wonen

wonen (third-person singular simple present woneth, present participle wonende, wonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle woned)

woneth (present singular third-person)
wonende (participle present)
wonynge (participle present)
woned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wone

From Old English wunian (“to dwell, be accustomed to”).

inh

Therin wonneth a wyght that Wronge is Ihote / Father of falſhead, and founded it him ſelfe / Adam and Eue he egged to yll, / Councelled Cayne to kyll his brother

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus primus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio v, verso:

Therein dwells a creature that Wrong is named, / Father of falsehood, and founded it himself. / Adam and Eve he egged to ill, / Counselled Cain to kill his brother


gaf

English: gave

Yola: gae, ga, gaed


ert

alternative form of art: second-person singular present of been (“to be”)


rewe

alternative form of rowen (“to emit light”)


lisse

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Franklin's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

And on his wey forthward thanne is he fare / In hope for to been lissed of his care.

To relieve, mitigate, assuage (pain etc.).


horse

alternative form of horsen (“to provide with a horse”)


deferre

alternative form of differren (“to postpone”)


deferre

alternative form of differren (“to refer for judgement”)


sarsen

sarsen (infinitive)
to sarsen (infinitive)
sarse (infinitive)
sarse (first-person present singular)
sarsed (first-person past singular)
sarsest (present second-person singular)
sarsedest (past second-person singular)
sarseth (present singular third-person)
sarsed (past singular third-person)
sarse (present singular subjunctive)
sarsed (past singular subjunctive)
sarse (imperative present singular)
sarsen (plural present)
sarse (plural present)
sarseden (past plural)
sarsede (past plural)
sarseth (imperative plural present)
sarse (imperative plural present)
sarsynge (participle present)
sarsende (participle present)
sarsed (participle past)
ysarsed (participle past)
sarcen (alternative)
scarcen (alternative)
saarcyn (alternative)
sergen (alternative)
scherchen (alternative)

English: searce, sarse

Scots: search

From sars (“sieve”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


passen

enm-verb

passen (third-person singular simple present passeth, present participle passende, passynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle passed)

passeth (present singular third-person)
passende (participle present)
passynge (participle present)
passed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
passen (infinitive)
to passen (infinitive)
passe (infinitive)
passe (first-person present singular)
passed (first-person past singular)
passest (present second-person singular)
passedest (past second-person singular)
passeth (present singular third-person)
passed (past singular third-person)
passe (present singular subjunctive)
passed (past singular subjunctive)
passe (imperative present singular)
passen (plural present)
passe (plural present)
passeden (past plural)
passede (past plural)
passeth (imperative plural present)
passe (imperative plural present)
passynge (participle present)
passende (participle present)
passed (participle past)
ypassed (participle past)
pasen (alternative)
pacen (alternative)

English: pass, pace

Scots: pass

Yola: paaced (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French passer, from Vulgar Latin *passāre, ultimately from Latin pandō.


damne

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 843-844

[...] ‘Mankind was lorn and damned ay to dye,
For which thy child was on a croys y-rent;’ [...]
… ‘Mankind was lost, and damned forever to die,
For which thy child was on a cross stretched;’ …


tamed

simple past and past participle of tamen


dingen

dingen (infinitive)
to dingen (infinitive)
dinge (infinitive)
dinge (first-person present singular)
dang (first-person past singular)
dingest (present second-person singular)
donge (past second-person singular)
dange (past second-person singular)
dang (past second-person singular)
dingeth (present singular third-person)
dang (past singular third-person)
dinge (present singular subjunctive)
donge (past singular subjunctive)
dange (past singular subjunctive)
dinge (imperative present singular)
dingen (plural present)
dinge (plural present)
dongen (past plural)
donge (past plural)
dangen (past plural)
dange (past plural)
dingeth (imperative plural present)
dinge (imperative plural present)
dingynge (participle present)
dingende (participle present)
dongen (participle past)
donge (participle past)
ding (alternative)
dyngen (alternative)

English: ding

Scots: ding

From Old English *dingan, from Proto-West Germanic *dingwan, from Proto-Germanic *dingwaną.

To violently hit, strike or attack someone.

