亽

Lower half of the character 罖, simplified form of 羅 (la).

伊亽 ― 이〮라〮 ― í-lá ― it is...

Kwukyel spelling of 라〮 (-lá, alternative form of declarative suffix 다〮 (-tá), notably found after the copulas).


遣

本國乙背叛爲遣

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:


님

Korean: 님 (nim)

From Old Korean *nirim. See Korean 님 (nim) for more.

honored; esteemed; attached to nouns to show respect for the noun


-브-

Postconsonantal form of ᄫᅳ (-Wù-, adjective-deriving suffix).


㢱

錢粮乙生徵令是㢱

they illegitimately confiscate money and food, and

idu form of 며 (“and”, verbal connective suffix)


-ㅯ-

모로매 降ᄒᆡ요려커든 내 알ᄑᆡ셔 주거뵈요ᇝ다

1490, 三綱行實圖諺解本 (Samgang Haengsildo Eonhaebon) [Korean Translation of the Illustrated Conduct of the Three Bonds]:

If you indeed wish to make me surrender, it is fitting that I die in front [of you] to show [that I will not surrender].

mwolwomay HANG-hoyyolyekhetun na-y alph-oysye cwuke-pwoyyomsta

(archaic) necessity-marking suffix attached to a verb stem, equivalent to English "it is fitting that..."


-고나

head

고〮나〮 (-kwóná)

Korean: 구나 (-guna)

suffix used to exclaim newly-learned information.

Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject

History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.


-ᅀᆞ오-

Allomorphic form of ᅀᆞᇦ (-zoW, object honorific marker)


-ᅀᆞᇦ-

Early Modern Korean: ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup), ᄋᆞᆸ (-eup)

Korean: 으옵 (-euop-), 오 (-o-)

⇒ Korean: 습니다 (-seumnida), ㅂ니다 (-mnida)

desc

⇒ Korean: 습니까 (-seumnikka), ㅂ니까 (-mnikka)

⇒ Korean: 십시오 (-sipsio), 으십시오 (-eusipsio)

⇒ Korean: 읍시다 (-eupsida), ㅂ시다 (-psida)

⇒ Korean: 습디다 (-seupdida, dated), ㅂ디다 (-pdida)

⇒ Korean: 습디까 (-seupdikka, dated), ㅂ디까 (-pdikka)

⇒ Korean: 소 (-so, semi-formal speech level suffix)

⇒ Korean: 요 (-yo, casually polite speech level particle)

Jeju: 읍 (-eup-) (no longer productive)

⇒ Jeju: 읍서 (-eupseo), ㅂ서 (-pseo)

⇒ Jeju: 읍센 (-eupsen), ㅂ센 (-psen)

⇒ Jeju: 읍주 (-eupju), ㅂ주 (-pju)

⇒ Jeju: 읍데다 (-eupdeda), ㅂ데다 (-pdeda)

⇒ Jeju: 읍네다 (-eumneda), ㅂ네다 (-mneda)

⇒ Jeju: 읍데가 (-eupdega), ㅂ데가 (-pdega)

⇒ Jeju: 읍네까 (-eumnekka), ㅂ네까 (-mnekka)

⇒ Jeju: 수다 (-suda), 우다 (-uda), 으우다 (-euuda)

⇒ Jeju: 수과 (-sugwa), 우과 (-ugwa), 으우과 (-euugwa)

/zʌ̀.β◌́~zʌ̀.w◌́/

/sʌ̀.β◌́~s͈ʌ̀.w◌́/

/t͡sʌ̀.β◌́~t͡sʌ̀.w◌́/

A verbal suffix honoring the object (either direct or indirect) of the verb.

Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones

기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!

kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22

are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example

which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state

comes from a merger of the imperfective 더〮 and the emotive morpheme ㅅ. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes

even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive

닷〮 has been attested as co-occurring with the latter

only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix 돗〮

used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century

used to convey a past state when something was about to happen


-ᄫᆞ-

Yang-vowel form of ᄫᅳ (-Wù-, adjective-deriving suffix).


-ᄫᅳ-

A suffix attaching to verbal stems to derive adjectives.


-ᄉᆞᆸ-

Allomorphic form of ᅀᆞᇦ (-zoW, object honorific marker for transitive verbs)


-사ᅌᅵ다

head

사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (sá.ngìtá)

사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
sá.ngìtá (romanization)

⇒ Korean: 읍시다 (-eupsida)

A deferential propositive suffix, used to make suggestions to a social superior.


