanization)
ᄃᆞ〮마〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞ〮ᄆᆞ니〮 (sequential)

⇒ Korean: 담그다 (damgeuda)


겇

Korean: 겉 (geot, “surface”)

Probably cognate with Middle Korean 갗 (kach, “skin, leather”) and Middle Korean 가족 (kacwok, “skin, leather”).


ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ다

head

ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ〮다〮 (tòngkóytá) (infinitive ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ〮야〮, sequential ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ〮니〮)

ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ〮다〮 (canonical)
tòngkóytá (romanization)
ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ〮야〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 당기다 (danggida)

Cognate with Middle Korean ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮다〮 (tòlGóy-tá, “to pull”).


ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ다

head

ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮다〮 (tòlóytá) (infinitive ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮야〮, sequential ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮니〮)

ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮다〮 (canonical)
tòlóytá (romanization)
ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮야〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞᆯᄋᆡ〮니〮 (sequential)

desc

Korean: 다리다 (darida), ⇒ 줄다리기 (juldarigi)

Cognate with Middle Korean ᄃᆞᇰᄀᆡ〮다〮 (tòngkóytá, “to pull”).


-우라

우〮라〮 (canonical)
wúlá (romanization)
-로〮라〮 (alternative)
-오〮라〮 (alternative)

A compound suffix made up of -우〮- (-wú-, modulator suffix) and -다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

A first person subject declarative suffix


갈모

head

갈〮모〮 (kálmwó) (locative 갈〮모애〮 (kálmwòáy))

갈〮모〮 (canonical)
kálmwó (romanization)
갈〮모애〮 (locative)


가라간쟈ᄉᆞ죡ᄇᆡᆨ

가라〮-간쟈〮-ᄉᆞ〮-죡〮-ᄇᆡᆨ〮

가라〮간쟈〮ᄉᆞ〮죡〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 (kàlá-kàncyá-só-cywók-póyk)

가라〮간쟈〮ᄉᆞ〮죡〮ᄇᆡᆨ〮 (canonical)
kàlá-kàncyá-só-cywók-póyk (romanization)

From Mongolian хар (xar, “black”) + Mongolian халзан (xalzan, “having a white spot on the forehead”) + 四足 (“four feet”) + 白 (“white”).

m+

五明馬

a. 1517, 번역노걸대(飜譯老乞大) [beonyeongnogeoldae], volume 하(下), translation of original in Chinese:

a black horse with white fur on its forehead and four hooves.


밧ᄇᆞ다

Korean: 바쁘다 (bappeuda)


ᄉᆞ라기

Korean: 싸라기 (ssaragi)

Possibly from ᄉᆞᆯ- (sol-, “to crush”) + -아기 (-aki, diminutive suffix). See also Middle Korean ᄇᆞᅀᆞ라기 (pozolaki, “fragment”), Korean 군더더기 (gundeodeogi, “unnecessity”), 쓰레기 (sseuregi, “garbage”) for the same suffix.


무ᇰ긔다

head

무ᇰ긔〮다〮 (mwùngkúytá) (infinitive 무ᇰ긔〮여〮, sequential 무ᇰ긔〮니〮)

무ᇰ긔〮다〮 (canonical)
mwùngkúytá (romanization)
무ᇰ긔〮여〮 (infinitive)
무ᇰ긔〮니〮 (sequential)

desc

Korean: 뭉치다 (mungchida), 뭉개다 (munggaeda)

Cognate with Middle Korean 물의〮다〮 (mwùlGúytá, “to press together”).
Possibly contracted from *뭉그리다 (mwungkul-i-ta), with the same component as in 뭉그리다 (munggeurida), 뭉그러지다 (munggeureojida), 뭉글뭉글 (munggeulmunggeul, “lumpily”).


-곰

調達이와 難陀왜 몬져 쏘니 各各 세콤 ᄢᅦ여디거늘

Devadatta and Nandha shot first, and they each pierced three [drums].

(after a noun phrase) each by a certain amount or quantity

네 이리곰 갑슬 닐어 므슴 ᄒᆞᆯ다

a. 1517, 번역노걸대 [beonyeongnogeoldae], volume 하 [ha]:

What do you trying to do, asking for such [a high] price?

(after an adverbial phrase) An emphatic particle.


-곰

Korean: -금 (-geum)

desc

⇒ Korean: 다시금 (dasigeum), 하여금 (hayeogeum)

Korean: -곤 (-gon, habitual verbal suffix)

가ᄀᆞ기 놀라ᄫᅵ 니러셔다가 ᄯᅩ 도로 아ᇇ곰 ᄒᆞ실ᄊᆡ

Because he kept suddenly standing up surprised, and then sitting back down again

iterative aspect
iterative aspect#English

Expresses habitual or iterative aspect, often followed by ᄒᆞ다 (hota).


-거지라

head

-거지〮라〮 (-kècílá)

-거지〮라〮 (canonical)
-kècílá (romanization)


ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다

ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다〮 (tòshòtá)

ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
tòshòtá (romanization)

Middle Korean: ᄃᆞᄉᆞᄒᆞ다 (tosohota)

⇒ Korean: 다스하다 (daseuhada)

Middle Korean: ᄃᆞᆺᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다 (tostoshota)

desc

⇒ Korean: ᄯᆞᆺᄯᆞᆺᄒᆞ다

⇒ Korean: ᄯᆞᆺᄯᆞᆺᄒᆞ다

Middle Korean: 듯다 (tusta)

⇒ Korean: 듯듯ᄒᆞ다

From *ᄃᆞᆺ (tòs, “warm”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota). See also ᄃᆞᆺᄃᆞ시 (tòs-tòs-ì, “warmly”). ᄃᆞᆺ- (tos-) would give rise to the modern coordinate terms for "warm", evolving through various forms derived from it. ᄃᆞᄉᆞ- (toso-) would emerge through epenthesis of a second vowel and would result in ᄃᆞᄉᆞᆸ- (tosop-), ᄃᆞᄉᆞ롭- (tosolwop-) and ᄃᆞᄉᆞᄒᆞ다 (tosohota) through the addition of different suffixes. Reduplication would lead to ᄃᆞᆺᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다 (tostoshota), attaining a consonant cluster that would undergo various vowel shifts in order to result in 따뜻하다 (ttatteuthada), 따끈하다 (ttakkeunhada) and 따갑- (ttagap-), as well as their respective variations. The ablauted form 듯- (tus-) and the reduplicated 듯듯ᄒᆞ다 (tustushota) resulted in 뜨뜻하다 (tteutteuthada) and 뜨끈하다 (tteukkeunhada) as well as 뜨겁- (tteugeop-) through rebracketing of its first syllable. Arae-aᆞwould undergo its vowel shift in each of these terms and the consonant clusters would be glottalized into /t͈/.

=ᄆᆞᅀᆞ-ᄆᆞᆯ ᄃᆞᆺ게 아니코 곧 블로 그 모-ᄆᆞᆯ ᄧᅬ면

if one exposes oneself straightaway to a fire's warmth without [first] making his insides warm


ᄃᆞᇫ오다

head

ᄃᆞᇫ〯오다〮 (tǒzGwòtá)

ᄃᆞᇫ〯오다〮 (canonical)
tǒzGwòtá (romanization)

Probably from ᄃᆞᇫ〯- (tǒz-, “to love”) + -ᄫᆞ- (-Wo-, adjective-deriving suffix).


가ᄀᆞᆨᄒᆞ다

head

가ᄀᆞᆨ〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (kàkókhòtá) (infinitive 가ᄀᆞᆨ〮ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 가ᄀᆞᆨ〮ᄒᆞ니〮)

가ᄀᆞᆨ〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kàkókhòtá (romanization)
가ᄀᆞᆨ〮ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
가ᄀᆞᆨ〮ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

ᄒᆞ〮다가〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ ᄡᅮ〮미〮 가ᄀᆞᆨ〮ᄒᆞ면〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᇝ조기〮 뮈여〮 血(ᄒᆑᇙ〮)氣(킝〮) 調(뚀ᇢ)和(ᅘᅪᆼ)티〮 몯〯ᄒᆞᆫ 等(드ᇰ〯)엣〮 病(뼈ᇰ〮)이〮 나리〮니〮 正(져ᇰ〮)ᄒᆞᆫ 길〮히〮 아니〮라〮

1460, Mongsanhwasang beobeo yangnok eonhae (蒙山和尙法語略綠諺解 / 몽산화상법어약록언해) 7b

If you are haste with your heart, your heart will move and you will suffer ailments such as your blood and breath being disharmonious, thus it is not the correct way ...

hótàká mòzòm pswúm-í kàkókhò-myén mòzòmscwòk-í mwùyy-é HYWÉLQ.KHÚY TTYWÒW.HHWÀ-thí mwǒthòn TǓNG-éys PPYÉNG-í nà-lí-ní CYÉNGhòn kílh-í àní-lá


가난ᄒᆞ다

가난ᄒᆞ다〮 (kànànhòtá) (infinitive 가난ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 가난ᄒᆞ니〮)

