乙

本國乙背叛

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:

idu form of ᄋᆞᆯ (accusative case marker)


中國

desc

Korean: 중국 (jungguk), 즁국 (jungguk), 듕국 (dyungguk)

Borrowed from Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”).

ltc-l

나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮中(듀ᇰ)國(국〮)에〮달아〮

1459, 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해 (Hunminjeongeum Eonhae):

The language of the country being different from China


丷

Top part of the character 為(위)(爲(위)) (wi, “to do”). Cognate with Japanese 𬼀 and Vietnamese 𫜵.

Kwukyel spelling of ᄒᆞ (ho-, “to do”, also a light verb deriving verbs and adjectives).


亽

Lower half of the character 罖, simplified form of 羅 (la).

伊亽 ― 이〮라〮 ― í-lá ― it is...

Kwukyel spelling of 라〮 (-lá, alternative form of declarative suffix 다〮 (-tá), notably found after the copulas).


爳

From the Chinese characters 爲 (“to do”, representing Middle Korean ᄒᆞ (ho-)) and 了 (“to be done”, representing Middle Korean ㄴ), both used for their semantics; but 了 may be a variant/mistake for the usual kwukyel phonetic 𰆊 (-n, abbreviation of 隱 (-n)).
ᄒᆞ (ho-, “to do”) + ㄴ (-n, past tense marker).


爲

idu form of ᄒᆞ (“to do”, also a light verb deriving verbs and adjectives)


遣

本國乙背叛爲遣


這

Simplified from 邊 (“edge”), used as hungaja for similarly pronounced ᄀᆞᆺ〯 (kǒs, “edge”).


일

Korean: 일 (il)


일

Korean: 일(一) (il)


아홉

Jeju: 아홉 (ahop)

Korean: 아홉 (ahop)


눈

눈〮 (canonical)
nwún (romanization)
누네〮 (locative)

Korean: 눈 (nun)


눈

눈〯 (canonical)
nwǔn (romanization)
누〯네〮 (locative)

Korean: 눈 (nun)


하다

Early Modern Korean: 하다 (hata)

desc

⇒ Korean: 한강(漢江) (han'gang, “Han River (in Seoul)”)

⇒ Korean: 한숨 (hansum, “sigh”)

Suspected to have same root with Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (khú-tá, “to be big”).

cog

ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯 제 ᄠᅳ〮들〮 시러〮 펴디〮 몯〯 ᄒᆞᇙ 노〮미〮 하니〮라〮

1459, Hunminjeong'eum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

...many of them in the end cannot state their concerns.

mòchómnǎy cèy ptút-úl sìlé phyètí mwǒt hòlq nwóm-í hànílá


말

Korean: 말 (mal)


말

Korean: 말 (mal)

Possibly cognate with Japanese 升 (masu), a similar unit of measure.

measure (containing about 18 liters or 10 doe (되 (doe))


누리

→ Korean: 누리 (nuri)

누릿 가온ᄃᆡ 나곤 몸하 ᄒᆞ올로 녈셔

14th century?, “動動 / 동동 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 / 악학궤범 (Akhak Gwebeom):

though it was born in the middle of the world, oh this body of mine! It goes its way alone.

nwuli-s kawontoy nakwon mwom-ha howollwo nyelsye

世(셰〯) 누리〮 셰〯

1527, Choe Sejin, 최세진(崔世珍), 訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회 [Hunmong Jahoe]:

[The Chinese word] 世 (shì) [means] "world" [and is pronounced] syěy.

Archaic form of 뉘〯 (nwǔy, “world; time, epoch, era”)


감

Jeju: 감 (gam)

Korean: 감 (gam)

From Late Old Korean 坎 (*kǎm), attested in the twelfth-century wordlist Jilin leishi.


설

설〯 (canonical)
sěl (romanization)
서〯레〮 (locative)

desc

Korean: 설 (seol, “New Year”), 살 (sal, “year of age”)

죠〯ᅌᅵ〮 ᄒᆞᆫ〮 아ᄃᆞ〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 나하〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮 그 아〮기〮 닐굽〮 설〯 머거〮 […]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 8:101b:

The servant gives birth to a son, and the baby grows to be seven years old […]

道(또ᇢ〯)士(ᄊᆞᆼ〯)ᄃᆞᆯ〮히〮 서〯레〮 님〯금〮 뵈〯ᅀᆞ〮ᄫᅩ라〮 모다〮 왯〮다가〮 […]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 2:68b–69a:

When the priests gathered to see the king for the New Year […]


적

Korean: 적 (jeok)

time, occurrence (must be preceded by the adnominal suffix 은 (-un) or 으ᇙ (-ulq))


날

날〮 (canonical)
nál (romanization)
나래〮 (locative)

Korean: 날 (nal)


제

Korean: 제 (je)

셤〯 안해〮 자〮시ᇙ 제〮 한〮비〮 사ᄋᆞ〮리로ᄃᆡ〮 뷔〯어ᅀᅡ〮 ᄌᆞ〮ᄆᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮

1447, “Stanza 67”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

When [General Yi] stationed [his troops] on [Wihwa] Island, heavy rain fell for three days; only after [they] cleared themselves away from it, the [island] was submerged.

syěm ành-áy cásìlq céy hánpí sàól-ì-lwòtóy pwǔyGèzá cómòníngìtá

Contraction of 저-긔〮 (cek-úy, literally “at the time”): when


예

Early Modern Korean: 예 (Yey, “Japanese”)

From Old Korean 倭理 (*YEri, “Japanese”), today replaced by Sino-Korean terms in all modern dialects.

請(쳐ᇰ)으〮로〮 온 예〯와〮 싸호〮샤〮 투〮구〮 아니〮 밧기〮시면〮 나랏〮 小(쇼)民(민)을〮 사ᄅᆞ시〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

1447, “Stanza 52”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheon'ga]:

If [he] had not been called to combat the hundreds of Japanese and not removed the helmet [of the Japanese general], would he have saved the poor people [of Korea]?

CHYENG-úlwó wòn Yěy-Gwoá ssàhwósyá thwúkwú àní pàskísìmyén nàlá-s SYWO.MIN-úl sàlòsílíngìská


신

Korean: 신 (sin)


범

Korean: 범 (beom)


손

손〮 (canonical)
swón (romanization)
소내〮 (locative)

Korean: 손 (son)


손

Korean: 손 (son)


길

Korean: 길 (gil)

굴허〮ᅌᅦ〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆯ〮 디〯내〯샤〮 도ᄌᆞ기〮 다〯 도라〮가니〮 半 길〯 노ᄑᆡᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 년기〮 디〯나리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

1447, “Stanza 48”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

[Chased] into an alley, [emperor Taizu] had his horse leap over [a cliff a gil high], and all the bandits [had no choice but to] turn back. Even if it were half a gil high, could anyone else [i.e. the bandits] have done the same?

kwùlhéng-éy mòl-ól tǐnǎysyá twòcòk-í tǎ twòlákàní PAN kǐl nwòphóy-ntól nyènk-í tǐnàlíngìká

a gil, a traditional Korean unit of length equal to the height of a person; a fathom


길

Isolated form spelling of 긿〮 (kílh, “road”)


비

비〮 (canonical)
pí (romanization)
비〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 비 (bi)


개

개〮 (canonical)
káy (romanization)
개〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 개 (gae)


개

개〯 (canonical)
kǎy (romanization)
개〯예〮 (locative)

Korean: 개 (gae)


오다

Jeju: 오다 (oda)

Korean: 오다 (oda)


목

Korean: 목 (mok)


더

Korean: 더 (deo)


고기

Jeju: 궤기 (gwegi)

Korean: 고기 (gogi)


나라

Isolated form spelling of 나랗〮 (nàláh, “country”)


귀

귀〮 (canonical)
kwúy (romanization)
귀예〮 (locative)

Korean: 귀 (gwi)


너

Jeju: 느 (neu)

Korean: 너 (neo)


바지

匠ᄋᆞᆫ 바지라.

1463, 《법화경언해》 서:21

master craftsman, master artisan, blacksmith, smith


다

Korean: 다 (da)


벌

Korean: 벌 (beol)


논

논〮 (canonical)
nwón (romanization)
노내〮 (locative)

Korean: 논 (non)


가다

head

가다〮 (kàtá) (infinitive 가〮, sequential 가니〮)

가다〮 (canonical)
kàtá (romanization)
가〮 (infinitive)
가니〮 (sequential)
가다〮 (past)
가니〮라〮 (past)
간가〮 (interrogative past)
가녀〮 (interrogative past)
간고〮 (interrogative past)
가뇨〮 (interrogative past)
간다〮 (interrogative past)
가〯라〮 (past)
가〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮노라〮 (present)
가리〮라〮
가ᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
가려〮 (interrogative)
가ᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
가료〮 (interrogative)
가ᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
가〯리라〮
가〮더라〮
가〮더〮니라〮
가〮던가〮 (interrogative)
가〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
가〮던고〮 (interrogative)
가〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
가〮던다〮 (interrogative)
가〮다라〮
가〯마〮
가져〮
가라〮 (imperative interrogative)
가고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
간뎌〮
갈쎠〮
가〮도다〮
가〮돗다〮
가〮애라〮
가ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
가니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
가〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
가〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
가〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
가리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
가리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
가〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
가〮애ᅌᅵ다〮
가〮시다〮 (past)
가〮시〮니라〮 (past)
가〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
가〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
가〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
가〮거〮시다〮
가〮거시〮니라〮
가〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
가〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
가〮더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
가〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
가〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
가고〮
가며〮
가〮다가〮
가니〮 (causative)
가〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
갈ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
가관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
가면〮 (interrogative present)
가〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
간대〮 (interrogative present)
가〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
가나〮 (interrogative present)
가〯ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
간ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
가〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
가〯려〮 (interrogative)
가고〮져〮 (interrogative)
가과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
가〮 (infinitive)
간 (past)
가〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
가ᇙ (infinitive present)
가ᇙ (present)
간〯 (past)
가〮논〮 (present)
가ᇙ〯 (infinitive present)
가ᇙ〯 (present)
가〮신〮 (past)
가〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
가〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
가〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
감〯 (causative past present)
감〯 (past present)
가〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
가〮샴〮 (present)

Korean: 가다 (gada)

(intransitive) to go (especially somewhere for a certain purpose)

(auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) Marks a continuous action that either stretches from the present into the future, or involves physical movement away from the speaker.


바다

Isolated form spelling of 바닿〮 (pàtáh, “sea; ocean”)


여름

Nominalisation form of 열〯다〮 (yěltá, “to ripen”).


봄

봄〮 (canonical)
pwóm (romanization)
보ᄆᆡ〮 (locative)

Korean: 봄 (bom)


빛

빛〮 (pích) (isolated 빗〮 (pís), locative 비체〮 (pìch-éy), alternative locative 비〮체〮 (pích-éy))

빛〮 (canonical)
pích (romanization)
비체〮 (locative)
비〮체〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 빛 (bit)


밤

밤〮 (canonical)
pám (romanization)
바ᄆᆡ〮 (locative)

Korean: 밤 (bam)


밤

밤〯 (canonical)
pǎm (romanization)
바〯매〮 (locative)

Korean: 밤 (bam)


크다

크〮다〮 (khútá) (infinitive 커〮, sequential 크〮니〮)

크〮다〮 (canonical)
khútá (romanization)
커〮 (infinitive)
크〮니〮 (sequential)
크〮다〮 (past)
크〮니라〮 (past)
큰〮가〮 (interrogative past)
크〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
큰〮고〮 (interrogative past)
크〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
큰〮다〮 (interrogative past)
쿠〮라〮 (past)
크〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮노라〮 (present)
크〮리라〮
크ᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
크〮려〮 (interrogative)
크ᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
크〮료〮 (interrogative)
크ᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
쿠〮리라〮
크〮더라〮
크〮더〮니라〮
크〮던가〮 (interrogative)
크〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
크〮던고〮 (interrogative)
크〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
크〮던다〮 (interrogative)
크〮다라〮
쿠〮마〮
크〮져〮
크〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
크〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
큰〮뎌〮
클〮쎠〮
크〮도다〮
크〮돗다〮
케〮라〮
크〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
크〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
쿠〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
크〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
크〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
크〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
크〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
쿠〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
케〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮시다〮 (past)
크〮시〮니라〮 (past)
크〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
크〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
크〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
크〮거〮시다〮
크〮거시〮니라〮
크〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
크〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
크〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
크〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
크〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
크〮고〮
크〮며〮
크〮다가〮
크〮니〮 (causative)
크〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
클〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
크〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
크〮면〮 (interrogative present)
크〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
큰〮대〮 (interrogative present)
크〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
크〮나〮 (interrogative present)
쿠〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
큰〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
크〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
쿠〮려〮 (interrogative)
크〮고져〮 (interrogative)
크〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
커〮 (infinitive)
큰〮 (past)
크〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
크ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
크ᇙ〮 (present)
쿤〮 (past)
크〮논〮 (present)
쿠ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
쿠ᇙ〮 (present)
크〮신〮 (past)
크〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
크〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
크〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
쿰〮 (causative past present)
쿰〮 (past present)
크〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
크〮샴〮 (present)

Korean: 크다 (keuda)

From Old Korean *hùkú; see the modern Korean 크다 (keuda) entry for more.


보다

보다〮 (pwòtá) (infinitive 보아〮, sequential 보니〮)

보다〮 (canonical)
pwòtá (romanization)
보아〮 (infinitive)
보니〮 (sequential)
보다〮 (past)
보니〮라〮 (past)
본가〮 (interrogative past)
보녀〮 (interrogative past)
본고〮 (interrogative past)
보뇨〮 (interrogative past)
본다〮 (interrogative past)
보〯라〮 (past)
보〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮노라〮 (present)
보리〮라〮
보ᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
보려〮 (interrogative)
보ᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
보료〮 (interrogative)
보ᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
보〯리라〮
보〮더라〮
보〮더〮니라〮
보〮던가〮 (interrogative)
보〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
보〮던고〮 (interrogative)
보〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
보〮던다〮 (interrogative)
보〮다라〮
보〯마〮
보져〮
보라〮 (imperative interrogative)
보고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
본뎌〮
볼쎠〮
보〮도다〮
보〮돗다〮
보〮애라〮
보ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
보니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
보〯ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
보〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
보〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
보리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
보리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
보〯리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
보〮애ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮시다〮 (past)
보〮시〮니라〮 (past)
보〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
보〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
보〮거〮시다〮
보〮거시〮니라〮
보〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
보〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
보〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
보〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
보〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거다〮
보〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거〮니라〮
보고〮
보며〮
보〮다가〮
보니〮 (causative)
보〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
볼ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
보관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
보면〮 (interrogative present)
보〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
본대〮 (interrogative present)
보〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
보나〮 (interrogative present)
보〯ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
본ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
보〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
보〯려〮 (interrogative)
보고〮져〮 (interrogative)
보과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
보아〮 (infinitive)
본 (past)
보〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
보ᇙ (infinitive present)
보ᇙ (present)
본〯 (past)
보〮논〮 (present)
보ᇙ〯 (infinitive present)
보ᇙ〯 (present)
보〮신〮 (past)
보〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
보〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
보〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
봄〯 (causative past present)
봄〯 (past present)
보〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
보〮샴〮 (present)

Jeju: 보다 (boda)

Korean: 보다 (boda)

1447, 《석보상절 / 釋譜詳節》 3:11ㄱ
ᄒᆞᆫ 玉女 ᄀᆞᄐᆞ시니ᄅᆞᆯ 보ᅀᆞᆸ고 와 ᄉᆞᆯᄫᅩᄃᆡ 執杖釋의 ᄯᆞ니미 겨시더ᅌᅵ다.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1447, 《석보상절 / 釋譜詳節》 9:24 ㄴ
아뫼나 ᄯᅩ 사ᄅᆞ미 모딘 ᄭᅮ믈 어더 구즌 相ᄋᆞᆯ 보거나 妖怪ᄅᆞᄫᆡᆫ 새 오거나 妖怪ᄂᆞᆫ 常例ᄅᆞᆸ디 아니ᄒᆞᆫ 荒唐ᄒᆞᆫ 이리라 잇논 ᄯᅡ해 온가짓 妖怪 뵈어나 ᄒᆞ거든 이 사ᄅᆞ미 種種 貴ᄒᆞ 거스로 뎌 藥師琉璃光如來ᄅᆞᆯ 恭敬ᄒᆞ야 供養ᄒᆞᅀᆞᄫᆞ면 머즌 ᄭᅮ미며 믈읫 됴티 몯ᄒᆞᆫ 이리 다 업서 분벼리 아니ᄃᆞ외며 믈블갈 모딘 것과 어려ᄫᅳᆫ 石壁과.

1459, 《월인석보 / 月印釋譜》 18:21ㄱ
이 經을 보ᅀᆞᆸ건댄 智로 體ᄅᆞᆯ 셰시고.

to see, to look at, to watch (to perceive with the eyes)

(auxiliary, with 어〮 (-é)) to try, to try out


새

새〯 (canonical)
sǎy (romanization)
새〯예〮 (locative)

Korean: 새 (sae)

고기〮와〮 새〯와〮 거붑〮과〮 ᄇᆡ〮얌괘〮 그 類(ᄅᆔᆼ〮) ᄀᆞᄃᆞᆨᄒᆞ니〮라〮

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 [Neung-eomgyeong eonhae], page 7:79a:

[Therefore], the [world] has plenty of fish, birds, turtles, snakes, and the like.