-ㅂ-

Pre-consonant allophonic spelling of ㅸ (-W-)


-ㅸ-

두리〮니〮 (twùlí-ní, “as one fears”) + ㅸ (-W-) → 두리〮ᄫᅳ니〮 (twùlí-W-ùní, “as [it] is scary”)

Post-vowel and ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of ᄫᅳ (-Wù-, suffix attaching to verbal stems to derive adjectives).


-기

-ing, -ment, -tion; derives nouns from verbs and adjectives.


-압-

Allophonic spelling of 아ᇦ (-aW-, adjective-deriving suffix), used before consonants


-다

아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

orig. 14th century?, “西京別曲 / 서경별곡 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 / 악장가사 (Akjang Gasa):

If you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept

aculka kwoysilantoy wulekwom cwosninwongita

語(ᅌᅥᆼ〯)는 말〯ᄊᆞ미라〮

1459, Hunmin jeongeum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄭᅮ믈 자내 보려 믿고 인뇌이다

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

I'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.

na-non skwum-ul canay pwolye mitkwo innwoyita

declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix

The durative aspect suffix 으〮니〮

The copula 이 (-i-) and suffixes derived from it


-아ᇦ-

Yang-vowel form of 어ᇦ (-eW-, adjective-deriving suffix).


-더-

Korean: 더 (-deo-)

넉시라도 님은 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 녀져라 아으 벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가

14th century? (pub. 1493), “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):

That even in spirit, I'd walk with my love! Oh, who was [being] the one who had been making that vow?

neks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin_i nwu-ylesiningiska

龍(료ᇰ)과〮 鬼(귕〯)神(씬)과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮더〮시다〮

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:

[Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits.

金(금)으〮로〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄭᆞ〮로ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄢᅳᆷ〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 이〮 東(도ᇰ)山(산)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄑᆞ〮로〮리라〮 須(슝)達(따ᇙ〮)이〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 니ᄅᆞ샨〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로〮 호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 太(탱〮)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 내〮 로ᇰ〮담ᄒᆞ〮다라〮

1447, Grand Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:24b:

"If you carpet the earth in gold without a single gap, I will sell this hill [to you]." "I shall do as you say," said Sudatta. "I was joking," said the prince.

imperfective aspect
imperfective aspect#English

An imperfective aspect marker, denoting an action or state in the past which is perceived as continuous, loosely equivalent to English "was [...]ing". When used together with the conjectural suffix 으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮 (-úlí/olí-), it is loosely equivalent to English "would be [...]ing". Sometimes somewhat misleadingly called "retrospective" due to conflation with its modern descendant.


-어ᇦ-

Related to ᄫᅳ (-Wù-). The two suffixes are in complementary distribution in fifteenth-century Middle Korean; 어ᇦ (-eW-) is used after stems ending in falling diphthongs or certain stems with liquid finals, and ᄫᅳ (-Wù-) otherwise.

A suffix attaching to verbal stems ending in ㅣ (i) or ㄹ (l) to derive adjectives.


-우

From Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, adverb-deriving suffix).

inh

ᄌᆞᆽ > ᄌᆞ조〮 ― còc- > còcwó ― to be frequent > frequently

돌〯 > 도로 ― twǒl- > twòlwò ― to turn > again

넘〯 > 너무 ― něm- > nèmwù ― to surpass > exceedingly, excessively

An adverb-deriving suffix attached to verb and adjective stems.


-도다

head

도〮다〮 (twótá)

A compound suffix made up of 도〮 (-twó-, emotive suffix) and 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).


-오-

Yang-vowel form of 우〮 (-wú-, modulator suffix).


-오-

Yang-vowel form of 우〮 (-wú-, causative suffix).


-우-

From Old Korean 乎 (*-wo, modulator suffix).

but the suffix itself is lost

after CV verb stems not ending in a minimal vowel

Except for ᄒᆞ다〮

The suffix is conserved but causes loss of the minimal vowel of the verb stem (after CV verb stems ending in a minimal vowel)

which usually irregularly takes the form ᄒᆞ요〮다〮

1) in the main clause, a suffix marking a first-person subject

右(우ᇢ〯)手(슈ᇢ〯) 左(장〯)手(슈ᇢ〯)로〮 天(텬)地(띵〮) ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샤〮 ᄒᆞ오ᅀᅡ〮 내〮 尊(존)호〮라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:34b:

With his right and left hands, he pointed at heaven and earth, saying, "I alone am honored."

