mugen

alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


knowen

knowen (infinitive)
to knowen (infinitive)
knowe (infinitive)
knowe (first-person present singular)
knew (first-person past singular)
knowest (present second-person singular)
knewe (past second-person singular)
knew (past second-person singular)
knoweth (present singular third-person)
knew (past singular third-person)
knowe (present singular subjunctive)
knewe (past singular subjunctive)
knowe (imperative present singular)
knowen (plural present)
knowe (plural present)
knewen (past plural)
knewe (past plural)
knoweth (imperative plural present)
knowe (imperative plural present)
knowynge (participle present)
knowende (participle present)
knowen (participle past)
knowe (participle past)
yknowen (participle past)
yknowe (participle past)
knowe (alternative)
knawe (alternative Kent Northern)

English: know

Geordie English: knaw

Scots: knaw

Yola: knouth, know

From Old English cnāwan (“to know, recognise, perceive”), from Proto-West Germanic *knāan.

inh

[…]þou ſchalt heꝛe fro heuene: þat is fro þin hiȝe dwellyng place and do þou meꝛcy and ȝelde þou to ech man aftir hiſe weies whiche þou knowiſt þat he haþ in his heꝛte for þou aloone knowiſt þe heꝛtis of þe ſones of men

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:30”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

, then you should hear from heaven, i.e. from your lofty place of residence. Forgive, and treat any individual according to their actions, which you know what their hearts contain, because only you know the hearts of humanity.

[…]for as to me I ded to hym no displeaſyre / and god knoweth I am ful ſory for hys diſeaſe and malady / Soo when the king had excuſed him / they were frendes[…]

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xix”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, lines 28-31:

Because about myself, I didn't do any attacks on him, and God knows that I'm totally distressed about his disease and malady. So when the king had excused him (they were friends) […]


amblen

amblen (infinitive)
to amblen (infinitive)
amble (infinitive)
amble (first-person present singular)
ambled (first-person past singular)
amblest (present second-person singular)
ambledest (past second-person singular)
ambleth (present singular third-person)
ambled (past singular third-person)
amble (present singular subjunctive)
ambled (past singular subjunctive)
amble (imperative present singular)
amblen (plural present)
amble (plural present)
ambleden (past plural)
amblede (past plural)
ambleth (imperative plural present)
amble (imperative plural present)
amblynge (participle present)
amblende (participle present)
ambled (participle past)
yambled (participle past)
aumblen (alternative)
awmbyl (alternative)
ambill (alternative)
hamle (alternative)

English: amble

From Old French ambler, from Latin ambulō.


manglen

manglen (infinitive)
to manglen (infinitive)
mangle (infinitive)
mangle (first-person present singular)
mangled (first-person past singular)
manglest (present second-person singular)
mangledest (past second-person singular)
mangleth (present singular third-person)
mangled (past singular third-person)
mangle (present singular subjunctive)
mangled (past singular subjunctive)
mangle (imperative present singular)
manglen (plural present)
mangle (plural present)
mangleden (past plural)
manglede (past plural)
mangleth (imperative plural present)
mangle (imperative plural present)
manglynge (participle present)
manglende (participle present)
mangled (participle past)
ymangled (participle past)
mangelen (alternative)

English: mangle

From Anglo-Norman mangler, mahangler, frequentative of either Old French mangonner (“to cut to pieces”) or mahaigner (“to mutilate”), of Germanic origin, for which see mayhem.


glenten

enm-verb

glenten (third-person singular simple present glenteth, present participle glentende, glentynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle glented)

glenteth (present singular third-person)
glentende (participle present)
glentynge (participle present)
glented (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: glint

Borrowed from Old Norse *glenta, *gletta, from Proto-Germanic *glentaną (“to slide; glide”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlend- (“to shine; sparkle; look”).
Compare Danish glente; Norwegian glanta (“to glide, slip”), gletta (“to glide, slip; to peep, look”); Swedish glänta (“to slip, slide (obsolete); gleam, shine (archaic); peer (dated); slightly open a door”).

cog

(Of a weapon) To strike a glancing blow.

To shine, gleam; flash, glitter; glisten, glint.


misten

misten (infinitive)
to misten (infinitive)
miste (infinitive)
miste (first-person present singular)
misted (first-person past singular)
mistest (present second-person singular)
mistedest (past second-person singular)
misteth (present singular third-person)
misted (past singular third-person)
miste (present singular subjunctive)
misted (past singular subjunctive)
miste (imperative present singular)
misten (plural present)
miste (plural present)
misteden (past plural)
mistede (past plural)
misteth (imperative plural present)
miste (imperative plural present)
mistynge (participle present)
mistende (participle present)
misted (participle past)
ymisted (participle past)
mysty (alternative)
myssyn (alternative)
mesten (alternative)

English: mist

⇒ Yola: mistern (ppl.)

From Old English mistian; equivalent to mist + -en (infinitival suffix).


writhen

writhen (infinitive)
to writhen (infinitive)
writhe (infinitive)
writhe (first-person present singular)
wroth (first-person past singular)
writhest (present second-person singular)
writhe (past second-person singular)
wroth (past second-person singular)
writheth (present singular third-person)
wroth (past singular third-person)
writhe (present singular subjunctive)
writhe (past singular subjunctive)
writhe (imperative present singular)
writhen (plural present)
writhe (plural present)
writhen (past plural)
writhe (past plural)
writheth (imperative plural present)
writhe (imperative plural present)
writhynge (participle present)
writhende (participle present)
writhen (participle past)
writhe (participle past)
wrethen (participle past)
wrethe (participle past)
ywrithen (participle past)
ywrithe (participle past)
wryþen (alternative)
wryþe (alternative)
wrythyn (alternative)
wriþen (alternative)
writhyn (alternative)
writhe (alternative)

English: writhe

Scots: wryth, writhe

From Old English wrīþan. Cognates include Old Swedish vrīþa and Middle High German rīden.

To form or make into a curve or bend; to make bent:

To bend or twist into a circular shape (as a wreath)

To bend or twist as to distort; to writhe or wring.

To bend or twist as to snap or split; to twist out of position.

To writhe; to make a twisting motion (often while in pain)

To move in a twisted or distorted way; to squirm.

To force someone to fall over; to knock over.

To connect two things or enclose one thing in another.

To go or look away; to avoid involvement in an activity or matter.

(rare) To start a behaviour or acquire attributes.

(rare) To be intertwined or twined together.

(rare, surgery) To drill a hole by a twisting motion.


hekelen

From hekele (“a comb for flax or hemp”).


waden

waden (infinitive)
to waden (infinitive)
wade (infinitive)
wade (first-person present singular)
wod (first-person past singular)
waded (first-person past singular)
wadest (present second-person singular)
wode (past second-person singular)
wod (past second-person singular)
wadedest (past second-person singular)
wadeth (present singular third-person)
wod (past singular third-person)
waded (past singular third-person)
wade (present singular subjunctive)
wode (past singular subjunctive)
waded (past singular subjunctive)
wade (imperative present singular)
waden (plural present)
wade (plural present)
woden (past plural)
wode (past plural)
wadeden (past plural)
wadede (past plural)
wadeth (imperative plural present)
wade (imperative plural present)
wadynge (participle present)
wadende (participle present)
waden (participle past)
wade (participle past)
waded (participle past)
ywaden (participle past)
ywade (participle past)
wade (alternative)
wode (alternative)
wadon (alternative)
wadyn (alternative)
woden (alternative)

English: wade

Scots: wade, wad

From Old English wadan, from Proto-West Germanic *wadan, from Proto-Germanic *wadaną.

To move forth; to journey on or go about.

To puncture or stab; to journey into a person's body.

To wade through a fluid; to pass through by wading.

(figurative) To immerse or involve oneself in something.


blomen

enm-verb

blomen (third-person singular simple present blometh, present participle blomende, blomynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle blomed)

blometh (present singular third-person)
blomende (participle present)
blomynge (participle present)
blomed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
blomen (infinitive)
to blomen (infinitive)
blome (infinitive)
blome (first-person present singular)
blomed (first-person past singular)
blomest (present second-person singular)
blomedest (past second-person singular)
blometh (present singular third-person)
blomed (past singular third-person)
blome (present singular subjunctive)
blomed (past singular subjunctive)
blome (imperative present singular)
blomen (plural present)
blome (plural present)
blomeden (past plural)
blomede (past plural)
blometh (imperative plural present)
blome (imperative plural present)
blomynge (participle present)
blomende (participle present)
blomed (participle past)
yblomed (participle past)
blome (alternative)
blomenn (alternative)

English: bloom

Scots: blume, bluim

(figurative) To mature; to become profuse.


herde

first/third-person singular past indicative of heren

(dialectal) second-person singular past indicative of heren


cresen

cresen (infinitive)
to cresen (infinitive)
crese (infinitive)
crese (first-person present singular)
cresed (first-person past singular)
cresest (present second-person singular)
cresedest (past second-person singular)
creseth (present singular third-person)
cresed (past singular third-person)
crese (present singular subjunctive)
cresed (past singular subjunctive)
crese (imperative present singular)
cresen (plural present)
crese (plural present)
creseden (past plural)
cresede (past plural)
creseth (imperative plural present)
crese (imperative plural present)
cresynge (participle present)
cresende (participle present)
cresed (participle past)
ycresed (participle past)
crece (alternative)
creese (alternative)
cresce (alternative)
crese (alternative)
cressen (alternative)
cresyn (alternative)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman creistre, crestre, from Latin crēscō, crēscere.