가난ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kànànhòtá (romanization)
가난ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
가난ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가난하다 (gananhada)

가난 (kanan, “poverty”) + ᄒᆞ- (ho-, light verb).

compound

지-비 가난ᄒᆞ야 이바돌 거-시 업스니

1481, 분류두공부시언해 (Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae), volume 8, page 55a:


가도다

head

가도〮다〮 (kàtwótá) (infinitive 가도〮아〮, sequential 가도〮니〮)

가도〮다〮 (canonical)
kàtwótá (romanization)
가도〮아〮 (infinitive)
가도〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가두다 (gaduda)

갇- (kat-, “to collect”) + -오- (-wo-, causative suffix). Compare 가티〮다〮 (kàthítá, “to get confined”).

suffix

큰 구-데 가도고 飮食(음식) 아니 주더니

1481, 삼강행실도충신도 (Samgang haengsil do chungsin do), page 6a:

They confined him in a big hole and did not give him food and water.

khu-n kwut-ey katwo-kwo UM.SIK ani cwu-teni


가도이다

head

가도〮이다〮 (kàtwóìtá) (infinitive 가도〮여〮, sequential 가도〮이니〮)

가도〮이다〮 (canonical)
kàtwóìtá (romanization)
가도〮여〮 (infinitive)
가도〮이니〮 (sequential)

From 가도- (katwo-, “to confine”) + -이- (-i-, passive suffix).

af

ᄒᆞ〮다가〮 有(우ᇢ〯)情(쪄ᇰ)이〮 나랏〮 法(법〮)에〮 자피〮여〮 ᄆᆡ여〮 매〮 마자〮 獄(옥)애〮 가도〮이〮거나〮

By any chance, [if] a sentient being gets caught by a country's law and gets caned and locked up in prison,

hótàká WǓW.CCYÈNG-í nàlá-s PÉP-éy càphíy-é mòyy-é máy màc-á WÒK-áy kàtwóí-kèná


가도혀다

head

가도〮혀다〮 (kàtwó-hyè-tá) (infinitive 가도〮혀〮, sequential 가도〮혀니〮)

가도〮혀다〮 (canonical)
kàtwó-hyè-tá (romanization)
가도〮혀〮 (infinitive)
가도〮혀니〮 (sequential)

가도〮- (kàtwó-, “to confine”) + ᅘᅧ- (hhye-, to drag).

compound

자라 간 새도 다 ᄂᆞᆯ개ᄅᆞᆯ 가도-혓도다

1481, 분류두공부시언해 (Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae), volume 9, page 17b:

The bird who has gone to sleep has all folded back its wings, too.

ca-la ka-n say-two ta nolkay-lol katwo-hy-es-twota


가ᄅᆞ다

head

가ᄅᆞ다〮 (kàlòtá) (infinitive 갈아〮, sequential 가ᄅᆞ니〮)

가ᄅᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kàlòtá (romanization)
갈아〮 (infinitive)
가ᄅᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가르다 (gareuda)

*갈- (*kal-, “to split?”) + -ᄋᆞ- (-o-, causative suffix). Compare 가리〮다〮 (kàlítá, “to get split”).

suffix

갈아 두 乘(스ᇰ)이 ᄃᆞ외니 ᄒᆞᆫ 가지 아니오

1481, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 12, page 49a:

Since it became two by splitting it, it is not one.

kalG-a twu SUNG-i towoy-ni hon kaci ani-Gwo


가ᄉᆡ다

head

가ᄉᆡ〮다 (kàsóytà) (infinitive 가ᄉᆡ〮야〮, sequential 가ᄉᆡ〮니〮)

가ᄉᆡ〮다 (canonical)
kàsóytà (romanization)
가ᄉᆡ〮야〮 (infinitive)
가ᄉᆡ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가시다 (gasida)

어미 밥 보고 貪ᄒᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ 가ᄉᆡ디 몯ᄒᆞ야 왼소ᄂᆞ로 바ᄇᆞᆯ 쥐여 머그며

1459, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 23, page 89b:

The mother couldn't get rid of her desire upon seeing the food, and ate the food grabbing it with her left hand

(transitive, intransitive) to change, to get rid of


가ᅀᆞ멸다

가ᅀᆞ〮멸다〮 (kàzómyèltá) (infinitive 가ᅀᆞ〮며러〮, sequential 가ᅀᆞ〮며니〮)

가ᅀᆞ〮멸다〮 (canonical)
kàzómyèltá (romanization)
가ᅀᆞ〮며러〮 (infinitive)
가ᅀᆞ〮며니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 가멸다 (gamyeolda)

그 城 안해〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 大臣 護彌라〮 호〮리〮 가ᅀᆞ〮멸오〮 發心ᄒᆞ〮더니〮

1447, 석보상절 (Seokbo Sangjeol), volume 6, page 14a:


가ᄌᆞᆯ비다

가ᄌᆞᆯ〮비다〮 (kàcólpìtá) (infinitive 가ᄌᆞᆯ〮벼〮, sequential 가ᄌᆞᆯ〮비니〮)

가ᄌᆞᆯ〮비다〮 (canonical)
kàcólpìtá (romanization)
가ᄌᆞᆯ〮벼〮 (infinitive)
가ᄌᆞᆯ〮비니〮 (sequential)
ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ〮비다〮 (alternative)


가티다

가티〮다〮 (kàthítá) (infinitive 가텨〮, sequential 가티〮니〮)

가티〮다〮 (canonical)
kàthítá (romanization)
가텨〮 (infinitive)
가티〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 갇히다 (gachida)

갇- (kat-, “to collect”) + -히- (-hi-, passive suffix).


가홀오다

head

가홀〮오다〮 (kàhwólGwòtá) (infinitive 가홀〮오아〮, sequential 가홀〮오니〮)

가홀〮오다〮 (canonical)
kàhwólGwòtá (romanization)
가홀〮오아〮 (infinitive)
가홀〮오니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 거우르다 (geoureuda)

낫과 바ᄆᆡ 곳다온 酒樽(쥬준)을 가홀오노라

1481, 분류두공부시언해 (Bullyu Dugongbu si eonhae), volume 8, page 25b:

I tilt the fragrant keg of wine day and night

nas-kwa pam-oy kwostaw-on CYWU.CWUN-ul kahwolGwo-nwola


가히다

가히〮다〮 (kàhítá) (infinitive 가혀〮, sequential 가히〮니〮)

가히〮다〮 (canonical)
kàhítá (romanization)
가혀〮 (infinitive)
가히〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 개다 (gaeda)

ᄒᆡᆫ 곳가리 모나게 가혓도다

1481, 분류두공부시언해 (Bullyu Dugongbu si eonhae), volume 20, page 24a:


갇다

갇다〮 (kàttá) (infinitive 가다〮, sequential 가ᄃᆞ〮니〮)

갇다〮 (canonical)
kàttá (romanization)
가다〮 (infinitive)
가ᄃᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Cognate with Middle Korean 걷다〮 (kèttá, “to collect”).


가ᇝ돌다

가ᇝ돌〯다〮 (kàmstwǒltá) (infinitive 가ᇝ도라〮, sequential 가ᇝ도〯니〮)

가ᇝ돌〯다〮 (canonical)
kàmstwǒltá (romanization)
가ᇝ도라〮 (infinitive)
가ᇝ도〯니〮 (sequential)
감ᄯᅩᆯ〯다〮 (alternative)

Korean: 감돌다 (gamdolda)

Possibly 감〯- (kǎm-, “to wind up”) + 돌〯- (twǒl-, “to spin”). However, the low tone and the addition of the intervening -ㅅ- (-s-) are unexpected.


엳ᄌᆞᆸ다

head

엳〯ᄌᆞᆸ다〮 (yětcòptá) (infinitive 엳〯ᄌᆞᄫᅡ〮, sequential 엳〯ᄌᆞᄫᆞ〮니〮)

엳〯ᄌᆞᆸ다〮 (canonical)
yětcòptá (romanization)
엳〯ᄌᆞᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
엳〯ᄌᆞᄫᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 여쭙다 (yeojjupda), 여쭈다 (yeojjuda)

옅- (yeth-, “to humbly ask”) + -ᄌᆞᆸ- (-cop-, object-honoring suffix).


다ᄆᆞᆺᄒᆞ다

head

다ᄆᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (tàmóshòtá) (infinitive 다ᄆᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 다ᄆᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ니〮)

다ᄆᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
tàmóshòtá (romanization)
다ᄆᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
다ᄆᆞᆺ〮ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

다ᄆᆞᆺ〮 (tàmós, “together”) + ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá, “to do”, light verb).


다ᄆᆞᆺ

head

다ᄆᆞᆺ〮 (tàmós)

Uncertain. Likely related to Middle Korean 다ᄆᆞᆨ (tamok, “together”).