To attain victory over someone or something.


geest

alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)


pakken

pakken (third-person singular simple present pakketh, present participle pakkende, pakkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pakked)

pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakkende (participle present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
pakken (infinitive)
to pakken (infinitive)
pakke (infinitive)
pakke (first-person present singular)
pakked (first-person past singular)
pakkest (present second-person singular)
pakkedest (past second-person singular)
pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakked (past singular third-person)
pakke (present singular subjunctive)
pakked (past singular subjunctive)
pakke (imperative present singular)
pakken (plural present)
pakke (plural present)
pakkeden (past plural)
pakkede (past plural)
pakketh (imperative plural present)
pakke (imperative plural present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakkende (participle present)
pakked (participle past)
ypakked (participle past)
packe (alternative)
pakk (alternative)
pakke (alternative)
pakkyn (alternative)

English: pack

Scots: pack

→⇒ Medieval Latin: paccāgium

To pack; to put into a pack or container.


longen

longen (third-person singular simple present longeth, present participle longende, longynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle longed)

longeth (present singular third-person)
longende (participle present)
longynge (participle present)
longed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: long

From Old English langian (“to long for; yearn for”), from Proto-West Germanic *langōn, from Proto-Germanic *langōną (“to grow long; desire; yearn for”).

inh

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 12-15.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


longen

English: long


stonden

stonden (infinitive)
to stonden (infinitive)
stonde (infinitive)
stonde (first-person present singular)
stod (first-person past singular)
stondest (present second-person singular)
stode (past second-person singular)
stod (past second-person singular)
stondeth (present singular third-person)
stod (past singular third-person)
stonde (present singular subjunctive)
stode (past singular subjunctive)
stonde (imperative present singular)
stonden (plural present)
stonde (plural present)
stoden (past plural)
stode (past plural)
stondeth (imperative plural present)
stonde (imperative plural present)
stondynge (participle present)
stondende (participle present)
stonden (participle past)
stonde (participle past)
ystonden (participle past)
ystonde (participle past)
stande (alternative)
standen (alternative)
stonde (alternative)

desctree

English: stand
→ Ido: standar
→ Norman: stanner, sténer
Sranan Tongo: tan

Middle Scots: stand

desc

Scots: staund, staand, stan, stand, staun, stawn

Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane

Inherited from Old English standan, from Proto-Germanic *standaną. Cognate to Old Norse standa.


graven

graven (infinitive)
to graven (infinitive)
grave (infinitive)
grave (first-person present singular)
grof (first-person past singular)
graved (first-person past singular)
gravest (present second-person singular)
grove (past second-person singular)
grof (past second-person singular)
gravedest (past second-person singular)
graveth (present singular third-person)
grof (past singular third-person)
graved (past singular third-person)
grave (present singular subjunctive)
grove (past singular subjunctive)
graved (past singular subjunctive)
grave (imperative present singular)
graven (plural present)
grave (plural present)
groven (past plural)
grove (past plural)
graveden (past plural)
gravede (past plural)
graveth (imperative plural present)
grave (imperative plural present)
gravynge (participle present)
gravende (participle present)
graven (participle past)
grave (participle past)
graved (participle past)
ygraven (participle past)
ygrave (participle past)
ygraved (participle past)
grafe (alternative)
grave (alternative)
gravyn (alternative)

English: grave (obsolete)

⇒ English: engrave

Scots: grave

From Old English grafan, from Proto-West Germanic *graban, from Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

To bury, especially to inhume or entomb.

To dig up the ground (for agriculture, excavation, etc.)

To dig or excavate:
(rare) To dig into one's hands.

To dig or excavate:
To dig into one's hands.

To carve or engrave (with inscriptions or carvings)

To carve or adorn:
To sculpt; to carve with a chisel.

To carve or adorn:
To adorn with precious metal.

With gold, men may the herte grave.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(figurative) To impress deeply on the mind.


delven

delven (infinitive)
to delven (infinitive)
delve (infinitive)
delve (first-person present singular)
dalf (first-person past singular)
delved (first-person past singular)
delvest (present second-person singular)
dolve (past second-person singular)
dalf (past second-person singular)
delvedest (past second-person singular)
delveth (present singular third-person)
dalf (past singular third-person)
delved (past singular third-person)
delve (present singular subjunctive)
dolve (past singular subjunctive)
delved (past singular subjunctive)
delve (imperative present singular)
delven (plural present)
delve (plural present)
dolven (past plural)
dolve (past plural)
delveden (past plural)
delvede (past plural)
delveth (imperative plural present)
delve (imperative plural present)
delvynge (participle present)
delvende (participle present)
dolven (participle past)
dolve (participle past)
delved (participle past)
ydolven (participle past)
ydolve (participle past)
ydelved (participle past)
dælfen (alternative)
delfan (alternative)
dealve (alternative)
delve (alternative)
dalven (alternative)
delvyn (alternative)

English: delve

Scots: delve, dell, del

Yola: del

From Old English delfan, from Proto-West Germanic *delban, from Proto-Germanic *delbaną.

To dig or delve; to remove earth:
To retrieve or access via digging.

Whan Adam dalf, and Eve span; / Wo was thanne a gentilman?

1381 June 12, John Ball, Sermon at Blackheath:

When Adam delved and Eve spun; / Who was a nobleman then?

To furrow; to dig for an agricultural purpose.