새

엇〯뎨〮 모로〮매〮 ᄂᆞᆯᄀᆞ〮닐〮 덜〯오〮 새〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 더으며〮 […]

1465, 圓覺經諺解 / 원각경언해 [Wongakgyeong eonhae], page 4:188b:

[Then], how shall I drop that which is old and take that which is new, […] ?


새

沙(상)彌(밍)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 새〮 出(츄ᇙ〮)家(강)ᄒᆞᆫ 사〯ᄅᆞ〮미니〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:2a:

沙彌 [Chinese for "novice Buddhist monk"] is a person who newly became a Buddhist monk.


새

Korean: 새 (sae)


섬

Korean: 섬 (seom)

階(갱)砌(촁〮)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 서〮미라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin Seokbo], page 2:27a:


집

Jeju: 집 (jip)

Korean: 집 (jip)


발

발〮 (canonical)
pál (romanization)
바래〮 (locative)

Korean: 발 (bal)


발

발〯 (canonical)
pǎl (romanization)
바〯래〮 (locative)

Korean: 발 (bal)

blind, screen, or curtain made with woven bamboo or reed strips


거리

거리〮 (canonical)
kèlí (romanization)
거리〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 거리 (geori)


골

Korean: 골 (gol)


밑

밑 (mìth) (isolated 믿 (mìt), locative 미틔〮 (mìth-úy))

Korean: 밑 (mit)

모〮미〮 道(또ᇢ〯)ㅅ 미티〮라〮 미티〮 올〯면〮 道(또ᇢ〯)ㅣ 올〯릴ᄊᆡ〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 12:34a:

As the body is the basis of enlightenment, if this “basis” is proper, so will its enlightenment.

그ᄢᅴ〮 舍(샹〮)利(링〮)弗(부ᇙ〮)이〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 나모 미틔〮 안자〮 […]

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:28a-b:

Then, Śāriputra sat down under this one tree […]


위

Probably imitative. Compare English oi, Japanese おい (oi).

爲(위〯) 四(ᄉᆞ〯)海(ᄒᆡ〯) 天(텬)下(하〯) 無(업〯)豆(두〮)舍叱(샷)多(다〮)

1330, 안축/安軸 [An Chuk], 關東別曲/관동별곡 [Gwandong byeolgok, Song of the Lands East of the Pass]:

O, it does not exist [anywhere else] between the four seas under Heaven!

아바님도 어이어신 마ᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ
위 덩더둥셩
어마님 ᄀᆞ티 괴시리 업세라

16th century [14th century?], “[思母曲/사모곡] [Jeongseok-ga]”, in 樂章歌詞/악장가사 [Akjang gasa]:

My father is my parent, too
wuy tengtetwungsyeng
But there is none to love me like my mother does.

An interjection which appears in certain poems.


낳다

Phonemically faithful spelling of 나타 (natha, “to give birth to”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


놓다

Phonemically faithful spelling of 노타〮 (nwòthá, “to place, to put”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


밭

밭 (pàth) (isolated 받 (pàt), locative 바ᄐᆡ〮 (pàth-óy))

Korean: 밭 (bat)


아니

⇒ Korean: 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)

From Old Korean 不知 (*ANti).
The Old Korean form was strictly a particle used to negate nouns. The adverbial sense was an innovation, in which 아니 displaced the older adverb 不冬 (*ANtol).

소ᇇ가락과〮소ᇇ가락아니〮와〮애〮나게〮ᄒᆞ리〮라〮

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 (Neung'eomgyeong Eonhae) [Korean Translation of the Śūraṅgama Sūtra], page 2:61a:

[He] will make it sprout on the fingers, and [also] on that which is not the fingers.

swòn-s-kàlàk-kwá swòn-s-kàlàk àní-Gwá-áy nà-kéy hò-lí-lá


아니

Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)

⇒ Korean: 안 (an, “not”)


아니

Korean: 아니 (ani, “no”)


굿

Korean: 굿 (gut)

아비〮 平(뼈ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)애〮 六(륙〮)波(방)羅(랑)蜜(미ᇙ〮)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄒᆞᆯᄊᆡ〮 天(텬)宮(구ᇰ)에〮 快(쾡〮)樂(락〮)ᄋᆞ〮로〮 뵈〯니〮
어〮미〮 平(뼈ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)애〮 심바ᇰ 굿〮ᄲᅮᆫ〯 즐〮길ᄊᆡ〮 天(텬)宮(구ᇰ)에〮 몯〯 어〯더〮 보니〮

1459, 月印釋譜/월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23.68:

Because his father practiced the Six Pāramitās all his life, he was seen enjoying pleasures in the palace of the celestials.
Because his mother enjoyed only the ceremonies of shamans all her life, he could not see her in the palace of the celestials.

羅(라)令(려ᇰ)公(고ᇰ)宅(ᄐᆡᆨ) 儺(나)禮(례)日(ᅀᅵᆯ)이리라 廣(과ᇰ)大(대)도 金(금)線(션)이샤ᄉᆞ이다
그ᇰ에ᅀᅡ 山(산)ㅅ굿ᄇᆞᆺ 겻더신ᄃᆞᆫ 鬼(귀)衣(의)도 金(금)線(션)이리라

c. 1500, “나례가/儺禮歌”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:

In the house of Lord La, it is exorcism day; even the clowns are in threads of gold!
If you should but undergo the mountain ritual there, the spirits' robes, too, shall be in threads of gold.

LA.LYENG.KWONG.THOYK NA.LYEY.ZIL-ilila KWANG.TAY-two KUM.SYEN-isyaso[ng]ita
ku-ngey-za SAN-s kwus-pos kyestesinton KWUY.UY-two KUM.SYEN-ilila

shamanic ritual; indigenous religious ceremony


별

별〯 (canonical)
pyěl (romanization)
벼〯레〮 (locative)

Korean: 별 (byeol)


구무

Korean: 구무 (gumu)


살

살〮 (canonical)
sál (romanization)
사〮래〮 (locative)

Korean: 살 (sal)

五(ᅌᅩᆼ〯)百(ᄇᆡᆨ〮) 群(꾼)賊(쯕〮)이〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 사〮래〮 다〯 디니〮 […]

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 10:26b:

as the group of five hundred bandits falls to a single arrow […]

輻(복〮)은〮 술윗〮 사〮리오〮 輪(륜)은〮 바회〮라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:38a:

[The Chinese word] 輻 means, "spokes on a cart[wheel]," and [the Chinese word] 輪 means, "wheel."


국

Korean: 국 (guk)


우리

Jeju: 우리 (uri)

Korean: 우리 (uri)

From Old Korean 吾里 (*WUli), from Old Korean 又 (*wu) + unknown suffix *-li.

ᄆᆡ야ᇰ자내ᄃᆞ려내닐오ᄃᆡᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ누어셔이보소ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞ티서ᄅᆞ에엿ᄲᅵ녀겨ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ리ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞᄐᆞᆫ가

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

All the time, I used to say to you—while we were lying together—"Hey, do you think other [wives and husbands] look at each other as prettily and love each other as much as we do? Do you think they're like us too?"

moyyang canay-tolye na-y nilwotoy hontoy nwuesye, "i pwoswo, nom-two wuli kothi selo eyyesspi nyekye solang-holi? nom-two wuli kothonka?"


우리

Korean: 우리 (uri)


술

Korean: 술 (sul)


술

Korean: 술 (sul)

Alternative form of 수을 (swùùl, “liquor”)


높다

Jeju: 노프다 (nopeuda)

Korean: 높다 (nopda)


어른

Korean: 얼른 (eolleun)

瞥(펴ᇙ〮)은〮 누네〮 어른 디〯날 ᄊᆞᅀᅵ〮오〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page Preface 2b:

[The Chinese word] 瞥 (piē) means, "the interval of something passing quickly before the eyes."


기름

Korean: 기름 (gireum)


몸

몸〮 (canonical)
mwóm (romanization)
모매〮 (locative)

Jeju: 몸 (mom)

Korean: 몸 (mom)


얼우다

얼우다 (elGwuta) (infinitive 얼우어 (elGwue), sequential 얼우니 (elGwuni))

elGwuta (romanization)
얼우어 (infinitive)
얼우니 (sequential)

The derived causative of 얼다 (elta, “to freeze”).


얼우다

Rare form of 얼이〮다〮 (èlGítá, “to marry (someone) to”).


애

Korean: 애 (ae)

Semantically, compare Chinese 腸／肠 (cháng).

the inner organs, in particular:
the intestines, the guts

the inner organs, in particular:
the gall bladder

(possibly) the liver (only attested in early Early Modern Korean)

(in figurative expressions) anxiety, impatience

(in figurative expressions) trouble; effort


쇠

Korean: 쇠 (soe)


피

피〮 (canonical)
phí (romanization)
피〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 피 (pi)


닙

Isolated form spelling of 닢〮 (níph, “leaf”)


닢

닢〮 (níph) (isolated 닙〮 (níp), locative 니페〮 (nìph-éy))

닢〮 (canonical)
níph (romanization)
니페〮 (locative)

Korean: 잎 (ip)


낛

Korean: 낚시 (naksi, “hook, fishing”)

Korean: 낚다 (nakda, “to hook, fish”)

졈졈미러낙새다ᄃᆞᆮ게ᄒᆞ고 […]

(Can we date this quote?), 구급방언해(救急方諺解) [gugeupbang'eonhae], volume 상 [sang]:

hook, gaff. compare Korean 갈고리 (galgori)


낳

Jeju: 나이 (nai), 나 (na)

Korean: 나이 (nai)

Jeolla Korean: 나 (na)

龍(료ᇰ)鬼(귕〯) 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 說(ᄉᆑᇙ〮)法(법〮)ᄒᆞ〮샤미〮 부텻 나〮히〮 셜흔〮둘〯히러〮시니

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:1a:

The Buddha's age was thirty-two when he was preaching to dragons and spirits.


낫

Isolated form spelling of 낮〮 (nác, “daytime”)


낮

낮〮 (nác) (isolated 낫〮 (nás), locative 나ᄌᆡ〮 (nàc-óy), alternative locative 나재〮 (nàc-áy))

낮〮 (canonical)
nác (romanization)
나ᄌᆡ〮 (locative)
나재〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 낮 (nat)


괴

desc

Jeju: 고냉이 (gonaeng'i), 고낭이 (gonang'i), 궤 (gwe)

Korean: 괴 (goe)

⇒ Korean: 고양이 (goyang'i)


되

⇒ Korean: 되강 (doegang)

⇒ Korean: 되놈 (doenom)

First attested in Hangul form in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459. Probably a native Korean word, but possibly a corruption of Middle Chinese 東夷 (MC tuwng yij, “eastern barbarian”). The first attestation of the Korean word is Japanese; a 1019 raid on the Japanese island of Kyushu by Jurchen pirates is still referred to as the Toi invasion in Japan, after the Korean word for this unfamiliar people.

lang

(月印釋譜 / 월인석보)

(月印釋譜 / 월인석보)

네〯 뉘〯손〮ᄃᆡ〮 글〮 ᄇᆡ혼〮다〮?
내〮 되〯 ᄒᆞᆨ〮다ᇰ의〮셔〮 글〮 ᄇᆡ호〮라〮.

Who did you learn to write [Chinese] from?
I learned to write from a Han Chinese school.

듀ᇰ〮샤ᇰ이 되〯게 자피〮여 가〮 깁〯 일〮쳔 필 받고〮ᅀᅡ 노하〮 보내〮려 커늘〮[…]

1516, 二倫行實圖/이륜행실도 [Iryun Haengsildo], page 37a:

Zhongxiang [Tang-era Chinese commander] was captured by the barbarians [native peoples of Yunnan], and they would release him only after receiving a thousand rolls of silk […]


독

Korean: 독 (dok)


독

독〮 (canonical)
twók (romanization)
毒 (hanja)

Korean: 독(毒) (dok)

미친〮 가히〮 믈인〮 독〮이〮 다시〮 나거든〮 ᄆᆞᄅᆞᆫ ᄉᆡᇰ아ᇰ을〮 ᄀᆞ〮라 므〮레 프〮러 두〯 돈〯을〮 머그〮면 됴〯ᄒᆞ리〮라

1489, 救急簡易方諺解 / 구급간이방언해 [Gugeupganibang eonhae], pages 6:39a–b:

Having been bitten by a rabid dog, should [the effects of] the poison [i.e. the rabies virus] recur, take two dons of ground dry ginger dissolved in water, and [the symptoms] will get better.


누

Korean: 누 (nu, “who, someone”) (archaic or dialectal)

⇒ Korean: 누구 (nugu, “who, someone”)

desc

⇒ Korean: 누가 (nuga, “who, someone”, as subject)

⇒ Korean: 뉘 (nwi, “who, someone”) (archaic)

It has been suggested since the 1950s that the basic Korean pronouns 나 (na, “I; me”), 너 (ne, “you”), and 누 (nwu, “who”) (> modern 누구 (nugu)) were all formed from the same etymon via ablaut, which appears to have once been an extremely productive process in Korean, at some very ancient stage. Given the very limited data on prehistoric Korean, this hypothesis cannot be proven for sure either way.

ruby

􂀿母􂁀(모)􂀿音􂁀(음)의 􂀿意􂁀(의)􂀿味􂁀(미)􂀿交􂁀(교)􂀿替􂁀(체)의 􂀿範􂁀(범)􂀿疇􂁀(주)-􂀿中􂁀(중)􂀿期􂁀(기)􂀿國􂁀(국)􂀿語􂁀(어)를 􂀿中􂁀(중)􂀿心􂁀(심)으로

母(모)音(음)의 意(의)味(미)交(교)替(체)의 範(범)疇(주)-中(중)期(기)國(국)語(어)를 中(중)心(심)으로

lang

母(모)音(음)의 意(의)味(미)交(교)替(체)의 範(범)疇(주)中(중)期(기)國(국)語(어)를 中(중)心(심)으로

ruby

􂀿硏􂁀(연)􂀿究􂁀(구)

벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가

14th century?, “滿殿春 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa):

Who was the one, who was the one who had made that vow?

아라〮 녀리〮 그츤〮 이〮런 이ᄫᅳᆫ〮 길헤〮 눌〯 보〯리라〮 우러〮곰〮 온다〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 8:86b—8.87a:

On this confounding trail where there are no longer those to know the way, who do you intend to see, that you come weeping thus?


옷

옷〮 (canonical)
wós (romanization)
오새〮 (locative)

Korean: 옷 (ot)


옷

Korean: 옻 (ot)


오래

Korean: 오래 (orae)

Derived from 오라〮다〮 (Yale: wòlá-tá, “to be a long time”).


오래

Korean: 오래 (orae)

Yukjin Korean: 우래 (urae)


님

Korean: 님 (nim), 임 (im)

From Old Korean *nirim. See Korean 님 (nim) for more.

數(숭〮)萬(먼〮)里(링〯)ㅿ 니〯미어〮시니〮

1447, “Stanza 31”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi eocheonga]:

As he is the master of tens of thousands of leagues [of land]

七(칠)月(월)ㅅ 보로매 아으 百(ᄇᆡᆨ)種(죠ᇰ) 排(ᄇᆡ)ᄒᆞ야 두고 니믈 ᄒᆞᆫ ᄃᆡ 녀가져 顧(원)을 비ᅀᆞᆸ노ᅌᅵ다

14th century?, “動動 (Dongdong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom), published 16th century:

On the night of the full moon in the seventh [lunar] month, oh, I set up a hundred kinds [of offerings] and make the prayer: may I be together [lit. "may I go in the same place"] with my love.

CHIL.WUEL-s pwolwom-ay au POYK.CYWONG POY-hoya twukwo nim-ul hon toy nyekacye WEN-ul pizopnwongita

어름 우희 댓 닙 자리 보와 님과 나와 어러 주글만뎌ᇰ 情(져ᇰ) 준 오ᄂᆞᆳ 밤 더듸 새오시라 더듸 새오시라

14th century?, “滿殿春 (Manjeonchun)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang gasa), published 16th century:

Even if my love and I should freeze to death, having set up [only] a bed of bamboo leaves upon the ice, may this night when we make love pass slowly by, pass slowly by.

elum wuh-uy tay-s nip cali pwowoa nim-kwa na-Gwa ele cwukul mantyeng CYENG cwun wonol-s pam tetuy sayGwosila tetuy sayGwosila


님

Korean: 님 (nim)

honored; esteemed; attached to nouns to show respect for the noun


마시다

head

마시〮다〮 (màsí-tá)

마시〮다〮 (canonical)
màsí-tá (romanization)

Jeju: 마시다 (masida)

Korean: 마시다 (masida)


가리다

가리〮다〮 (kàlítá) (infinitive 가리〮여〮, sequential 가리〮니〮)

가리〮다〮 (canonical)
kàlítá (romanization)
가리〮여〮 (infinitive)
가리〮니〮 (sequential)

*갈 (*kal-, “to split?”) + 이 (-i-, passive suffix). Compare 가ᄅᆞ다〮 (kàlòtá, “to split”).

compound

枝流ᄂᆞᆫ 므리 가리여 나 正流 아닌 거시라

1481, 원각경언해 (Wongakgyeong Eonhae), volumes 상1–1, page 23a:

A tributary is a river that has been split, which is not the main branch.