간답다

간〮답〯다〮 (kántǎptá) (infinitive 간〮다ᄫᅡ〮, sequential 간〮다ᄫᆞ〮니〮)

간〮답〯다〮 (canonical)
kántǎptá (romanization)
간〮다ᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
간〮다ᄫᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

모딘 브리 간다ᄫᆞᆫ ᄇᆞᄅᆞ미 ᄃᆞ외야

1481, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 8, page 73a:

The intense fire turned into a cool wind

ᄃᆞᄅᆞᆯ 자본 이ᄅᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᆰ고 간다ᄫᆞᆫ 道理로 衆生ᄋᆞᆯ 濟渡ᄒᆞ야 더ᄫᅳᆫ 煩惱ᄅᆞᆯ 여희의 ᄒᆞᆯ 느지니

1481, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 1, page 18a:

The grabbing of the moon was an omen that the clear, refreshing truth will save all life and free them from suffering.

tol=ol cap-on il=on molk-kwo kan-ta-Won twoli=lwo cywungsoyng=ol cyeytwo-hoy-a teW-un pennwoy=lol yehuy-Guy ho=l nuc=i-ni

(figurative) (of ideas) to be refreshing


간슈ᄒᆞ다

간슈ᄒᆞ다〮 (kànsywùhòtá) (infinitive 간슈ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 간슈ᄒᆞ니〮)

간슈ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kànsywùhòtá (romanization)
간슈ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
간슈ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 간수하다 (gansuhada)

버리 ᄢᅮ를 간슈ᄒᆞᆯᄉᆡ 一切ㅅ 사ᄅᆞᆷ과 쥬ᇰᄉᆡᆼᄋᆞᆯ 瞋心ᄒᆞ야 소ᄂᆞ니

1481, 원각경언해 (Wongakgyeong Eonhae), volumes 상 1-2, page 178a:

Because bees safeguard honey, they are angry at people and animals and sting them.

pel=i pskwul=ul kansywu-ho-lssoy ilchyey=s salom=kwa cywungsoyng=ol cinsim-hoy-a swo-no-ni


간ᄉᆞᄒᆞ다

간ᄉᆞᄒᆞ다〮 (kànsòhòtá) (infinitive 간ᄉᆞᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 간ᄉᆞᄒᆞ니〮)

간ᄉᆞᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kànsòhòtá (romanization)
간ᄉᆞᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
간ᄉᆞᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

desc

Korean: 건사하다 (geonsahada), 간수하다 (gansuhada)

분묘ᄅᆞᆯ 듀ᇰ히 간ᄉᆞ홈


가락오락ᄒᆞ다

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가락〮-오락〮-ᄒᆞ〮다〮

가락〮오락〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (kàlák-wòlák-hótá) (infinitive 가락〮오락〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮, sequential 가락〮오락〮ᄒᆞ〮니〮)

가락〮오락〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
kàlák-wòlák-hótá (romanization)
가락〮오락〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (infinitive)
가락〮오락〮ᄒᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

가락오락 (kalakwolak, “to and fro”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota, light verb).

compound

三(삼)途(도)애 가락오락ᄒᆞ거니 어느 고ᄃᆞᆯ 미드리오

1482, 남명집언해 (Nammyeongjip Eonhae), volume 2, page 1a:

What can you rely on, when you are going to and fro the Samdo river?

SAM.TWO-ay kalak-wolak-ho-keni enu kwot-ol mit-uliwo


가ᄭᆞᆯ다

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가ᄭᆞᆯ〮다〮 (kàskóltá) (infinitive 가ᄭᆞ〮라〮, sequential 가ᄭᆞ〮니〮)

가ᄭᆞᆯ〮다〮 (canonical)
kàskóltá (romanization)
가ᄭᆞ〮라〮 (infinitive)
가ᄭᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Variant spelling of 갓ᄀᆞᆯ다 (kaskolta, “to turn upside down”).


가ᅀᆞ며다

가ᅀᆞ〮며다〮 (kàzómyètá) (infinitive 가ᅀᆞ〮며〮, sequential 가ᅀᆞ〮며니〮)

가ᅀᆞ〮며다〮 (canonical)
kàzómyètá (romanization)
가ᅀᆞ〮며〮 (infinitive)
가ᅀᆞ〮며니〮 (sequential)

Uncertain. Related to 가ᅀᆞ멸다 (kazomyelta).

居(거)士(ᄉᆞ)ᄂᆞᆫ 쳔랴ᇰ 만-히 두고 가ᅀᆞ며 사ᄂᆞᆫ 사ᄅᆞ-미라

1447, 석보상절 (Seokbo Sangjeol), volume 9, page 1b:

A householder is a person who lives rich with lots of money.

KE.SOnon chyenlyang manh-i twu-kwo kazomye sa-non salom-ila


간곡ᄒᆞ다

간곡〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (kànkwókhò-tá) (infinitive 간곡〮ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 간곡〮ᄒᆞ니〮)

간곡〮ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kànkwókhò-tá (romanization)
간곡〮ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
간곡〮ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 간곡(奸曲)하다 (gan'gokhada)

간곡ᄒᆞ고 아니완츨ᄒᆞ고 게으르기ᄃᆞᆯ 말라

1517, 번역노걸대 하 (Beonyeok Nogeoldae Ha), page 43b:

kankwokho-kwo aniwanchulho-kwo keyulu-ki-tol mal-la


간난ᄒᆞ다

간난ᄒᆞ다〮 (kànnànhòtá) (infinitive 간난ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 간난ᄒᆞ니〮)

간난ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
kànnànhòtá (romanization)
간난ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
간난ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

desc

Korean: 가난하다 (gananhada), 간난하다 (gannanhada)

간난(艱難) (kannan, “poverty”) + ᄒᆞ- (ho-, light verb).

compound

간난코 제 便安(편안)히 너기디 아니ᄒᆞ린 가난ᄋᆞᆯ 붓그려 너비 求(구)ᄒᆞᄂᆞ니

Those who are poor and do not find it comfortable are ashamed of their poverty and thus they beg widely

kannankhwo cey PHYEN.ANhi nekiti aniholin kananol pwuskulye nepi KWUhononi


간ᄎᆞ랍다

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간〯ᄎᆞ〮랍다〮 (kǎnchólàptá) (infinitive 간〯ᄎᆞ〮라와〮, sequential 간〯ᄎᆞ라〮오니〮)

간〯ᄎᆞ〮랍다〮 (canonical)
kǎnchólàptá (romanization)
간〯ᄎᆞ〮라와〮 (infinitive)
간〯ᄎᆞ라〮오니〮 (sequential)

正獻公(져ᇰ헌고ᇰ)이 지-븨 사-로ᄃᆡ 간ᄎᆞ라오며 므거우며 寡默(광믁)ᄒᆞ야 일로ᄡᅥ ᄆᆞᅀᆞ-매 디내디 아니ᄒᆞ며

When Cyenghyenkwong lived in his home, he was plain, heavy, and calm, and didn't let matters affect his emotions.

CYENG.HEN.KWONG-i cip-uy sal-wotoy kancholawo-mye mukewu-mye KWANG.MUKho-ya il-lwopse mozom-ay tinay-ti aniho-mye


갈아나다

갈아〮나다〮 (kàlG-á-nà-tá) (infinitive 갈아〮나〮, sequential 갈아〮나니〮)

갈아〮나다〮 (canonical)
kàlG-á-nà-tá (romanization)
갈아〮나〮 (infinitive)
갈아〮나니〮 (sequential)

갈ㅇ- (kàlG-, “to split”) + -아 (-a) + 나다 (na-ta, “to grow”)

compound

그 ᄯᆞ-리 닐오ᄃᆡ 비록 그러코도 주-글ᄲᅮᆫ뎌ᇰ 갈아나디 아니-호리ᅌᅵ다

1459, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 22, page 55a:

The daughter said, "Even though that is true, I will still not get separated [from him] even if I die."

ku stol-i nilG-wotoy pilwok kule-khwotwo cwuk-ulspwuntyeng kalGa-na-ti anih-wolingita


갈아내다

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갈->g아〮-내〯-다〮

갈->g아〮-내〯-여〮

갈->g아〮-내〯-니〮

갈아〮내〯다〮 (kàlG-á-nǎy-tá) (infinitive 갈아〮내〯여〮, sequential 갈아〮내〯니〮)

갈아〮내〯다〮 (canonical)
kàlG-á-nǎy-tá (romanization)
갈아〮내〯여〮 (infinitive)
갈아〮내〯니〮 (sequential)

갈ㅇ- (kàlG-, “to split”) + -아 (-a) + -나- (-na-, “to grow”) + -이- (-i-, causative suffix)


갈아디다

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갈->g아〮-디〮-여〮

갈아〮디다〮 (kàlG-á-tì-tá) (infinitive 갈아〮디〮여〮, sequential 갈아〮디니〮)

갈아〮디다〮 (canonical)
kàlG-á-tì-tá (romanization)
갈아〮디〮여〮 (infinitive)
갈아〮디니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 갈라지다 (gallajida)

갈ㅇ- (kàlG-, “to split”) + -아 (-a) + 디- (ti-, “to fall”)

compound

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ애 드-르시니 믌결이 갈아디거늘 드틀에 소-사나시니

1447, 월인천강지곡 (Worin Cheongangjigok), volume 1, page 39a:

When [he] stepped into the river, the waves split apart, and [he] rose from the dust

kolom-ay tul-usi-ni mulskyel-i kalGati-kenul tuthul-ey swos-a-na-si-ni


감ᄯᅩᆯ다

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감ᄯᅩᆯ〯다〮 (kàmstwǒltá) (infinitive 감ᄯᅩ라〮, sequential 감ᄯᅩ니〮)

감ᄯᅩᆯ〯다〮 (canonical)
kàmstwǒltá (romanization)
감ᄯᅩ라〮 (infinitive)
감ᄯᅩ니〮 (sequential)

Variant spelling of 가ᇝ돌〯다〮 (kàmstwǒl-tá, “to linger”).


