flowen

enm-verb

flowen (third-person singular simple present floweth, present participle flowende, flowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle flowed)

floweth (present singular third-person)
flowende (participle present)
flowynge (participle present)
flowed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
flowen (infinitive)
to flowen (infinitive)
flowe (infinitive)
flowe (first-person present singular)
flowed (first-person past singular)
flew (first-person past singular)
flowest (present second-person singular)
flowedest (past second-person singular)
flewe (past second-person singular)
flew (past second-person singular)
floweth (present singular third-person)
flowed (past singular third-person)
flew (past singular third-person)
flowe (present singular subjunctive)
flowed (past singular subjunctive)
flewe (past singular subjunctive)
flowe (imperative present singular)
flowen (plural present)
flowe (plural present)
floweden (past plural)
flowede (past plural)
flewen (past plural)
flewe (past plural)
floweth (imperative plural present)
flowe (imperative plural present)
flowynge (participle present)
flowende (participle present)
flowed (participle past)
flowen (participle past)
flowe (participle past)
yflowed (participle past)
yflowen (participle past)
floȝen (alternative)
flouen (alternative)
flowe (alternative)
flue (alternative)
flwy (alternative)
flowenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: flow

Scots: flow

Inherited from Old English flōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *flōan, from Proto-Germanic *flōaną. Compare flod.

To flow, stream, or issue; (to move as a fluid):

To gush or spurt; to move rapidly as a jet.

To act like a fluid; to be turbulent or impermanent.

(figurative) To flow (move smoothly like liquid)

(rare, of the sea) To become turbulent or rough.

To be flooded; to be overwhelmed by a flood or deluge.

(of the tide) To surge or rise; to become or be high.

To float; to be propelled by water or as if by water.

(rare, figurative) To macerate in joy or lucre.

(rare, figurative) To appear (of feelings)


foryetten

But yet had I foryetten to devise The noble kerving, and the portreitures, The shape, the contenance of the figures That weren in these oratories three.

1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knightes Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:


dradde

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3402

[...] ‘And he was proud, and no-thing god ne dradde,’ [...]
… ‘And he was proud and not at all dreaded God,’ …


belimpen

belimpen (third-person singular simple present belimpeth, present participle belimpende, first-/third-person singular past indicative belamp, past participle belumpen)

belimpeth (present singular third-person)
belimpende (participle present)
belamp (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
belumpen (participle past)
bilimpen (alternative)

From Old English belimpan (“to concern, regard, belong to, conduce to, happen, befall, become, befit”), equivalent to be- + limpen (“to happen”).

inh

(intransitive) To happen; occur; befall.

(intransitive) To pertain (to something); be concerned (with); to be proper or fitting.


woxen

To every wight she woxen is so deere
And worshipful, that folk ther she was bore
And from hir birthe knewe hir yeer by yeere,
Unnethe trowed they, - but dorste han swore -
That she to Janicle, of which I spak bifore,
She doghter nere, for as by conjecture,
Hem thoughte she was another creature.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


glew

alternative form of glewen (“to play music, have fun”)


reare

(Early Middle English) alternative form of reren (“to raise”)


enquere

‘So he may finde goddes foyson there,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Miller's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3165-3166

‘So long as he can find God's plenty there,
Of the rest he needs not enquire.’

[...] That oon thou shalt forgo, maugree thyne yën;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 315-316

… One of them thou must give up, despite anything you can do;
What helps it to inquire about me or spy?

What nedeth thee of me to enquere or spyën?


folwe

Thanne shaltou considere what thyng shal folwe of that conseillyng, as hate, pees, werre, grace, profit, or damage, and manye othere thynges.

1387, Chaucer, “v. 2397”, in The Tale of Melibee:


prechinge

And it was doon aftirward · ⁊ [iheſus] made iourneis bi citees ⁊ caſtelis, [pꝛe]ch[in]ge ⁊ euangelizynge þe rewme of god / ⁊ twelue wiþ h[im] ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 8:1, page 32r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

After that happened, Jesus made visits to cities and fortresses, preaching about and disseminating the kingdom of God with the Twelve alongside him.


laft

y-laft (alternative)
ylaft (alternative)

And therefore in the place they han it laft

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 186-188

To voyden him, as ye shal after here.
And therefore in the place they have it left
Until the knight has taught them the manner
To remove him, as you shall later hear.

Til that the knight hath taught hem the manere

[...] At Orliens in studie a book he say
Of magik natural, which his felawe,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Franklin's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1124-1128

Al were he ther to lerne another craft,
Had prively upon his desk y-laft; [...]
… At Orleans in a study hall he saw a book
Of natural science, which his fellow,
Who was at that time a bachelor of law,
Although he was there to learn another craft,
Had covertly left upon his desk; …


salvin

(Early Middle English) alternative form of saven


glasynge

glacynge (alternative)
glasinge (alternative)
glasyng (alternative)
glazing (alternative)


bleynte

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Knight's Tale: 219-21.
He cast his eye upon Emelya,
And therwithal he bleynte, and cryede "A!"
As though he stongen were unto the herte.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


thornen

thornen (infinitive)
to thornen (infinitive)
thorne (infinitive)
thorne (first-person present singular)
thorned (first-person past singular)
thornest (present second-person singular)
thornedest (past second-person singular)
thorneth (present singular third-person)
thorned (past singular third-person)
thorne (present singular subjunctive)
thorned (past singular subjunctive)
thorne (imperative present singular)
thornen (plural present)
thorne (plural present)
thorneden (past plural)
thornede (past plural)
thorneth (imperative plural present)
thorne (imperative plural present)
thornynge (participle present)
thornende (participle present)
thorned (participle past)
ythorned (participle past)
thorne (alternative)
thorny (alternative)
þornen (alternative)

English: thorn


wern

He is too great a niggard that will wern/ A man to light a candle at his lantern.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


payen

payen (infinitive)
to payen (infinitive)
paye (infinitive)
paye (first-person present singular)
payed (first-person past singular)
payest (present second-person singular)
payedest (past second-person singular)
payeth (present singular third-person)
payed (past singular third-person)
paye (present singular subjunctive)
payed (past singular subjunctive)
paye (imperative present singular)
payen (plural present)
paye (plural present)
payeden (past plural)
payede (past plural)
payeth (imperative plural present)
paye (imperative plural present)
payynge (participle present)
payende (participle present)
payed (participle past)
ypayed (participle past)
paine (alternative)
peiwen (alternative)

English: pay

Scots: pey

Yola: paay

From Old French paiier, from Latin pācāre.


gelen

gelen (infinitive)
to gelen (infinitive)
gele (infinitive)
gele (first-person present singular)
geled (first-person past singular)
gelest (present second-person singular)
geledest (past second-person singular)
geleth (present singular third-person)
geled (past singular third-person)
gele (present singular subjunctive)
geled (past singular subjunctive)
gele (imperative present singular)
gelen (plural present)
gele (plural present)
geleden (past plural)
gelede (past plural)
geleth (imperative plural present)
gele (imperative plural present)
gelynge (participle present)
gelende (participle present)
geled (participle past)
ygeled (participle past)
gellyn (alternative)

English: geal

Scots: geal, jeel

From Old French geler, from Latin gelāre.


wopen

Til he so longe hadde wopen and compleyned.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Squyers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, line 523:


gleen

alternative form of glewen (“to play music”)


schiften

schiften (infinitive)
to schiften (infinitive)
schifte (infinitive)
schifte (first-person present singular)
schifted (first-person past singular)
schiftest (present second-person singular)
schiftedest (past second-person singular)
schifteth (present singular third-person)
schifted (past singular third-person)
schifte (present singular subjunctive)
schifted (past singular subjunctive)
schifte (imperative present singular)
schiften (plural present)
schifte (plural present)
schifteden (past plural)
schiftede (past plural)
schifteth (imperative plural present)
schifte (imperative plural present)
schiftynge (participle present)
schiftende (participle present)
schifted (participle past)
yschifted (participle past)
schyfte (alternative)
schifte (alternative)
scuften (alternative)
shiften (alternative)
schyftyn (alternative)

English: shift

Scots: shift, schift

From Old English sċiftan, from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną; equivalent to schyft + -en (infinitival suffix). Doublet of skift.

To share out, redistribute, split equally.

To break apart, ruin, smash, make dissolute.


adweschen

enm-verb

adweschen (third-person singular simple present adwescheth, present participle adweschende, adweschynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle adwesched)

adwescheth (present singular third-person)
adweschende (participle present)
adweschynge (participle present)
adwesched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English ādwǣsċan (“to extinguish, quench, put out, put an end to, put down, suppress, staunch, blot out, appease, destroy”), from Proto-Germanic *uz- (“out”) + Proto-Germanic *dwaiskijaną (“to suffocate”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰew- (“to dwindle, die”). Compare English dush.

der

(transitive) to quench; extinguish (fire, pain, malice, enemies, etc.)


filst

enm-verb

filst (third-person singular simple present filsteth, present participle filstende, filstynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle filsted)

filsteth (present singular third-person)
filstende (participle present)
filstynge (participle present)
filsted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English fylstan (“to aid, support, help, protect”), contraction of Old English fullǣstan (“to help, support”), from ful-, full- (“full-, fully”) + lǣstan (“to follow, help, serve, perform, do, carry out, accomplish, endure, last, continue, furnish, pay, grant”), equivalent to full- + last. Cognate with Old Saxon fullēstian (“to help, aid”), Old High German fulleistjan (“to help, aid”).


feyne

‘We shul first feyne us cristendom to take,’ [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 351

‘We shall first pretend to receive Christendom,’ …


wharven

enm-verb

wharven (third-person singular simple present wharveth, present participle wharvinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle warfteaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

wharveth (present singular third-person)
wharvinge (participle present)

From a merging of Old English hweorfan (“to turn, change; move, go, come; wander about, roam, go about; turn back, return, turn from, depart; die; be converted”) and Old English hwearfan/hwierfan (“to turn, change, convert, return; wander, move, go, depart; exchange, barter; overturn, destroy”).

der

Wið him warfte Brien al his iweden.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)
With him wharved Brian all his clothes.

to change; convert; transform; exchange; (the participle hwerefinde was used as an adjective meaning changeable)

Þis lage flemeð þe fule gost ut of þe child, and he wandrede wide, wernende longe, sechende him oðer stede on bileffulle manne.

to move about; wander; (the participle wharrfedd was used as an adjective meaning confused)

to roll about, tumble, tussle; to roll together

(when reflexive) to come together in battle


forleten

enm-verb

forleten (third-person singular simple present forleteth, present participle forlette, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forletenaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

forleteth (present singular third-person)
forlette (participle present)

English: forlet

Scots: forleet

From Old English forlǣtan (“to leave”), from Proto-Germanic *fralētaną.

