word

wordes (plural)
word (plural)
vord (alternative)
weord (alternative)
woord (alternative)
worde (alternative)
wourd (alternative)
wurd (alternative)

English: word

Middle Scots: word, wourd

Scots: wird, word, wurd

From Old English word, from Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om. Doublet of verbe.

IN þe bigynnyng was þe woꝛd .· ⁊ þe woꝛd was at god / ⁊ god was þe woꝛd

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:1, page 44r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word.


quarter

quarters (plural)
quartere (alternative)
quartier (alternative)
quartre (alternative)
quater (alternative)
quatere (alternative)
quatter (alternative)
qwarter (alternative)
wharter (alternative)

English: quarter

Scots: quarter, corter

Yola: curthere, cortere

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quarter, from Latin quartārius.

(heraldry) A fourth part of a coat of arms.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
A fourth part of a coat of arms.


red

English: red

Scots: rede, reid

Yola: reed

From Old English rēad, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós.

redde (alternative)
reed (alternative)
read (alternative)
ræd (alternative)


ostrich

ostriches (plural)
ostriche (alternative)
ostrige (alternative)
ostryche (alternative)

English: ostrich

Scots: ostriche (obsolete)

→ Welsh: estrys

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ostrige and continental Old French ostruce, from Vulgar Latin *austrūthiō.

(rare, heraldry) A heraldic image of an ostrich.


rose

roses (plural)
rosen (plural)
roose (alternative)
rosse (alternative)
roos (alternative)
ros (alternative)

English: rose (see there for further descendants)

Scots: rose

Yola: rowse

From Old English rōse, from Latin rosa. Reinforced and remodelled on Old French rose, from the same Latin source.

(heraldry) The rose as a heraldic emblem.


vert

English: vert

Borrowed from Old French vert, from Late Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis.

verd (alternative)
verte (alternative)
wert (alternative)


vert

English: vert


swan

swannes (plural)
suan (alternative)
swane (alternative)
swanne (alternative)
sqwan (alternative East-Anglia)
swon (alternative West-Midlands)

English: swan

Scots: swan

From Old English swan, from Proto-West Germanic *swan, from Proto-Germanic *swanaz.


flesh

English: flesh

Scots: flesch

Yola: vleash, vlesh

Inherited from Old English flǣsċ, from Proto-West Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).

der

flech (alternative)
fleesh (alternative)
fleisch (alternative)
fleische (alternative)
fleish (alternative)
flesch (alternative)
flesche (alternative)
fless (alternative)
flessh (alternative)
flæsc (alternative Early-Middle-English)
flæsch (alternative Early-Middle-English)
flæsh (alternative Early-Middle-English)

(Christianity, theology) A communion wafer


light

lightes (plural)
lighte (alternative)
lyght (alternative)
lyghte (alternative)
liȝt (alternative)
liȝte (alternative)
lyȝt (alternative)
lyȝte (alternative)
lijȝt (alternative)
liȝht (alternative)
lyȝht (alternative)
lyȝhte (alternative)
liȝth (alternative)
lyȝth (alternative)
ligt (alternative)
lygtte (alternative)
ligth (alternative)
liht (alternative)
lihte (alternative)
lyht (alternative)
lyhte (alternative)
lith (alternative)
lithe (alternative)
lyth (alternative)
lythe (alternative)
litht (alternative)
lite (alternative)
lyte (alternative)
lit (alternative)
lytte (alternative)
lichte (alternative)
lict (alternative)
licth (alternative)
liste (alternative)
leoht (alternative)
leocht (alternative)
loht (alternative)

English: light

Geordie English: leet

Scots: licht

Yola: lhygt

From Old English lēoht (“light, daylight; power of vision; luminary; world”), from Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from the root *lewk- (“light”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English lēoht
Middle English light


round

roundes (plural)
rond (alternative)
rounde (alternative)
roun (alternative)
rount (alternative)
roende (alternative Late-Middle-English)
rown (alternative Late-Middle-English)
rowne (alternative Late-Middle-English)
rownd (alternative Late-Middle-English)
rowndde (alternative Late-Middle-English)
rownde (alternative Late-Middle-English)
rowunde (alternative Late-Middle-English)

English: round

Geordie English: roond

Scots: round, roond

Yola: rent

Borrowed from Old French reont, from Late Latin retundus, from Latin rotundus.

(fencing, rare) A sweeping or swinging strike.


difference

enm-noun

difference (plural differences or difference)

differences (plural)
difference (plural)
differens (alternative)
defference (alternative)
defferense (alternative)
dyfferens (alternative)

English: difference

Scots: difference

From Old French difference, from Latin differēntia; equivalent to differren (“to postpone”) + -ence.

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic cadency for a family's junior branch.


power

desctree

English: power, powre (obsolete)
→ German: Power

Middle Scots: power, powar

Scots: pouer, pooer, pour, power

→ Welsh: power, pŵer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman poer, poeir, pouer, from Late Latin potēre, regularisation of Latin posse.

poeir (alternative)
poer (alternative)
pouer (alternative)
pouweer (alternative)
pouwer (alternative)
pouwere (alternative)
powair (alternative)
powere (alternative)
poiar (alternative Late-Middle-English)
pouoir (alternative Late-Middle-English)
poure (alternative Late-Middle-English)
powr (alternative Late-Middle-English)
puere (alternative Late-Middle-English)
puwer (alternative Late-Middle-English)


metal

metalles (plural)
matall (alternative)
mataylle (alternative)
metail (alternative)
metaille (alternative)
metall (alternative)
metalle (alternative)
metel (alternative)
metell (alternative)
metelle (alternative)
mettall (alternative)
mettel (alternative)

English: metal, mettle

Scots: metal

→ Welsh: metel

Borrowed from Old French metal, from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

(heraldry, rare) metal (class of tinctures)


band

bandes (plural)
bande (alternative)
bend (alternative)
bond (alternative)
boond (alternative)
bonde (alternative)
bound (alternative)

English: band, bend, bond

Scots: band, bend

Inherited from Old English bend, from Proto-Germanic *bandiz; vocalism is influenced by Old Norse band and Old French bande.

A strip of a material used to tie or bind; a band:

(heraldry, rare) A diagonal stripe or band.


original

originals (plural)
oryginall (alternative)
origynall (alternative)
orygynal (alternative)
orygynall (alternative)
origynal (alternative)
oryginal (alternative)
oregynall (alternative)
originalle (alternative)
originall (alternative)

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

From Old French original, from Late Latin orīginālis; equivalent to origyne + -al.

(rare, religion) the making of the universe


stien

stien (infinitive)
to stien (infinitive)
stie (infinitive)
stie (first-person present singular)
stie (first-person past singular)
stied (first-person past singular)
stiest (present second-person singular)
stie (past second-person singular)
stiedest (past second-person singular)
stieth (present singular third-person)
stie (past singular third-person)
stied (past singular third-person)
stie (present singular subjunctive)
stie (past singular subjunctive)
stied (past singular subjunctive)
stie (imperative present singular)
stien (plural present)
stie (plural present)
stien (past plural)
stie (past plural)
stieden (past plural)
stiede (past plural)
stieth (imperative plural present)
stie (imperative plural present)
stiynge (participle present)
stiende (participle present)
stien (participle past)
stie (participle past)
stied (participle past)
ystien (participle past)
ystie (participle past)
stiȝen (alternative)
stiȝan (alternative)
stiȝe (alternative)
steȝen (alternative)
steye (alternative)
stihen (alternative)
styen (alternative)

English: sty (obsolete)

From Old English stīgan, from Proto-Germanic *stīganą, from Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti.

To travel vertically; to ascend or descend:

(religion) To enter heaven by ascension.


supernatural

English: supernatural

Scots: supernatural

From Middle French supernaturel, from Latin supernātūrālis; equivalent to super- + natural.

(Late Middle English, religion) Deity-related; from God.


rust

English: rust

Scots: roost, roust

From Old English rust, rūst, from Proto-West Germanic *rust, *rost, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz.

rost (alternative)
roste (alternative)
roust (alternative)
rouste (alternative)
ruste (alternative)

(horticulture) A fungal disease of plants.


cross

crosses (plural)
cros (alternative)
croz (alternative)
crosse (alternative)
crosce (alternative)

English: cross
→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)

Scots: cross, cros

From Old English cros, borrowed from Old Norse kross, borrowed from Old Irish cros, borrowed from Latin crux. Doublet of crouche and croys.

A representation of a cross; the cross as a Christian symbol:

(figurative) The cross in Christian metaphor:

(biblical) Christianity; the Christian religion.

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Christianity; the Christian religion.


horn

hornes (plural)
horne (alternative)
orn (alternative)

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).

(rare, heraldry) A heraldic depiction of a horn.

A horn (keratinous growth):
A heraldic depiction of a horn.


antelope

antelopes (plural)
antlop (alternative)
anteloppe (alternative)
antyloppe (alternative)
antlope (alternative)
antilope (alternative)
antelop (alternative)

English: antelope
→ Irish: antalóp
→ Manx: antelope

Scots: antelope

From Old French antelop, from Medieval Latin antilops, from Byzantine Greek ἀνθόλοψ (anthólops).


table

tables (plural)
tablen (plural)
tabel (alternative)
tabil (alternative)
tabul (alternative)
tabyl (alternative)
tabyle (alternative)
tabyll (alternative)
tabulle (alternative)
tabele (alternative)
tabill (alternative)

English: table (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: tyeble

Scots: table

→ Welsh: tabl

From a combination of Old French table and Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, both from Latin tabula.

(biblical) The physical Ten Commandments handed down from heaven.


harpe

English: harp


worm

wormes (plural)
wormen (plural)
werm (alternative)
wirm (alternative)
wurm (alternative)
wyrm (alternative)
wyrme (alternative)
wrim (alternative)
worme (alternative)

English: worm

Scots: worm, wirm

From Old English wyrm, from Proto-West Germanic *wurmi, from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis.


actual

English: actual

Scots: actual

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman actuel and Late Latin āctuālis; equivalent to act + -al.

actuale (alternative)
actualle (alternative)
actuelle (alternative)


stale

English: stale

Probably from uncommon Anglo-Norman estale (“pigeon used to lure hawks”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic, probably *standaną (“to stand”).

bor

Stale, of fowlynge or byrdys takynge, stacionaria.