감ᄑᆞᄅᆞ다

감〯ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮다〮 (kǎm-phòló-tá) (infinitive 감〯ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮라〮, sequential 감〯ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮니〮)

감〯ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
kǎm-phòló-tá (romanization)
감〯ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮라〮 (infinitive)
감〯ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 감파르다 (gampareuda)

감〯다〮 (kǎm-tá, “black”) + ᄑᆞᄅᆞ〮다〮 (phòló-tá, “blue-green”).

compound

누ᇇᄌᆞᅀᆡ 감ᄑᆞᄅᆞ며 ᄒᆡᆫ ᄃᆡ 블근 ᄃᆡ 조히 分明(분며ᇰ)ᄒᆞ시며

1459, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 2, page 41a:

The eyeball was blackish blue-green, and the white parts and the red parts were clearly distinctive

nwunscozo-y kampholo-mye hoy-n toy pulk-un toy cwoh-i PWUN.MYENGho-si-mye


값없다

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값〮없〯다〮 (káps-ěps-tá) (infinitive 값〮업〯서〮, sequential 값〯업〯스니〮)

값〮없〯다〮 (canonical)
káps-ěps-tá (romanization)
값〮업〯서〮 (infinitive)
값〯업〯스니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 값없다 (gabeopda)

값〮 (káps, “value”) + 없〯다 (ěpstà, “not have”).

compound

그ᄢᅴ 親(친)ᄒᆞᆫ 버디 그윗 일로 나갈 쩨 값업슨 寶珠(보쥬)로 옷 소배 ᄆᆡ야 주구 니거늘

1459, 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), volume 15, page 22b:

Right then, when a close friend went out for a government job, they attached priceless pearls inside his clothes before going.

ku-pskuy CHINho-n pet-i kuwu-ys il-lwo naka-l ccey kaps-eps-un PWO.CYWU-lwo wos swop-ay moy-ya cwu-kwu ni-kenul


갓ᄀᆞᆯ다

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갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (kàskól-tá) (infinitive 갓ᄀᆞ〮라〮, sequential 갓ᄀᆞ〮니〮)

갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (canonical)
kàskól-tá (romanization)
갓ᄀᆞ〮라〮 (infinitive)
갓ᄀᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)
가ᄭᆞᆯ〮다〮 (alternative)

經文에 先云灰飛ᄂᆞᆫ 譯之倒也ㅣ니 定合是煙이 先滅커든 餘灰ㅣ 飛散ᄒᆞᄂᆞ니라

1465, 원각경언해 (Wongakgyeong Eonhae), volumes 1-2-1, translation of original in Literary Chinese, page 48b:

The reason why the scripture mentions the blowing ashes first is because the translation is backwards - only after smoke disappears can ashes blow and disperse.

KYENG.MWUN-ey coy nol-womol mwoncye nilo-syamon PEN.YEK-i kasko-ni IL.TYENGhi pantoki i noy mwoncye MYELkhetun nam-on coy nol-a hut-nonila

(intransitive) to flip upside-down, to get backwards


갓ᄀᆞᆯ오다

갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮오다〮 (kàskólGwò-tá) (infinitive 갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮와〮, sequential 갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮오니〮)

갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮오다〮 (canonical)
kàskólGwò-tá (romanization)
갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮와〮 (infinitive)
갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮오니〮 (sequential)

갓ᄀᆞᆯ〮- (kàskól-, “to flip upside down”) + -고〮- (-kwó-, causative suffix).

suffix

定知相見日 爛熳倒芳樽

1481, 분류두공부시언해 (Bullyu Du Gongbu Si Eonhae), volume 21, translation of original in Literary Chinese, page 23b:

I know that on the day we see each other again, we will turn the gorgeously fragrant keg of wine upside down.

IL.TYENGho-ya a-nwola selu pwo-l nal-ay NAN.MANhi kwostawon CYWU.CWUN-ul kaskolGwo-lilwota

(transitive) to flip upside-down, to turn backwards


가ᇧ다

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가ᇧ다〮 (kàsktá) (infinitive 갓가〮, sequential 갓ᄀᆞ〮니〮)

가ᇧ다〮 (canonical)
kàsktá (romanization)
갓가〮 (infinitive)
갓ᄀᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 깎다 (kkakda)

Vowel harmony ablaut of Middle Korean 거ᇧ다 (keskta, “to break off”).

cog

我剃頭的管甚麼來刀子鈍?

a. 1517, 번역박통사 [beonyeokbaktongsa], volume 상, translation of original in Chinese:

What job did our barber (one who cuts hair) take charge of, for his knife to become so dull?


ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ비다

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ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ〮비다〮 (kòcólpìtá) (infinitive ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ〮벼〮, sequential ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ〮비니〮)

ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ〮비다〮 (canonical)
kòcólpìtá (romanization)
ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ〮벼〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᄌᆞᆯ〮비니〮 (sequential)

By synchronic surface analysis, a doublet of 가ᄌᆞᆯ〮비다〮 (kàcólpìtá) reflecting an irregular vowel alternation /a ~ ʌ/; compare 난호다 (nanhwota), ᄂᆞᆫ호다 (nonhwota)
Diachronically, however, the two forms may also derive from different verb stems. See the main entry for more information.

(rare) alternative form of 가ᄌᆞᆯ〮비다〮 (kàcólpìtá, “to compare, to liken”)


너므다

너므다〮 (nèmùtá) (infinitive 넘거〮, sequential 너므니〮)

너므다〮 (canonical)
nèmùtá (romanization)
넘거〮 (infinitive)
너므니〮 (sequential)

From 넘〯- (něm-, “to surpass”) + -으- (-u-, causative suffix).

suf

겨〯지비〮 沙門(상몬) ᄃᆞ외오〮져〮 ᄒᆞᇙ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆞᆫ〮 八敬法(바ᇙ〮겨ᇰ〮법〮)을〮 너므디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 10, page 20a:

Women who wish to become ascetic monks [shall not] go against the eight rules of respect

혹〮 세〯 번식〮 돌이〮며〮 혹〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 번식〮 돌여〮 닐굽〮 번의〮 너므디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ며〮

1518, 번역소학 [beonyeoksohak], volume 10, page 32a:

[My father] would sometimes go around three times, sometimes five times, never exceeding seven times

말ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆯ 브텨 노ᄑᆞᆫ 뫼ᄒᆞᆯ 넘거 보내노라

1481, 분류두공부시언해 [bullyudugongbusieonhae], volume 07, page 35b:

...sends the words, sends it over the high mountain.


말ᄉᆞᆷ

head

말〯ᄉᆞᆷ (mǎlsòm)

alternative form of 말ᄊᆞᆷ (malssom, “word or speech”)


ᄃᆞ외다

ᄃᆞ외다〮 (tòwòytá) (infinitive ᄃᆞ외여〮, sequential ᄃᆞ외니〮)

ᄃᆞ외다〮 (canonical)
tòwòytá (romanization)
ᄃᆞ외여〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞ외니〮 (sequential)

Via regular /W > wo/ shift from ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다 (toWoyta).


ᄌᆞᄆᆞ다

ᄌᆞᄆᆞ다〮 (còmòtá) (infinitive ᄌᆞᆷ가〮, sequential ᄌᆞᄆᆞ니〮)

ᄌᆞᄆᆞ다〮 (canonical)
còmòtá (romanization)
ᄌᆞᆷ가〮 (infinitive)
ᄌᆞᄆᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 잠그다 (jamgeuda)


ᄌᆞᄆᆞ다

Korean: 잠그다 (jamgeuda)

From ᄌᆞᆷ〮- (cóm-, “to be submerged”) + -ᄋᆞ- (-o-, causative suffix).


도ᄅᆞ다

도ᄅᆞ다〮 (twòlòtá) (infinitive 돌아〮, sequential 도ᄅᆞ니〮)

도ᄅᆞ다〮 (canonical)
twòlòtá (romanization)
돌아〮 (infinitive)
도ᄅᆞ니〮 (sequential)

From 돌〯- (twǒl-, “to turn”) + -ᄋᆞ- (-o-, causative suffix).


돌이다

돌이〮다〮 (twòlítá) (infinitive 돌여〮, sequential 돌이〮니〮)

돌이〮다〮 (canonical)
twòlítá (romanization)
돌여〮 (infinitive)
돌이〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 돌리다 (dollida)

From 돌〯- (twǒl-, “to turn”) + -이〮- (-Gí-, causative suffix).