To dig or delve; to remove earth:
To install or integrate; to dig in.

To entomb; to dig a tomb or prepare a burial.

(rare) To penetrate the depths of something.


treden

treden (infinitive)
to treden (infinitive)
trede (infinitive)
trede (first-person present singular)
trad (first-person past singular)
tred (first-person past singular)
tredest (present second-person singular)
trede (past second-person singular)
trade (past second-person singular)
trad (past second-person singular)
tred (past second-person singular)
tredeth (present singular third-person)
trad (past singular third-person)
tred (past singular third-person)
trede (present singular subjunctive)
trede (past singular subjunctive)
trade (past singular subjunctive)
trede (imperative present singular)
treden (plural present)
trede (plural present)
treden (past plural)
trede (past plural)
traden (past plural)
trade (past plural)
tredeth (imperative plural present)
trede (imperative plural present)
tredynge (participle present)
tredende (participle present)
treden (participle past)
trede (participle past)
troden (participle past)
trode (participle past)
ytrede (participle past)
trede (alternative)
treedyn (alternative)
treede (alternative)
treeden (alternative)
tradde (alternative)

English: tread

Scots: trad, tred

Yola: trad

From Old English tredan, from Proto-West Germanic *tredan, from Proto-Germanic *trudaną.

To place one's foot on something; to lay a step on something:

To stomp or walk with great force; to crush underfoot or trample upon.

To compress or process by stomping or trampling.

To leave a mark or trail by placing one's feet.

To travel or go somewhere on foot; to journey.

To walk or move atop or on a surface or thing.

To ruin or devastate; to bring to destruction.

To debase or humiliate; to bring someone low.

To have sex; to copulate (used of male birds)

(rare) To look for; to search or try to find.


nimen

enm-verb

nimen (third-person singular simple present nimeth, present participle nimende, nimynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative nom, past participle nomen)

nimeth (present singular third-person)
nimende (participle present)
nimynge (participle present)
nom (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
nomen (participle past)
nimen (infinitive)
to nimen (infinitive)
nime (infinitive)
nime (first-person present singular)
nom (first-person past singular)
nam (first-person past singular)
nimest (present second-person singular)
nome (past second-person singular)
name (past second-person singular)
nom (past second-person singular)
nam (past second-person singular)
nimeth (present singular third-person)
nom (past singular third-person)
nam (past singular third-person)
nime (present singular subjunctive)
nome (past singular subjunctive)
name (past singular subjunctive)
nime (imperative present singular)
nimen (plural present)
nime (plural present)
nomen (past plural)
nome (past plural)
namen (past plural)
name (past plural)
nimeth (imperative plural present)
nime (imperative plural present)
nimynge (participle present)
nimende (participle present)
numen (participle past)
nume (participle past)
nomen (participle past)
nome (participle past)
nymen (alternative)

English: nim; numb (from past participle)

Scots: nim

From Old English niman, from Proto-Germanic *nemaną, probably from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“take”).

Ƿa weoren Bruttes
imænged wið þan Saxeſ
þa cleopede Hengeſt
cnihtene swikelæſt
Nimeð eoure ſexes
sele mine bernes
& ohtliche eou ſturieð
& nænne ne ſparieð
When the Britons were mingled with the Saxons, then called [said] Hengest, of [all] knights most treacherous, "Take your sæxes, 'my good warriors,' and bravely bestir you, 'and spare ye none'!"

c. 1190, Layamon, Brut: Cotton Caligula MS, ll. 15249–15256; transcribed and translated in 1847, Frederic Madden (ed.), Laȝamons Brut, or Chronicle of Britain, Volume II. London.: Society of Antiquaries of London, page 214

For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1381, Pegge Cook. Recipes, page 114, quoted in 1962, Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, eds., Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-01044-8, page 1242, in the entry "dorrẹ̄, dōrī adj. & n. […] cook"

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


nere

From Old English nǣre, equivalent to ne + were.

And ceꝛtes, if it neꝛe too long to heeꝛe, / I wold have told you fully the manneꝛe / How wonnen was the regne of Femenye / By Theſeus and by his chivalrye,[…] / But all that thing I mot as now foꝛbeꝛe.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales, lines 875–877, 885:

And certainly, if it weren't too long to hear / I would have told you the manner / How the realm of Femeny was won / By Theseus and by his chivalry, […] / But I must leave all that alone for now.