괴다

head

괴〯다〮 (kwǒytá) (infinitive 괴여〮 (kwòyyé), sequential 괴〯니〮 (kwǒyní))

괴〯다〮 (canonical)
kwǒytá (romanization)
괴여〮 (infinitive)
괴〯니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 괴다 (goeda)

Jeju: 궤다 (gweda)

괴시란ᄃᆡ 아즐가 괴시란ᄃᆡ 우러곰 좃니노ᅌᅵ다

1500s [1300s], “서경별곡/西京別曲 [Seogyeong byeolgok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

If you only loved me, oh, if you only loved me, I would chase after you as I wept.

kwoysilantoy aculka kwoysilantoy wule-kwom cwosninwongita

아바님도 어이어신 마ᄅᆞᄂᆞᆫ 어마님 ᄀᆞ티 괴시리 업세라

1500s [1300s?], “사모곡/思母曲 [Samo-gok]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

My father is my parent, too, but there is none who can love me like my mother does.

apa-nim-two ei-Gesin malonon ema-nim kothi kwoysil_i epseyla

다롱다리 三(삼)城(셩)大(대)王(왕) 녜라와 괴쇼셔

1500s [1400s?], “삼성대왕/三城大王”, in 시용향악보/時用鄕樂譜 [Siyong hyang'akbo]:

Talwongtali, Great King of the Three Towns [the title of a deity]! Favor us more than [you have] before.

talwongtali SAM.SYENG.TAY.WANG nyey-lawoa kwoysyosye


덥다

덥〯다〮 (těptá)

덥〯다〮 (canonical)
těptá (romanization)
덥〯다〮
덥〯고〮
더ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
더ᄫᅳ〮면〮 (conditional)

Jeju: 덥다 (deopda)

Korean: 덥다 (deopda)

모〮미〮 겨ᅀᅳ〮렌 덥〯고〮 녀르〮멘 ᄎᆞ〮고〮

The body is warm during the winter and cold during the summer, and...


펴다

펴다〮 (phyètá) (infinitive 펴〮아〮, sequential 펴니〮)

펴다〮 (canonical)
phyètá (romanization)
펴〮아〮 (infinitive)
펴니〮 (sequential)

Possibly related to Middle Korean 프다 (phuta, “to spread”).


잇다

잇다〮 (ìstá) (infinitive 이셔〮 (ìsyé), sequential 이시니〮 (ìsìní))

잇다〮 (canonical)
ìstá (romanization)
이셔〮 (infinitive)
이시니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 있다 (itda)

q

compounded with verbal infinitive suffix <i class="Kore mention" lang="ko">어</i> (-eo)

Korean: 었 (-eot-, past tense marker) (compounded with verbal infinitive suffix 어 (-eo))

(auxiliary) to be (in a state of having done the main verb)


즐겁다

head

즐〮겁다〮 (cúlkèptá)

즐〮겁다〮 (canonical)
cúlkèptá (romanization)
즐〮겁다〮
즐〮겁고〮
즐〮거ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
즐〮거〮ᄫᅳ면〮 (conditional)

Korean: 즐겁다 (jeulgeopda)

이〮 사〯ᄅᆞ미〮 一(일)切(쳬) 즐〮거ᄫᅳᆫ〮 거스〮로〮 […]

The person [gives alms] to […] as something "wholly" pleasing


지다

그쇠텰초를머거아유덕ᄒᆞ신님여ᄒᆡᄋᆞ와지이다

14th century?, “鄭石歌 (Jeongseok-ga)”, in 樂章歌詞 (Akjang Gasa):

Only if that cow eats iron grass shall I desire to depart from my virtuous lover

ku soy tyelcwo-lul mekeya yutek-hosin nim yehoyowa cingita


긋다

긋다〮 (kùstá) (infinitive 그처〮 (kùché), sequential 그츠〮니〮 (kùchúní), phonemic spelling 긏다〮)

긋다〮 (canonical)
kùstá (romanization)
그처〮 (infinitive)
그츠〮니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: 긏다 (kuchta), 그ퟌ다 (kunchta), ᄭᅳퟌ다 (skunchta), ᄭᅳᆭ다 (skunhta)

desc

Korean: 끊다 (kkeunta, “to cut; to stop”, transitive)

ᄉᆡ〯-미〮 기픈〮 므〮-른〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ-래〮 아니〮 그츨〮ᄊᆡ〮 내〯-히〮 이러〮 바ᄅᆞ〮-래〮 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The water from a deep spring, for a drought stops [i.e. dries] it not, becomes a stream and flows into the sea.

sǒym-í kìphún múl-ún kómòl-áy àní kùchúlssóy nǎyh-í ìlé pàlól-áy kánòní


긋다

head

긋다 (kusta) (infinitive 그ᅀᅥ (kuze), sequential 그ᅀᅳ니 (kuzuni), phonemic spelling 그ᇫ다)

kusta (romanization)
그ᅀᅥ (infinitive)
그ᅀᅳ니 (sequential)

Korean: 긋다 (geutda)


더럽다

더〯럽다〮 (tělèptá)

더〯럽다〮 (canonical)
tělèptá (romanization)
더〯럽다〮
더〯럽고〮
더〯러ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
더〯러〮ᄫᅳ면〮 (conditional)

Korean: 더럽다 (deoreopda)


열다

열〯다〮 (yěl-tá)

Phonemically faithful spelling of 여〯다〮 (yě-tá, “to open, to ripen”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


울다

울〯다〮 (wǔl-tá)

Modern phonemically faithful spelling of 우〯다〮 (wǔtá, “to cry; to weep”), not actually used during the Middle Korean period.


그리다

그〮리다〮 (kúlìtá) (infinitive 그〮려〮, sequential 그〮리니〮)

그〮리다〮 (canonical)
kúlìtá (romanization)
그〮려〮 (infinitive)
그〮리니〮 (sequential)
그〮리다〮 (past)
그〮리〮니라〮 (past)
그〮린가〮 (interrogative past)
그〮리녀〮 (interrogative past)
그〮린고〮 (interrogative past)
그〮리뇨〮 (interrogative past)
그〮린다〮 (interrogative past)
그〮료라〮 (past)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
그〮리ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮노라〮 (present)
그〮리〮리라〮
그〮리ᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
그〮리려〮 (interrogative)
그〮리ᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
그〮리료〮 (interrogative)
그〮리ᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
그〮료〮리라〮
그〮리〮더라〮
그〮리더〮니라〮
그〮리〮던가〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮던고〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮던다〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮다라〮
그〮료마〮
그〮리져〮
그〮리〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮리〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮린뎌〮
그〮릴〮쎠〮
그〮리〮도다〮
그〮리〮돗다〮
그〮리〮예라〮
그〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
그〮리니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
그〮료〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
그〮리노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
그〮리리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮리리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮료리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
그〮리예〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리〮시다〮 (past)
그〮리시〮니라〮 (past)
그〮리시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
그〮려〮시다〮
그〮려시〮니라〮
그〮리시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
그〮리〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
그〮리더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
그〮려시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮려〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
그〮리〮ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
그〮리고〮
그〮리며〮
그〮리〮다가〮
그〮리니〮 (causative)
그〮려ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
그〮릴〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
그〮리〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
그〮리면〮 (interrogative present)
그〮려든〮 (interrogative present)
그〮린대〮 (interrogative present)
그〮련댄〮 (interrogative present)
그〮리나〮 (interrogative present)
그〮료ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
그〮린ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
그〮련〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
그〮료려〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮고져〮 (interrogative)
그〮리〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
그〮려〮 (infinitive)
그〮린〮 (past)
그〮리ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
그〮리ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그〮리ᇙ〮 (present)
그〮룐〮 (past)
그〮리논〮 (present)
그〮료ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그〮료ᇙ〮 (present)
그〮리신〮 (past)
그〮리〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
그〮리시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
그〮리시ᇙ〮 (present)
그〮룜〮 (causative past present)
그〮룜〮 (past present)
그〮리샴〮 (infinitive present)
그〮리샴〮 (present)

Korean: 그리다 (geurida)

From Old Korean 慕理 (*KUri-), Jilin leishi 乞林 (*ku(l/r)i-m).


ᄀᆞᆲ다

ᄀᆞᆲ〯다〮 (kǒlptá) (infinitive ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮 (kòlWá), sequential ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮 (kòlWóní), phonemic spelling ᄀᆞᇕ다)

ᄀᆞᆲ〯다〮 (canonical)
kǒlptá (romanization)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮가〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮고〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮다〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯노라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮료〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯던가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더녀〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯던고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더뇨〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯던다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯다라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮마〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯져〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮뎌〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆯ〮쎠〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯도다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯돗다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅢ〮라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅢ〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거〮시다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거시〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᆞ〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯더라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᆸ〯더〮니라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᅡ〮다〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄉᆞᄫᅡ〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯고〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮며〮
ᄀᆞᆲ〯다가〮
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮니〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆯ〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮면〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯거든〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮대〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯건댄〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮나〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩ〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯고져〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯과뎌〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅡ〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᆫ〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᆫ〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆲ〯논〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮신〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᆷ〮 (causative past present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᅩᆷ〮 (past present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮샴〮 (present)

Gyeongsang Korean: 갋다 (galda)

Korean: 가루다 (garuda) (archaic)

⇒ Korean: 가리비 (garibi, “scallop”)

⇒ Korean: 갈비 (galbi, “rib”)

desc

⇒ Korean: 갈피 (galpi, “a space between folds, layers, pages”)

[kʌ̌ɾp̚.t͈á]

業(ᅌᅥᆸ〮)力(륵〮)이〮 甚(씸〮)히〮 커〮 能(느ᇰ)히〮 須(슈)彌(미)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄀᆞᆯᄫᆞ〮며〮 能(느ᇰ)히〮 바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 두고〮 기프〮며〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 21:I:78a–b:

The power of cause and effect is so great that it easily equals Mount Sumeru [in height] and the Great Ocean in depth.

NGÉP.LÚK-í SSÍM-hí khé NÙNG-hí SYÙ.MÌ-lól kòlWómyé NÙNG-hí pàlól twùkwó kìphúmyé

一生애〮 제 獵호〮ᄆᆞᆯ ᄀᆞᆯ오〮리 업〯소ᄆᆞᆯ〮 아〯노니〮

1481, “王兵馬使二角鷹 / 왕병마사이각응”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 17:11b:

All its life it [the hawk] has known none that matches it in hunting.

IL.SOYNG-áy cèy LYEP-hwóm-òl kòlwól-ì ěpswòm-ól ǎnwòní

石堂ㅅ 아래〮 ᄀᆞᆯ와〮 안자〮 큰〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 므〮릐 ᄃᆞ로〮ᄆᆞᆯ 구버〮 보〯라

1481, “貽華陽柳少府 / 이화양유소부”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 19:37b:

[We] sat side by side in the chamber by the rock and looked down upon the large river as it rushed by.

SYEK.TANG-s àláy kòlwá àncá khún kòlóm múl-ùy tòlwóm-òl kwùpé pwǒlà

내 모〮미〮 부텨와〮 ᄀᆞᆯ오〮리라〮

1496, 육조법보단경언해 / 六祖法寶壇經諺解 [Korean Translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch], volume 1, page 59a:

my body shall be equal to that of the Buddha

(intransitive) to be equal; to be parallel


믿다

Korean: 믿다 (mitda)

나ᄂᆞᆫᄭᅮ믈자내보려믿고인뇌이다

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

I'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.

na-non skwum-ul canay pwolye mitkwo innwoyta

to believe in something; to trust someone


사회

Jeju: 사위 (sawi)

Korean: 사위 (sawi)


힘

힘〮 (canonical)
hím (romanization)
히〮메〮 (locative)

Korean: 힘 (him)

고기와힘과ᄲᅧ와ᄂᆞᆫ

1465, 圓覺經諺解 / 원각경언해 (Won'gakgyeong Eonhae) [Korean Translation of the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment]:

as for the meat and the muscle and the bone


글

글〮 (canonical)
kúl (romanization)
그〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 글 (geul)


굵다

Jeju: 훍다 (hukda)

Korean: 굵다 (gukda)


아기

Korean: 아기 (agi)


마치

Korean: 망치 (mangchi)


새로

Korean: 새로 (saero, “newly”)

새〮 (sáy, “something new”) + 로〮 (-lwó, “to, as”, instrumental or directional particle), literally "as something new".

새〮로〮 스〮믈〮여듧〮 字(ᄍᆞᆼ〮)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮노니〮

1446, Sejong the Great, 訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본 [Hunmin jeongeum eonhae]:

I have newly created twenty-eight letters

sáy-lwó súmúlyètúlp CCÓ-lól mòyngkónwòní


아직

Alternative form of 안직〮 (àncík, “still; yet; etc.”).


편지

Korean: 편지 (pyeonji)

From Middle Chinese 片紙 (MC phenH tsyeX).


죽다

head

죽다 (cwùktá) (infinitive 주거〮, sequential 주그〮니〮)

cwùktá (romanization)
주거〮 (infinitive)
주그〮니〮 (sequential)
죽다〮 (past)
주그〮니라〮 (past)
주근〮가〮 (interrogative past)
주그〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
주근〮고〮 (interrogative past)
주그〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
주근〮다〮 (interrogative past)
주구〮라〮 (past)
죽ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮라〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
죽노〮라〮 (present)
주그〮리라〮
주그ᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
주그〮려〮 (interrogative)
주그ᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
주그〮료〮 (interrogative)
주그ᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
주구〮리라〮
죽더〮라〮
죽더〮니라〮
죽던〮가〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮녀〮 (interrogative)
죽던〮고〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮뇨〮 (interrogative)
죽던〮다〮 (interrogative)
죽다〮라〮
주구〮마〮
죽져〮
주그〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
죽고〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
주근〮뎌〮
주글〮쎠〮
죽도〮다〮
죽돗〮다〮
주게〮라〮
주그〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
주그〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
주구〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
죽ᄂᆞᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
죽ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
죽노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
주그〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
주그〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
주그〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
주구〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
죽사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
주그쇼〮셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
주게〮ᅌᅵ다〮
주그시〮다〮 (past)
주그시〮니라〮 (past)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
죽더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
죽거〮시다〮
죽거〮시〮니라〮
주그시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그시〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
주그시〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
죽더〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
죽더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
죽거〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
죽거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
죽고〮
주그〮며〮
죽다가〮
주그〮니〮 (causative)
죽거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
주글〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
죽관〮ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
주그〮면〮 (interrogative present)
죽거든〮 (interrogative present)
주근〮대〮 (interrogative present)
죽건댄〮 (interrogative present)
주그〮나〮 (interrogative present)
주구〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
주근〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
죽건마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
주구〮려〮 (interrogative)
죽고〮져〮 (interrogative)
죽과〮뎌〮 (interrogative)
주거〮 (infinitive)
주근〮 (past)
죽ᄂᆞᆫ (present)
주그ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
주그ᇙ〮 (present)
주군〮 (past)
죽논〮 (present)
주구ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
주구ᇙ〮 (present)
주그신〮 (past)
주그시〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
주그시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
주그시ᇙ〮 (present)
주굼〮 (causative past present)
주굼〮 (past present)
주그샴〮 (infinitive present)
주그샴〮 (present)

Korean: 죽다 (jukda)


외

Korean: 오이 (oi)


벗다

벗다〮 (pèstá) (infinitive 버서〮 (pèsé), sequential 버스〮니〮 (pèsúní))

벗다〮 (canonical)
pèstá (romanization)
버서〮 (infinitive)
버스〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 벗다 (beotda)

(transitive) to take off or remove something from one's self (see usage notes)


근원

Korean: 근원(根源) (geunwon)


짓

Isolated form spelling of 짗〮 (cích, “feather”)


곁

곁 (kyèth) (isolated 겯 (kyèt), locative 겨틔〮 (kyèth-úy))

Korean: 곁 (gyeot)


가히

가히〮 (canonical)
kàhí (romanization)
가히〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 개 (gae)


져

Korean: 저 (jeo)


뷔

Korean: 비 (bi)


쇼

Jeju: 쉐 (swe)

Korean: 소 (so)

Possibly related to Goguryeo *首 (*siu, “cow, ox”), appearing in place name glosses of the Samguk Sagi as an equivalent to Chinese 牛.

Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi
Samguk Sagi


뫼

Isolated form spelling of 묗〯 (mwǒyh, “mountain”)


-브-

Postconsonantal form of ᄫᅳ (-Wù-, adjective-deriving suffix).


염

⇒ Korean: 염소 (yeomso)

심ᄒᆞᆫ 치위예 나ᄅᆞᆯ 프른 염의 갓오-ᄉᆞᆯ 주ᄂᆞ다

You give me clothes made of blue goat's leather in the blistering cold.

simhon chiwuy-yey na-lol phulun yem-uy kaswos-ol cwunota

튝ᄉᆡᇰ은 ᄆᆞᆯ 쇼 야ᇰ 염 돋 개 ᄀᆞᄐᆞᆫ 거-시라

Early 16th century, 장수경언해 (jangsugyeong'eonhae):

Domestic animals include horses, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs.

thyuksoyng-un mol syo yang yem twot kay kothon kes-ila

孔子(공ᄌᆞ)ᄂᆞᆫ 거믄 여-믜 갓옷과 거믄 곳갈로ᄡᅥ 됴사ᇰ 아니ᄒᆞ더시다

Confucius did not mourn with black goat's leather clothes and a black hat.

