celeste

French: céleste

From Old French celeste, borrowed from Latin caelestis.


marin

head

marin m (feminine singular marine, masculine plural marins, feminine plural marines)

marine (feminine singular)
marins (masculine plural)
marines (feminine plural)

French: marin

desctree

→ Middle English: marin, maryn, maryne
English: marine


louer

louer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
louant (gerund participle present)

French: louer

From Old French loer, lauder, from Latin laudō, laudāre.


abandonner

abandonner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
abandonnant (gerund participle present)

French: abandonner

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abandonere


discours

French: discours


secourir

French: secourir

From an alteration of Old French sucurre, secorre (based on courir), from Latin succurrere, present active infinitive of succurrō.


lors

French: lors

From Old French lors, from Vulgar Latin illā hōrā.


compte

From Old French conte, with the mp added back to reflect the Latin computus.


compte

From Old French comte, with the p added under the influence of etymology 1. No p in the Latin etymon comes, comitem.


banque

French: banque (see there for further descendants)

Norman: banque

→ Middle English: banke

English: bank (see there for further descendants)

Scots: baunk

→ Irish: banc

From Italian banca (“counter, moneychanger's table”), from Old High German bank, banch, banc (“counter, bench”), from Proto-West Germanic *banki, from Proto-Germanic *bankiz (“bench, counter”).

der

bank (establishment where financial transactions take place)


crud

head

crud m (feminine singular crude, masculine plural cruds, feminine plural crudes)

crude (feminine singular)
cruds (masculine plural)
crudes (feminine plural)

French: cru

From Old French creu, with the d added back to reflect the Latin crūdus.

poysson crud


sultan

desctree

French: sultan
→ Faroese: sultánur
→ Portuguese: sultão

→ English: sultan

From Ottoman Turkish سلطان (or an Old Anatolian Turkish ancestor) or directly from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).


sympathie

[…] il y a quelques scavans personages qui tiennent pour impossible ce qu'on a volu faire croire à la sympathie entre les causes celestes & choses terrestres

1590, Nicolaes de Blocq, La difference qvil y a entre les divinations licites & illicites, pour iuger des changemens & ruines des republiques, page 64:

[…] there are some learned people who believe it is impossible, that which we have been told to believe about the harmony between celestial causes and earthly matters


Suisse

→ English: Swiss

From Middle High German Swīzer (“male person from the valley or the town of Schwyz”), from Swīz (“the valley or the town of Schwyz”), from Old High German Suittes (“the town of Schwyz”) (attested 972), perhaps from the verb swīdan (“to burn”), referring to a spot cleared by slash-and-burn, from Proto-West Germanic *swīþan, from Proto-Germanic *swīþaną (compare Old Norse svíða (“to burn, singe”)).


Suisse

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


Egypte

desctree

French: Égypte, Egypte, Ægypte (archaic)
Antillean Creole: Ejip, Éjip
Haitian Creole: Ejip
Bourbonnais Creole:
Réunion Creole French: Ézip
→ Breton: Egipt
→ Jarai: čar Êjĭp
→ Khmer: អេហ្ស៊ីប (ʼeeziip)
→ Lao: ເອຢິບ (ʼē yip)
→ Lingala: Ejipte
→ Malagasy: Ejipta
→ Romanian: Egipt

desc

→ Tamil: ఈజిప్టు

→ Tamil: ఈజిప్టు

From Old French Egypte, from Latin Aegyptus, from Ancient Greek Αἴγυπτος (Aíguptos).

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


estrangement

French: étrangement


estrangement

From Old French estrangement. Synchronically estranger + -ment.


-ance

French: -ance


-age

desctree

French: -age
→ Czech: -áž
→ Dutch: -age
→ Indonesian: -ase
→ German: -age
→ Romanian: -aj
→ Slovak: -áž

Norman: -age, -âge

From Old French -age, from Latin -āticum.

forms nouns with the sense of "action or result of Xing" or, more rarely, "action related to X"

forms nouns with the sense of "state of being (a) X"


-ant

used to form the present participle of verbs


fixer

head

fixer m (feminine singular fixere, masculine plural fixers, feminine plural fixeres)

fixere (feminine singular)
fixers (masculine plural)
fixeres (feminine plural)
fixer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
fixant (gerund participle present)

French: fixer


coucher

coucher (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
couchant (gerund participle present)

French: coucher


appetit

desctree

French: appétit
→ Bulgarian: апетит (apetit)
→ Danish: appetit
→ Norwegian: appetitt
→ Portuguese: apetite
→ Romanian: apetit

(figuratively) appetite; want; desire; longing


Gascoigne

French: Gascogne
→ Swedish: Gascogne


talion

→ English: talion

French: talion

First known attestation in 1395, borrowed from Latin tāliō.

punishment consisting of the offender having done to him or her what he or she has done to the victim


tribu

French: tribu

From Old French tribu, borrowed from Latin tribus.


parricide

→ English: parricide

French: parricide

[…] par ce que ces oysillons ne cessoient de l'accuser faucement du meurtre de son pere. Ce parricide jusques lors avoit esté occulte et inconnu

1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 5:

[…] because these baby birds wouldn't stop falsely accusing him of the murder of his father. This parricide until now had been unknown


és

Since Old French, contraction of en (“in”) + les (“the”).


vivant

head

vivant (feminine singular vivante, masculine plural vivans, feminine plural vivantes)

vivante (feminine singular)
vivans (masculine plural)
vivantes (feminine plural)

(may be preceded by en, invariable) gerund of vivre


vivant

vivant m (feminine singular vivante, masculine plural vivans, feminine plural vivantes)


faisant

faisant (feminine singular faisante, masculine plural faisans, feminine plural faisantes)

faisante (feminine singular)
faisans (masculine plural)
faisantes (feminine plural)

(may be preceded by en, invariable) gerund of faire


ancien

ancien m (feminine singular ancienne, masculine plural anciens, feminine plural anciennes)

ancienne (feminine singular)
anciens (masculine plural)
anciennes (feminine plural)

French: ancien


lapin

French: lapin (see there for further descendants)


manche

From Old French manche, from Latin manica.


beste

desctree

French: bête, b*t* (censored)
Haitian Creole: bèt
→ Dutch: bête
→ Swedish: bet

From Old French beste, from Latin bēstia.


preparer

preparer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
preparant (gerund participle present)

→ English: prepare

French: préparer

From Old French, borrowed from Classical Latin praeparāre (“make ready in advance”), from prae- (“pre-”) + parāre (“make ready”).

bor

Je me prepare d'aller secourir Fescamp contre les efforts que Villars continue d'y faire


nombril

French: nombril

→ English: nombril

From Old French nonbril, from Latin *umbilīculus, from Latin umbilīcus.


fesse

French: fesse f

Inherited from Old French fesse f, from Vulgar Latin *fissa, from Latin fissum.


mur

French: mur

From Old French mur, from Latin mūrus, from Old Latin *moerus, *moiros, from Proto-Italic *moiros, from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to strengthen”).


seoir

From Old French seoir, from earlier sedeir, from Latin sedēre, present active infinitive of sedeō.

Vous devés savoir que assés près de la ou ils estoient, siet la ville de Iuberot

You should know that quite close to there where they were, is the city of Juberot

(reflexive, se seoir) to sit down (be sitting)


poix

French: poids


doigt

French: doigt
Haitian Creole: dwèt

From Old French doit, with the g added back to reflect the original Latin digitus.


mouvoir

French: mouvoir


poing

French: poing

From Old French poing, from Latin pugnus, from Proto-Italic *pugnos, from Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ-.


Arabe

Arab (relating to Arabs or to Arab culture)


viser

viser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
visant (gerund participle present)

French: viser

From Old French viser, from Vulgar Latin *visāre, from Latin visere, present active infinitive of visō, intensive of videō.


celer

celer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
celant (gerund participle present)

French: celer


loup

desctree

French: loup
Haitian Creole: lou
⇒ Mauritian Creole: lulu
⇒ Seychellois Creole: loulou
→ English: loo; Loup

From a western dialectal variant of Old French leu, lou (or reformed analogically from the feminine louve), replacing the native Old French, all from Latin lupus.


cacher

cacher (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
cachant (gerund participle present)

French: cacher


aigle

French: aigle


plier

plier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
pliant (gerund participle present)

French: plier

Modified from Old French pleier, ploiier under the influence of the stressed stem pli-.


reng

French: rang

se tenir ferme en son reng contre les ennemys

To remain steadfast in one's rank against the enemy


presumption

French: présomption


punir

French: punir

From Old French punir, from Latin pūnīre, present infinitive of pūniō.


estimable

French: estimable
→ Romanian: estimabil

Etymology tree
Old Latin aestumō
Latin aestimōlbor.
Old French estimer
Middle French estimer
Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-
Proto-Italic *haβēō
Latin habeō
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin -ibilis
Latin -ābilis
Old French -able
Middle French -able
Middle French estimableFrom estimer + -able. Attested since the 15th c.


m'

(before vowel sound) Apocopic form of me


assister

assister (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
assistant (gerund participle present)

Et davantage, il y a une difference entre assister aux prieres, & de participer à icelles

1568, Les actes de la conference tenue a Paris ... 1566 entre deux Docteurs de Sorbonne et deux ministres de Calvin page 556

And moreover, there is a difference between being present at prayers, and participating in them


frapper

frapper (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
frappant (gerund participle present)

French: frapper


penser

penser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
pensant (gerund participle present)

From Old French penser, from Latin pensāre.


façon

desctree

French: façon
Haitian Creole: fason
→ Alemannic German: Fasung
→ Danish: facon
→ Russian: фасон (fason)
→ Uzbek: fason
→ Swedish: fason


resister

resister (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
resistant (gerund participle present)

Late Old French (circa 1327). Borrowed from Latin resistere, present active infinitive of resistō.


inconvenient

English: inconvenient

French: inconvénient

Borrowed from Latin inconveniens, inconvenientem.


escut

French: écu
→ English: écu
→ Turkish: ekü

From Old French escut, from Latin scūtum.


estat

French: état
Haitian Creole: eta

From Old French estat, borrowed from Latin stātus.

mais leur estat est changé en estrange façon.

