may

first/third-person singular present indicative of mowen (“to be able to”)


abit

He is so variaunt, he abit nowhere.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; Charles Cowden Clarke, editor, The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer. […], 2nd edition, volume III, Edinburgh: James Nichol; London: James Nisbet & Co.; Dublin: W. Robertson, 1860, →OCLC, page 163, line 1175:

third-person singular simple present indicative of abide


abreggen

enm-verb

abreggen (third-person singular simple present abreggeth, present participle abreggende, abreggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle abregged)

abreggeth (present singular third-person)
abreggende (participle present)
abreggynge (participle present)
abregged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
abreggen (infinitive)
to abreggen (infinitive)
abregge (infinitive)
abregge (first-person present singular)
abregged (first-person past singular)
abreggest (present second-person singular)
abreggedest (past second-person singular)
abreggeth (present singular third-person)
abregged (past singular third-person)
abregge (present singular subjunctive)
abregged (past singular subjunctive)
abregge (imperative present singular)
abreggen (plural present)
abregge (plural present)
abreggeden (past plural)
abreggede (past plural)
abreggeth (imperative plural present)
abregge (imperative plural present)
abreggynge (participle present)
abreggende (participle present)
abregged (participle past)
yabregged (participle past)
abregen (alternative)
abriggen (alternative)
abrigen (alternative)
obriggen (alternative)
abregge (alternative)
abrigge (alternative)

English: abridge

From Old French abreger, from Latin abbreviō.

Al mowe they yet tho dayes wel abregge, / Ther nedeth noght noon auctoritee t'allegge

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2999–3000:

Though they could potentially make those days shorter, / No authority is needed to assert that […]

To shorten or reduce in duration or time.

To abridge or condense; to make into less words.

To palliate, mitigate, or ameliorate; to make less dire.

To terminate, stop, or block; to cause the end of.

(rare) To restrict one's rights or privileges.


on

(Early Middle English) first/third-person singular present of unnen


one

(Early Middle English) alternative form of unnen


seme

alternative form of semen (“to sort out”)


seme

alternative form of semen (“to load up”)


man

(Late Middle English) alternative form of mone (“shall”)


be

From Old English bēo, bēom, first-person singular of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *biumi, first-person singular of *beuną.

first-person singular present indicative of been


be

English: be

Scots: be

From Old English bēo, singular subjunctive of bēon.


be

English: be

Scots: be

From Old English bēo, 2nd-person singular imperative of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *beu, 2nd-person singular imperative of *beuną.


be

English: be (obsolete or dialectal as the plural)

Scots: be

Old English bēoþ (with the -þ replaced with an -n levelled in from the past and subjunctive, then lost), present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).


is

English: is

Scots: is

Yola: is, ez

From Old English is, third-person present singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *isti, third-person present singular of *wesaną (“to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

es (alternative)
ys (alternative)
us (alternative)

third-person singular present indicative of been


ten

ten (third-person singular simple present teth, present participle teende, teynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative tegh, past participle towen)

teth (present singular third-person)
teende (participle present)
teynge (participle present)
tegh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
towen (participle past)
ten (infinitive)
to ten (infinitive)
te (infinitive)
te (first-person present singular)
tegh (first-person past singular)
test (present second-person singular)
towe (past second-person singular)
tegh (past second-person singular)
teth (present singular third-person)
tegh (past singular third-person)
te (present singular subjunctive)
towe (past singular subjunctive)
te (imperative present singular)
ten (plural present)
te (plural present)
towen (past plural)
towe (past plural)
teth (imperative plural present)
te (imperative plural present)
tynge (participle present)
tende (participle present)
towen (participle past)
towe (participle past)
teen (alternative)
tene (alternative)

From Old English tēon, from Proto-West Germanic *teuhan (“to pull, lead”), from Proto-Germanic *teuhaną (“to draw, lead, bring, pull, help”), from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”).

der

(intransitive) To draw away; go; proceed.


most

second-person singular present indicative of moten (“to have to”)


send

(Northern or Late Middle English) alternative form of senden


take

enm-verb

take (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takende, first-/third-person singular past indicative toke, past participle taken)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takende (participle present)
toke (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
taken (participle past)


take

alternative form of taken: past participle of taken


take

take (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takende, takynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle taked)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takende (participle present)
takynge (participle present)
taked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


create

first-person/subjective/imperative singular present indicative of createn

subjective/imperative plural present indicative of createn

first-person/third-person/subjective singular past indicative of createn


here

(Kent) alternative form of hiren (“to hire”)


green

green (infinitive)
to green (infinitive)
gree (infinitive)
gree (first-person present singular)
greed (first-person past singular)
greest (present second-person singular)
greedest (past second-person singular)
greeth (present singular third-person)
greed (past singular third-person)
gree (present singular subjunctive)
greed (past singular subjunctive)
gree (imperative present singular)
green (plural present)
gree (plural present)
greeden (past plural)
greede (past plural)
greeth (imperative plural present)
gree (imperative plural present)
greynge (participle present)
greende (participle present)
greed (participle past)
ygreed (participle past)
gre (alternative)
gree (alternative)

English: gree (obsolete)

Scots: gree

Borrowed from Old French greer; equivalent to gre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To come to an understanding or agreement.

(rare) To make a compact of reconciliation.


been

been (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle been)

is (present singular third-person)
beynge (participle present)
was (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
been (participle past)
been (infinitive)
to been (infinitive)
be (infinitive)
am (first-person present singular)
be (first-person present singular)
was (first-person past singular)
art (present second-person singular)
bist (present second-person singular)
were (past second-person singular)
is (present singular third-person)
bith (present singular third-person)
was (past singular third-person)
be (present singular subjunctive)
were (past singular subjunctive)
be (imperative present singular)
aren (plural present)
are (plural present)
been (plural present)
be (plural present)
weren (past plural)
were (past plural)
been (plural present subjunctive)
be (plural present subjunctive)
weren (past plural subjunctive)
were (past plural subjunctive)
beth (imperative plural present)
be (imperative plural present)
beynge (participle present)
beende (participle present)
been (participle past)
be (participle past)
ybeen (participle past)
ybe (participle past)
be (alternative)
bean (alternative)
ben (alternative)
beon (alternative)
boen (alternative)
seen (alternative)
sen (alternative)

English: be; been (dialectal)

Scots: be

Yola: ba, b', bee, be

From a conflation of Old English bēon and wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *beun and *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *beuną and *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- and a conflation of *h₂wéseti and *h₁ésti.

(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:

To be; to exist or have existence:
To occur; to come to be.

(with adjective or adverb) To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation.

(transitive) To be to or for someone or something.

To be; to exist or have existence:
To be to or for someone or something.

(copulative) To be something or someone.

(with genitive) To be someone's; to be in someone's possession.

Sone ſo iudaſ of ſlepe waſ awake. / þritti platen of ſelu[er] from hym weren itake.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 16-17; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

As soon as Judas had awakened from his rest, / Thirty pieces of silver had been taken from him.

(auxiliary) Forms the continuous present and perfect.

(auxiliary) Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs.

I woot þi werkis · foꝛ nei[þer] þou art coold nei[þer] þou art hoot / I wolde þat þou were coold ei[þer] hoot

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 3:15, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I know your actions: you aren't cold, but neither are you hot. I'd like it if you were either cold or hot.

[…]Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent[…]

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

(auxiliary) Forms various passive constructions.


been

English: been

Scots: been

From Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”); equivalent to y- + be + -en (participial suffix).


been

English: been (obsolete as the plural)

From (with the -þ replaced with an -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive) Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

plural present indicative of been (“to be”)


been

English: be

Scots: be

From Old English bēon, present subjunctive plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

plural present subjunctive of been (“to be”)


an

a (alternative)
ane (alternative)
o (alternative)
on (alternative)


art

English: art (archaic, dialectal)

Yola: yarth, yart

From Old English eart, second person singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *art,
second person singular of *iraną.

second-person singular present indicative of been


west

alternative form of westen (“to move west”)


was

English: was

Scots: was, wis

desc

Yola: waas, was, waz, 'as, as (after Ich)

From Old English wæs (first/third person singular indicative past of wesan), from Proto-Germanic *was (first/third person singular indicative past of *wesaną).

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.

first/third-person singular past indicative of been

(dialectal) second-person singular past indicative of been

(dialectal) plural past indicative of been


hers

alternative form of hereth: third-person singular present of heren (“to hear”)

hereth

alternative form of heren: plural present of heren (“to hear”)


ba

Com neer, my spouse, lat me ba thy cheke!