(falconry, hunting) A live bird to lure birds of prey or others of its kind into a trap


bride

brides (plural)
bruden (plural)
brid (alternative)
bryd (alternative)
bryde (alternative)
brud (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
brude (alternative Southern West-Midlands)

English: bride

Scots: bride

Yola: breede

Inherited from Old English brȳd, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).


trace

traces (plural)
traas (alternative)
trase (alternative)

English: trace

Scots: trace

From Old French trace, from tracer, tracier.


bord

bordes (plural)
borden (plural)
borde (alternative)
boorde (alternative)
boord (alternative)
burd (alternative)
bourd (alternative)
bourde (alternative)
burde (alternative)

English: board

Scots: buird, brod

Yola: borde

A table (especially one used for craftsmanship).

(religion) An altar; a table used for religious purposes.


sirup

sirupes (plural)
sirupe (alternative)
siruppe (alternative)
syrop (alternative)
syroppe (alternative)
syrope (alternative)
sirop (alternative)
syrip (alternative)
syrippe (alternative)

desctree

English: syrup
→ Gujarati: સીરપ (sīrap)
→ Hebrew: סירופ (siróp)
→ Japanese: シラップ (shirappu)
→ Korean: 시럽 (sireop)
→ Marshallese: jurub
→ Tsonga: sirapu
→ Welsh: surop, syrop, syrup, syryp
→ Zulu: isiraphu

Scots: seerup

From Old French sirop, from Medieval Latin siruppus, syrupus, from Arabic شَرَاب (šarāb).

(cooking) A watery sauce based around wine.


floury

English: flowery, floury

fflowre (alternative)
flourre (alternative)
flure (alternative)
flory (alternative)
floure (alternative)

(cooking, rare) Blanketed in flour; floury.


bole

boles (plural)
bolen (plural)
bule (alternative)
bul (alternative)
bolle (alternative)
boule (alternative)
bool (alternative)
boole (alternative)

English: bull

Scots: bul, bull

From a mixture of Old English bula, *bulla, and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô.


cite

cites (plural)
cete (alternative)
cetee (alternative)
cetie (alternative)
cety (alternative)
citee (alternative)
citie (alternative)
citty (alternative)
city (alternative)
cyte (alternative)
cyty (alternative)
sete (alternative)
scite (alternative)
site (alternative)
syte (alternative)
syty (alternative)

English: city (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ceety, ceetie


lien

enm-verb

lien (third-person singular simple present lieth, present participle liende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle liidaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

lieth (present singular third-person)
liende (participle present)
li (alternative)
lie (alternative)

English: lye

From Old French lier, liier (“to tie up, connect”), from Latin ligāre (“to tie, bind”).

to bind (ground meat, etc. with eggs, sauce, etc.)


lien

liens (plural)
lieine (alternative)
leine (alternative)

English: lien

From Middle French lien (“tie, strap”), from Latin ligāmen (“bandage, band, tie”).


whit

head

whit (plural and weak singular white, comparative whitter, superlative whittest)

white (plural)
white (singular weak)
whitter (comparative)
whittest (superlative)
hwit (alternative)
white (alternative)
whyte (alternative)
whitt (alternative)
whytt (alternative)
whyt (alternative)
whiȝt (alternative)
qwyght (alternative)
ȝwijt (alternative)
wyghte (alternative)
whiyt (alternative)
whijt (alternative)

English: white (see there for further descendants)

Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white

Yola: whit

Inherited from Old English hwīt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīt, from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz.


chef

English: chief (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chief

From Old French chief, from Latin caput.

cheef (alternative)
cheefe (alternative)
chefe (alternative)
chief (alternative)
chif (alternative)
chife (alternative)
chyeef (alternative)
chyff (alternative)


fret

frettes (plural)
ffrett (alternative)
frett (alternative)

English: fret

Borrowed from Old French fret, past participle of fraindre; compare freten (“to decorate”).


riot

riotes (plural)
riaut (alternative)
riote (alternative)
ryot (alternative)
ryote (alternative)
ryat (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryaute (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryette (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryott (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryotte (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryout (alternative Late-Middle-English)

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riot, riote, of unknown origin.

(hunting) A situation where a hound is misled by scents other than the quarry.


helm

helmes (plural)
helmen (plural)
helme (alternative)
hælm (alternative)
halm (alternative)
healm (alternative)

English: helm

Scots: helm

→ Welsh: helm

From Old English helm, from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz.

(rare, biblical) The crown of thorns that Jesus wore.


ponder

From Latin ponderis, pondere, etc., inflected forms of pondus (“weight”).

(glassblowing) A fourteenth-century unit of glass.


officer

officers (plural)
offecer (alternative)
officeer (alternative)
officeere (alternative)
officere (alternative)
officiare (alternative)
officier (alternative)
offiser (alternative)
offycer (alternative)
offycere (alternative)
offyseer (alternative)
oficer (alternative)

English: officer

Scots: offisher

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman officer, officier, from Latin officiārius; equivalent to office + -er.

(religion) A deputy or subordinate of the forces of good or evil.


tablet

tablettes (plural)
tabelett (alternative)
tabelet (alternative)
tabblet (alternative)
tabulet (alternative)
tabulette (alternative)

English: tablet

Scots: taiblet

From Old French tablete; equivalent to table + -et.

(biblical) The Ten Commandments in physical form handed down from heaven.


sonde

sondes (plural)
sonden (plural)
sond (alternative)
soonde (alternative Late-Middle-English)
saand (alternative Northern especially)
sand (alternative Northern especially)
sande (alternative Northern especially)
saande (alternative)
saynd (alternative)
send (alternative)
sound (alternative Southern)
sunde (alternative Southern)

desc

dialectal; influenced by the verb <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">send</i>

English: saind, send (dialectal; influenced by the verb send)

influenced by the verb <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmw-msc">send</i>

Middle Scots: send (influenced by the verb send)

Scots: send

Inherited from Old English sand, sond, from Proto-West Germanic *sandu, from Proto-Germanic *sandō.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

A message; information communicated or conveyed:

(religion) A divine ordinance or commandment.

(religion) A divinely-bestowed favour or present.


Abraham

English: Abraham

Scots: Abraham, Aubrahaum, Aubrahawm, Awbrahawm

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:1–2, page 1r, column 2, lines 1–5; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


dette

dettes (plural)
dett (alternative)
det (alternative)
debte (alternative)
deatte (alternative)
debt (alternative)

English: debt

Scots: det, debt

From Old French dete, from Latin dēbita, from the plural of dēbitum.

and þus ȝe ſchulen pꝛeie / Oure fadir þat art in heuenes .· halewid be þi name / þi kyngdom come to / be þi wille doon in erþe .· as in heuene / ȝyue to vs þis dai oure bꝛeed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce / and foꝛȝyue to vs oure dettis .· as we foꝛȝyuen to oure dettouris / and lede vs not in to temptacioun .· but delyuere vs fro yuele amen […]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 6:9-14, page 3r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be sanctified; / your Kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth, like in heaven. / Give us our bread over other substances, / forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us, / and don't bring us into temptation, but instead save us from evil. Amen."

(theology) Sin; acts which go against the dictates of a higher power.


spore

spores (plural)
sporen (plural)
spor (alternative)
spure (alternative)
spwre (alternative)
spuyre (alternative)
spurre (alternative)
spur (alternative)
spoure (alternative)
spourre (alternative)
spowrre (alternative)
spoor (alternative)
sporre (alternative)

English: spur

Scots: spur

Yola: spourr

From Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô.

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic depiction of a spur.


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bet, past participle beten)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beten (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bet (first-person past singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bete (past second-person singular)
bet (past second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (past singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
beten (participle past)
bete (participle past)
bet (participle past)
ybeten (participle past)
ybete (participle past)
beete (alternative)
bet (alternative)
bete (alternative)
betyn (alternative)
beytt (alternative)
beaten (alternative Early-Middle-English)
byete (alternative Kent)

desctree

English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede

Scots: beat, beit

Inherited from Old English bēatan, from Proto-West Germanic *bautan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-.

(especially cooking) To crush, grind or mix; to cause to lose form.


forme

formes (plural)
form (alternative)
foorm (alternative)
foorme (alternative)
fourm (alternative)
fourme (alternative)
furme (alternative)
fform (alternative Late-Middle-English)
fforme (alternative Late-Middle-English)
fwrme (alternative)

English: form

Middle Scots: forme, fourme, furme

Scots: form; furm

Borrowed from Old French forme, fourme, from Latin fōrma, of unclear origin.
For possible differentiation in pronunciation by sense, see the usage note at Modern English form.

Form; the shape or appearance of something:

(art or religion) A representation, likeness or depiction.

(fashion) The style or specifications of a garment.

A structure, support, or frame, especially:


skyn

skynnes (plural)
skinn (alternative)
scin (alternative)
skin (alternative)
skinne (alternative)
skynne (alternative)
scyn (alternative)
sckyn (alternative)
schyn (alternative)

English: skin

Scots: skin

Yola: skien

From Old Norse skinn, from Proto-Germanic *skinþą.

(biblical) Part of the material composing a tent.


molde

English: mold, mould, mool

Scots: muild, moud

From Old English molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldu, from Proto-Germanic *muldō.

mold (alternative)
moold (alternative)
moolde (alternative)
moulde (alternative)
mowlde (alternative)
mulde (alternative)


tesen

enm-verb

tesen (third-person singular simple present teseth, present participle tesende, tesynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tesed)

teseth (present singular third-person)
tesende (participle present)
tesynge (participle present)
tesed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tesen (infinitive)
to tesen (infinitive)
tese (infinitive)
tese (first-person present singular)
tesed (first-person past singular)
tesest (present second-person singular)
tesedest (past second-person singular)
teseth (present singular third-person)
tesed (past singular third-person)
tese (present singular subjunctive)
tesed (past singular subjunctive)
tese (imperative present singular)
tesen (plural present)
tese (plural present)
teseden (past plural)
tesede (past plural)
teseth (imperative plural present)
tese (imperative plural present)
tesynge (participle present)
tesende (participle present)
tesed (participle past)
ytesed (participle past)
taise (alternative)
teise (alternative)
tese (alternative)
tesien (alternative)

English: tease

Scots: tease, taise

From Old English tǣsan, from Proto-West Germanic *taisijan


sauf

English: safe

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French sauf, from Latin salvus, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós.

saaf (alternative)
saf (alternative)
safe (alternative)
saff (alternative)
saffe (alternative)
salfe (alternative)
salve (alternative)
save (alternative)
sauff (alternative)
sawe (alternative)
sawf (alternative)
sayfe (alternative)

(religion) Undamned or saved; delivered from torment.


richesse

richesses (plural)
reches (alternative)
ricchesse (alternative)
richees (alternative)
riches (alternative)
richess (alternative)
ruchesse (alternative)
rychas (alternative)
rycheis (alternative)
ryches (alternative)
rychesce (alternative)
rychese (alternative)
rychesse (alternative)
ryhchesse (alternative)
richeise (alternative Early-Middle-English)
richeisse (alternative Early-Middle-English)
richesce (alternative Early-Middle-English)

desc

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">rich</i>

English: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich); richesse

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">rich</i>

Scots: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich)

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="yol">reeche</i>

Yola: reeches (remodelled as a plural of reeche)

Borrowed from Old French richesce, richesse, from riche (“rich”). Some forms are reinterpreted as the plural of riche (“rich”).