To grow; to increase (in size, wealth, or magnitude).


tem

alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


wete

Sone, I grete yow well and send you Godys blyssyng and myn, and lete you wete that Robert Hyll cam homward by Horwelle-bery

1971 [1453 July], The Paston Family, quoting Agnes Paston, “TO JOHN PASTON I 1453, 07, 06”, in Paston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, Part I, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, archived from the original on 2023-08-10:

Also, I lete yow wete þat I am in moche more comffort of yow þan I maye wryght

1971 [1496 September], The Paston Family, quoting John Paston II, “TO JOHN PASTON III 1469, 09, 18”, in Paston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, Part I, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, archived from the original on 2023-08-10:


wasten

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)
waaste (alternative)
waasten (alternative)
waaston (alternative)
waastye (alternative)
waist (alternative)
wast (alternative)
waste (alternative)
wasti (alternative)
wayst (alternative)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To devastate; to make a wasteland or ruin.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To enfeeble; to make weak or sickly.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To eat at; to cause to decay or shrink.

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

To break up; to cause to dissolve or disintegrate.

To cleanse; to make something evanesce or evacuate.

(figuratively, religion) To eliminate sin.

To kill or murder; to cause someone's death.

To utilise or expend (resources or supplies):

To waste resources; to expend wastefully.

To expend time (usually in a wasteful way)

To weaken; to become less strong or powerful.

To dissolve or evanesce; to become disintegrated.

(figurative, rare) To violate or interrupt.


spete

The womman schal go to hym bifor the eldre men of Israel, and sche schal take awei the schoo, and sche schal spete in to his face, and schal seie, So it schal be doon to the man, that bildith not `the hows of his brother; (Translation of the Vulgate, "accedet mulier ad eum coram senioribus et tollet calciamentum de pede eius spuetque in faciem illius et dicet sic fit homini qui non aedificat domum fratris sui")

1382, John Wycliffe et al., Wycliffe Bible (Deuteronomy 25:9)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

And he took hym asidis fro the puple, and puttide hise fyngris in to hise eris; and he spetide, and touchide his tonge. (Translation of the Vulgate, "et adprehendens eum de turba seorsum misit digitos suos in auriculas et expuens tetigit linguam eius")

1382, John Wycliffe et al., Wycliffe Bible (Mark 7:33)

And whanne he hadde take the blynde mannus hoond, he ledde hym out of the street, and spete in to hise iyen, and sette hise hoondis on hym; and he axide hym, if he saye ony thing (Translation of the Vulgate, "et adprehendens manum caeci eduxit eum extra vicum et expuens in oculos eius inpositis manibus suis interrogavit eum si aliquid videret")

1382, John Wycliffe et al., Wycliffe Bible (Mark 8:23)


scholde

English: should

Scots: shud

Yola: shoulde, shulde

first/third-person singular past indicative of schulen

(later) second-person singular past indicative of schulen


schonden

schonden (infinitive)
to schonden (infinitive)
schonde (infinitive)
schonde (first-person present singular)
schonded (first-person past singular)
schondest (present second-person singular)
schondedest (past second-person singular)
schondeth (present singular third-person)
schonded (past singular third-person)
schonde (present singular subjunctive)
schonded (past singular subjunctive)
schonde (imperative present singular)
schonden (plural present)
schonde (plural present)
schondeden (past plural)
schondede (past plural)
schondeth (imperative plural present)
schonde (imperative plural present)
schondynge (participle present)
schondende (participle present)
schonded (participle past)
yschonded (participle past)
schond (alternative)
schonde (alternative)
shonde (alternative)
scanden (alternative)

From schonde + -en (infinitival suffix).

To injure or achieve victory over; to get the better of.

To humiliate or shame; to cause to lose respect.


gest

alternative form of gesten (“to host a guest”)


gest

alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)


beft

(Northern, poetic, rare) inflection of beten (“to beat”):

inflection of beten (“to beat”):
first/third-person singular past

inflection of beten (“to beat”):
plural past

inflection of beten (“to beat”):
past participle


belden

enm-verb

belden (third-person singular simple present beldeth, present participle beldende, beldynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle belded)

beldeth (present singular third-person)
beldende (participle present)
beldynge (participle present)
belded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
belden (infinitive)
to belden (infinitive)
belde (infinitive)
belde (first-person present singular)
belded (first-person past singular)
beldest (present second-person singular)
beldedest (past second-person singular)
beldeth (present singular third-person)
belded (past singular third-person)
belde (present singular subjunctive)
belded (past singular subjunctive)
belde (imperative present singular)
belden (plural present)
belde (plural present)
beldeden (past plural)
beldede (past plural)
beldeth (imperative plural present)
belde (imperative plural present)
beldynge (participle present)
beldende (participle present)
belded (participle past)
ybelded (participle past)
beelde (alternative)
beelden (alternative)
belde (alternative)
bilden (alternative)
beld (alternative Northern)
beilde (alternative Northern)
byld (alternative Northern)
beldenn (alternative Ormulum)
beoldenn (alternative Ormulum)
bealden (alternative Early-Middle-English West-Midlands)

English: bield

Middle Scots: belde, beild, bield

Scots: bield, beild

Inherited from Old English bieldan, from Proto-West Germanic *balþijan, from Proto-Germanic *balþijaną.

To discover or utilise accommodation or shelter.

(rare) To teach, to educate; to pass on teaching.


bemin

alternative form of bemen (“to trumpet”)


beende

q

Scots: bean (conflated with being, bein in most dialects)

From Old English bēonde; equivalent to been + -ende.


boen

(West Midlands) alternative form of been (“to be”)


boorde

alternative form of bourden (“to conflict”)


breiden

breiden (infinitive)
to breiden (infinitive)
breide (infinitive)
breide (first-person present singular)
braid (first-person past singular)
breided (first-person past singular)
breidest (present second-person singular)
braide (past second-person singular)
braid (past second-person singular)
breidedest (past second-person singular)
breideth (present singular third-person)
braid (past singular third-person)
breided (past singular third-person)
breide (present singular subjunctive)
braide (past singular subjunctive)
breided (past singular subjunctive)
breide (imperative present singular)
breiden (plural present)
breide (plural present)
braiden (past plural)
braide (past plural)
breideden (past plural)
breidede (past plural)
breideth (imperative plural present)
breide (imperative plural present)
breidynge (participle present)
breidende (participle present)
brouden (participle past)
broude (participle past)
broiden (participle past)
broide (participle past)
breided (participle past)
ybrouden (participle past)
ybroude (participle past)
brede (alternative)
breden (alternative)
breyde (alternative)
brayde (alternative)
brayden (alternative)
braiden (alternative)
bræiden (alternative)

English: braid

Scots: braid, brade, bray, breed

From Old English breġdan, brēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *bregdan, from Proto-Germanic *bregdaną.

To drag; to pull away and take with oneself:

To forcibly take; to confiscate or steal.

To remove by dragging; to pull off or away.

To braid; to intertwine fibres or threads.

(mainly in the past participle) To decorate or beautify.

To perform weaving or knitting:
To decorate or beautify.

To perform weaving or knitting:
(rare) To entwine; to become involved.

To perform weaving or knitting:
To entwine; to become involved.

To startle or be startled; to be alarmed.

(rare) To suddenly move; to leap to action.

To move with alacrity; to run or leap:
To suddenly move; to leap to action.

To alter or modify; to be altered or modified.


herken

herken (infinitive)
to herken (infinitive)
herke (infinitive)
herke (first-person present singular)
herked (first-person past singular)
herkest (present second-person singular)
herkedest (past second-person singular)
herketh (present singular third-person)
herked (past singular third-person)
herke (present singular subjunctive)
herked (past singular subjunctive)
herke (imperative present singular)
herken (plural present)
herke (plural present)
herkeden (past plural)
herkede (past plural)
herketh (imperative plural present)
herke (imperative plural present)
herkynge (participle present)
herkende (participle present)
herked (participle past)
yherked (participle past)
herkien (alternative)
harken (alternative)

English: hark, heark (obsolete)

Scots: herk, hark

Yola: hark

From Old English *hercian, from Proto-Germanic *hauzakōną.


hult

alternative form of huldeþ: third-person singular present indicative of hilden (“to skin”)


hult

alternative form of held: simple past of holden (“to hold”)


menden

English: mend

A aphetic form of amenden (“to alter, change (especially for the better); to atone; to chastise, punish; to correct, remedy, amend; to cure; to excel, surpass; to forgive; to get or make better, improve; to make ready; to mend, repair, restore; to get well, recover; to relieve”), or from its etymon Anglo-Norman amender and Old French amender (“to cure; to fix, repair; to set right, correct”) (modern French amender), from Latin ēmendāre, the present active infinitive of ēmendō (“to atone; to chastise, punish; to correct, remedy, amend; to cure”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + mendum (“defect; error, fault”) (from Proto-Indo-European *mend- (“defect; fault”)) + -ō (suffix forming first-conjugation verbs).


wene

(Northern) alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


sowen

sowen (infinitive)
to sowen (infinitive)
sowe (infinitive)
sowe (first-person present singular)
sew (first-person past singular)
sowed (first-person past singular)
sowest (present second-person singular)
sewe (past second-person singular)
sew (past second-person singular)
sowedest (past second-person singular)
soweth (present singular third-person)
sew (past singular third-person)
sowed (past singular third-person)
sowe (present singular subjunctive)
sewe (past singular subjunctive)
sowed (past singular subjunctive)
sowe (imperative present singular)
sowen (plural present)
sowe (plural present)
sewen (past plural)
sewe (past plural)
soweden (past plural)
sowede (past plural)
soweth (imperative plural present)
sowe (imperative plural present)
sowynge (participle present)
sowende (participle present)
sowen (participle past)
sowe (participle past)
sowed (participle past)
ysowen (participle past)
ysowe (participle past)
sau (alternative)
saw (alternative)
sawen (alternative)
sawenn (alternative)
sawyn (alternative)
sawe (alternative)
schewe (alternative)
schewen (alternative)
souwe (alternative)
souwen (alternative)
sowe (alternative)
sowȝe (alternative)
sowȝen (alternative)
sowyn (alternative)
sowyne (alternative)
zaw (alternative)

English: sow

Scots: saw, saa

From Old English sāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *sāan, from Proto-Germanic *sēaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (compare seed).