아니ᄒᆞ다

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아니〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (àníhótá) (infinitive 아니〮ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 아니〮ᄒᆞ니〮)

아니〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
àníhótá (romanization)
아니〮ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
아니〮ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Univerbation of 아니〮 (àní, “not”) + ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hótá, “to do”, light verb deriving verbs and adjectives).


아니ᄒᆞ다

Jeju: 아니ᄒᆞ다 (anihawda)

Jeju: 아녀다 (anyeoda)

Korean: 아니하다 (anihada)

Korean: 않다 (anta)

(of some characteristic or quality) not to be


-식

Korean: -씩 (-ssik)

ᄯᅩ 솔닙플 ᄀᆞᄂᆞᆯ에 ᄀᆞ라 ᄒᆞᆫ 술식 수우레 프러 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 세 번식 머그라

1525, 간이벽온방 [ganibyeogonbang], page 15a:

Further, grind pine leaves finely and mix one spoonful at a time into liquor and consume three times each daily

each, apiece, at a time: A suffix most commonly attaching to counters to denote some equal, regular distribution.


디나다

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디〯나다〮 (tǐnàtá) (infinitive 디〯나〮, sequential 디〯나니〮)

디〯나다〮 (canonical)
tǐnàtá (romanization)
디〯나〮 (infinitive)
디〯나니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 지나다 (jinada)


디나가다

디〯나〮가〮다〮 (tǐnákátá) (infinitive 디〯나가〮, 디〯나〮가니〮)

디〯나〮가〮다〮 (canonical)
tǐnákátá (romanization)
디〯나가〮 (infinitive)
디〯나〮가니〮 (infinitive)

Korean: 지나가다 (jinagada)

Univerbation of 디〯나- (tǐnà-, “to pass”) + -아〮 (-á, infinitive suffix) + 가〮다〮 (kátá, “to go”).


서르

나랏〮 말〯ᄊᆞ미〮 中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮 달아〮 文(문)字(ᄍᆞᇰ〮)와〮로〮 서르 ᄉᆞᄆᆞᆺ디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮

The language of the country is different from [that of] China and does not mutually correspond the [Chinese] script

mutually, with each other, with one another


도톨왐

도톨〮왐〮 (canonical)
twòthwólwám (romanization)

Compound of *도톨 (*twothwol, “acorn”) + 밤〯 (pǎm, “chestnut”), having underwent a regular /p > W > w/ chain shift. For the first component, compare 도토〮리〯 (twòthwólǐ, “acorn”).

com+

ᄒᆡ〮마〮다 도톨〯왐〮 주ᅀᅮ〮믈 나ᄇᆞᆯ〮 조차〮 ᄃᆞᆫ뇨〮니

1481, 분류두공부시언해 [bullyudugongbusieonhae], volume 25, page 26a:

Going around yearly gathering acorns, following [people who raise] monkeys

(hapax legomenon) alternative form of 도토〮밤〯 (twòthwópǎm)


ᄃᆞᆮ니다

head

ᄃᆞᆮ니〮다〮 (tòtnítá) (infinitive ᄃᆞᆮ녀〮, sequential ᄃᆞᆮ니〮니〮)

ᄃᆞᆮ니〮다〮 (canonical)
tòtnítá (romanization)
ᄃᆞᆮ녀〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞᆮ니〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 다니다 (danida)

Compound of ᄃᆞᆮ- (tòt-, “to run”) + 니〮다〮 (nítá, “to go”).


도토밤

도토〮밤〯 (canonical)
twòthwópǎm (romanization)
도톨〮왐〮 (alternative)

Compound of *도톨 (*twothwol, “acorn”) + 밤〯 (pǎm, “chestnut”). For the first component, compare 도토〮리〯 (twòthwólǐ, “acorn”).

시〮ᄂᆞᆫ 四(ᄉᆞ〯)明(며ᇰ)ㅅ 누〯네 듧〯고〮 주으〮려 楢(유)溪(계)옛〮 도토〮바〯ᄆᆞᆯ 주ᅀᅳ〮니라〮

1481, 분류두공부시언해 [bullyudugongbusieonhae], volume 24, page 39a:

Shoes fall into the Siming Mountain snow, gathering acorns at the Youxi River out of hunger


하나비

head

하〮나비〮 (hánàpí)

alternative spelling of 한〮아비〮 (hánàpí, “grandfather”)


하딕

하〯딕〮 (hǎtík)

辭(ᄊᆞᆼ)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 하〯딕〮이〮라〮 ᄒᆞᄃᆞᆺ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 마〯리라〮

1447, 석보상절 [seokbosangjeol], volume 06, page 22a:

The word SSÒ means the same thing as to bid farewell

Hangul spelling of 下直 (“to bid farewell”)


하딕ᄒᆞ다

하〯딕〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hǎtíkhótá) (infinitive 하〯딕〮ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 하〯딕〮ᄒᆞ니〮)

하〯딕〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
hǎtíkhótá (romanization)
하〯딕〮ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
하〯딕〮ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

아〮기 하〯딕ᄒᆞ〮샤〮 아바〮님〯 여희〮시ᇙ 제〮 누ᇇ〮믈〮을〮 흘리〮시니〮

1459, “월인천강지곡 기243 [worincheon'gangjigok gi243]”, in 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 8, page 86b:

When the child bids farewell and parts with their father, [they] shed tears

下(하〯)直(딕〮)ᄒᆞ〮다〮

Hangul spelling of 下(하〯)直(딕〮)ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (HǍ.TÍKhótá)


下直ᄒᆞ다

下(하〯)直(딕〮)ᄒᆞ〮다〮

下(하〯)直(딕〮)ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (HǍ.TÍKhótá)

下直ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
HǍ.TÍKhótá (romanization)

[ᅘᅡᆼ〯띡〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮]

From 下(하〯)直(딕〮) (HǍ.TÍK, “to bid farewell”) + ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hótá, light verb deriving verbs).


하리

From 할〯- (hǎl-, “to slander”) + -이 (-i, noun-deriving suffix).

suf

내 글 닑다가 妲己의 우ᅀᅮᆷ과 褒姒의 榮寵과 驪姬의 우룸과 飛燕의 하리예 니르러

While reading, I got to Daji's laugh, Bao Si's love from the emperor, Concubine Li's cries, and Zhao Feiyan's slander


하야로비

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하〮야〮로비〮 (háyálwòpí)

하〮야〮로비〮 (canonical)
háyálwòpí (romanization)
해〮야〮로비〮 (alternative)

⇒? Korean: 해오라기 (hae'oragi)

舍(샹〮)利(링〮)弗(부ᇙ〮)의〮 어〮믜〮 누〮니〮 ᄇᆞᆰ고〮 조〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮 하〮야〮로비〮의〮 누〮니〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 鶖(츄ᇢ)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ᅵ라〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 11, page 96a:

Śāriputra's mothers eyes are bright and clear like a night heron's eyes, so [Śāriputra] is called CHYWÙW.CǑ (lit. heron child)

black-crowned night heron
black-crowned night heron

Nycticorax nycticorax
Nycticorax nycticorax#Translingual

black-crowned night heron, night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax)


하야믜다

하〮야〮믜〮다〮 (háyámúytá)

하〮야〮믜〮다〮 (canonical)
háyámúytá (romanization)

Some compound wherein the last component is tied to 믜〮다〮 (“to tear”), likely with a terminal passivizer -이〮- (-í-, passive suffix).
Semantically, the first component seems related to the root *ᄒᆡ- (*hoy-) as in ᄒᆞ야〮디〮다〮 (hòyátítá, “to wear out”), though the vowel mismatch is difficult to explain. Compare ᄒᆡ〮다〮 (hóytá, “to be white”) and 하〮야〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (háyáhótá), demonstrating an identical vowel alternation.

地(띵〮)獄(ᅌᅩᆨ〮)ᄋᆞᆯ〮브터〮 나〮 반ᄃᆞ〮기 畜(휴ᇢ〮)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)애〮 ᄠᅥ러〮듀〯ᄃᆡ 가히〮어나〮 野(양〯)干(간)이〮면〮 그 야ᇰᄌᆡ〮 하〮야〮믜며〮

1463, Beophwagyeong eonhae (法華經諺解 / 법화경언해) 2:124a

Coming out from hell and falling down to a beast, if it is a dog or jackal, its appearance will be worn out and torn

TTÍ.NGWÓK-ól-pùthé ná pàntókì HYWÚW.SÒYNG-áy ptèléty-wǔ-tòy kàhí-èná YǍ.KÀNí-myén kù yàngcó-y háyámùy-myé


하야ᄒᆞ다

하〮야〮하〮다〮 (háyáhátá)

하〮야〮하〮다〮 (canonical)
háyáhátá (romanization)
하여ᄒᆞ다 (alternative)
해야ᄒᆞ다 (alternative)

Univerbation of *해- (*hay-) + -아 (-a, infinitive suffix) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota, “to be”, light verb deriving adjectives). The first component is clearly related to ᄒᆡ〮다〮 (hóytá, “to be white”), but the vowel mismatch is difficult to explain.