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Come here, my spouse, let me kiss your cheeks!


ban

Of unknown origin. Possibly onomatopoeic. Compare English mwa, mwah (“the sound made by a kiss”). Compare also Old French baisier (“to kiss”).

unk

unknown

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Tale of the Wyf of Bathe


he

alternative form of hyen (“to go quickly”)


them

alternative form of temen (“to produce offspring”)


do

first-person singular present indicative

inflection of don:
plural present indicative


axe

NOw loueres axe I now this question
Who hath the worse Arcite or Palamon?
That oon may seen his lady day by day
But in prison he moot dwelle alway
That oother wher hym list may ride or go

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Knight's Tale", Canterbury Tales (Ellesmere MS), ll. 1346–52

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


regnen

enm-verb

regnen (third-person singular simple present regneth, present participle regnende, regnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle regned)

regneth (present singular third-person)
regnende (participle present)
regnynge (participle present)
regned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: reign

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman regner, from Old French reignier.


teman

alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


tak

tak (third-person singular simple present takketh, present participle takkende, takkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle takked)

takketh (present singular third-person)
takkende (participle present)
takkynge (participle present)
takked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


tak

tak (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative toke, past participle taken)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takinge (participle present)
toke (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
taken (participle past)


tak

alternative form of take: imperative of taken

alternative form of taken: past participle of taken


arisen

arisen (infinitive)
to arisen (infinitive)
arise (infinitive)
arise (first-person present singular)
aros (first-person past singular)
arisest (present second-person singular)
arose (past second-person singular)
arise (past second-person singular)
aros (past second-person singular)
ariseth (present singular third-person)
aros (past singular third-person)
arise (present singular subjunctive)
arose (past singular subjunctive)
arise (past singular subjunctive)
arise (imperative present singular)
arisen (plural present)
arise (plural present)
arosen (past plural)
arose (past plural)
arisen (past plural)
arise (past plural)
ariseth (imperative plural present)
arise (imperative plural present)
arisynge (participle present)
arisende (participle present)
arisen (participle past)
arise (participle past)
aresen (participle past)
arese (participle past)
aryse (alternative)
arrisen (alternative)

English: arise

→ Middle Scots: arys, aryis

Scots: arise

From Old English ārīsan, equivalent to a- + risen.


were

English: were (dialectal war, ware)

Scots: war, waar, ware, waur, wur, wir

Yola: war, ware

Inherited from Old English wǣre (second-person singular indicative and subjunctive past of wesan).

weer (alternative)
weere (alternative)
wer (alternative)
wære (alternative)
ware (alternative)

inflection of been:
second-person singular indicative past

inflection of been:
singular subjunctive past


beaten

(Early Middle English) alternative form of beten (“to beat”)


driven

driven (infinitive)
to driven (infinitive)
drive (infinitive)
drive (first-person present singular)
drof (first-person past singular)
drivest (present second-person singular)
drive (past second-person singular)
drove (past second-person singular)
drof (past second-person singular)
driveth (present singular third-person)
drof (past singular third-person)
drive (present singular subjunctive)
drive (past singular subjunctive)
drove (past singular subjunctive)
drive (imperative present singular)
driven (plural present)
drive (plural present)
driven (past plural)
drive (past plural)
droven (past plural)
drove (past plural)
driveth (imperative plural present)
drive (imperative plural present)
drivynge (participle present)
drivende (participle present)
driven (participle past)
drive (participle past)
ydriven (participle past)
ydrive (participle past)
drifen (alternative)
drifven (alternative)

English: drive

Scots: dryve

desc

Yola: dhreeve, dhrive, dreeve, drieve, drive

From Old English drīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *drīban.


fallen

fallen (infinitive)
to fallen (infinitive)
falle (infinitive)
falle (first-person present singular)
fell (first-person past singular)
falde (first-person past singular)
fallest (present second-person singular)
felle (past second-person singular)
fell (past second-person singular)
faldest (past second-person singular)
falleth (present singular third-person)
fell (past singular third-person)
falde (past singular third-person)
falle (present singular subjunctive)
felle (past singular subjunctive)
falde (past singular subjunctive)
falle (imperative present singular)
fallen (plural present)
falle (plural present)
fellen (past plural)
felle (past plural)
falden (past plural)
falde (past plural)
falleth (imperative plural present)
falle (imperative plural present)
fallynge (participle present)
fallende (participle present)
fallen (participle past)
falle (participle past)
fald (participle past)
yfallen (participle past)
yfalle (participle past)
fellen (alternative)

English: fall

Yola: vall, vale, vole

From Old English feallan, from Proto-West Germanic *fallan, from Proto-Germanic *fallaną. Weak forms are due to the conflation of this verb with fellen (“to fell”) in some dialects.


given

gaf (past)
gifen (alternative)
geven (alternative)

English: give

Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe

Yola: gee

alternative form of yiven (influenced by Old Norse)


held

first/third-person singular past indicative of holden


hid

alternative form of hideth: third-person singular present of hiden

alternative form of hidde: simple past/past participle of hiden


hid

alternative form of hyed: simple past/past participle of hyen


lay

alternative form of leie: simple past of lien


lend

alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


make

[...] She gadereth floures, party whyte and rede,
To make a sotil gerland for hir hede, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1053-1054

… She gathers flowers, mixed white and red,
To make an intricate garland for her head, …


ye

yeyn (participle present)
yee (alternative)
ȝe (alternative)
ȝee (alternative)
yeȝ (alternative)
yhe (alternative)
ȝhe (alternative)
ge (alternative)
iye (alternative)
yie (alternative)
ȝie (alternative)
gie (alternative)
hye (alternative)
hie (alternative)
ȝeo (alternative)
geo (alternative)

From Old English ġē, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs. Compare the second-person dual pronoun ȝit.

1511, Promptorium Parvulorum (de Worde), sig. M.iiiᵛ/2

Address a single person by the use of the pronoun ye instead of thou.


mow

alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


ridden

ridden (infinitive)
to ridden (infinitive)
ridde (infinitive)
ridde (first-person present singular)
ridded (first-person past singular)
riddest (present second-person singular)
riddedest (past second-person singular)
riddeth (present singular third-person)
ridded (past singular third-person)
ridde (present singular subjunctive)
ridded (past singular subjunctive)
ridde (imperative present singular)
ridden (plural present)
ridde (plural present)
riddeden (past plural)
riddede (past plural)
riddeth (imperative plural present)
ridde (imperative plural present)
riddynge (participle present)
riddende (participle present)
ridded (participle past)
yridded (participle past)
redden (alternative)

English: rid

From Old English *ryddan, past participle of geryd.


risen

risen (infinitive)
to risen (infinitive)
rise (infinitive)
rise (first-person present singular)
ros (first-person past singular)
risest (present second-person singular)
rise (past second-person singular)
rose (past second-person singular)
ros (past second-person singular)
riseth (present singular third-person)
ros (past singular third-person)
rise (present singular subjunctive)
rise (past singular subjunctive)
rose (past singular subjunctive)
rise (imperative present singular)
risen (plural present)
rise (plural present)
risen (past plural)
rise (past plural)
rosen (past plural)
rose (past plural)
riseth (imperative plural present)
rise (imperative plural present)
risynge (participle present)
risende (participle present)
risen (participle past)
rise (participle past)
yrisen (participle past)
yrise (participle past)
rysen (alternative)
resen (alternative)

English: rise

Yola: rize

From Old English rīsan, from Proto-West Germanic *rīsan, from Proto-Germanic *rīsaną.


said

god thanke your hyhenes ſaid Balen / your bounte and hyhenes may no man preyſe half to the valewe / but at this tyme I muſt nedes departe / byſechyng yow alwey of your good grace /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 39, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 78, lines 32–35:


seen

seen (infinitive)
to seen (infinitive)
see (infinitive)
see (first-person present singular)
saugh (first-person past singular)
seigh (first-person past singular)
saw (first-person past singular)
sey (first-person past singular)
seest (present second-person singular)
sawe (past second-person singular)
seye (past second-person singular)
saugh (past second-person singular)
seigh (past second-person singular)
saw (past second-person singular)
sey (past second-person singular)
seeth (present singular third-person)
saugh (past singular third-person)
seigh (past singular third-person)
saw (past singular third-person)
sey (past singular third-person)
see (present singular subjunctive)
sawe (past singular subjunctive)
seye (past singular subjunctive)
see (imperative present singular)
seen (plural present)
see (plural present)
sawen (past plural)
sawe (past plural)
seyen (past plural)
seye (past plural)
seeth (imperative plural present)
see (imperative plural present)
seynge (participle present)
seende (participle present)
seen (participle past)
see (participle past)
yseen (participle past)
ysee (participle past)
sein (alternative)
sien (alternative)
seon (alternative)
son (alternative)
suen (alternative)
zi (alternative Kent)

English: see

Scots: se, sie, see

Yola: zee, zie, ze, zey, sau

From Old English sēon, from Proto-West Germanic *sehwan, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.


striven

striven (infinitive)
to striven (infinitive)
strive (infinitive)
strive (first-person present singular)
strof (first-person past singular)
strived (first-person past singular)
strivest (present second-person singular)
strive (past second-person singular)
strove (past second-person singular)
strof (past second-person singular)
strivedest (past second-person singular)
striveth (present singular third-person)
strof (past singular third-person)
strived (past singular third-person)
strive (present singular subjunctive)
strive (past singular subjunctive)
strove (past singular subjunctive)
strived (past singular subjunctive)
strive (imperative present singular)
striven (plural present)
strive (plural present)
striven (past plural)
strive (past plural)
stroven (past plural)
strove (past plural)
striveden (past plural)
strivede (past plural)
striveth (imperative plural present)
strive (imperative plural present)
strivynge (participle present)
strivende (participle present)
striven (participle past)
strive (participle past)
strived (participle past)
ystriven (participle past)
ystrive (participle past)
ystrived (participle past)
strive (alternative)
striwen (alternative)
strife (alternative)
striffe (alternative)

English: strive

Yola: streu (preterite)


taken

enm-verb

taken (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative tok, past participle taken)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takinge (participle present)
tok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
taken (participle past)
taken (infinitive)
to taken (infinitive)
take (infinitive)
take (first-person present singular)
tok (first-person past singular)
takest (present second-person singular)
toke (past second-person singular)
tok (past second-person singular)
taketh (present singular third-person)
tok (past singular third-person)
take (present singular subjunctive)
toke (past singular subjunctive)
take (imperative present singular)
taken (plural present)
take (plural present)
token (past plural)
toke (past plural)
taketh (imperative plural present)
take (imperative plural present)
takynge (participle present)
takende (participle present)
taken (participle past)
take (participle past)
ytaken (participle past)
ytake (participle past)
tak (alternative)
take (alternative)
takon (alternative)
takke (alternative)
tac (alternative)
tacke (alternative)
thake (alternative)
to (alternative)
ta (alternative Northern)
tan (alternative Northern)
tane (alternative Northern)
tacen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
tæcen (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: take