KWONG.COnon kemun yem-uy kaswos-kwa kemun kwoskal-lwopse tyosang anihotesita


ㅸ

The sound known as 가벼운비읍 (gabyeounbieup), a voiced bilabial fricative; /β/. This vanished around 1480 when /β/ became /w/.


곶

곶 (kwòc) (isolated 곳 (kwòs), locative 고ᄌᆡ〮 (kwòc-óy), alternative locative 고재〮 (kwòc-áy))

kwòc (romanization)
고ᄌᆡ〮 (locative)
고재〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 꽃 (kkot)


곶

곶〮 (kwóc) (isolated 곳〮 (kwós), locative 고재〮 (kwòc-áy), hanja 串)

곶〮 (canonical)
kwóc (romanization)
고재〮 (locative)
串 (hanja)

Korean: 곶 (got)

⇒ Korean: 꼬치 (kkochi)

Related to 곶다〮 (kwòc-tá, “to pierce, to skewer”). Compare Japanese 串 (kushi, “skewer”), of uncertain relation.


ㅱ

Used solely to transcribe the phoneme /w/ in Middle Chinese; used neither in native Middle Korean nor in Sino-Korean as actually pronounced.


ㆄ

(not used after 1490) The voiceless bilabial fricative, /ɸ/. Used solely in representing the pronunciation of Chinese characters.


움즈기다

Modern Korean: 움직이다 (umjigida)


잣

잣〮 (cás) (locative 자〮새〮 (cás-áy), alternative locative 자새〮 (càs-áy))

잣〮 (canonical)
cás (romanization)
자〮새〮 (locative)
자새〮 (alternative locative)

Jeju: 잣 (jat)

Korean: 재 (jae)

From Old Korean 城叱 (*CAs). Likely related to Baekje サシ (*casi, “fortress”).
Compare Old Japanese さし (sasi), a loanword for Korean toponyms recorded in the Nihon Shoki, 720. Possibly cognate, via Japanese, with Ainu チャシ (casi, “fence; enclosure; castle; fortress”).

cog

잣 다온뎌 當(다ᇰ)今(금)景(ᄭᅧᇰ) 잣 다온뎌

1400s [1390s], “신도가/新都歌 [Sindo-ga]”, in 악장가사/樂章歌詞 [Akjang Gasa]:

What a splendid city this scene today is! What a splendid city!


잣

Korean: 잣 (jat)


오곰

오곰〮 (canonical)
wòkwóm (romanization)
오고매 (locative)

Korean: 오금 (ogeum)


조각

Korean: 조각 (jogak)

머리〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 닐굽〮 조가개〮 ᄢᅢ텨〮 阿(ᅙᅡᆼ)利(링)樹(쓩〮)ㅅ 가〮지 ᄀᆞ〮티 호〮리니〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 21:30b:

Their heads will be split into seven pieces, just like the branches of an arjaka tree.


㢱

錢粮乙生徵令是㢱

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:

they illegitimately confiscate money and food, and

idu form of 며 (“and”, verbal connective suffix)


쉰

Korean: 쉰 (swin)

Jeju: 쉰 (swin)


시냏

Korean: 시내 (sinae)

*실〯 (*sǐl, “valley”) + 냏〯 (nǎyh, “stream”).

compound

ᄯᅡ〮 平(뼈ᇰ)호〮미〮 소ᇇ바다ᇰ〮 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮 뫼〯히며〮 두들〮기며〮 시〯내〯며〮 굴허〮ᅌᅵ〮 업〯고〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 15:13a–b:

The land will be as level as the palm of the hand, free of mountains or hills, streams or gorges.


엷다

Jeju: 얄룹다 (yallupda)

Korean: 얇다 (yalda)


실

Korean: 실 (sil)


멎다

Phonemically faithful spelling of 멋다〮 (mèstá, “to be inauspicious”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


안해

Korean: 아내 (anae)


솥

head

솥 (swòth) (isolated 솓 (swòt), locative 소ᄐᆡ〮 (swòth-óy))

Korean: 솥 (sot)


솔

Korean: 솔 (sol)


솔

Korean: 솔 (sol)


솔

Korean: 솔 (sol)

내〮 平ᄒᆞᆫ 肩輿ᄅᆞᆯ〮 뒷〮노니〮 앏길〮히 활 소ᄂᆞᆫ〮 솔〯 봄〯 ᄀᆞ〮ᄐᆞ〮니라〮

1481, “鄭典設自施州歸 / 정곡설자시주귀”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 19:29b:

Having but a modest palanquin, I look toward the road ahead as if I were aiming at a target with my bow.

ná-y PHYENG-hòn KYEN.YE-lól twú-ys-nwòní àlp kílh-ì hwàl swònón swǒl pwǒm kót-hónìlá

우〮리〮 먼〯 솔〯 노하〮 두고〮 ᄡᅩ〮아〮

1517, 飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대 [The Old Cathayan], page 2:36b:


ㅹ

A digraph intended to transcribe [v~β] in various forms of Chinese.


ㆆ

From ㅇ (null consonant), with an additional stroke.

Transcribes [ʔ] in Chinese. This was not a sound in Middle Korean.

Used to represent an archiphoneme which tenses the subsequent consonant.


ㆊ

A digraph of ㅠ (ywu) and ㅕ (ye), intended to transcribe certain triphthongs in Chinese without Korean equivalent, e.g. Middle Chinese [iuᴇ], [wiæ].


-ㅯ-

모로매 降ᄒᆡ요려커든 내 알ᄑᆡ셔 주거뵈요ᇝ다

1490, 三綱行實圖諺解本 (Samgang Haengsildo Eonhaebon) [Korean Translation of the Illustrated Conduct of the Three Bonds]:

If you indeed wish to make me surrender, it is fitting that I die in front [of you] to show [that I will not surrender].

mwolwomay HANG-hoyyolyekhetun na-y alph-oysye cwuke-pwoyyomsta

(archaic) necessity-marking suffix attached to a verb stem, equivalent to English "it is fitting that..."


ㆋ

A trigraph of ㅠ (ywu), ㅕ (ye), and ㅣ (i), intended to transcribe certain triphthongs in Chinese without Korean equivalent, e.g. Middle Chinese [wei].


ㆈ

A trigraph of ㅛ (ywo), ㅑ (ya), and ㅣ (i).


ㆁ

q

merged with <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">ㅇ</i>

Korean: ㅇ (–, ng, also represents lack of a consonant) (merged with ㅇ)

From ㅇ (represents lack of a consonant), with an additional stroke from ㄱ (k) to represent a velar sound. See the Etymology section on modern Korean ㅇ (–, ng) for the motivations of this.

A letter representing the velar nasal, /ŋ/. Called 옛이응 (yesieung) in Modern Korean.


뭍

head

뭍 (mwùth) (isolated 묻 (mwùt), locative 무틔〮 (mwùth-úy))

Korean: 뭍 (mut)


언

⇒ Korean: 언덕 (eondeok)


플

Korean: 풀 (pul)


플

Korean: 풀 (pul)


사ᄅᆞᆷ

사〯ᄅᆞᆷ (sǎlòm)

Jeju: 사름 (sareum)

Korean: 사람 (saram)

살〯다〮 (sǎl-tá, “to live, to be alive”) + ᄋᆞᆷ (-om, noun suffix).

af

사〯ᄅᆞᆷ마〯다〮 ᄒᆡ〯ᅇᅧ〮 수〯ᄫᅵ〮 니겨〮

That every person would easily master it,


ᄇᆡ호다

Early Modern Korean: ᄇᆡ호다 (baehoda)

Korean: 배우다 (bae'uda) (Modern Standard)

學(ᄒᆞᆨ)堂(다ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆫ 글 ᄇᆡ호시ᇙ 지비라

An academy is a house where one learns literature.


므슴

This is one of four related Middle Korean interrogatives all beginning with /mɨsɨ-/: 므스 (musu), 므슥 (musuk), 므슴 (musum), and 므슷 (musus). The precise etymological relationship between the four remains unclear.

孝(효)道(도) 아니 ᄒᆞ면 너를 어더 므슴ᄒᆞ료

1475, Queen Insu, 內訓 / 내훈 [Instructions for Women], page 1:43a:

If you do not practice filial piety, what would be the point of having you?

HYWO.TWO ani homyen ne-lul ete musum holywo

定(뎌ᇰ)慧(혜)ᄂᆞᆫ 므슴과 ᄀᆞᆮᄒᆞ뇨

1496, 六祖法寶壇經諺解 / 육조법보단경언해 [Korean Translation of the Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch], page 中:7a:


므슴

desc

⇒ Early Modern Korean: 므슨 (musun, “what”)

Korean: 무슨 (museun, “what”)

일〮로〮 혜〯여〮 보〮건덴〮 므슴〮 慈(ᄌᆞ)悲(비) 겨〯시〮거뇨〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:6:

When one considers this, what compassion could he [possibly] have?

í-llwó hyěy-é pwókèntéyn mùsúm CO.PI kyěsíkènywó

므슴〮 ᄠᅳ〮드로〮 琴(금)臺(ᄃᆡ)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 바랫〮ᄂᆞ니〮오

1481, “野老 / 야로”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해, page 7:3:

With what intention did it linger at the Zither Pavilion?

mùsúm ptút-ùlwó KUM.TOY-lól pàláysnòníwò


므슴

묏〯 가온〮ᄃᆡ 이슈〮믈 므슴〮 슬흐〮리오〮

1481, “君不見簡蘇徯 / 군불견간소혜”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해, page 19:46a:

How is it that you grieve from being amid the mountains?

mwǒy-s kàwóntòy ìsywúm-ùl mùsúm sùlhúlìwó

므슴〮 쇽졀업〯시〮 겻고〮료〮

1517, 飜譯老乞大 / 번역노걸대 [The Old Cathayan], page 63a:

How is it that we should fight pointlessly?

(interrogative, rhetorical) how is it...


븓잡다

Korean: 붙잡다 (butjapda)

眞實로 자쵯 이레 븓자ᄇᆞᆫ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ 니ᄅᆞ와ᄃᆞ면 迷惑ᄒᆞᆫ 나비 우므레 ᄠᅥ러디여 주구미 ᄀᆞᆮᄒᆞ니라.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


다ᄉᆞᆺ

head

다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 (tàsós)

Korean: 다섯 (daseot)

Jeju: 다ᄉᆞᆺ (dasawt)

Possibly related to Baekje 刀士𢀳 (*tasip, “five”).


ᄃᆞᆯ

ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
tól (romanization)
ᄃᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

Jeju: ᄃᆞᆯ (dawl)

Korean: 달 (dal)


넙다

Korean: 넓다 (neolda)


ᄆᆞᆯ

Jeju: ᄆᆞᆯ (mawl)

Korean: 말 (mal)


ᄆᆞᆯ

Jeju: ᄆᆞᆯ (mawl)

Korean: 말 (mal)


믈

믈〮 (canonical)
múl (romanization)
므〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 물 (mul)


부하

Korean: 부아 (bua)

[…] 부〮하와〮 코ᇰᄑᆞᆺ〮기라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 4:7b:

[The five internal organs] are […] , the lung, and the kidney.


않

않〮 (ánh) (isolated 안〮 (án), locative 안해〮 (ành-áy))

않〮 (canonical)
ánh (romanization)
안해〮 (locative)

Early Modern Korean: 않 (anh)

Korean: 안 (an)


횩다

Early Modern Korean: 횩다 (hyokda)


긿

긿〮 (kílh) (isolated 길〮 (kíl), locative 길헤〮 (kìlh-éy))

긿〮 (canonical)
kílh (romanization)
길헤〮 (locative)

Early Modern Korean: 긿 (kilh)

Korean: 길 (gil)

From Old Korean 道尸 (*KIl). /-h/ here may be the remnant of an ancient place-related suffix; see Appendix:Middle Korean h-final nouns.


ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆶ

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆶ (mòzòlh) (isolated ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ (mòzòl), locative ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (mòzòlh-óy), alternative locative ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ해〮 (mòzòlh-áy))

mòzòlh (romanization)
ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (locative)
ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ해〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 마을 (ma'eul)

孔(고ᇰ)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅣ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ 겨셔 고디식고 온고ᇰ히 ᄒᆞ더시니

1517, Kim Jeon (金詮 / 김전), Choe Suk-saeng (崔淑生 / 최숙생), (飜譯小學 / 번역소학) [Beonyeok Sohak, Translated Small Learning]:

Confucius was staying at a village and acted righteously and conducted himself courteously


ᄒᆞ다

ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá) (infinitive ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (hóyá), sequential ᄒᆞ니〮 (hòní))

ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
hòtá (romanization)
ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (infinitive)
ᄒᆞ니〮 (sequential)

Jeju: ᄒᆞ다 (hawda)

Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ다 (hota)

Korean: 하다 (hada)

A light verb attached to various non-verbs to derive verbs and adjectives.


부루

Jeju: 부루 (buru)


ᄉᆞ

so (romanization)
after the verbal irrealis suffix 으ᇙ

⇒ Korean: 을세 (-eulse)

⇒ Korean: 을세라 (-eulsera)

⇒ Korean: 을수록 (-eulsurok)

⇒ Korean: 을시 (-eulsi)

⇒ Korean: 을시고 (-eulsigo)

⇒ Korean: 을쏜가 (-eulsson'ga)

⇒ Korean: 을쏘냐 (-eulssonya)

There are no uncontroversial attestations in Old Korean.

what to […] , something to […] , something that will […]


ᄉᆞ

Korean: 사 (sa)


각시

Jeju: 각시 (gaksi)

Korean: 각시 (gaksi)


올히

Jeju: 올히 (olhi)

Korean: 오리 (ori)


이시다

Alternative form of 잇다 (ista) (allomorph before vowels)


ᄑᆞᆯ

Korean: 파리 (pari)


ᄎᆞᆷ

Korean: 참 (cham)

Jeju: ᄎᆞᆷ (chawm)


ᄃᆞᆺᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다

Middle Korean: ᄯᆞᆺᄯᆞᆺᄒᆞ다 (stosstoshota)

⇒ Korean: 따뜻하다 (ttatteuthada)

Reduplication of *ᄃᆞᆺ (tòs, “warm”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota). See also ᄃᆞᆺᄒᆞ다 (tòshòta, “(to be) warm”).


둏다

둏〯다〮 (tyǒhtá)

Phonemically faithful spelling of 됴〯타〮 (tyǒthá, “to be good; to become better”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


-ᄒᆞ고

Korean: 하고 (hago)


-고나

고〮나〮 (-kwóná)

Korean: 구나 (-guna)

suffix used to exclaim newly-learned information.

Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject

History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive.


솝

Korean: 속 (sok)


ᄯᅴ

Korean: 띠 (tti)


ᄉᆞᅀᅵ

ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮 (sòzí) (locative ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예〮 (sòzí-yéy))

ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮 (canonical)
sòzí (romanization)
ᄉᆞᅀᅵ〮예〮 (locative)

Korean: 사이 (sai)


둟

Korean: 둘 (dul)


ᄀᆞᆲ

Korean: 겹 (gyeop)


복셔ᇰ화

Korean: 복숭아 (boksung'a)

From 복셔ᇰ (pwoksyeng, “peach”) + 화 (hwa, “flower”).


ᄒᆞ낳

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ낳 (honah), ᄒᆞ나 (hona)

Korean: 하나 (hana)

Jeju: ᄒᆞ나 (hawna)


나모

Korean: 나무 (namu)


가ᄫᆞᆫᄃᆡ

head

가ᄫᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆡ〮 (kàWóntóy)

가ᄫᆞᆫ〮ᄃᆡ〮 (canonical)
kàWóntóy (romanization)

Korean: 가운데 (gaunde)

가ᄫᆞᆫ〮 (kàW-ón, the adnominal form of the unattested verb *갑〯다〮 (*kǎW-tá, hence perhaps meaning "to be central")) + ᄃᆡ〮 (tóy, “place”).


ᄀᆞ티

Korean: 같이 (gachi)


나랗

나랗〮 (nàláh) (isolated 나라〮 (nàlá), locative 나라〮해〮 (nàláh-áy))

나랗〮 (canonical)
nàláh (romanization)
나라〮해〮 (locative)

Korean: 나라 (nara) (Standard Seoul)

셔울도 나라히 나가시다 ᄒᆞ니 온 자 안ᄒᆞᆯ ᄇᆞ린 거시니[…]

1592, 양호당 이덕열 언간 [yanghodang ideogyeol eon'gan, Korean-language letter of Yangho-dang Yi Deogyeol]:

Even the king has left the capital, so it is the case that the entire city has been abandoned […]


갓가ᄫᅵ

갓가ᄫᅵ〮 (kàskàWí)

갓가ᄫᅵ〮 (canonical)
kàskàWí (romanization)

Korean: 가까이 (gakkai)


겨집

Jeju: 제집 (jejip)

Korean: 계집 (gyejip)

From Old Korean 在 (*KYE-, “to be”) + 집 (cìp, “home”). Literally "one who stays home".


ᄀᆞᄅᆞᄫᅵ

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᄫᅵ〮 (kòlòWí)

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᄫᅵ〮 (canonical)
kòlòWí (romanization)

Korean: 가랑비 (garangbi)

/kʌ̀.ɾʌ̀.βí/

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ (kòlò, “powder”) + 비〮 (pí, “rain”).