Þe same I will do þe Þat for-lete at my lare. — Man þus on rode ... Religious Lyrics of the XIVth Century, c1425

To forsake, disregard, abandon; reject; intr. to be neglectful

Whan he bigynneth any good werk, anon he wol forleten it and stynten.

We shule tellen alle ure gultes..and no þing of þe soðe forlete.

Repentant folk that stynte for to synne and forlete synne er that synne forlete hem.

To yield, to give up, resign; renounce; to put away; to release, let go, refrain from injuring

Moo renovelaunces of olde forleten aqueyntaunces.

To lose (something), be deprived of; forfeit; lose track of

Þam þe he her on worlde mucel to forlæteþ, mucel he to þam eft seceð. — Homilies in MS Bodley, 1175

To give or forgive; allow, permit, grant

Þe king him gon to sweten, þat ufel hine gon forleten. — — Layamon's Brut, 1275

To let (blood); eliminate, to discharge; of a disease: to leave (someone).


forblowen

forblowen (third-person singular simple present forbloweth, present participle forblowing, first-/third-person singular past indicative forblew, past participle forblowe or forblown)

forbloweth (present singular third-person)
forblowing (participle present)
forblew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forblowe (participle past)
forblown (participle past)

From Old English forblāwan (“to blow; blow out; inflate”), equivalent to for- + blow.

der

Tofor the weder forth thei gon,..Forstormed and forblowen sore.

to blow (something) about, to drive or toss (as before the wind)

O, out on richesse with vanyte forblowe.

Where is youre boste, or daren ye appere With youre forblowyng vanyte.

to blow up (something with wind); puff up, inflate


woll

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”

first-person singular present indicative of wollen


schewen

enm-verb

schewen (third-person singular simple present scheweth, present participle schewende, schewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle schewed)

scheweth (present singular third-person)
schewende (participle present)
schewynge (participle present)
schewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
schewen (infinitive)
to schewen (infinitive)
schewe (infinitive)
schewe (first-person present singular)
schewed (first-person past singular)
schewest (present second-person singular)
schewedest (past second-person singular)
scheweth (present singular third-person)
schewed (past singular third-person)
schewe (present singular subjunctive)
schewed (past singular subjunctive)
schewe (imperative present singular)
schewen (plural present)
schewe (plural present)
scheweden (past plural)
schewede (past plural)
scheweth (imperative plural present)
schewe (imperative plural present)
schewynge (participle present)
schewende (participle present)
schewed (participle past)
yschewed (participle past)
schawen (alternative)
schewe (alternative)
schowen (alternative)

desc

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">shew</i>

English: show (archaic shew)

Scots: shaw, shaa

From Old English scēawian, from Proto-West Germanic *skawwōn, from Proto-Germanic *skawwōną, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewh₁-.

to show (bring to the attention of others)


mistrow

From Old English *mistrēowan, mistrīwan (“to mistrust”), equivalent to mis- + trow. Cognate with Dutch mistrouwen (“to mistrust”), German misstrauen (“to mistrust”), Icelandic mistrúa (“to mistrow, mistrust”).

cog

(intransitive) To mistrust; distrust; doubt.


hyen

enm-verb

hyen (third-person singular simple present hyeth, present participle hyende, hyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hyed)

hyeth (present singular third-person)
hyende (participle present)
hyynge (participle present)
hyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hyen (infinitive)
to hyen (infinitive)
hye (infinitive)
hye (first-person present singular)
hyed (first-person past singular)
hyest (present second-person singular)
hyedest (past second-person singular)
hyeth (present singular third-person)
hyed (past singular third-person)
hye (present singular subjunctive)
hyed (past singular subjunctive)
hye (imperative present singular)
hyen (plural present)
hye (plural present)
hyeden (past plural)
hyede (past plural)
hyeth (imperative plural present)
hye (imperative plural present)
hyynge (participle present)
hyende (participle present)
hyed (participle past)
yhyed (participle past)
hy (alternative)
hye (alternative)
hyȝ (alternative)
hyȝe (alternative)
hyȝen (alternative)
hyȝye (alternative)
hyȝhen (alternative)
hygh (alternative)
hyghe (alternative)
hyghen (alternative)
heye (alternative)
he (alternative)
heȝe (alternative)
heȝen (alternative)
heyȝ (alternative)
heyȝe (alternative)
heyȝen (alternative)
heygh (alternative)
hien (alternative)
hi (alternative)
hie (alternative)
hiȝ (alternative)
hiȝe (alternative)
hiȝen (alternative)
hiȝie (alternative)
hiȝhen (alternative)
high (alternative)
highe (alternative)
highen (alternative)
heie (alternative)
heiȝ (alternative)
heiȝe (alternative)
heiȝen (alternative)
heigh (alternative)
hihe (alternative)
hihen (alternative)
hihi (alternative)
hihin (alternative)
hihȝen (alternative)
heeȝen (alternative)

English: hie

Scots: hie

From Old English hīgian, from Proto-Germanic *hīgōną.

to hie (travel at great speed or with great haste)

to do with haste or speedily; to do when needed

to do with care or fervour; to make a earnest attempt

to make fast; to hurry or expedite someone (including oneself)


hyen

alternative form of heien (“to lift up”)


tyll

alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


smot

first/third-person singular past of smiten


swithen

swithen (third-person singular simple present switheth, present participle swithinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative swoth, past participle swithen)

switheth (present singular third-person)
swithinge (participle present)
swoth (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
swithen (participle past)

swidden

Swiþe min neeres, min hert, with wa.

to burn, scorch, singe; (ppl. swithinge as adjective: parching, scorching)


forthristen

forthristen (third-person singular simple present forthristeth, present participle forthristende, forthristynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forthristed)

forthristeth (present singular third-person)
forthristende (participle present)
forthristynge (participle present)
forthristed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

(transitive) to shatter, smash, or crush


bicomsen

bicomsen (third-person singular simple present bicomseth, present participle bicomsende, bicomsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bicomsed)

bicomseth (present singular third-person)
bicomsende (participle present)
bicomsynge (participle present)
bicomsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From bi- + comsen, a syncopated variant of commencen.


biteon

biteon (third-person singular simple present biteoth, present participle biteonde, first-/third-person singular past indicative bitogh, past participle bitowen)

biteoth (present singular third-person)
biteonde (participle present)
bitogh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bitowen (participle past)
bi-teon (alternative)
bitēn (alternative)
by-teon (alternative)

From Old English betēon (“to cover, surround, enclose, dispose of, bestow, bequeath, impeach, accuse”), equivalent to bi- + ten (“to go, to draw”). Cognate with German beziehen (“to obtain, cover, receive, draw”), Gothic 𐌱𐌹𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌽 (bitiuhan, “to bestow, draw over, betray”).

cog

(transitive) To draw over (as a covering); cover; veil.

(transitive) To employ; spend; bestow (time, pains, etc.)

(transitive) To bring about; manage; arrange.


fremmen

enm-verb

fremmen (third-person singular simple present fremmeth, present participle fremmende, fremmynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fremmed)

fremmeth (present singular third-person)
fremmende (participle present)
fremmynge (participle present)
fremmed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

desctree

English: frame
→ Dutch: frame
→ German: framen

Scots: frame

From Old English fremman (“to further, advance, support; frame, make, do, perpetrate, commit, afford; benefit, do good”).

inh

(He should give homage to me with courtesy.)

Heo scullen me monradene mid moscipe fremmen. — Layamon's Brut, c. 1275

To perform or accomplish (something), do


fulmaken

enm-verb

fulmaken (third-person singular simple present fulmaketh, present participle fulmakinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fulmadeaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

fulmaketh (present singular third-person)
fulmakinge (participle present)

fullmake

fullmade

Fulmake mi steppes in sties þine.

Mone þat schines brighte, Fulmade in euer newe.

complete, perfect; grow full; achieve, execute, carry out, accomplish, perform, dispatch, finish, establish


forthclepen

forthclepen (infinitive)
to forthclepen (infinitive)
forthclepe (infinitive)
forthclepe (first-person present singular)
forthclepte (first-person past singular)
forthcleped (first-person past singular)
forthclepest (present second-person singular)
forthcleptest (past second-person singular)
forthclepedest (past second-person singular)
forthclepeth (present singular third-person)
forthclepte (past singular third-person)
forthcleped (past singular third-person)
forthclepe (present singular subjunctive)
forthclepte (past singular subjunctive)
forthcleped (past singular subjunctive)
forthclepe (imperative present singular)
forthclepen (plural present)
forthclepe (plural present)
forthclepten (past plural)
forthclepte (past plural)
forthclepeden (past plural)
forthclepede (past plural)
forthclepeth (imperative plural present)
forthclepe (imperative plural present)
forthclepynge (participle present)
forthclepende (participle present)
forthclept (participle past)
forthcleped (participle past)
yforthclept (participle past)
yforthcleped (participle past)

From Old English forþclipian (“to call forth; summon, invite, summon, invoke, implore”), equivalent to forth- + clepen.

inh

As an egle forthclepynge his bryddis to flee

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume I, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Deuteronomy 32:11, page 546:


undersechen

enm-verb

undersēchen (third-person singular simple present undersēcheth, present participle undersēchinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle undersoughtaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

undersēchen (canonical)
undersēcheth (present singular third-person)
undersēchinge (participle present)

English underseek

From Old English undersēcan (“to examine, investigate, scrutinize”), equivalent to under- + sechen.

inh

Wiþ þat come Sadok prikeing, Þe douke Segyn vnder-secheing.