하여ᄒᆞ다

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하〮여〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (háyéhótá)

하〮여〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
háyéhótá (romanization)

alternative form of 하야ᄒᆞ다 (hayahota, “to be white”)


하외욤

하외〮욤〮 (hàwóyywóm)

하외〮욤〮 (canonical)
hàwóyywóm (romanization)

ᄯᅩ 하외〮욤 그르ᄒᆞ〮야〮 ᄐᆞᆨ 글희〮여디-닐〮 고티〮ᄂᆞᆫ 法(법〮)은〮 미〯를 노겨〮 므〮레 프〮러 브티〮라

1466, 구급방언해 [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 상 [sang], page 79b:

Also a method to fix someone who has dislocated their jaw from yawning wrong is to melt wax, solve it into water, and stick it


하외욤ᄒᆞ다

하외〮욤〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hàwóyywómhótá) (infinitive 하외〮욤〮ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 하외〮욤〮ᄒᆞ니〮)

하외〮욤〮ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
hàwóyywómhótá (romanization)
하외〮욤〮ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
하외〮욤〮ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

From 하외〮욤〮 (hàwóyywóm, “yawn”) + ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hótá, “to do”, light verb deriving verbs).

com

하외욤ᄒᆞ며 기〯지게〮ᄒᆞ며〮 기춤〮-호〮ᄆᆞᆯ 다ᄅᆞᄂᆡ〮 히〮믈 비〯디 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

1483, 금강경삼가해 [geumganggyeongsamgahae], volume 2, page 11b:

... yawning and stretching and coughing, not lending someone else's hand


한비

From 하〮- (há-, “to be big”) + -ㄴ (-n, realis adnominal suffix) + 비〮 (pí, “rain”).

ᄯᅩ〮 虛(헝)空(콩)애〮셔〮 金(금)輪(륜) 우희〮 한비〮 와〮 므리〮 ᄀᆞᄃᆞᆨᄒᆞ고〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 1, page 40a:

And from the sky there was long, heavy rain atop the gold chakra [such that] it is full of water


한숨딯다

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한〮숨〯딯다〮 (hánswǔmtìhtá) (infinitive 한〮숨〯디허〮, sequential 한〮숨〯디흐〮니〮)

한〮숨〯딯다〮 (canonical)
hánswǔmtìhtá (romanization)
한〮숨〯디허〮 (infinitive)
한〮숨〯디흐〮니〮 (sequential)
한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯딯다〮 (alternative)

From 한〮숨〯 (hánswǔm, “sigh”) + 딯다〮 (tìhtá).


한ᅀᅮᆷ딯다

한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯딯다〮 (hánzwǔmtìhtá) (infinitive 한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯디허〮, sequential 한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯디흐〮니〮)

한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯딯다〮 (canonical)
hánzwǔmtìhtá (romanization)
한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯디허〮 (infinitive)
한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯디흐〮니〮 (sequential)

From 한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯 (hánzwǔm, “sigh”) + 딯다〮 (tìhtá).

alternative spelling of 한〮숨〯딯다〮 (hánswǔmtìhtá, “to sigh”)


한ᅀᅮᆷ

한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯 (hánzwǔm)

한〮ᅀᅮᆷ〯 (canonical)
hánzwǔm (romanization)

alternative spelling of 한〮숨〯 (hánswǔm, “sigh”)


한아바님

한〮아바〮님〯 (hánàpánǐm)

한〮아바〮님〯 (canonical)
hánàpánǐm (romanization)

Univerbation of 한〮아비〮 (hánàpí, “grandfather”) + -아〮 (-á, vocative suffix) + -님〯 (-nǐm, honorific suffix). Compare 아비〮 (àpí), 아바〮님〯 (àpánǐm).


핟니블

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핟〮니블〮 (hátnìpúl)

핟〮니블〮 (canonical)
hátnìpúl (romanization)

Korean: 핫이불 (hasibul)

From 핟〮- (hát-, “cotton-padded”) + 니블〮 (nìpúl, “blanket”).

pre

죠ᄒᆡ〮ᄅᆞᆯ 물위〮여 곳〮굼글〮 막고〮 핟〮니블〮로 머리〮와 ᄂᆞᆺ과〮 몸과〮 손〮바〮ᄅᆞᆯ 휫두로 ᄡᆞ〮고〮

1489, 구급간이방언해 [gugeupganibang'eonhae], volume 1, page 65b:

Scrunch up paper to block the nostrils, then with a cotton-stuffed blanket, wrap around the head, face, body, hands, and feet


핟옷

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핟〮옷〮 (hátwós)

Korean: 핫옷 (hadot)

From 핟〮- (hát-, “cotton-padded”) + 옷〮 (wós, “clothes”).

pre

져〮고맛〮 대〮로ᇰ 세〯ᄒᆞᆯ〮 병〯ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 입〮과 두〯 귀예〮 다히〮고 핟〮오〮ᄉᆞ로〮 입〮과 귀〮와 휫두로 막고〮

Put three small tubes against the sick person's mouth and two ears and block the mouth and ears all with cotton-padded clothes


할다

head

할〯다〮 (hǎltá) (infinitive 하라〮, sequential 하ᄅᆞ〮니〮)

할〯다〮 (canonical)
hǎltá (romanization)
하라〮 (infinitive)
하ᄅᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

兄(ᄒᆑᇰ)을〮 새와〮 샤ᇰ녜〮 할〯오져〮 ᄒᆞ〮야〮 일〯마〯다〮 兄(ᄒᆑᇰ)을〮 거슯〮지〮 ᄒᆞ〮더라〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 22, page 25a:

[He] was jealous of his elder brother thus always wanting to slander [him], acting against his brother with every action


하ᇰ것

Korean: 항것 (hanggeot) — archaic

desc

Jeju: 항것 (hanggeot, “measles, smallpox”)

長(댜ᇰ〯)者(쟝〯)ㅣ 鴛(ᅙᅯᆫ)鴦(ᅙᅣᆼ)夫(붕)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 다시〮 보니〮 샤ᇰ녯〮 사〯ᄅᆞᄆᆡ〮 야ᇰᄌᆡ〮 아닐〮ᄊᆡ〮 夫(붕)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)ᄭᅴ〮 무로〮ᄃᆡ〮 이〮 두〯 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 眞(진)實(씨ᇙ〮)로〮 네 하ᇰ〮것가〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 8, page 94b:

The elder looks at Lady mandarin duck again and sees that [she has] no regular person's appearance, thus he asks the lady, are these two people really your masters?


하ᇰ문

Korean: 항문 (hangmun)

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 肛門 (MC kaewng mwon, literally “anus opening”).

ltc-l

셕〮회ᄅᆞᆯ 소옴애〮 ᄡᅡ〮 하ᇰ문에〮 녀허 므리 다〯 나면 살〯리라〮

1489, “溺(닉)死(ᄉᆞ) 므레 디여 주그니 [Drowning: People who have drowned]”, in 구급간이방 [gugeupganibang], volume 1, page 76a:

Wrap lime in cotton and insert into the anus; when all of the water comes out, [the patient] will live


해야로비

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해〮야〮로비〮 (háyyálwòpí)

해〮야〮로비〮 (canonical)
háyyálwòpí (romanization)

alternative form of 하야로비 (hayalwopi, “night heron”)


해야ᄒᆞ다

해〮야ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (háyyàhótá) (infinitive 해〮야ᄒᆞ〮야〮, sequential 해〮야ᄒᆞ니〮)

해〮야ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
háyyàhótá (romanization)
해〮야ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (infinitive)
해〮야ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

See main entry. This term is an umlauted form.

ᄂᆞᄂᆞᆫ 벼〯ᄅᆞᆫ 므〮레 디〯나 해〮야ᄒᆞ고〮 디〮ᄂᆞᆫ ᄃᆞᆳ〮비〮츤 몰애〮예 뮈〯여 뷔엿〮도다〮

1481, 두시언해 [dusieonhae], volume 11, pages 47a-47b:

The flying stars are white past the water and the setting moonlight is empty, moved by the sand


햑다

아니한 덛〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 거믜〮 삿기〮 헌〮 ᄃᆡ셔 햐ᄀᆞᆫ〮 조ᄡᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ니〮 절로〮 다〯 나면〮 즉〮재 됻〯ᄂᆞ니라〮

1466, 구급방언해 [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 하 [ha], page 77b:

Soon after when the baby spiders come out on their own from the sore parts [of the skin] like small [grains of] hulled millet, [the patient] will get better right away


햐ᇰᄒᆞ다

향〯ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (hyǎnghótá) (infinitive 햐ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 햐ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮)

향〯ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
hyǎnghótá (romanization)
햐ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
햐ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

可(가〯)히〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〯오〮도다〮 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮론디〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞ-맷〮 이〯리 됴〮ᄒᆞ니〮 날〮 햐ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ〮야 -호〮매 그딋 眞(진)實(실)ㅅ ᄂᆞᆺ고ᄌᆞᆯ〮 보〮노라〮

1481, 두시언해 [dusieonhae], volume 16, page 61b:

Truly lovely! Because of your humanity matters of my mind are well; I see the true colors of your face that you show facing me

Hangul spelling of 向(햐ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (HYǍNGhótá, “to face, to head toward”)


向ᄒᆞ다

向(햐ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (HYǍNGhótá) (infinitive 向(햐ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ야〮, sequential 向(햐ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ니〮)

向ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (canonical)
HYǍNGhótá (romanization)
向 (햐ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ야〮 (infinitive)
向 (햐ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)
햐ᇰ〯ᄒᆞ〮다〮 (alternative)

From 向 (MC xjangH, literally “to face”) + -ᄒᆞ다 (-hota, “to do”, light verb deriving verbs).