Geordie English: tyek

Scots: tak, ta

Yola: taake

From late Old English tacan, from Old Norse taka, from Proto-Germanic *tēkaną (“to touch, grasp”).

der

And made forward erly for to ryse / To take our wey, ther as I yow devyse.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 33–34:

And made agreement that we'd early rise / To take the road, as I will to you apprise.


taken

take (alternative)
takene (alternative)
takun (alternative)
takuth (alternative)
teken (alternative)
tas (alternative Northern)
tase (alternative Northern)
ta (alternative)
tan (alternative)

present indicative/subjunctive plural of taken (“to take”)


taken

take (alternative)
tak (alternative)
takene (alternative)
takenne (alternative)
takine (alternative)
takein (alternative)
takon (alternative)
takun (alternative)
thaken (alternative)
toke (alternative)
token (alternative)
tok (alternative)
tane (alternative)
tan (alternative)
taked (alternative)
tain (alternative Northern)
taine (alternative Northern)
tone (alternative Northern)
ton (alternative Northern)
toine (alternative Northern)
tene (alternative Northern)
tain (alternative)
taine (alternative)


taken

enm-verb

taken (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takende, takynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle taked)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takende (participle present)
takynge (participle present)
taked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


undertaken

undertaken (third-person singular simple present undertaketh, present participle undertakende, undertakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative undertok, past participle undertaken)

undertaketh (present singular third-person)
undertakende (participle present)
undertakynge (participle present)
undertok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
undertaken (participle past)

English: undertake

As leene was his hors as is a rake,
And he nas nat right fat, I undertake,
But looked holwe and therto sobrely.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 289-291:

To pledge; to assert, assure; to dare say.

there came fourty knyghtes to sire Darras
[…]
 and they wold haue slayne sire Tristram and his two felawes
 but sire Darras wold not suffre that but kepte them in pryson
[…]
 So sire Tristram endured there grete payne
 for sekenesse had vndertake hym
 and that is the grettest payne a prysoner maye haue

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxxvij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IX:

To take by trickery; to trap, to seize upon.

Soo it happend in Spayne there was an Erles sone his name was Alphegus / and at a grete turnement in spayn this syre Vrre knyghte of Hongry and sir Alphegus of spayne encountred to gyders for veray enuy / and soo eyther vndertook other to the Vtteraunce.
"So it happened in Spain there was an earl’s son, his name was Alphegus, and at a great tournament in Spain this Sir Urre, knight of Hungary, and Sir Alphegus of Spain encountered together for very envy; and so either undertook other to the utterance."

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur Book XIX, Chapter x, leaf 394v:

To engage with; to attack, take on in a fight.

[…] therfore, for Cristes sake,
Kepeth wel tho that ye undertake.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Doctour of Physyckes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 81-82:


uphold

(Late Middle English) alternative form of upholden


woken

woken (infinitive)
to woken (infinitive)
woke (infinitive)
woke (first-person present singular)
woked (first-person past singular)
wokest (present second-person singular)
wokedest (past second-person singular)
woketh (present singular third-person)
woked (past singular third-person)
woke (present singular subjunctive)
woked (past singular subjunctive)
woke (imperative present singular)
woken (plural present)
woke (plural present)
wokeden (past plural)
wokede (past plural)
woketh (imperative plural present)
woke (imperative plural present)
wokynge (participle present)
wokende (participle present)
woked (participle past)
ywoked (participle past)
wakien (alternative)
waken (alternative)

From Old English wācian; equivalent to woke + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare weyken and Old English wǣcan.

To add water to; to make watery or soft.


won

won (third-person singular simple present woneth, present participle wonende, wonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle woned)

woneth (present singular third-person)
wonende (participle present)
wonynge (participle present)
woned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


won

alternative form of wounden: past participle of wynden


won

alternative form of wanne: singular simple past of winnen

alternative form of wonnen: past participle of winnen


worden

worden (infinitive)
to worden (infinitive)
worde (infinitive)
worde (first-person present singular)
worded (first-person past singular)
wordest (present second-person singular)
wordedest (past second-person singular)
wordeth (present singular third-person)
worded (past singular third-person)
worde (present singular subjunctive)
worded (past singular subjunctive)
worde (imperative present singular)
worden (plural present)
worde (plural present)
wordeden (past plural)
wordede (past plural)
wordeth (imperative plural present)
worde (imperative plural present)
wordynge (participle present)
wordende (participle present)
worded (participle past)
yworded (participle past)
worde (alternative)

English: word


hilt

alternative form of hiled: past participle of hilen (“to cover”)


stroke

From Old English strācian, from Proto-West Germanic *straikōn.


want

(Late Middle English) alternative form of wanten


han

Contracted infinitive and plural present of haven.

Him thanken all, and thus they han an end

(Can we date this quote?), Geoffrey Chaucer, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

(transitive) alternative form of haven - Piers Plowman


game

From Old English gæmnian, gamnian, gamenian.


up haf

And Arcita anon his hand up haf,
And moore encens into the fyr he cast

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dampne

Thy lore I dampne, it is adversity


hey

alternative form of heien (“to lift up”)


mot

first/third-person singular present indicative of moten (“to have to”)


stien

stien (infinitive)
to stien (infinitive)
stie (infinitive)
stie (first-person present singular)
stie (first-person past singular)
stied (first-person past singular)
stiest (present second-person singular)
stie (past second-person singular)
stiedest (past second-person singular)
stieth (present singular third-person)
stie (past singular third-person)
stied (past singular third-person)
stie (present singular subjunctive)
stie (past singular subjunctive)
stied (past singular subjunctive)
stie (imperative present singular)
stien (plural present)
stie (plural present)
stien (past plural)
stie (past plural)
stieden (past plural)
stiede (past plural)
stieth (imperative plural present)
stie (imperative plural present)
stiynge (participle present)
stiende (participle present)
stien (participle past)
stie (participle past)
stied (participle past)
ystien (participle past)
ystie (participle past)
stiȝen (alternative)
stiȝan (alternative)
stiȝe (alternative)
steȝen (alternative)
steye (alternative)
stihen (alternative)
styen (alternative)

English: sty (obsolete)

From Old English stīgan, from Proto-Germanic *stīganą, from Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti.

To travel vertically; to ascend or descend:

To drop or tumble downwards; to descend not of one's volition.

To rise or move upwards; to move into the sky:

(figurative) To aim to increase one's knowledge or virtue.

(figurative) To increase one's position in society.

(figurative) To intensify, strengthen, or to be magnified.

(figurative, rare) To become apparent mentally; to realise.

(rare) To get up; to rise from a seat or bed.

To move up a vertical surface; to scale.

(religion) To enter heaven by ascension.

To go or travel towards; to journey or venture.

(rare) To arrive; to make an entrance into.


si

From Old English sīe, singular subjunctive of wesan, from Proto-Germanic *sijǭ (first person), *sijēs (second person), and *sijē (third person), singular subjunctive forms of *wesaną.

(Early Middle English, rare) singular present subjunctive of been


ga

(Early Middle English, Northern) alternative form of gon (“to go”)


am

English: am

Scots: am

Yola: aam, am

From Old English eam, eom, from Proto-West Germanic *im, from Proto-Germanic *immi, first-person singular of *wesaną.

he ſeide / I am a vois of a crier in deſert .· dꝛeſſe ȝe þe weie of þe loꝛd. as yſaie þe pꝛophete ſeide

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:23, page 43v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He said: "I am the voice of a crier in the wilderness; straighten the way of the Lord, as the prophet Isaiah said."

first-person singular present indicative of been


wan

alternative form of wonnen: plural simple past of winnen


mate

alternative form of maten (“to checkmate”)


mate

alternative form of maten (“to overpower”)


tap

alternative form of tappen (“to touch gently”)


wat

alternative form of wait, wath, wet, what, whate, whete, witen, wode, wold, woth, weten, wacche, wacchen, wachet, watchinges, wate, walte, weiten, and witien


ruse

(Northern) alternative form of rosen (“to boast”)


don

don (infinitive)
to don (infinitive)
do (infinitive)
do (first-person present singular)
dide (first-person past singular)
dost (present second-person singular)
dest (present second-person singular)
didest (past second-person singular)
dide (past second-person singular)
doth (present singular third-person)
deth (present singular third-person)
dide (past singular third-person)
do (present singular subjunctive)
dide (past singular subjunctive)
do (imperative present singular)
don (plural present)
do (plural present)
diden (past plural)
dide (past plural)
doth (imperative plural present)
do (imperative plural present)
doynge (participle present)
donde (participle present)
don (participle past)
do (participle past)
ydon (participle past)
ydo (participle past)
donne (alternative)
doyn (alternative)
do (alternative)
doon (alternative)

English: do

Geordie English: de, dee, div

Scots: dae, dee (Doric)

Yola: doone, deen

From Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną.