But their state changed in a strange fashion


clin

French: clin


tromper

tromper (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
trompant (gerund participle present)

French: tromper

From Old French tromper (“to tramp, trump, delude”, literally “to play on the trumpet”), from trompe (“trump, trumpet”), from Frankish *trumpa (“trump, trumpet”), from a common Germanic word akin to Old High German trumba, trumpa (“trump, trumpet”), ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


-eur

French: -eur


Marion

desctree

French: Marion
→ Danish: Marion
→ German: Marion
→ Norwegian: Marion
→ Swedish: Marion

1376, Arch. JJ 110, pièce 46.
Une femme appellee Marion de Saint Just, qui estoit femme surdite et amye d’un des moines de la dicte eglise de Chezi

A woman called Marion de Saint Just, who was a denounced woman and a friend of one of the monks of the aforementioned church of Chezi


compter

compter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
comptant (gerund participle present)

French: compter, conter (separate verbs in modern French)

From Old French conter, respelled to reflect Latin computō, computāre.


fosse

From Old French fosse, from Latin fossa.


cerf

head

cerf m (plural cerfs, feminine singular biche, feminine plural biches)

cerfs (plural)
biche (feminine singular)
biches (feminine plural)

From Old French cerf, from Latin cervus.


conte

French: comte


peuple

desctree

French: peuple
Haitian Creole: pèp
→ Franco-Provençal: peuple

From Old French pueple, from Latin populus.


mut

head

mut m (feminine singular mute, masculine plural mutz, feminine plural mutes)

mute (feminine singular)
mutz (masculine plural)
mutes (feminine plural)

French: muet


oster

oster (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
ostant (gerund participle present)

French: ôter


noter

noter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
notant (gerund participle present)

French: noter


truc

French: truc (see there for further descendants)

From Old French trut, borrowed from Old Occitan truc, deverbal from trucar, from Vulgar Latin *trūdicāre.


soldat

French: soldat (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Dutch: soldaat
Afrikaans: soldaat
→ Xhosa: isoldathi
Berbice Creole Dutch: solati
Negerhollands: soldat, soldaet
→ Caribbean Javanese: soldat, soldati
→ Kari'na: suntaty
→ Papiamentu: sòldat, soldaat
→ Saramaccan: sodáti
→ Sranan Tongo: srudati
→ Aukan: suudati

Borrowed from Italian soldato, past participle of soldare, from soldo (“money, military pay”).


cest

French: cet

cest honneur

masculine singular of ce used before a vowel or a mute h followed by a vowel


ranc

French: rang

→ Middle English: rank

English: rank

rank (position of a person, place, thing, or idea)


choisir

choisir (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
choisissant (gerund participle present)

From Old French choisir, coisir (“to differentiate, see distinctly”), Frankish *kauʀijan (“to choose”) or Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 (kausjan), both from Proto-Germanic *kauzijaną (“to choose, taste, test”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews- (“to choose, taste”).


tourner

tourner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
tournant (gerund participle present)

French: tourner

(tourner a) to turn into; to change into


impugner

impugner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
impugnant (gerund participle present)

English: impugn


chaudron

French: chaudron

chauldron

chauderon and chaudron are about equally common


pompon

desctree

→ Dutch: pompoen, pampoen (obsolete, rare)
Afrikaans: pampoen
Berbice Creole Dutch: pampuna
Negerhollands: pampuen, pampon
→ Virgin Islands Creole: pum pum (dated)
Skepi Creole Dutch: pampun
→ Papiamentu: pampuna, pampoena
→ Sranan Tongo: pampun
→ Saramaccan: pampú
→ West Frisian: pompoen

→ English: pumpion, pompion
→ Welsh: pwmpen

⇒ pumpkin (see there for further descendants)

Variant of pepon, borrowed from Latin peponem, accusative singular of pepō.


victoire

French: victoire


vestir

French: vêtir

From Old French vestir, from Latin vestīre, present active infinitive of vestiō.


citoyen

head

citoyen m (plural citoyens, feminine singular citoyenne, feminine plural citoyennes)

citoyens (plural)
citoyenne (feminine singular)
citoyennes (feminine plural)

French: citoyen

From Old French citoien, citeain, from cité.


astronomie

French: astronomie


voyant

voyant (feminine singular voyante, masculine plural voyans, feminine plural voyantes)

voyante (feminine singular)
voyans (masculine plural)
voyantes (feminine plural)

(may be preceded by en, invariable) gerund of veoir


dangereux

dangereux m (feminine singular dangereuse, masculine plural dangereux, feminine plural dangereuses)

dangereuse (feminine singular)
dangereux (masculine plural)
dangereuses (feminine plural)


prouvaire

From the Old French provoire (“priest”).


tremper

tremper (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
trempant (gerund participle present)

French: tremper


apprendre

French: apprendre


flotter

flotter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
flottant (gerund participle present)

French: flotter


conseil

French: conseil

meeting (gathering of people/parties for a purpose)


obnubilation

French: obnubilation

clouding of the mind, obscuration of the mental faculties, obnubilation


fust

third-person singular past historic of estre


revenir

French: revenir


quant

quant m (feminine singular quante, masculine plural quants, feminine plural quantes)

quante (feminine singular)
quants (masculine plural)
quantes (feminine plural)

Quant ils orent chevauchier ne sçay quantes iournees

15th century, Rustichello da Pisa (original author), Mazarine Master (scribe), The Travels of Marco Polo, page 6, line 8:

When they had ridden for I don't know how many days


maçon

French: maçon


insupportable

insupportable m or f (plural insupportables)


pesche

French: pêche
→ Malagasy: paiso


vermeil

vermeil m (feminine singular vermeille, masculine plural vermeils, feminine plural vermeilles)

vermeille (feminine singular)
vermeils (masculine plural)
vermeilles (feminine plural)

French: vermeil


cerveau

French: cerveau


laz

French: las


grec

French: grec

→ Norwegian Bokmål: grecque

Borrowed from Latin graecus, from Ancient Greek Γραικός (Graikós).


profond

profond m (feminine singular profonde, masculine plural profonds, feminine plural profondes)

profonde (feminine singular)
profonds (masculine plural)
profondes (feminine plural)


profond

French: profond


calme

French: calme

desctree

→ Middle English: calme, calm
English: calm

Borrowed from Italian calma, itself from Ancient Greek καῦμα (kaûma); alternatively, via an Iberian language, probably Catalan.


bataille

French: bataille


François

head

François m (feminine singular Françoise, masculine plural François, feminine plural Françoises)

Françoise (feminine singular)
François (masculine plural)
Françoises (feminine plural)


François

François m (plural François, feminine singular Françoise, feminine plural Françoises)

François (plural)
Françoise (feminine singular)
Françoises (feminine plural)

French: Français


fomenter

fomenter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
fomentant (gerund participle present)

to foment (incite trouble, rebellion, etc.)


espace

French: espace

Mais premier, nous commencerons d'entrer en quelque consideration des thresors precieux, & doctes enseignemens, dont les sacrees paroles de Moyse par nous ci devant les ouyes de la creation, sont secondement enceintes, et notamment dans l'espace de six iours, qu'il d'escrit de la perfection de ce grand bastiment humain:ainsi que ie te laisse, Achitob, à nous faire entendre

1608, Pierre de La Primaudaye, Académie françoise, Volume 3, pages 65–66:


Noël

French: Noël


moine

French: moine


fumée

French: fumée


obliger

obliger (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
obligeant (gerund participle present)

French: obliger

From Old French obligier, from Latin obligāre, present active infinitive of obligō.


visiter

visiter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
visitant (gerund participle present)

French: visiter
→ Romanian: vizita

→ Norman: vîsiter

→ Middle Dutch: visiteren

Dutch: visiteren

→ Middle English: visiten

English: visit

Learned borrowing from Latin vīsitō (“to visit”). Replaced the inherited form seen in Old French visder.


parc

French: parc (see there for further descendants)

1600, Olivier de Serres, Bonafous, Balbis, Tissot, Le Theatre d'Agriculture et Mesnage des champs d'Olivier de Serres Seigneur du Pradel, page 322

we make up the enclosure depending on the circumstances of the place

compose-on le parc selon l'usage des lieux


marchant

head

marchant m (plural marchanz or marchans)

French: marchand


nain

French: nain

From Old French nain, from Latin nānus, borrowed from Ancient Greek νᾶνος (nânos), of onomatopoeic origins.


huy

French: hui (obsolete)


censer

censer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
censant (gerund participle present)

French: censé


disant

disant (feminine singular disante, masculine plural disans, feminine plural disantes)

disante (feminine singular)
disans (masculine plural)
disantes (feminine plural)


quantité

French: quantité


merveilleux

merveilleux m (feminine singular merveilleuse, masculine plural merveilleux, feminine plural merveilleuses)

merveilleuse (feminine singular)
merveilleux (masculine plural)
merveilleuses (feminine plural)

desctree

French: merveilleux
→ English: merveilleux


marier

marier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
mariant (gerund participle present)

French: marier


selle

French: selle


nommer

nommer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
nommant (gerund participle present)

French: nommer


complot

French: complot
→ Catalan: complot
→ Danish: komplot
→ Dutch: complot, komplot (before 1996)
Negerhollands: komplot
→ Indonesian: komplot
→ Papiamentu: kòmplòt
→ Galician: complot
→ German: Komplott
→ Italian: complotto
→ Portuguese: complô
→ Romanian: complot
→ Spanish: complot
→ Turkish: komplo

→ English: complot


diviner

diviner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
divinant (gerund participle present)


douloureux

head

douloureux m (feminine singular douloureuse, masculine plural douloureux, feminine plural douloureuses)

douloureuse (feminine singular)
douloureux (masculine plural)
douloureuses (feminine plural)

French: douloureux

From Old French dolerous and its variants, from Late Latin dolōrōsus, from Latin dolor.


sourd

From Old French sourt, sord, surt, surz, from Latin surdus.


sourd

sourd m (feminine singular sourde, masculine plural sourdz, feminine plural sourdes)

sourde (feminine singular)
sourdz (masculine plural)
sourdes (feminine plural)

French: sourd


clarté

Old French, borrowed from Latin clāritās, clāritātem.


conseiller

conseiller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
conseillant (gerund participle present)


respirer

respirer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
respirant (gerund participle present)

French: respirer


cesser

cesser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
cessant (gerund participle present)


presenter

presenter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
presentant (gerund participle present)

French: présenter

(reflexive, se presenter) to present oneself


couchant

couchant (feminine singular couchante, masculine plural couchans, feminine plural couchantes)

couchante (feminine singular)
couchans (masculine plural)
couchantes (feminine plural)

(may be preceded by en, invariable) gerund of coucher


couchant

couchant m (feminine singular couchante, masculine plural couchans, feminine plural couchantes)


vainqueur

French: vainqueur


trahison

French: trahison


humain

humain m (feminine singular humaine, masculine plural humains, feminine plural humaines)

humaine (feminine singular)
humains (masculine plural)
humaines (feminine plural)


carotte

desctree

French: carotte
Seychellois Creole: karot
Mauritian Creole: karot
→ Catalan: carrota
→ English: carotte
→ German: Karotte
→ Vietnamese: cà rốt

→ Middle English: karette
English: carrot
→ Fijian: kareti
→ Malay: karot
→ Tagalog: karot
→ Thai: แครอท (kɛɛ-rɔ̀t)
Yola: correate, coureate

→ Irish: cairéad

1393 garroite, 1538 carote, 1564 carotte. Borrowed from Latin carota.


morceau

head

morceau m (plural morceaux or morceaulx)

French: morceau
→ English: morceau


habiter

habiter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
habitant (gerund participle present)

French: habiter

Borrowed from Latin habitāre, present active infinitive of habitō.


songer

songer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
songeant (gerund participle present)

French: songer


publique

French: public (noun)


affiance

→ English: affiance

From Old French afiance, from afier (“to promise”) + -ance.


oncle

French: oncle (see there for further descendants)

From Old French oncle, from Vulgar Latin *aunclum, from Latin avunculus.