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


sowen

sowen (infinitive)
to sowen (infinitive)
sowe (infinitive)
sowe (first-person present singular)
sowed (first-person past singular)
sowest (present second-person singular)
sowedest (past second-person singular)
soweth (present singular third-person)
sowed (past singular third-person)
sowe (present singular subjunctive)
sowed (past singular subjunctive)
sowe (imperative present singular)
sowen (plural present)
sowe (plural present)
soweden (past plural)
sowede (past plural)
soweth (imperative plural present)
sowe (imperative plural present)
sowynge (participle present)
sowende (participle present)
sowed (participle past)
ysowed (participle past)
soghe (alternative)
sow (alternative)
sowe (alternative)
suhie (alternative)
suwie (alternative)

Scots: sou, soo

Of unknown origin; the form points to an Old English *sugian; compare sorg (“sorrow, grief”).


sowe

alternative form of sowen (“to torment”)


ratelen

ratelen (infinitive)
to ratelen (infinitive)
ratele (infinitive)
ratele (first-person present singular)
rateled (first-person past singular)
ratelest (present second-person singular)
rateledest (past second-person singular)
rateleth (present singular third-person)
rateled (past singular third-person)
ratele (present singular subjunctive)
rateled (past singular subjunctive)
ratele (imperative present singular)
ratelen (plural present)
ratele (plural present)
rateleden (past plural)
ratelede (past plural)
rateleth (imperative plural present)
ratele (imperative plural present)
ratelynge (participle present)
ratelende (participle present)
rateled (participle past)
yrateled (participle past)
rattelen (alternative)

English: rattle

Of uncertain origin; perhaps borrowed from Middle Dutch ratelen or of native origin related to Old English hratele, hrætele (“a plant known for its rustling or rattling sound”), ultimately imitative.

unc

uncertain

onomatopoeic

imitative


busken

enm-verb

busken (third-person singular simple present busketh, present participle buskende, buskynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle busked)

tlb

(especially Northern or north West Midland, poetic)

busketh (present singular third-person)
buskende (participle present)
buskynge (participle present)
busked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
busken (infinitive)
to busken (infinitive)
buske (infinitive)
buske (first-person present singular)
busked (first-person past singular)
buskest (present second-person singular)
buskedest (past second-person singular)
busketh (present singular third-person)
busked (past singular third-person)
buske (present singular subjunctive)
busked (past singular subjunctive)
buske (imperative present singular)
busken (plural present)
buske (plural present)
buskeden (past plural)
buskede (past plural)
busketh (imperative plural present)
buske (imperative plural present)
buskynge (participle present)
buskende (participle present)
busked (participle past)
buschen (alternative)
buske (alternative)

English: busk

Middle Scots: busk

Scots: busk

Borrowed from Old Norse búask, reflexive of búa (“to prepare”); compare boun for a derivation from that verb's past participle and basken for a similar formation from an Old Norse reflexive.
Forms with -sch- are backspellings due to the analogy of words with fluctuation between /sk/ and /ʃ/.

To ready, prepare, or organise:
To dress, wear, or equip.

To ready oneself; to get prepared (for something)

To ready, prepare, or organise:
(rare) To supply or set up for someone.

To ready, prepare, or organise:
To supply or set up for someone.

To travel or head (somewhere, especially quickly)

To drive or impel; (forcibly cause to [[move])}

To start; to act quickly or from a resting position.


ches

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

alternative spelling of chees: first/second/third-person singular past indicative of chesen


tomben

enm-verb

tomben (third-person singular simple present tombeth, present participle tombende, tombynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tombed)

tombeth (present singular third-person)
tombende (participle present)
tombynge (participle present)
tombed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tomben (infinitive)
to tomben (infinitive)
tombe (infinitive)
tombe (first-person present singular)
tombed (first-person past singular)
tombest (present second-person singular)
tombedest (past second-person singular)
tombeth (present singular third-person)
tombed (past singular third-person)
tombe (present singular subjunctive)
tombed (past singular subjunctive)
tombe (imperative present singular)
tomben (plural present)
tombe (plural present)
tombeden (past plural)
tombede (past plural)
tombeth (imperative plural present)
tombe (imperative plural present)
tombynge (participle present)
tombende (participle present)
tombed (participle past)
ytombed (participle past)
towmben (alternative)
toumben (alternative)
tumben (alternative)

English: tomb

From tombe (“tomb”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


schulen

schal (first-person present singular)
schul (first-person present singular)
scholde (first-person past singular)
schalt (present second-person singular)
scholdest (past second-person singular)
schal (present singular third-person)
schul (present singular third-person)
scholde (past singular third-person)
schule (present singular subjunctive)
schale (present singular subjunctive)
scholde (past singular subjunctive)
schulen (plural present)
schule (plural present)
schalen (plural present)
schale (plural present)
scholden (past plural)
scholde (past plural)

English: shall, should

Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)

Yola: shell, shall, shul

From Old English sċulan, from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).

der

Expresses obligation or appropriateness: should, ought to

Expresses counsel or advice: should, ought to

Expresses intent or prevision: going to, will

If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, page 51v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.


sawe

(Northern) alternative form of sowen (“to sow”)


spak

From Old English spræc, spæc (“spoke (past tense of speak)”).

first/third-person singular past indicative of speken

(later) second-person singular past indicative of speken


spede

first-person singular present indicative of speden


ferien

ferien (infinitive)
to ferien (infinitive)
ferie (infinitive)
ferie (first-person present singular)
feried (first-person past singular)
feriest (present second-person singular)
feriedest (past second-person singular)
ferieth (present singular third-person)
feried (past singular third-person)
ferie (present singular subjunctive)
feried (past singular subjunctive)
ferie (imperative present singular)
ferien (plural present)
ferie (plural present)
ferieden (past plural)
feriede (past plural)
ferieth (imperative plural present)
ferie (imperative plural present)
feriynge (participle present)
feriende (participle present)
feried (participle past)
yferied (participle past)
feren (alternative)
feryen (alternative)
verien (alternative)
very (alternative)
veryen (alternative)

English: ferry

Scots: fery, ferry

From Old English ferian, from Proto-West Germanic *farjan, from Proto-Germanic *farjaną. Compare ferie.


smorten

From Old English ġesmorten, past participle of *smeortan "to smart, feel pain". More at smart.

ysmorte (alternative)
ismorte (alternative)

past participle of smerten (“to smart”).


famen

alternative form of fomen (“to emit blood; to drool”)


ratten

renden and ratyn


smoren

smoren (infinitive)
to smoren (infinitive)
smore (infinitive)
smore (first-person present singular)
smored (first-person past singular)
smorest (present second-person singular)
smoredest (past second-person singular)
smoreth (present singular third-person)
smored (past singular third-person)
smore (present singular subjunctive)
smored (past singular subjunctive)
smore (imperative present singular)
smoren (plural present)
smore (plural present)
smoreden (past plural)
smorede (past plural)
smoreth (imperative plural present)
smore (imperative plural present)
smorynge (participle present)
smorende (participle present)
smored (participle past)
ysmored (participle past)
smore (alternative)
smor (alternative)

Scots: smore, smuir

Yola: smore

From Old English smorian, from Proto-Germanic *smurōną (“to suffocate, strangle”), probably related to *smallijan (“to burn”) or smoca (“smoke”).


loken

enm-verb

loken (third-person singular simple present loketh, present participle lokende, lokynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loked)

loketh (present singular third-person)
lokende (participle present)
lokynge (participle present)
loked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loken (infinitive)
to loken (infinitive)
loke (infinitive)
loke (first-person present singular)
loked (first-person past singular)
lokest (present second-person singular)
lokedest (past second-person singular)
loketh (present singular third-person)
loked (past singular third-person)
loke (present singular subjunctive)
loked (past singular subjunctive)
loke (imperative present singular)
loken (plural present)
loke (plural present)
lokeden (past plural)
lokede (past plural)
loketh (imperative plural present)
loke (imperative plural present)
lokynge (participle present)
lokende (participle present)
loked (participle past)
yloked (participle past)
loke (alternative)
lokke (alternative)
looke (alternative)
locan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
locen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lokenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lokiæn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lokien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lokin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luke (alternative Northern)
loki (alternative Kent)
loky (alternative Kent)

English: look (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: luik, leuk

Middle Scots: luke, luik

Scots: luik, leuk, luke

Yola: looke

Inherited from Old English lōcian, from Proto-West Germanic *lōkōn.


yollen

From Old English ġegollen (“yelled”), past participle of ġiellan (“to yell”); and Old English gullon, gullen, past indicative and subjunctive plural forms of ġiellan (“to yell”).


snesen

snesen (third-person singular simple present sneseth, present participle snesende, snesynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle snesed)

sneseth (present singular third-person)
snesende (participle present)
snesynge (participle present)
snesed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
snesen (infinitive)
to snesen (infinitive)
snese (infinitive)
snese (first-person present singular)
snesed (first-person past singular)
snesest (present second-person singular)
snesedest (past second-person singular)
sneseth (present singular third-person)
snesed (past singular third-person)
snese (present singular subjunctive)
snesed (past singular subjunctive)
snese (imperative present singular)
snesen (plural present)
snese (plural present)
sneseden (past plural)
snesede (past plural)
sneseth (imperative plural present)
snese (imperative plural present)
snesynge (participle present)
snesende (participle present)
snesed (participle past)
ysnesed (participle past)
fnesen (alternative)
fnese (alternative)
sniesen (alternative)
snese (alternative)

English: sneeze

Scots: sneeze, sneesh

From an earlier fnesen, from Old English fnēosan, from Proto-Germanic *fneusaną. More at sneeze.