To go or move (in a specified direction)

(auxiliary) To cause (an action or state)

(auxiliary) Emphasises the verb that follows it

(auxiliary) Stands in for a verb in a dependent clause


don

donen (infinitive)
to donen (infinitive)
done (infinitive)
done (first-person present singular)
doned (first-person past singular)
donest (present second-person singular)
donedest (past second-person singular)
doneth (present singular third-person)
doned (past singular third-person)
done (present singular subjunctive)
doned (past singular subjunctive)
done (imperative present singular)
donen (plural present)
done (plural present)
doneden (past plural)
donede (past plural)
doneth (imperative plural present)
done (imperative plural present)
donynge (participle present)
donende (participle present)
doned (participle past)
ydoned (participle past)

English: don

Yola: don


mane

(Northern) alternative form of monen (“to lament”)


mote

inflection of moten (“to have to”):
present subjunctive singular

inflection of moten (“to have to”):
present indicative/subjunctive plural


bes

A version of bith with the third-person singular ending replaced with -es as in other verbs (in some dialects) and the vowel of the infinitive been leveled in.


rope

alternative form of ropen (“to form ropes”)


rope

alternative form of ropen (“to cry out”)


wen

(Northern) alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


semi

alternative form of semen (“to sort out”)


sow

alternative form of sowen (“to torment”)


token

toke (alternative)
tok (alternative)
tokon (alternative)
teken (alternative)
takede (alternative)
tocken (alternative)
tocan (alternative Early-Middle-English)


token

alternative form of taken: past participle of taken


grisen

grisen (infinitive)
to grisen (infinitive)
grise (infinitive)
grise (first-person present singular)
grised (first-person past singular)
grisest (present second-person singular)
grisedest (past second-person singular)
griseth (present singular third-person)
grised (past singular third-person)
grise (present singular subjunctive)
grised (past singular subjunctive)
grise (imperative present singular)
grisen (plural present)
grise (plural present)
griseden (past plural)
grisede (past plural)
griseth (imperative plural present)
grise (imperative plural present)
grisynge (participle present)
grisende (participle present)
grised (participle past)
ygrised (participle past)
gryse (alternative)

English: grise

⇒ Yola: greezee, grizee

From Old English grīsan, from Proto-West Germanic *grīsan, from Proto-Germanic *grīsaną.


controllen

Borrowed from Middle French contreroller (“check against a duplicate account”), from Medieval Latin contrarotulare, from contra (“opposite”) + rotula (“roll, little wheel”).


eggen

enm-verb

eggen (third-person singular simple present eggeth, present participle eggende, eggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle egged)

eggeth (present singular third-person)
eggende (participle present)
eggynge (participle present)
egged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
eggen (infinitive)
to eggen (infinitive)
egge (infinitive)
egge (first-person present singular)
egged (first-person past singular)
eggest (present second-person singular)
eggedest (past second-person singular)
eggeth (present singular third-person)
egged (past singular third-person)
egge (present singular subjunctive)
egged (past singular subjunctive)
egge (imperative present singular)
eggen (plural present)
egge (plural present)
eggeden (past plural)
eggede (past plural)
eggeth (imperative plural present)
egge (imperative plural present)
eggynge (participle present)
eggende (participle present)
egged (participle past)
yegged (participle past)
eggyn (alternative)
eggin (alternative)

English: egg

Scots: egg

Borrowed from Old Norse eggja, from egg (“edge”) (cognate to egge).

Therin wonneth a wyght that Wronge is Ihote / Father of falſhead, and founded it him ſelfe / Adam and Eue he egged to yll, / Councelled Cayne to kyll his brother

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus primus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio v, verso:

Therein dwells a creature that Wrong is named, / Father of falsehood, and founded it himself. / Adam and Eve he egged to ill, / Counselled Cain to kill his brother

To egg on; to encourage or provide motivation.

(rare) To anger; to draw someone's wrath.


leven

leven (infinitive)
to leven (infinitive)
leve (infinitive)
leve (first-person present singular)
lefte (first-person past singular)
levest (present second-person singular)
leftest (past second-person singular)
leveth (present singular third-person)
lefte (past singular third-person)
leve (present singular subjunctive)
lefte (past singular subjunctive)
leve (imperative present singular)
leven (plural present)
leve (plural present)
leften (past plural)
lefte (past plural)
leveth (imperative plural present)
leve (imperative plural present)
levynge (participle present)
levende (participle present)
left (participle past)
yleft (participle past)
leaven (alternative)
lefven (alternative)

English: leave

Scots: leve, leif

Yola: laave, lea, lee

From Old English lǣfan, from Proto-West Germanic *laibijan.


rennen

rennen (third-person singular simple present renneth, present participle rennende, rennynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative ran, past participle yrunnen, runnen, yrunne, runne)

renneth (present singular third-person)
rennende (participle present)
rennynge (participle present)
ran (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yrunnen (participle past)
runnen (participle past)
yrunne (participle past)
runne (participle past)
rennen (infinitive)
to rennen (infinitive)
renne (infinitive)
renne (first-person present singular)
ran (first-person past singular)
rennest (present second-person singular)
runne (past second-person singular)
ran (past second-person singular)
renneth (present singular third-person)
ran (past singular third-person)
renne (present singular subjunctive)
runne (past singular subjunctive)
renne (imperative present singular)
rennen (plural present)
renne (plural present)
runnen (past plural)
runne (past plural)
renneth (imperative plural present)
renne (imperative plural present)
rennynge (participle present)
rennende (participle present)
runnen (participle past)
runne (participle past)
yrunnen (participle past)
yrunne (participle past)
renne (alternative)
ren (alternative)
rene (alternative)
renen (alternative)
reinen (alternative)
reinnen (alternative)
raine (alternative)
rainen (alternative)
runne (alternative)
ronne (alternative)
ronen (alternative)
roun (alternative)
ruine (alternative)
herne (alternative)
rinne (alternative)
rinnen (alternative)
rin (alternative)
rine (alternative)
rinen (alternative)
erne (alternative Midlands Southern)
ernen (alternative Midlands Southern)
eorne (alternative Midlands Southern)
eornen (alternative Midlands Southern)
urne (alternative Midlands Southern)
urnen (alternative Midlands Southern)
uerne (alternative Midlands Southern)
hurnen (alternative Midlands Southern)
eorne (alternative)
eornen (alternative)
urne (alternative)
urnen (alternative)
uerne (alternative)
hurnen (alternative)
irne (alternative)
irnen (alternative)
hirnen (alternative)
heorne (alternative)
eærne (alternative)
earnæ (alternative)
eorne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
eornen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
urne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
urnen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
uerne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hurnen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
irnen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hirnen (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: run, rin

Scots: rin

Yola: rhin, rin

Partially from Old English rinnan, with variants from irnan, iernan, from Proto-West Germanic *rinnan, from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to flow, run”); partially from Old Norse rinna, renna (“to flow, run”), from the same Proto-Germanic source. Compare also Old English ġerennan (“to coagulate, curdle”).

cog

to ride (on horseback, on a chariot, etc.)


rennen

enm-verb

rennen (third-person singular simple present renneth, present participle rennende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rendeaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

renneth (present singular third-person)
rennende (participle present)
rennen (infinitive)
to rennen (infinitive)
renne (infinitive)
renne (first-person present singular)
rende (first-person past singular)
rennest (present second-person singular)
rendest (past second-person singular)
renneth (present singular third-person)
rende (past singular third-person)
renne (present singular subjunctive)
rende (past singular subjunctive)
renne (imperative present singular)
rennen (plural present)
renne (plural present)
renden (past plural)
rende (past plural)
renneth (imperative plural present)
renne (imperative plural present)
rennynge (participle present)
rennende (participle present)
rend (participle past)
yrend (participle past)
renne (alternative)
arnen (alternative)
ærne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ærnen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
eærne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hearne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
earne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
herne (alternative Early-Middle-English)
erne (alternative Early-Middle-English)

From Old English ærnan and Old Norse, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *rannijaną (“to cause to run, flow”). Compare Middle Dutch rennen (“to run, ride fast”).

cog

to ride (transport oneself on horseback) swiftly


till

alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


wanton

(Late Middle English) alternative form of wanten


pace

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1387-1410, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue Er that I ferther in this tale pace, / Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun / To telle yow al the condicioun / Of ech of hem, so as it semed me, / And whiche they weren, and of what degree […]


hast

From Old English hæfst, hafast, second-person present singular form of habban, from Proto-Germanic *habaisi, second-person present singular form of *habjaną; equivalent to haven + -est.

second-person singular present indicative of haven


bere

[...] Than preye I thee, to-morwe with a spere

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2255-2256

… Then I pray thee, tomorrow with a spear
That Arcite stab me through the heart.


eten

enm-verb

eten (third-person singular simple present eteth, present participle etynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative et, past participle eten)

eteth (present singular third-person)
etynge (participle present)
et (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
eten (participle past)
eten (infinitive)
to eten (infinitive)
ete (infinitive)
ete (first-person present singular)
at (first-person past singular)
etest (present second-person singular)
ete (past second-person singular)
ate (past second-person singular)
at (past second-person singular)
eteth (present singular third-person)
at (past singular third-person)
ete (present singular subjunctive)
ete (past singular subjunctive)
ate (past singular subjunctive)
ete (imperative present singular)
eten (plural present)
ete (plural present)
eten (past plural)
ete (past plural)
aten (past plural)
ate (past plural)
eteth (imperative plural present)
ete (imperative plural present)
etynge (participle present)
etende (participle present)
eten (participle past)
ete (participle past)
yeten (participle past)
yete (participle past)
eete (alternative)
eeten (alternative)
ete (alternative)
etin (alternative)
ethe (alternative)
ette (alternative)
æten (alternative Early-Middle-English)
etenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: eat

Scots: ait, aet, eat, eit, ete

Yola: at, ayth, eight

From Old English etan, from Proto-West Germanic *etan, from Proto-Germanic *etaną.

(figurative) To derive might from something

To destroy, devastate (a person or of an object)


reave

(Early Middle English) alternative form of reven


mat

alternative form of maten (“to overpower”)


spake

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”

first/third-person singular past indicative of speken


tame

tame (third-person singular simple present tameth, present participle tamende, tamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tamed)

tameth (present singular third-person)
tamende (participle present)
tamynge (participle present)
tamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

alternative form of tamen (“to cut, carve”)


toke

"And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

first/third-person singular past indicative of taken; took


clove

From Old English clēaf, 1st- and 3rd- person simple past singular of clēofan, with the vowel from the past participle.

simple past singular of cleven (“to split”)


charge

first-person singular present indicative of chargen


spay

spay (third-person singular simple present spayeth, present participle spayinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle spaiedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

spayeth (present singular third-person)
spayinge (participle present)


wast

English: wast (archaic)

Yola: wasth

From was + -est; partially replacing earlier were.