to examine, investigate, scrutinize, seek out, look for


underloken

enm-verb

underlōken (third-person singular simple present underlōketh, present participle underlōkende, underlōkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle underlōked)

underlōken (canonical)
underlōketh (present singular third-person)
underlōkende (participle present)
underlōkynge (participle present)
underlōked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
under loke (alternative)
undyr lokyn (alternative)

English: underlook

to be suspicious of; look at with mistrust


attaste

first-person singular present indicative of attasten


apair

It is a sinne and eek a greet folye
To apairen any man or him defame

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To impair or become impaired; to injure.


ypunished

Chaucer
But if a mannes soule were in his purse,
For in his purse he shulde ypunished be.


knewen

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


gesse

first-person singular present indicative of gessen


hyde

alternative form of hyed: simple past/past participle of hyen (“to move quickly”)


savouren

sāvŏuren (canonical)
savour (alternative)
savoure (alternative)
savor (alternative)
savore (alternative)
savoren (alternative)
savur (alternative)
saver (alternative)
savere (alternative)
saveren (alternative)
savern (alternative)
saverne (alternative)
saveri (alternative)
saverie (alternative)
savir (alternative)
saferen (alternative)
sāvŏur (alternative)
sāvŏure (alternative)
savior (alternative)
sāvŏureth (alternative)
sāvŏuret (alternative)
sāvŏuriȝt (alternative)
saurith (alternative)
sāvŏured (alternative)
sāvŏurede (alternative)
sāwŏurd (alternative)
saurit (alternative)
sāvŏured (alternative)
sāvŏureden (alternative)
saurede (alternative)
isāvŏured (alternative)
sāvŏured (alternative)
isāvered (alternative)
sāvered (alternative)
isāfered (alternative)
sawrid (alternative)
fauered (alternative)

English: savour

From the Old French savorer, savourer, savurer, saweurer.


writen

head

writen (singular simple past wroot, plural simple past wroten)

wroot (past singular)
wroten (past plural)
writen (infinitive)
to writen (infinitive)
write (infinitive)
write (first-person present singular)
wrot (first-person past singular)
writest (present second-person singular)
wrote (past second-person singular)
write (past second-person singular)
wrot (past second-person singular)
writeth (present singular third-person)
wrot (past singular third-person)
write (present singular subjunctive)
wrote (past singular subjunctive)
write (past singular subjunctive)
write (imperative present singular)
writen (plural present)
write (plural present)
wroten (past plural)
wrote (past plural)
writen (past plural)
write (past plural)
writeth (imperative plural present)
write (imperative plural present)
writynge (participle present)
writende (participle present)
writen (participle past)
write (participle past)
wryten (alternative)
write (alternative)

English: write

Scots: writ, wryte, wret

From Old English wrītan. Cognate to Middle Low German writen and Middle High German rīzen.

To write (draw letters on paper to form words); note the following common specialised senses:

To record in writing; to produce or add to a written document.

To act as a notary or a scribe; to transcribe into or note with writing.

To write about; to cover, discuss, or report on in writing.

To create a written or literary work; to author.

To send a letter or document one wrote off.

To convert into another language; to make a translation of.

And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende.”

To form words or letters via means other than drawing or engraving.

(rare) To make one's signature or identifying symbol.

(rare) To represent via means other than writing.


wroot

alternative form of wrot (“(I, you, he/she/it) wrote”)


enforcen

enfōrcen (canonical)
enforse (alternative)
enfoarce (alternative)
enforce (alternative)
inforse (alternative)
infors (alternative)
inforce (alternative)
enforsiden (alternative)

From Old French enforcier (“strengthen”, “grow strong”; “exert force”, “violate”), enforcir (“get strong”, “strengthen”); equivalent to en- + forcen.


reulen

reulen (infinitive)
to reulen (infinitive)
reule (infinitive)
reule (first-person present singular)
reuled (first-person past singular)
reulest (present second-person singular)
reuledest (past second-person singular)
reuleth (present singular third-person)
reuled (past singular third-person)
reule (present singular subjunctive)
reuled (past singular subjunctive)
reule (imperative present singular)
reulen (plural present)
reule (plural present)
reuleden (past plural)
reulede (past plural)
reuleth (imperative plural present)
reule (imperative plural present)
reulynge (participle present)
reulende (participle present)
reuled (participle past)
yreuled (participle past)
reul (alternative)
reule (alternative)
reuli (alternative)
reulin (alternative)
reuel (alternative)
reuele (alternative)
reuelen (alternative)
reueli (alternative)
reuellen (alternative)
reuil (alternative)
reuwele (alternative)
roul (alternative)
roulen (alternative)
rule (alternative)
rulen (alternative)
ruli (alternative)
rulie (alternative)
rullen (alternative)
ruelen (alternative)
ruelie (alternative)
ruile (alternative)
ruwele (alternative)
riulen (alternative)
reuleth (alternative)
reuliȝt (alternative)
reuleth (alternative)
rewlyd (alternative)
reuled (alternative)
reuld (alternative)
reulled (alternative)
reuoled (alternative)
rulet (alternative)
reuled (alternative)
ireuled (alternative)
iruled (alternative)
reuoled (alternative)

English: rule

Scots: reule, rewill

Borrowed from Old French riuler, reuler, rieuler, rieueller, rueler, ruiler, ruiller, from Latin regulāre.


myghte

first/third-person singular indicative past

inflection of mowen (“to be able to”):
singular subjunctive past

inflection of mowen (“to be able to”):
plural indicative/subjunctive past


tharf

English: thair

Scots: thair

From Old English þearf, first and third person singular indicative of þurfan (“to be in need, have need of, need to, be required to, be obliged to, owe”), from Proto-Germanic *þurfaną, *þurbaną, *þerbaną (“may, need to, be allowed to”), from Proto-Indo-European *terp-, *trep- (“to saturate, enjoy”).
Cognate with Dutch durf (“(I) dare”) (infinitive durven), German darf (“(I) am allowed to”) (infinitive dürfen), Swedish tarva (“to require”), Icelandic þarf (“(I) need”) (infinitive þurfa).

first/third-person singular present indicative of tharen


dusken

dusken (infinitive)
to dusken (infinitive)
duske (infinitive)
duske (first-person present singular)
dusked (first-person past singular)
duskest (present second-person singular)
duskedest (past second-person singular)
dusketh (present singular third-person)
dusked (past singular third-person)
duske (present singular subjunctive)
dusked (past singular subjunctive)
duske (imperative present singular)
dusken (plural present)
duske (plural present)
duskeden (past plural)
duskede (past plural)
dusketh (imperative plural present)
duske (imperative plural present)
duskynge (participle present)
duskende (participle present)
dusked (participle past)
ydusked (participle past)
desken (alternative)
duskyn (alternative)
deskyn (alternative)
doskin (alternative)

English: dusk

From Old English doxian; equivalent to dosk + -en (infinitival suffix).


lafte

[...] ‘And to our hye goddes thanke we

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3387-3388

Of honour, that our eldres with us lafte.’
… ‘And to our high gods we give thanks
For the honor that our elders left with us.’


nempne

nempned (past)
nempnen (alternative)
nemnen (alternative)
nennen (alternative)
nemne (alternative)

From Old English nemnan (“to name or call”). See name (verb).

Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Man of Law's Tale, verses 506-508

til atte laste under an hoold that nempnen I ne kan fer in Northhumberlond, the wawe hir caste

until at last under a keep I cannot name far up Northumerland she was cast


nempned

first/third-person singular past indicative of nempne


forfete

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 12, line 273

And all this suffered Jesus Christ, who never sinned.

And al this suffred Iesu Crist, that nevere forfeted.


swown

Twyës she swowned in his owne sighte;
He weep, and him excuseth pitously:— [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1058-1059

Twice she swooned in his own sight;
He wept, and himself excuses piteously:— …

[...] her neyghbours thought she wolde swown and dye for sorow.

1526, John Rastell, “Of the Woman that followed her fourth husbands bere and wept.”, in A C, mery Talys.:


grucche

enm-verb

grucche (third-person singular simple present grucches, present participle grucching, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle grucchedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

grucches (present singular third-person)
grucching (participle present)

English: grutch, grudge

I seye this, be ye redy with good herte
To al my lust, and that I frely may,
As me best thynketh, do yow laughe or smerte,
And nevere ye to grucche it nyght ne day,
And eek whan I sey ye, ne sey nat nay,
Neither by word, ne frownyng contenance?
Swere this, and heere I swere oure alliance.

1387, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Clerk's Tale, pages 351–4:

I say this, be ye ready with good heart
To all my lust, and that I freely may
As me best thinketh do you laugh or smart,
And never ye to grudge it, night nor day,
And eke when I say "Yea", ye say not "Nay",
Neither by word, nor frowning countenance?
Swear this, and here swear I our alliánce.


grucches

third-person singular present indicative of grucche


atsterten

From at- + sterten. Compare German entstürzen. See also astart.


overshaken

Now welcome, somer, with thy sonne softe, That hast thes wintres wedres over-shake, And driven away the longe nyghtes blake!

1377, Chaucer, “v. 680”, in Parlement of Foules:


amenusen

amenusen (third-person singular simple present amenuseth, present participle amenusende, amenusynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle amenused)

amenuseth (present singular third-person)
amenusende (participle present)
amenusynge (participle present)
amenused (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: adminish

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Parson's Tale, Second Part, Beginning, 21.
For sothe, the dede of this venial synne is ful perilous; for it amenuseth the love that men sholde han to God moore and moore.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Parson's Tale, Second Part, Beginning, 21. [...] And therfore, it a man charge hymself with manye swiche venial synnes, certes, but if so be that he somtyme descharge hym of hem by shrifte, they mowe ful lightly amenuse in hym al the love that he hath to Jhesu Crist; [...]


forwerpe

first/third-person singular present indicative

inflection of forwerpen:
present subjunctive singular

inflection of forwerpen:
imperative singular


drenchen

drenchen (infinitive)
to drenchen (infinitive)
drenche (infinitive)
drenche (first-person present singular)
dreynte (first-person past singular)
drenched (first-person past singular)
drenchest (present second-person singular)
dreyntest (past second-person singular)
drenchedest (past second-person singular)
drencheth (present singular third-person)
dreynte (past singular third-person)
drenched (past singular third-person)
drenche (present singular subjunctive)
dreynte (past singular subjunctive)
drenched (past singular subjunctive)
drenche (imperative present singular)
drenchen (plural present)
drenche (plural present)
dreynten (past plural)
dreynte (past plural)
drencheden (past plural)
drenchede (past plural)
drencheth (imperative plural present)
drenche (imperative plural present)
drenchynge (participle present)
drenchende (participle present)
dreynt (participle past)
drenched (participle past)
ydreynt (participle past)
ydrenched (participle past)
drenche (alternative)
drynche (alternative)
dreinchen (alternative)
drenge (alternative)
drengen (alternative)

English: drench

Scots: drynch

From Old English drenċan and ġedrenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *drankijan, from Proto-Germanic *drankijaną (“to cause to drink, drench”).

inh

(ambitransitive) To submerge; to place underwater:

(transitive) To sink a nation or region; to flood.