batterie

→ English: battery


devourer

devourer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
devourant (gerund participle present)


preceder

preceder (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
precedant (gerund participle present)

French: précéder

First known attestation 1353, borrowed from Latin praecedō. Precedent is attested earlier.

to precede; to go before; to come before


caisse

French: caisse

→ Bourguignon: caisse

→ English: cash

Borrowed from Occitan caissa, from Latin capsa.


departir

From Old French departir, from Late Latin departīre, present active infinitive of departiō, from Latin de + partiō. Or from de- + partir.


barriere

desctree

French: barrière
→ Belarusian: бар'е́р (barʺjér), barjer — Łacinka (Belarusian Latin alphabet)
→ Yiddish: באַריער (baryer)
→ German: Barriere
→ Polish: bariera
→ Russian: барьер (barʹjer)
→ Azerbaijani: baryer
→ Crimean Tatar: baryer
→ Georgian: ბარიერი (barieri)
→? Lithuanian: barjeras
→ Uzbek: baryer
→ Yakut: барьер (barer)
→ Turkish: bariyer
→ Ukrainian: бар'є́р (barʺjér)


celebre

French: célèbre


cité

French: cité


clore

French: clore

(transitive) to enclose (surround something with something)


dictes

French: dites

second-person plural present indicative of dire


encores

French: encore

Old French encor and its variant spellings.

still (in a continuing way; without stopping)


estimé

frm-past participle

estimé m (feminine singular estimée, masculine plural estiméz, feminine plural estimées)

estimée (feminine singular)
estiméz (masculine plural)
estimées (feminine plural)

French: estimé
→ Romanian: estimat

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


signe

French: signe

From Old French signe, borrowed from Latin signum.


plante

plant (organism capable of photosynthesis)


salé

head

salé m (feminine singular salee, masculine plural salez, feminine plural salees)

salee (feminine singular)
salez (masculine plural)
salees (feminine plural)


tumbe

French: tombe


ulcere

desctree

French: ulcère
→ Persian: اولسر (ulser)
→ Romanian: ulcer
→ Turkish: ülser

→ English: ulcer


outil

French: outil

tool (something design to aid in a task)


occuper

occuper (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
occupant (gerund participle present)

to occupy (to retain or to remain in a place)


ronfler

ronfler (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
ronflant (gerund participle present)

French: ronfler

[I]lz en sentissent rien tant ilz ronfloient & dormoient parfondement.

They didn't feel anything, for they were snoring and sleeping so deeply


fiancer

fiancer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
fiançant (gerund participle present)

French: fiancer

fiancerent tous que se Lancelot venoit ilz n yroient mie avec lui

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 52:

they all promised that if Lancelot came they wouldn't go with him


roial

head

roial m (feminine singular roiale, masculine plural roials, feminine plural roiales)

roiale (feminine singular)
roials (masculine plural)
roiales (feminine plural)


inestimable

inestimable m or f (plural inestimables)

desctree

French: inestimable
→ Romanian: inestimabil

Etymology tree
Middle French in-
Old Latin aestumō
Latin aestimōlbor.
Old French estimer
Middle French estimer
Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-
Proto-Italic *haβēō
Latin habeō
Proto-Indo-European *-dʰlis
Proto-Italic *-ðlis
Latin -bilis
Latin -ibilis
Latin -ābilis
Old French -able
Middle French -able
Middle French estimable
Middle French inestimableFrom in- + estimable.
Equivalent to in- + estimer + -able.


bagage

French: bagage (see there for further descendants)

desctree

→ Dutch: bagage
Afrikaans: bagasie
→ Dutch Low Saxon: begazie, pakkazie
→ Malay: bagasi
Indonesian: bagasi
→ Sranan Tongo: bagasi
→ Caribbean Javanese: bagasi

De butiner et robber le baguaige

1552, Rabelais, Le Tiers Livre des Faits et Dicts Héroïques du bon Pantagruel:

baggage (luggage; that which one transports with one)


gangler

gangler (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
ganglant (gerund participle present)

Si en parloient et gangloient tout chevauchant ensemble

They spoke about it and told each other anecdotes while on horseback together


prier

prier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
priant (gerund participle present)

French: prier

From Old French proiier, from Latin precari, present active infinitive of precor.


recuperation

recuperation (instance of getting something back)


grossir

French: grossir

Since Old French, from gros (“thick”) + -ir.


terreur

French: terreur f
→? Dutch: terreur
→ Indonesian: teror
→ Persian: ترور (teror, “assassination”)
→ Romanian: teroare f

→ Middle English: terrour, terrawr
English: terror
Scots: terror


pocher

pocher (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
pochant (gerund participle present)


relire

French: relire


equable

equable (calm; steady; constant; uniform)


hacher

hacher (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
hachant (gerund participle present)

French: hacher
→ English: hash

→ Dutch: arceren, harceren (archaic)
→ Indonesian: arsir

From Old French hacher, hachier, from Frankish *hakkōn, from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną (“to chop; hack”).


retirer

retirer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
retirant (gerund participle present)

French: retirer

→ English: retire

From Old French retirer, from re- + tirer.

Icy faisons trop long arrest,
Retirons vers nostre maison

1540, L'établissement de la fête de la conception Notre-Dame dite la fête aux Normands:

We've stayed here too long
Let's go home

to go; to travel (chiefly to a place where one has already been)


amer

amer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
amant (gerund participle present)


retenir

English: retain

French: retenir

ceulx qui venoient en la dance estoient retenus

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 67:

those who came into the dance where retained


ambassade

French: ambassade (see there for further descendants)

First attested circa 1350 as ambaxade, circa 1420 as ambassade. From Old French ambassade, from Italian ambasciata (“diplomatic mission”).

bor

embassy (temporary mission representing a sovereign state)


asseoir

French: asseoir

Lors qu'il feust deschainé, l'on le fist asseoir

When he was unchained, they made him sit down

(sometimes reflexive, s'asseoir/se asseoir) to sit down (take a seat)

(transitive) to sit (make someone sit down)


inviter

inviter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
invitant (gerund participle present)

desctree

French: inviter
→ Dutch: inviteren
→ Luxembourgish: invitéieren
→ Romanian: invita
→ Swedish: invit

→ English: invite

→ Scots: inveet


enterrer

enterrer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
enterrant (gerund participle present)

French: enterrer

From Old French enterrer, from Vulgar Latin *interrāre, present active infinitive of *interrō (“to put into earth”).


scarabée

→ English: scarab

French: scarabée

First attested 1526, borrowed from Latin scarabaeus.


cy

French: ci


des-

French: dé-, dés-


guider

guider (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
guidant (gerund participle present)

Modification of Old French guier based on the noun guide, borrowed from Old Occitan guida. See above.


sapience

French: sapience

car leur sçavoir n'estoit que besterie et leur sapience n'estoit que moufles

for their knowledge was just nonsense and their wisdom was just waffle.


charnel

head

charnel m (feminine singular charnelle, masculine plural charnels, feminine plural charnelles)

charnelle (feminine singular)
charnels (masculine plural)
charnelles (feminine plural)

French: charnel

carnal (relating to the physical and especially sexual appetites)


aisle

French: aile f

→ Middle English: ele

English: aisle

From Old French aile, from Latin āla with the addition of an unetymological s.

wing (anatomical structure of flying animals)


chancre

French: chancre
→ English: chancre

Norman: chancre

From Old French chancre, from Latin cancer, cancrum.


contesse

desctree

French: comtesse
→ Danish: komtesse
→ English: comtesse
→ Turkish: kontes

From Old French contesse; equivalent to conte + -esse.


coste

French: côte

Norman: côte


feste

French: fête (see there for further descendants)

From Old French feste, from Late Latin fēsta, from the plural of Latin fēstum.


nourrir

French: nourrir


ieu

French: jeu


grammaire

comme si nous cherchions d’y apprendre la grammaire

1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 10:

As if we were trying to learn its grammar


rencontre

Le rencontre m'en offrira le jour quelque autre fois plus apparent que celuy du midy: et me fera estonner de mon hesitation.


fleche

French: flèche
→ Dutch: flits
→ Middle Low German: flitse [16th c.]
→ German: Flitz
→ English: flèche

From Old French fleche, from Vulgar Latin *fleccia, borrowed from Frankish *fliukkijā, from Proto-Indo-European *plewk-, from *plew-.


veue

French: vue


drap

French: drap (see there for further descendants)

→? English: drab


rade

desctree

French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

Probably from an Old French *rade, borrowed from early Middle English rade (later rode), from Old English rād, from Proto-West Germanic *raidu, form Proto-Germanic *raidō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reyH-.


guarder

guarder (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
guardant (gerund participle present)

Alternative form of garder (“to protect; to guard”)


democratie

French: démocratie
→ Danish: demokrati n
→ Dutch: democratie f, demokratie (before 1996)
Afrikaans: demokrasie
→ Malay: demokrasi
→ Indonesian: démokrasi
→ Peranakan Indonesian: democratie
→ German: Demokratie f
→ Hebrew: דֵּמוֹקְרַטְיָה f
→ Persian: دموکراسی (demokrâsi)
→ Romanian: democrație f
→ Turkish: demokrasi

→ Norman: démocratie

→ Czech: demokracie

→ English: democracy
→ Amharic: ዴሞክራሲ (demokrasi)
→ Burmese: ဒီမိုကရေစီ (dimuika.reci)
→ Chinese: 得莫克拉西 (démòkèlāxī), 德謨克拉西／德谟克拉西 (démókèlāxī)
→ Malay: demokrasi
→ S'gaw Karen: ဒံၣ်မိၣ်ခြ့ၣ်စံၣ် (deè moh̀ khraỳ seè)
→ Swahili: demokrasia
→ Western Kayah: ꤘꤟꤤ꤬ꤗꤥ꤬ꤊꤚꤢꤩ꤬ꤎꤤ꤬ (dì̤mòkrèsì)

First known attestation 1370-1372 in Les Ethiques en françois a translation of Aristotle by Nicolas Oresme, borrowed from Ancient Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokratía).


maniere

French: manière

From Old French meniere, maniere, manere.


militaire

French: militaire
→ Alemannic German: Militäär
→ Danish: militær
→ English: militaire
→ Estonian: militaar
→ German: Militär
→ Latvian: militārs
→ Norwegian: militær
→ Romanian: militar
→ Swedish: militär
→ West Frisian: militêr
→ Yiddish: מיליטער (militer)

→ Dutch: militair

→ Middle English: militari

English: military


incidence

English: incidence

French: incidence


seigneur

→ English: seigneur

French: seigneur


permettre

French: permettre

Borrowed from Latin permittō, permittere.


advocat

French: avocat


theologie

French: théologie

→ Middle English: theologie, theologi

English: theology

From Old French theologie, from Latin theologia, from Ancient Greek θεολογία (theología).