(in the plural, religion) (Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
(Earthly or heavenly) riches.


thraldom

English: thraldom, thralldom

Scots: thirldom

From thral + -dom, possibly as a calque of Old Norse þrældómr.

tharldome (alternative)
tharldon (alternative)
tharledom (alternative)
thraldam (alternative)
thraldome (alternative)
thralldam (alternative)
thralledom (alternative)
thyrldome (alternative)
þraldam (alternative)
þraldame (alternative)
þraldom (alternative)
þraldome (alternative)
þraldum (alternative)
þralldom (alternative)
þreldom (alternative)
ðraldom (alternative)

(religion) Spiritual subjection or control.


reformen

enm-verb

reformen (third-person singular simple present reformeth, present participle reformende, reformynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reformed)

reformeth (present singular third-person)
reformende (participle present)
reformynge (participle present)
reformed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
reformen (infinitive)
to reformen (infinitive)
reforme (infinitive)
reforme (first-person present singular)
reformed (first-person past singular)
reformest (present second-person singular)
reformedest (past second-person singular)
reformeth (present singular third-person)
reformed (past singular third-person)
reforme (present singular subjunctive)
reformed (past singular subjunctive)
reforme (imperative present singular)
reformen (plural present)
reforme (plural present)
reformeden (past plural)
reformede (past plural)
reformeth (imperative plural present)
reforme (imperative plural present)
reformynge (participle present)
reformende (participle present)
reformed (participle past)
refoorme (alternative)
reforme (alternative)
reformyn (alternative)
refourme (alternative)

English: reform

Middle Scots: reform, reforme

Scots: reform

Borrowed from Middle French and Anglo-Norman reformer, refourmer, from Latin rēfōrmō; equivalent to re- + formen (“to create”).

(surgery, horticulture) To place or set again.


salven

salveen (infinitive)
to salveen (infinitive)
salvee (infinitive)
salvee (first-person present singular)
salveed (first-person past singular)
salveest (present second-person singular)
salveedest (past second-person singular)
salveeth (present singular third-person)
salveed (past singular third-person)
salvee (present singular subjunctive)
salveed (past singular subjunctive)
salvee (imperative present singular)
salveen (plural present)
salvee (plural present)
salveeden (past plural)
salveede (past plural)
salveeth (imperative plural present)
salvee (imperative plural present)
salveynge (participle present)
salveende (participle present)
salveed (participle past)
ysalveed (participle past)
salf (alternative)
salfe (alternative)
salve (alternative)
salvyn (alternative)
sallfenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: salve

Inherited from Old English sealfian, from Proto-West Germanic *salbōn, from Proto-Germanic *salbōną; equivalent to salve + -en (infinitival suffix).

(religion) To deliver from evil or perdition.


sellen

sellen (third-person singular simple present selleth, present participle sellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative solde, past participle sold)

selleth (present singular third-person)
sellynge (participle present)
solde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sold (participle past)
sellen (infinitive)
to sellen (infinitive)
selle (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
solde (first-person past singular)
selde (first-person past singular)
sellest (present second-person singular)
soldest (past second-person singular)
seldest (past second-person singular)
selleth (present singular third-person)
solde (past singular third-person)
selde (past singular third-person)
selle (present singular subjunctive)
solde (past singular subjunctive)
selde (past singular subjunctive)
selle (imperative present singular)
sellen (plural present)
selle (plural present)
solden (past plural)
solde (past plural)
selden (past plural)
selde (past plural)
selleth (imperative plural present)
selle (imperative plural present)
sellynge (participle present)
sellende (participle present)
sold (participle past)
seld (participle past)
ysold (participle past)
yseld (participle past)
cellyn (alternative)
sel (alternative)
selle (alternative)
sellyn (alternative)
sillen (alternative)
sille (alternative)
sulle (alternative)
sullen (alternative)
syllen (alternative)
sellenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
seollen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sullan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
zelle (alternative Kent)
sulle (alternative)
sullen (alternative)
suylle (alternative)

English: sell

→ Dutch: sellen

Scots: sell

Inherited from Old English sellan, from Proto-West Germanic *salljan, from Proto-Germanic *saljaną (“to give”).

(usually negative) To give up in exchange (outside of an explicit transaction).

(religion) To sell one's soul; to consign one's soul to Hell.


savable

English: savable

Borrowed from Middle French sauvable, from Old French salvable, sauvable, from Medieval Latin salvābilis; equivalent to saven + -able.

salvable (alternative)
sauvable (alternative)

(theology) Able to be delivered from perdition.


bref

brefes (plural)
breef (alternative)
breve (alternative)
brefe (alternative)
breefe (alternative)

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

Borrowed from Old French brief, and its feminine form brieve, from Latin brevis, from Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of mery.


pryde

English: pride

Scots: pride

Inherited from Old English prȳde, prȳte; compare proud.

pride (alternative)
prowde (alternative)
pryd (alternative)
pryȝde (alternative)
pryte (alternative)
prude (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
pruede (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
pruyd (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
pruyde (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
pruyte (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
prute (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
prede (alternative Kent)
priede (alternative Kent)


assise

assises (plural)
assys (alternative)
assyse (alternative)
assyce (alternative)
assis (alternative)
assisse (alternative)
asyse (alternative)
a-sise (alternative)
asyce (alternative)
ascyse (alternative)
asysse (alternative)
a-cyse (alternative)
acyse (alternative)

English: assize

Scots: assize (now rare)

From Old French assises, from Latin assideō. Compare syse.


brede

bredes (plural)
bræde (alternative)
bræd (alternative)

Scots: brede

From Old English brǣde, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *brādō, from Proto-Germanic *brēdô (“meat, roast”). Doublet of brawne.

(hunting) One of thirty-two choice parts of a boar for roasting.


bordure

bordures (plural)
bordeure (alternative)
bordoure (alternative)
bourdour (alternative)
bourdur (alternative)

English: border; bordure

Scots: border, bordour

Borrowed from Old French bordeure; equivalent to bord (“board”) + -ure.

(heraldry) A heraldic border; a bordure.

An edge, boundary, or demarcation:
A heraldic border; a bordure.


unicorne

unicornes (plural)
unycorne (alternative)
unycorn (alternative)
unicorn (alternative)
unikorn (alternative)

English: unicorn

Scots: unicorn

From Anglo-Norman unicorne, from Latin ūnicornis.


schaken

schaken (third-person singular simple present schaketh, present participle schakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schok, past participle schaken)

schaketh (present singular third-person)
schakynge (participle present)
schok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaken (participle past)
schaken (infinitive)
to schaken (infinitive)
schake (infinitive)
schake (first-person present singular)
schok (first-person past singular)
schakest (present second-person singular)
schoke (past second-person singular)
schok (past second-person singular)
schaketh (present singular third-person)
schok (past singular third-person)
schake (present singular subjunctive)
schoke (past singular subjunctive)
schake (imperative present singular)
schaken (plural present)
schake (plural present)
schoken (past plural)
schoke (past plural)
schaketh (imperative plural present)
schake (imperative plural present)
schakynge (participle present)
schakende (participle present)
schaken (participle past)
schake (participle past)
yschake (participle past)
schac (alternative)
schake (alternative)
schakyn (alternative)
shake (alternative)
shaken (alternative)
ssake (alternative Kent)
scheken (alternative West-Midlands)
sheke (alternative West-Midlands)

English: shake

Middle Scots: schake, schaik, schack

Scots: shak, shake

Inherited from Old English sċacan, sċeacan, from Proto-West Germanic *skakan, from Proto-Germanic *skakaną.

(cooking) To mix or combine ingredients.

To shake or quake:
To mix or combine ingredients.


soule

enm-noun

soule (plural soules or soulen or (early) soule)

soules (plural)
soulen (plural)
soule (plural)
saul (alternative)
saule (alternative)
souel (alternative)
soul (alternative)
soull (alternative)
soulle (alternative)
sowel (alternative)
sowele (alternative)
sowle (alternative)
sowll (alternative)
sowyl (alternative)
sauele (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sawlæ (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sawle (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sæule (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sauel (alternative Northern)
saull (alternative Northern)
saulle (alternative Northern)
sawel (alternative Northern)
sawele (alternative Northern)
sawell (alternative Northern)
sawil (alternative Northern)
sawle (alternative Northern)
zaule (alternative Kent)

English: soul (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saul

Inherited from Old English sāwol, sāwel, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.


organe

organes (plural)
organ (alternative)
orgayn (alternative)
organt (alternative)
orgene (alternative)
orgeyn (alternative)
orgyn (alternative)
orgon (alternative)
orgone (alternative)
orgoyn (alternative)
orgoun (alternative)
orgun (alternative)
orgne (alternative)

desctree

English: organ
→ Japanese: オルガン (orugan)
→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)
→ Maori: ōkana
→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

Scots: organ

From Old French organe, orgene, from Latin organum (“implement; musical instrument”). Doublet of organum.

der

(music) A keyboard instrument that produces sound by air moved through pipes; an organ.

(music) A melody sung in counterpoint or descant; organum.


dragoun

dragouns (plural)
dragon (alternative)
dragoune (alternative)
dragun (alternative)

English: dragon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: draigon

Borrowed from Old French dragon, from Latin dracō, dracōnem, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of drake (“dragon”).