To submerge; to place underwater:
To sink a nation or region; to flood.

[…]This world, he ſeyde, in laſſe than an hour / Shal al be dreynt, ſo hidous is the ſhour. / Thus ſhal mankynde drenche, and leſe hir lyf.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Miller's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3519–3521:

[…] This world, he said, in under an hour, / will all be drowned, as the shower'll be that strong. / Thus humankind will perish and lose their lives.

(intransitive) To drown; die by drowning.

To submerge; to place underwater:
To drown; die by drowning.

(transitive) To end one's life via drowning.

To submerge; to place underwater:
To end one's life via drowning.

(intransitive) To be submerged or placed underwater.

(transitive, sometimes reflexive) To totally surround, surge, or submerge; to overpower.

(intransitive) To be totally surrounded, surged, or submerged.

(transitive, rare) To provide with or offer a beverage.

(intransitive, rare) To consume or have a beverage.


forslouthen

enm-verb

forslouthen (third-person singular simple present forsloutheth, present participle forslouthende, forslouthynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forslouthed)

forsloutheth (present singular third-person)
forslouthende (participle present)
forslouthynge (participle present)
forslouthed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
forsleuthen (alternative)

From Old English forslǣwan, reshaped from the noun slouthe, slewthe (“sloth”). The original form also survived as forsleuen.

(intransitive) To delay, to be slow to act.

(transitive) To neglect (to do something), to leave undone.

(transitive) To lose through sloth or negligence.


forslouthed

first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle of forslouthen


gaincall

to call to mind; to recall, to recollect


withturnen

withturnen (third-person singular simple present withturneth, present participle withturnende, withturnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle withturned)

withturneth (present singular third-person)
withturnende (participle present)
withturnynge (participle present)
withturned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

1563, Mirror for Magistrates

But God of Justyce had withturnd that fate, Which where hit ought, lyght on hys proper pate.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(ambitransitive) To turn around; turn back or away.

1470, Thomas Mallory, quoted by Barbara W. Tuchman in Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour

In that account Joseph, “by fortune come unto thys lande that at that time was called Grete Bretayne,” was able to “disheryt” a “grete felon paynim” who ruled the country, and “after that all the people withturned to the Crystyn feythe.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


reneye

And, amongst these other, there is a great image more than any of the other, that is all covered with fine gold and precious stones and rich pearls; and that idol is the god of false Christians that have reneyed their faith.

1357, John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, modernized spelling edition:

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 375-376

And seyde him, that she wolde reneye hir lay, [...]
She rides to the Sultan on a day,
And said to him that she would renounce her religion, …


wlaten

wlaten (third-person singular simple present wlateth, present participle wlatende, wlatynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wlated)

wlateth (present singular third-person)
wlatende (participle present)
wlatynge (participle present)
wlated (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wlatien (alternative)

Scots: wlate

From Old English wlǣtian (“to loathe; cause a person loathing, disgust”).

inh

(intransitive) to feel disgust (toward); loathe; abominate

(transitive) to disgust; cause (one) to loathe


supprise

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Tale of Melibee, The Canterbury Tales, section 63, line 2923-2924

And when they heard the goodly words of dame Prudence, / they were so taken and ravished, and had such great joy of her that it was a wonder to tell.

And whan they herden the goodliche wordes of dame Prudence, / they weren so surprised and ravisshed, and hadden so greet Ioye of hir, that wonder was to telle.


dumben

dumben (infinitive)
to dumben (infinitive)
dumbe (infinitive)
dumbe (first-person present singular)
dumbed (first-person past singular)
dumbest (present second-person singular)
dumbedest (past second-person singular)
dumbeth (present singular third-person)
dumbed (past singular third-person)
dumbe (present singular subjunctive)
dumbed (past singular subjunctive)
dumbe (imperative present singular)
dumben (plural present)
dumbe (plural present)
dumbeden (past plural)
dumbede (past plural)
dumbeth (imperative plural present)
dumbe (imperative plural present)
dumbynge (participle present)
dumbende (participle present)
dumbed (participle past)
ydumbed (participle past)
doumben (alternative)

English: dumb

From Old English *dumbian, from Proto-West Germanic *dumbōn, from Proto-Germanic *dumbōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, darken, obscure”).


forslyngren

enm-verb

forslyngren (third-person singular simple present forslyngreth, present participle forslyngrende or forslingrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forslyngredaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

forslyngreth (present singular third-person)
forslyngrende (participle present)
forslingrynge (participle present)

From Middle Dutch verslingeren (“to disperse, throw about”), equivalent to for- + slingen. See also Middle English forslyngred.

bor

that one had an leden malle, and that other a grete leden wapper, ther wyth they wappred and al forslyngred hym.

1481, William Caxton, edited by William J. Thoms, History of Reynard the Fox, Percy Society, page 18:

One had a leaden hammer, the other a great leaden ball; with these they struck and beat him.


forlong

enm-verb

forlong (third-person singular simple present forlongeth, present participle forlongende, forlongynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forlonged)

forlongeth (present singular third-person)
forlongende (participle present)
forlongynge (participle present)
forlonged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

1496, Dives and Paupers

They haue leuer to gyue .xx. shellynges to forlonge the soules in payne all a yere.

(transitive) To keep or continue longer; prolong.


halsed

hawsid (alternative)
halyst (alternative)
ihalset (alternative)

simple past of halsen (“to embrace, caress”)

simple past/past participle of halsen (“to beseech”)


biwreyen

biwreyen (infinitive)
to biwreyen (infinitive)
biwreye (infinitive)
biwreye (first-person present singular)
biwreyed (first-person past singular)
biwreyest (present second-person singular)
biwreyedest (past second-person singular)
biwreyeth (present singular third-person)
biwreyed (past singular third-person)
biwreye (present singular subjunctive)
biwreyed (past singular subjunctive)
biwreye (imperative present singular)
biwreyen (plural present)
biwreye (plural present)
biwreyeden (past plural)
biwreyede (past plural)
biwreyeth (imperative plural present)
biwreye (imperative plural present)
biwreyynge (participle present)
biwreyende (participle present)
biwreyed (participle past)
ybiwreyed (participle past)
bewraien (alternative)
bewreyen (alternative)

English: bewray

From Old English *bewrēġan, from Proto-Germanic *biwrōgijaną (“to speak about; tell on; inform of”), equivalent to bi- + wreien.


growen

growen (infinitive)
to growen (infinitive)
growe (infinitive)
growe (first-person present singular)
grew (first-person past singular)
growest (present second-person singular)
grewe (past second-person singular)
grew (past second-person singular)
groweth (present singular third-person)
grew (past singular third-person)
growe (present singular subjunctive)
grewe (past singular subjunctive)
growe (imperative present singular)
growen (plural present)
growe (plural present)
grewen (past plural)
grewe (past plural)
groweth (imperative plural present)
growe (imperative plural present)
growynge (participle present)
growende (participle present)
growen (participle past)
growe (participle past)
ygrowen (participle past)
ygrowe (participle past)
growe (alternative)
grow (alternative)
groue (alternative)
grewe (alternative)

English: grow

Scots: grow

From Old English grōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *grōan.

To grow (usually of plants, fruit, etc.):

(often of people) to grow up; to mature.

To increase; to magnify:
To increase in amount; to multiply.

To increase; to magnify:
To increasingly take on an attribute.

To increase; to magnify:
To become stronger or more powerful.

To increase; to magnify:
(of plants) To thrive; to flourish.

To increase; to magnify:
To thrive; to flourish.


abrogen

Borrowed from Old French abroger. Compare modern English abrogate.


percen

enm-verb

percen (third-person singular simple present perceth, present participle percende, percynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle perced)

perceth (present singular third-person)
percende (participle present)
percynge (participle present)
perced (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
perce (alternative)

English: pierce


umshaden

(Christianity, of the Holy Spirit) to overshadow or descend upon (the Virgin Mary)


forcrempen

forcrempen (third-person singular simple present forcrempeth, present participle forcrempende, forcrempynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forcremped)

forcrempeth (present singular third-person)
forcrempende (participle present)
forcrempynge (participle present)
forcremped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
vorcrempen (alternative)
uorcrempen (alternative)

From for- + *crempen (“to crimp, curl”), from Old English ġecrympan (“to curl”). Cognate with Middle High German verkrempfen.

(intransitive) To contract; cramp oneself up.


forclemmen

forclemmen (third-person singular simple present forclemmeth, present participle forclemmende, forclemmynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forclemmed)

forclemmeth (present singular third-person)
forclemmende (participle present)
forclemmynge (participle present)
forclemmed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From for- + clemmen. Cognate with Middle High German verklemmen (“to shrink, decrease, reduce”).


syh

first/third-person singular past indicative of seen


halde

(chiefly Northern) alternative form of holden


fornumen

fornomen (alternative)
fornome (alternative)
fornomme (alternative)
fornemen (alternative)


mithen

enm-verb

mithen (third-person singular simple present mitheth, present participle mithende, mithynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mithed)

mitheth (present singular third-person)
mithende (participle present)
mithynge (participle present)
mithed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mithen (infinitive)
to mithen (infinitive)
mithe (infinitive)
mithe (first-person present singular)
mithed (first-person past singular)
mithest (present second-person singular)
mithedest (past second-person singular)
mitheth (present singular third-person)
mithed (past singular third-person)
mithe (present singular subjunctive)
mithed (past singular subjunctive)
mithe (imperative present singular)
mithen (plural present)
mithe (plural present)
mitheden (past plural)
mithede (past plural)
mitheth (imperative plural present)
mithe (imperative plural present)
mithynge (participle present)
mithende (participle present)
mithed (participle past)
ymithed (participle past)

From Old English mīþan (“to hide, conceal; keep to oneself, dissemble; conceal oneself, remain concealed; avoid, shun, refrain from”). Cognate with Dutch mijden (“to avoid, evade”), German meiden (“to avoid, shun, forbear”).

cog

ca 1300, Cursor Mundi, line 10942

Þof þat þai mournand were, Þai mithed it mikel wit þair chere ("Though they were mouning, they hid it much with their cheer". See also this version.)