stalken

stalken (infinitive)
to stalken (infinitive)
stalke (infinitive)
stalke (first-person present singular)
stalked (first-person past singular)
stalkest (present second-person singular)
stalkedest (past second-person singular)
stalketh (present singular third-person)
stalked (past singular third-person)
stalke (present singular subjunctive)
stalked (past singular subjunctive)
stalke (imperative present singular)
stalken (plural present)
stalke (plural present)
stalkeden (past plural)
stalkede (past plural)
stalketh (imperative plural present)
stalke (imperative plural present)
stalkynge (participle present)
stalkende (participle present)
stalked (participle past)
ystalked (participle past)
stalke (alternative)
stalk (alternative)

English: stalk

Yola: stholk

From Old English *stealcian, from Proto-Germanic *stalkaz.


lyne

lyn (alternative)
line (alternative)
lin (alternative)
lynye (alternative)
lyny (alternative)


forsenden

head

forsenden (third-person singular simple present forsendeth, present participle forsendende, simple past and past participle forsend)

forsendeth (present singular third-person)
forsendende (participle present)
forsend (participle past)
forsend (past)
forsenden (infinitive)
to forsenden (infinitive)
forsende (infinitive)
forsende (first-person present singular)
forsente (first-person past singular)
forsende (first-person past singular)
forsendest (present second-person singular)
forsentest (past second-person singular)
forsendest (past second-person singular)
forsendeth (present singular third-person)
forsente (past singular third-person)
forsende (past singular third-person)
forsende (present singular subjunctive)
forsente (past singular subjunctive)
forsende (past singular subjunctive)
forsende (imperative present singular)
forsenden (plural present)
forsende (plural present)
forsenten (past plural)
forsente (past plural)
forsenden (past plural)
forsende (past plural)
forsendeth (imperative plural present)
forsende (imperative plural present)
forsendynge (participle present)
forsendende (participle present)
forsent (participle past)
forsend (participle past)

From Old English forsendan (“to send away, banish”), equivalent to for- + senden. Akin to Dutch verzenden.


forsend

inflection of forsenden:
past participle


fornimen

head

fornimen (third-person singular simple present fornimeth, present participle fornimende, past singular fornom, past plural fornomen, past participle fornomen)

fornimeth (present singular third-person)
fornimende (participle present)
fornom (past singular)
fornomen (past plural)
fornomen (participle past)
fornimen (infinitive)
to fornimen (infinitive)
fornime (infinitive)
fornime (first-person present singular)
fornom (first-person past singular)
fornam (first-person past singular)
fornimest (present second-person singular)
fornome (past second-person singular)
forname (past second-person singular)
fornom (past second-person singular)
fornam (past second-person singular)
fornimeth (present singular third-person)
fornom (past singular third-person)
fornam (past singular third-person)
fornime (present singular subjunctive)
fornome (past singular subjunctive)
forname (past singular subjunctive)
fornime (imperative present singular)
fornimen (plural present)
fornime (plural present)
fornomen (past plural)
fornome (past plural)
fornamen (past plural)
forname (past plural)
fornimeth (imperative plural present)
fornime (imperative plural present)
fornimynge (participle present)
fornimende (participle present)
fornumen (participle past)
fornume (participle past)
fornomen (participle past)
fornome (participle past)
fornemen (alternative)

From Old English forniman (“to take away, deprive of, plunder, waste, devastate, destroy, consume, annul, disfigure, overcome”), from Proto-Germanic *farnemaną, *franemaną (“to take away, hear, learn”), equivalent to for- + nimen.
Cognate with West Frisian fornimme (“to learn, hear, find out”), Dutch vernemen (“to learn, hear, find out, understand”), German vernehmen (“to hear, learn, question, examine”), Swedish förnimma (“to apprehend, perceive, notice”). More at for-, nim.

cog

(transitive) to take away, remove; deprive

(transitive) to destroy, do away with, fordo


forwerpen

forwerpen (infinitive)
to forwerpen (infinitive)
forwerpe (infinitive)
forwerpe (first-person present singular)
forwarp (first-person past singular)
forwerpest (present second-person singular)
forworpe (past second-person singular)
forwarp (past second-person singular)
forwerpeth (present singular third-person)
forwarp (past singular third-person)
forwerpe (present singular subjunctive)
forworpe (past singular subjunctive)
forwerpe (imperative present singular)
forwerpen (plural present)
forwerpe (plural present)
forworpen (past plural)
forworpe (past plural)
forwerpeth (imperative plural present)
forwerpe (imperative plural present)
forwerpynge (participle present)
forwerpende (participle present)
forworpen (participle past)
forworpe (participle past)
forrwerrpenn (alternative)
forwarpen (alternative)

From Old English forweorpan (“to throw away, cast out, reject”), from Proto-Germanic *frawerpaną; equivalent to for- + werpen.
Cognate with Dutch verwerpen (“to reject”), German verwerfen (“to reject, discard, dismiss”).


tomelten

tomelteth (present singular third-person)
tomeltende (participle present)
tomolt (past)
tomolten (participle past)

From to- (“apart, away”) + melten (“to melt”). More at to-, melt.


poupen

enm-verb

poupen (third-person singular simple present poupeth, present participle poupende, poupynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pouped)

poupeth (present singular third-person)
poupende (participle present)
poupynge (participle present)
pouped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


forcasten

From for- + casten (“to throw, cast”), of North Germanic origin, compare Danish forkaste (“to reject”), Swedish förkasta (“to reject”).

alternative past participle of forcasten


schaven

schaven (third-person singular simple present schaveth, present participle schavynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schof, past participle schaven)

schaveth (present singular third-person)
schavynge (participle present)
schof (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaven (participle past)
schaven (infinitive)
to schaven (infinitive)
schave (infinitive)
schave (first-person present singular)
schof (first-person past singular)
schaved (first-person past singular)
schavest (present second-person singular)
schove (past second-person singular)
schof (past second-person singular)
schavedest (past second-person singular)
schaveth (present singular third-person)
schof (past singular third-person)
schaved (past singular third-person)
schave (present singular subjunctive)
schove (past singular subjunctive)
schaved (past singular subjunctive)
schave (imperative present singular)
schaven (plural present)
schave (plural present)
schoven (past plural)
schove (past plural)
schaveden (past plural)
schavede (past plural)
schaveth (imperative plural present)
schave (imperative plural present)
schavynge (participle present)
schavende (participle present)
schaven (participle past)
schave (participle past)
schaved (participle past)
yschaven (participle past)
yschave (participle past)
yschaved (participle past)
schave (alternative)
shave (alternative)
shaven (alternative)

English: shave

→ Welsh: siafio

q

through confluence with Norwegian <i class="Latn mention" lang="no">skave</i>

Scots: schave, schaif, schaiff; shaav (through confluence with Norwegian skave)

From Old English sċafan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaban; equivalent to schave + -en (infinitival suffix).

To scrape or scratch, especially into pieces:

To make sharp or smooth; to hone or whet.

To rub away or wipe out; to eliminate by abrasion.

To razor hair; to use an unpaired blade to cut hair:

To shave; to remove all hair in a given area.

To dice or chop off; to eliminate by cutting.


rosten

rosten (infinitive)
to rosten (infinitive)
roste (infinitive)
roste (first-person present singular)
rosted (first-person past singular)
rostest (present second-person singular)
rostedest (past second-person singular)
rosteth (present singular third-person)
rosted (past singular third-person)
roste (present singular subjunctive)
rosted (past singular subjunctive)
roste (imperative present singular)
rosten (plural present)
roste (plural present)
rosteden (past plural)
rostede (past plural)
rosteth (imperative plural present)
roste (imperative plural present)
rostynge (participle present)
rostende (participle present)
rosted (participle past)
yrosted (participle past)
roostyn (alternative)
rost (alternative)
roste (alternative)
rosti (alternative)
rosty (alternative)

English: roast

Scots: roast

From Old French rostir, from Frankish *rōstijan, from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną; equivalent to roste (“roast”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:

To roast meat; to cook meat by roasting.

To torture with heat; to place under fire.

To make warm, roasted or cooked; to scorch.

(rare) To sear or parch; to make dry or parched.


wannen

enm-verb

wannen (third-person singular simple present wanneth, present participle wannende, wannynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wanned)

wanneth (present singular third-person)
wannende (participle present)
wannynge (participle present)
wanned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wanne (alternative)
wonnen (alternative)
wonnin (alternative)

English: wan

Scots: wan

From Old English wannian, related to wanian.


seken

seken (third-person singular simple present seketh, present participle sekende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle soughtaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

seketh (present singular third-person)
sekende (participle present)
sech (alternative)
seche (alternative)
secche (alternative)
sheche (alternative)
shechen (alternative)
seichen (alternative)
siech (alternative)
sieche (alternative)
siechen (alternative)
siche (alternative)
such (alternative)
suche (alternative)
sek (alternative)
seke (alternative)
ceken (alternative)
seik (alternative)
seike (alternative)
sieke (alternative)
sike (alternative)
zech (alternative Kent)
zeche (alternative Kent)
zechen (alternative Kent)
sæcan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
secan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
secen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
siec (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sæche (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sechan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sechien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sechon (alternative Early-Middle-English)
scechen (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: seek, seech (Lancashire and other dialects)

Scots: seek

Yola: zeek

From Old English sēċan, From Proto-West Germanic *sōkijan, from Proto-Germanic *sōkijaną.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 12-14.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


wepen

wepen (infinitive)
to wepen (infinitive)
wepe (infinitive)
wepe (first-person present singular)
weped (first-person past singular)
wepte (first-person past singular)
wep (first-person past singular)
wepest (present second-person singular)
wepedest (past second-person singular)
weptest (past second-person singular)
wepe (past second-person singular)
wep (past second-person singular)
wepeth (present singular third-person)
weped (past singular third-person)
wepte (past singular third-person)
wep (past singular third-person)
wepe (present singular subjunctive)
weped (past singular subjunctive)
wepte (past singular subjunctive)
wepe (past singular subjunctive)
wepe (imperative present singular)
wepen (plural present)
wepe (plural present)
wepeden (past plural)
wepede (past plural)
wepten (past plural)
wepte (past plural)
wepen (past plural)
wepe (past plural)
wepeth (imperative plural present)
wepe (imperative plural present)
wepynge (participle present)
wepende (participle present)
weped (participle past)
wept (participle past)
wopen (participle past)
wope (participle past)
yweped (participle past)
ywept (participle past)