赤葛

Orthographic borrowing from Middle Chinese 赤葛 (MC tsyhek kat).

몬져 赤(쳑〮)葛(가ᇙ〮)ㅅ 불휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 디허〮 므르거든〮 버거〮 파〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀허〮 ᄀᆞ〮라〮 므르거든〮 ᄡᆞᆳ 醋(총)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 져〯기 녀허〮

1466, 구급방언해 [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 하 [ha], page 21b:

First pound tuber fleece flower roots and when it becomes loose add spring onions next and grind; when it becomes loose, adding a bit of rice vinegar ...

(traditional Korean medicine) (roots of the) tuber fleeceflower (Reynoutria multiflora)


팧

몬져 ᄉᆈ〯져〮즈로〮 파〮ᄒᆞᆯ 봇가〮 닉게〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 ᄡᆞᆯ〮로 샤ᇰ녜〮 쥭〮ᄀᆞ〮티 수〮어 머그〮라

1489, 구급간이방 [gugeupganibang], volume 3, pages 90a-90b:

First stir-fry spring onions with cow's milk, boil with white rice like regular porridge, then eat [it]

alternative form of 파〮 (phá, “spring onion”)


-ᄅᆞᆯ

Yang-vowel form of -를〮 (-lúl, accusative case marker, post-vowel allomorph)


거느리치다

head

거느〮리치〮다〮 (kènúlìchítá) (infinitive 거느〮리쳐〮, sequential 거느〮리치〮니〮)

거느〮리치〮다〮 (canonical)
kènúlìchítá (romanization)
거느〮리쳐〮 (infinitive)
거느〮리치〮니〮 (sequential)

或其家因而失所者 衆共以財濟之

1519, 여씨향약언해 [yeossihyang'yageonhae], translation of original in Literary Chinese, page 35b:

If that house loses the case because of it, then every person shall give [to them] and save them.


ᄇᆞᄅᆞ다

ᄇᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (pòlòtá) (infinitive ᄇᆞᆯ라〮, sequential ᄇᆞᄅᆞ니〮)

ᄇᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (canonical)
pòlòtá (romanization)
ᄇᆞᆯ라〮 (infinitive)
ᄇᆞᄅᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 바르다 (bareuda)

ᄒᆞᆫ 각시〮 아ᄎᆞ〮ᄆᆡ〮 紛(분〯) ᄇᆞᄅᆞ노〮라〮 ᄒᆞ〮야〮 거우〮룰 보〮거늘〮

1447, 석보상절 [seokbosangjeol], volume 24, page 20a:

One woman says she applies powder in the morning and looks at the mirror

香(햐ᇰ)기르〮ᄆᆞ로〮 모매〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞ고〮

1459, 월인석보 [worinseokbo], volume 18, page 29b:

Taking scented oil and plastering it onto the body


거도다

거도〮다〮 (canonical)
kètwótá (romanization)
거도아〮 (infinitive)
거두다 (alternative)

걷- (ket-, “to gather”) + -오- (-wo-, “causative suffix”).

suffix

侍婢(시비)로 고깃 羹(ᄀᆡᇰ)을 바다 朝服(됴복)애 드위텨 더러이고 婢(비) 時急(시급)히 거도더니

[He] got the maid to get the meat soup and spill it on the official attire to get it dirty, after which the maid quickly collected it.


설엊다

head

설엊다〮 (sèlGèc-tá) (infinitive 설어저〮, sequential 설어즈〮니〮)

설엊다〮 (canonical)
sèlGèc-tá (romanization)
설어저〮 (infinitive)
설어즈〮니〮 (sequential)

From 설다 (sel-ta, “to clear up”) + *겆다 (*kec-ta). The second component is unattested independently.


할아다

head

할아〮다〮 (hàlGátá) (infinitive 할아〮, sequential 할아〮니〮)

할아〮다〮 (canonical)
hàlGátá (romanization)
할아〮 (infinitive)
할아〮니〮 (sequential)

Seemingly from 할〯- (hǎl-, “to slander”) + 아 (-Ga-), the latter possibly a causative suffix on account of its tonal behavior.


톳기

톳〮기 (canonical)
thwóskì (romanization)
톳〮긔 (genitive)
톳〮ᄀᆡ (genitive)

Traditionally interpreted as Sino-Korean 兎(토〮) (THWÓ, “rabbit”) + unknown elements /-s-ki/, but this is somewhat dubious given it cannot provide any clear source for the second syllable.
More likely, the word seems to be an early Tungusic borrowing, ultimately from Proto-Tungusic *tuksakī (“hare”). A very close match to the Tungusic is found in the dialectal *투ᄭᅵ〮 (*thwùskí), attested in the place name 투ᄭᅵᆺ〮골〯 (Thwùskí-s-kwǒl, “rabbit valley”). Compare Oroqen tʊkʃakɪ (“rabbit”). The first syllable was probably then conflated with 兎(토〮) (THWÓ), leading to this form. Note also that the high tone of 토〮 in this form matches the expected Sino-Korean reading, whereas the tonal pattern of *투ᄭᅵ〮 (*thwùskí) is more prototypical of a Tungusic or Mongolic loan.

鵰(됴ᇢ)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 톳〮기 잘 잡고〮 鷲(쮸ᇢ〮)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 주거〮믈〮 먹ᄂᆞ니〮 盜(또ᇢ〮)貪(탐)이 ᄀᆞᆺ고〮

1463, 법화경언해 [beophwagyeong'eonhae], volume 2, page 108b:

Eagles are good at hunting hares and vultures eat the carcass, thus is the greed of thievery


ᄌᆞᆷ

Uncertain; though speculatively connected with 자다〮 (càtá, “to sleep”), the vowel discrepancy is difficult to explain. Alternatively, may be connected to ᄌᆞᆷ〮다〮 (cómtá, “to sink”); compare Korean 주무시다 (jumusida, “(honorific) to sleep”).

ncog

珍(딘)羞(슈ᇢ)盛(쎠ᇰ〮)饌(쫜〯)ᄋᆞᆯ〮ᅀᅡ〮 맛〮내〯 좌〯시며〮 ᄌᆞᆷ〮 자〮-시ᇙ 제〮 風(보ᇰ)流(류ᇢ)ᅵ ᄀᆞᄫᅡ〮ᅀᆞᆸ〮더니〮

1447, “기118 [gi118]”, in 월인천강지곡 [worincheon'gangjigok], volume 上, page 43a:

Enjoying the feast and when [he] goes to sleep the wind and flow gather


아옥

아옥〮 (canonical)
àwók (romanization)
아혹〮 (alternative)
阿郁 (alternative)

Korean: 아욱 (auk)

Inherited from Old Korean 阿夫 (*apwo(k?)), as in Old Korean 阿夫實 (*apwo-psi, “Chinese mallow seed”), attested in the Hyangyak gugeupbang (鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방). This attestation, alongside the existence of more conservative dialectal forms, suggests that this term underwent the /p > W > w/ chain shift. Pre-Hangeul Middle Korean sources such as the Hyang'yak chaechwi wollyeong, December (鄕藥採取月令, 12月 / 향약채취월령, 12월), 1431, and Hyang'yak jipseongbang (鄕藥集成方 / 향약집성방), 1433, feature the spelling 阿郁 (*awuk~awok), showing that the chain shift happened relatively early.
Ultimately, seems to be a Mongolic borrowing, shifted from some earlier *abuga. Compare Classical Mongolian ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠ (abug-a, “shepherd's purse”), Manchu ᠠᠪᡠᡥᠠ (abuha, “shepherd's purse”), Japanese 葵(あおい) (aoi, “Chinese mallow”). Given the attestation above and this term's wide distribution in modern-day dialects, this would be an exceptionally early example of Mongolic loan, predating the Mongol invasions of Korea.
It must be noted that there is an alternate form, 아혹〮 (àhwók), that cannot be explained through this analysis. Middle Korean-internally, one may ascribe the alternation to simple respelling by analogy; compare for instance 사ᄒᆞᆯ (sahol)~사ᄋᆞᆯ (saol) and 나ᄒᆞᆯ (nahol)~나ᄋᆞᆯ (naol), which show /h/ would already have underwent intervocalic voicing or deletion in this position. However, modern forms with a medial velar are sparse but existent—e.g. Korean (Southern Jeolla) 아궁 (agung). These forms may hint at an early /*k~*p/ alternation, which only later lenited to /h~*W>w/.

lang

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

鄕藥採取月令, 12月 / 향약채취월령, 12월

鄕藥採取月令, 12月 / 향약채취월령, 12월

鄕藥集成方 / 향약집성방

鄕藥集成方 / 향약집성방

cog

아옥〮 ᄡᅵ〮 두〯 홉과〮 黃(ᅘᅪᇰ)明(며ᇰ)膠(교ᇢ)와〮 滑(화ᇙ〮)石(씨〮)ㅅ ᄀᆞᄅᆞ 各(각〮) ᄒᆞᆫ 兩(랴ᇰ〯)ᄋᆞᆯ〮
àwók psí twǔ hwòp-kwá HHWÀNG.MYÈNG.KYWÒW-wá HWÁLQ.SSÍ-s kòlò KÁK hòn LYǍNG-ól
With two hops (~360mL) of Chinese mallow seeds and a nyang (~37.5g) each of ox skin gelatin and powdered talc ...