õ

mõter (monter)

tõber (tomber)

The letter o with a tilde. Used to replace the sequence on or om.


marchand

French: marchand


naturel

head

naturel m (feminine singular naturelle, masculine plural naturels, feminine plural naturelles)

naturelle (feminine singular)
naturels (masculine plural)
naturelles (feminine plural)

From Old French natural, borrowed from Latin nātūrālis.


mondial

desctree

French: mondial
→ English: mondial
→ Dutch: mondiaal

worldly (physical rather than spiritual)


prés

pres

manuscript form or alternative normalized form


ſ

typographical variant of s, typically used for all instances except a final -s


sceptique

head

sceptique m (feminine singular sceptiquee, masculine plural sceptiques, feminine plural sceptiquees)

sceptiquee (feminine singular)
sceptiques (masculine plural)
sceptiquees (feminine plural)

Borrowed from Ancient Greek σκεπτικός (skeptikós) or possibly intermediately borrowed from New Latin scepticus.


sceptique

desctree

French: sceptique
→ Polish: sceptyk
→ Portuguese: cético
→? Romanian: sceptic
→ Turkish: septik

desc

→ English: skeptic, sceptic (British), sceptick (obsolete), skeptick (obsolete)


cervelle

French: cervelle


effectuer

effectuer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
effectuant (gerund participle present)


combiner

combiner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
combinant (gerund participle present)

to combine (to mix; to put things together)


blasphemer

blasphemer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
blasphemant (gerund participle present)

French: blasphémer


modelle

Old Italian modello, from Vulgar Latin *modellus.


habitude

First known attestation 1365, borrowed from Latin habitūdō. The meaning 'habit' seems to have developed under the influence of habituer (“to habituate” reflexively “to become habituated”).


baptizer

baptizer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
baptizant (gerund participle present)


messe

French: messe


agu

head

agu m (feminine singular ague, masculine plural agus, feminine plural agues)

ague (feminine singular)
agus (masculine plural)
agues (feminine plural)

French: aigu

→ Norwegian Bokmål: aigu


analogie

French: analogie
→ Romanian: analogie

Learned borrowing from Latin analogia, from Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía), from ἀνα- (ana-) + λόγος (lógos, “speech, reckoning”).


kaan

French: khan

Old French [Term?], borrowed from Classical Persian خان (xān). See it and English khan for more details.


vertu

French: vertu


surpris

surpris m (feminine singular surprise, masculine plural surpris, feminine plural surprises)

surprise (feminine singular)
surpris (masculine plural)
surprises (feminine plural)


conté

French: comté

From Old French conté, from Latin comitātus.


surprendre

English: surprise (from past participle)

French: surprendre

From Old French sorprendre, sousprendre.

Ne voyez vous comme il a traité ceux du chasteau qu'il a surprins ?

1560, Jean Longis, Robert le Mangnier, Le Premier livre d'Amadis de Gaule, page CCXXVII:

Don't you see how he treat those from the castle he seized?


honneur

French: honneur

From Old French onor, enor, eneur, honor, from Old French honor.


edifier

edifier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
edifiant (gerund participle present)


Japhet

French: Japhet, Jafet

From Latin Iaphet, from Koine Greek Ἰάφεθ (Iápheth), from Hebrew יֶפֶת (yépheth).


pryer

pryer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
pryant (gerund participle present)

French: prier


embrion

First known attestation 1370-1372 in Les Ethiques en françois a translation of Aristotle by Nicolas Oresme. Presumably borrowed from Ancient Greek ἔμβρυον (émbruon).


frais

frais m (feminine singular fraische, masculine plural frais, feminine plural fraisches)

fraische (feminine singular)
frais (masculine plural)
fraisches (feminine plural)

French: frais m, fraîche f

Inherited from Old French freis. Doublet of frisque.


chameau

French: chameau


fiance

From Old French < fier + -ance or Latin fidentia.


queste

French: quête


fortifier

fortifier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
fortifiant (gerund participle present)

→ English: fortify

French: fortifier

Borrowed from Late Latin fortifico, fortificare.


participer

participer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
participant (gerund participle present)

French: participer

Borrowed from Latin participāre, present active infinitive of participō.


uriner

uriner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
urinant (gerund participle present)


vostre

French: votre

your (second-person plural or polite possessive pronoun)


obscur

obscur m (feminine singular obscure, masculine plural obscurs, feminine plural obscures)

obscure (feminine singular)
obscurs (masculine plural)
obscures (feminine plural)

French: obscur

Inherited from Old French oscur, with the b added back to reflect the original Latin obscurus.


Denys

a male given name, equivalent to English Denis


feminin

feminin m (feminine singular feminine, masculine plural feminins, feminine plural feminines)

feminine (feminine singular)
feminins (masculine plural)
feminines (feminine plural)


sembler

sembler (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
semblant (gerund participle present)

desctree

French: sembler
Haitian Creole: sanble
Louisiana Creole: semble


predire

French: prédire

Borrowed from Latin praedīcere, present active infinitive of praedīcō.


comté

French: comté


pieux

head

pieux m (feminine singular pieuse, masculine plural pieux, feminine plural pieuses)

pieuse (feminine singular)
pieux (masculine plural)
pieuses (feminine plural)

From Old French piu(s), from Latin pius.


pieu

French: pieu

From Old French pex, pel, from Latin pālus (“post, stake”).


foye

French: foie


pistole

First attested 1544, of uncertain origin. Probably ultimately from Czech píšťala (“whistle”), from Proto-Slavic *piščalь, from *piskati, *piščati (“to squeak, whistle”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pīṣk-.


poesie

desctree

French: poésie, poësie (obsolete)
Haitian Creole: pwezi
→ Danish: poesi
→ German: Poesie
→ Romanian: poezie
→ Polish: poezja
→ Russian: поэ́зия (poézija), поэ́зія (poézija) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
→ Kazakh: поэзия (poéziä)

→ Dutch: poëzie, (obsolete) poëzij
Afrikaans: poësie
→ Indonesian: puisi
→ Malay: puisi

→ Middle English: poesie

English: poesy

From Old French poesie, from Latin poesis.


carriere

French: carrière

From Old Occitan carreira, from Latin carraria


assemblee

French: assemblée


durée

(late Middle French) Alternative form of duree


miniere

French: minière

From Old French mine, from Late Latin mina (“mine, ore”), + -iere, -ier.


lampe

French: lampe

From Old French lampe, from Late Latin lampada, from Latin lampas, from Ancient Greek λαμπάς (lampás, “lamp, flambeau”).


particulier

head

particulier m (feminine singular particuliere, masculine plural particuliers, feminine plural particulieres)

particuliere (feminine singular)
particuliers (masculine plural)
particulieres (feminine plural)

French: particulier

Middle Dutch: particulier

desctree

Dutch: particulier
Afrikaans: partikulier
→ Indonesian: partikelir
→ Javanese: ꦥꦂꦠꦶꦏꦼꦭꦶꦂ (partikelir)
→ Petjo: partiklier
→ Peranakan Indonesian: particulier


instruire

From Old French, from Latin īnstruō, īnstruere.


hematite

French: hématite

ce n'est pas la vraie hematite de laquelle Dioscoride et Gal. ont parlé

1572, Pierandrea Mattioli, Des Moulins, Commentaires de M. Pierre André Matthiole medecin senois sur les six livres de Ped. Dioscoride Anazarbeen de la matiere medecinale, reveuz & augmentés en plus de mille lieux... Avec certaines tables medecinales, page 745:

this isn't the true hematite of which Dioscoride and Gal. spoke of


menestrel

French: ménestrel

minister of justice; one who enforces justice


amender

French: amender

to fine (impose a financial penalty upon)


femelle

French: femelle
→ Romanian: femelă f

Inherited from Old French femele, from Latin femella.
Cognate with Middle English femele.


maint

head

maint m (feminine singular mainte, masculine plural maints, feminine plural maintes)

mainte (feminine singular)
maints (masculine plural)
maintes (feminine plural)

French: maint (archaic)


nomade

desctree

French: nomade
→ Danish: nomade
→ Dutch: nomade
→ English: nomad
→ Romanian: nomad

Borrowed from Latin Nomadem, accusative singular of Nomas.

Les autres, à l'imitation des Nomades, n'ont point de maisons, mais pensans seulement de leurs tropeaux.

1540, Christophe Richer, Des Coustumes et manières de vivre des Turcs:

The others, imitating the nomads, do not have houses, but think only of their flocks


fontaine

French: fontaine


entreprendre

Quand les Geantz entreprindrent guerre contre les Dieux

1552, François Rabelais, Le Tiers Livre:

When the Giants took up war against the Gods

Il vous siera bien, leur dit-il, de vouloir entreprendre de juger de la teste de celuy, par le moyen duquel vous avez l'authorité de juger de tout le monde.


alun

English: alum

French: alun


sceller

sceller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
scellant (gerund participle present)

French: sceller


plaider

plaider (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
plaidant (gerund participle present)

French: plaider


doubter

doubter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
doubtant (gerund participle present)

French: douter

From Old French douter, with the b added back to reflect the Latin etymology.

ils avoient tort se ils s'en doubtoient

(reflexive, se doubter de or s'en doubter) to doubt (something)


-esse

French: -esse

Inherited from Old French -ece, from Latin -itia. The modern spelling is due to a phonetic merger with etymology 2; see below. Related to -ise.

used to form nouns describing the condition of being something (-ness, -ity, etc.)


-esse

French: -esse

Inherited from Old French -esse, from Late Latin -issa, from Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa).

-ess (used to form feminine nouns from masculine ones)


regretter

regretter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
regrettant (gerund participle present)

From Old French regreter (“to lament”), from re- (“intensive prefix”) + greter (“to weep”), from Frankish *grātan (“to weep, mourn, lament”), from Proto-Germanic *grētaną (“to weep”) and Frankish *greotan (“to cry, weep”), from Proto-Germanic *greutaną (“to weep, cry”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrew- (“to weep, be sad”).


follie

French: folie


requerir

La justice requeroit que les Romains eussent raison de ce forfaict ; la difficulté en empéchoit les voyes ordinaires


pantoufle

desctree

French: pantoufle, pantouffle (obsolete)
→ Danish: tøffel (“slipper”)
→ Norwegian: tøffel
→ Swedish: toffel (“slipper”)
→ Latvian: tupele

desc

→ Middle English: pantuflis pl, pantuiffillis pl

English: pantofle, pantable, pantoble, pantoffle, pantophle, pantouffle, pantoufle, pantuffle

→ Middle Low German: pantuffel, tuffele

Low German: Tuffel

→ Dutch: pantoffel, toffel

desctree

→ Russian: туфля (tuflja)
→ Azerbaijani: tufli
→ Kazakh: туфли (tufli)
→ Uzbek: tufli

→ Spanish: pantufla, pantuflo

Of unclear origin, often considered to be from Italian pantofola.

Prendre touſiours le haut du paué, regarder par deſſus l’eſpaule, ne ſalüer qu’à demy, c’eſt eſtre inſupportablemẽt ſuperbe; ne ſe laiſſer aborder qu’à trauers les picques & les halebardes, cheminer ſur la teſte des hommes, ſe faire porter ſur leurs eſpaules, leur faire baiſer ſa pantoufle, ce ſont actions pontificales, & dignes d’vne majeſté royale, inuenit aliquid infra genua quo libertatem detruderet, dit Seneque parlant de Ceſar.