(transitive) To conceal; dissemble (feelings, etc.).

(intransitive) To remain concealed; escape notice


gladen

14th c, unknown translator, The Book of Canticles, transcription in 1836, Adam Clarke (editor), The Holy Bible: With a Commentary and Critical Notes, Volume 2, page 506,
We schul ful out joyen and gladen in thee, myndful of the tetis upon wyn, rigtmen loven thee.

And to Pandare he held up bothe his hondes, / And seyde, 'Lord, al thyne be that I have, For I am hool, al brosten been my bondes: / A thousand Troians who so that me yave, / Eche after other, god so wis me save, / Ne mighte me so gladen; lo myn herte, / It spredeth so for loye, it wol to-sterte!

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, published 2004, page 67:


fulcomen

From Old English fullcuman (“to attain”). Cognate with German vollkommen (“perfected, perfect”).

An other spere that he [Jason] had taken of his esquyer for to fulcome his emprise, [...]


clusen

enm-verb

clusen (third-person singular simple present cluseth, present participle clusende, clusynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle clused)

cluseth (present singular third-person)
clusende (participle present)
clusynge (participle present)
clused (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English clȳsan (“to close, shut”) or Old English beclȳsan (“to close in, to shut in, to inclose, to shut”), from Proto-Germanic *klūsijaną (“to close, shut in”).

der

Wel heo clusden heore ȝeten & ȝareweden heom to fehten — Layamon Brut, C1275


forsethen

forsethen (infinitive)
to forsethen (infinitive)
forsethe (infinitive)
forsethe (first-person present singular)
forseth (first-person past singular)
forsoth (first-person past singular)
forsethest (present second-person singular)
forsothe (past second-person singular)
forsode (past second-person singular)
forseth (past second-person singular)
forsoth (past second-person singular)
forsetheth (present singular third-person)
forseth (past singular third-person)
forsoth (past singular third-person)
forsethe (present singular subjunctive)
forsothe (past singular subjunctive)
forsode (past singular subjunctive)
forsethe (imperative present singular)
forsethen (plural present)
forsethe (plural present)
forsothen (past plural)
forsothe (past plural)
forsoden (past plural)
forsode (past plural)
forsetheth (imperative plural present)
forsethe (imperative plural present)
forsethynge (participle present)
forsethende (participle present)
forsoden (participle past)
forsode (participle past)
forseoðen (alternative)
vorseoðen (alternative)
uorseoðen (alternative)
for-seþe (alternative)

From Old English forsēoþan, equivalent to for- + sethen.

(transitive) To boil away, boil to pieces; scald.


stonen

stonen (infinitive)
to stonen (infinitive)
stone (infinitive)
stone (first-person present singular)
stoned (first-person past singular)
stonest (present second-person singular)
stonedest (past second-person singular)
stoneth (present singular third-person)
stoned (past singular third-person)
stone (present singular subjunctive)
stoned (past singular subjunctive)
stone (imperative present singular)
stonen (plural present)
stone (plural present)
stoneden (past plural)
stonede (past plural)
stoneth (imperative plural present)
stone (imperative plural present)
stonynge (participle present)
stonende (participle present)
stoned (participle past)
ystoned (participle past)
stain (alternative)
stane (alternative)
stone (alternative)
stoonen (alternative)

English: stone

Scots: stane, steen

(transitive) To stone, execute using stones.

(intransitive) To remove or eliminate stones or rocks.


skleren

enm-verb

skleren (third-person singular simple present sklereth, present participle sklerende, sklerynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sklered)

sklereth (present singular third-person)
sklerende (participle present)
sklerynge (participle present)
sklered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From sklere (“a veil, headdress; a cloak or an overgarment”).

With fayre honyed wordes heretykes and mis-meninge people skleren and wimplen their errours.


wimplen

wimplen (third-person singular simple present wimpleth, present participle wimplende, wimplynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wimpled)

wimpleth (present singular third-person)
wimplende (participle present)
wimplynge (participle present)
wimpled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wimplen (infinitive)
to wimplen (infinitive)
wimple (infinitive)
wimple (first-person present singular)
wimpled (first-person past singular)
wimplest (present second-person singular)
wimpledest (past second-person singular)
wimpleth (present singular third-person)
wimpled (past singular third-person)
wimple (present singular subjunctive)
wimpled (past singular subjunctive)
wimple (imperative present singular)
wimplen (plural present)
wimple (plural present)
wimpleden (past plural)
wimplede (past plural)
wimpleth (imperative plural present)
wimple (imperative plural present)
wimplynge (participle present)
wimplende (participle present)
wimpled (participle past)
ywimpled (participle past)
wimplin (alternative)
wymple (alternative)

English: wimple

From wympel (“a veil, cover, hood”) + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Middle Dutch wimpelen.

af

To conceal (especially with a headcovering or wimple)

Rea entred into relegioun, For to be wympled in that hooli hous Sacred to Vesta ... duryng al hir liff. — Fall of Princes, John Lydgate, c1439

(rare) To enter into a ritual involving the wimple being put upon oneself.

Take soft lynnen cloth & wrape and wymple it togeder and lay it ouer þe wound

(rare) To bend or wrap over itself; to cover while folding.


quysen

enm-verb

quysen (third-person singular simple present quyseth, present participle quysende, quysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quysed)

quyseth (present singular third-person)
quysende (participle present)
quysynge (participle present)
quysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
queysen (alternative)
quisen (alternative)

From Old English cwȳsan (“to quash, squeeze, crush dash against, bruise”).

inh

Þen þou schalt ... make a good sclitte [in the abscess] & ... quyse it with þi fyngrus al þe while þat þer wol renne out eny quyter.


heven

enm-verb

heven (third-person singular simple present heveth, present participle hevende, first-/third-person singular past indicative hof, past participle yhoven)

heveth (present singular third-person)
hevende (participle present)
hof (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yhoven (participle past)
heiven (alternative)
heoven (alternative)
hefen (alternative)
hewen (alternative)
hebben (alternative)

English: heave (see there for further descendants)

Scots: heave, heve, hewe

Yola: heve, hev

From Old English hebban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift”).


heven

(rare) alternative form of haven (“to have”)


feamin

(Early Middle English) alternative form of femen


bliken

English: blike, blick

From Old English blīcan or from Old Norse blikna.

blikien (alternative)
blikken (alternative)


schinen

schinen (infinitive)
to schinen (infinitive)
schine (infinitive)
schine (first-person present singular)
schon (first-person past singular)
schined (first-person past singular)
schinest (present second-person singular)
schone (past second-person singular)
schine (past second-person singular)
schon (past second-person singular)
schinedest (past second-person singular)
schineth (present singular third-person)
schon (past singular third-person)
schined (past singular third-person)
schine (present singular subjunctive)
schone (past singular subjunctive)
schine (past singular subjunctive)
schined (past singular subjunctive)
schine (imperative present singular)
schinen (plural present)
schine (plural present)
schonen (past plural)
schone (past plural)
schinen (past plural)
schine (past plural)
schineden (past plural)
schinede (past plural)
schineth (imperative plural present)
schine (imperative plural present)
schinynge (participle present)
schinende (participle present)
schinen (participle past)
schine (participle past)
schined (participle past)
yschinen (participle past)
yschine (participle past)
yschined (participle past)
schine (alternative)
schyn (alternative)
schyne (alternative)
schynen (alternative)
shine (alternative)
shinen (alternative)
shyne (alternative)
shynen (alternative)
scinen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
schinin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
sinen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ssine (alternative Southern)

English: shine

Scots: shine, shyne

From Old English scīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *skīnan, from Proto-Germanic *skīnaną.

To emit brightness and lightness; to shine:

To emit light naturally; to be bright (like a lamp)

To emit light inherently; to be light (like a sheet of paper)

To shimmer; to shine due to being glossy, smooth or viscous.

To be reflective or shine due to this reflectivity

To gleam; to shine due to expensive accoutrements.

To shine due to spiritual or mystic power; to shine with holy light.

To shine upon an area, resulting in it becoming lighter.

To be respected or well-reputed; to have a good reputation

To be famous or outstanding; to have an excellent reputation.

(rare) To be noticeable or be able to be seen.

To stand out; to be notable:
To be noticeable or be able to be seen.

To stand out; to be notable:
(rare) To be apparent or obvious.

To stand out; to be notable:
To be apparent or obvious.

To stand out; to be notable:
(rare) To celebrate.

To stand out; to be notable:
To celebrate.