baken

baken (third-person singular simple present baketh, present participle bakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative book, past participle baken)

baketh (present singular third-person)
bakynge (participle present)
book (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
baken (participle past)
baken (infinitive)
to baken (infinitive)
bake (infinitive)
bake (first-person present singular)
book (first-person past singular)
baked (first-person past singular)
bakest (present second-person singular)
boke (past second-person singular)
book (past second-person singular)
bakedest (past second-person singular)
baketh (present singular third-person)
book (past singular third-person)
baked (past singular third-person)
bake (present singular subjunctive)
boke (past singular subjunctive)
baked (past singular subjunctive)
bake (imperative present singular)
baken (plural present)
bake (plural present)
boken (past plural)
boke (past plural)
bakeden (past plural)
bakede (past plural)
baketh (imperative plural present)
bake (imperative plural present)
bakynge (participle present)
bakende (participle present)
baken (participle past)
bake (participle past)
baked (participle past)
ybaken (participle past)
ybake (participle past)
bakyn (alternative)
bake (alternative)
bakenn (alternative)

English: bake

Scots: bake

Yola: baake

→ Irish: bácáil

From Old English bacan, from Proto-West Germanic *bakan, from Proto-Germanic *bakaną, see also Dutch bakken, German backen, Old Norse baka, Danish bage, and also Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “to roast”).

Þær þurrh þu bakesst Godess laf / & harrdnesst itt þurrh hæte...

c. 1200, Ormin, “Homily 8”, in Ormulum, lines 1566–1567:

Through that you bake God's loaf / and harden it through heat.

aftir that Y have broke the staf of youre breed, so that ten wymmen bake looues in oon ouene, and yelde tho looues at weiȝte; and ye schulen ete, and ye schulen not be fillid.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Leviticus 26:26”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

After when I've snapped the staff of your bread, ten women will bake bread in one oven, and produce the bread apportioned by weight; you'll eat, but you won't be sated.

He koude rooste, and sethe, and broille, and frye, / Maken mortreux, and wel bake a pye...

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parson's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 383–384:

He could roast, seethe, broil, fry, / make a pâté, and bake a pie well...

To bake; to cook in an oven; usually used of bread, pastry, etc, or meals involving that.

To undergo or experienced baking; to be baked or cooked in an oven.

To heat up; to process or work (food or other items) by heating or drying out.

(rare, figurative) To burn in the fires of Hell.

(rare, figurative) To cause one's own pain or torment.


sipen

*sipen (third-person singular simple present sipeth, present participle sipende, sipynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle siped)

sipeth (present singular third-person)
sipende (participle present)
sipynge (participle present)
siped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: seep

From Old English sipian, from Proto-Germanic *sipōną, probably cognate with sippen (“to sip”).

To seep, to ooze or pass slowly through pores or other small openings.


sippen

sippen (third-person singular simple present sippeth, present participle sippende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sippedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

sippeth (present singular third-person)
sippende (participle present)

English: sip

Probably cognate with Middle English *sipen, from Old English sipian (“to seep”), from Proto-Germanic *sipōną.

to sip, to drink slowly, small mouthfuls at a time


wox

He wox sodaineliche redde.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book III, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

first/third-person singular past of waxen (“become”)


beteren

beteren (infinitive)
to beteren (infinitive)
betere (infinitive)
betere (first-person present singular)
betered (first-person past singular)
beterest (present second-person singular)
beteredest (past second-person singular)
betereth (present singular third-person)
betered (past singular third-person)
betere (present singular subjunctive)
betered (past singular subjunctive)
betere (imperative present singular)
beteren (plural present)
betere (plural present)
betereden (past plural)
beterede (past plural)
betereth (imperative plural present)
betere (imperative plural present)
beterynge (participle present)
beterende (participle present)
betered (participle past)
ybetered (participle past)
better (alternative)
betren (alternative)
bettren (alternative)
betteren (alternative)

English: better

Scots: better

From Old English beterian, from Proto-Germanic *batizōną; equivalent to bettre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To better; to implement improvements or make better.

(rare) To attain victory or win against opponents; to have the upper hand.


walken

walken (third-person singular simple present walketh, present participle walkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative welk, past participle walken)

walketh (present singular third-person)
walkynge (participle present)
welk (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
walken (participle past)
walken (infinitive)
to walken (infinitive)
walke (infinitive)
walke (first-person present singular)
welk (first-person past singular)
walked (first-person past singular)
walkest (present second-person singular)
welke (past second-person singular)
welk (past second-person singular)
walkedest (past second-person singular)
walketh (present singular third-person)
welk (past singular third-person)
walked (past singular third-person)
walke (present singular subjunctive)
welke (past singular subjunctive)
walked (past singular subjunctive)
walke (imperative present singular)
walken (plural present)
walke (plural present)
welken (past plural)
welke (past plural)
walkeden (past plural)
walkede (past plural)
walketh (imperative plural present)
walke (imperative plural present)
walkynge (participle present)
walkende (participle present)
walken (participle past)
walke (participle past)
walked (participle past)
ywalken (participle past)
ywalke (participle past)
walk (alternative)
walke (alternative)
walkyn (alternative)
wolken (alternative)

English: walk, waulk

Scots: walk

Originally two verbs; in both cases, equivalent to walk + -en (infinitival suffix):
* Old English wealcan, from Proto-West Germanic *walkan, from Proto-Germanic *walkaną.
* Old English wealcian, from Proto-West Germanic *walkōn, from Proto-Germanic *walkōną.