1606, Orasius Tubero [pseudonym; François de La Mothe Le Vayer], Quatre dialogues faits à l’imitation des anciens, Frankfurt: Iean Sarius, page 42:


gouverneur

French: gouverneur (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Dutch: gouverneur

Dutch: gouverneur, goeverneur (before 1996)
Afrikaans: goewerneur
Negerhollands: guwerneer
→ Lokono: gouverneur
→ Indonesian: gubernur

Limburgish: goevernäör

→ German: Gouverneur


caverne

French: caverne

From Old French caverne, from Latin caverna.


bienfait

frm-past participle

bienfait m (feminine singular bienfaite, masculine plural bienfais, feminine plural bienfaites)

bienfaite (feminine singular)
bienfais (masculine plural)
bienfaites (feminine plural)

Past participle of bienfaire, modeled on Latin benefactus.


tramper

tramper (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
trampant (gerund participle present)


-té

French: -té

-ty (suffix used to form nouns, often denoting a quality or a property)


tonnelle

desctree

→ English: tunnel
→ Afrikaans: tonnel
→ Armenian: թունել (tʻunel)
→ Czech: tunel
→ Danish: tunnel
→ Dutch: tunnel
→ Finnish: tunneli
→ French: tunnel
Haitian Creole: tinèl
→ Armenian: թիւնէլ (tʻiwnēl)
→ Ottoman Turkish: تونل (tünel), طونل (tünel)
Turkish: tünel
→ Romanian: tunel
→ German: Tunnel
→ Greek: τούνελ (toúnel)
→ Italian: tunnel
→ Japanese: トンネル
→ Korean: 터널 (teoneol)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: tunnel, tunell
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: tunnel, tunell
→ Polish: tunel
→ Portuguese: túnel
→ Russian: тунне́ль (tunnélʹ)
→ Kazakh: түнел (tünel)
→ Scottish Gaelic: tunail
→ Serbo-Croatian: tùnēl
→ Spanish: túnel
→ Swedish: tunnel
→ Uzbek: tunnel

French: tonnelle


resider

resider (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
residant (gerund participle present)


transmettre

French: transmettre

Borrowed from Latin trānsmittō, trānsmittere (“I transmit”). Cf. also Old French trametre.


bulle

French: bulle

From Old French bulle, borrowed from Latin bulla.

seal; bull (stamp in wax of authentification)


emprunter

emprunter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
empruntant (gerund participle present)

French: emprunter


estimer

estimer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
estimant (gerund participle present)

desctree

French: estimer, æstimer (obsolete)
→ Norwegian Bokmål: estimere

→ English: esteem

Etymology tree
Old Latin aestumō
Latin aestimōlbor.
Old French estimer
Middle French estimerInherited from Old French estimer, borrowed from Latin aestimō, from Old Latin aestumō. Replaced inherited Old French esmer.

etymon

to think; to consider; to have the opinion (that)


hydromancie

French: hydromancie

From Old French hydromancie, from Late Latin hydromantīa, from Ancient Greek ὑδρομαντεία (hudromanteía), compound of ὑδρο- (hudro-, “hydro-, water”) + μαντεία (manteía, “divination”).


patriote

French: patriote

→ English: patriot


y avoir

French: y avoir

Old French i avoir, from Latin hīc (“here”) and habēre (“to have”).

Il y a ung chevalier en ceste forest le plus grant et le plus merveilleux que vos veissiez oncques.

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 77:

There is a knight in this forest, the greatest and most marvellous that you will ever see.


rincer

rincer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
rinçant (gerund participle present)

French: rincer

& que le calice qu'on leur donnoit à boire, n'est que pour leur rincer la bouche

1581, Nicolas Froumenteau, Cabinet du Roy de France, dans lequel il y a trois perles préciouses d'inestimable valeur, page 112:

The chalice they were given to drink was only for them to rinse their mouths


bastonnade

French: bastonnade

From Italian bastonata, Spanish bastonada, or Provençal bastonada.

beating (specifically with a rod or stick)


ambre

From Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar, “ambergris”), from Middle Persian ʾmbl (ambar, “ambergris”).

les Indiens estiment plus l'ambre que l'encens.

1605, Pietro Andrea Mattioli, Les commentaires, svr les six livres de Pedacius Dioscoride de la matière médecinale, page 68:

Indians value amber more highly than incense.


exposer

exposer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
exposant (gerund participle present)

English: expose

French: exposer

Borrowed from Latin expōnō, expōnere, contaminated by and conjugated like poser. Cf. Old French espondre, which was inherited.


capitaine

French: capitaine
→ Walloon: captinne

From Old French capitaine, borrowed from Late Latin capitaneus.


épithète

From Latin epithetum, epitheton, from Ancient Greek ἐπίθετον (epítheton, “epithet, adjective”), the neuter of ἐπίθετος (epíthetos, “attributed, added”), from ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi, “to add on”), from ἐπι- (epi-, “in addition”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “to put”) (from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, to do”)).


Tartar

French: Tartare

Old French Tartar, from Medieval Latin Tartarus, alteration of Tatar, from a Turkic name. Influenced by Tartarus (“primeval god, underworld”).

Tartar (member of various Turkic tribes)


frere

French: frère

Norman: frère (Guernsey), fréthe (Jersey)

From Old French frere, from earlier fredre, fradre, from Latin frāter, frātrem, from Proto-Italic *frātēr, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr.


verifier

verifier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
verifiant (gerund participle present)


-ien

From Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.

patricien


repentir

French: repentir


feuillage

French: feuillage

→ Middle English: ffoylage

English: foilage, foliage

un chesne bien muny de gland et de feuillage

1609, Antoine Du Brueil, Le Sandrin, page 51:

an oak well furnished with acorns and with foliage


estable

French: étable


-if

desctree

French: -if
→ Dutch: -ief
Afrikaans: -ief
→ Indonesian: -if
→ German: -iv
→ Norwegian Bokmål: -iv
→ Turkish: -if

Inherited from Old French -if, from Latin -ivus.


fenestre

French: fenêtre, fenestre (obsolete)
Haitian Creole: fenèt
Mauritian Creole: lafnet

From Old French fenestre, from Latin fenestra.


qu'

(before vowel sound) Apocopic form of que


tabus

Perhaps back formed from tabuster. More at Modern French tabac.


entre-

entredonner

(chiefly verbal prefix) reciprocally; to each other


fournaise

French: fournaise

From Old French fornaise, from fornais, from Latin fornāx, fornācem.


veiller

veiller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
veillant (gerund participle present)

French: veiller

From Old French veillier, from Latin vigilo, vigilare.


decedé

head

decedé m (feminine singular decedee, masculine plural decedés, feminine plural decedees)

decedee (feminine singular)
decedés (masculine plural)
decedees (feminine plural)


rotter

rotter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
rottant (gerund participle present)

French: roter


sablon

French: sablon


tailloir

French: tailloir

→ Middle Dutch: taeljoor, teljuur

Dutch: taloor
→ Papiamentu: tayó
 (Belgian, West Flemish, informal)

desc

→ Middle High German: teller, teler, telier

Cimbrian: tellar

German: Teller
→ Esperanto: telero

Vilamovian: tełłer

desctree

Yiddish: טעלער (teler)
→ Esperanto: telero

→ Polish: talerz, talérz (“bowl”) (Northern Greater Poland)
→ Belarusian: тале́рка (taljérka)
→ Russian: таре́лка (tarélka)
→ Ukrainian: тарі́ль (tarílʹ), тарі́лка (tarílka)

→ Middle Low German: teller

desc

German Low German: Teller, Töller, Tüller

→ North Frisian: täliir (Halligen)

From Old French tailleor, tailleoir, equivalent to tailler (“to cut”) + -oir.

a plate or board upon which food is cut before it is served


medicin

French: médecin

medical doctor, doctor, physician (a medical professional)


achever

achever (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
achevant (gerund participle present)

French: achever

From Old French achever, from Vulgar Latin *accapāre.


pavillon

French: pavillon


aspre

French: âpre

From Old French aspre, from Latin asper, possibly a borrowing.


venin

French: venin


couille

French: couille

From Old French coille, from Old French coille, from Vulgar Latin *cōlea n pl, from Latin cōleus m sg.

(vulgar, slang) nut, ball, bollock (testicle)


vaisseau

head

vaisseau m (plural vaisseaux or vaisseaulx)

French: vaisseau


loger

loger (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
logeant (gerund participle present)


Romain

French: Romain


paradis

desctree

French: paradis
→ Niuean: paratiso
→ Russian: паради́з (paradíz)
→ Tokelauan: palatiho


correspondance

head

correspondance f (plural correspondances)

correspondence (mutual written communication)


Portugais

Portugais m (feminine singular Portugaise, masculine plural Portugais, feminine plural Portugaises)

Portugaise (feminine singular)
Portugais (masculine plural)
Portugaises (feminine plural)


corbeau

French: corbeau m
→ English: corbeau

→ English: corbie

→ Scots: corbie


visiere

French: visière

→ German: Visier

→ Dutch: vizier


aiguillette

French: aiguillette

→ English: aiglet

From Old French aguillete; equivalent to aiguille + -ette.


solliciter

solliciter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
sollicitant (gerund participle present)

→ English: solicit

French: solliciter

First known attestation 1332, borrowed from Latin sollicitō.


couardise

French: couardise


vendra

French: viendra


subiect

French: sujet


houer

houer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
houant (gerund participle present)


supposer

supposer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
supposant (gerund participle present)

From Old French supposer, borrowed from Latin suppōnō, suppōnere, altered based on poser.


anneau

French: anneau


togue

French: toge


nud

nud m (feminine singular nude, masculine plural nuds, feminine plural nudes)

nude (feminine singular)
nuds (masculine plural)
nudes (feminine plural)

French: nu

Old French nu, with the d added back to reflect the original Latin nudus.


advancer

advancer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
advançant (gerund participle present)

desctree

French: avancer
Saint Dominican Creole French: vancé
→ Danish: avancere
→ German: avancieren
→ Norwegian Bokmål: avansere
→ Romanian: avansa
Yiddish: אַװאַנסירן (avansirn)

From Old French avancier, with the -d- added to reflect the Latin prefix ad- (which was an erroneous hypercorrection as the etymon for this term, ab ante, did not contain a -d-).


intoxiquer

intoxiquer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
intoxiquant (gerund participle present)

First attested with this spelling in 1497, from Latin *intoxicō.


baptiser

baptiser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
baptisant (gerund participle present)

French: baptiser
→ Franco-Provençal: baptisiér


alterer

alterer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
alterant (gerund participle present)


iustice

French: justice

Et moult y avoit de gens tout autour pour regarder la iustice de la damoiselle

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 45:

And there were many people all around to watch the justice afforded to the lady


getter

getter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
gettant (gerund participle present)

Specifically from Old French geter, the northern variant of jeter (“to throw”)


galoper

galoper (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
galopant (gerund participle present)


empereur

French: empereur


bassin

From Old French, from Vulgar Latin baccinus, from a Celtic language.


satisfaire

Partial calque of Latin satisfacere, applying the conjugation of faire.


faisan

French: faisan
→ Romanian: fazan

Norman: faîsan (Jersey)