English: weep

From Old English wēpan, from Proto-West Germanic *wōpijan, from Proto-Germanic *wōpijaną.


munnen

alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


prechen

desctree

English: preach
→ Kashubian: préczowac (United States)
→ Manx: preaçh

From Old French prëechier, from Latin praedicāre.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche
That he would preach Christ's gospel honestly


drawen

enm-verb

drawen (third-person singular simple present draweth, present participle drawinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative drogh or drew, past participle drawen)

draweth (present singular third-person)
drawinge (participle present)
drogh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drawen (participle past)
drawen (infinitive)
to drawen (infinitive)
drawe (infinitive)
drawe (first-person present singular)
drogh (first-person past singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
drawest (present second-person singular)
drowe (past second-person singular)
drewe (past second-person singular)
drogh (past second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
draweth (present singular third-person)
drogh (past singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
drawe (present singular subjunctive)
drowe (past singular subjunctive)
drewe (past singular subjunctive)
drawe (imperative present singular)
drawen (plural present)
drawe (plural present)
drowen (past plural)
drowe (past plural)
drewen (past plural)
drewe (past plural)
draweth (imperative plural present)
drawe (imperative plural present)
drawynge (participle present)
drawende (participle present)
drawen (participle past)
drawe (participle past)
ydrawen (participle past)
ydrawe (participle past)
drauen (alternative)
dragen (alternative)
draghen (alternative)
draȝen (alternative)
drauhen (alternative)
draȝhenn (alternative)
drawe (alternative)
draue (alternative)
draȝe (alternative)

English: draw

Scots: draw

Yola: dra

From Old English dragan, from Proto-West Germanic *dragan. Many senses are calqued from Latin trahere.

To unsheathe or pull out a weapon or arrow.

To rip or pull out; to forcibly remove by pulling or tugging.

To pull, move or draw away:
To draw breath; to breathe or respire.

To doff; to remove an article of clothing.

To pull, move or draw away:
(cooking) To disembowel or gut.

To pull, move or draw away:
To disembowel or gut.

(medicine) To extract blood from (someone)

To pull, move or draw away:
To extract blood from (someone)

To draw, push, or impel towards (oneself); to attract:

To extract; to draw out (moisture or liquid)

To lead or bring (something); to take with oneself.

To effect a condition or state; to make (into).

(chess) To make a move; to move a piece.

To go to; to become closer or nearer to:

To travel or journey: to go physically towards.

To follow, imitate; to be influenced by.

To support or influence; to exert power over.

To draw out; to spread out or extend:
To prolong; to extend in time.

(rare) To spread as to cover or blanket.

To draw out; to spread out or extend:
To spread as to cover or blanket.

To draw out; to spread out or extend:
To defer or procrastinate; to put off.

To make or create; to cause to come about:

To pull apart; to tear to bits (especially with down)

(mathematics) To add; to perform addition.


afered

affered (alternative)
afert (alternative)
averd (alternative)
avared (alternative)


cheke

cheek (alternative)
cheeke (alternative)
cheoke (alternative)
chieke (alternative)
chike (alternative)
choke (alternative)
chooke (alternative)
chyke (alternative)


speken

speken (third-person singular simple present speketh, present participle spekynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative spak, past participle speken)

speketh (present singular third-person)
spekynge (participle present)
spak (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
speken (participle past)
speken (infinitive)
to speken (infinitive)
speke (infinitive)
speke (first-person present singular)
spak (first-person past singular)
spek (first-person past singular)
spekest (present second-person singular)
speke (past second-person singular)
spake (past second-person singular)
spoke (past second-person singular)
spak (past second-person singular)
spek (past second-person singular)
speketh (present singular third-person)
spak (past singular third-person)
spek (past singular third-person)
speke (present singular subjunctive)
speke (past singular subjunctive)
spake (past singular subjunctive)
spoke (past singular subjunctive)
speke (imperative present singular)
speken (plural present)
speke (plural present)
speken (past plural)
speke (past plural)
spaken (past plural)
spake (past plural)
spoken (past plural)
spoke (past plural)
speketh (imperative plural present)
speke (imperative plural present)
spekynge (participle present)
spekende (participle present)
speken (participle past)
yspeken (participle past)
speke (participle past)
yspeke (participle past)
spoken (participle past)
yspoken (participle past)
spoke (participle past)
yspoke (participle past)
speke (alternative)

English: speak

Middle Scots: speke, speik

Scots: speik, speak, spik, spikk

From Old English specan, from earlier sprecan, from Proto-West Germanic *sprekan, from Proto-Germanic *sprekaną.

The title of the hundrid and eiȝtthe ſalm. To victorye, the ſalm of Dauid. / God, holde thou not ſtille my preiſyng; for the mouth of the ſynner, and the mouth of the gileful man is openyd on me. / Thei ſpaken ayens me with a gileful tunge, and thei cumpassiden me with wordis of hatrede; and fouȝten ayens me with out cauſe.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 108:1-3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David" / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn,
Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn.
And when he had drunk all the wine
He would not speak a word other than Latin


toold

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Now have I toold you shortly in a clause
Now that I have briefly told you above


gliden

gliden (third-person singular simple present glideth, present participle glidynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative glod, past participle gliden)

glideth (present singular third-person)
glidynge (participle present)
glod (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
gliden (participle past)
gliden (infinitive)
to gliden (infinitive)
glide (infinitive)
glide (first-person present singular)
glod (first-person past singular)
glidest (present second-person singular)
glode (past second-person singular)
glide (past second-person singular)
glod (past second-person singular)
glideth (present singular third-person)
glod (past singular third-person)
glide (present singular subjunctive)
glode (past singular subjunctive)
glide (past singular subjunctive)
glide (imperative present singular)
gliden (plural present)
glide (plural present)
gloden (past plural)
glode (past plural)
gliden (past plural)
glide (past plural)
glideth (imperative plural present)
glide (imperative plural present)
glidynge (participle present)
glidende (participle present)
gliden (participle past)
glide (participle past)
ygliden (participle past)
yglide (participle past)

English: glide

Scots: glide, glyde

From Old English glīdan (“to glide”), from Proto-West Germanic *glīdan, from Proto-Germanic *glīdaną; more at glide.


mysspeken

mysspeken (third-person singular simple present mysspeketh, present participle mysspekende, first-/third-person singular past indicative mysspak, past participle mysspoken)

mysspeketh (present singular third-person)
mysspekende (participle present)
mysspak (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
mysspoken (participle past)
mys-speken (alternative)
misspeken (alternative)
mispeken (alternative)

English: misspeak

From mys- + speken, or perhaps continuing Old English *misspecan, missprecan.

to misspeak (make an error while speaking)


forthcallen

forthcallen (third-person singular simple present forthcalleth, present participle forthcallende, forthcallynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forthcalled)

forthcalleth (present singular third-person)
forthcallende (participle present)
forthcallynge (participle present)
forthcalled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From forth- + callen. Compare Old English forþġeclipian (“to call forth, provoke”). More at forth, call.


weymenten

enm-verb

weymenten (third-person singular simple present weymenteth, present participle weymentende, weymentynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle weymented)

weymenteth (present singular third-person)
weymentende (participle present)
weymentynge (participle present)
weymented (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
waymenten (alternative)

English: wayment

From Old Northern French waimenter, variant of Old French gaimenter.

to wayment; to experience distress or pain


lyven

lyven (third-person singular simple present lyveth, present participle lyvende, lyvynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle lyved)

lyveth (present singular third-person)
lyvende (participle present)
lyvynge (participle present)
lyved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
lyven (infinitive)
to lyven (infinitive)
lyve (infinitive)
lyve (first-person present singular)
lyved (first-person past singular)
lyvest (present second-person singular)
lyvedest (past second-person singular)
lyveth (present singular third-person)
lyved (past singular third-person)
lyve (present singular subjunctive)
lyved (past singular subjunctive)
lyve (imperative present singular)
lyven (plural present)
lyve (plural present)
lyveden (past plural)
lyvede (past plural)
lyveth (imperative plural present)
lyve (imperative plural present)
lyvynge (participle present)
lyvende (participle present)
lyved (participle past)
ylyved (participle past)
leeve (alternative)
lefe (alternative)
leve (alternative)
leven (alternative)
libbe (alternative)
libben (alternative)
lifen (alternative)
live (alternative)
liven (alternative)
lybbe (alternative)
lyve (alternative)
libbæn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
libbenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
livie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
livien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luvien (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: live

Scots: leeve

Yola: live

From Old English libban, lifian, from Proto-West Germanic *libbjan, from Proto-Germanic *libjaną.

(intransitive) To live (be alive or extant)

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I greatly wonder by this light / How it is that I’m alive, for whether it’s day or night / I can hardly sleep at all.

I Haue grete wonder, be this lyghte / How that I lyve, for day ne nyghte / I may nat slepe, wel nygh noght

(intransitive) To live (survive, continue living)

(intransitive, of inanimate objects and abstractions) To persist; to continue to exist.

(intransitive) To reside or dwell; to live (somewhere).

(intransitive) To live (in a certain way or condition)

(intransitive, with various prepositions) To subsist or live on.