To go or continue on a journey:
To journey in or through (a place)

To go or continue on a journey:
To walk, especially for recreation.

To move; to be in motion:
To move around; to be mobile.

To move; to be in motion:
To be active; to operate.

To be living; to be alive:
To reside or live somewhere.

To be living; to be alive:
To live (in a certain way).

(Late Middle English) To full or beat (cloth).


wakien

wakien (infinitive)
to wakien (infinitive)
wakie (infinitive)
wakie (first-person present singular)
wakied (first-person past singular)
wakiest (present second-person singular)
wakiedest (past second-person singular)
wakieth (present singular third-person)
wakied (past singular third-person)
wakie (present singular subjunctive)
wakied (past singular subjunctive)
wakie (imperative present singular)
wakien (plural present)
wakie (plural present)
wakieden (past plural)
wakiede (past plural)
wakieth (imperative plural present)
wakie (imperative plural present)
wakiynge (participle present)
wakiende (participle present)
wakied (participle past)
ywakied (participle past)

English: wake (with derived forms waken, awaken)


waknen

waknen (infinitive)
to waknen (infinitive)
wakne (infinitive)
wakne (first-person present singular)
wakned (first-person past singular)
waknest (present second-person singular)
waknedest (past second-person singular)
wakneth (present singular third-person)
wakned (past singular third-person)
wakne (present singular subjunctive)
wakned (past singular subjunctive)
wakne (imperative present singular)
waknen (plural present)
wakne (plural present)
wakneden (past plural)
waknede (past plural)
wakneth (imperative plural present)
wakne (imperative plural present)
waknynge (participle present)
waknende (participle present)
wakned (participle past)
ywakned (participle past)

English: waken

Scots: wakin, waikin, walkin

From Old English wæcnan, from Proto-Germanic *waknaną.


slepen

slepen (third-person singular simple present slepeth, present participle slepende, slepynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sleped)

slepeth (present singular third-person)
slepende (participle present)
slepynge (participle present)
sleped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
slepen (infinitive)
to slepen (infinitive)
slepe (infinitive)
slepe (first-person present singular)
slep (first-person past singular)
slepte (first-person past singular)
sleped (first-person past singular)
slepest (present second-person singular)
slepe (past second-person singular)
slep (past second-person singular)
sleptest (past second-person singular)
slepedest (past second-person singular)
slepeth (present singular third-person)
slep (past singular third-person)
slepte (past singular third-person)
sleped (past singular third-person)
slepe (present singular subjunctive)
slepe (past singular subjunctive)
slepte (past singular subjunctive)
sleped (past singular subjunctive)
slepe (imperative present singular)
slepen (plural present)
slepe (plural present)
slepen (past plural)
slepe (past plural)
slepten (past plural)
slepte (past plural)
slepeden (past plural)
slepede (past plural)
slepeth (imperative plural present)
slepe (imperative plural present)
slepynge (participle present)
slepende (participle present)
slepen (participle past)
yslepen (participle past)
slepe (participle past)
yslepe (participle past)
slept (participle past)
yslept (participle past)
sleped (participle past)
ysleped (participle past)
slæpen (alternative)
sleepen (alternative)
slepe (alternative)

English: sleep

Sranan Tongo: sribi

Middle Scots: sleip, slepe

Scots: sleep

From Old English slǣpan, from Proto-West Germanic *slāpan, from Proto-Germanic *slēpaną.

To sleep; to be sleeping:
To fall asleep; to go to sleep.

To sleep; to be sleeping:
To cause to sleep; to make sleep.

Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!"

For Nature wolde nat ſuffyſe / To non erthly creature / Not longe tyme to endure / Without ſlepe & be yn ſorwe / And I ne may ne nyght ne morwe / Slepe […]

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1450–1475 in Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 638, folio 110v

For Nature will not allow / Any earthly creature / To survive for long / Without sleep, and sorrowing; / And yet I cannot, by night or morning, / Sleep, […]

And smale foweles maken melodye / That slepen al the nyght with open iye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 9-10:

And small birds make melodies, / sleeping all night with an open eye.