(biblical) A serpent or reptilian monster


yelow

English: yellow,

Scots: yella, yelly, yallow

From Old English ġeolu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃wós.

yelewe (alternative)
ȝelowe (alternative)
ȝelew (alternative)
ȝelow (alternative)
yelwe (alternative)
ȝelwe (alternative)
ȝalow (alternative)


saven

enm-verb

saven (third-person singular simple present saveth, present participle savynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle savedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

saveth (present singular third-person)
savynge (participle present)
saven (infinitive)
to saven (infinitive)
save (infinitive)
save (first-person present singular)
saved (first-person past singular)
savest (present second-person singular)
savedest (past second-person singular)
saveth (present singular third-person)
saved (past singular third-person)
save (present singular subjunctive)
saved (past singular subjunctive)
save (imperative present singular)
saven (plural present)
save (plural present)
saveden (past plural)
savede (past plural)
saveth (imperative plural present)
save (imperative plural present)
savynge (participle present)
savende (participle present)
saved (participle past)
ysaved (participle past)
saave (alternative)
salve (alternative)
save (alternative)
savi (alternative)
savun (alternative)
savye (alternative)
savyn (alternative)
salvin (alternative)
sauven (alternative)
sauvin (alternative)
sawvin (alternative)
safe (alternative)
saffe (alternative)
sauve (alternative)
sayve (alternative)
sovy (alternative)

English: save

Geordie English: syev

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French salver, sauver, from Latin salvō, salvāre; equivalent to sauf (“safe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(ambitransitive) To save (prevent from harm or difficulty):

(religion) To deliver from eternal torment.


trone

trones (plural)
throne (alternative)
troone (alternative)
troun (alternative)
throun (alternative)
tron (alternative)
tronne (alternative)

English: throne

Scots: throne

From Old French trone, trosne, from Latin thronus, from Ancient Greek θρόνος (thrónos).


scheld

scheldes (plural)
seeld (alternative)
seald (alternative)
sceld (alternative)
scelde (alternative)
sheld (alternative)
shild (alternative)
schild (alternative)
shelde (alternative)
scheeld (alternative)
sheeld (alternative)
schelde (alternative)
schylde (alternative)
schielde (alternative)
schilde (alternative)
sseld (alternative)

English: shield

Scots: shield, scheld, scheild

From Old English sċield, sċeld, sċild, sċyld.

(religion) Spiritual guarding or shielding.

Any form of shielding or armament:
Spiritual guarding or shielding.


rusen

enm-verb

rusen (third-person singular simple present ruseth, present participle rusende, rusynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rused)

ruseth (present singular third-person)
rusende (participle present)
rusynge (participle present)
rused (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rusen (infinitive)
to rusen (infinitive)
ruse (infinitive)
ruse (first-person present singular)
rused (first-person past singular)
rusest (present second-person singular)
rusedest (past second-person singular)
ruseth (present singular third-person)
rused (past singular third-person)
ruse (present singular subjunctive)
rused (past singular subjunctive)
ruse (imperative present singular)
rusen (plural present)
ruse (plural present)
ruseden (past plural)
rusede (past plural)
ruseth (imperative plural present)
ruse (imperative plural present)
rusynge (participle present)
rusende (participle present)
rused (participle past)
yrused (participle past)
rousen (alternative)
ruse (alternative)
ruyse (alternative)

English: ruse

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ruser, reuser; by surface analysis, ruse + -en (infinitival suffix).

surf

The mayſter hunte, anone fote hote / wyth his horne blewe thre mote / At the uncouplynge of hys houndes / wythin a whyle the herte founde is / Ihalowed, and rechaſed faſt / Longe tyme, and ſo at the laſt / Thys herte rouſed and ſtale awaye / Fro all the houndes a preuy waye

[c. 1368–1372 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Dreame of Chaucer”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […] (in Middle English), [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cclxviii, verso, column 2, lines 375–382:

The master hunter, anon foothot [at once without stopping] / with his horne blew three mote [notes] / At the uncoupling of his hounds / within a while the hart found is / Hallooed, and rechased fast / Long time, and so at the last / This hart rused and stole away / From all the hounds a privy way

(hunting) To turn to elude hunters or their hunting dogs.


enden

enden (infinitive)
to enden (infinitive)
ende (infinitive)
ende (first-person present singular)
ended (first-person past singular)
endest (present second-person singular)
endedest (past second-person singular)
endeth (present singular third-person)
ended (past singular third-person)
ende (present singular subjunctive)
ended (past singular subjunctive)
ende (imperative present singular)
enden (plural present)
ende (plural present)
endeden (past plural)
endede (past plural)
endeth (imperative plural present)
ende (imperative plural present)
endynge (participle present)
endende (participle present)
ended (participle past)
yended (participle past)
endien (alternative)
andin (alternative)
endenn (alternative)
eenden (alternative)
ende (alternative)
eende (alternative)
end (alternative)
endi (alternative)
endie (alternative)
eendyn (alternative)

English: end

Scots: ende, end

From Old English endian; equivalent to ende + -en (infinitival suffix).

(religion) To rule or have ultimate power; to realise.


matere

materes (plural)
mater (alternative)
materie (alternative)
matier (alternative)
matiere (alternative)
mateer (alternative)
matire (alternative)
matir (alternative)
matyre (alternative)
matyr (alternative)
mature (alternative)
matur (alternative)

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

Matter or stuff; that which things are composed of:

(rare, theology) The physical actions or part of a Christian ritual.


oule

oules (plural)
owle (alternative)
ule (alternative)
howle (alternative)
owlle (alternative)
oul (alternative)

English: owl

Scots: oul, ool

Inherited from Old English ūle, from Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ.


seien

English: say

Scots: say, sa

Yola: zey, zei

From Old English seċġan (“to say”), from Proto-West Germanic *saggjan, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaną.

saien (alternative)
sain (alternative)
saine (alternative)
san (alternative)
sæin (alternative)
sæcgen (alternative)
sæcgene (alternative)
sæcgæn (alternative)
sæcgan (alternative)
sægen (alternative)
sægenne (alternative)
sæggen (alternative)
sæggene (alternative)
sayen (alternative)
secgan (alternative)
secgæn (alternative)
secgon (alternative)
secgen (alternative)
secgene (alternative)
secgenne (alternative)
secȝende (alternative)
sæcgenne (alternative)
segen (alternative)
seggen (alternative)
seggon (alternative)
seggane (alternative)
segcean (alternative)
seȝȝen (alternative)
seggen (alternative)
sein (alternative)
seine (alternative)
seigen (alternative)
seiȝen (alternative)
seiȝn (alternative)
seuggen (alternative)
seyen (alternative)
seyn (alternative)
sien (alternative)
sigen (alternative)
sucgen (alternative)
sugen (alternative)
suggen (alternative)
ziggen (alternative Kent)
ziggene (alternative Kent)

To say, that is:
(ecclesiastical) To recite, to sing


wasten

enm-verb

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)
waaste (alternative)
waasten (alternative)
waaston (alternative)
waastye (alternative)
waist (alternative)
wast (alternative)
waste (alternative)
wasti (alternative)
wayst (alternative)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

(figuratively, religion) To eliminate sin.


tenour

tenours (plural)
tenor (alternative)
tenoure (alternative)
tenure (alternative)
tenur (alternative)
tenowr (alternative)
teneur (alternative)
teneure (alternative)

English: tenor

Scots: tenor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tenour, from Latin tenor.

(music) The primary musical section (tending to be the tenor)

(music, rare) A pitch as a basis for finding out pitch difference.

(music, rare) Something's vocal or musical characteristics.


drawen

enm-verb

drawen (third-person singular simple present draweth, present participle drawinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative drogh or drew, past participle drawen)

draweth (present singular third-person)
drawinge (participle present)
drogh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drawen (participle past)
drawen (infinitive)
to drawen (infinitive)
drawe (infinitive)
drawe (first-person present singular)
drogh (first-person past singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
drawest (present second-person singular)
drowe (past second-person singular)
drewe (past second-person singular)
drogh (past second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
draweth (present singular third-person)
drogh (past singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
drawe (present singular subjunctive)
drowe (past singular subjunctive)
drewe (past singular subjunctive)
drawe (imperative present singular)
drawen (plural present)
drawe (plural present)
drowen (past plural)
drowe (past plural)
drewen (past plural)
drewe (past plural)
draweth (imperative plural present)
drawe (imperative plural present)
drawynge (participle present)
drawende (participle present)
drawen (participle past)
drawe (participle past)
ydrawen (participle past)
ydrawe (participle past)
drauen (alternative)
dragen (alternative)
draghen (alternative)
draȝen (alternative)
drauhen (alternative)
draȝhenn (alternative)
drawe (alternative)
draue (alternative)
draȝe (alternative)

English: draw

Scots: draw

Yola: dra

From Old English dragan, from Proto-West Germanic *dragan. Many senses are calqued from Latin trahere.

To pull, move or draw away:
(cooking) To disembowel or gut.

To pull, move or draw away:
To disembowel or gut.

To draw, push, or impel towards (oneself); to attract:

To make or create; to cause to come about:


poynt

poyntes (plural)
poyns (plural)
poynte (alternative)
point (alternative)
pointe (alternative)
poyinte (alternative)
poinȝte (alternative)
ponte (alternative)
puinte (alternative)
pynte (alternative)
peynt (alternative)

English: point

Yola: pint, peint

Borrowed from Old French point, puint, pointe and Anglo-Norman puingte.


feeld

feeldes (plural)
feelde (alternative)
feld (alternative)
felde (alternative)
field (alternative)
veld (alternative)

English: field

desc

Scots: fielth, felth, feilth, feld, feild

(heraldry) A field (background of a shield).


bateren

enm-verb

bateren (third-person singular simple present batereth, present participle baterende, baterynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle batered)

batereth (present singular third-person)
baterende (participle present)
baterynge (participle present)
batered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bateren (infinitive)
to bateren (infinitive)
batere (infinitive)
batere (first-person present singular)
batered (first-person past singular)
baterest (present second-person singular)
bateredest (past second-person singular)
batereth (present singular third-person)
batered (past singular third-person)
batere (present singular subjunctive)
batered (past singular subjunctive)
batere (imperative present singular)
bateren (plural present)
batere (plural present)
batereden (past plural)
baterede (past plural)
batereth (imperative plural present)
batere (imperative plural present)
baterynge (participle present)
baterende (participle present)
batered (participle past)
ybatered (participle past)
batre (alternative)

English: batter

Scots: batter

Borrowed from Old French batre (< Latin battere, earlier battuere), with the Old French infinitival ending retained as if baten (“to beat”) + -eren.