To have skin that is fair and attractive.


scinen

(Early Middle English) alternative form of schinen


schiten

schiten (third-person singular simple present schiteth, present participle schitynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schoot, past participle schiten)

schiteth (present singular third-person)
schitynge (participle present)
schoot (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schiten (participle past)
schiten (infinitive)
to schiten (infinitive)
schite (infinitive)
schite (first-person present singular)
schoot (first-person past singular)
schitest (present second-person singular)
schite (past second-person singular)
schote (past second-person singular)
schoot (past second-person singular)
schiteth (present singular third-person)
schoot (past singular third-person)
schite (present singular subjunctive)
schite (past singular subjunctive)
schote (past singular subjunctive)
schite (imperative present singular)
schiten (plural present)
schite (plural present)
schiten (past plural)
schite (past plural)
schoten (past plural)
schote (past plural)
schiteth (imperative plural present)
schite (imperative plural present)
schitynge (participle present)
schitende (participle present)
schiten (participle past)
schite (participle past)
yschiten (participle past)
yschite (participle past)
schite (alternative)
schyte (alternative)
schytyn (alternative)
shyte (alternative)
shytyn (alternative)

English: shit, shite

Scots: shit

Inherited from Old English sċītan, from Proto-West Germanic *skītan, from Proto-Germanic *skītaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skéydt; equivalent to schite (“diarrhoea”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


smiten

smiten (infinitive)
to smiten (infinitive)
smite (infinitive)
smite (first-person present singular)
smot (first-person past singular)
smet (first-person past singular)
smitest (present second-person singular)
smite (past second-person singular)
smote (past second-person singular)
smete (past second-person singular)
smot (past second-person singular)
smet (past second-person singular)
smiteth (present singular third-person)
smot (past singular third-person)
smet (past singular third-person)
smite (present singular subjunctive)
smite (past singular subjunctive)
smote (past singular subjunctive)
smete (past singular subjunctive)
smite (imperative present singular)
smiten (plural present)
smite (plural present)
smiten (past plural)
smite (past plural)
smoten (past plural)
smote (past plural)
smeten (past plural)
smete (past plural)
smiteth (imperative plural present)
smite (imperative plural present)
smitynge (participle present)
smitende (participle present)
smiten (participle past)
smite (participle past)
ysmiten (participle past)
ysmite (participle past)
smite (alternative)
smitten (alternative)
smyten (alternative)

English: smite

Scots: smite, smyte

From Old English smītan, from Proto-West Germanic *smītan.

To strike, land an attack; especially to stab, thrust or puncture


sighen

enm-verb

sighen (third-person singular simple present sigheth, present participle sighende, sighynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sighed)

sigheth (present singular third-person)
sighende (participle present)
sighynge (participle present)
sighed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
sighen (infinitive)
to sighen (infinitive)
sighe (infinitive)
sighe (first-person present singular)
sighed (first-person past singular)
sighest (present second-person singular)
sighedest (past second-person singular)
sigheth (present singular third-person)
sighed (past singular third-person)
sighe (present singular subjunctive)
sighed (past singular subjunctive)
sighe (imperative present singular)
sighen (plural present)
sighe (plural present)
sigheden (past plural)
sighede (past plural)
sigheth (imperative plural present)
sighe (imperative plural present)
sighynge (participle present)
sighende (participle present)
sighed (participle past)
ysighed (participle past)
sighe (alternative)
sighʒe (alternative)
sighgen (alternative)
sighien (alternative)
sigen (alternative)
siʒhen (alternative)
siʒen (alternative)
siʒʒe (alternative)
sihen (alternative)
sihghen (alternative)
sien (alternative)
seighen (alternative)
seien (alternative)

English: sigh

Back-formation from sighte, siȝhte, past tense forms of siken, from Old English sīcan, from Proto-West Germanic *sīkan, perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to pour out”).


chaunge

change (alternative)
chaung (alternative)
chawnge (alternative)
cheaunge (alternative)
chong (alternative)
chonge (alternative)


kempen

English: kemp (obsolete)

Scots: kemp, camp (archaic)

From Old English *cempan, from Proto-West Germanic *kampijan.

(rare) to go to war, to enter into conflict


vollen

alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


with ioyne

c. 1450 to 1500, Merlin, republished in 1869 by Wheatley and Mead

Holde we vs to-geder cloos and make semblaunte as we wolde with Ioyne.

(ambitransitive) To join together; conjoin.


steten

enm-verb

steten (third-person singular simple present stet, present participle stetende, first-/third-person singular past indicative stette, past participle istett)

stet (present singular third-person)
stetende (participle present)
stette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
istett (participle past)

⇒ Scots: steater (?)

From Old English *stēatan, from Proto-West Germanic *stautan, from Proto-Germanic *stautaną, from Proto-Indo-European *stewd-.

(transitive) To make a thrust; strike; thrust; push hard on; knock; set; strike at; trample

(intransitive) To move rapidly; hasten; rush


temse

temes (alternative)
temeze (alternative)
temmes (alternative)
temps (alternative)
tempse (alternative)
temys (alternative)
temze (alternative)


leten

leten (infinitive)
to leten (infinitive)
lete (infinitive)
lete (first-person present singular)
let (first-person past singular)
lette (first-person past singular)
letest (present second-person singular)
lete (past second-person singular)
let (past second-person singular)
lettest (past second-person singular)
leteth (present singular third-person)
let (past singular third-person)
lette (past singular third-person)
lete (present singular subjunctive)
lete (past singular subjunctive)
lette (past singular subjunctive)
lete (imperative present singular)
leten (plural present)
lete (plural present)
leten (past plural)
lete (past plural)
letten (past plural)
lette (past plural)
leteth (imperative plural present)
lete (imperative plural present)
letynge (participle present)
letende (participle present)
leten (participle past)
lete (participle past)
let (participle past)
yleten (participle past)
ylete (participle past)
letten (alternative)

English: let

Scots: lat, let, lete

Yola: leth

From Old English lǣtan, from Proto-West Germanic *lātan.

No longer wold he lette.

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


blowen

blowen (infinitive)
to blowen (infinitive)
blowe (infinitive)
blowe (first-person present singular)
blew (first-person past singular)
blowest (present second-person singular)
blewe (past second-person singular)
blew (past second-person singular)
bloweth (present singular third-person)
blew (past singular third-person)
blowe (present singular subjunctive)
blewe (past singular subjunctive)
blowe (imperative present singular)
blowen (plural present)
blowe (plural present)
blewen (past plural)
blewe (past plural)
bloweth (imperative plural present)
blowe (imperative plural present)
blowynge (participle present)
blowende (participle present)
blowen (participle past)
blowe (participle past)
yblowen (participle past)
yblowe (participle past)
blouen (alternative)
blow (alternative)
blowe (alternative)
blowyn (alternative)
blawe (alternative Kent Northern)
blawen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
bloawen (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: blow

Geordie English: blaw

Scots: blaw

Yola: blay

Inherited from Old English blāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną.

To blow away; to blow to eliminate or remove.

To breathe (in or out); to inhale or exhale.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To play a wind instrument (by blowing)

To blow (produce a current of air):
To strengthen a fire by blowing on it.

To inflate or blow up; to expand by blowing.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To gasp; to struggle to breathe.

To spread a communicable disease (by exhalation).


blowen

blowen (infinitive)
to blowen (infinitive)
blowe (infinitive)
blowe (first-person present singular)
blew (first-person past singular)
blowest (present second-person singular)
blewe (past second-person singular)
blew (past second-person singular)
bloweth (present singular third-person)
blew (past singular third-person)
blowe (present singular subjunctive)
blewe (past singular subjunctive)
blowe (imperative present singular)
blowen (plural present)
blowe (plural present)
blewen (past plural)
blewe (past plural)
bloweth (imperative plural present)
blowe (imperative plural present)
blowynge (participle present)
blowende (participle present)
blowen (participle past)
blowe (participle past)
yblowen (participle past)
yblowe (participle past)
blowe (alternative)

English: blow

Inherited from Old English blōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blōan, from Proto-Germanic *blōaną.

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom


hiden

hiden (third-person singular simple present hideth, present participle hidende, first-/third-person singular past indicative hidde, past participle hid)

hideth (present singular third-person)
hidende (participle present)
hidde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hid (participle past)
hid (alternative)
hide (alternative)
hied (alternative)
hiede (alternative)
hude (alternative)
huden (alternative)
huide (alternative)
huiden (alternative)
hede (alternative)
heden (alternative)
heide (alternative)
hoide (alternative)
hyd (alternative)
hyde (alternative)
hyed (alternative)
hyede (alternative)
huyde (alternative)
huyden (alternative)
heyde (alternative)
hoyde (alternative)

English: hide

Scots: hide, hyde


hiden

(Early Middle English) alternative form of yeden: plural simple past of gon (“to go”)


fresen

fresen (third-person singular simple present freseth, present participle fresynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fres, past participle frosen)

freseth (present singular third-person)
fresynge (participle present)
fres (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
frosen (participle past)
fresen (infinitive)
to fresen (infinitive)
frese (infinitive)
frese (first-person present singular)
frees (first-person past singular)
fresest (present second-person singular)
frose (past second-person singular)
frese (past second-person singular)
frees (past second-person singular)
freseth (present singular third-person)
frees (past singular third-person)
frese (present singular subjunctive)
frose (past singular subjunctive)
frese (past singular subjunctive)
frese (imperative present singular)
fresen (plural present)
frese (plural present)
frosen (past plural)
frose (past plural)
fresen (past plural)
frese (past plural)
freseth (imperative plural present)
frese (imperative plural present)
fresynge (participle present)
fresende (participle present)
frosen (participle past)
frose (participle past)
froren (participle past)
frore (participle past)
freese (alternative)
frese (alternative)
freosen (alternative)

English: freeze

→ Maltese: ffriża

Scots: frese

From Old English frēosan. Compare frost.

To come into existence due to freezing (of ice)

To become stuck to something due to freezing.

To be at freezing point (of the temperature):

To be afflicted or injured by low temperatures (up to and including death)

(rare) To have a feeling of coldness; to pick up a chill.

To become stopped; to cease or terminate.

(figurative) To prevent from feeling sympathy or compassion.


entamen

entamen (third-person singular simple present entameth, present participle entamende, entamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle entamed)

entameth (present singular third-person)
entamende (participle present)
entamynge (participle present)
entamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: entame

From Old French entamer, from Late Latin intaminare (perhaps via Provençal entamenar), from Latin in- + tangere + -are.


lepen

English: leap

Scots: lepe, leip, leap

leapen (alternative)
leopen (alternative)
leppen (alternative)
luppen (alternative)


herye

alternative form of herien (“to commend”)


derve

first-person present indicative of derven


wanne

wanne (third-person singular simple present wanneth, present participle wannende, wannynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wanned)

wanneth (present singular third-person)
wannende (participle present)
wannynge (participle present)
wanned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


wanne

wan (alternative)
wane (alternative)
won (alternative)
wonne (alternative)
whan (alternative)
vanne (alternative)
wun (alternative Northern)


wanne

alternative form of wonnen: plural simple past of winnen


fremyssh

From (the stem of) Middle French frémir, from Late Latin *fremīre, from Latin fremere.

c. 1450, anonymous, Merlin, Cambridge University Library MS Ff.3.11, 118-120

And than he ran upon hym with his swerde and smote hym on the heed and on the lifte sholdre that all the arme fremysshed. And so harde was the hide of the serpent that in the flessh myght it not atame.