(transitive) To live as (something), to exist as, to live the life of.


synken

sinken (infinitive)
to sinken (infinitive)
sinke (infinitive)
sinke (first-person present singular)
sank (first-person past singular)
sinkest (present second-person singular)
sunke (past second-person singular)
sanke (past second-person singular)
sank (past second-person singular)
sinketh (present singular third-person)
sank (past singular third-person)
sinke (present singular subjunctive)
sunke (past singular subjunctive)
sanke (past singular subjunctive)
sinke (imperative present singular)
sinken (plural present)
sinke (plural present)
sunken (past plural)
sunke (past plural)
sanken (past plural)
sanke (past plural)
sinketh (imperative plural present)
sinke (imperative plural present)
sinkynge (participle present)
sinkende (participle present)
sunken (participle past)
sunke (participle past)
ysunken (participle past)
ysunke (participle past)

English: sink

Scots: sink

Yola: zunk (preterite)

From Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tales
Lat oure sorwe synken into þin herte.
Let our sorrow sink into your heart.


dwellen

dwelen (infinitive)
to dwelen (infinitive)
dwele (infinitive)
dwele (first-person present singular)
dweled (first-person past singular)
dwelte (first-person past singular)
dwelest (present second-person singular)
dweledest (past second-person singular)
dweltest (past second-person singular)
dweleth (present singular third-person)
dweled (past singular third-person)
dwelte (past singular third-person)
dwele (present singular subjunctive)
dweled (past singular subjunctive)
dwelte (past singular subjunctive)
dwele (imperative present singular)
dwelen (plural present)
dwele (plural present)
dweleden (past plural)
dwelede (past plural)
dwelten (past plural)
dwelte (past plural)
dweleth (imperative plural present)
dwele (imperative plural present)
dwelynge (participle present)
dwelende (participle present)
dweled (participle past)
dwelt (participle past)
ydweled (participle past)
ydwelt (participle past)
duell (alternative)
duelle (alternative)
dwel (alternative)
dwell (alternative)
dwelle (alternative)
dwellyn (alternative)
dweylle (alternative)

English: dwell

Scots: dwall

From Old English dwellan (with semantic influence from Old Norse dvelja), from Proto-West Germanic *dwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną.

To dwell; to remain:
To remain or stay (in a location)

To dwell; to remain:
To live, reside, or inhabit.

(figurative) To become settled or established (with).

To last; to persist:
To remain or continue (in a condition)

To last; to persist:
To be left; to remain in possession.

To be left over; to remain (of a portion).


skapen

skapen (third-person singular simple present skapeth, present participle skapende, skapynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle skaped)

skapeth (present singular third-person)
skapende (participle present)
skapynge (participle present)
skaped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
scapen (alternative)

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
That if I might skapen fro prisoun
That if I can escape from prison


teere

alternative form of teren (“to ruin by removing or splitting”)


crien

crien (third-person singular simple present crieth, present participle cryinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle criedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

crieth (present singular third-person)
cryinge (participle present)
crien (infinitive)
to crien (infinitive)
crie (infinitive)
crie (first-person present singular)
cried (first-person past singular)
cride (first-person past singular)
criest (present second-person singular)
criedest (past second-person singular)
cridest (past second-person singular)
crieth (present singular third-person)
cried (past singular third-person)
cride (past singular third-person)
crie (present singular subjunctive)
cried (past singular subjunctive)
cride (past singular subjunctive)
crie (imperative present singular)
crien (plural present)
crie (plural present)
crieden (past plural)
criede (past plural)
criden (past plural)
cride (past plural)
crieth (imperative plural present)
crie (imperative plural present)
criynge (participle present)
criende (participle present)
cried (participle past)
crid (participle past)
creie (alternative)
cri (alternative)
crie (alternative)
criȝe (alternative)
cry (alternative)
crye (alternative)
cryen (alternative)
criþe (alternative)

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: cry't (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French crier, from Vulgar Latin *crītāre; equivalent to cry + -en (infinitival suffix).

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To weep or cry in sorrow.

(with preposition) To shout against; to verbally protest.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To shout against; to verbally protest.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To plead for help or justice.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To pray for divine aid; to supplicate.

To announce or proclaim:
To order, charge, or direct.

To announce or proclaim:
To call for people; to summon.

(of animals) To make a characteristic sound.


waylen

waylen (third-person singular simple present wayleth, present participle waylende, waylynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wayled)

wayleth (present singular third-person)
waylende (participle present)
waylynge (participle present)
wayled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wail


quethen

quethen (third-person singular simple present quetheth, present participle quethynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative quath, past participle quethen)

quetheth (present singular third-person)
quethynge (participle present)
quath (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
quethen (participle past)
quethen (infinitive)
to quethen (infinitive)
quethe (infinitive)
quethe (first-person present singular)
quath (first-person past singular)
quoth (first-person past singular)
quethest (present second-person singular)
quede (past second-person singular)
quode (past second-person singular)
quath (past second-person singular)
quoth (past second-person singular)
quetheth (present singular third-person)
quath (past singular third-person)
quoth (past singular third-person)
quethe (present singular subjunctive)
quede (past singular subjunctive)
quode (past singular subjunctive)
quethe (imperative present singular)
quethen (plural present)
quethe (plural present)
queden (past plural)
quede (past plural)
quoden (past plural)
quode (past plural)
quetheth (imperative plural present)
quethe (imperative plural present)
quethynge (participle present)
quethende (participle present)
queden (participle past)
quede (participle past)
yqueden (participle past)
yquede (participle past)
queden (alternative)
quethe (alternative)
queþe (alternative)
queþen (alternative)
qweþe (alternative)
qwethyn (alternative)
cwæthen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
cwethen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
cweþen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
cweðen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
queðen (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)

Scots: quethe (noun)

Yola: co, quo

Inherited from Old English cweþan, from Proto-West Germanic *kweþan, from Proto-Germanic *kweþaną; a cognate of Middle Low German queden, Middle Dutch quēden, Middle High German quëden, and Old Swedish kvæþa.

To speak, talk, question (about something; something)

To bequeath; to hand down to one's successors by will.

To abandon; to give away or give out; to donate.


haþ

third-person singular present indicative of haven


chaungen

chaungen (third-person singular simple present chaungeth, present participle chaungende, chaungynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaunged)

chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaungende (participle present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaunged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chaungen (infinitive)
to chaungen (infinitive)
chaunge (infinitive)
chaunge (first-person present singular)
chaunged (first-person past singular)
chaungest (present second-person singular)
chaungedest (past second-person singular)
chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaunged (past singular third-person)
chaunge (present singular subjunctive)
chaunged (past singular subjunctive)
chaunge (imperative present singular)
chaungen (plural present)
chaunge (plural present)
chaungeden (past plural)
chaungede (past plural)
chaungeth (imperative plural present)
chaunge (imperative plural present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaungende (participle present)
chaunged (participle past)
change (alternative)
chaunge (alternative)
chaungi (alternative)
chaungie (alternative)
chawnge (alternative)
chawngyn (alternative)
chaynge (alternative)
chonge (alternative)
schaunche (alternative)

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃaːnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃæi̯nd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaungier, chaunger and continental Old French changier, from Latin cambiāre, from Gaulish cambion (“change”); equivalent to chaunge (“change”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To change or vary; to become or make different:

To alter or transmogrify; to change in entirety.

To replace or swap; to substitute for another.


romen

enm-verb

romen (third-person singular simple present rometh, present participle romende, romynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle romed)

rometh (present singular third-person)
romende (participle present)
romynge (participle present)
romed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

to roam (move around somewhat indiscriminately)


deyen

English: die, dye
→ Vietnamese: đai

Geordie English: dee

Scots: de, dee, dey

Yola: dee

From Old Norse deyja, from Proto-Germanic *dawjaną.

deȝen (alternative)
dien (alternative)
deien (alternative)
digen (alternative)
degen (alternative)
deghen (alternative)
deȝen (alternative)

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
That þou ne schuldest deyen of myn honde
So that you should not die of my hand


deyen

English: dye

To dye or perform the process of dyeing.


enformen

enformen (third-person singular simple present enformeth, present participle enformende, enformynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enformed)

enformeth (present singular third-person)
enformende (participle present)
enformynge (participle present)
enformed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
enformen (infinitive)
to enformen (infinitive)
enforme (infinitive)
enforme (first-person present singular)
enformed (first-person past singular)
enformest (present second-person singular)
enformedest (past second-person singular)
enformeth (present singular third-person)
enformed (past singular third-person)
enforme (present singular subjunctive)
enformed (past singular subjunctive)
enforme (imperative present singular)
enformen (plural present)
enforme (plural present)
enformeden (past plural)
enformede (past plural)
enformeth (imperative plural present)
enforme (imperative plural present)
enformynge (participle present)
enformende (participle present)
enformed (participle past)
enfoorme (alternative)
enforme (alternative)
enfourme (alternative)
en-fourme (alternative)
enfourmen (alternative)
informe (alternative)
informyn (alternative)

English: inform

desc

Middle Scots: enforme, informe, infourme

Scots: inform

Borrowed from Old French enfourmer, enformer, from Latin īnfōrmō; equivalent to en- + formen (“to create”).

To educate or teach (about); to provide a course of knowledge (to).

To counsel; to provide advice for a situation.

To inform or explain; to impart specific information.

To engender or develop a cognitive attribute or faculty.