엻

엻〮 (yélh) (isolated 열〮 (yél), locative 열〮헤〮 (yélh-éy))

엻〮 (canonical)
yélh (romanization)
열〮헤〮 (locative)

Jeju: 열 (yeol)

Korean: 열 (yeol)

열〮희〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ〮 하ᄂᆞᆯ히〮 달애〮시니〮

1447, “Stanza 18”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The heavens soothe the hearts of ten [people]


엻

엻 (yèllh) (isolated 열 (yèl), locative 열헤〮 (yèlh-éy))


ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ

ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (pòlòm)

Korean: 바람 (baram)

Possibly an ancient borrowing from Old Chinese 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”), but also plausibly an ㅁ (-m) nominalization of unattested verb *ᄇᆞᆯ다 (*pol-ta), which would be the regular yang-vowel ablaut pair of 블다 (pul-ta, “to blow (of wind)”).


ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ

ᄇᆞᄅᆞᆷ (pòlòm)


ᄯᆞᆯ

Korean: 딸 (ttal)


놀애

Korean: 노래 (norae)

놀〯— (nwǒl-, “to play”) + 애 (-Gay, allomorph of 개 (-kay, inanimate agentive suffix)), literally "that by which one plays".

etymon

놀애〮

af

allomorph of <i class="Kore mention" lang="okm">개</i> (-kay, inanimate agentive suffix)

놀애〮로〮 讚(찬)嘆(탄)ᄒᆞ〮ᅀᆞᄫᅡ〮 佛(불)像(샤ᇰ) 올〮ᄒᆞᆫ 녀그〮로〮 가ᇝ도〯ᅀᆞᆸ고〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 9:23a:

praising with [music and] songs, [they] circle around to the right side of the Buddha statue


도ᇰ모

Korean: 동무 (dongmu)


님금

head

님〯금〮 (nǐmkúm)

Jeju: 님금 (nimgeum)

Korean: 임금 (imgeum)

御(ᅌᅥᆼ〮)製(졩〮)ᄂᆞᆫ〮님〯금〮지〯ᅀᅳ샨〮그〮리라〮

1459, Hunminjeong'eum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

御製 [Chinese for "written by the king"] is "writing done by the king".


가븨얍다

Jeju: 가벱다 (gabepda)

Korean: 가볍다 (gabyeopda)


ᄇᆡ얌

Jeju: 베염 (beyeom)

Korean: 뱀 (baem)


블

블〮 (canonical)
púl (romanization)
브〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 불 (bul)


아ᄒᆞᆫ

Jeju: 아은 (a'eun)

Korean: 아흔 (aheun)


션ᄇᆡ

Korean: 선비 (seonbi)


여듧

Korean: 여덟 (yeodeol)

Possibly related to Baekje 今毛𢀳 (*yətərɨp, “eight”).


셔ᄫᅳᆯ

셔〯ᄫᅳᆯ (syěWùl)

desctree

Korean: 서울 (seoul)
→ Burmese: ဆောအူလ် (hcau:ul)
→ Chinese: 首爾／首尔 (Shǒu'ěr)
→ English: Seoul (possibly through a French-based romanization)
→ French: Séoul
→ English: Seoul (possible)
→ Japanese: ソウル
→ Norwegian Bokmål: Seoul
→ Spanish: Seúl

From an Old Korean proper noun referring to the capital of the kingdom of Silla. See modern Korean 서울 (Seoul) for more.


ᄉᆞ나희

Jeju: 소나이 (sonai)

Korean: 사나이 (sanai)


ᄉᆞ과

Korean: 사과 (sagwa)

1608, 《언해두창집요》
ᄉᆞ과ᄅᆞᆯ 겁질 ᄡᅵ 조ᄎᆞᆫ 재 검게 ᄉᆞ라 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ라 사당믈예 플어 머기라
sokwalol kepcil psi cwochon cay kemkey sola kolo moyngkola satangmulyey phule mekila


ᄑᆞᆾ

Korean: 팥 (pat)

Vigna angularis
Vigna angularis#Translingual

the red bean or azuki bean, Vigna angularis.


ᄒᆡ

ᄒᆡ〮 (canonical)
hóy (romanization)
ᄒᆡ〮예〮 (locative)

Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆡ (hoy)

Korean: 해 (hae)

Jeju: 헤 (he)


하ᄂᆞᆶ

head

하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (hànólh) (isolated 하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (hànól), locative 하ᄂᆞᆯ〮해〮 (hànólh-áy))

하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (canonical)
hànólh (romanization)
하ᄂᆞᆯ〮해〮 (locative)

Korean: 하늘 (haneul)


붚

붚〮 (pwúph) (isolated 붑〮 (pwúp), locative 부페〮 (pwùph-éy))

붚〮 (canonical)
pwúph (romanization)
부페〮 (locative)

Korean: 북 (buk)

世(솅〮)界(갱〮)ㅅ 일〯ᄋᆞᆯ〮 보〮샤〮 아로〮미〮 훤ᄒᆞ〮시며〮 ᄯᅡᆺ〮 相(샤ᇰ〮)이〮 드러〮치〮니〯
智(딩〮)慧(ᅘᆒᆼ〮) ᄇᆞᆯᄀᆞ샤〮 저푸〮미〮 업〯스〮시며〮 하ᄂᆞᆳ〮 부〮피〮 절로〮 우〯니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], pages 4:38b—39a:

He saw the affairs of the world; his knowledge was bright; the earth's image trembled.
His wisdom was bright; he had no fears; the drum of heaven was beating by itself.


일홈

Korean: 이름 (ireum)


-ᄃᆞᆶ

Korean: 들 (deul)


ᄡᆞᆯ

ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
psól (romanization)
ᄡᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

Korean: 쌀 (ssal)


기ᅀᅳᆷ

Jeju: 짐 (jim)

Korean: 김 (gim)


ᄒᆞᄅᆞ

holo (romanization)
form: ᄒᆞᆯㄹ (connective)

Jeju: ᄒᆞ를 (hawreul)

Korean: 하루 (haru)

Probably from Old Korean 一等 (*HAton) via lenition of intervocalic */t/ to /ɾ/.


니르ᅘᅧ다

Korean: 일으키다 (ireukida)


ᅀᅵᆫ간

Korean: 인간 (in'gan)

이 ᅀᅵᆫ간앳 도솔텬이러라


죠ᄒᆡ

죠ᄒᆡ〮 (cyòhóy)

Korean: 종이 (jong'i)

(Yukjin) 죠이 (joi)


닷쇄

Korean: 닷새 (datsae)


나ᄋᆞᆯ

Jeju: 나흘 (naheul)

Korean: 나흘 (naheul)

From Proto-Koreanic *ne (“four”) + *hoL (“day”).


엿쇄

Jeju: ᄋᆢᆺ쉐 (yawtswe)

Korean: 엿새 (yeotsae)


닐웨

Korean: 이레 (ire)


아ᄒᆞ래

Jeju: 아흐레 (aheure)

Korean: 아흐레 (aheure)


여ᄃᆞ래

Jeju: ᄋᆢ드레 (yawdeure)

Korean: 여드레 (yeodeure)


ᄇᆡᆨ

Jeju: 벡 (bek)

Early Modern Korean: ᄇᆡᆨ (poyk)

Korean: 백 (baek)


쳔

도즉ᄃᆞᆯ〮히〮 네의〮 쳔〯 이시며〮 쳔〯 업〯슨〮 주〮를〮 엇〯디〮 알〯리〮오〮

1517, 飜譯老乞大(번역노걸대) [Beonyeok nogeoldae]:

How should the bandits know if you have money or not?


쳔

Korean: 천 (cheon)


즈믄

Uncertain, though evidently perceived as native by the 1400s.
Compare Old Chinese 萬 (OC *mlans, “ten thousand”) and Middle Mongol ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ (tümen, “ten thousand”).


녀름

Korean: 여름 (yeoreum)


ᄣᅢ

Korean: 때 (ttae)


거ᅀᅴ

Jeju: 거의 (geoui)

Korean: 거의 (geoui)


새배

Jeju: 새베 (saebe)

Korean: 새벽 (saebyeok)


ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆶ

head

ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆶ (kòzòlh) (isolated ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯ (kòzòl), locative ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (kòzòlh-óy))

kòzòlh (romanization)
ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ〮 (locative)

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄀᆞᄋᆞᆶ (koolh), ᄀᆞᄋᆞᆯ (kool), ᄀᆞ을 (koul), 가을 (kaul)

Korean: 가을 (ga'eul)

→ Jeju: ᄀᆞ을 (gaweul)


ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ

head

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (kòlóm) (locative ᄀᆞᄅᆞ〮매〮 (kòlóm-áy))

ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (canonical)
kòlóm (romanization)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ〮매〮 (locative)

→ Korean: 가람 (garam)


어버ᅀᅵ

어버ᅀᅵ〮 (èpèzí)

Korean: 어버이 (eobeoi)

*어비〮 (*èpí, “father”) + 어ᅀᅵ〮 (èzí, “mother”). Compare 어비〮ᄆᆞᆮ (èpímòt, “nobleman”) for the first element.


어ᅀᅵ

Korean: 어이 (eoi)


듫

head

듫〯 (tǔlh) (isolated 들〯 (tǔl), locative 들〯헤〮 (tǔlh-éy))

듫〯 (canonical)
tǔlh (romanization)
들〯헤〮 (locative)

Korean: 들 (deul)

Alternative form of 드릏〮 (tùlúh, “meadow”)


ᄣᅵ르다

Korean: 찌르다 (jjireuda)


ᄎᆞᄆᆡ

Korean: 참외 (chamoe)

the Korean melon, (Cucumis melo Makuwa Group) or its fruit.


혀ᇰ

Jeju: 성 (seong)

Central Korean: 형 (hyeong)

Gyeongsang Korean: 성 (seong)


ᄍᆞᆼ

An orthodox Middle Korean reading of Middle Chinese 字 (MC dziH)

Dongguk Jeongun orthodox reading form of ᄌᆞ(字) (co, “letter, character”)


아ᄃᆞᆯ

아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (àtól) (locative 아ᄃᆞ〮래〮 (àtól-áy))

아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
àtól (romanization)
아ᄃᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

Korean: 아들 (adeul)


브ᅀᅥᆸ

브ᅀᅥᆸ (pùzèp) (locative 브ᅀᅥ베〮 (pùzèp-éy), alternative locative 브ᅀᅥ븨〮 (pùzèp-úy))

pùzèp (romanization)
브ᅀᅥ베〮 (locative)
브ᅀᅥ븨〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 부엌 (bueok)


도ᇰᄒᆡ

Jeju: 동의 (dong'ui)

Korean: 동이 (dong'i)


ᄢᅵ니

Korean: 끼니 (kkini)


ᅀᅭᇂ

Korean: 요 (yo)

Perhaps from Middle Chinese 褥 (MC nyowk).


ᄲᅧ

Jeju: 뻬 (ppe)

Korean: 뼈 (ppyeo)

From a reconstructed Old Korean form *sùpyé. It was pointed that several names for body parts in Old Korean were affixed with ㅅ-: ᄭᅩ리〮 (*sokwo(l/r)i), ᄲᅡᆷ (*su/so-pam), ᄲᅳᆯ〮 (*sèpúl).
A theory propose origin of Middle Korean ㅿ from earlier *ń. Loss of *-ń- gives *-y- and thus *sùpyé can be further compared to Proto Japanese *pənay.


큰림금

From 큰 (khun, “big”) + 림금 (limkum, “crabapple”).

㰋(빈) 큰림금 빈 𪳪(파) 큰림금 파.

㰋, read as pin, meaning "apple"; 𪳪, read as pha, meaning "apple".


ᄂᆞᄆᆞᆶ

ᄂᆞᄆᆞᆶ (nòmòlh)

Jeju: ᄂᆞᄆᆞᆯ (nawmawl)

Korean: 나물 (namul)


ᄯᅥᆨ

Korean: 떡 (tteok)


아ᄒᆡ

Jeju: 아의 (aui)

Korean: 아이 (ai)


사ᄉᆞᆷ

사ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (sàsóm)

Korean: 사슴 (saseum)


닐흔

Korean: 일흔 (ilheun)


ᄎᆡᆨ

Jeju: 첵 (chek)

Korean: 책 (chaek)


코ᇰ

Korean: 콩 (kong)


빈혀

Jeju: 빈네 (binne)

Korean: 비녀 (binyeo)


ᄉᆡᇰ각

ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮 (sóyngkák)

ᄉᆡᇰ〮각〮 (canonical)
sóyngkák (romanization)

Jeju: 셍각 (senggak)

Korean: 생각 (saenggak)

[sʌ́jŋ.ɡák̚]

The term has the shape of a Sino-Korean word, but the etymological origin is ultimately unclear.


렴토ᇰ

Korean: 염통 (yeomtong)

Perhaps the first syllable is related to Manchu ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ (niyaman, “heart”) and Jurchen 捏麻 (nie-ma /niama/, “heart”).


ᅀᅵ

Korean: 이 (i)

ᄉᆞ이 ᄠᅮ미 ᅀᅵ십 릿 ᄯᅡ히니

내 아니 갈셔 ᅌᅪᇰᄅᆡ ᅀᅵ쳔 리 ᄯᅡ해

ᅀᅵ십리만 ᄯᅡ해

1517, 《번역노걸대》 상:29


듀ᇰ

Early Modern Korean: 듕 (tyung)

Korean: 중 (jung)


곻

곻〮 (kwóh) (isolated 고〮 (kwó), locative 고해〮 (kwòh-áy))

곻〮 (canonical)
kwóh (romanization)
고해〮 (locative)

Korean: 코 (ko)


ᅀᅵᆫ

Jeju: 인 (in)

Korean: 인 (in)


거즛말

Korean: 거짓말 (geojinmal)


바닿

바닿〮 (pàtáh) (isolated 바다〮 (pàtá), locative 바다〮해〮 (pàtáh-áy))

바닿〮 (canonical)
pàtáh (romanization)
바다〮해〮 (locative)

Korean: 바다 (bada)


바ᄅᆞᆯ

바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (pàlól) (locative 바ᄅᆞ〮래〮 (pàlól-áy))

바ᄅᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
pàlól (romanization)
바ᄅᆞ〮래〮 (locative)

desc

Jeju: 바르 (bareu), 바를 (bareul), 바릇 (bareut)

ᄉᆡ〯-미〮 기픈〮 므〮-른〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ-래〮 아니〮 그츨〮ᄊᆡ〮 내〯-히〮 이러〮 바ᄅᆞ〮-래〮 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The water from a deep spring, for a drought dries it not, becomes a stream and flows into the sea.


아ᅀᆞ

Jeju: 아시 (asi)

Korean: 아우 (au)


ᄯᅩᇰ

Korean: 똥 (ttong)


혀ᇰ뎨

Jeju: 성제 (seongje)

Korean: 형제 (hyeongje)


도ᇰᄉᆡᇰ

Korean: 동생 (dongsaeng)


바디

Korean: 바지 (baji)


지차리

House centipede (centipedes of the family Scutigeridae)


져구리

Jeju: 저고리 (jeogori)

Korean: 저고리 (jeogori)

jeogori (Korean traditional jacket, upper garment of Korean traditional clothes)


한아비

head

한〮아비〮 (hánàpí)

desc

Jeju: ⇒ 하르비 (hareubi), >? 하르방 (hareubang)

Korean: 한아비 (hanabi), ⇒ 할아비 (harabi), >? 할아버지 (harabeoji)

From 한〮 (hán, “big”) + 아비〮 (àpí, “father”).