2) in an adnominal verb, a suffix marking the noun as a direct or indirect object of the verb

누ᄫᅮᆫ 자리〮예〮 겨〯샤〮 合(ᅘᅡᆸ〮)掌(쟈ᇰ〯)ᄒᆞ〮샤〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 10:9b:

Being at the place where he had lain down, he put his hands together […]

3) in nominalized or gerund verbal constructions, simply an integral part of the nominalizing or gerund suffix (equivalent to English "-ing")

比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ)를〮 뫼호〮시니〮 比(삥〮)丘(구ᇢ) 우루〮믈〮 말〯라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮[…]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:99b:

He gathered together the bhikkhu, and the bhikkhu said, "Stop your crying" […]

A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean, sometimes called the "modulator" in English. The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

Heo Ung (1958) believed that this was not a single suffix, but three different suffixes:

羊(야ᇰ)鬚(슈)筆(필) 鼠(셔)鬚(슈)筆(필) 빗기 드러 위 딕논 景(겨ᇰ) 긔 엇더ᄒᆞ니ᅌᅵᆺ고

13th century, “翰林別曲 (Hallim byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa):

Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how [splendid] is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!

YANG.SYU.PHIL SYE.SYU.PHIL piski tule wuy tiknwon KYENG ku-y este-honingiskwo

二(ᅀᅵ)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 노피 현 燈(드ᇰ)ㅅ블 다호라 萬(만)人(ᅀᅵᆫ) 비취실 즈ᅀᅵ샷다

14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak gwebeom):

By the full moon of the second month, oh, [you] are like [-wo] a lamplight lit on high! Your appearance is one to illuminate a myriad men.

ZI.WEL-s pwolwom-ay au nwophi hyen TUNG-s pul tahwola MAN.ZIN pichwuysil cuz-isyasta

The basic framework of Heo's theory remains the most influential today. Examples difficult to explain in Heo's basic theory include:

내... 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나호〮니〮[…]婢(비) ᄒᆞᆫ 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나ᄒᆞ니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 (Worin seokbo), pages 10:24a, 21:55a:

I... gave birth [-wo] to a son […] The slave-girl gave birth to one son.

na-y... àtól-ól nàhwóní […] PI hòn àtól-ól nàhòní

내... 두〯 누〮늘〮 일후〮니〮

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 (Neung'eomgyeong eonhae), page 5:43a:

Yi Sung-nyeong (1959) believed that this was a single aspectual suffix, called the "volitive", that conveyed the desire of the verb's subject to carry out the action. This remains a minority theory, Examples difficult to explain in Yi's theory include:

Raising slantedly the sheep-hair brush and rat-hair brush, yea, how splendid is the scene when they dip [-wo] them [in ink]!

Examples clearly incompatible with Heo's theory led Heo himself to propose that the suffix could be used for non-first-person subjects to convey a sense of rapport in which the speaker speaks from the perspective of the verb's subject. A refined version of Heo's hypothesis, moving away from an Indo-European notion of person-marking, analyzes the suffix as conveying empathy or a close emotional tie between the speaker and the subject of the verb (in both main and adnominal clauses) in addition to its object-marking function in adnominal constructions and its integral function in verbal gerunds. It is currently the most popular interpretation of the modulator, though it is still not unanimously agreed upon. Both examples given above of the exceptions to Heo's hypothesis can be explained by this theory:

德(덕)이여 福(복)이라 호ᄂᆞᆯ 나ᅀᆞ라 오소ᅌᅵ다

14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):

I have come [-wo] to present [this] which they call [-wo] virtue and fortune.

TEK-iye PWOK-ila hwon-ol nazola woswongita

괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

14th century?, “西京別曲 (Seogyeong byeolgok)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa):

If you only loved me, I would chase after [-wo] you as I wept

보ᄇᆡ ᄭᅮ뮨 술위예 象(샤ᇰ)이 메더니

1449, Sejong the Great, 月印千江之曲 (Worin cheon'gang ji gok):

The elephant was bearing a cart which they had decorated [-wu] with treasures

pwopoy skwumywun sulGwuy-yey SYANG-i meyteni


-우-

Lenition of earlier <*-kwú-> in voiced environments.