1466, Gugeupbang eonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해) 下:84a

Chinese mallow (Malva verticillata) (plant and vegetable)


하ᄂᆞᆳᄃᆞ래

head

하ᄂᆞᆳ〮ᄃᆞ〮래 (hànólstólày)

하ᄂᆞᆳ〮ᄃᆞ〮래 (canonical)
hànólstólày (romanization)

Korean: 하눌타리 (hanultari)

Derived from Old Korean 天叱月乙 (*hanolh-s-tol), 天原乙 (*hanolh-tol), attested in the Hyang'yak gugeupbang (鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방).
By surface analysis, 하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (hànólh, “sky”) + -ㅅ- (-s-, genitive marker) + ᄃᆞ〮래 (tólày, “hardy kiwi”).

lang

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

surf

Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii)


부ᄎᆡ

Korean: 부추 (buchu)

Apparently derived from Old Korean 厚菜 (*hwuchoy), in turn possibly from Middle Chinese 韭菜 (MC kjuwX tshojH, literally “garlic chive vegetable”).
The initial consonant *h < *k in the Old Korean form is not seen in Middle Korean or any modern-day reflex, which universally contain p or ph (as in dialectal Korean 푸추 (puchu), 푼추 (punchu)). This cannot be explained by regular sound changes.

ltc-l

부〯ᄎᆡᆺ니〮플〮 디허〮 즈〮브로〮 곳〮굼긔〮 브ᅀᅳ라〮

1466, 구급방언해 [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 上, page 24a:

Pound garlic chive leaves into liquid and pour into the nostrils

Allium tuberosum
Allium tuberosum#Translingual


그르메너흐리

head

그르메〮너흐〮리〮 (kùlùméynèhúlí)

그르메〮너흐〮리〮 (canonical)
kùlùméynèhúlí (romanization)

⇒ Early Modern Korean: 그리매 (kulimay)

Korean: 그리마 (geurima)

Inherited from Old Korean 影亇伊汝乙伊 (*kulumeynehuli), 影良汝乙伊 (*kulumeynehuli), attested in the Hyang'yak gugeupbang (鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방), 1236. By surface analysis, 그르메〮 (kùlùméy, “shadow”) + 너흘〮- (nèhúl-, “to bite”) + -이〮 (-í, agent noun-deriving suffix), literally "shadow biter".
Nam (1981:44) suggests this name was given due to people mistaking boils caused by earwigs' urine for bug bites. However, earwigs do not urinate, nor do they secrete anything else that could cause such symptoms. It seems much more likely that the name refers to the insect's pincers; compare the modern Korean name 집게벌레 (jipgebeolle, lit. "pincer bug").

lang

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방


阿郁

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

hanja spelling of 아옥〮 (àwók, “Chinese mallow”)


부체

Korean: 부채 (buchae)

By surface analysis, 붗- (pwuch-, “to fan”) + -에 (-ey, agentive suffix).

surf

ᄯᅩ〮 中(듀ᇰ〮)暑(쎵〮)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 어즐〮커든〮 ᄀᆞᆺ 기른〮 믈〮로 곳〮굼긔〮 처〮디〯오〮 부체〮로〮 부츠라〮

1466, Gugeupbang eonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해) 上:10b

And if dizzy from a heatstroke, drip freshly drawn water into the nostrils and blow with a fan

stwó TYWÚNG.SSYÉhó-yá ècúl-khètún kòs kìl-ún múl-lwò kwóskwùmk-úy chétǐ-wó pwùchéy-lwó pwùch-ùlá

fan (hand-held instrument waved to blow air)


거러치

head

거러치〮 (kèlèchí)

Korean: 가라치 (garachi)

Seemingly from Middle Mongol ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠦ (qaračü, “commoner”); compare Kyrgyz карача (karaca, literally “black one”), modern Mongolian харц (xarc). The expected form given the Middle Mongol source is *가라치 (*kalachi), which also matches the Modern Korean form. As such, this form may be an innovation from a hypothetical earlier *가라치 (*kalachi), not found in contemporaneous sources solely due to sparsity of attestation but surviving as the modern reflex below.

cog

隷(예〯) 거러치〮 예〯
YĚY kèlèchí yěy
[The character] YĚY [is read] yěy [and means] servant, subordiate


러ᅌᅮᆯ

head

러ᅌᅮᆯ〮 (lèngwúl)

러ᅌᅮᆯ〮 (canonical)
lèngwúl (romanization)

⇒ Korean: 너구리 (neoguri)

ㆁ 如러ᅌᅮᆯ〮爲獺 서ᅌᅦ〮爲流凘
[The letter] ng is like lèngwúl meaning raccoon dog and sèngéy meaning frost

1446, Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례) 28b


지즑

Korean: 기직 (gijik)

⇒ Korean: 기직자리 (gijikjari)

Seemingly of Jurchen origin; compare Manchu ᠵᡳᠵᡳᡵᡳ (jijiri).

헌〯 부들〮 지즑〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 우후〮믈〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄂᆞ리〮 사ᄒᆞ라〮 漿(쟈ᇰ)水(ᄉᆔᆼ〯) ᄒᆞᆫ 盞(잔〮)애〮 글혀〮 汁(집〮)을〮 ᄃᆞ시 ᄒᆞ〮야〮 다〯 머그〮라〮

1466, Gugeupbang eonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해) 上:34a-34b

Thinly chop one handful of an old bulrush straw mat, boil in one glassful of jangsu (kind of gruel made with millet, used in traditional Korean medicine), warm the juice and drink it all

hěn pwùtúl cìcúlk hòn wùhwúm-úl kónòl-í sàhòl-á CYÀNG.SYWǓY hòn CÁN-áy kùlhy-é CÍP-úl tòs-ì hóy-á tǎ mèk-úlá


피나모

피〮나모 (phínàmwò)

피〮나모 (canonical)
phínàmwò (romanization)

Korean: 피나무 (pinamu)

Compound of 피〮 (phí, “Amur lime”) + 나모 (namwo, “tree”). The first component is not attested on its own but is also found in the placename 피〮모로〮, recorded in the Yongbi echeon'ga (용비어천가 / 龍飛御天歌).

lang

용비어천가 / 龍飛御天歌

용비어천가 / 龍飛御天歌


거두들다

head

거두〮들다〮 (kètwútùltá) (infinitive 거두〮드러〮, sequential 거두〮드니〮)

거두〮들다〮 (canonical)
kètwútùltá (romanization)
거두〮드러〮 (infinitive)
거두〮드니〮 (sequential)

거두〮- (kètwú-, “to gather”) + 들- (tul-, “to hold”).

compound

尋我草逕微 褰裳踏寒雨

1481, 분류두공부시언해 [bullyudugongbusieonhae], translation of original in Literary Chinese, page 9b:

You come to me on the narrow grass-ridden path, treading on the cold rain with your clothes lifted up.


두야머주저기

head

두야〮머〮주〮저기〮 (twùyámécwúcèkí)

두야〮머〮주〮저기〮 (canonical)
twùyámécwúcèkí (romanization)

Korean: 두여머조자기 (duyeomeojojagi)

Derived from Old Korean 豆也味次 (*twuyeMAc), attested in the Hyang'yak gugeupbang (鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방), 1237.

lang

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

鄕藥救急方 / 향약구급방

믄득〮 ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ 맛거든〮 두〮렫〮고 ᄒᆡᆫ〮 두야〮머〮주〮저깃 불〮휘〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 저즌〮 죠ᄒᆡ〮예 ᄡᅡ〮 구으〮니와

1489, Gugeup ganibang eonhae (救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해)

When one suddenly suffers a stroke, take the roots of round and white tian nan xing, wrapped in wet paper and baked...

mùntúk pòlòm màs-kètún twúlyét-kwò hóy-n twùyámécwúcèkì-s pwúlhwúy-lól cèc-ún cywòhóyy-èy ps-á kwù-ún-ì-wà

tian nan xing (a flowering plant of the species Arisaema amurense, native to East Asia, whose roots are used for traditional medicine)