(more generally) To form, develop, or arrange.


gessen

enm-verb

gessen (third-person singular simple present gesseth, present participle gessende, first-/third-person singular past indicative gessede, past participle ygessed)

gesseth (present singular third-person)
gessende (participle present)
gessede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ygessed (participle past)
gessen (infinitive)
to gessen (infinitive)
gesse (infinitive)
gesse (first-person present singular)
gessed (first-person past singular)
gessest (present second-person singular)
gessedest (past second-person singular)
gesseth (present singular third-person)
gessed (past singular third-person)
gesse (present singular subjunctive)
gessed (past singular subjunctive)
gesse (imperative present singular)
gessen (plural present)
gesse (plural present)
gesseden (past plural)
gessede (past plural)
gesseth (imperative plural present)
gesse (imperative plural present)
gessynge (participle present)
gessende (participle present)
gessed (participle past)
ygessed (participle past)

English: guess


remembren

remembren (third-person singular simple present remembreth, present participle remembrende, remembrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle remembred)

remembreth (present singular third-person)
remembrende (participle present)
remembrynge (participle present)
remembred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
remembren (infinitive)
to remembren (infinitive)
remembre (infinitive)
remembre (first-person present singular)
remembred (first-person past singular)
remembrest (present second-person singular)
remembredest (past second-person singular)
remembreth (present singular third-person)
remembred (past singular third-person)
remembre (present singular subjunctive)
remembred (past singular subjunctive)
remembre (imperative present singular)
remembren (plural present)
remembre (plural present)
remembreden (past plural)
remembrede (past plural)
remembreth (imperative plural present)
remembre (imperative plural present)
remembrynge (participle present)
remembrende (participle present)
remembred (participle past)
yremembred (participle past)

English: to remember

Old French remembrer, from Vulgar Latin rememorare, from Classical Latin rememorari


stode

inflection of standen:
plural indicative/subjunctive past

inflection of standen:
second-person singular past

inflection of standen:
singular subjunctive past


requere

‘Plighte me thy trouthe, heer in myn hand,’ quod she,
‘The nexte thing that I requere thee,
Thou shalt it do, if it lye in thy might;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1009-1012

‘Pledge me thy word here in my hand,’ she said,
‘The next thing that I require of thee,
Thou shalt do it, if it lies in thy power;
And I will tell it to you before it is night.’


acqueren

acqueren (infinitive)
to acqueren (infinitive)
acquere (infinitive)
acquere (first-person present singular)
acquered (first-person past singular)
acquerest (present second-person singular)
acqueredest (past second-person singular)
acquereth (present singular third-person)
acquered (past singular third-person)
acquere (present singular subjunctive)
acquered (past singular subjunctive)
acquere (imperative present singular)
acqueren (plural present)
acquere (plural present)
acquereden (past plural)
acquerede (past plural)
acquereth (imperative plural present)
acquere (imperative plural present)
acquerynge (participle present)
acquerende (participle present)
acquered (participle past)
yacquered (participle past)

English: acquire


fellen

From Old English fellan, Anglian variant of fiellan, from Proto-West Germanic *fallijan, from Proto-Germanic *fallijaną, causative of *fallaną.

felle (alternative)
fullen (alternative)

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


sterten

sterten (infinitive)
to sterten (infinitive)
sterte (infinitive)
sterte (first-person present singular)
sterte (first-person past singular)
stertest (present second-person singular)
stertest (past second-person singular)
sterteth (present singular third-person)
sterte (past singular third-person)
sterte (present singular subjunctive)
sterte (past singular subjunctive)
sterte (imperative present singular)
sterten (plural present)
sterte (plural present)
sterten (past plural)
sterte (past plural)
sterteth (imperative plural present)
sterte (imperative plural present)
stertynge (participle present)
stertende (participle present)
stert (participle past)
ystert (participle past)
sturten (alternative)
styrtan (alternative)
stirten (alternative)
steorten (alternative)
starten (alternative)

English: start, sturt (dialectal)

Scots: stert, start

Yola: starth

From Old English styrtan, from Proto-West Germanic *sturtijan (“to startle, move, set in motion”).

inh

c. 1250, Anonymous, "Cuckoo Song" (as printed in Oxford Book of English Verse, 1900)


jugen

enm-verb

jugen (third-person singular simple present jugeth, present participle jugende, jugynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle juged)

jugeth (present singular third-person)
jugende (participle present)
jugynge (participle present)
juged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


dampnen

dampnen (third-person singular simple present dampneth, present participle dampnende, dampnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dampned)

dampneth (present singular third-person)
dampnende (participle present)
dampnynge (participle present)
dampned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dampnen (infinitive)
to dampnen (infinitive)
dampne (infinitive)
dampne (first-person present singular)
dampned (first-person past singular)
dampe (first-person past singular)
dampnest (present second-person singular)
dampnedest (past second-person singular)
dampest (past second-person singular)
dampneth (present singular third-person)
dampned (past singular third-person)
dampe (past singular third-person)
dampne (present singular subjunctive)
dampned (past singular subjunctive)
dampe (past singular subjunctive)
dampne (imperative present singular)
dampnen (plural present)
dampne (plural present)
dampneden (past plural)
dampnede (past plural)
dampen (past plural)
dampe (past plural)
dampneth (imperative plural present)
dampne (imperative plural present)
dampnynge (participle present)
dampnende (participle present)
dampned (participle past)
damp (participle past)
ydampned (participle past)
ydamp (participle past)
dame (alternative)
damne (alternative)
damnen (alternative)
damni (alternative)
dampen (alternative)
dampne (alternative)
dempnen (alternative)

English: damn

Scots: damn

Borrowed from Old French dampner, from Latin damnō; compare condempnen.

(law) to charge as guilty; to effect punishment.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 843-844

[...] Mankind was lorn and damned ay to dye,
For which thy child was on a croys y-rent; [...]
… Mankind was lost, and damned forever to die,
For which your child was stretched on a cross; …

to condemn to some ill fate, to doom or destine (to die, etc.)


seide

said (alternative)
saide (alternative)
sayd (alternative)
sayde (alternative)
seid (alternative)
seyd (alternative)
seyde (alternative)

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

first/third-person singular past indicative of seyn


suppe

alternative form of soupen (“to swallow”)


graunten

graunten (third-person singular simple present graunteth, present participle grauntende, grauntynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle graunted)

graunteth (present singular third-person)
grauntende (participle present)
grauntynge (participle present)
graunted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: grant


fighten

fighten (third-person singular simple present fighteth, present participle fightende, first-/third-person singular past indicative faught, past participle foughten)

fighteth (present singular third-person)
fightende (participle present)
faught (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
foughten (participle past)
fehten (alternative)
feghten (alternative)
feighten (alternative)
fihhtenn (alternative)
fiȝten (alternative)

English: fight

Scots: fecht, ficht

From Old English feohtan, from Proto-West Germanic *fehtan, from Proto-Germanic *fehtaną.

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David". / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.


devysen

devysen (third-person singular simple present devyseth, present participle devysende, devysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle devysed)

devyseth (present singular third-person)
devysende (participle present)
devysynge (participle present)
devysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
devisen (alternative)


foryiven

foryiven (infinitive)
to foryiven (infinitive)
foryive (infinitive)
foryive (first-person present singular)
foryaf (first-person past singular)
foryef (first-person past singular)
foryivest (present second-person singular)
foryeve (past second-person singular)
foryave (past second-person singular)
foryaf (past second-person singular)
foryef (past second-person singular)
foryiveth (present singular third-person)
foryaf (past singular third-person)
foryef (past singular third-person)
foryive (present singular subjunctive)
foryeve (past singular subjunctive)
foryave (past singular subjunctive)
foryive (imperative present singular)
foryiven (plural present)
foryive (plural present)
foryeven (past plural)
foryeve (past plural)
foryaven (past plural)
foryave (past plural)
foryiveth (imperative plural present)
foryive (imperative plural present)
foryivynge (participle present)
foryivende (participle present)
foryeven (participle past)
foryeve (participle past)
foryiven (participle past)
foryive (participle past)
foryoven (participle past)
foryove (participle past)
foryeven (alternative)
foryive (alternative)
forȝive (alternative)
forȝiven (alternative)
forgiven (alternative)

English: forgive

Scots: forgie, firgee, forgae

Yola: vargee

From Old English forġiefan (“to forgive, give up, provide”), from Proto-West Germanic *frageban, from Proto-Germanic *fragebaną. See forgive; equivalent to for- + yiven.


goþ

gaþ (alternative)
goeth (alternative)
goeþ (alternative)
goth (alternative)

third-person singular present indicative of gon

(mainly Southern ME) plural present indicative of gon


aknowen

aknowen (infinitive)
to aknowen (infinitive)
aknowe (infinitive)
aknowe (first-person present singular)
aknew (first-person past singular)
aknowest (present second-person singular)
aknewe (past second-person singular)
aknew (past second-person singular)
aknoweth (present singular third-person)
aknew (past singular third-person)
aknowe (present singular subjunctive)
aknewe (past singular subjunctive)
aknowe (imperative present singular)
aknowen (plural present)
aknowe (plural present)
aknewen (past plural)
aknewe (past plural)
aknoweth (imperative plural present)
aknowe (imperative plural present)
aknowynge (participle present)
aknowende (participle present)
aknowen (participle past)
aknowe (participle past)
yaknowen (participle past)
yaknowe (participle past)
oncnawen (alternative)
oknowen (alternative)
aknawen (alternative)
a-knawen (alternative)

English: aknow, acknow

⇒ Scots: aknawin (ppt)

From Old English ācnawan, a variant of oncnāwan, equivalent to a- + knowen.

(transitive) To acknowledge; to confess (often with "of" or "on") - Geoffrey Chaucer.


crasen

enm-verb

crasen (third-person singular simple present craseth, present participle crasende, crasynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle crased)

craseth (present singular third-person)
crasende (participle present)
crasynge (participle present)
crased (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
crasen (infinitive)
to crasen (infinitive)
crase (infinitive)
crase (first-person present singular)
crased (first-person past singular)
crasest (present second-person singular)
crasedest (past second-person singular)
craseth (present singular third-person)
crased (past singular third-person)
crase (present singular subjunctive)
crased (past singular subjunctive)
crase (imperative present singular)
crasen (plural present)
crase (plural present)
craseden (past plural)
crasede (past plural)
craseth (imperative plural present)
crase (imperative plural present)
crasynge (participle present)
crasende (participle present)
crased (participle past)
ycrased (participle past)

English: craze

→ Middle French: ecraser

French: écraser

Scots: craze

Borrowed from Old Norse *krasa (“to shatter”). Cognate with Norwegian krasa (“to shatter, crush”).

The pot was crased. Geoffrey Chaucer.