Inherited from Old French faisan, from Latin phāsiānus, from Ancient Greek φασιανός (phasianós).


mutuel

head

mutuel m (feminine singular mutuelle, masculine plural mutuels, feminine plural mutuelles)

mutuelle (feminine singular)
mutuels (masculine plural)
mutuelles (feminine plural)


brouette

From Old French baroueste (“barrow, dumper with one wheel”), diminutive of barot (“barrow”), from Frankish *barwa, *berwa (“barrow”), from Proto-Germanic *barwijǭ, *barwǭ (“barrow”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”).


recommander

recommander (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
recommandant (gerund participle present)

French: recommander


volubile

French: volubile


humilier

humilier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
humiliant (gerund participle present)

Il s'agenouillerent devant lui et se humilierent

15th century (date of publication), Rustichello da Pisa (original author), Mazarine Master (scribe), The Travels of Marco Polo, page 10, line 4:

(reflexive, s'humilier) to prostrate oneself; to bow


rouiller

rouiller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
rouillant (gerund participle present)


trancher

trancher (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
tranchant (gerund participle present)

French: trancher


hoste

French: hôte


courre

French: courre (verb), courir (noun)

From Old French courre, corre, from Latin currere, present active infinitive of currō.


estoile

desctree

French: étoile
Haitian Creole: zetwal
Mauritian Creole: zetwal
Seychellois Creole: zetwal
→ English: étoile, etoile
→ Italian: étoile


grys

head

grys m (feminine singular gryse, masculine plural grys, feminine plural gryses)

gryse (feminine singular)
grys (masculine plural)
gryses (feminine plural)

French: gris


Lancelot

French: Lancelot


arrester

arrester (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
arrestant (gerund participle present)

French: arrêter

et la je m'arrestay pour attendre compaignie qui alast ou pays de Berne ou le dit conte se tenoit

And there I stayed to wait for the company that was going to Berne where the aforementioned count was

(reflexive, s'arrester) to stop (stop oneself; halt oneself)


riviere

French: rivière
→ English: rivière


fronce

French: fronce

desctree

→ Middle English: frounce, ffrownce, fronce, frownce
English: frounce

Inherited from Old French fronce, from Frankish *hrunkiju (“wrinkle”) from Proto-Germanic *hrunkijō, *hrunkitō (“fold, wrinkle”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, bend”).


contree

French: contrée


excuser

excuser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
excusant (gerund participle present)

From Old French escuser, borrowed from Latin excūsō, excūsāre.


rebec

From Old French rubebe, ultimately from Arabic رَبَاب (rabāb).


baisant

head

baisant (feminine singular baisante, masculine plural baisans, feminine plural baisantes)

baisante (feminine singular)
baisans (masculine plural)
baisantes (feminine plural)

(may be preceded by en, invariable) gerund of baiser


revestir

French: revêtir


fixe

fixe m (feminine singular fixee, masculine plural fixes, feminine plural fixees)

fixee (feminine singular)
fixes (masculine plural)
fixees (feminine plural)

French: fixe

From Old French fix, borrowed from Latin fixus, from fīgō, from fīvō, from Proto-Italic *feigʷō, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ-.


bosse

French: bosse

From Old French boce. The spelling bosse (as opposed to boce) first appears circa 1389

swelling; bump (for example due to injury or illness)


chirurgien

French: chirurgien

a surgeon, a doctor who performs surgery


coiffe

From Late Latin cofia, from West Germanic origin, from Proto-West Germanic *kuffju.
See also Middle High German kupfe (“cap”), Old High German kupphia (“cap”).


estuve

French: étuve


esté

French: été


esté

French: été

summer (season lasting approximately three months)


saisine

[Ilz] prindrent la saisine du chastel

possession (act, instance of possessing)


estre

estre (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
estant (gerund participle present)


estre

French: être

desc

→ Middle English: estre (“circumstance”)


pusse

French: puce


progressif

head

progressif m (feminine singular progressive, masculine plural progressifs, feminine plural progressives)

progressive (feminine singular)
progressifs (masculine plural)
progressives (feminine plural)

First known attestation circa 1372 by Jean Corbichon (also known as Corbechon). Borrowed from Latin prōgressīvus. See below.

Vertu alant, que les clercs appellent vertu progressive

c. 1372, Jean Corbichon, Le Livre de Propriété des Choses:

progressive (favoring or promoting progress)


taisant

taisant (feminine singular taisant or taisante, masculine plural taisans, feminine plural taisans or taisantes)

taisant (feminine singular)
taisante (feminine singular)
taisans (masculine plural)
taisans (feminine plural)
taisantes (feminine plural)


diabolique

diabolic (relating to the Devil or to devils)


vertus

From Old French vertu, with the s added back to reflect its source, Latin virtus.


esperit

French: esprit

→ English: esprit

From Old French, borrowed from Latin spiritus.


froment

French: froment

desc

→? Middle English: furment, firment, frument

Inherited from Old French frument, from Latin frūmentum.


divarication

Unattested Latin *dīvāricātiō, from the verb dīvāricō (“I spread out”), from di- + vāricō (“I spread apart”).


gay

head

gay m (feminine singular gaye, masculine plural gays, feminine plural gayes)

gaye (feminine singular)
gays (masculine plural)
gayes (feminine plural)

French: gai

Variant of Old French gai, borrowed from Old Occitan gai, possibly of Germanic origin, or from Latin vagus.


saluer

saluer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
saluant (gerund participle present)

French: saluer

From Old French saluer, from Latin salūtāre, present active infinitive of salūtō.


tortue

French: tortue

Norman: tortue

→ Middle English: tortou, tortu

English: turtle

→ Irish: turtar

Borrowed from Old Occitan tortuga, tartuga.


scandale

Borrowed from Latin scandalum, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek σκάνδαλον (skándalon).

discourse, either spoken or written, which causes offense


armure

desctree

French: armure
→ English: armure
→ Romanian: armură

armor (protective clothing worn for battle)


considerer

considerer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
considerant (gerund participle present)


calomnie

→ English: calumny

French: calomnie
→ Romanian: calomnie


ambassadeur

French: ambassadeur


quoy

A quoy pensez vous ?

1602, Laurent de Paris, Le palais d'amour divin de Jésus, et de l'âme chrestienne ou toute personne tant religieuse que séculière peut apprendre à aymer Dieu en Dieu, page 9:

(interjective) what? (indicates surprise or anger)


dueil

French: deuil


celuy

French: celui


faict

Alteration of fait (based on the ultimate Latin etymology), from Old French fet < Latin factum.

Et quant il vit ce, si dist que vrayement estoient bien grans les faiz de son seigneur

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 27:

And when he saw this, he said that the feats of his knight [Lancelot] were really very great


faict

frm-past participle

faict m (feminine singular faicte, masculine plural faictz, feminine plural faictes)

faicte (feminine singular)
faictz (masculine plural)
faictes (feminine plural)


faict

French: fait (noun, verb forms)

third-person singular present indicative of faire


picquer

picquer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
picquant (gerund participle present)

French: piquer


quatriesme

French: quatrième


riffler

riffler (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
rifflant (gerund participle present)

le plat pays […] fut tout rifflé


preallable

la fin principale de laquelle gist aux vertus contemplatives, iacoit que les actions politiques soient preallables.

1577, Johannes Bodin, Les six livres de la republique, page 7:


entretenir

English: entertain

French: entretenir


baing

bain

bath (act of washing oneself in a large amount of water)


expeller

expeller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
expellant (gerund participle present)

From Old French expeller, borrowed from Latin expellō, expellere.


-eux

desctree

French: -eux, -ueux
→ Danish: -øs
→ Dutch: -eus
→ German: -ös
→ Norwegian: -øs
→ Swedish: -ös

From Old French -us, -eus, from Latin -ōsus.

pluviosus → pluvieux (“rainy”)


vocatif

English: vocative

French: vocatif

Borrowed from grammatical Latin vocativus.


fossé

French: fossé

From Old French fossé, from Late Latin fossātum, from Latin fossō.


renfler

renfler (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
renflant (gerund participle present)

(of the lungs) to reinflate; to fill with air


toupet

French: toupet (see there for further descendants)


prosodie

Borrowed from Latin prosōdia, from Ancient Greek προσῳδία (prosōidía, “song sung to music; pronunciation of syllable”), from πρός (prós, “to”) + ᾠδή (ōidḗ, “song”).

der

1572, Grammaire de P. de la Ramée. page 3-4

What is a letter? It's an indivisible sound, like in the word 'bon' there are three letters; b, o, and n. The prosody and orthography of the letters is taken from their power.

Quest ce que letre? Cest un son indivisible, comme en ce mot, Bon, il y a trois letres, b, o, n, La prosodie orthographe des letres, est prise de leur puissance.

prosody (patterns of sounds and rhythms)


n'y

ny

old manuscripts do not include the apostrophe


quester

quester (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
questant (gerund participle present)

French: quêter


Mahometan

Mahomet + -an. Literally "(one) of Muhammad".


desia

French: déjà

Le pauvre Monsieur du Pape meurt desia de peur.

The poor Pope is already dying from fear.


tunique

French: tunique (see there for further descendants)

Norman: teunique

→ Dutch: tuniek

→ English: tunic

From Old French tunique, borrowed from Latin tunica.


muraille

French: muraille


adversité

desctree

French: adversité
→ Romanian: adversitate

From Old French adversité, from Latin adversitas.


advis

French: avis
→ Norwegian Bokmål: advis
→ Norwegian Bokmål: avis
→ Kven: aviisi

From Old French avis, with the d added back to reflect the hypothetical Latin advisum.


difficulté

French: difficulté
→ Romanian: dificultate

From Old French difficulté, from Latin difficultās.


gouverner

gouverner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
gouvernant (gerund participle present)

French: gouverner
→ Romanian: guverna


huer

huer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
huant (gerund participle present)


quer

English: quire


elegie

First known attestation 1500, borrowed from Latin elegia.


voller

voller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
vollant (gerund participle present)

French: voler

(figuratively) to travel through the air; to go flying


trés

French: très
→ Esperanto: tre
→ Ido: tre


evenement

French: événement


accomplir

accomplir (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
accomplissant (gerund participle present)

French: accomplir


lassus

Old French lassus, from la (“there”) + sus (“upon; on top of”).


macter

macter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
mactant (gerund participle present)


dialecte

French: dialecte
→ Romanian: dialect
→ Turkish: diyalekt

→ English: dialect

1565, Abrégé de l'art poétique français, by Pierre de Ronsard
Tu sçauras dextrement choisir & approprier à ton œuvre les vocables plus significatifs des dialectes de nostre France, quand ceux de ta nation ne seront assez propres ne signifians, ne se faut soucier s'ils sont Gascons, Poiteuins, Normans, Manceaux, Lionnois ou d'autre pays, pourveu qu'ils soyent bons, & que proprement ils expriment ce que tu veux dire, sans affecter par trop le parler de la court, lequel est quelques-fois tresmauvai, pour estre le langage de Damoyselles et ieunes Gentils-hommes qui font plus profession de bien combattre que de bien parler.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


engendrer

engendrer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
engendrant (gerund participle present)

French : engendrer

From Old French engendrer, engenrer, angenrer.


monstrer

monstrer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
monstrant (gerund participle present)

English: muster

French: montrer

From Old French monstrer, from Latin monstrō, monstrāre.


veu

French: vu

il ne pouvoit autrement eviter nostre importunité, veu la condition de ses enfans

1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 8:


costé

French: côté

side (of an object, an animal or a person)


advenir

From Latin advenīre, present active infinitive of adveniō. Cf. also Old French avenir.