(Late Middle English) second-person singular past indicative of been


glow

alternative form of glewen (“to play music, have fun”)


scorn

(Late Middle English or Northern) alternative form of scornen


semen

semen (third-person singular simple present semeth, present participle semende, semynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle semed)

semeth (present singular third-person)
semende (participle present)
semynge (participle present)
semed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
semen (infinitive)
to semen (infinitive)
seme (infinitive)
seme (first-person present singular)
semed (first-person past singular)
semest (present second-person singular)
semedest (past second-person singular)
semeth (present singular third-person)
semed (past singular third-person)
seme (present singular subjunctive)
semed (past singular subjunctive)
seme (imperative present singular)
semen (plural present)
seme (plural present)
semeden (past plural)
semede (past plural)
semeth (imperative plural present)
seme (imperative plural present)
semynge (participle present)
semende (participle present)
semed (participle past)
ysemed (participle past)
seme (alternative)
semi (alternative)

Inherited from Old English sēman, from Proto-West Germanic *sōmijan, from Proto-Germanic *sōmijaną.

(Early Middle English) To sort out; to resolve, subdue, or confirm.


semen

semeth (present singular third-person)
semende (participle present)
semynge (participle present)
semed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
semen (infinitive)
to semen (infinitive)
seme (infinitive)
seme (first-person present singular)
semed (first-person past singular)
semest (present second-person singular)
semedest (past second-person singular)
semeth (present singular third-person)
semed (past singular third-person)
seme (present singular subjunctive)
semed (past singular subjunctive)
seme (imperative present singular)
semen (plural present)
seme (plural present)
semeden (past plural)
semede (past plural)
semeth (imperative plural present)
seme (imperative plural present)
semynge (participle present)
semende (participle present)
semed (participle past)
ysemed (participle past)
cemyn (alternative)
seeme (alternative)
seemen (alternative)
seme (alternative)
semy (alternative)
semyn (alternative)

English: seem

Scots: seem

Borrowed from Old Norse sœma, from Proto-Germanic *sōmijaną, thus a doublet of Etymology 1.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook

To seem (to be); to look or be perceived as.

To appear; to become visible or discernible.

To believe or assume; to develop a belief:

To deem or consider; to form a judgement.

To consider to be appropriate; to judge as suitable.

To be appropriate or right; to suit or befit.


semen

semeth (present singular third-person)
semende (participle present)
semynge (participle present)
semed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
semen (infinitive)
to semen (infinitive)
seme (infinitive)
seme (first-person present singular)
semed (first-person past singular)
semde (first-person past singular)
semest (present second-person singular)
semedest (past second-person singular)
semdest (past second-person singular)
semeth (present singular third-person)
semed (past singular third-person)
semde (past singular third-person)
seme (present singular subjunctive)
semed (past singular subjunctive)
semde (past singular subjunctive)
seme (imperative present singular)
semen (plural present)
seme (plural present)
semeden (past plural)
semede (past plural)
semden (past plural)
semde (past plural)
semeth (imperative plural present)
seme (imperative plural present)
semynge (participle present)
semende (participle present)
semed (participle past)
semd (participle past)
ysemed (participle past)
ysemd (participle past)
seme (alternative)

Inherited from Old English sīman, sēman, from Proto-West Germanic *saumijan; equivalent to seem (“load”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(figuratively, rare) To be burdensome or grievous.


barren

barren (infinitive)
to barren (infinitive)
barre (infinitive)
barre (first-person present singular)
barred (first-person past singular)
barrest (present second-person singular)
barredest (past second-person singular)
barreth (present singular third-person)
barred (past singular third-person)
barre (present singular subjunctive)
barred (past singular subjunctive)
barre (imperative present singular)
barren (plural present)
barre (plural present)
barreden (past plural)
barrede (past plural)
barreth (imperative plural present)
barre (imperative plural present)
barrynge (participle present)
barrende (participle present)
barred (participle past)
ybarred (participle past)
berren (alternative)

English: bar

Fingallian: bar


redden

redden (infinitive)
to redden (infinitive)
redde (infinitive)
redde (first-person present singular)
redde (first-person past singular)
reddest (present second-person singular)
reddest (past second-person singular)
reddeth (present singular third-person)
redde (past singular third-person)
redde (present singular subjunctive)
redde (past singular subjunctive)
redde (imperative present singular)
redden (plural present)
redde (plural present)
redden (past plural)
redde (past plural)
reddeth (imperative plural present)
redde (imperative plural present)
reddynge (participle present)
reddende (participle present)
red (participle past)
yred (participle past)
redde (alternative)
reddenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: redd, red; rid

Scots: redd, red

Yola: red

Inherited from Old English hreddan (“to save, deliver, recover, rescue”), from Proto-West Germanic *hraddjan, from Proto-Germanic *hradjaną.

inh+

Floris and Blauncheflur
Þe children þerwiþ fram deþe he redde.

With that he saved the children from death.

To save or rescue; to remove from penury or captivity.


huse

(Early Middle English) alternative form of housen


chard

Representing colloquial pronunciation. See ch-.


dyne

Inherited from Old English dyne, from Proto-West Germanic *duni, from Proto-Germanic *duniz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwen-.

din (alternative)
dine (alternative)
dyn (alternative)
den (alternative West-Midlands)
done (alternative West-Midlands)
doene (alternative West-Midlands)
duene (alternative West-Midlands)
dene (alternative East-Anglia West-Midlands)
deone (alternative East-Anglia West-Midlands)
dune (alternative Southern West-Midlands)
dynne (alternative Late-Middle-English)


lien

enm-verb

lien (third-person singular simple present lith, present participle liende, first-/third-person singular past indicative leie, past participle leien)

lith (present singular third-person)
liende (participle present)
leie (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
leien (participle past)
lie (alternative)
li (alternative)
lin (alternative)
ligh (alternative)
liȝ (alternative)
liȝe (alternative)
liȝen (alternative)
lig (alternative)
lige (alternative)
ligen (alternative)
liken (alternative)
likken (alternative)
liȝȝe (alternative)
ligge (alternative)
liggen (alternative)
luggen (alternative)
licgen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
liȝge (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: lie, lig

Scots: lie

Yola: lee, lidge

From Old English liċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *liggjan, from Proto-Germanic *ligjaną.

Bifil that in that seson, on a day, / In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 19–20:

It happened that, in that season, on a day / In Southwark, at the Tabard, as I lay


lien

lien (third-person singular simple present lieth, present participle liende, first-/third-person singular past indicative legh, past participle louen)

lieth (present singular third-person)
liende (participle present)
legh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
louen (participle past)
li (alternative)
lie (alternative)
lin (alternative)
lighe (alternative)
lighen (alternative)
lige (alternative)
ligen (alternative)
liȝe (alternative)
liȝen (alternative)
liegh (alternative)
lieȝe (alternative)
lieȝen (alternative)
le (alternative)
lee (alternative)
lei (alternative)
leie (alternative)
leghen (alternative)
legen (alternative)
leȝe (alternative)
leȝen (alternative)
leiȝe (alternative)
leiȝen (alternative)
lih (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lihe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lihen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
leȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
leoȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
leioȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: lie

Scots: lee

Yola: liest (sg.2)

From Old English lēogan, from Proto-West Germanic *leugan, from Proto-Germanic *leuganą.


lien

lien (third-person singular simple present lieth, present participle liende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle liidaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

lieth (present singular third-person)
liende (participle present)
li (alternative)
lie (alternative)

English: lye

From Old French lier, liier (“to tie up, connect”), from Latin ligāre (“to tie, bind”).

to bind (ground meat, etc. with eggs, sauce, etc.)


quod

No force quod he, but tel me al youre grief

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 85, verso:

“No matter,” he said, “but tell me all your grief.”

alternative form of quath (“spoke”, etc.)


spar

alternative form of sparren (“to close”)


fret

alternative form of freten (“to decorate”)


frighten

frighten (infinitive)
to frighten (infinitive)
frighte (infinitive)
frighte (first-person present singular)
frighted (first-person past singular)
frightest (present second-person singular)
frightedest (past second-person singular)
frighteth (present singular third-person)
frighted (past singular third-person)
frighte (present singular subjunctive)
frighted (past singular subjunctive)
frighte (imperative present singular)
frighten (plural present)
frighte (plural present)
frighteden (past plural)
frightede (past plural)
frighteth (imperative plural present)
frighte (imperative plural present)
frightynge (participle present)
frightende (participle present)
frighted (participle past)
yfrighted (participle past)
friȝten (alternative)
fyrten (alternative)

English: fright (verb) (archaic)

Scots: fricht

From Old English fyrhtan, from Proto-West Germanic *furhtijan, from Proto-Germanic *furhtijaną; equivalent to fright + -en (infinitival suffix).


heed

alternative form of hadde: simple past/past participle of haven (“to have”)


ledge

To reson faste, and ledge auctoritie.

c. 1360, Geoffrey Chaucer, Court of Love:


route

first-person singular present indicative of routen


strengthen

strengthen (infinitive)
to strengthen (infinitive)
strengthe (infinitive)
strengthe (first-person present singular)
strengthed (first-person past singular)
strengthest (present second-person singular)
strengthedest (past second-person singular)
strengtheth (present singular third-person)
strengthed (past singular third-person)
strengthe (present singular subjunctive)
strengthed (past singular subjunctive)
strengthe (imperative present singular)
strengthen (plural present)
strengthe (plural present)
strengtheden (past plural)
strengthede (past plural)
strengtheth (imperative plural present)
strengthe (imperative plural present)
strengthynge (participle present)
strengthende (participle present)
strengthed (participle past)
ystrengthed (participle past)
strenkþen (alternative)
strengþen (alternative)
strengþe (alternative)
strengþi (alternative)
strengthe (alternative)
strenght (alternative)
strenthe (alternative)
streynght (alternative)
streynthyn (alternative)
streyngthe (alternative)
strengðden (alternative)
strengþin (alternative)
strencþen (alternative)

English: strength

From strengthe + -en (infinitival suffix).