(rare, music) To resound; to produce vibrations.


myst

myste (alternative)
mist (alternative)
miste (alternative)

(religion) Spiritual matters which elude understanding; mysteries.


frie

English: fry

Scots: fry

* Traditionally seen as from Old Norse frjó (“seed”), from Proto-Germanic *fraiwą, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-.
* Alternatively from Old French *frie, collateral form of froi (“spawn”), from froier, freier (“to spawn”), from Latin fricō (“to rub”).

ffry (alternative)
ffrye (alternative)
friȝe (alternative)
fry (alternative)
frye (alternative)


welthe

English: wealth

Scots: walth

Either inherited from Old English *welþ, *welþu (from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu) or formed anew from wele (“wealth”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix) on the model of helthe.

af

weelþe (alternative)
wellthe (alternative)
welt (alternative)
welth (alternative)
welþ (alternative)
welþe (alternative)
weolþe (alternative)
wilthe (alternative)
welðe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
welðhe (alternative Early-Middle-English)

Wealth, prosperity, plentifulness; a state of flourishing:

(religion) Spiritual flourishing or prosperity; salvation or reward.


braunche

braunches (plural)
brance (alternative)
branch (alternative)
branche (alternative)
braunce (alternative)
braunch (alternative)
brawnche (alternative)
bronch (alternative)
bronche (alternative)
brownch (alternative)

English: branch

Scots: branch, brainch

Borrowed from Old French branche, brance, from Late Latin branca.


licour

licours (plural)
lycour (alternative)
licowre (alternative)
liquour (alternative)
licur (alternative)
lycur (alternative)
lijkour (alternative)
lykour (alternative)
licor (alternative)
lecour (alternative)
liquore (alternative)
lycowr (alternative)

English: liquor

Scots: liquor

Borrowed from Old French licour, from Latin liquor (“fluidity; a liquid”).


ryal

ryalles (plural)
real (alternative)
rial (alternative)
reall (alternative)
riol (alternative)
ryol (alternative)
riel (alternative)

English: rial, ryal

Scots: rial, ryal

From Anglo-Norman reial, rial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of royal.

(Late Middle English, hunting) The second protrusion coming from a deer's antler.


servaunt

enm-noun

servaunt (plural servauntes or servauns)

servauntes (plural)
servauns (plural)
sarvant (alternative)
sarvaunt (alternative)
serfaunt (alternative)
servand (alternative)
servant (alternative)
servaund (alternative)
servaunte (alternative)
servaunth (alternative)
servawnt (alternative)
servont (alternative)
servonde (alternative)
serwant (alternative)
sirvand (alternative)
sirvant (alternative)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sarvant</i>

English: servant (dialectal sarvant)

Scots: servant, sairvant, servan

From Old French servent, servant, originally the present participle of servir; equivalent to serven + -ant. Doublet of serjaunt.

[…]Is verray god / this is al our sentence / That hath so good a seruant / hym to serue / This with o voys / we trowen thogh we sterue

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonne”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 171, recto, lines 418-420:

[…] is true God (this all of us believe) / who has such a good follower to serve Him. / This we believe without exception, even if we die.

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.

(religion) A follower of a deity or religious concept.


werre

werres (plural)
werren (plural rare)
ware (alternative)
wær (alternative)
weer (alternative)
weorre (alternative)
wer (alternative)
were (alternative)
werr (alternative)
weyr (alternative)
worre (alternative)

English: war

Scots: wer, weir, war

From Old English werre, wyrre, borrowed from Old Northern French werre, from Medieval Latin werra, borrowed from Frankish *werru (“confusion; quarrel”).

(religion) A moral conflict or struggle.

Non-military conflict or strife:
A moral conflict or struggle.

(hunting, rare) The struggles of one's quarry.


clappe

clappes (plural)
clap (alternative)
clapp (alternative)
klap (alternative)
claippe (alternative)
cleappe (alternative)
cleppe (alternative)

English: clap

Scots: clap

(rare, agriculture) A chattering damsel or clapper.


abominacioun

abominaciouns (plural)
abhominacioun (alternative)
abhomynacioun (alternative)
abhominacion (alternative)
abomynacioun (alternative)

English: abomination

Scots: abhomination

From Middle French abomination, from Late Latin abōminātiōnem, accusative of abōminātiō. Some forms are influenced by a purported but false relationship with Latin hominem.

(biblical) Idols; pagan religious material


provynce

provynces (plural)
provynse (alternative)
province (alternative)
provyns (alternative)

English: province
Tok Pisin: provins

Scots: province

From Old French province, from Latin provincia.

(ecclesiastical) An ecclesiastical province.


serviable

Borrowed from Middle French serviable; equivalent to serven + -able.

serveabul (alternative)
serviabyll (alternative)
servyable (alternative)
servyabull (alternative)


chaunge

chaunges (plural)
change (alternative)
chaung (alternative)
chawnge (alternative)
cheaunge (alternative)
chong (alternative)
chonge (alternative)

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒ(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːnd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French change, chaunge, from Latin cambium, from Gaulish cambion (“change”).

(rare, hunting) An attempt by a stag to escape pursuit.


herberer

English: harborer, harbourer

From herberwe + -er; compare herberjour.

harberer (alternative)
herberȝer (alternative)
herberour (alternative)
herborewer (alternative)

(hunting) One who trails a quarry to its lair.


losenge

losenges (plural)
losange (alternative)
losinge (alternative)
lossenge (alternative)
lozenge (alternative)
lozingge (alternative)

English: lozenge

Scots: lozen

From Old French losenge (“lozenge, rhombus”).


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒂗𒈗𒋀 (bēl-šarra-uṣṣur, literally “May Bel protect the king”).

der

בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar)

(biblical, historical) Balthazar, a Babylonian king mentioned in the Book of Daniel.


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒊩𒆪𒈗𒋀 (beltu-šar-uṣur).

בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar)

(biblical) Belteshazzar, the Babylonian name of the biblical prophet Daniel.


halpeni

halpenis (plural)
halfpeni (alternative)
halfpani (alternative)
alfpeni (alternative)
halpenie (alternative)
halpenei (alternative)
halpani (alternative)
alpeni (alternative)
hapeni (alternative)
helpeni (alternative)

English: halfpenny, ha'penny

Scots: halfpenny

Yola: haapney

From Late Old English halpenige, equivalent to half + peny (“penny”).

(biblical, Goddes halpenī) a coin from biblical times, a small foreign coin


chek

chekkes (plural)
chec (alternative)
check (alternative)
chekke (alternative)
cheque (alternative)
ecchekke (alternative)

English: check, cheque (see there for further descendants)

From Old French eschec, from Medieval Latin scaccus, borrowed from Arabic شَاه (šāh), borrowed from Persian شاه (šâh), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”). Compare ches.

(falconry, rare) A check. [from 15th c.]


dressen

enm-verb

dressen (third-person singular simple present dresseth, present participle dressende, dressynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dressedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

dresseth (present singular third-person)
dressende (participle present)
dressynge (participle present)
dressen (infinitive)
to dressen (infinitive)
dresse (infinitive)
dresse (first-person present singular)
dressed (first-person past singular)
dreste (first-person past singular)
dressest (present second-person singular)
dressedest (past second-person singular)
drestest (past second-person singular)
dresseth (present singular third-person)
dressed (past singular third-person)
dreste (past singular third-person)
dresse (present singular subjunctive)
dressed (past singular subjunctive)
dreste (past singular subjunctive)
dresse (imperative present singular)
dressen (plural present)
dresse (plural present)
dresseden (past plural)
dressede (past plural)
dresten (past plural)
dreste (past plural)
dresseth (imperative plural present)
dresse (imperative plural present)
dressynge (participle present)
dressende (participle present)
dressed (participle past)
drest (participle past)
ydressed (participle past)
ydrest (participle past)
drescen (alternative)
drese (alternative)
dresse (alternative)
drissen (alternative)
drysse (alternative)

English: dress (see there for further descendants)

Scots: dress

From Old French dresser, drescer, drecier, from Medieval Latin *directiō.

To arrange; to ready or tidy:
(cooking) To prepare or ready food.

To arrange; to ready or tidy:
To prepare or ready food.


sparre

sparres (plural)
spare (alternative)
sparr (alternative)
spere (alternative)
sperr (alternative)
sperre (alternative)

English: spar

Scots: spar

From Middle Low German or Middle Dutch sparre, from Proto-West Germanic *sparrō, from Proto-Germanic *sparrô.


bendel

Yola: bandēle

Borrowed from Old French bendel, bandel, diminutive of bende, bande. (Related to English bandeau.)


tressour

English: tressure

A combination of Old French tresseor and tressure.

tressoure (alternative)
tressore (alternative)
tressure (alternative)
tresour (alternative)
trissoure (alternative)

(heraldry) border near the edge of a shield


potestat

potestates (plural)
potestate (alternative)

English: potestate (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French potestat, from Latin potestās, potestātem. Doublet of pouste.


Kinges

Use as a proper noun of the plural of king.

Kingus (alternative)
Kynges (alternative)
Kyngis (alternative)

(biblical, usually in full as book of Kinges vel sim.) [Book of] Kings (each of 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 3 Kings, and 4 Kings)


tyring

Oꝛ ellis take peꝛcelli Rootis and ſeꝛue hiꝛ with theyem in the ſame maneꝛ, and when ſhe tyrith holde rew ī yowre honde with the tyring and that ſhall make hiꝛ voide, bot it is peꝛlous to vſe it often that the Juce fall neꝛ ſpꝛyug in to hiꝛ yghes.

1486, Juliana Berners, Book of Saint Albans:

(falconry) Bits of bone and tough organic material from a corpse given to hawks to abate their hunger.


keye

keyes (plural)
keyen (plural)
kai (alternative)
kay (alternative)
kaye (alternative)
keie (alternative)
keiȝe (alternative)
key (alternative)
keyȝe (alternative)
kye (alternative)
cæȝe (alternative)
kæie (alternative)

English: key

Scots: key, kee, kye

From Old English cǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *kaiju; the final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

(music, rare) A musical sound; a note or tone.

In various extended senses:
A musical sound; a note or tone.


freten

freten (third-person singular simple present freteth, present participle fretynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative frat, past participle freten)

freteth (present singular third-person)
fretynge (participle present)
frat (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
freten (participle past)
freten (infinitive)
to freten (infinitive)
frete (infinitive)
frete (first-person present singular)
frat (first-person past singular)
fret (first-person past singular)
frette (first-person past singular)
freted (first-person past singular)
fretest (present second-person singular)
frete (past second-person singular)
frat (past second-person singular)
fret (past second-person singular)
frettest (past second-person singular)
fretedest (past second-person singular)
freteth (present singular third-person)
frat (past singular third-person)
fret (past singular third-person)
frette (past singular third-person)
freted (past singular third-person)
frete (present singular subjunctive)
frete (past singular subjunctive)
frette (past singular subjunctive)
freted (past singular subjunctive)
frete (imperative present singular)
freten (plural present)
frete (plural present)
freten (past plural)
frete (past plural)
fretten (past plural)
frette (past plural)
freteden (past plural)
fretede (past plural)
freteth (imperative plural present)
frete (imperative plural present)
fretynge (participle present)
fretende (participle present)
freten (participle past)
yfreten (participle past)
frete (participle past)
yfrete (participle past)
fret (participle past)
yfret (participle past)
freted (participle past)
yfreted (participle past)
ffrete (alternative)
frete (alternative)
fretyn (alternative)
vreten (alternative)
freoten (alternative)

English: fret

Scots: frete, freet

Inherited from Old English fretan, from Proto-West Germanic *fraetan, from Proto-Germanic *fraetaną; equivalent to fret (“eating away”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Some senses are possibly influenced by an Old French *freiter.

af

(rare, cooking) To force through a strainer.


nacioun

naciouns (plural)
nacion (alternative)
nación (alternative)
nacoun (alternative)
nacyon (alternative)
nation (alternative)

English: nation

Scots: nation

Borrowed from Old French nacion, from Latin nātiō, nātiōnem.


dorry

English: dory

From Old French doree; past participle of dorer (“to gild”), from Latin deauratus.

dorre (alternative)
dorrey (alternative)
dorye (alternative)
dorray (alternative)

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […] Soupes dorroy […] Do þe dorry a-bowte.