[...] but as Gaheret com hym for to socoure with thre thousande men of armes, and in his comynge he made all the renges to fremyssh, for eche oon that com with hym bar oon to the grounde at theire metynge, and disparbled the saisnes towarde the brige [...].

c. 1450, anonymous, Merlin, from 1899, Henry B. Wheatley, Merlin, or, The early history of King Arthur, p. 285


slideren

slideren (infinitive)
to slideren (infinitive)
slidere (infinitive)
slidere (first-person present singular)
slidered (first-person past singular)
sliderest (present second-person singular)
slideredest (past second-person singular)
slidereth (present singular third-person)
slidered (past singular third-person)
slidere (present singular subjunctive)
slidered (past singular subjunctive)
slidere (imperative present singular)
slideren (plural present)
slidere (plural present)
slidereden (past plural)
sliderede (past plural)
slidereth (imperative plural present)
slidere (imperative plural present)
sliderynge (participle present)
sliderende (participle present)
slidered (participle past)
yslidered (participle past)
slidren (alternative)
slitheren (alternative)
slider (alternative)
slyderyn (alternative)
slyther (alternative)
slidre (alternative)
sledryn (alternative)

English: slidder, slither

Scots: slidder

Yola: slider

From Old English sliderian, slidorian, slidrian, from Proto-West Germanic *slidrōn. Equivalent to slider + -en (infinitival suffix).

To skid or slip; to lose one's traction or balance.


aiden

aiden (infinitive)
to aiden (infinitive)
aide (infinitive)
aide (first-person present singular)
aided (first-person past singular)
aidest (present second-person singular)
aidedest (past second-person singular)
aideth (present singular third-person)
aided (past singular third-person)
aide (present singular subjunctive)
aided (past singular subjunctive)
aide (imperative present singular)
aiden (plural present)
aide (plural present)
aideden (past plural)
aidede (past plural)
aideth (imperative plural present)
aide (imperative plural present)
aidynge (participle present)
aidende (participle present)
aided (participle past)
yaided (participle past)
eiden (alternative)

English: aid

Scots: aid

From Middle French ayder, from Latin adiutō; equivalent to aide + -en (infinitival suffix).


forarnen

Perhaps from Old English foryrnan, equivalent to for- + rinnen.


forbannen

English: forban

From for- + bannen. Cognate with Old Frisian forbonna, forbanna, Middle Dutch verbannen, Middle Low German verbannen.


forbarren

English: forbar


forbeaten

English: forbeat


forbeoden

forbeoden (third-person singular simple present forbiet, forbedeth, forbedes, present participle forbeodende, forbeodand, forbeodinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative forbead, forbude, forbuden, past participle forboden)

forbiet (present singular third-person)
forbedeth (present singular third-person)
forbedes (present singular third-person)
forbeodende (participle present)
forbeodand (participle present)
forbeodinge (participle present)
forbead (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbude (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbuden (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forboden (participle past)
forbeden (alternative)
vorbeoden (alternative)
verbeode (alternative)
forboden (alternative)
forbuden (alternative)
forbiden (alternative)
forbidden (alternative)

English: forbid

Scots: forbede, forbeid, forbid, forbyd

From Old English forbēodan, equivalent to for- + beoden.

Here may ye seen that nat only the dede of this sinne is forboden, but eek the desyr to doon that sinne.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


drepen

drepen (infinitive)
to drepen (infinitive)
drepe (infinitive)
drepe (first-person present singular)
drap (first-person past singular)
dreped (first-person past singular)
drepest (present second-person singular)
drape (past second-person singular)
drap (past second-person singular)
drepedest (past second-person singular)
drepeth (present singular third-person)
drap (past singular third-person)
dreped (past singular third-person)
drepe (present singular subjunctive)
drape (past singular subjunctive)
dreped (past singular subjunctive)
drepe (imperative present singular)
drepen (plural present)
drepe (plural present)
drapen (past plural)
drape (past plural)
drepeden (past plural)
drepede (past plural)
drepeth (imperative plural present)
drepe (imperative plural present)
drepynge (participle present)
drepende (participle present)
dropen (participle past)
drope (participle past)
dreped (participle past)
drepe (alternative)
drep (alternative)

>? English: drib, drub

>? Scots: drib, drub

From Old English drepan, from Proto-West Germanic *drepan, from Proto-Germanic *drepaną.

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.


drepen

drepen (infinitive)
to drepen (infinitive)
drepe (infinitive)
drepe (first-person present singular)
dreped (first-person past singular)
drepest (present second-person singular)
drepedest (past second-person singular)
drepeth (present singular third-person)
dreped (past singular third-person)
drepe (present singular subjunctive)
dreped (past singular subjunctive)
drepe (imperative present singular)
drepen (plural present)
drepe (plural present)
drepeden (past plural)
drepede (past plural)
drepeth (imperative plural present)
drepe (imperative plural present)
drepynge (participle present)
drepende (participle present)
dreped (participle past)
ydreped (participle past)
drepe (alternative)

Scots: dreep
→ English: dreep

From Old English drēopan, from Proto-West Germanic *dreupan, from Proto-Germanic *dreupaną. Doublet of droupen.


frenden

frenden (infinitive)
to frenden (infinitive)
frende (infinitive)
frende (first-person present singular)
frended (first-person past singular)
frendest (present second-person singular)
frendedest (past second-person singular)
frendeth (present singular third-person)
frended (past singular third-person)
frende (present singular subjunctive)
frended (past singular subjunctive)
frende (imperative present singular)
frenden (plural present)
frende (plural present)
frendeden (past plural)
frendede (past plural)
frendeth (imperative plural present)
frende (imperative plural present)
frendynge (participle present)
frendende (participle present)
frended (participle past)
yfrended (participle past)
freondin (alternative)
frende (alternative)

English: friend


mawe

alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


yellen

yellen (third-person singular simple present yelleth, present participle yellende, yellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle yelled)

yelleth (present singular third-person)
yellende (participle present)
yellynge (participle present)
yelled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
yellen (infinitive)
to yellen (infinitive)
yelle (infinitive)
yelle (first-person present singular)
yal (first-person past singular)
yelled (first-person past singular)
yellest (present second-person singular)
yolle (past second-person singular)
yal (past second-person singular)
yelledest (past second-person singular)
yelleth (present singular third-person)
yal (past singular third-person)
yelled (past singular third-person)
yelle (present singular subjunctive)
yolle (past singular subjunctive)
yelled (past singular subjunctive)
yelle (imperative present singular)
yellen (plural present)
yelle (plural present)
yollen (past plural)
yolle (past plural)
yelleden (past plural)
yellede (past plural)
yelleth (imperative plural present)
yelle (imperative plural present)
yellynge (participle present)
yellende (participle present)
yollen (participle past)
yolle (participle past)
yelled (participle past)
ȝelle (alternative)
ȝellen (alternative)
ȝeollen (alternative)
ȝollen (alternative)
yel (alternative)
yelle (alternative)
yhelle (alternative)
yolle (alternative)
yollen (alternative)

English: yell

Scots: yell

From Old English ġiellan, from Proto-West Germanic *gellan, from Proto-Germanic *gellaną; a cognate of Middle Low German gellen, Middle Dutch gellen, and Middle High German gellen.

And thei crieden not to me in her herte, but ȝelliden in her beddis. Thei chewiden code on wheete, and wyn, and thei ȝeden awei fro me.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 7:14”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And they didn't cry to me from their hearts; instead they whined in their beds. They chewed wheat and wine like cud, then they ran away from me.

To yell or holler; to make a loud cry (also of animals).

To make a loud noise; to boom, reverbate or crash.


scheden

scheden (third-person singular simple present schedeth, present participle schedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schedde, past participle sched)

schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedynge (participle present)
schedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sched (participle past)
scheden (infinitive)
to scheden (infinitive)
schede (infinitive)
schede (first-person present singular)
schedde (first-person past singular)
sched (first-person past singular)
schedest (present second-person singular)
scheddest (past second-person singular)
schede (past second-person singular)
sched (past second-person singular)
schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedde (past singular third-person)
sched (past singular third-person)
schede (present singular subjunctive)
schedde (past singular subjunctive)
schede (past singular subjunctive)
schede (imperative present singular)
scheden (plural present)
schede (plural present)
schedden (past plural)
schedde (past plural)
scheden (past plural)
schede (past plural)
schedeth (imperative plural present)
schede (imperative plural present)
schedynge (participle present)
schedende (participle present)
sched (participle past)
scheden (participle past)
schede (participle past)
ysched (participle past)
yscheden (participle past)
yschede (participle past)
sced (alternative)
schaden (alternative)
schedde (alternative)
schede (alternative)
scheed (alternative)
scheede (alternative)
schode (alternative)
shede (alternative)
shedyn (alternative)
sheede (alternative)
shode (alternative)
ssede (alternative)
shædenn (alternative)
scheaden (alternative)
sheaden (alternative)

English: shed

Scots: shed

Yola: shet (preterite)

From Old English scēadan, scādan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþan, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skeyt-.

To divide or separate in two:
To part or comb (hair).

To divide or separate in two:
To cast off; to set apart.

To divide or separate in two:
To leave; to depart.

To break up; to divide into pieces:
To disperse; to sprinkle around.

To break up; to divide into pieces:
To separate out; to scatter.

swich a reyn doun fro the welkne shadde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To send out liquid:
To pour out; to spill out.

To send out liquid:
To secrete or discharge (liquid)

To send out liquid:
To cause to discharge.