Lo! thou hast tauȝt ful many men, and thou hast strengthid hondis maad feynt.

to strengthen, fortify (increase the strength of)

to empower, to augment (increase the potency or severity of)

to enhearten, to encourage (increase the morale of)

to assist, to support (someone or something)

to substantiate; to corroborate (a belief, argument, etc.)


wane

alternative form of wanne: singular simple past of winnen

alternative form of wonnen: plural simple past of winnen


assoyle

And who ſo fyndeth hym out of ſuche blame / Commeth up and offre in goddes name / And I assoyle hym by the auctorite / Such as by bulle was graunted to me.

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxx, recto, column 2:

And who so findeth him out of such blame / Cometh up and offer in God's name / And I assoil him by the authority / Such as by bull was granted to me.


beth

From Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).


beth

From Old English biþ, with the vowel of the infinitive leveled in.


beth

From Old English bēoþ, plural imperative form of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *beuþ, second-person plural imperative form of *beuną.


leren

From Old English lǣran (“to teach”), with semantic broadening by association with lernen, from Old English leornian (“to learn”).

14thC, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale, from The Canterbury Tales,
He hath take on him many a great emprise,
Which were full hard for any that is here
To bring about, but they of him it lear.


praten

praten (infinitive)
to praten (infinitive)
prate (infinitive)
prate (first-person present singular)
prated (first-person past singular)
pratest (present second-person singular)
pratedest (past second-person singular)
prateth (present singular third-person)
prated (past singular third-person)
prate (present singular subjunctive)
prated (past singular subjunctive)
prate (imperative present singular)
praten (plural present)
prate (plural present)
prateden (past plural)
pratede (past plural)
prateth (imperative plural present)
prate (imperative plural present)
pratynge (participle present)
pratende (participle present)
prated (participle past)
yprated (participle past)
prate (alternative)
preten (alternative)

English: prate

Yola: praate, praat


horen

horen (infinitive)
to horen (infinitive)
hore (infinitive)
hore (first-person present singular)
hored (first-person past singular)
horest (present second-person singular)
horedest (past second-person singular)
horeth (present singular third-person)
hored (past singular third-person)
hore (present singular subjunctive)
hored (past singular subjunctive)
hore (imperative present singular)
horen (plural present)
hore (plural present)
horeden (past plural)
horede (past plural)
horeth (imperative plural present)
hore (imperative plural present)
horynge (participle present)
horende (participle present)
hored (participle past)
yhored (participle past)
hore (alternative)
hoore (alternative)
horyn (alternative)

English: hoar (obsolete)

From Old English hārian; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


werken

werken (infinitive)
to werken (infinitive)
werke (infinitive)
werke (first-person present singular)
wroghte (first-person past singular)
werkest (present second-person singular)
wroghtest (past second-person singular)
werketh (present singular third-person)
wroghte (past singular third-person)
werke (present singular subjunctive)
wroghte (past singular subjunctive)
werke (imperative present singular)
werken (plural present)
werke (plural present)
wroghten (past plural)
wroghte (past plural)
werketh (imperative plural present)
werke (imperative plural present)
werkynge (participle present)
werkende (participle present)
wroght (participle past)
ywroght (participle past)
werchen (alternative)
warken (alternative)
worchen (alternative)
wurchen (alternative)

English: work

Scots: wark, wirk

Yola: woorkt (preterite)

From Old English wyrċan, from Proto-West Germanic *wurkijan, from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną.


drinken

drinken (infinitive)
to drinken (infinitive)
drinke (infinitive)
drinke (first-person present singular)
drank (first-person past singular)
drinkest (present second-person singular)
drunke (past second-person singular)
drank (past second-person singular)
drinketh (present singular third-person)
drank (past singular third-person)
drinke (present singular subjunctive)
drunke (past singular subjunctive)
drinke (imperative present singular)
drinken (plural present)
drinke (plural present)
drunken (past plural)
drunke (past plural)
drinketh (imperative plural present)
drinke (imperative plural present)
drinkynge (participle present)
drinkende (participle present)
drunken (participle past)
drunke (participle past)
ydrunken (participle past)
ydrunke (participle past)
drynken (alternative)

English: drink (see there for further descendants)

Scots: drink

Yola: drink

From Old English drincan, from Proto-West Germanic *drinkan, from Proto-Germanic *drinkaną.


spelen

spelen (infinitive)
to spelen (infinitive)
spele (infinitive)
spele (first-person present singular)
speled (first-person past singular)
spelest (present second-person singular)
speledest (past second-person singular)
speleth (present singular third-person)
speled (past singular third-person)
spele (present singular subjunctive)
speled (past singular subjunctive)
spele (imperative present singular)
spelen (plural present)
spele (plural present)
speleden (past plural)
spelede (past plural)
speleth (imperative plural present)
spele (imperative plural present)
spelynge (participle present)
spelende (participle present)
speled (participle past)
yspeled (participle past)
spelien (alternative)

English: spell

Yola: speale

From Old English spelian; equivalent to spale + -en (infinitival suffix).


mon

alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


aforesaid

English: aforesaid

Past participle of aforesayen, aforeseyen, aforeseien, aforeseggen; formed with the prefix afore- and the several forms of seien (“to say”).

aforesaide (alternative)
a forsaid (alternative)
aforeseid (alternative)
aforeseide (alternative)
aforeseyd (alternative)
aforseide (alternative)
aforseyde (alternative)
afore seid (alternative)


glue

alternative form of glewen (“to play music, have fun”)


mistrust

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, lines 1609-1610

Sin to be trewe I have yow plight my trouthe.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Mistrust me not thus causeles, for routhe;

(transitive) To be wary, suspicious or doubtful of (something or someone).


foster

fostre (alternative)
voster (alternative)
fostær (alternative)
forster (alternative)


worsen

worsen (third-person singular simple present worseth, present participle worsende, worsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle worsed)

worseth (present singular third-person)
worsende (participle present)
worsynge (participle present)
worsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
worseen (infinitive)
to worseen (infinitive)
worsee (infinitive)
worsee (first-person present singular)
worseed (first-person past singular)
worseest (present second-person singular)
worseedest (past second-person singular)
worseeth (present singular third-person)
worseed (past singular third-person)
worsee (present singular subjunctive)
worseed (past singular subjunctive)
worsee (imperative present singular)
worseen (plural present)
worsee (plural present)
worseeden (past plural)
worseede (past plural)
worseeth (imperative plural present)
worsee (imperative plural present)
worseynge (participle present)
worseende (participle present)
worseed (participle past)
yworseed (participle past)
werrsenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
wursen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
wursien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
wursin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
worsi (alternative Kent)

English: worse (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English wiersian; equivalent to worse (“worse”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


stable

enm-verb

stable (third-person singular simple present stableth, present participle stablende, stablynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stabled)

stableth (present singular third-person)
stablende (participle present)
stablynge (participle present)
stabled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

alternative form of stablen (“to establish”)


swiven

swīven (third-person singular simple present swīveth, present participle swīvende, swīvynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle swīved)

swīven (canonical)
swīveth (present singular third-person)
swīvende (participle present)
swīvynge (participle present)
swīved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
swyven (alternative)
swyuen (alternative)
swiwen (alternative)
swywen (alternative)
swyfen (alternative)

English: swive

From Old English swīfan, from Proto-Germanic *swībaną.

On thy bed thy wif I sey hym swyue […]

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales: Manciple's Prologue and Tale:


sulle

(South West Midlands) alternative form of sellen


yoken

yoken (third-person singular simple present yoketh, present participle yokende, yokynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle yoked)

yoketh (present singular third-person)
yokende (participle present)
yokynge (participle present)
yoked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
yoken (infinitive)
to yoken (infinitive)
yoke (infinitive)
yoke (first-person present singular)
yoked (first-person past singular)
yokest (present second-person singular)
yokedest (past second-person singular)
yoketh (present singular third-person)
yoked (past singular third-person)
yoke (present singular subjunctive)
yoked (past singular subjunctive)
yoke (imperative present singular)
yoken (plural present)
yoke (plural present)
yokeden (past plural)
yokede (past plural)
yoketh (imperative plural present)
yoke (imperative plural present)
yokynge (participle present)
yokende (participle present)
yoked (participle past)
yyoked (participle past)
ȝeokyn (alternative)
ȝoke (alternative)
ȝoken (alternative)
ȝokke (alternative)
jockyn (alternative)
yoke (alternative)

English: yoke

Scots: yoke

From Old English geocian, from Proto-West Germanic *jukōn, from Proto-Germanic *jukōną; equivalent to yok + -en (infinitival suffix).

To yoke; to connect an animal or animals to a yoke or harness.

(rare) To irrevocably choose a life path.

(rare, figurative) To draw one's arms together.


hath

third-person singular present indicative of haven


seren

seren (infinitive)
to seren (infinitive)
sere (infinitive)
sere (first-person present singular)
sered (first-person past singular)
serest (present second-person singular)
seredest (past second-person singular)
sereth (present singular third-person)
sered (past singular third-person)
sere (present singular subjunctive)
sered (past singular subjunctive)
sere (imperative present singular)
seren (plural present)
sere (plural present)
sereden (past plural)
serede (past plural)
sereth (imperative plural present)
sere (imperative plural present)
serynge (participle present)
serende (participle present)
sered (participle past)
ysered (participle past)
seeren (alternative)
seryn (alternative)
seeryn (alternative)
ceryn (alternative)
ceeryn (alternative)
seere (alternative)

English: sear

From Old English sēarian, from Proto-West Germanic *sauʀēn; equivalent to sere + -en (infinitival suffix).