(figuratively) To copulate, have intercourse


belwen

English: bellow

From Old English bylgian, belgan (“to become angry”). Related to bælg (“leather bag”) and bellan (“to roar”). Compare modern English billow.

belewi (alternative)
below (alternative)

to cry out in anger, rage, roar (of animals)


waggen

waggen (third-person singular simple present waggeth, present participle waggende, waggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wagged)

waggeth (present singular third-person)
waggende (participle present)
waggynge (participle present)
wagged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wag

Cognate with Old English, Old High German wegan "to move, carry, weigh," Dutch wagen, wegen, German bewegen, wiegen, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish vagga "to rock," Latin vehere "to carry."


eilen

eilen (infinitive)
to eilen (infinitive)
eile (infinitive)
eile (first-person present singular)
eiled (first-person past singular)
eilest (present second-person singular)
eiledest (past second-person singular)
eileth (present singular third-person)
eiled (past singular third-person)
eile (present singular subjunctive)
eiled (past singular subjunctive)
eile (imperative present singular)
eilen (plural present)
eile (plural present)
eileden (past plural)
eilede (past plural)
eileth (imperative plural present)
eile (imperative plural present)
eilynge (participle present)
eilende (participle present)
eiled (participle past)
yeiled (participle past)
eilien (alternative)
alen (alternative)

English: ail

Scots: ail

Yola: teil

From Old English eġlan, eġlian, from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan, from Proto-Germanic *aglijaną.

to trouble, afflict, or harm (someone or something)


brede

alternative form of breden (“to spread”)


hild

alternative form of hiled: past participle of hilen (“to cover”)


hild

alternative form of held: simple past of holden (“to hold”)


warnen

warnen (infinitive)
to warnen (infinitive)
warne (infinitive)
warne (first-person present singular)
warned (first-person past singular)
warnest (present second-person singular)
warnedest (past second-person singular)
warneth (present singular third-person)
warned (past singular third-person)
warne (present singular subjunctive)
warned (past singular subjunctive)
warne (imperative present singular)
warnen (plural present)
warne (plural present)
warneden (past plural)
warnede (past plural)
warneth (imperative plural present)
warne (imperative plural present)
warnynge (participle present)
warnende (participle present)
warned (participle past)
ywarned (participle past)
warnien (alternative)

English: warn


whin

(Northern) alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


horden

horden (infinitive)
to horden (infinitive)
horde (infinitive)
horde (first-person present singular)
horded (first-person past singular)
hordest (present second-person singular)
hordedest (past second-person singular)
hordeth (present singular third-person)
horded (past singular third-person)
horde (present singular subjunctive)
horded (past singular subjunctive)
horde (imperative present singular)
horden (plural present)
horde (plural present)
hordeden (past plural)
hordede (past plural)
hordeth (imperative plural present)
horde (imperative plural present)
hordynge (participle present)
hordende (participle present)
horded (participle past)
yhorded (participle past)
horde (alternative)
hurd (alternative)
hordenn (alternative)

English: hoard

Scots: huird

From Old English hordian; equivalent to hord (“hoard”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To secrete, hoard or amass; to store valuables away.


wære

(Early Middle English) alternative form of were


segen

enm-verb

segen (third-person singular simple present segeth, present participle segende, segynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seged)

segeth (present singular third-person)
segende (participle present)
segynge (participle present)
seged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
segen (infinitive)
to segen (infinitive)
sege (infinitive)
sege (first-person present singular)
seged (first-person past singular)
segest (present second-person singular)
segedest (past second-person singular)
segeth (present singular third-person)
seged (past singular third-person)
sege (present singular subjunctive)
seged (past singular subjunctive)
sege (imperative present singular)
segen (plural present)
sege (plural present)
segeden (past plural)
segede (past plural)
segeth (imperative plural present)
sege (imperative plural present)
segynge (participle present)
segende (participle present)
seged (participle past)
yseged (participle past)
seegen (alternative)
sege (alternative)
seggen (alternative)

English: siege

Scots: siege

To siege; to assault or attack a walled settlement.

(rare) To defecate; to void one's bowels.


tappe

alternative form of tappen (“to let flow”)


richen

richen (third-person singular simple present richeth, present participle richende, richynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle riched)

richeth (present singular third-person)
richende (participle present)
richynge (participle present)
riched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
richen (infinitive)
to richen (infinitive)
riche (infinitive)
riche (first-person present singular)
riched (first-person past singular)
richest (present second-person singular)
richedest (past second-person singular)
richeth (present singular third-person)
riched (past singular third-person)
riche (present singular subjunctive)
riched (past singular subjunctive)
riche (imperative present singular)
richen (plural present)
riche (plural present)
richeden (past plural)
richede (past plural)
richeth (imperative plural present)
riche (imperative plural present)
richynge (participle present)
richende (participle present)
riched (participle past)
yriched (participle past)
ricchen (alternative)
riche (alternative)
rychen (alternative)

English: rich (obsolete)

Middle Scots: rich, riche

From riche (“rich”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make rich(er) or (more) valuable; to enrichen.