To fall; to be falling (of weather or hair)

(of sight, rare) To make weak or nonfunctional.


macen

(Early Middle English) alternative form of maken


lykie

(Early Middle English) alternative form of liken (“to like”)


stroken

stroken (infinitive)
to stroken (infinitive)
stroke (infinitive)
stroke (first-person present singular)
stroked (first-person past singular)
strokest (present second-person singular)
strokedest (past second-person singular)
stroketh (present singular third-person)
stroked (past singular third-person)
stroke (present singular subjunctive)
stroked (past singular subjunctive)
stroke (imperative present singular)
stroken (plural present)
stroke (plural present)
strokeden (past plural)
strokede (past plural)
stroketh (imperative plural present)
stroke (imperative plural present)
strokynge (participle present)
strokende (participle present)
stroked (participle past)
ystroked (participle past)
stracien (alternative)
straca (alternative)
strake (alternative)
stroke (alternative)
strok (alternative)

English: stroke

Scots: strake, straik, strak

From Old English strācian, from Proto-West Germanic *straikōn. Equivalent to stroke + -en (infinitival suffix).

To stroke a human; to grasp lovingly or affectionately.

To stroke; to touch lightly:
To stroke a pet or other animal.

To feel an object; to move a hand over something.


steppen

steppen (infinitive)
to steppen (infinitive)
steppe (infinitive)
steppe (first-person present singular)
stop (first-person past singular)
step (first-person past singular)
stap (first-person past singular)
stepped (first-person past singular)
steppest (present second-person singular)
stope (past second-person singular)
stepe (past second-person singular)
stop (past second-person singular)
step (past second-person singular)
stap (past second-person singular)
steppedest (past second-person singular)
steppeth (present singular third-person)
stop (past singular third-person)
step (past singular third-person)
stap (past singular third-person)
stepped (past singular third-person)
steppe (present singular subjunctive)
stope (past singular subjunctive)
stepe (past singular subjunctive)
stepped (past singular subjunctive)
steppe (imperative present singular)
steppen (plural present)
steppe (plural present)
stopen (past plural)
stope (past plural)
stepen (past plural)
stepe (past plural)
steppeden (past plural)
steppede (past plural)
steppeth (imperative plural present)
steppe (imperative plural present)
steppynge (participle present)
steppende (participle present)
stapen (participle past)
stape (participle past)
stopen (participle past)
stope (participle past)
stepped (participle past)
stappen (alternative)
stapen (alternative)
stopen (alternative)
stappe (alternative)
stap (alternative)

English: step

Scots: stap, stop, step

From Old English stæppan, steppan, from Proto-West Germanic *stappjan, from Proto-Germanic *stapjaną.

To step onto; to lift one's foot onto a higher place.

To go to a specified location; to travel or take oneself.

(figurative) To move onwards; to keep doing something .


founden

founden (infinitive)
to founden (infinitive)
founde (infinitive)
founde (first-person present singular)
founded (first-person past singular)
foundest (present second-person singular)
foundedest (past second-person singular)
foundeth (present singular third-person)
founded (past singular third-person)
founde (present singular subjunctive)
founded (past singular subjunctive)
founde (imperative present singular)
founden (plural present)
founde (plural present)
foundeden (past plural)
foundede (past plural)
foundeth (imperative plural present)
founde (imperative plural present)
foundynge (participle present)
foundende (participle present)
founded (participle past)
yfounded (participle past)
funden (alternative)
fonden (alternative)

English: found

From Old French fondre, from Latin fundere (“to melt”), from Proto-Italic *hundō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd-.


deynen

deynen (infinitive)
to deynen (infinitive)
deyne (infinitive)
deyne (first-person present singular)
deyned (first-person past singular)
deynest (present second-person singular)
deynedest (past second-person singular)
deyneth (present singular third-person)
deyned (past singular third-person)
deyne (present singular subjunctive)
deyned (past singular subjunctive)
deyne (imperative present singular)
deynen (plural present)
deyne (plural present)
deyneden (past plural)
deynede (past plural)
deyneth (imperative plural present)
deyne (imperative plural present)
deynynge (participle present)
deynende (participle present)
deyned (participle past)
ydeyned (participle past)
daynen (alternative)
deignen (alternative)
deyne (alternative)

English: deign

Scots: denzie (obsolete)

From Old French deignier (“consider worthy”), from Latin dīgnō.


deynen

deynen (infinitive)
to deynen (infinitive)
deyne (infinitive)
deyne (first-person present singular)
deyned (first-person past singular)
deynest (present second-person singular)
deynedest (past second-person singular)
deyneth (present singular third-person)
deyned (past singular third-person)
deyne (present singular subjunctive)
deyned (past singular subjunctive)
deyne (imperative present singular)
deynen (plural present)
deyne (plural present)
deyneden (past plural)
deynede (past plural)
deyneth (imperative plural present)
deyne (imperative plural present)
deynynge (participle present)
deynende (participle present)
deyned (participle past)
ydeyned (participle past)
dene (alternative)


heylen

alternative form of heilen (“to greet with "hail!"”)


forbinden

forbinden (third-person singular simple present forbindeth, present participle forbindinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative forband/forbunde, past participle forbunden)

forbindeth (present singular third-person)
forbindinge (participle present)
forband (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbunde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbunden (participle past)

From Old English forbindan. Equivalent to Middle English for- + binden.

(transitive) To bind or fetter; tie up; imprison.


withseien

English: withsay

From Old English wiþsecgan (“withsay”), adapted to reflect the change of the verb secgan (“say”) to Middle English seien; equivalent to with- + seien.

withseyen (alternative)
wiþseyen (alternative)
wiðseyen (alternative)
witheseine (alternative)
withseggen (alternative)
witsiggen (alternative)

[…]he hit ne maȝe naneſƿeiſ allunge wið ſeggen · he þah biuoꝛe þe mon ſeolf makeð hiſ uuel leaſſe ·

c. 1225, “Oðer dale: fif ƿittes”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 22, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 10:

[…] that people can't in any way deny it entirely, though they will downplay the man's evil while they're with him.

c. 1445, in W. P. Baildon, Select cases in Chancery, A.D. 1364 to 1471 (1896), 136

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

He withseieth not the matier conteigned in the seid bille of complainte.

to protest, to deny; to refute, to speak out against, to oppose in speech

to speak against, that is:
to disparage; to denounce

to speak against, that is:
to contemn, to display contempt for

Euery cristen wight shal han penaunce

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Seconde Nonnes Tale in the tales of Caunterbury, 447

to speak against, that is:
to renounce, to repudiate, to give up

I will in no wise with-sey that ye requere.

c. 1450, Merlin, published 1899, XIV 204:

to refuse; to forbid, to refuse permission to

[…]ƿrinnið aȝein feſtluker ⁊ ƿið ſeggeð þe grant þerof ƿið ane ƿile heoꝛte ne pꝛokie hit ſe ſƿiðe ·

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 64, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 10:

[…] and struggle against it with renewed might while denying its cruel provocations with a resolute spirit.

She...So lyberal ys, she wol no wyght with-sey.

1402, Thomas Hoccleve, Letters of Cupid, section 108:

‘Sir,’ he seyde, ‘I myght nat withsey myne unclis wyll.’

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

to speak against, that is:
to decline, to refuse to do or accept

(law) to appeal, to contest the validity of a legal decision

(law) to challenge, to contest the validity of a claim or argument

(law) to disavow, to contest the validity of an oath


witseie

first-person indicative/subjunctive of witseiden


witsigge

first-person indicative/subjunctive of witsiggen


witheseie

first-person indicative/subjunctive tense of witheseine


withseide

first-person indicative/subjunctive of withseiden


wiþseye

first-person singular indicative/subjunctive of wiþseyen


sæcgan

(Early Middle English) alternative form of seien


sotten

sotten (infinitive)
to sotten (infinitive)
sotte (infinitive)
sotte (first-person present singular)
sotted (first-person past singular)
sottest (present second-person singular)
sottedest (past second-person singular)
sotteth (present singular third-person)
sotted (past singular third-person)
sotte (present singular subjunctive)
sotted (past singular subjunctive)
sotte (imperative present singular)
sotten (plural present)
sotte (plural present)
sotteden (past plural)
sottede (past plural)
sotteth (imperative plural present)
sotte (imperative plural present)
sottynge (participle present)
sottende (participle present)
sotted (participle past)
ysotted (participle past)

English: sot

(rare) To be or turn idiotic or besotted.


faden

faden (infinitive)
to faden (infinitive)
fade (infinitive)
fade (first-person present singular)
faded (first-person past singular)
fadest (present second-person singular)
fadedest (past second-person singular)
fadeth (present singular third-person)
faded (past singular third-person)
fade (present singular subjunctive)
faded (past singular subjunctive)
fade (imperative present singular)
faden (plural present)
fade (plural present)
fadeden (past plural)
fadede (past plural)
fadeth (imperative plural present)
fade (imperative plural present)
fadynge (participle present)
fadende (participle present)
faded (participle past)
yfaded (participle past)
vaden (alternative)

English: fade

Yola: faade


vengen

For right as they han venged hem on me and doon me wrong, right so shal I venge me upon hem and doon hem wrong;

c. 1387, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Tale of Melibee § 30:


thakked

He slapped her well on the loins

He thakked hire aboute the lendes weel (Chaucer)

14th century, Chaucer, The Friar's Tale, Petworth Manuscript.
This Carter thrakked his hors on the croupe

15th century?, Percy Folio, "Agincourte Battell"
And oure kyng with his meyne and with his men of armes and archiers that thakked on theym so thykke with arrowes, and leyd on with strokes, and oure kyng withe his own hondes faughte manly.


goren

goren (infinitive)
to goren (infinitive)
gore (infinitive)
gore (first-person present singular)
gored (first-person past singular)
gorest (present second-person singular)
goredest (past second-person singular)
goreth (present singular third-person)
gored (past singular third-person)
gore (present singular subjunctive)
gored (past singular subjunctive)
gore (imperative present singular)
goren (plural present)
gore (plural present)
goreden (past plural)
gorede (past plural)
goreth (imperative plural present)
gore (imperative plural present)
gorynge (participle present)
gorende (participle present)
gored (participle past)
ygored (participle past)
gorren (alternative)
gor (alternative)

English: gore

From gor (“weapon”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(Late Middle English) to gore; to puncture