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, editor, Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 (Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91), volume I, London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, page 11

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

dorrẹ̅, dōrī adj. & n. […] cook. glazed with a yellow substance; pome(s ~, sopes ~. […] 1381 Pegge Cook. Recipes p. 114: For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1962 (quoting 1381 text), Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, editors, Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, page 1242

(cooking) Coated or glazed with a yellow substance or with "almond milk".


dorry

dorrys (plural)
dorre (alternative)
dorrey (alternative)
dorye (alternative)
dorray (alternative)

English: dory

(cooking) A dish that has been coated or glazed with a yellow substance or with almond milk.


asure

English: azure

Scots: asure

→ Welsh: asur

From Old French azur, in turn borrowed from Arabic لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward), borrowed from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard).

asur (alternative)
asour (alternative)
azur (alternative)
azour (alternative)
azure (alternative)


purpel

English: purple

Scots: purpill, purple

From Old English purpel, purpul, from Latin purpura, from Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphúra).

purple (alternative)
purpul(le) (alternative)
pourpul (alternative)
purpalle (alternative)
porpel (alternative)
purple (alternative)
purpul(le) (alternative)
porpil(le) (alternative)
porpul (alternative)
purpre (alternative)


purpel

English: purple

Scots: purpill, purple


fendly

English: fiendly

from Old English fēondliċ (“hostile”), corresponding to fend + -ly.

feendlich (alternative)
feendly (alternative)
fendlich (alternative)
fendliche (alternative)
feondly (alternative)
feondlich (alternative)
feendely (alternative)
fyendely (alternative)
fondlich (alternative)

(religion) Under the possession of a demon


cok

cokkes (plural)
cock (alternative)
cocke (alternative)
coke (alternative)
cokke (alternative)
cooke (alternative)
koc (alternative)
kok (alternative)

English: cock

Scots: cock, cok

Yola: cuck

From Old English coc, cocc, from Proto-West Germanic *kokk.


behofþe

behofþen (plural)
bihofþe (alternative)
byhofþe (alternative)
bihefþe (alternative)
biofþe (alternative)
byofþe (alternative)
behoveth (alternative)
bihouþe (alternative)
bihofte (alternative)
byhofte (alternative)
behoft (alternative)
behofde (alternative)
behoud (alternative)
biheofðe (alternative)

(religion) Worship, glory (with reference to God)


toyere

toyer (alternative)
toȝere (alternative)
toyeer (alternative)
toȝeere (alternative)
to yere (alternative)
to yer (alternative)
to ȝere (alternative)
to yeer (alternative)
to ȝeere (alternative)

(agriculture) grown this year; this year's


Messyas

English: Messiah, messiah, Messias

Scots: Messiah

From Latin Messias, from Ancient Greek Μεσσίας (Messías), from Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā), from Biblical Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (māšîaḥ).

der

Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā)

Messie (alternative)
Messy (alternative)
Messye (alternative)
Messias (alternative)


hethenli

English: heathenly

/ˈhɛːðənliː/

hethenlich (alternative)
heithenly (alternative)
heþenly (alternative)

(biblical) In the manner of the Gentiles.


bapteme

desctree

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">baptisme</i>

English: baptism (< baptisme)
→ Burmese: ဗတ္တိဇံ (batti.jam)
→ Shan: ပပ်ႉတိၸမ်ႇ (pâ̰p tǐ tsàm)

Scots: bapteesm (< baptisme)

Borrowed from Old French bapteme, baptesme, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptisma, Ancient Greek βάπτισμα (báptisma, “dipping, baptism”), from βαπτίζω (baptízō, “I dip in liquid”).

der

bapteeme (alternative)
baptem (alternative)
baptesme (alternative)
baptim (alternative)
baptisme (alternative)
baptym (alternative)
baptise (alternative poetic rare variant)
baptyste (alternative poetic rare variant)
baptist (alternative poetic rare variant)
baptis (alternative poetic rare variant)
baptize (alternative poetic rare variant)

(biblical) The water that came from Jesus after being stabbed during his crucifixion.


wermode

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormwode</i>

English: wormwood (< wormwode)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormet</i>

Scots: wormit (< wormet)

→ Irish: mormónta

→ Middle Welsh: wermot
Welsh: wermod

From Old English wermōd, from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā. Some forms remodelled on the basis of worm + wode.

wermot (alternative)
warmot (alternative)
weremod (alternative)
wormode (alternative)
wormote (alternative)
wormet (alternative)
wrmod (alternative)
wurmode (alternative)
woormood (alternative)
wermod (alternative)
wormod (alternative)
wyrmwode (alternative)
wormwode (alternative)
wormewode (alternative)
wermwod (alternative)
wormwod (alternative)
wurmewod (alternative)

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.

(biblical) Wormwood (object in the Book of Revelation)


toilen

toilen (infinitive)
to toilen (infinitive)
toile (infinitive)
toile (first-person present singular)
toiled (first-person past singular)
toilest (present second-person singular)
toiledest (past second-person singular)
toileth (present singular third-person)
toiled (past singular third-person)
toile (present singular subjunctive)
toiled (past singular subjunctive)
toile (imperative present singular)
toilen (plural present)
toile (plural present)
toileden (past plural)
toilede (past plural)
toileth (imperative plural present)
toile (imperative plural present)
toilynge (participle present)
toilende (participle present)
toiled (participle past)
ytoiled (participle past)
toylen (alternative)
toile (alternative)
tull (alternative)
toille (alternative)
tolyon (alternative)
tolyn (alternative)
tolyyn (alternative)
tulyn (alternative)

English: toil

Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe

Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen. Compare tilyen.

(cooking) To combine the components of a meal.


lesarde

lesards (plural)
lesard (alternative)
leesarde (alternative)
lisard (alternative)
lisarde (alternative)
lysard (alternative)
lysarde (alternative)
lyzard (alternative)
lizard (alternative)
lizarde (alternative)
lacert (alternative)
lacerta (alternative)

English: lizard (← lizard)

Scots: lesart (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lusard, from Latin lacertus; some forms are remodelled on the Latin etymon.

(rare, heraldry) A depiction of a lizard on a coat of arms.


questen

questen (infinitive)
to questen (infinitive)
queste (infinitive)
queste (first-person present singular)
quested (first-person past singular)
questest (present second-person singular)
questedest (past second-person singular)
questeth (present singular third-person)
quested (past singular third-person)
queste (present singular subjunctive)
quested (past singular subjunctive)
queste (imperative present singular)
questen (plural present)
queste (plural present)
questeden (past plural)
questede (past plural)
questeth (imperative plural present)
queste (imperative plural present)
questynge (participle present)
questende (participle present)
quested (participle past)
yquested (participle past)
queste (alternative)

English: quest

From Old French quester, from Latin quaestō.

(hunting) To find one's quarry or catch.

(hunting) To howl or bark after finding one's quarry (as a hunting dog).


rewen

rewen (infinitive)
to rewen (infinitive)
rewe (infinitive)
rewe (first-person present singular)
rew (first-person past singular)
rewed (first-person past singular)
rewest (present second-person singular)
rowe (past second-person singular)
rew (past second-person singular)
rewedest (past second-person singular)
reweth (present singular third-person)
rew (past singular third-person)
rewed (past singular third-person)
rewe (present singular subjunctive)
rowe (past singular subjunctive)
rewed (past singular subjunctive)
rewe (imperative present singular)
rewen (plural present)
rewe (plural present)
rowen (past plural)
rowe (past plural)
reweden (past plural)
rewede (past plural)
reweth (imperative plural present)
rewe (imperative plural present)
rewynge (participle present)
rewende (participle present)
rowen (participle past)
rowe (participle past)
rewed (participle past)
reowen (alternative)
ruwen (alternative)
ruen (alternative)
reouwen (alternative)
rowen (alternative)
reowe (alternative)
riewe (alternative)
rewe (alternative)

English: rue

Scots: rew

From Old English hrēowan; equivalent to rewe (“rue”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


sorinesse

enm-noun

sorinesse (plural sorinesses or sorinessen)

sorinesses (plural)
sorinessen (plural)
sarinesse (alternative)
sorynesse (alternative)
særinesse (alternative)
særi-næsse (alternative)
sorynesse (alternative)

English: sorriness

From Old English sāriġnes; equivalent to sory + -nesse.

(rare, religion) damning; eternal punishment in Hell.


fischer

fischeris (plural)
fyscher (alternative)
fischare (alternative)
ffissher (alternative)
ffysshere (alternative)
fessher (alternative)
vissar (alternative)
fyschar (alternative)

English: fisher

Scots: fisher

From Old English fisċere, from Proto-Germanic *fiskārijaz; equivalent to fisch + -ere (suffix forming agent nouns).

af

(religion) A proselytiser; one who promotes a religion.


swopen

enm-verb

swopen (third-person singular simple present swopeth, present participle swopynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative swep, past participle swopen)

swopeth (present singular third-person)
swopynge (participle present)
swep (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
swopen (participle past)
swopen (infinitive)
to swopen (infinitive)
swope (infinitive)
swope (first-person present singular)
swep (first-person past singular)
swoped (first-person past singular)
swopest (present second-person singular)
swepe (past second-person singular)
swep (past second-person singular)
swopedest (past second-person singular)
swopeth (present singular third-person)
swep (past singular third-person)
swoped (past singular third-person)
swope (present singular subjunctive)
swepe (past singular subjunctive)
swoped (past singular subjunctive)
swope (imperative present singular)
swopen (plural present)
swope (plural present)
swepen (past plural)
swepe (past plural)
swopeden (past plural)
swopede (past plural)
swopeth (imperative plural present)
swope (imperative plural present)
swopynge (participle present)
swopende (participle present)
swopen (participle past)
swope (participle past)
swoped (participle past)
yswopen (participle past)
yswope (participle past)
swapen (alternative)
swope (alternative)
zuope (alternative)

English: swoop

Scots: swap, swape, swaip

From Old English swāpan, from Proto-West Germanic *swaipan, from Proto-Germanic *swaipaną.