(transitive) To break in pieces; to crack.


floryschen

floryschen (third-person singular simple present floryscheth, present participle floryschende, floryschynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle florysched)

floryscheth (present singular third-person)
floryschende (participle present)
floryschynge (participle present)
florysched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
floryschen (infinitive)
to floryschen (infinitive)
florysche (infinitive)
florysche (first-person present singular)
florysched (first-person past singular)
floryschest (present second-person singular)
floryschedest (past second-person singular)
floryscheth (present singular third-person)
florysched (past singular third-person)
florysche (present singular subjunctive)
florysched (past singular subjunctive)
florysche (imperative present singular)
floryschen (plural present)
florysche (plural present)
floryscheden (past plural)
floryschede (past plural)
floryscheth (imperative plural present)
florysche (imperative plural present)
floryschynge (participle present)
floryschende (participle present)
florysched (participle past)
yflorysched (participle past)

English: flourish

Scots: flourish

From Old French florir, via the arrhizotonic stem floriss-.

To flourish, such as to brandish a sword or other weapon with large showy movements during practice or prior to play or fight.


yiven

yiven (third-person singular simple present yiveth, present participle yivynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative yaf, past participle yiven)

yiveth (present singular third-person)
yivynge (participle present)
yaf (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yiven (participle past)
yiven (infinitive)
to yiven (infinitive)
yive (infinitive)
yive (first-person present singular)
yaf (first-person past singular)
yef (first-person past singular)
yivest (present second-person singular)
yeve (past second-person singular)
yave (past second-person singular)
yaf (past second-person singular)
yef (past second-person singular)
yiveth (present singular third-person)
yaf (past singular third-person)
yef (past singular third-person)
yive (present singular subjunctive)
yeve (past singular subjunctive)
yave (past singular subjunctive)
yive (imperative present singular)
yiven (plural present)
yive (plural present)
yeven (past plural)
yeve (past plural)
yaven (past plural)
yave (past plural)
yiveth (imperative plural present)
yive (imperative plural present)
yivynge (participle present)
yivende (participle present)
yeven (participle past)
yeve (participle past)
yiven (participle past)
yive (participle past)
yoven (participle past)
yove (participle past)
ȝeven (alternative)
ȝiven (alternative)
yeven (alternative)

English: yive, yeve

Yola: yie, ye, yive

From Old English ġiefan. See also the doublet given.

And than he laſſeth / And axeth but a litel peny, / If that the king wold yive him any. / The king anſwerd, it was to ſmall / For him, which was a lord reall, / To yive a man ſo litel thinge, / It were unworſhip in a kinge.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, “Book VII”, in Reinhold Pauli, editor, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume III, London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC, pages 156–157:


spayen

head

spayen (third person present spaieth, present participle spaiende, simple past spaiede, past participle spaied or yspaied)

spaieth (present third-person)
spaiende (participle present)
spaiede (past)
spaied (participle past)
yspaied (participle past)
spaien (alternative)
spay (alternative)

English: spay

From the Anglo-Norman espeier, equivalent to the Old French espeer (“to cut with a sword”), from Old French espee (“sword”), whence the Modern French épée.

cog

1406–13: Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, The Master of Game (Digby manuscript 182), prologue⁽¹⁾ and chapter xxxiii⁽²⁾
⁽¹⁾ And after whann the hert is spaied and dede he vndothe hym.
⁽²⁾ Þen shulde who so be moste maister þere byd somme of þe hunters go spay hym euen behynde þe shulder forwarde to þe herte.

(transitive) to stab or kill, especially to kill (a deer) with a sword or other such stabbing or cutting weapon

1406–13: Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, The Master of Game (Digby manuscript 182), chapter xi
And bycause þei shuld not lese her tyme, men make hem yspayed, saue þose men will kepe open to bere whelpes.


schrewen

From schrewe (“barn mouse, shrew, evil person”). More at shrew.


choken

choken (infinitive)
to choken (infinitive)
choke (infinitive)
choke (first-person present singular)
choked (first-person past singular)
chokest (present second-person singular)
chokedest (past second-person singular)
choketh (present singular third-person)
choked (past singular third-person)
choke (present singular subjunctive)
choked (past singular subjunctive)
choke (imperative present singular)
choken (plural present)
choke (plural present)
chokeden (past plural)
chokede (past plural)
choketh (imperative plural present)
choke (imperative plural present)
chokynge (participle present)
chokende (participle present)
choked (participle past)
cheke (alternative)
chekyn (alternative)

English: choke

Scots: choke

To asphyxiate or strangle (to cause to choke).

(by extension) To suffocate; to smother.


gripen

gripen (infinitive)
to gripen (infinitive)
gripe (infinitive)
gripe (first-person present singular)
grop (first-person past singular)
griped (first-person past singular)
gripest (present second-person singular)
grope (past second-person singular)
gripe (past second-person singular)
grepe (past second-person singular)
grop (past second-person singular)
gripedest (past second-person singular)
gripeth (present singular third-person)
grop (past singular third-person)
griped (past singular third-person)
gripe (present singular subjunctive)
grope (past singular subjunctive)
gripe (past singular subjunctive)
grepe (past singular subjunctive)
griped (past singular subjunctive)
gripe (imperative present singular)
gripen (plural present)
gripe (plural present)
gropen (past plural)
grope (past plural)
gripen (past plural)
gripe (past plural)
grepen (past plural)
grepe (past plural)
gripeden (past plural)
gripede (past plural)
gripeth (imperative plural present)
gripe (imperative plural present)
gripynge (participle present)
gripende (participle present)
gripen (participle past)
gripe (participle past)
grepen (participle past)
grepe (participle past)
griped (participle past)
ygripen (participle past)
ygripe (participle past)
grypen (alternative)
grype (alternative)
gripe (alternative)

English: gripe

Scots: gripe, grip

From Old English grīpan, from Proto-Germanic *grīpaną. Cognates include Middle Dutch gripen, Old Swedish grīpa, Middle High German grifen and Middle Low German grîpen.

To grip or grab onto (often to take away)

To confiscate or steal; to take forcibly.

To make material gains come into one's possession.

To find out about (to acquire knowledge or information)

To torment or injure; to cause fear or sorrow.


panten

panten (infinitive)
to panten (infinitive)
pante (infinitive)
pante (first-person present singular)
panted (first-person past singular)
pantest (present second-person singular)
pantedest (past second-person singular)
panteth (present singular third-person)
panted (past singular third-person)
pante (present singular subjunctive)
panted (past singular subjunctive)
pante (imperative present singular)
panten (plural present)
pante (plural present)
panteden (past plural)
pantede (past plural)
panteth (imperative plural present)
pante (imperative plural present)
pantynge (participle present)
pantende (participle present)
panted (participle past)
ypanted (participle past)
pant (alternative)
pante (alternative)
pantyn (alternative)

English: pant, pank

Scots: pant (obsolete)

Potentially from Old French pantoyer, a form of pantoisier.

To pant; to draw breath quickly or urgently.

(of the heart) To beat quickly or urgently.


droppen

enm-verb

droppen (third-person singular simple present droppeth, present participle droppende, droppynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dropped)

droppeth (present singular third-person)
droppende (participle present)
droppynge (participle present)
dropped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
droppen (infinitive)
to droppen (infinitive)
droppe (infinitive)
droppe (first-person present singular)
dropped (first-person past singular)
droppest (present second-person singular)
droppedest (past second-person singular)
droppeth (present singular third-person)
dropped (past singular third-person)
droppe (present singular subjunctive)
dropped (past singular subjunctive)
droppe (imperative present singular)
droppen (plural present)
droppe (plural present)
droppeden (past plural)
droppede (past plural)
droppeth (imperative plural present)
droppe (imperative plural present)
droppynge (participle present)
droppende (participle present)
dropped (participle past)
drop (alternative)
droppe (alternative)
droupe (alternative)

English: drop

Scots: drap

Inherited from Old English dropian, from Proto-West Germanic *dropōn, from Proto-Germanic *drupōną; equivalent to drope (“drop”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(of a liquid) To drip; to fall in drops:

To drip; to fall in drops:
To rain; to descend in a mass of drops.

To drip; to fall in drops:
To sprinkle; to cause to drip.

To drop; to move suddenly and directly down.

(figuratively) To create, inculcate, or instil.


heres

alternative form of herest: second-person singular present of heren


ruson

(Northern) alternative form of rosen (“to boast”)


ferd

Originally the past participle of feren (“to frighten”).

feerd (alternative)
feerde (alternative)
ferde (alternative)
ferid (alternative)


tobursten

English: toburst

From Old English tōberstan (“to burst apart”), from Proto-Germanic *tebrestaną, equivalent to to- + bursten. More at to-, burst.

inh

tobresten (alternative)
tobrusten (alternative)
tobirsten (alternative)

(intransitive) to burst apart, burst asunder; to burst open, explode


vitaile

fetayle (alternative)
vetaille (alternative)
vetel (alternative)
victuayle (alternative)
vitaill (alternative)
vitaille (alternative)
vitaylle (alternative)
viteill (alternative)
vitell (alternative)
vittaille (alternative)
vytayle (alternative)


acten

acten (infinitive)
to acten (infinitive)
acte (infinitive)
acte (first-person present singular)
acted (first-person past singular)
actest (present second-person singular)
actedest (past second-person singular)
acteth (present singular third-person)
acted (past singular third-person)
acte (present singular subjunctive)
acted (past singular subjunctive)
acte (imperative present singular)
acten (plural present)
acte (plural present)
acteden (past plural)
actede (past plural)
acteth (imperative plural present)
acte (imperative plural present)
actynge (participle present)
actende (participle present)
acted (participle past)
yacted (participle past)

English: act

Scots: ack

(Late Middle English, rare) To act upon or adjudicate (a case at law).


capen

Longe may þey seche Er þat þei fynde þat þei after cape.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

This Nicholas sat euere capyng

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


aȝeinen

From aȝein (“against, counter to”), from Old English onġeġn (“against”). Compare Middle High German engegenen (“to encounter, meet”). More at against.