일〯다〮 (ǐl-tá, “to occur”) + 우〮 (-Gwú-) → 일우〮다〮 (ìl-Gwú-tá, “to create; to accomplish [to cause to occur]”)

퓌〮다〮 (pwúy-tá, “(of a fire) to be kindled”) + 우〮 (-Gwú-) → 퓌우〮다〮 (pwùy-Gwú-tá, “to kindle”)

A causative-deriving suffix attached to verb and adjective stems.


-오

Yang-vowel form of 우 (-wu, adverb-deriving suffix)


-오

Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.

Lenited allomorphic form of 고〮 (-kwó, verbal connective suffix) (in certain voiced environments)


-앗-

Alternative form of 돗〮 (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following 으시〮 (-ùsí-).


-거-

기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!

A very common verbal suffix in fifteenth-century Middle Korean. The meaning of this term is uncertain. There are two main competing hypotheses, and it is also possible that both hypotheses were simultaneously true in some capacity:

A perfective aspect marker, regarding the action of the verb as having completed (either from the perspective of the present, or from some future vantage point). An important argument is that it is commonly used to translate Mandarin 了 (le); another is that it fits the same paradigmal slot as the imperfective 더〮 (-té).

A confirmative mood marker, emphasizing the speaker's subjective certitude that the action of the verb must have taken (or must take) place.


-ㅭ

Post-vocalic allomorphic form of 으ᇙ〮 (-úlq, irrealis gerundive/adnominal suffix)


-ㄴ대

우므를 횟도라 절ᄒᆞ야 하ᄂᆞᆯᄭᅴ 블러 빈대 므리 소사나거늘

1514, 속삼강행실도 (續三綱行實圖):

When he bowed around the well and prayed to heaven, water gushed out from there

Wumulul hwoystwola celhoya hanolskuy pulle pintay muli swosanakenul


-오ᄃᆡ

오〮ᄃᆡ〮 (-wótóy)

desc

Korean: 되 (-doe), 으되 (-eudoe), 로되 (-rodoe)

Either from Old Korean 乎尸矣 (*-woltoy) or Old Korean 乎隱矣 (*-wontoy), both of which are attested in 12-13th century Gugyeol sources.

五色 幡을 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ로ᄃᆡ 마ᅀᆞᆫ아홉 자ᄒᆞᆯ ᄒᆞ고

Make a banner in five colors, and make it forty-nine feet long

suffix used to connect two clauses with general and specific information.

내〮 ᄉᆞ라ᇰ호〮ᄃᆡ〮 어누〮 藏ㅅ 金이〮ᅀᅡ〮 마〮치〮 ᄭᆞᆯ이〮려뇨〮 ᄒᆞ〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮

I am wondering, "Which storage house's gold would cover it perfectly?"


-도-

Alternate form of 돗〮 (-twós-, emotive suffix) occuring between a bare verb stem (except the copula) and 다〮 (tá).


-ᄂᆞ-

Korean: 는 (-neun-), 느 (-neu-), ㄴ (-n-)

내 北京 햐ᇰᄒᆞ야 가노라.

거릿 븍녀긔 잇ᄂᆞᆫ 뎜은 이 내 녯 쥬ᅀᅵᆫ 지비니

The store that is located on the north side of the street is my old master's house.

Kelis puknyekuy isnon tyemun i nay nyeys cyuzin cipini

A suffix that indicates present, ongoing action. Commonly referred to as the processive suffix.

Indicates present tense, when attached to dynamic verbs or 잇다 (ista).

酒壺ᄅᆞᆯ 기우리고 뎌 피리 부로매 셴 머리 도로 검ᄂᆞ니

As I drink and play the various flutes, my white hair is becoming black again.

Indicates ongoing transition of state; "is becoming ...", when attached to stative verbs (excluding 잇다 (ista)).


-로-

Alternate form of 돗〮 (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following 이〮 (í-, copula), 으〮니〮 (-úní-) or 으〮리〮 (-úlí-), and followed by 다〮 (tá).


-옷-

Alternative form of 돗〮 (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following ᄂᆞ (-nò-), 더〮 (-té-), or 거 (-ke-).

것〮다〮

-késtá, effective emotive declarative suffix

놋〮다〮

-nwóstá, processive emotive declarative suffix

닷〮다〮

-tástá, retrospective emotive declarative suffix


-옷-

Probably from Old Korean 古叱 (*-kwos-) attested in 12th-13th century Gugyeol.

큰 혀ᇰ아 우리 도라가노소라. 네 됴히 잇거라.

a. 1517, 번역노걸대하 (飜譯老乞大) [beonyeongnogeoldaeha], volume 하 (下):

Big brother, we are going back. You stay healthy.