(religion) To cleanse or purge evil influences.


mynystrynge

English: ministering

Scots: ministring (obsolete)

ministrenge (alternative)
ministring (alternative)
minystrynge (alternative)
mynisterynge (alternative)
mynysteryng (alternative)
mynystryng (alternative)

(religion) Officiating at a religious service.


serchynge

English: searching

ceerchynge (alternative)
cergyn (alternative)
cergynge (alternative)
seergynge (alternative)
serching (alternative)
serchinge (alternative)
serchyng (alternative)
sergyng (alternative)
sersynge (alternative)

(rare, hunting) The process of finding one's quarry.


chayer

chayeres (plural)
chaire (alternative)
chaiere (alternative)
chayere (alternative)
cheyere (alternative)
cheier (alternative)
chaere (alternative)
chayre (alternative)
cheire (alternative)
cheier (alternative)
cheyer (alternative)
cheyur (alternative)
schayer (alternative)
chier (alternative)
chaȝer (alternative)

English: chair (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cheer, chyre

Yola: chyre

/ˈt͡ʃæi̯ər(ə)/

From Old French chaiere, from Latin cathedra, from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra).

A padded chair or armchair; a seat facilitating comfort:

(theology) The seat of God as King of Heaven.


ermyne

ermynes (plural)
armyn (alternative)
armyne (alternative)
ermin (alternative)
ermine (alternative)
ermyn (alternative)
hermyn (alternative)

English: ermine

Scots: ermine

Borrowed from Old French ermine, ermin; further etymology is disputed.

(heraldry) Heraldic ermine; white with black spots.


ermyne

Borrowed from Middle French erminé; equivalent to ermyn + -e (participial suffix).

(rare, heraldry) Having an inverted ermine pattern (black spots on white)


hevynesse

English: heaviness

From Old English hefiġnes; equivalent to (and influenced by) hevy + -nesse.

hevinesse (alternative)
hevynes (alternative)
hevines (alternative)
hevynez (alternative)
hevinez (alternative)
heavynesse (alternative)
heavinesse (alternative)
heavynes (alternative)
heavines (alternative)
hewynesse (alternative)
hewinesse (alternative)
hewynes (alternative)
hewines (alternative)
hevenes (alternative)
hevenis (alternative)
heunys (alternative)
heyvenys (alternative)

(religion) The vice of sloth or idleness.


faucoun

faucouns (plural)
falcon (alternative)
faucon (alternative)
faulcon (alternative)
faukon (alternative)
ffaucoun (alternative)
faucun (alternative)
fawcon (alternative)
facoun (alternative)
facon (alternative)

English: falcon

Scots: faucon

Borrowed from Old French faucon, falcon, from Latin falcōnem, accusative singular of falcō.

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic image of a falcon.


bridegome

English: bridegroom

Scots: bridegreem

Yola: breedegroom

Inherited from Old English brȳdguma, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdigumō, from Proto-Germanic *brūdigumô; equivalent to bride + gome (“man”).

bredgome (alternative)
bridegoome (alternative)
bridgom (alternative)
bridgume (alternative)
brudgume (alternative)
brydegome (alternative)
bryd-gome (alternative)
brydgrome (alternative)

(theology) God as Christendom's partner.


bridale

bridalles (plural)
bridal (alternative)
brydale (alternative)
brydall (alternative)
brudale (alternative)
bruydale (alternative)
bruyt-ale (alternative)
bredale (alternative Kent)

English: bridal

Scots: brithal

Inherited from Old English brȳdealo, equivalent to bride + ale (“ale”).

(rare, theology) The "wedding" of humankind and God.


stremere

stremeres (plural)
stremare (alternative)
stremer (alternative)
stremour (alternative)

English: streamer

From strem (“stream”) + -ere (suffix forming agent nouns).

af

(rare, heraldry) A symbol resembling a star.


redempcioun

redempcions (plural)
redemcioun (alternative)
redempcion (alternative)
redempcyoun (alternative)
redempcyoune (alternative)
redemption (alternative)
redemptyon (alternative)

English: redemption

Scots: redemption

Borrowed from Old French redemption, borrowed itself from Latin redemptio. Doublet of raunsoun.

(theology) Redemption or release from sinfulness.

(theology, rare) Spiritual overhaul or reforming.

(theology, rare) Spiritual remission or forgiving.


redemptoure

English: redemptor

Borrowed from Old French redemptor, borrowed itself from Latin redēmptor.

redemptur (alternative)
redempture (alternative)
redemptor (alternative)
redemptour (alternative)
redemptowr (alternative)

(theology) One who redeems (used of Jesus)


raunsoun

raunsouns (plural)
ransoun (alternative)
raunson (alternative)
rawunsun (alternative)
rancun (alternative)
rannson (alternative)
ranson (alternative)
raunceoun (alternative)
rancune (alternative)
raunsun (alternative)
rancoun (alternative)
rauncoun (alternative)
raunceon (alternative)
ranscon (alternative)
rawnson (alternative)
ranscun (alternative)
raumsoun (alternative)
rawnsom (alternative)
raunsom (alternative)
raunsum (alternative)
ransum (alternative)
raumsum (alternative)

English: ransom

Scots: ransom

Borrowed from Old French raençon, from Latin redemptio. Doublet of redempcioun.

(theology) Jesus as the price of redemption from sin.


raunsoner

English: ransomer

raumsomere (alternative)
rawnsoner (alternative)
raunsumner (alternative)
ranscuner (alternative)
raunsomer (alternative)
ransconer (alternative)
ransuner (alternative)
raumsonere (alternative)


raunsonynge

raunsonynges (plural)
ranscuning (alternative)
ransuning (alternative)
ranssuning (alternative)
raunsuning (alternative)
raunconing (alternative)
ransoning (alternative)
raunsommyng (alternative)
raunsomynge (alternative)
rampsonyng (alternative)
raunsuming (alternative)
raunsonyng (alternative)

(theology) The process of redeeming the sins of souls.


answeren

enm-verb

answeren (third-person singular simple present answereth, present participle answerende, answerynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle answered)

answereth (present singular third-person)
answerende (participle present)
answerynge (participle present)
answered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
answeren (infinitive)
to answeren (infinitive)
answere (infinitive)
answere (first-person present singular)
answered (first-person past singular)
answerde (first-person past singular)
answerest (present second-person singular)
answeredest (past second-person singular)
answerdest (past second-person singular)
answereth (present singular third-person)
answered (past singular third-person)
answerde (past singular third-person)
answere (present singular subjunctive)
answered (past singular subjunctive)
answerde (past singular subjunctive)
answere (imperative present singular)
answeren (plural present)
answere (plural present)
answereden (past plural)
answerede (past plural)
answerden (past plural)
answerde (past plural)
answereth (imperative plural present)
answere (imperative plural present)
answerynge (participle present)
answerende (participle present)
answered (participle past)
answerd (participle past)
yanswered (participle past)
yanswerd (participle past)
ansswer (alternative)
ansuerie (alternative)
answaren (alternative)
answer (alternative)
answere (alternative)
answerye (alternative)
onsware (alternative)
onswere (alternative)
ounsweren (alternative)
unswere (alternative)
andswaren (alternative Early-Middle-English)
andswerien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
andsweriȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
anndswerenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ondswerie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
onswerie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
onswerien (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: answer

Scots: answer

From Old English andswerian (from Proto-Germanic *andaswarjaną) and Old English andswarian (from Proto-Germanic *andaswarōną); equivalent to and- + swaren or answere + -en (infinitival suffix).

To answer or respond; to offer a response:

(religion) To explain oneself at the Last Judgement.

To be responsible for (a task, another person):

(religion) To be liable for; to suffer for.


flawmen

flawmen (infinitive)
to flawmen (infinitive)
flawme (infinitive)
flawme (first-person present singular)
flawmed (first-person past singular)
flawmest (present second-person singular)
flawmedest (past second-person singular)
flawmeth (present singular third-person)
flawmed (past singular third-person)
flawme (present singular subjunctive)
flawmed (past singular subjunctive)
flawme (imperative present singular)
flawmen (plural present)
flawme (plural present)
flawmeden (past plural)
flawmede (past plural)
flawmeth (imperative plural present)
flawme (imperative plural present)
flawmynge (participle present)
flawmende (participle present)
flawmed (participle past)
yflawmed (participle past)
flaumen (alternative)
fflaumen (alternative)
flammen (alternative)
flawme (alternative)
flaume (alternative)
flambe (alternative)
flaumbe (alternative)
flame (alternative)

English: flame

Scots: flam

Borrowed from Old French flamber, flammer; equivalent to flawme + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare, theology) To release light or brightness onto someone.


wyspe

wyspes (plural)
wyspe (plural)
wips (alternative)
wisp (alternative)
wysp (alternative)
wispe (alternative)
wippis (alternative)
wesp (alternative)

English: wisp

Scots: wisp, wusp

Perhaps related to whisk (“bunch of twigs, hair”). Cognate to Dutch wisp, dialectal Danish visp, Swedish visp, Norwegian Bokmål visp, etc.

(rare, glassblowing) A fifteenth-century unit for measuring window glass.


routen

From Old English hrutan (“to make a noise; snore”). Compare Middle Dutch ruten, ruyten, Old Swedish ruta, Old Norse hrjóta (“to burst, spring forth”).

cog

(hunting) To shout at or direct hounds by shouting.


corounen

corounen (infinitive)
to corounen (infinitive)
coroune (infinitive)
coroune (first-person present singular)
corouned (first-person past singular)
corounest (present second-person singular)
corounedest (past second-person singular)
corouneth (present singular third-person)
corouned (past singular third-person)
coroune (present singular subjunctive)
corouned (past singular subjunctive)
coroune (imperative present singular)
corounen (plural present)
coroune (plural present)
corouneden (past plural)
corounede (past plural)
corouneth (imperative plural present)
coroune (imperative plural present)
corounynge (participle present)
corounende (participle present)
corouned (participle past)
ycorouned (participle past)
coroune (alternative)
corown (alternative)
crowne (alternative)
coronen (alternative)
crownen (alternative)
crounen (alternative)
crunen (alternative)
corownen (alternative)
cruni (alternative)

English: crown

Scots: croun, croon

From Old French coroner (modern French couronner), from Latin corōnō; equivalent to coroune + -en (infinitival suffix).