(mainly referring to plants) To shrivel; to dry and shrink.

(referring to plants, rare) To induce shrivelling; to make dry.


moisten

moisten (infinitive)
to moisten (infinitive)
moiste (infinitive)
moiste (first-person present singular)
moisted (first-person past singular)
moistest (present second-person singular)
moistedest (past second-person singular)
moisteth (present singular third-person)
moisted (past singular third-person)
moiste (present singular subjunctive)
moisted (past singular subjunctive)
moiste (imperative present singular)
moisten (plural present)
moiste (plural present)
moisteden (past plural)
moistede (past plural)
moisteth (imperative plural present)
moiste (imperative plural present)
moistynge (participle present)
moistende (participle present)
moisted (participle past)
ymoisted (participle past)
moiste (alternative)
moystyn (alternative)
moysten (alternative)
moyst (alternative)
mooysten (alternative)

English: moist (obsolete as a verb)


enhance

(Late Middle English) alternative form of enhauncen


fully

alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


lee

alternative form of lien (“to tell a falsehood”)


destroyed

So thys ſeaſon hit be felle in the moneth : of may a grete angur and vnhappy that ſtynted nat tylle þͤ floure of chyvalry of the worlde was deſtroyed and ſlayne

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 27–29:

So in this season, as in the month of May, it befell a great anger and unhap that stinted not till the flower of chivalry of all the world was destroyed and slain;


yiff

So god be pleased, monke shall ye noght be, / Another ordre to you yiff I shall, / A knyght will you mak of full hye degre / As your brethren ben named ryght roiall.

1393, Jean d'Arras, Roman de Melusine, page 154, line 2571:

God willing, a monk you'll not be, / Another order to you give I shall, / A knight you'll become of the highest degree, / Just as your brethren are named rightly royal.


bith

English: bes, beeth (now obsolete or dialectal)

Fingallian: bes

Yola: beeth

From Old English biþ, third-person present singular of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biuþi, third-person present singular of *beuną (“to be, become”).

biþ (alternative)
beth (alternative)
bis (alternative)
bes (alternative)

third-person singular present indicative of been


sind

Inherited from Old English sind, plural present indicative of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *sindi, third-person plural present indicative of *wesaną (“to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

sinden (alternative)
sunden (alternative)
syndan (alternative)
syndon (alternative)
synden (alternative)
synd (alternative)
senden (alternative)
sonden (alternative)

(Early Middle English) plural present indicative of been


seid

Sire ſeid the damoyſell ye nede not to pulle half ſo hard / for he that ſhall pulle it out ſhal do it with lytel myghte / ye ſay wel ſaid Arthur /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum i”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 38, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 76, lines 36–38:


reden

reden (third-person singular simple present redeth, present participle redynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative redde, past participle red)

redeth (present singular third-person)
redynge (participle present)
redde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
red (participle past)
reden (infinitive)
to reden (infinitive)
rede (infinitive)
rede (first-person present singular)
redde (first-person past singular)
rede (first-person past singular)
redest (present second-person singular)
reddest (past second-person singular)
redest (past second-person singular)
redeth (present singular third-person)
redde (past singular third-person)
rede (past singular third-person)
rede (present singular subjunctive)
redde (past singular subjunctive)
rede (past singular subjunctive)
rede (imperative present singular)
reden (plural present)
rede (plural present)
redden (past plural)
redde (past plural)
reden (past plural)
rede (past plural)
redeth (imperative plural present)
rede (imperative plural present)
redynge (participle present)
redende (participle present)
red (participle past)
yred (participle past)
readen (alternative)
redden (alternative)
riden (alternative)
raden (alternative)
ruden (alternative)
redan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
readan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ræden (alternative Early-Middle-English)
rædon (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: read, rede

Scots: rede

Yola: reade

From Old English rǣdan, rēdan (“to advise, read”), from Proto-West Germanic *rādan, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaną (“to advise, counsel”).
Cognate with Danish råde, Dutch raden, German raten, Swedish råda. The development from ‘advise, interpret’ to ‘interpret letters, read’ is unique to English.


waken

waken (infinitive)
to waken (infinitive)
wake (infinitive)
wake (first-person present singular)
wook (first-person past singular)
wakest (present second-person singular)
woke (past second-person singular)
wook (past second-person singular)
waketh (present singular third-person)
wook (past singular third-person)
wake (present singular subjunctive)
woke (past singular subjunctive)
wake (imperative present singular)
waken (plural present)
wake (plural present)
woken (past plural)
woke (past plural)
waketh (imperative plural present)
wake (imperative plural present)
wakynge (participle present)
wakende (participle present)
waken (participle past)
wake (participle past)

English: wake

Scots: wake

From Old English wacan, from Proto-West Germanic *wakan, from Proto-Germanic *wakaną.

to remain awake on watch (especially over a corpse)


warn

And yf thou warne her loue she shalle goo dye anone yf thou haue no pyte on her / that sygnefyeth the grete byrd / the whiche shalle make the to warne her

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVI:


steden

enm-verb

steden (third-person singular simple present stedeth, present participle stedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative stedde, past participle sted)

stedeth (present singular third-person)
stedynge (participle present)
stedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sted (participle past)
steden (infinitive)
to steden (infinitive)
stede (infinitive)
stede (first-person present singular)
stedde (first-person past singular)
stadde (first-person past singular)
steded (first-person past singular)
stedest (present second-person singular)
steddest (past second-person singular)
staddest (past second-person singular)
stededest (past second-person singular)
stedeth (present singular third-person)
stedde (past singular third-person)
stadde (past singular third-person)
steded (past singular third-person)
stede (present singular subjunctive)
stedde (past singular subjunctive)
stadde (past singular subjunctive)
steded (past singular subjunctive)
stede (imperative present singular)
steden (plural present)
stede (plural present)
stedden (past plural)
stedde (past plural)
stadden (past plural)
stadde (past plural)
stededen (past plural)
stedede (past plural)
stedeth (imperative plural present)
stede (imperative plural present)
stedynge (participle present)
stedende (participle present)
sted (participle past)
stad (participle past)
steded (participle past)
sted (alternative)
stedde (alternative)
stede (alternative)
steede (alternative)

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

From stede (“place”) + -en (infinitival suffix), with influence from Old Norse steðja (“to stop, place”).

af

(figuratively) To place in a situation; to trouble with.


quoth

alternative form of quath (“spoke”, etc.)


craven

craven (infinitive)
to craven (infinitive)
crave (infinitive)
crave (first-person present singular)
craved (first-person past singular)
cravest (present second-person singular)
cravedest (past second-person singular)
craveth (present singular third-person)
craved (past singular third-person)
crave (present singular subjunctive)
craved (past singular subjunctive)
crave (imperative present singular)
craven (plural present)
crave (plural present)
craveden (past plural)
cravede (past plural)
craveth (imperative plural present)
crave (imperative plural present)
cravynge (participle present)
cravende (participle present)
craved (participle past)
ycraved (participle past)
crave (alternative)
cravyn (alternative)
crawyn (alternative)
krave (alternative)

English: crave

Scots: crave

Yola: crave

From Old English crafian, from Proto-West Germanic *krafōn, modification of Proto-Germanic *krafjaną (“to demand”).

Ant ȝe mine leoue ſuſtren habbeð moni dei icrauet on me efter riƿle

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 1, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 10:

And you, my beloved sisters, have asked me for a rule many times.


dolven

ac he was ded ⁊ doluen · as dere god wold / ⁊ alphouns held in his hond · holli al þe reaume[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 82, recto, lines 5280-5281; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 167:

But he was dead and buried, as dear God wanted, and now Alfonso had the entire realm firmly under his control […]

c. 1360, John Mandeville (accredited), The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
for he smote so strongly and so hard himself in that rock, that all his body was dolven within through the miracle of God.

I had be dolven everydel, And ded, ryght thurgh defaute of slep.'

1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess:

And then they made an oratory behind the altar, and would have dolven for to have laid the body in that oratory .

1483, William Caxton, The Golden Legend:


tappen

tappen (infinitive)
to tappen (infinitive)
tappe (infinitive)
tappe (first-person present singular)
tapped (first-person past singular)
tappest (present second-person singular)
tappedest (past second-person singular)
tappeth (present singular third-person)
tapped (past singular third-person)
tappe (present singular subjunctive)
tapped (past singular subjunctive)
tappe (imperative present singular)
tappen (plural present)
tappe (plural present)
tappeden (past plural)
tappede (past plural)
tappeth (imperative plural present)
tappe (imperative plural present)
tappynge (participle present)
tappende (participle present)
tapped (participle past)
ytapped (participle past)
tappe (alternative)

English: tap

Scots: tap

From Old English tæppian, from Proto-Germanic *tappōną; equivalent to tappe (“plug”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


tappen

tappen (infinitive)
to tappen (infinitive)
tappe (infinitive)
tappe (first-person present singular)
tapped (first-person past singular)
tappest (present second-person singular)
tappedest (past second-person singular)
tappeth (present singular third-person)
tapped (past singular third-person)
tappe (present singular subjunctive)
tapped (past singular subjunctive)
tappe (imperative present singular)
tappen (plural present)
tappe (plural present)
tappeden (past plural)
tappede (past plural)
tappeth (imperative plural present)
tappe (imperative plural present)
tappynge (participle present)
tappende (participle present)
tapped (participle past)
ytapped (participle past)
tap (alternative)
tep (alternative)
tappyn (alternative)