To acquire or possess wealth; to become or be rich.


broughten

Thei lad and broughten vs vnto the next seete of praieng place.

a. 1500, Letter of Alexander to Aristotle:

They led and brought us unto the next seat of (the) praying place.


thoughten

thoghten (alternative)
þoghten (alternative)
þoughten (alternative)
þoȝten (alternative)
þouȝten (alternative)

And in the menewhile that thei thoughten upon these thinges that thei hadde seyn, the squyer com the thridde tyme and smote his lorde sorer than he hadde don before.

All the giants thoughten then
To have strucke out Sir Gawaines braine.

And for their mistress, thoughten the two swains,
They moughten never take too mickle pains;

1589, George Peele, An Eclogue Gratulatory:


suren

suren (infinitive)
to suren (infinitive)
sure (infinitive)
sure (first-person present singular)
sured (first-person past singular)
surest (present second-person singular)
suredest (past second-person singular)
sureth (present singular third-person)
sured (past singular third-person)
sure (present singular subjunctive)
sured (past singular subjunctive)
sure (imperative present singular)
suren (plural present)
sure (plural present)
sureden (past plural)
surede (past plural)
sureth (imperative plural present)
sure (imperative plural present)
surynge (participle present)
surende (participle present)
sured (participle past)
ysured (participle past)
sure (alternative)
seuere (alternative)
sewer (alternative)
swer (alternative)

English: (to) sure

To plead, swear (an oath) or assure (that something is to be done).

To store or keep securely; to hold for safekeeping.


meden

enm-verb

meden (third-person singular simple present medeth, present participle medende, medynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle meded)

medeth (present singular third-person)
medende (participle present)
medynge (participle present)
meded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
meden (infinitive)
to meden (infinitive)
mede (infinitive)
mede (first-person present singular)
meded (first-person past singular)
medest (present second-person singular)
mededest (past second-person singular)
medeth (present singular third-person)
meded (past singular third-person)
mede (present singular subjunctive)
meded (past singular subjunctive)
mede (imperative present singular)
meden (plural present)
mede (plural present)
mededen (past plural)
medede (past plural)
medeth (imperative plural present)
mede (imperative plural present)
medynge (participle present)
medende (participle present)
meded (participle past)
ymeded (participle past)
meeden (alternative)
medyn (alternative)
medi (alternative)
mede (alternative)

English: meed

From Old English *mēdian (“to reward, bribe”), from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdōn (“to reward”).


tullen

alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


hien

enm-verb

hien (third-person singular simple present hieth, present participle hiende, hiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hied)

hieth (present singular third-person)
hiende (participle present)
hiynge (participle present)
hied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

alternative form of hyen (“to move quickly”)


hien

alternative form of heien (“to raise, lift up”)


monen

monen (infinitive)
to monen (infinitive)
mone (infinitive)
mone (first-person present singular)
moned (first-person past singular)
monde (first-person past singular)
monest (present second-person singular)
monedest (past second-person singular)
mondest (past second-person singular)
moneth (present singular third-person)
moned (past singular third-person)
monde (past singular third-person)
mone (present singular subjunctive)
moned (past singular subjunctive)
monde (past singular subjunctive)
mone (imperative present singular)
monen (plural present)
mone (plural present)
moneden (past plural)
monede (past plural)
monden (past plural)
monde (past plural)
moneth (imperative plural present)
mone (imperative plural present)
monynge (participle present)
monende (participle present)
moned (participle past)
mond (participle past)
monin (alternative)
monyn (alternative)
mone (alternative)
mon (alternative)
munen (alternative)
munnen (alternative)
munne (alternative)
moun (alternative)

From Old English munan (preterite-present), from Proto-West Germanic *munan, from Proto-Germanic *munaną. Doublet of mone (“shall”).

to remember, be mindful of, be careful of

to speak (of), to talk about, to refer to (someone, something)

to honour in memory; to remember the deceased


monen

monen (infinitive)
to monen (infinitive)
mone (infinitive)
mone (first-person present singular)
moned (first-person past singular)
monest (present second-person singular)
monedest (past second-person singular)
moneth (present singular third-person)
moned (past singular third-person)
mone (present singular subjunctive)
moned (past singular subjunctive)
mone (imperative present singular)
monen (plural present)
mone (plural present)
moneden (past plural)
monede (past plural)
moneth (imperative plural present)
mone (imperative plural present)
monynge (participle present)
monende (participle present)
moned (participle past)
ymoned (participle past)
mone (alternative)
mon (alternative)
mane (alternative)

English: moan

Scots: mane

From mone (“moan”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive) to lament; to utter lamentations.