ᄀᆞᇫ애

head

ᄀᆞᇫ애〮 (kòzGáy)

Korean: 가위 (gawi) (Standard Seoul)

From Old Korean 割子蓋 (*kòsòkáy) (attested in the Jilin leishi), equivalent to ᄀᆞᇫ (koz-, “to cut”) + 개 (-kay, inanimate agentive suffix).

suffix

가외ABDESTABDESTCentral KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul가위ABDESTABDESTYeoncheon가위ABDESTABDEST

가지개ABDESTABDESTPyongan KoreanSouth PyonganPyongyang가우ABDESTABDESTUnsan강애ABDESTABDESTAnju강애ABDESTABDESTMaengsan강애ABDESTABDESTNorth PyonganSinuiju강애ABDESTABDESTChongju강애ABDESTABDESTSonchon강애ABDESTABDESTCholsan강애ABDESTABDESTRyongchon강애ABDESTABDESTKusong가애ABDESTABDESTUnsan강애ABDESTABDESTSakju가애ABDESTABDESTChangsong가애ABDESTABDESTHuichon강새ABDESTABDESTChosan가애ABDESTABDESTTongsin가웨ABDESTABDESTChonchon강애ABDESTABDESTRyongrim가웨ABDESTABDESTKanggye가애ABDESTABDESTChunggang가애ABDESTABDESTDiasporaShenyang강애ABDESTABDESTFushun강애ABDESTABDESTYingkou강애ABDESTABDESTHamgyong KoreanSouth HamgyongHamhung가'새ABDESTABDESTYodok가'새ABDESTABDESTPukchong가'새ABDESTABDESTTanchon가'새ABDESTABDESTChangjin가'새ABDESTABDESTPujon가'새ABDESTABDESTRangrim가'새ABDESTABDESTNorth HamgyongChongjin가'새ABDESTABDESTKimchaek가'새ABDESTABDESTMyongchon가'새ABDESTABDESTSamjiyon가'새ABDESTABDESTKapsan가'새ABDESTABDESTSamsu가'새ABDESTABDESTYukjin KoreanYukjinKyonghung가새ABDESTABDESTOnsong가새ABDESTABDESTDiasporaHunchun가새ABDESTABDESTJejuJeju Cityᄀᆞ새ABDESTDaejeongᄀᆞ새ABDESTSeogwipoᄀᆞ새ABDESTThis table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers

which has lexically converged towards the standard Seoul dialect in both North and South Koreas


여슷

Korean: 여섯 (yeoseot)


샤ᇰᄌᆞ

Jeju: 상지 (sangji)

Korean: 상자 (sangja)


ᄲᆞᄅᆞ다

head

ᄲᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (spòlòtá)

ᄲᆞᄅᆞ다〮 (canonical)
spòlòtá (romanization)


겨시다

Korean: 계시다 (gyesida)

(honorific) honorific of 이시다 (isita) to stay


말ᄊᆞᆷ

말〯ᄊᆞᆷ (mǎlssòm)

말〯ᄊᆞᆷ (canonical)
mǎlssòm (romanization)

Jeju: 말씀 (malsseum)

Korean: 말씀 (malsseum)

나랏〮말〯ᄊᆞ미〮中(듀ᇰ)國(귁〮)에〮달아〮

1459, 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해 (Hunminjeongeum Eonhae):

The language of the country being different from China


즈ᇫ

즈ᇫ〯 (cǔz) (isolated 즛〯 (cǔs), locative 즈〯ᅀᅦ〮 (cǔz-éy))

즈ᇫ〯 (canonical)
cǔz (romanization)
즈〯ᅀᅦ〮 (locative)

desc

Korean: 짓 (jit, “act; movement; behavior”)

From Old Korean 皃 (*CUS), attested together with a nominative case marker as 皃史 (*CUs-i) in Ujeok-ga and Mojukjirang-ga and also in Idu texts. The nature of Old Korean orthography, where only the final coda consonant of a noun is written phonetically, means that the only thing that can said about the Old Korean form is that its coda consonant was *-s.

다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 羅(랑)刹(차ᇙ〮)女(녕〯)ㅣ 골 업〯슨 즈ᇫ〯을〮 지ᅀᅡ〮

1459, Worin seokbo 月印釋譜 / 월인석보, page 7:22b:

The five female demons formed a hideous appearance

tàsós LÀ.CHÁLQ.NYĚ-y kwòl ěps-ùn cǔz-úl cìz-á

visage; appearance; shape (e.g. of a person)

(by extension) situation; circumstances; behavior


벌에

Central Korean: 벌레 (beolle), 벌래 (beollae)

From immediately pre-Middle Korean *pèlkéy. See Korean 벌레 (beolle) for more.

bug, insect (any small arthropod such as insects, spiders, etc.)

버러지ABACKABACKNorth Korean Cultured Language벌레ABACKABACK

벌어지〮ABACKABACKEarly Modern Seoul Korean버레ABACKABACK

버러지ABACKABACKCentral KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul벌레ABACKABACK

벌거지ABACKThis table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers


맡

Korean: 맡 (mat)

⇒ Jeju: 마당 (madang)

⇒ Korean: 마당 (madang)

Uncertain. Perhaps related to Middle Korean 바타ᇰ (pathang, “yard”), 바다ᇰ (patang, “floor”).


무ᅀᅮ

Korean: 무우 (muu)

Korean: 무 (mu)

Korean: 무유 (muyu)


녀다

head

녀다〮 (nyètá) (infinitive 녀〮아〮, sequential 녀니〮)

녀다〮 (canonical)
nyètá (romanization)
녀〮아〮 (infinitive)
녀니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 예다 (yeda)

ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 몃〮 里(링〯)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 對(됭〮)答(답〮)호〮ᄃᆡ〮 ᄒᆞᄅᆞ 二(ᅀᅵᆼ〮)十(씹〮)里(링〯)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 녀〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮 […]

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:23a:

"How many leagues does [the World-Honoured one] travel a day?" [Śāriputra] answered, "[He] travels twenty leagues a day."

길〮 녀〮다가〮 바〮ᄅᆞᆯ〮 그릇 드듸〮유미〮 […]

1461, 楞嚴經諺解 / 능엄경언해 [Neung'eomgyeong eonhae], page 7:61a:

While walking [on the] street, [he] missed his footing […]

to go; to move physically towards another place


ᄌᆡ

Korean: 재 (jae)


글ᄫᅡᆯ

Korean: 글월 (geurwol)


셔ᇰ

Jeju: 썽 (sseong)

Korean: 성 (seong)


야ᇰ

Jeju: 양 (yang)

Korean: 양 (yang)


녀ᄌᆞ

Jeju: 여ᄌᆞ (yeojaw)

Korean: 여자 (yeoja)

Korean: 녀자 (nyeoja) (North Korea)

Middle Korean reading of 女子, from 女 (“female”) + 子 (“offspring”).


良中

闕內城良中越入爲在乙良絞死齊

1395, 高士褧 (Go Sa-gyeong), 金祗 (Kim Ji), 大明律直解 (Daemyeongnyul Jikhae) [Correct Translation of the Great Ming Code]:

if one trespasses on castles within the palace compound, he is to be hanged


고디식다

고디〮식다〮 (kwòtí sìktá)

고디〮식다〮 (canonical)
kwòtí sìktá (romanization)

desc

Korean: 고지식하다 (gojisikhada, “to be self-righteous; to be stubborn; to be inflexible”)

Formed by attaching the adverb 고디〮 (Yale: kwòtí) "in a straight way; righteously" to Old Korean 爲只 (*SIk-, “to act”), thus "to act righteously".

孔(고ᇰ)子(ᄌᆞ)ㅣ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯᄒᆡ 겨셔 고디식고 온고ᇰ히 ᄒᆞ더시니

(by extension) to be self-righteous, to be stubborn


기춤

Jeju: 지침 (jichim)

Korean: 기침 (gichim)

From 깇다 (Yale: kichta, “to cough”) + ㅁ (Yale: -m, “nominaliser suffix”).


깇다

Phonemically faithful spelling of 깃다 (kista, “to cough”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


셰다

Korean: 세다 (seda)

자내샹해날ᄃᆞ려닐오ᄃᆡ둘히머리셰도록사다가ᄒᆞᆷᄭᅬ죽쟈ᄒᆞ시더니

1586, Widow of Yi Eung-tae, Letter excavated from the grave of Yi Eung-tae:

You always used to say to me, "Let's live [together] until our hair turns grey, and die at the same time."

canay syang-hay na-ltolye nilotwoy twulh-i meli syeytwolwok sataka homskwoy cukcya hositeni


보로

First attested in the Akhak gwebeom (樂學軌範 / 악학궤범), 1493.


쥬련

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum haerye (訓民正音解例 / 훈민정음해례), 1446.


가ᇰ아지

Korean: 강아지 (gang'aji)

From 가히 (kahi, “dog”) (> 개 (gae)) + —ᅌᅡ지 (-ngaci, diminutive suffix) (> 아지 (aji)).


ᄭᅮᆷ

head

ᄭᅮᆷ〮 (skwúm) (locative ᄭᅮ〮메〮 (skwúm-éy))

ᄭᅮᆷ〮 (canonical)
skwúm (romanization)
ᄭᅮ〮메〮 (locative)

Jeju: 꿈 (kkum)

Early Modern Korean: ᄭᅮᆷ (skwum)

Korean: 꿈 (kkum)

From ᄭᅮ〮 (skwú-, “to dream”) + ㅁ (-m, verbal substantive suffix).

af

나ᄂᆞᆫ ᄭᅮ믈 자내 보려 믿고 인뇌이다

I'm trusting that I'll see you in my dreams.


ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ다

Korean: 사랑하다 (saranghada)

ᄉᆞ라ᇰ (solang, “love”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hota, verbalizing suffix)

compound

ᄆᆡ야ᇰ자내ᄃᆞ려내닐오ᄃᆡᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ누어셔이보소ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞ티서ᄅᆞ에엿ᄲᅵ녀겨ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞ리ᄂᆞᆷ도우리ᄀᆞᄐᆞᆫ가

All the time, I used to say to you—while we were lying together—"Hey, do you think other [wives and husbands] look at each other as prettily and love each other as much as we do? Do you think they're like us too?"

moyyang canay-tolye na-y nilwotoy hontoy nwuesye, "i pwoswo, nom-two wuli kothi selo eyyesspi nyekye solang-holi? nom-two wuli kothonka?"


거유

Korean: 거위 (geowi)


ᄆᆡᅀᅵᆯ

Korean: 매일 (maeil)


ᄆᆡᅀᅵᆯ

Korean: 매일 (maeil)


소ᄅᆡ

Korean: 소리 (sori)


ᄒᆡ골

Korean: 해골 (haegol)


벼기다

넉시라도님은ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ녀져라아으벼기더시니뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가

14th century?, “鄭瓜亭 (Jeonggwajeong)”, in 樂學軌範 (Akhak Gwebeom):

That even in spirit, I'd walk with [you,] my love! Oh, who was the one who had cried out that vow?

neks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin i nwuy-lesiningiska

to make a vow; to make a promise; to cry out in a vow


믿나랗

Korean: 밑나라 (minnara)

From 믿 (mit) + 나랗 (nalah, “country, nation”).


ᄃᆞᆺ다

head

ᄃᆞᆺ〯다〮 (tǒstá) (infinitive ᄃᆞᅀᅡ〮 (tòzá), sequential ᄃᆞᅀᆞ〮니〮 (tòzóní))

ᄃᆞᆺ〯다〮 (canonical)
tǒstá (romanization)
ᄃᆞᅀᅡ〮 (infinitive)
ᄃᆞᅀᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

흐린 業(업)을〮 브트〮면〮五(오)塵(딘)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 欲(욕)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 ᄃᆞᅀᅩ〮매〮 貪(탐)着(탹)ᄒᆞ고〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 (Seokbo Sangjeol), page 13:55b:

if one depends on murky karma, one craves the āyatana and becomes obsessed with loving [sensory things]

hùlìn EP-úl pùtúmyén WO.TIN-ól YOK-hóyá tòzwóm-áy THAM.THYAK-hòkwó

子(ᄌᆞ)息(식)ᄋᆞᆯ ᄃᆞᅀᆞ샤 正(져ᇰ)法(법) 모ᄅᆞ실ᄊᆡ

1449, 月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡 (Worin Cheon'gang ji Gok):

as he loves his children [but] knows not the True Dharma

CO.SIK-ol tozosya CYENG.PEP mwolosilssoy

衆(쥬ᇰ)生(ᄉᆡᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 念(념)호〮ᄃᆡ〮 믜디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ며〮 ᄃᆞᆺ〯디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞ〮야〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 (Worin Seokbo), page 9:42a:

when reflecting upon the sentient beings, one must not hate them, nor must one love them

CYUNG.SOYNG-ól NYEM-hwótóy mùytí àní-hòmyé tǒstí àní-hóyá

to love, especially non-romantically or excessively

어〮마니ᇝ〯 山(산)陵(르ᇰ)을〮 ᄃᆞ〯ᅀᆞ샤〮 粟(속)村(촌)애〮 도라〮오〮시면〮 建(건)國(국)之(지)功(고ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 일우〮시리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮

1447, “Stanza 93”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 (Yongbi eocheon'ga):

if he had returned to Sokchon out of his longing for his mother's mountain grave, could he have accomplished the merit of founding a new dynasty?

émànǐm-s SAN.LUNG-úl tǒzòsyá SWOK.CHWON-áy twòlá-wósìmyén KEN.KWUK.CI.KWONG-ól ìlGwúsìlíngìská


텬쳐ᇰ빛

From 텬쳐ᇰ (天靑, thyenchyeng) + 빛 (pich, “color”).


사ᄫᅵ

Jeju: 사위 (sawi)

Korean: 새우 (sae'u)

From pre-Middle Korean *sàp(o)í. Compare Proto-Ryukyuan *sai, which may be a Wanderwort.

대하PRODUCTPRODUCTNorth Korean Cultured Language새우PRODUCTPRODUCTHistorical formsMiddle Korean사ᄫᅵ〮PRODUCTPRODUCTEarly Modern Seoul Korean새요PRODUCTPRODUCT

새우PRODUCTPRODUCTCentral KoreanGyeonggiModern colloquial Seoul새우PRODUCTPRODUCT

large freshwater; freshwater or small marine

새비PRODUCTSeogwipo새위PRODUCTMany Korean dialects traditionally had a four-way division in words for shrimp. Some surveys are inexact on this matter.This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers


바독

Early Modern Korean: 바독 (patwok)

Korean: 바둑 (baduk)

Most likely 밭 (pàth, “cultivated field”) + *돍〯 (twǒlk, “stone”), in reference to the checkerboard lines resembling a plowed field and the stones used to play the game (Martin 1996, p. 36). Other etymologies for the first element have been speculatively offered but are not plausible.

compound

니ᄅᆞ거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 드로〮니 長(댜ᇰ)安(안)ㅣ 바독〮 쟈ᇰ〯긔 ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ니〮

1481, 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae], page 6:7b:

According to what they say, Chang'an is like a game of go and chess


빋

Korean: 빚 (bit, “debt”)


무뤼

1449, 《월인천강지곡》
열여슷 毒龍이 모딘 性을 펴아 몸애 블나고 무뤼ᄅᆞᆯ 비ᄒᆞ니.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


바ᇰ올

Jeju: 방울 (bang'ul)

Korean: 방울 (bang'ul)


화ᇰ뎨

Korean: 황제 (hwangje)


하ᄂᆞᆯ

head

하ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (hànól)

Isolated form spelling of 하ᄂᆞᆶ〮 (hànólh, “sky”)


션ᄉᆡᇰ

Jeju: 선셍 (seonseng)

Korean: 선생 (seonsaeng)


ᄒᆡ다

Korean: 희다 (huida)


하ᄂᆞᆳ아ᄃᆞᆯ

하---ᄂᆞᆳ〮-아ᄃᆞᆯ〮

하-ᄂᆞᆳ〮아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (hànól-s-àtól)

하-ᄂᆞᆳ〮아ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (canonical)
hànól-s-àtól (romanization)

From 하ᄂᆞᆯ (hanol, “sky, heaven”) + ㅅ (-s, genitive marker) + 아ᄃᆞᆯ (adol, “son”). Calque of Chinese 天子 (tiānzǐ).

compound

天(텬)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ᄂᆞᆫ〮 하ᄂᆞᆳ〮아ᄃᆞ〮리니〮 東(도ᇰ)土(통〯)애〮셔〮 皇(ᅘᅪᇰ)帝(뎽〮)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 天(텬)子(ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ시다〮 ᄒᆞ〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:69a:

[The Chinese word] 天子 means, "the Son of Heaven": in China, the emperor is called the Son of Heaven.


니맣

head

니맣〮 (nìmáh) (isolated 니마〮 (nìmá), locative 니마〮ᄒᆡ〮 (nìmáh-óy), alternative locative 니마〮해〮 (nìmáh-áy))

니맣〮 (canonical)
nìmáh (romanization)
니마〮ᄒᆡ〮 (locative)
니마〮해〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 이마 (ima)

미친〮 도ᄌᆞ가〮 내〮 너 몯〯 주기〮논〮 이〯ᄅᆞᆯ〮 애〯 ᄃᆞ라〮 ᄒᆞ〮가니〮 엇〯뎨〮 너 조차〮 反(반〯)ᄒᆞ리〮오〮 ᄒᆞ고〮 니마〮ᄒᆞᆯ〮 티〮니〮 피〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄲᅳ리〮더니〮

1490, “秀實奪笏 / 수실탈홀”, in 三綱行實圖諺解本 / 삼강행실도언해 [Samgang haengsildo eonhaebon, Korean Translation of the Illustrated Guide to the Three Bonds]:

He said, "Mad scoundrel, I still grieve that I failed to kill you, so how would I follow you in treachery?", and struck his forehead; his blood was sprayed on the earth.

아으 壽(슈)命(며ᇰ)長(댜ᇰ)願(원)ᄒᆞ샤 넙거신 니마해 / 山(산)象(샤ᇰ) 이슷 기ᇫ어신 눈닙에 / 愛(ᄋᆡ)人(ᅀᅵᆫ)相(샤ᇰ)見(견)ᄒᆞ샤 오ᄋᆞᆯ어신 누네

1493, “處容歌 / 처용가”, in 樂學軌範 / 악학궤범:

O by his brow, wide by his longevity / by his eyebrows, lush like the mountains / by his eyes, made complete from seeing his beloved

au SYU.MYENG.TYANG.WON-hosya nepkesin nimah-ay / SAN.SYANG isus kizGesin nwunnip^([sic])-ey / OY.ZIN.SYANG.KYEN-hosya woolesin nwun-ey

general Liaoning Korean, no region specified

임뎅이FLOCCINAUCINIHILIPILIFICATIONNote: Korean varieties also have vulgar 이마빡 and variants

the extent to which the vulgar form is acceptable in conversation

will vary according to dialect.This table is an amalgamation of surveys of speakers mostly born before 1950 and may not reflect the language of younger speakers


이바디

Korean: 이바지 (ibaji)


ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치다

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다〮 (kòlòchítá) (infinitive ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쳐〮, sequential ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮)

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다〮 (canonical)
kòlòchítá (romanization)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쳐〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮 (sequential)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮가〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮녀〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮고〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮뇨〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮다〮 (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮노라〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮료〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮리라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮던가〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮던고〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮던다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮마〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮져〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮뎌〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ칠〮쎠〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮도다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮돗다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치예〮라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치예〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮니라〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거〮시다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거시〮니라〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮고〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮며〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮다가〮
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮니〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ칠〮ᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮면〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮대〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮나〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮ᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮ᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸〮려〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮고져〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쳐〮 (infinitive)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ친〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵼〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮논〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ쵸ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮신〮 (past)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮시ᇙ〮 (present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ춈〮 (causative past present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ춈〮 (past present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샴〮 (infinitive present)
ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샴〮 (present)

okm-conj-short/H

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯거〮

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮ᅀᆞᆸ〯건〮

Korean: 가르치다 (gareuchida, “to teach”)

Korean: 가리키다 (garikida, “to point”)

[kʌ̀.ɾʌ̀.t͡ɕʰí.dá]

右(우)手(슈) 左(좌)手(슈)로〮 天(텬)地(디) ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮샤〮 ᄒᆞ오ᅀᅡ〮 내〮 尊(존)호〮라 ᄒᆞ〮시니〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 2:34b:

Pointing to heaven and earth with the left and right hands, [the Buddha] said, "I alone am the honored one".