Optional verbal suffix that indicates that the subject is plural.

ᄉᆞᆫ〮다〮

-sóntá, 2nd person plural question suffix

노〮소〮라〮

-nwóswólá, 1st person plural declarative suffix

다〮소〮니〮

-táswóní, retrospective 1st person plural sequential suffix

소〮라〮

-swólá, declarative 1st person plural suffix


-롯-

Alternate form of 돗〮 (-twós-, emotive suffix) that occurs following 이〮 (í-, copula), 으〮니〮 (-úní-) or 으〮리〮 (-úlí-), and followed by something other than 다〮 (tá).


-돗-

Unknown. Maybe grammaticalized from a verb stem, as it is one of the strong endings which makes a preceding high~low alternating monosyllabic verb stem surface as high tone. However, there is no verb that looks like 돗 in Middle Korean.

忽然히〮 부텨 向ᄒᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 니즈〮니〮 누〮니〮 도로 어듭〮거늘 제〯 너교〮ᄃᆡ〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 가〮다가〮 귓것과〮 모〯딘〮 쥬ᇰᄉᆡᇰ이〮 므ᅀᅴ〮엽도〮소니 므스〮므라〮 바ᄆᆡ〮 나〮오〮나뇨

As he forgot his thoughts towards Buddha, his vision became dark again. He realized, 'I am scared of the ghosts and fierce creatures while travelling at night!', and wondered 'Why have I come out at night?'

A suffix which expresses mirativity; indicates the speaker's surprise or the unpreparedness of their mind upon realizing or learning new information. Commonly called the emotive suffix.

도〮 when followed by 다〮

돗〮 (-twós-) following a bare verb stem (except the copula)

로〮 when followed by 다〮

롯〮 (-lwós-) following 이〮 (í-, copula), 으〮니〮 (-úní-), and 으〮리〮 (-úlí-).

it assimilates in vowel roundedness to 오

ᄂᆞ + 옷〮 fuses into 놋〮

옷〮 (-wós-) following ᄂᆞ (-nò-), 더〮 (-té-), and 거 (-ke-)

노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

-nwóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive processive suffix

놋〮다〮

-nwóstá, declarative emotive processive suffix

다〮ᄉᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮

-tásóngìtá, declarative polite emotive retrospective suffix

도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

-twóswóngìtá, declarative polite emotive suffix


-과뎌

내 ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ며 듀ᇰ히 너겨 너희ᄃᆞᆯ히 본받과뎌 원ᄒᆞ노라.

1518, 번역소학 (飜譯小學), translation of 小學 (in Literary Chinese):

I love him and consider him important, so I want you to make him your role model.

Nay solanghomye tyunghi nekye nehuytolhi pwonpatkwatye wenhonwola.

suffix used to express one's desire for another person to do something.


-고져

Jeju: 고정 (-gojeong)

followed by <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">싶다</i> (sipda)

Korean: 고자 (-goja), 고 (-go) (followed by 싶다 (sipda))

suffix used to express the subject's desire to do something.


-고녀

First attested in the Gugyeol annotations of Cheollo Geumganggyeong (川老金剛經 / 천로금강경), 14th century, as Middle Korean 古隱亦 (Yale: kwonye).

lang

(川老金剛經 / 천로금강경)

(川老金剛經 / 천로금강경)

ko-etym-native

suffix used to exclaim newly-learned information.


-ㄹ쎠

Korean: ㄹ사 (-lsa)

ᄯᅩ 涅槃애 드로려 ᄒᆞ시니 이리ᄃᆞ록 셜ᄫᅳᆯ쎠

Also, he is about to enter nirvana. Oh, I am so sad!

suffix used to exclaim one's own emotion.


-ㄴ뎌

Korean: ㄴ저 (-njeo)

그 어미 닐오ᄃᆡ 아가 아가 긴 劫에 몯 볼까 ᄒᆞ다니 오ᄂᆞᆳ날 地獄門 알ᄑᆡ셔 아기와 서르 보관뎌

The mother said, "My baby, my baby! I thought we would never see each other again over the eons, but now we have met together in front of the door to hell!"

suffix used to exclaim or state a fact with certainty and emphasis.


-으ᅌᅵ-

head

으〮ᅌᅵ (-úngì-)

Verbal suffix showing politeness towards the listener.