Lors commença Lancelot a compter toutes les adventures qui lui estoient advenues

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 67:

Then Lancelot started to recount all the adventures that had happened to him

là où, quand ils sont beaucoup, ils descrient tous les coups le mestier, d’autant qu’il leur advient de faire plus souvent mal que bien.

1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 37:


renommer

renommer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
renommant (gerund participle present)


practique

French: pratique

→ English: pratique

→ Romanian: practică


toupie

Voyla une belle comparaison : un enfant prend une toupie qui est un morceau de bois sans vie & le fait tellement tourner qu il semble animé

1607, Jacques Suarez de Sainte-Marie, Trésor Quadragésimal enrichi de plusieurs...considérations tant de l'Escriture Saincte que de la doctrine des Saincts Pères pour les sermons de tous les jours du Caresme, page 801:

Here is a good comparison: a child takes a spinning top which is a lifeless piece of wood and makes it spin so much it seems to be alive


esperance

→ English: esperance

French: espérance


lumiere

French: lumière

From Old French lumiere, from Late Latin luminaria.


fourneau

French: fourneau


emerger

emerger (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
emergeant (gerund participle present)

French: émerger

First known attestation 1476, borrowed from Latin emergō.

to emerge; to come out of; to rise out of


gaster

gaster (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
gastant (gerund participle present)

French: gâter

From Old French, from Latin vastāre, present active infinitive of vastō. The initial g is under the influence of Frankish *wuostjan, *wuastjan, itself from Latin vastō or from the same pre-Latin source.


defaillance

French: défaillance

→ Italian: défaillance, defaillance


perser

perser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
persant (gerund participle present)

French: percer


contribuer

contribuer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
contribuant (gerund participle present)

1340 contrebuer, 1370 contribuer. Borrowed from Latin contribuere, present active infinitive of contribuō, assimilated into the first conjugation group (regular -er suffixed verbs).

[…] selon la proporcion des pecunes qui furent contribuees.

[…] ccording to the proportion of the wealth contributed.


vanité

French: vanité

From Old French, borrowed from Latin vānitas, vānitātem.


galee

Old French galee, from Medieval Latin galea


piller

piller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
pillant (gerund participle present)

French: piller


martagon

From Old Anatolian Turkish [Term?] (Ottoman Turkish مارطغان, modern Turkish martağan), originally a style of turban.


marinier

French: marinier


symbole

symbol (image, etc. representing something)


regne

French: règne


alimenter

alimenter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
alimentant (gerund participle present)


université

French: université

university (institution of higher education)


lieue

From Late Latin leuca, leuga (“the Gaulish mile”), from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *lougā (compare Middle Breton leau, lew, Breton lev / leo (“league”)).


menteur

head

menteur m (plural menteurs, feminine singular menteuse, feminine plural menteuses)

menteurs (plural)
menteuse (feminine singular)
menteuses (feminine plural)

French: menteur


deterger

French: déterger


hypothese

French: hypothèse


nouer

nouer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
nouant (gerund participle present)

French: nouer


derver

derver (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
dervant (gerund participle present)


mosaïque

La loy mosaïque.


araire

French: araire


omelie

French: homélie

English: homily

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin homilia, itself a borrowing from Ancient Greek ὁμιλία (homilía, “company”).


parsimonie

→ English: parsimony

French: parcimonie

First known attestation 1507, borrowed from Latin parsimōnia.


policie

→ English: policy

Late Latin politia (“citizenship; government”), classical Latin polītīa (in Cicero), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía, “citizenship; polis, (city) state; government”), from πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”).


empirer

empirer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
empirant (gerund participle present)

Attested in Old French as empirier, equivalent to en- + pire (“worse”) + -er.


maternel

head

maternel m (feminine singular maternelle, masculine plural maternels, feminine plural maternelles)

maternelle (feminine singular)
maternels (masculine plural)
maternelles (feminine plural)

From Latin māternus, from māter (“mother”) with the suffix -el or from Medieval Latin māternālis.

maternal (of or relating to mothers or motherhood)


umbre

French: ombre

Old French, respelled to more closely match the Latin umbra.


calandre

French: calandre
→ English: calander

desctree

→ Dutch: kalander, klander
Afrikaans: kalander


Grec

head

Grec m (plural Grecs, feminine singular Grecque, feminine plural Grecques)

Grecs (plural)
Grecque (feminine singular)
Grecques (feminine plural)


canot

First known attestation 1599, either from cane + -ot or as an alteration of canoe (modern French canoë), or a combination of both. See above.


yver

French: hiver

From Old French yver, from Latin hībernum.


forteresse

Old French forteresce, from Medieval Latin


alternatif

alternatif m (feminine singular alternatifve, masculine plural alternatifs, feminine plural alternatifves)

alternatifve (feminine singular)
alternatifs (masculine plural)
alternatifves (feminine plural)


estranger

estranger m (feminine singular estrangere, masculine plural estrangers, feminine plural estrangeres)

estrangere (feminine singular)
estrangers (masculine plural)
estrangeres (feminine plural)


estranger

estranger m (plural estrangers, feminine singular estrangere, feminine plural estrangeres)

estrangers (plural)
estrangere (feminine singular)
estrangeres (feminine plural)

French: étranger


baster

baster (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
bastant (gerund participle present)

French: bâter

From Vulgar Latin *bastō (“to carry; serve as a support”).


probleme

desctree

French: problème
→ Luxembourgish: Problem
→ Polish: problem
→ Romanian: problemă
→ Turkish: problem

→ Middle English: probleme, problem
English: problem
→ Welsh: problem
Scots: problem

From Latin problēma, from Ancient Greek πρόβλημα (próblēma).


recouvrer

recouvrer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
recouvrant (gerund participle present)

French: recouvrer

From Old French recovrer, from Latin recuperāre.

to recover (get back into one's possession)


pourchasser

pourchasser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
pourchassant (gerund participle present)

French: pourchasser


visqueux

head

visqueux m (feminine singular visqueuse, masculine plural visqueux, feminine plural visqueuses)

visqueuse (feminine singular)
visqueux (masculine plural)
visqueuses (feminine plural)

French: visqueux

→ English: viscous

From Old French viscous, borrowed from Late Latin viscosus, from Latin viscum.

viscous (of a liquid, thick; tending to flow slowly)


tournoyer

tournoyer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
tournoyant (gerund participle present)

French: tournoyer

to participate in a tourney (medieval tournament); to tourney


dilater

dilater (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
dilatant (gerund participle present)

Attested at least as early as 1314, borrowed from Latin dīlātō.

La ou la mer s'espant et se dilate

In the place where the sea expands and spreads out

(reflexive, se dilater) to spread out; to cover a larger area than before


vessie

French: vessie


occire

French: occire

From Old French ocire, from Vulgar Latin *aucidere, from Latin occīdere, present active infinitive of occīdō.


confesser

confesser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
confessant (gerund participle present)


trembler

trembler (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
tremblant (gerund participle present)

French: trembler


embuscade

French: embuscade


rejecter

rejecter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
rejectant (gerund participle present)


feut

third-person singular indicative past historic of estre


creance

From Old French creance, croiance, from Late Latin credentia, or from créant.


mandement

French: mandement


contrainte

From the feminine of contraint, constraint.


croisade

French: croisade


parfumer

parfumer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
parfumant (gerund participle present)
ayant + past participle (gerund multiword-construction participle present)
parfumé (participle past)
parfume (present singular)
parfumes (present second-person singular)
parfume (present singular third-person)
parfumons (first-person plural present)
parfumez (plural present second-person)
parfument (plural present)
parfumais (imperfect singular)
parfumais (imperfect second-person singular)
parfumait (imperfect singular third-person)
parfumions (first-person imperfect plural)
parfumiez (imperfect plural second-person)
parfumaient (imperfect plural)
parfumai (historic past singular)
parfumas (historic past second-person singular)
parfuma (historic past singular third-person)
parfumâmes (first-person historic past plural)
parfumâtes (historic past plural second-person)
parfumèrent (historic past plural)
parfumerai (future singular)
parfumeras (future second-person singular)
parfumera (future singular third-person)
parfumerons (first-person future plural)
parfumerez (future plural second-person)
parfumeront (future plural)
parfumerais (conditional singular)
parfumerais (conditional second-person singular)
parfumerait (conditional singular third-person)
parfumerions (conditional first-person plural)
parfumeriez (conditional plural second-person)
parfumeraient (conditional plural)
future of avoir + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect)
future of avoir + past participle (first-person future multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect second-person)
future of avoir + past participle (future multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional first-person multiword-construction perfect plural second-person)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect second-person)
conditional of avoir + past participle (conditional multiword-construction perfect singular third-person)
parfumions (first-person plural present)
parfumiez (plural present second-person)
parfument (plural present third-person)
parfumasse (imperfect singular)
parfumasses (imperfect second-person singular)
parfumât (imperfect singular third-person)
parfumassions (first-person imperfect plural)
parfumassiez (imperfect plural second-person)
parfumassent (imperfect plural third-person)
parfume (imperative second-person singular)
parfumons (first-person imperative plural)
parfumez (imperative plural second-person)

French: parfumer

Probably borrowed from Old Occitan parfumer or Italian perfumare, from Latin per- + fumāre.


emplir

French: emplir


cauterizer

cauterizer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
cauterizant (gerund participle present)

French: cautériser

Je ne croy pas qu'une ame cauterizée sçeut contrefaire une telle assurance


combinaison

combination (act; instance of combining)


marchandise

French: marchandise

merchandise (something intended to be sold)


diversité

French: diversité

From Old French diversité, from Latin dīversitās.

diversity (variety; diverse types or examples)


maistre

French: maître (see there for further descendants)


renoncer

French: renoncer


goust

French: goût (see there for further descendants)

→ Dutch: goeste (archaic)

→ West Flemish: goeste

From Old French goust, from Latin gustus.


françoys

françoys m (feminine singular françoyse, masculine plural françoys, feminine plural françoyses)

françoyse (feminine singular)
françoys (masculine plural)
françoyses (feminine plural)

French (relating to the French language)


françoys

French: français


bobelineur

Compare with the verb bobeliner and the noun bobelin.