English: tap

From Old French tapper, taper, from a Germanic language and ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

To tap; to touch gently with hand or foot.


woot

Yola: 'ote

wot (alternative)
woth (alternative)
wit (alternative)
wite (alternative)

first/third-person singular present indicative

inflection of witen:
present subjunctive singular

inflection of witen:
imperative singular


bis

A version of bith with the third-person singular ending replaced with -es as in other verbs (in some dialects).


bidden

enm-verb

bidden (third-person singular simple present biddeth, present participle biddende, biddynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bad, past participle beden)

biddeth (present singular third-person)
biddende (participle present)
biddynge (participle present)
bad (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beden (participle past)

English: bid

Scots: bid


mercy

Mildeliche Mede þanne · mercyed hem alle / Of þeire gret goodnesse.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:


hired

hirid (alternative)
hyrede (alternative)
hyrid (alternative)
hyryd (alternative)

first/third-person singular past indicative

inflection of hiren (“to hire”):
past participle


clothe

A YEMAN hadde he and servantz namo / At that tyme, for hym liste ride soo; / And he was clad in cote and hood of grene.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 101-104:


soupe

alternative form of soupen (“to swallow”)


hei

alternative form of heien (“to lift up”)


zyxt

From Old English siehst, second-person singular present indicative of sēon.

zyxte (alternative)
zixt (alternative)
zist (alternative)

1340, Middle English Dictionary, Entry "māking(e", page 80

Mannes makinge, huet y-zyxt þou foleant uor to zeche diuerse guodes to þine zaule and to þine bodye?

(Kent dialect) second-person singular present indicative of zie (“to see”)


wayne

alternative form of waynen (“move by wagon”)


distingue

... some vsen forto distingue the nombre by threes

1430-1450, Robert Steele (ed.) with Early English Text Society, Alexander, The Earliest Arithmetics in English (1973), page 51:


scheren

scheren (infinitive)
to scheren (infinitive)
schere (infinitive)
schere (first-person present singular)
scher (first-person past singular)
schorest (present second-person singular)
schare (past second-person singular)
schere (past second-person singular)
scher (past second-person singular)
schoreth (present singular third-person)
scher (past singular third-person)
schere (present singular subjunctive)
schare (past singular subjunctive)
schere (past singular subjunctive)
schere (imperative present singular)
scheren (plural present)
schere (plural present)
scharen (past plural)
schare (past plural)
scheren (past plural)
schere (past plural)
schereth (imperative plural present)
schere (imperative plural present)
scherynge (participle present)
scherende (participle present)
scheren (participle past)
schere (participle past)
yscheren (participle past)
yschere (participle past)
schæren (alternative)
schere (alternative)
scheryn (alternative)
shere (alternative)
sheren (alternative)
ssere (alternative)

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: shaure (preterite)

Inherited from Old English sċieran, from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To injure by slashing or slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop up or dice (especially food)

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop off; to sunder by slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To harvest or reap crops.

To remove one's hair; to have one's hair shaved.

To shave the top of the head (to induct into monasticism).

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
(rare) To shear or shave fabric.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
To shear or shave fabric.

To make a sign or mark, especially by indentation.


pissen

pissen (infinitive)
to pissen (infinitive)
pisse (infinitive)
pisse (first-person present singular)
pissed (first-person past singular)
pissest (present second-person singular)
pissedest (past second-person singular)
pisseth (present singular third-person)
pissed (past singular third-person)
pisse (present singular subjunctive)
pissed (past singular subjunctive)
pisse (imperative present singular)
pissen (plural present)
pisse (plural present)
pisseden (past plural)
pissede (past plural)
pisseth (imperative plural present)
pisse (imperative plural present)
pissynge (participle present)
pissende (participle present)
pissed (participle past)
ypissed (participle past)
pisse (alternative)
pyssyn (alternative)
pysse (alternative)
pyschyn (alternative)

English: piss

Scots: pish

Borrowed from Old French pissier, from Vulgar Latin *pīssiāre; equivalent to pisse + -en (infinitival suffix).

To piss; to deliver urine from the genitals.

To eject any other substance through the genitals.


bote

alternative form of boten (“to resolve”)


dealen

(Early Middle English) alternative form of delen


schon

schon (third-person singular simple present schoeth, present participle schoynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle schoddeaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

schoeth (present singular third-person)
schoynge (participle present)
schoen (infinitive)
to schoen (infinitive)
schoe (infinitive)
schoe (first-person present singular)
schodde (first-person past singular)
schoest (present second-person singular)
schoddest (past second-person singular)
schoeth (present singular third-person)
schodde (past singular third-person)
schoe (present singular subjunctive)
schodde (past singular subjunctive)
schoe (imperative present singular)
schoen (plural present)
schoe (plural present)
schodden (past plural)
schodde (past plural)
schoeth (imperative plural present)
schoe (imperative plural present)
schoynge (participle present)
schoende (participle present)
schod (participle past)
yschod (participle past)
scho (alternative)
schoen (alternative)
schoo (alternative)
schoyn (alternative)
sho (alternative)
shoen (alternative)
shoiȝen (alternative)
shon (alternative)
shoo (alternative)

English: shoe

Scots: shae

Yola: shad (preterite)

From Old English sċōġan, sċeōġan, sċōġean, sċōan, from Proto-West Germanic *skōhōn, *skōgōn, from Proto-Germanic *skōhōną, *skōgōną. Equivalent to scho (“shoe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


finden

enm-verb

finden (third-person singular simple present findeth, present participle findende, findynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fand, past participle founden)

findeth (present singular third-person)
findende (participle present)
findynge (participle present)
fand (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
founden (participle past)
finden (infinitive)
to finden (infinitive)
finde (infinitive)
finde (first-person present singular)
fand (first-person past singular)
found (first-person past singular)
findest (present second-person singular)
founde (past second-person singular)
fande (past second-person singular)
fand (past second-person singular)
found (past second-person singular)
findeth (present singular third-person)
fand (past singular third-person)
found (past singular third-person)
finde (present singular subjunctive)
founde (past singular subjunctive)
fande (past singular subjunctive)
finde (imperative present singular)
finden (plural present)
finde (plural present)
founden (past plural)
founde (past plural)
fanden (past plural)
fande (past plural)
findeth (imperative plural present)
finde (imperative plural present)
findynge (participle present)
findende (participle present)
founden (participle past)
founde (participle past)
yfounden (participle past)
yfounde (participle past)

English: find

Scots: find, fynd

From Old English findan, from Proto-West Germanic *finþan (with levelled Verner's Law alternations).


beginnen

English: begin

Scots: begin

Yola: begaan (preterite)

Inherited from Old English beginnan, from Proto-West Germanic *biginnan.

begynne (alternative)
bigynne (alternative)

And than we wyll begynne at the pawne whiche standeth to fore the rooke on the right side of the kinge for as moche as this pawne apperteyneth to serue the vicaire or lieutenant of the kynge and other officers vnder hym of necessaryes of vitayll

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

And then we will begin at the pawn which stands before the rook on the right side of the king, for as much as this pawn appertains to serve the vicar or lieutenant of the king and other officers under him of vital necessity


fraynen

fraynen (third-person singular simple present frayneth, present participle fraynende, fraynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle frayned)

frayneth (present singular third-person)
fraynende (participle present)
fraynynge (participle present)
frayned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fraynen (infinitive)
to fraynen (infinitive)
frayne (infinitive)
frayne (first-person present singular)
frayned (first-person past singular)
fraynest (present second-person singular)
fraynedest (past second-person singular)
frayneth (present singular third-person)
frayned (past singular third-person)
frayne (present singular subjunctive)
frayned (past singular subjunctive)
frayne (imperative present singular)
fraynen (plural present)
frayne (plural present)
frayneden (past plural)
fraynede (past plural)
frayneth (imperative plural present)
frayne (imperative plural present)
fraynynge (participle present)
fraynende (participle present)
frayned (participle past)
yfrayned (participle past)
frain (alternative)
fraine (alternative)
frainen (alternative)
frayn (alternative)
frayne (alternative)
freinen (alternative)
freyne (alternative)
fræine (alternative Early-Middle-English)
fræinien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
vraini (alternative Early-Middle-English)
fraȝȝnenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: frain

Scots: frain, frane, frayn, frayne

Inherited from Old English fræġnian, variant of freġnan, friġnan (“to inquire, ask”), from Proto-West Germanic *fregnan, from Proto-Germanic *frehnaną; reinforced by Old Norse fregna.
Cognates
Cognate with Middle Dutch vrāghen (“to ask”), Middle High German vrāgen (“to ask”), Old Danish fregne (“to ask”), Lithuanian prašyti (“to ask”), Polish prosić (“to ask”).

I frained fast what was his name, Where that he came, from what country.

fifteenth century, unknown author, The prophecies of Thomas the Rhymer

To ask or make a request (for something).

Þanne I frained hir faire · for hym þat hir made. or Then I frayned at Faith what all that fare meant and who should joust in Jerusalem.

c. 1370-90, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I:

She fraineth and she prayeth pitously To every Jew that dwelt in thilke place To tell her if her child went ought forby.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales:

[Joseph:] Bot certys, mary, I rew full sore / It standys so with the[e] now. / Bot of a thyng frayn the[e] I shall / who owe this child thou gose with all? / Maria. Syr, ye, and god of heuen.

15th c., “Annunciacio [Annunciation]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 91, lines 183–187:

Joseph: But Mary, I very much regret that circumstances are as they are with you. But one thing I will ask you: Who's child is this that you are pregnant with? / Mary: You, sir, and God of heaven.

To ask or inquire; to make an inquiry:
To ask or direct a question at someone:

To ask or inquire; to make an inquiry:
To ask or put forward (a question).