To put a crown on one's head (often as a symbol of power or might):

(theology, rare) To raise a god or saint to a dignity.

(theology) To raise a virtuous people to Heaven.


flouren

flouren (infinitive)
to flouren (infinitive)
floure (infinitive)
floure (first-person present singular)
floured (first-person past singular)
flourest (present second-person singular)
flouredest (past second-person singular)
floureth (present singular third-person)
floured (past singular third-person)
floure (present singular subjunctive)
floured (past singular subjunctive)
floure (imperative present singular)
flouren (plural present)
floure (plural present)
floureden (past plural)
flourede (past plural)
floureth (imperative plural present)
floure (imperative plural present)
flourynge (participle present)
flourende (participle present)
floured (participle past)
yfloured (participle past)
floure (alternative)
fluren (alternative)
florie (alternative)
flowren (alternative)

English: flower, flour

Scots: flour

From Anglo-Norman florir, flurir, from Late Latin flōrīre, from Latin flōrēre.

(cooking, rare) To add a powder (e.g. flour) to a meal.


yrchoun

yrchouns (plural)
yrichon (alternative)
irchoun (alternative)
urchoun (alternative)
hirchoun (alternative)
irchouon (alternative)
irchun (alternative)
hirichoun (alternative)
urcheon (alternative)
yrchon (alternative)
urchun (alternative)
hyrchyn (alternative)
urchen (alternative)
urchon (alternative)

English: urchin

Scots: hurcheon

From Old Northern French irechon, herichun, from Vulgar Latin *ērīciōnem.

(rare, cooking) A stuffed pig with almond or pastry "spikes".


Ysaac

English: Isaac

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /


foyle

foyles (plural)
ffoyl (alternative)
foil (alternative)
foile (alternative)
foille (alternative)
foylle (alternative)
fule (alternative)

English: foil

Scots: foilzie, foolyie

Borrowed from Middle French fueille, feuille, from Old French fueille, from Late Latin folia, originally the plural of folium.

(cooking or literary) A leaf (organ of a plant).


dampnable

English: damnable

Old French dampnable, from Latin damnabilis; equivalent to dampnen + -able.

dampnabil (alternative)
dampnabyll (alternative)
dampnabile (alternative)


dampnablely

English: damnably

dampnably (alternative)
dampnablysch (alternative)
dampnabilich (alternative)
dampnabilly (alternative)
dampnabylly (alternative)
dampnabully (alternative)

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson's Tale, section 38 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Parson%27s_Prologue_and_Tale
I kan nat seye but that they doon cursedly and dampnably agayns Crist and al the feith of hooly chirche.


dampnacioun

English: damnation

From Old French dampnacion, from Latin damnatio; equivalent to dampnen + -acioun.

dampnacion (alternative)
dampnaciun (alternative)
dampnaciune (alternative)
dampnacyon (alternative)
dampnacyone (alternative)
dampnacyun (alternative)
dampnacoun (alternative)
dannacioun (alternative)

(religion) damnation (consignment to eternal punishment)


dampnynge

English: damning

daming (alternative)
damnyng (alternative)
damping (alternative)
dampnyng (alternative)


condempnen

enm-verb

condempnen (third-person singular simple present condempneth, present participle condempnende, condempnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle condempned)

condempneth (present singular third-person)
condempnende (participle present)
condempnynge (participle present)
condempned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
condempnen (infinitive)
to condempnen (infinitive)
condempne (infinitive)
condempne (first-person present singular)
condempned (first-person past singular)
condempe (first-person past singular)
condempnest (present second-person singular)
condempnedest (past second-person singular)
condempest (past second-person singular)
condempneth (present singular third-person)
condempned (past singular third-person)
condempe (past singular third-person)
condempne (present singular subjunctive)
condempned (past singular subjunctive)
condempe (past singular subjunctive)
condempne (imperative present singular)
condempnen (plural present)
condempne (plural present)
condempneden (past plural)
condempnede (past plural)
condempen (past plural)
condempe (past plural)
condempneth (imperative plural present)
condempne (imperative plural present)
condempnynge (participle present)
condempnende (participle present)
condempned (participle past)
condemp (participle past)
ycondempned (participle past)
ycondemp (participle past)
condemnen (alternative)
condempen (alternative)
condempne (alternative)

English: condemn

Borrowed from Old French condamner, from Latin condemnō; compare dampnen.

(religion, rare) to damn (consign to hell)


condempnacioun

English: condemnation

From Latin condemnātiō, condemnātiōnem; equivalent to condempnen + -acioun.

condempnation (alternative)
condempnacion (alternative)

(religion, rare) damnation (consignment to eternal punishment)


medeful

→ English: meedful (calque)

medefull (alternative)
medefulle (alternative)
meedeful (alternative)
medful (alternative)
meedful (alternative)

(religion) beneficial, praiseworthy, effective


braunchen

braunchen (infinitive)
to braunchen (infinitive)
braunche (infinitive)
braunche (first-person present singular)
braunched (first-person past singular)
braunchest (present second-person singular)
braunchedest (past second-person singular)
brauncheth (present singular third-person)
braunched (past singular third-person)
braunche (present singular subjunctive)
braunched (past singular subjunctive)
braunche (imperative present singular)
braunchen (plural present)
braunche (plural present)
brauncheden (past plural)
braunchede (past plural)
brauncheth (imperative plural present)
braunche (imperative plural present)
braunchynge (participle present)
braunchende (participle present)
braunched (participle past)
branch (alternative)
brawnchen (alternative)

English: branch

From braunche + -en (infinitival suffix).

(theology, rare) To distinguish kinds of morality.


schapynge

schapynges (plural)
schapinge (alternative)

English: shaping

Scots: schaping, schapin, schaiping

Yola: shipeen (via *shipping)


Macomet

English: Mahomet

Borrowed from Latin Machometus, Mahometus; deriving from Andalusian Arabic مَحُمَّدْ (“Maḥummad”), ultimately derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad). Doublet of Mahown and mawmet.

der

macamethe (alternative)
Machamete (alternative)
Machomete (alternative)
Machomett (alternative)
Macomete (alternative)
makamed (alternative)
Makamete (alternative)
Makomete (alternative)
Makometh (alternative)


wynden

enm-verb

wynden (third-person singular simple present wyndeth, present participle wyndynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative wand, past participle wounden)

wyndeth (present singular third-person)
wyndynge (participle present)
wand (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
wounden (participle past)
winden (infinitive)
to winden (infinitive)
winde (infinitive)
winde (first-person present singular)
wand (first-person past singular)
wound (first-person past singular)
windest (present second-person singular)
wounde (past second-person singular)
wand (past second-person singular)
wound (past second-person singular)
windeth (present singular third-person)
wand (past singular third-person)
wound (past singular third-person)
winde (present singular subjunctive)
wounde (past singular subjunctive)
winde (imperative present singular)
winden (plural present)
winde (plural present)
wounden (past plural)
wounde (past plural)
windeth (imperative plural present)
winde (imperative plural present)
windynge (participle present)
windende (participle present)
wounden (participle past)
wounde (participle past)
ywounden (participle past)
ywounde (participle past)
wijnde (alternative)
wind (alternative)
winde (alternative)
winden (alternative)
wynd (alternative)
wynde (alternative)
wyndyn (alternative)
wyynden (alternative)
wyyndyn (alternative)

English: wind

Scots: wind, wund, win, wun

From Old English windan, from Proto-West Germanic *windan, from Proto-Germanic *windaną.

(cooking, rare) To knead or mix into a mass.

To move or toss about:
To knead or mix into a mass.


herberwen

herberwen (infinitive)
to herberwen (infinitive)
herberwe (infinitive)
herberwe (first-person present singular)
herberwed (first-person past singular)
herberwest (present second-person singular)
herberwedest (past second-person singular)
herberweth (present singular third-person)
herberwed (past singular third-person)
herberwe (present singular subjunctive)
herberwed (past singular subjunctive)
herberwe (imperative present singular)
herberwen (plural present)
herberwe (plural present)
herberweden (past plural)
herberwede (past plural)
herberweth (imperative plural present)
herberwe (imperative plural present)
herberwynge (participle present)
herberwende (participle present)
herberwed (participle past)
yherberwed (participle past)
harber (alternative)
harborowe (alternative)
herbare (alternative)
herbarewen (alternative)
herbarwen (alternative)
herber (alternative)
herbere (alternative)
herberewe (alternative)
herberewen (alternative)
herberghen (alternative)
herberghwen (alternative)
herbergwyn (alternative)
herberowe (alternative)
herberwe (alternative)
herberwyn (alternative)
herbore (alternative)
herborewe (alternative)
herborowe (alternative)
herborwe (alternative)
herborwen (alternative)
herbarhin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
herbergen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
herborȝin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hereborewi (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: harbor, harbour

Scots: hairbor, hairbour

From Old English herebeorgian; equivalent to herberwe + -en (infinitival suffix).


loyne

loynes (plural)
loigne (alternative)
loygne (alternative)
loynne (alternative)
lune (alternative)
luyne (alternative)

From Old French loigne, from Medieval Latin longia, longea.

(especially falconry) A cord used as a leash or restraint.


blasoun

blasouns (plural)
blason (alternative)
blazoun (alternative)

English: blazon

Borrowed from Old French blason, of unknown origin.


swyngen

swyngen (infinitive)
to swyngen (infinitive)
swynge (infinitive)
swynge (first-person present singular)
swang (first-person past singular)
swong (first-person past singular)
swyngest (present second-person singular)
swonge (past second-person singular)
swang (past second-person singular)
swong (past second-person singular)
swyngeth (present singular third-person)
swang (past singular third-person)
swong (past singular third-person)
swynge (present singular subjunctive)
swonge (past singular subjunctive)
swynge (imperative present singular)
swyngen (plural present)
swynge (plural present)
swongen (past plural)
swonge (past plural)
swyngeth (imperative plural present)
swynge (imperative plural present)
swyngynge (participle present)
swyngende (participle present)
swongen (participle past)
swonge (participle past)
yswongen (participle past)
yswonge (participle past)
swingen (alternative)
swyng (alternative)
swynge (alternative)
swyngge (alternative)
swyngyn (alternative)
squynge (alternative Northern)
suing (alternative Northern)
swingan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
swingæn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
swinꟑenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: swing

→ Dutch: swingen

→ Norman: souîndgi

Scots: swing, sweeng

Inherited from Old English swingan, from Proto-West Germanic *swingan, from Proto-Germanic *swinganą.

(cooking) To beat or whip (eggs or milk)