-은다

은〮다〮 (-úntá)

혀ᇰ아 네 드른다? 셔울셔 ᄒᆡᇰᄒᆡᇰ이 언제 나시리러뇨?

Before 1517, 번역박통사 (飜譯朴通事), volume 상(上):

Brother, did you hear? When would the Emperor's tour of the capital city take place?

Hyenga ney tulunta? syewulsye hoynghoyngi encey nasililenyo?

Suffix used for asking a question about the listener.


-놋다

⇒ Korean: 는도다 (-neundoda)

A compound suffix made up of ᄂᆞ (-no-, processive suffix) and 옷〮 (-wós-, emotive suffix) + 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

An exclamatory sentence-final suffix, referring to an ongoing process.


-ᅌᅵᆺ고

ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (canonical)
-ngìskwó (romanization)

Probably contains ᅌᅵ (-ngi-) and 고〮 (-kwó). However, the ㅅ in between is difficult to explain.

아홉 橫死ᄂᆞᆫ 므스기ᅌᅵᆺ고?


-오마

오〮마〮 (-wómá)

Korean: 으마 (-euma)

내 닐고마 네 드르라.

Before 1517, 번역노걸대 (飜譯老乞大), volume 하 (下), translation of 老乞大 (in Chinese):

Sentence-ending suffix used to promise to do something to the listener.


-으쇼셔

으쇼〮셔〮 (-ùsyósyé)

으쇼〮셔〮 (canonical)
-ùsyósyé (romanization)

Korean: 으소서 (-eusoseo)

Probably contains 으시〮 (-ùsí-) and Old Korean 立 (*-sye, imperative suffix). However, the exact composition is unclear. See Old Korean 古只賜立 (*-kwok[i]sisye, polite imperative suffix) for more information. See also 어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé).

m+

부텨하 드르쇼셔


-으ᅌᅵ다

head

으〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-úngìtá)

으〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
-úngìtá (romanization)

Combination of 으〮ᅌᅵ (-úngì-) + 다〮 (-tá).

우리 罪 아니ᅌᅵ다.

a polite declarative mood sentence-final verbal suffix.


-도소ᅌᅵ다

도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-twóswóngìtá)

도〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
-twóswóngìtá (romanization)

A compound suffix made up of 돗〮 (-twós-, emotive suffix) + ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ (-óngì-, polite suffix) + 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix). The 2nd vowel was assimilated in roundedness by the previous one. The polite version of 도〮다〮 (-twótá, emotive declarative suffix).

lang

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

A polite exclamatory sentence-final suffix.


-노소ᅌᅵ다

head

노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (-nwóswóngìtá)

노〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (canonical)
-nwóswóngìtá (romanization)

A compound suffix made up of ᄂᆞ (-no-, processive suffix) + 옷〮 (-wós-, emotive suffix) + ᄋᆞ〮ᅌᅵ (-óngì-, polite suffix) + 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix). The 2nd vowel was assimilated in roundedness by the previous one. The polite version of 놋〮다〮 (-nwóstá, processive emotive declarative suffix).

lang

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

중세한국어 감동법 연구 ―깨달음과 복수성―

A polite exclamatory sentence-final suffix, referring to ongoing action.


-ᅌᅵᆺ가

head

ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (-ngìská)

ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (canonical)
-ngìská (romanization)

Probably contains ᅌᅵ (-ngi-) and 가〮 (-ká). However, the ㅅ in between is difficult to explain.

부텻 ᄠᅳ데 當티 몯ᄒᆞᅀᅩ오면 쟈ᇰᄎᆞ 아니 罪 어드리ᅌᅵᆺ가?

If it doesn't match Buddha's intentions, will they not become sinners in the future?


-우라

A compound suffix made up of 우〮 (-wú-, modulator suffix) and 다〮 (-tá, declarative mood suffix).

A first person subject declarative suffix


-거지라

거지〮라〮 (-kècílá)

거지〮라〮 (canonical)
-kècílá (romanization)


-곰

Korean: 금 (-geum)

desc

⇒ Korean: 다시금 (dasigeum), 하여금 (hayeogeum)

Korean: 곤 (-gon, habitual verbal suffix)

가ᄀᆞ기 놀라ᄫᅵ 니러셔다가 ᄯᅩ 도로 아ᇇ곰 ᄒᆞ실ᄊᆡ

Because he kept suddenly standing up surprised, and then sitting back down again

iterative aspect
iterative aspect#English

Expresses habitual or iterative aspect, often followed by ᄒᆞ다 (hota).