부텨를〮 보〮아〮 法(법) 듣고〮 ᄀᆞᄅᆞ치〮논 마〯ᄅᆞᆯ〮 信(신)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 바ᄃᆞ〮리라〮

1447, Prince Suyang, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol]:

He shall see the Buddha, hear the Dharma, and accept and believe in the words which [the Buddha] teaches.


ᄡᅵ

Jeju: 씨 (ssi)

Korean: 씨 (ssi)


ᄀᆡ약고

gayageum, A long zither with bridges and between 12 and 25 strings; used primarily in Korean traditional and classical music.


ᄀᆞᆫ쟈ᇰ

Jeju: ᄀᆞᆫ장 (gawnjang)

Korean: 간장 (ganjang)


금즉

Alternative form of ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (komcok), yin-vowel equivalent


ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ

Regularly derived from the verb ᄀᆞᆷ (Yale: kom-) "to close one's eyes", modern 감- (gam-).
This ideophone had two forms, the yang-vowel form ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (Yale: komcok) and the extremely rare yin-vowel form 금즉 (Yale: kumcuk), attested only once. ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (Yale: komcok) had a sense broader than the verb from which it was derived: besides the image of closing one's eyes, it could also evoke movement in general, including the budging of the body and the metaphoric movement of the heart when emotionally agitated.
In the Early Modern era of Korean (1600—1900), these two terms diversified into dozens of nuanced ideophones relating in many different ways to the closing of the eyes, to the movement of the body, or to emotional surprise, as seen in the table below. This diversification was brought about by a combination of yin-yang vowel ablaut, consonant tensing, and consonant alternation.
At the same time, initial tensing occurred for sound-symbolic reasons. The variants relating to bodily movement were influenced by the 곰틀 (gomteul, “squirmingly”) family of ideophones, explaining why they were unaffected.

budgingly; while moving one's body in a single motion

shockedly; in an emotionally agitated manner


구믈구믈

Korean: 구물구물 (gumulgumul) (see also chart below)

From Old Korean 丘物叱丘物叱 (*kwumulskwumuls).


ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ

head

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ (mòzòm)

desc

Early Modern Korean: ᄆᆞ음 (moum), ᄆᆞᄋᆞᆷ (moom)

Korean: 마음 (ma'eum)

→ Jeju: ᄆᆞ음 (maweum)

解(ᅘᅢᆼ〯)脫(톼ᇙ〮)ᄋᆞᆫ〮 버서〮날씨〮니〮 變(변〮)化(황〮)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 조초〮 ᄒᆞ〮야〮 ᄆᆞᅀᆞ미〮 自(ᄍᆞᆼ〮)得(득〮)ᄒᆞ〮야〮 드트릐〮 얽ᄆᆡᅇᅲ〮미〮 아니〮 ᄃᆡ욀씨〮라〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 6:29a:

시혹 地獄이 이쇼ᄃᆡ 罪人ᄋᆡ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ ᄲᅡᅘᅧ 夜叉ㅣ 머그며

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 21:79:

ᄇᆡᄅᆞᆯ ᄩᅡ ᄆᆞᅀᆞᄆᆞᆯ ᄲᅡᅘᅧ 내야 鬼神 이바ᄃᆞ 며 즐겨 락닥ᄒᆞ더니라

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 23:75:

이비 ᄆᆞᄅᆞ고 두 ᄲᅡ미 븕고 손과 발와 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ괘 더워 즈츼유미 긋디 아니ᄒᆞ고 여러 藥ᄋᆞ로 됴티 몯ᄒᆞ릴 고튜ᄃᆡ

1466, 救急方諺解 / 구급방언해 [Gugeupbang eonhae], page 2:50a:

心 념토ᇰ 심 又稱 ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ 심

1527, chapter 1, in 訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회 [Hunmong jahoe], page 14a:


ᄂᆡᅀᅵᆯ

Jeju: 늴 (nuil)

Korean: 내일 (naeil)


쟈ᇰᅀᅵᆫ

쟈ᇰ〯ᅀᅵᆫ (canonical)
cyangzin (romanization)

Korean: 장인 (jang'in)


붇

Jeju: 붓 (but)

Korean: 붓 (but)

From Old Chinese 筆 (OC *prud), a pre-Sino-Korean borrowing.


셰ᄃᆡ

Korean: 세대 (sedae)


몰애

Korean: 모래 (morae)

From pre-Middle Korean <*mwòlkáy>, a form which still survives in southeastern dialects as 몰개 (molgae). See modern Korean 모래 (morae) for more.


푸ᇰ륫갓

From 푸ᇰ류 (phwunglyu) + ㅅ (-s, genitive marker) + 갓 (kas, “thing”).


머섬

Korean: 머슴 (meoseum)


것ᄫᅡᅀᅵ

head

것ᄫᅡᅀᅵ〮 (kèsWàzí)

것ᄫᅡᅀᅵ〮 (canonical)
kèsWàzí (romanization)

Early Modern Korean: 거어지 (keeci)

Korean: 거지 (geoji)


ᄢᅮᆯ

ᄢᅮᆯ〮 (pskwúl) (locative ᄢᅮ〮레〮 (pskwúl-éy))

ᄢᅮᆯ〮 (canonical)
pskwúl (romanization)
ᄢᅮ〮레〮 (locative)

Korean: 꿀 (kkul)


누ᇈ믈

누ᇈ〮믈〮 (canonical)
nwún-z-múl (romanization)

Korean: 눈물 (nunmul)

From 눈〮 (nwún, “eye”) + ㅿ (-z, genitive marker) + 믈〮 (múl, “water”).


국슈

Korean: 국수 (guksu)


돗가비

head

돗〮가비〮 (twóskàpí)

돗〮가비〮 (canonical)
twóskàpí (romanization)

Korean: 도깨비 (dokkaebi)

dokkaebi (mythical being in Korean folklore or fairy tales)


닙다

닙다〮 (nìptá) (infinitive 니버〮 (nìpé), sequential 니브〮니〮 (nìpúní))

닙다〮 (canonical)
nìptá (romanization)
니버〮 (infinitive)
니브〮니〮 (sequential)

Early Modern Korean: 닙다 (nipta)

Korean: 입다 (ipda)


에ᇰ

에ᇰ올〮ᄒᆞ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 (Seokbo sangjeol), page 13:47a:


ᄠᅡᆯ기

ᄠᅡᆯ〮기〮 (ptálkí)

ᄠᅡᆯ〮기〮 (canonical)
ptálkí (romanization)

Jeju: 탈 (tal)

Korean: 딸기 (ttalgi)


도ᄌᆞᆨ

>? Korean: 도둑 (doduk)


그릏

Korean: 그루 (geuru)


-ᅀᆞ오-

Allomorphic form of ᅀᆞᇦ (-zoW, object honorific marker)


우워ᇰ

Korean: 우엉 (ueong)

Nativisation of the Sino-Korean word 우바ᇰ (wupang) (牛蒡, wupang)


ᄌᆞ셕

Korean: 자석 (jaseok) (dialectal)

Alternative form of ᄌᆞ식 (cosik, “child”)


프르다

Korean: 푸르다 (pureuda)


믌결

Korean: 물결 (mulgyeol)

From 믈 (mul, “water”) + ㅅ (-s, “genitive marker”) + 결 (kyel, “wave”).


아ᇡ

Korean: 암 (am)


셓

Korean: 셋 (set)

Possibly related to Baekje 新台𢀳 (*saydʌp, “three”).


넿

Korean: 넷 (net)


ᄀᆞᆷ다

Korean: 감다 (gamda)

This verb is connected to a wide range of ideophones; see more on ᄀᆞᆷᄌᆞᆨ (komcok).


ᄀᆞᆷ다

Korean: 감다 (gamda)

Jeju: ᄀᆞᆷ다 (gawmda)


ᄒᆞᄫᆞᅀᅡ

Korean: 혼자 (honja)


겨ᅀᅳᆶ

head

겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (kyèzúlh) (isolated 겨ᅀᅳᆯ〮 (kyèzúl), locative 겨ᅀᅳᆯ〮헤〮 (kyèzúlh-éy))

겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (canonical)
kyèzúlh (romanization)
겨ᅀᅳᆯ〮헤〮 (locative)

Korean: 겨울 (gyeoul)


뎔

뎔〮 (canonical)
tyél (romanization)
뎌레〮 (locative)

Korean: 절 (jeol)


ᄮᅡᄒᆡ

Alternative form of ᄉᆞ나희 (sonahuy, “man”)


산ᄒᆡᇰ

Korean: 사냥 (sanyang)

Korean: 산행(山行) (sanhaeng)

From Middle Chinese 山行 (MC srean haeng, “to traverse mountains”).


그ᅌᅥ긔

head

그ᅌᅥ긔〮 (kù.ngèkúy)

그ᅌᅥ긔〮 (canonical)
kù.ngèkúy (romanization)

Korean: 거기 (geogi)


븕다

Korean: 붉다 (bukda)

Probably cognate with 블 (pul, “fire, light”), ᄇᆞᆰ다 (polkta, “to be bright”).


-ᅀᆞᇦ-

Early Modern Korean: ᄉᆞᆸ (-seup), ᄋᆞᆸ (-eup)

Korean: 으옵 (-euop-), 오 (-o-)

⇒ Korean: 습니다 (-seumnida), ㅂ니다 (-mnida)

desc

⇒ Korean: 습니까 (-seumnikka), ㅂ니까 (-mnikka)

⇒ Korean: 십시오 (-sipsio), 으십시오 (-eusipsio)

⇒ Korean: 읍시다 (-eupsida), ㅂ시다 (-psida)

⇒ Korean: 습디다 (-seupdida, dated), ㅂ디다 (-pdida)

⇒ Korean: 습디까 (-seupdikka, dated), ㅂ디까 (-pdikka)

⇒ Korean: 소 (-so, semi-formal speech level suffix)

⇒ Korean: 요 (-yo, casually polite speech level particle)

Jeju: 읍 (-eup-) (no longer productive)

⇒ Jeju: 읍서 (-eupseo), ㅂ서 (-pseo)

⇒ Jeju: 읍센 (-eupsen), ㅂ센 (-psen)

⇒ Jeju: 읍주 (-eupju), ㅂ주 (-pju)

⇒ Jeju: 읍데다 (-eupdeda), ㅂ데다 (-pdeda)

⇒ Jeju: 읍네다 (-eumneda), ㅂ네다 (-mneda)

⇒ Jeju: 읍데가 (-eupdega), ㅂ데가 (-pdega)

⇒ Jeju: 읍네까 (-eumnekka), ㅂ네까 (-mnekka)

⇒ Jeju: 수다 (-suda), 우다 (-uda), 으우다 (-euuda)

⇒ Jeju: 수과 (-sugwa), 우과 (-ugwa), 으우과 (-euugwa)

/zʌ̀.β◌́~zʌ̀.w◌́/

/sʌ̀.β◌́~s͈ʌ̀.w◌́/

/t͡sʌ̀.β◌́~t͡sʌ̀.w◌́/

A verbal suffix honoring the object (either direct or indirect) of the verb.

Template:okm-sentence enders for sentence-final ones

기르ᅀᆞᄫᆞ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮주그리로〮소〮ᅌᅵ다〮

[the honored one] [indeed] brought up [the honored thing], [o honored one].; [I] shall die, [o honored one]!

kìlù-zòWó-sì[sí]-ní-ngì-tá; 月印釋譜 10:19; cwùk-ùlì[úlí]-lwós[twós]-wó-ngì-tá, 月印釋譜 21:22

are fusional compounds that etymologically incorporate non-emotive morphemes. For example

which is used when the speaker has made a realization about some past state

comes from a merger of the imperfective 더〮 and the emotive morpheme ㅅ. It is more appropriate to consider such suffixes as single-unit morphemes that belong to the slot for emotive suffixes

even if they also convey other information. They cause issues in the paradigmal order if they are broken down into their etymological constituents. And while the retrospective and confirmative suffixes share a slot and are hence mutually exclusive

닷〮 has been attested as co-occurring with the latter

only after Slot 7 is filled by the emotive suffix 돗〮

used to emotively convey a realization made in the past. In the sixteenth century

used to convey a past state when something was about to happen


셜흔

Korean: 서른 (seoreun)


수ᇧ

Korean: 숯 (sut)


숳

Korean: 수 (su)


처ᅀᅥᆷ

head

처〮ᅀᅥᆷ (chézèm)

Korean: 처음 (cheo'eum)


ᄀᆞᇫ

ᄀᆞᇫ〯 (kǒz) (isolated ᄀᆞᆺ〯 (kǒs), locative ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᅢ〮 (kǒz-áy), alternative locative ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᆡ〮 (kǒz-óy))

ᄀᆞᇫ〯 (canonical)
kǒz (romanization)
ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᅢ〮 (locative)
ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᆡ〮 (alternative locative)

Korean: 가 (ga)


가개

가〯개〮 (kǎkáy)

Korean: 가게 (gage)


ᄇᆞᅀᆞ다

Korean: 바수다 (basuda) (yang-vowel form)

Korean: 부수다 (busuda) (yin-vowel form)


ᄉᆞᄌᆞ

Korean: 사자 (saja)


츩

Korean: 칡 (chik)


올ᄒᆡ

올ᄒᆡ〮 (wòlhóy)

Korean: 올해 (olhae)

옳 (wolh, “this year”) + ᄋᆡ (-oy, locative particle). Etymologically unrelated to 오다 (oda, “to come”) and ᄒᆡ (hoy, “year”).


셤

Early Modern Korean: 셤 (syem), 섬 (sem)

Korean: 섬 (seom)

Jeju: 섬 (seom)

Possibly related to Baekje 斯麻 (*syema, “island”) and Japanese 島 (shima, “island”).