[…] et Honoré, par un contraste parfait, appartenait à la roture la plus infime de Paris, fils d'un maître juré bobelineur, c'est-à-dire, en termes vulgaires, d'un misérable savetier;…

1840, Étienne Leon Lamothe-Longon, Napoléon, sa famille, ses amis, ses généraux, ses ministres et ses contemporains.:


bobeliner

bobeliner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
bobelinant (gerund participle present)


cabasser

cabasser (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
cabassant (gerund participle present)


esbahir

French: ébahir


escrire

French: écrire

From Old French escrire, escrivre, from Latin scrībō, scrībere.


montaigne

French: montagne


veoir

desctree

French: voir
Saint Dominican Creole French: voir
Haitian Creole: wè

From Old French veoir, from Latin videō, vidēre.


cuer

French: chœur

(→English: choir)


gouster

gouster (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
goustant (gerund participle present)

French: goûter

From Old French gouster, goster, from Latin gustō, gustāre. Compare Spanish gustar and Italian gustare.


loyauté

French: loyauté


issir

French: issir (archaic), issu (past participle, still commonly used)

→ Irish: eisigh

From Old French issir, eissir, from Latin exeō, exīre.


translater

translater (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
translatant (gerund participle present)

French: translater

From Old French translater, from Latin translatio (“movement”). Cognate with English translate.


prestre

French: prêtre


scolopendre

French: scolopendre

Borrowed from Latin scolopendra/scolopendrium, from Ancient Greek σκολόπενδρα (skolópendra)/σκολόπένδριο (skolópéndrio).
Mentioned in Olivier de Serres' Théâtre d'Agriculture et mesnage des champs (1600).

Asplenium scolopendrium
Asplenium scolopendrium#Translingual

hart's-tongue fern (Asplenium scolopendrium)

Dictionnaire de la langue française
Olivier de Serres
Émile Littré


respondre

French: répondre


lapereau

French: lapereau

Probably of Iberian origin (compare Portuguese láparo). See also Latin lepus, of same origin.


affamer

affamer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
affamant (gerund participle present)


lunaire

French: lunaire


estes

French: êtes

second-person plural present indicative of estre


Gaule

French: Gaule

From Old French Gaule, Waulle, of Frankish origin, from *Walhaland.


dolent

head

dolent m (feminine singular dolente, masculine plural dolents, feminine plural dolentes)

dolente (feminine singular)
dolents (masculine plural)
dolentes (feminine plural)

French: dolent


visconte

desctree

French: vicomte
→ Arabic: فيكونت (vīkōnt)
→ Azerbaijani: vikont
→ English: vicomte
→ Ottoman Turkish: ویقونت (vikont)
Turkish: vikont
→ Persian: ویکنت (vikont)
→ Russian: вико́нт (vikónt)
→ Uzbek: vikont

→ Irish: bíocunta


trouveur

head

trouveur m (plural trouveurs, feminine singular trouveresse, feminine plural trouveresses)

trouveurs (plural)
trouveresse (feminine singular)
trouveresses (feminine plural)

→ French: trouveur

From trouver (“to find, invent”) + -eur. Or from Old French troveor (objective/accusative case), itself from the verb trover + -eor, or possibly corresponding to a Gallo-Vulgar Latin *tropatōre(m), accusative of *tropātor, from the verb *tropō, tropāre, from Latin tropus. Cognate to Occitan trobador. See also Modern French troubadour, which was taken from Old Occitan.


demonstrer

demonstrer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
demonstrant (gerund participle present)

From Old French demonstrer, demoustrer, from Latin dēmonstrō, with re-Latinized spelling.


resigner

resigner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
resignant (gerund participle present)

→ English: resign

French: résigner

(reflexive, se resigner à) to resign oneself to


minorer

minorer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
minorant (gerund participle present)

French: minorer

(transitive) to diminish the importance (of)


desver

desver (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
desvant (gerund participle present)


abayer

abayer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
abayant (gerund participle present)

French: aboyer


ployer

ployer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
ployant (gerund participle present)

French: ployer


meurs

French: mœurs

Un homme de bonnes meurs

1595, Michel de Montaigne, Essais, book II, chapter 31:


deifier

deifier (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
deifiant (gerund participle present)

French: déifier


soldatesque

soldatesque m or f (plural soldatesques)


indemnité

First known attestation 1369, borrowed from Latin indemnitās.


corporel

corporel m (feminine singular corporelle, masculine plural corporels, feminine plural corporelles)

corporelle (feminine singular)
corporels (masculine plural)
corporelles (feminine plural)


feurre

French: feurre


contenement

c'estoit grant beaulté de veoir leur contenement

It was a beautiful thing to see their behavior


chaire

desctree

French: chaire, chaise
→ Alemannic German: Scheese
→ English: chaise
⇒ English: shay (archaic)
Louisiana Creole: lashèz, lashèj, shèj, shèz

From Old French chaiere, from Latin cathedra (“seat”), from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra).

Apportez moy a ce bout de table une chaire.

1552, François Rabelais, Le Tiers Livre:

Bring me a chair to the end of this table.


cosaque

French: cosaque m sg

→ Dutch: kozak m sg

→ English: Cossack m sg

From Polish Kozak, from Ukrainian коза́к (kozák), from Turkic.


ordonner

ordonner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
ordonnant (gerund participle present)

French: ordonner
→ Romanian: ordona

From Old French ordiner, and influenced by donner.


heurter

heurter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
heurtant (gerund participle present)

si se heurta si durement a une pierre qu'il se fist une grande playe en la teste

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 39:

then he collided with such a force into a stone that he gave himself a large wound on his head

(reflexive, se heurter) to collide (with something)


cirage

French: cirage

waxing, polishing, wax, polish (act of waxing or polishing)


negre

French: nègre

Borrowed from Spanish negro, from Latin nigrum, the accusative form of niger (“black”).

person of African descent [from 16th c.]


ancestre

French: ancêtre

[L]isant les belles chronicques de ses ancestres

While reading the chronicles of his ancestors


astronomique

head

astronomique m or f (plural astronomiques)


amadouer

amadouer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
amadouant (gerund participle present)

from Old Norse mata (“to lure, feed”), from Proto-Germanic *matōną, *matjaną (“to feed, eat”), from Proto-Indo-European *meh₂d- (“wet”). Cognate with Icelandic mata (“to bait, allure”), Danish made (“to feed”), Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (matjan, “to eat, have a meal”), Old English mete (“food”). More at meat.

cog

to coax; to sweet-talk (persuade gradually)


surnommer

surnommer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
surnommant (gerund participle present)


messagerie

French: messagerie

(Christianity) mission (function of a missionary; to deliver the word of God)

function of a messenger; the delivery of messages


ridez

masculine plural of the past participle of rider

second-person plural present indicative of rider

second-person plural imperative of rider


trophée

desctree

French: trophée
→ Norwegian: trofé
→ Romanian: trofeu
→ Swedish: trofé

→ Dutch: trofee, tropee (archaic), trophee (dated)
Afrikaans: trofee

→ English: trophy
→ Japanese: トロフィー (torofī)
→ Korean: 트로피 (teuropi)
→ Malayalam: ട്രോഫി (ṭrōphi)

Borrowed from Latin trophaeum, tropaeum, from Ancient Greek τρόπαιον (trópaion, “monument of an enemy's defeat”), from neuter of τροπαῖος (tropaîos, “of defeat”), from τροπή (tropḗ, “a rout, a turning of an enemy”).

der

memorial (structure commemorating an event)


ridé

frm-past participle

ridé m (feminine singular ridee, masculine plural ridez, feminine plural ridees)

ridee (feminine singular)
ridez (masculine plural)
ridees (feminine plural)


aprés

French: après (see there for further descendants)

Yvain […] s'en alla aprez le geyant

1488, Jean Dupré, Lancelot du Lac, page 25:


couillon

French: couillon

→ Alemannic German: Gajung

→ German: Kujon (see there for further descendants)

Il est (dist lors frere Ian) sourd. Il n'entend ce que tu luy diz couillon.

He is (said their brother Jan) deaf. He can't hear what you say, dickhead.


vye

French: vie


casuel

head

casuel m (feminine singular casuelle, masculine plural casuels, feminine plural casuelles)

casuelle (feminine singular)
casuels (masculine plural)
casuelles (feminine plural)

French: casuel

→ English: casual

First known attestation 1370, borrowed from Latin cāsuālis.


chasteté

French: chasteté


voye

French: voie


moy

French: moi


ã

chãter (chanter)

chãp (champ)

The letter a with a tilde. Used to replace the sequence an or am


ẽ

ẽtrer (entrer)

tẽps (temps) ― time

The letter e with a tilde. Used to replace the sequence en or em.


dextre

French: dextre

Borrowed from Latin dexter, dextra or dextera. Replaced the inherited Old French destre.


loy

French: loi

From Old French loi, from Latin lex, legem.


corroder

→ Middle Dutch: corroderen

Dutch: corroderen

French: corroder
→ German: korrodieren


prosperer

prosperer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
prosperant (gerund participle present)

Elle fut par moy humblement adorée, et requise que son plaisir fust prosperer ma vision. (L’Arcadie-Trad-Massin, translated by M.Vascosan and G.Corrozet, first published 1544, available on Wikisource)


luy

French: lui


ilz

French: ils


bruyt

French: bruit


mynuyt

French: minuit


nuyt

French: nuit
Haitian Creole: nwit


guyde

→ English: guide

French: guide


amye

French: amie


buysson

French: buisson


chastaignier

French: châtaignier


chesne

French: chêne


chascun

chascun m (feminine chascune, masculine plural chascuns, feminine plural chascunes)

chascune (feminine)
chascuns (masculine plural)
chascunes (feminine plural)

We repeated this four times under our breaths; then each one of us cleansed our hands in the water from the fountain.

Ceste oraison dicte par quatre foys, & autant par nous taisiblement murmurée, chascun pour se purger se lava les mains d’eau de fontaine vive (L'Arcadie-Trad-Massin, published 1544, Paris)


chascun

chascun m (feminine singular chascune, masculine plural chascuns, feminine plural chascunes)

chascune (feminine singular)
chascuns (masculine plural)
chascunes (feminine plural)

French: chacun


deité

French: déité

→ English: deity


ruysseau

French: ruisseau


beaulté

French: beauté

Old French biauté, later beauté, with the l added back to reflect the Latin etymon bellus.


ryme

→ English: rhyme

French: rime


despouiller

despouiller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
despouillant (gerund participle present)

French: dépouiller

From Old French despoillier, from Latin despoliare.

She went amongst her friends, who had also stripped the prairie of its dignity.

elle se mesla parmi ses compaignes : lesquelles ayant außi despouillé la prarie de sa dignite (L'Arcadie-Trad-Massin, published 1544, Paris)

Lois le fist despoullier tout nu

(reflexive, se despouiller) to undress oneself; to get undressed


estinceller

estinceller (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
estincellant (gerund participle present)

French: étinceler


escouter

escouter (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
escoutant (gerund participle present)

French: écouter


importuner

importuner (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
importunant (gerund participle present)


poysson

French: poisson


bergier

bergier m (plural bergiers, feminine singular bergiere, feminine plural bergieres)

bergiers (plural)
bergiere (feminine singular)
bergieres (feminine plural)

French: berger


oyseau

French: oiseau


beuf

French: bœuf


espaule

French: épaule


toquer

toquer (infinitive)
avoir + past participle (infinitive multiword-construction)
toquant (gerund participle present)

Old Northern French toquer, from Vulgar Latin *tucco (“I strike, knock, touch”).


fresne

French: frêne