셤〯 안해〮 자〮시ᇙ 제〮 한〮비〮 사ᄋᆞ〮리로ᄃᆡ〮 뷔〯어ᅀᅡ〮 ᄌᆞ〮ᄆᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮

1447, “Stanza 67”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

When [General Yi] stationed [his troops] on [Wihwa] Island, heavy rain fell for three days; only after [they] cleared themselves away from it, the [island] was submerged.

syěm ành-áy cásìlq céy hánpí sàól-ì-lwòtóy pwǔyGèzá cómòníngìtá


셤

Early Modern Korean: 셤 (syem), 섬 (sem)

Korean: 섬 (seom)

Jeju: 섬 (seom)

그듸ᄂᆞᆫ〮 긼〮ᄀᆞ〯ᅀᆡᆺ ᄇᆞ리〮옛〮ᄂᆞᆫ 모〮ᄉᆞᆯ 보디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞᄂᆞᆫ다〮 […] ᄒᆞᆫ 셤〮만〮 ᄒᆞᆫ 녯〯 므〮레 蛟龍이〮 갈맛〮ᄂᆞ니〮라

1481, “君不見簡蘇徯 / 군불견간소혜”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu Dugongbu Si Eonhae], page 19:45b:

Have you not seen by the roadside a deserted pond? […] In that seom of old water, there hides the Jiaolong.

kùtùy-nón kíl-s-kǒz-òy-s pòlíyéysnòn mwós-òl pwòtí àníhònòntá […] hòn syém-mán hòn nyěy-s múl-èy KYWO.LYWONG-í kàlmásnònílà


가ᄉᆞᆷ

head

가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (kàsóm) (locative 가ᄉᆞ〮매〮 (kàsóm-áy))

가ᄉᆞᆷ〮 (canonical)
kàsóm (romanization)
가ᄉᆞ〮매〮 (locative)

Korean: 가슴 (gaseum)


칩다

칩〮다〮 (chíptá) (infinitive 치〮ᄫᅥ〮, sequential 치〮ᄫᅳ니〮)

칩〮다〮 (canonical)
chíptá (romanization)
치〮ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮 (sequential)
칩〮다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮니라〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ가〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳ녀〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ고〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳ뇨〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ다〮 (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅮ라〮 (past)
칩〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ가〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ녀〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ고〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ뇨〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ다〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮노라〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮리라〮
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ가〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳ려〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ고〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳ료〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ다〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅮ〮리라〮
칩〮더라〮
칩〮더〮니라〮
칩〮던가〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더녀〮 (interrogative)
칩〮던고〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더뇨〮 (interrogative)
칩〮던다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮다라〮
치〮ᄫᅮ마〮
칩〮져〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮라〮 (imperative interrogative)
칩〮고라〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ뎌〮
치〮ᄫᅳᆯ쎠〮
칩〮도다〮
칩〮돗다〮
치〮ᄫᅦ라〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative past)
no separate forms (interrogative past)
치〮ᄫᅮ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
칩〮ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative present)
칩〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative present)
no separate forms (interrogative present)
칩〮노〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
치〮ᄫᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅳ리〮ᅌᅵᆺ고〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅮ리〮ᅌᅵ다〮
칩〮사〮ᅌᅵ다〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮쇼셔〮 (imperative interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅦ〮ᅌᅵ다〮
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮니라〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ다〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시ᄂᆞ〮니라〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮리라〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮더〮시다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더시〮니라〮 (interrogative)
칩〮거〮시다〮
칩〮거시〮니라〮
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시ᄂᆞ〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시〮ᄂᆞ니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮더시〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮더〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (interrogative)
칩〮거시〮ᅌᅵ다〮
칩〮거〮시니〮ᅌᅵ다〮
칩〮고〮
치〮ᄫᅳ며〮
칩〮다가〮
치〮ᄫᅳ니〮 (causative)
칩〮거ᄂᆞᆯ〮 (causative)
치〮ᄫᅳᆯᄊᆡ〮 (causative)
칩〮관ᄃᆡ〮 (causative)
치〮ᄫᅳ면〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮거든〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ대〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮건댄〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳ나〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅮᄃᆡ〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫᄃᆞᆯ〮 (interrogative present)
칩〮건〮마ᄅᆞᆫ〮 (interrogative present)
치〮ᄫᅮ려〮 (interrogative)
칩〮고져〮 (interrogative)
칩〮과뎌〮 (interrogative)
치〮ᄫᅥ〮 (infinitive)
치〮ᄫᅳᆫ〮 (past)
칩〮ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅳᇙ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅮᆫ〮 (past)
칩〮논〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅮᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅮᇙ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ신〮 (past)
치〮ᄫᅳ〮시ᄂᆞᆫ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시ᇙ〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅳ시ᇙ〮 (present)
치〮ᄫᅮᆷ〮 (causative past present)
치〮ᄫᅮᆷ〮 (past present)
치〮ᄫᅳ샴〮 (infinitive present)
치〮ᄫᅳ샴〮 (present)

Central Korean: 춥다 (chupda)

Hamgyong Korean: 칩다 (chipda)

Gyeongsang Korean: 칩다 (chipda)

치〮ᄫᅥ〮 므〮리〮 어렛〮다가〮 더ᄫᅳ〮면〮 노가〮 므〮리〮 ᄃᆞ외ᄂᆞ니〮라〮

[It is like how] water freezes from the cold [weather] and then melts in the warm [weather], becoming water [again]

(of weather, adjectivally) to be cold; (of weather, verbally) to become cold


긑

긑〮 (kúth) (isolated 귿〮 (kút), locative 그테〮 (kùth-éy))

긑〮 (canonical)
kúth (romanization)
그테〮 (locative)

Korean: 끝 (kkeut)

末(마ᇙ〮)ᄋᆞᆫ〮 그〮티라〮

1447, 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절 [Seokbo sangjeol], page 9:2b:


앒

앒 (àlph) (isolated 앏 (àlp), locative 알ᄑᆡ〮 (àlph-óy))

Korean: 앞 (ap)


졎

졎〮 (cyéc) (isolated 졋〮 (cyés), locative 져제〮 (cyèc-éy))

졎〮 (canonical)
cyéc (romanization)
져제〮 (locative)

Korean: 젖 (jeot)


ᄲᅢ티다

Korean: 빼다 (ppaeda)

1576, 《신증유합 / 新增類合》 하 11:ㄱ

拔 ᄲᅢ틸 발.


ᄲᅡ이다

Korean: 빼다 (ppaeda)

1581, 《속삼강행실도 /續三綱行實圖》 중간본 충 1:ㄱ
도적이 노ᄒᆞ야 칼을 ᄲᅡ야
twoceki nwohoya khalul spaya


ᄲᅢ다

Korean: 빼다 (ppaeda)

1617, 《동국신속삼강행실도 / 東國新續三綱行實圖》 열1ㄱ
죄로ᄡᅥ 두 누ᄂᆞᆯ ᄲᅢ고 ᄇᆡ예 두어.
cwoylwopse twu nwunol spaykwo poyyey twue.


코ᇰᄑᆞᆺ

Korean: 콩팥 (kongpat)

A combined form of 코ᇰ (khwong, “soybean”) and ᄑᆞᆺ (phos, “red bean”), due to their physical similarities with human kidney.

1527, 《훈몽자회 / 訓蒙字會》 상:14ㄱ
腎 코ᇰᄑᆞᆺ 신.


부화

Korean: 부아 (bua)


파라ᄒᆞ다

파〮라ᄒᆞ다〮 (phálàhòtá)

파〮라ᄒᆞ다〮 (canonical)
phálàhòtá (romanization)

Korean: 파랗다 (parata)

Formed as a compound of the root *pA/E/Ur- ("blue-green") (eg. 프르— (pulu-, “to be blue or green”)) + ᄒᆞ— (ho-).


ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯ

Isolated form spelling of ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆶ (kòzòlh, “fall, autumn”)


ᄀᆞᆺ

Isolated form spelling of ᄀᆞᇫ〯 (kǒz, “edge”)


겨ᅀᆞᆯ

Rare, unorthodox spelling of 겨ᅀᅳᆶ (kyezulh, “winter”)


졋

Isolated form spelling of 졎 (cyec, “breast, milk”)


즛

Isolated form spelling of 즈ᇫ〯 (cǔz, “act, appearance”)


ᄃᆞᇫ다

Phonemically faithful spelling of ᄃᆞᆺ다 (tosta, “to love, to be warm”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


ᄲᅳᆯ

Jeju: 뿔 (ppul)

Korean: 뿔 (ppul)


ᄇᆞᆲ다

ᄇᆞᆲ〯다〮 (pǒlp-tá)

ᄇᆞᆲ〯다〮 (canonical)
pǒlp-tá (romanization)

Jeju: ᄇᆞᆲ다 (bawlda), ᄇᆞᆯ르다 (bawlleuda)

Korean: 밟다 (bapda)


깃다

깃다〮 (kìstá) (infinitive 깃거〮 (kìské), sequential 깃그〮니〮 (kìskúní), phonemic spelling 기ᇧ다〮)

깃다〮 (canonical)
kìstá (romanization)
깃거〮 (infinitive)
깃그〮니〮 (sequential)

⇒ Korean: 기쁘다 (gippeuda)

⇒ Korean: 기껍다 (gikkeopda)


깃다

깃다〮 (kìstá) (infinitive 기처〮 (kìché), sequential 기츠〮니〮 (kìchúní), modern phonemic orthography 깇다〮 (kìchtá))

깃다〮 (canonical)
kìstá (romanization)
기처〮 (infinitive)
기츠〮니〮 (sequential)
phonemic orthography 깇다〮 (modern)

Korean: 깇다 (gitda)


ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞᆸ다

ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞᆸ〮다〮 (sòlàng-hóptá)

ᄉᆞ라ᇰᄒᆞᆸ〮다〮 (canonical)
sòlàng-hóptá (romanization)

Korean: 사랍다 (sarapda) (Yukjin)


진딧

Early Mandarin 真的 (EM *tʂintiᴿ, “really”) + ㅅ (-s), the pronunciation of the first character influenced by the Sino-Korean reading of 眞.

眞(진)金(금)은〮 진딧〮 金(금)이〮라〮
CÌN.KÙM-ún cìntís KÙM-ílá
[The Chinese word] 眞金 means, "true gold".

1459, 《월인석보 / 月印釋譜》 7:29


진딧

진딧〮 업〯수미〮 아니〮니〮

1459, 《월인석보 / 月印釋譜》 1:36


우르다

우르다〮 (wùlùtá)

우르다〮 (canonical)
wùlùtá (romanization)
우르다〮
우르고〮
울어〮 (infinitive)
우르면〮 (conditional)

Korean: 으르다 (eureuda, “to threaten”)

⇒ Korean: 우레 (ure, “thunder”)

desc

⇒ Korean: 으르렁 (eureureong, onomatopoeia of roaring)

⇒ Korean: 우렁차다 (ureongchada, “to be loud”)

Possibly onomatopoeic. Related to 울다 (Yale: wulta) "to cry". Only restricted usages survive in Modern Korean.

멀허〮멧〮ᄆᆞ리〮우르고〮

1481, “杜位宅守歲 / 두위댁수세”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

The horses in the stables neigh loudly, and...

ᄀᆞᆯ며기ᄂᆞᆫ〮ᄂᆞᆯ〮개ᄅᆞᆯ싯고〮우르놋〮다

1481, “寄韋有夏卽中 / 기위유하즉중”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

kòlmyèkì-nón nólkày-lòl sìskwó wùlùnwóstà

그낤〮바〮ᄆᆡ〮버〯미ᄯᅩ와우르거늘〮

1511, “烈女圖 / 열녀도”, in 三綱行實圖 / 삼강행실도:

That night, the tiger came again and roared

(of an animal or bird) to roar, to bellow, to cry, to make a large sound

놀〯라〮怨(원)讐(슈)ㅣ여〮일ᄏᆞ라〮ᄀᆞ자ᇰ〮울오〮ᄃᆡ〮

Surprised, he said, shouting most loudly, "You enemy [of mine]!"

nwǒllá WEN.SYWU-ìyé ìlkhòlá kòcáng wùlGwótóy

세서레곧能(느ᇰ)히키우르ᄂᆞ니

At the age of three, he could straightaway shout loudly

ᄇᆞᄅᆞ매우르는소리란버믈드르리로소니

1481, “水宿遣興奉呈群公 / 수숙견흥봉정군공”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

for the sound of the roar of the wind is like listening to a tiger

polom-ay wulunun swoli-lan pem-ul tululilwoswoni

ᄀᆞᄅᆞ〮미우르니〮믌〮氣(긔)運(운)이〮ᄠᅦᆺ〮도다〮

1481, “立秋雨院中有作 / 입추우원중유작”, in 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해:

as the river roars, how the water's mist is afloat!

kòlóm-ì wùlùní múl-s KUY.WUN-í ptéystwòtá

(figurative, of a natural object) to roar, to rage


빟다

Phonemically faithful spelling of 비타 (pitha, “to sprinkle”) (rarely or never used in actual Middle Korean)


냏

Korean: 내 (nae)

ᄉᆡ〯-미〮 기픈〮 므〮-른〮 ᄀᆞ〮ᄆᆞ-래〮 아니〮 그츨〮ᄊᆡ〮 내〯-히〮 이러〮 바ᄅᆞ〮-래〮 가〮ᄂᆞ니〮

1447, “Stanza 2”, in 龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가 [Yongbi Eocheon'ga]:

The water from a deep spring, for a drought dries it not, becomes a stream and flows into the sea.

sǒym-í kìphún múl-ún kómòl-áy àní kùchúlssóy nǎyh-í ìlé pàlól-áy kánòní


듬바되

듬바되〮 (canonical)
Tùmpàtwóy (romanization)
澄波渡 (hanja)

This is one of the few place names in the Yongbi eocheonga without a transparent Korean, Chinese, or Jurchen etymology.

unk

A famous crossing over the Imjin River, now in Yeoncheon County near the Korean Demilitarized Zone


훗기

厚叱只

the hanja form, all characters phonogram


투먼가ᇰ

투먼〮가ᇰ (canonical)
Thwùmén-kàng (romanization)
豆滿江 (hanja)
豆漫江 (hanja)

desc

⇒ Korean: 두만강(豆滿江) (Duman'gang, “Tumen River”)

From Jurchen tumәn (“ten thousand”) + Middle Sino-Korean 가ᇰ (Yale: kàng, “river”, 江). The modern Korean name 두만강 (豆滿江, duman'gang, “Tumen River”) derives from an orthodox Sino-Korean reading of the hanja spelling.

Tumen River, border between Korea and the Tungusic peoples


할타

head

할타〮 (hàlthá) (infinitive 할하〮 (hàlhá), sequential 할ᄒᆞ〮니〮 (hàlhóní), phonemic orthography 핧다)

할타〮 (canonical)
hàlthá (romanization)
할하〮 (infinitive)
할ᄒᆞ〮니〮 (sequential)

Korean: 핥다 (halda)


힐후다

hilhwuta (romanization)
힐후〮다〮
힐후〮고〮
힐후〮어〮 (infinitive)
힐후〮면〮 (conditional)

Appears to be a derived causative of the unattested verb *힐다 (*hilta).

ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆯ해〮셔〮 다ᄉᆞᆺ〮 理(리) 버ᅌᅳᆫ〮 ᄯᅡ〮히라〮 世(셰)間(간)과〮 힐후〮디〮 아니〮ᄒᆞᆯ씨〮라〮

1459, 月印釋譜 / 월인석보 [Worin seokbo], page 7:5:

It is a land five leagues away from the town, where one does not dispute with the world

(with 숨 (swum, “breath”) as subject) to pant

굽힐후다

밀힐후다

(in compounds) to repeat (frequentative auxiliary)

고티힐후다

(in compounds) auxiliary of unclear meaning attached to verbs related to change of state or location


고마ᄂᆞᄅᆞ

고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (canonical)
Kwòmánòlò (romanization)
熊津 (hanja)

Equivalent to 곰〯 (kwǒm, “bear”) + ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (nòlò, “ford”). The name of the town was also historically written with logograms as 熊津 (Ung Jin, “Bear Ford”).
The first element preserves the ancestral form of Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm). The rising pitch in the latter word implies that the pre-Middle Korean form was bisyllabic, and a parallel likely exists in Japanese 熊 (kuma, “bear”).
This toponym is first attested in the eighth-century Japanese history Nihon Shoki, which writes the Baekje name of the same town as 久麻那利 (*Kuma-nari).

Gongju, ancient capital town of the kingdom of Baekje


갈두

Probably from 갏 (kalh, “knife”) + Sino-Korean 두(頭) (twu, “head, tip”), in reference to the shape of the peak. There are still about a dozen attested locales called 갈두 (Galdu) in modern Korea, most of which are also called 갈머리 (Galmeori) using the native alternative 머리 (meori) for "head".

加乙頭

the hanja form, all three characters phonogram

Various peaks in Korea, notably:
A peak in Anju, modern North Korea

Various peaks in Korea, notably:
Jeoldu-san, a rocky promontory in Seoul


쟈ᇰ긔

쟈ᇰ〯긔 (canonical)
cyǎngkùy (romanization)

Korean: 장기 (janggi)

니ᄅᆞ거ᄂᆞᆯ〮드로〮니長(댜ᇰ)安(안)ㅣ바독〮쟈ᇰ〯긔ᄀᆞᆮ〮ᄒᆞ니〮

1481, 分類杜工部詩諺解 / 분류두공부시언해 [Bullyu dugongbu si eonhae], page 6:7b:

According to what they say, Chang'an is like a game of go and chess


고마

고〯마〮 (kwŏmá)

desc

⇒ Korean: 고맙다 (gomapda, “to be thankful”)

⇒ Central Korean: 고매굴다 (gomaegulda, “to respect, to behave with gratitude”)


고마

From Middle Mongol ᠬᠤᠮᠠ (quma, “concubine”), ultimately from Proto-Turkic *Koma (“concubine”). Compare Karakhanid قُمَ (quma) and Turkish kuma.


ᄆᆡᆸ다

head

ᄆᆡᆸ다〮 (mòyptá)

Korean: 맵다 (maepda)

1447 석보상절 (seokbosangjeol) 3:21ㄴ
猛ᄋᆞᆫ ᄆᆡᄫᆞᆯ 씨라

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1510 번역박통사 (beonyeokbaktongsa) 23ㄴ
이 ᄒᆞᆫ 손 두미 ᄀᆞ자ᇰ ᄆᆡᆸ다
i hon swon twumi kocang moypta


거믜

Jeju: 거여미 (geoyeomi)

Korean: 거미 (geomi)


기릐

Korean: 길이 (giri)

From 길— (kil-, “to be long”) + 의 (-ui, “noun-derivative suffix”).


ᄠᅳᆮ

Korean: 뜻 (tteut)


딮

Korean: 짚 (jip)


어려ᄫᅮᆷ

Korean: 어려움 (eoryeoum)

Substantive form of 어렵다 (elyepta, “to be difficult”).


바톨

From Middle Mongol ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ (baɣatur, “hero”).


ᄉᆞᆱ다

Korean: 삶다 (samda)


다대골

다대골〯 (canonical)
Tàtàykwǒl (romanization)

다대 (Tàtày, “Tatar; barbarian”) + 골〯 (kwǒl, “vale”).

af

a settlement of Tatars or Mongols in modern Hongwon County, North Korea


도산

First attested in the Beonyeok Bak Tongsa (飜譯朴通事 / 번역박통사), before 1517.


기름믈

From 기름 (kilum, “oil; fat”) + 믈 (mul, “water”).


묗

Korean: 뫼 (moe)

From pre-MK <*mwòrV́h>. See modern Korean 뫼 (moe) for more.