loven

enm-verb

loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovende, lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)

loveth (present singular third-person)
lovende (participle present)
lovynge (participle present)
loved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loven (infinitive)
to loven (infinitive)
love (infinitive)
love (first-person present singular)
loved (first-person past singular)
lovest (present second-person singular)
lovedest (past second-person singular)
loveth (present singular third-person)
loved (past singular third-person)
love (present singular subjunctive)
loved (past singular subjunctive)
love (imperative present singular)
loven (plural present)
love (plural present)
loveden (past plural)
lovede (past plural)
loveth (imperative plural present)
love (imperative plural present)
lovynge (participle present)
lovende (participle present)
loved (participle past)
yloved (participle past)
lofe (alternative)
love (alternative)
lovye (alternative)
lovyen (alternative)
lowen (alternative)
lufe (alternative)
lufen (alternative)
luffe (alternative)
luve (alternative)
loviȝe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lovin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lufian (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lufiæn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lufiȝe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lufiȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luvan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luven (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luvie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luvien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luviȝe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luviȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luvyen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lufenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: love

Scots: luve

Inherited from Old English lufian, from Proto-West Germanic *lubōn; equivalent to love (“love”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To love; to have affection (for someone or something):

To have a strong preference or liking (for something).

To feel romantic or sexual love (towards someone).

ffoꝛ god lovyde ſo þe woꝛld .· þat he ȝaf his oon bigeten ſone / þat ech man þ[at] bileueþ in h[im] periſſhe not .· but haue euerlaſtynge lijf

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 3:16, page 44v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because God loved the world so much, he gave his own begotten son, so anyone that believes in him won't perish, but has everlasting life.

To derive enjoyment or pleasure (from something).

(euphemistic) To make love; to have sexual intercourse with.


loven

loveth (present singular third-person)
lovende (participle present)
lovynge (participle present)
loved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loven (infinitive)
to loven (infinitive)
love (infinitive)
love (first-person present singular)
loved (first-person past singular)
lovest (present second-person singular)
lovedest (past second-person singular)
loveth (present singular third-person)
loved (past singular third-person)
love (present singular subjunctive)
loved (past singular subjunctive)
love (imperative present singular)
loven (plural present)
love (plural present)
loveden (past plural)
lovede (past plural)
loveth (imperative plural present)
love (imperative plural present)
lovynge (participle present)
lovende (participle present)
loved (participle past)
yloved (participle past)
love (alternative)
lovon (alternative)
lowe (alternative)
lovien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luve (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luvie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
luvien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lofenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: lofe, loff, loave, love

Middle Scots: love

Scots: loave

Inherited from Old English lofian, from Proto-West Germanic *lobōn, from Proto-Germanic *lubōną; equivalent to lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To praise, glorify; to give praise to:
To reverence or worship a deity.

To assent to or approve of; to deem acceptable.

To valuate; to make an appraisal or valuation.


sterven

sterven (infinitive)
to sterven (infinitive)
sterve (infinitive)
sterve (first-person present singular)
starf (first-person past singular)
stervest (present second-person singular)
storve (past second-person singular)
sturve (past second-person singular)
starf (past second-person singular)
sterveth (present singular third-person)
starf (past singular third-person)
sterve (present singular subjunctive)
storve (past singular subjunctive)
sturve (past singular subjunctive)
sterve (imperative present singular)
sterven (plural present)
sterve (plural present)
storven (past plural)
storve (past plural)
sturven (past plural)
sturve (past plural)
sterveth (imperative plural present)
sterve (imperative plural present)
stervynge (participle present)
stervende (participle present)
storven (participle past)
storve (participle past)
ystorven (participle past)
ystorve (participle past)
sterve (alternative)

English: starve, sterve

Scots: sterve

From Old English steorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *sterban, from Proto-Germanic *sterbaną.

To perish from cold or hunger; to starve.


sper

alternative form of sparren (“to close”)


spenden

spenden (infinitive)
to spenden (infinitive)
spende (infinitive)
spende (first-person present singular)
spended (first-person past singular)
spente (first-person past singular)
spendest (present second-person singular)
spendedest (past second-person singular)
spentest (past second-person singular)
spendeth (present singular third-person)
spended (past singular third-person)
spente (past singular third-person)
spende (present singular subjunctive)
spended (past singular subjunctive)
spente (past singular subjunctive)
spende (imperative present singular)
spenden (plural present)
spende (plural present)
spendeden (past plural)
spendede (past plural)
spenten (past plural)
spente (past plural)
spendeth (imperative plural present)
spende (imperative plural present)
spendynge (participle present)
spendende (participle present)
spended (participle past)
spent (participle past)
yspended (participle past)
yspent (participle past)
spende (alternative)
spendi (alternative)

English: spend

Scots: spend

From Old English spendan, from Proto-West Germanic *spendōn.


grillen

English: grill

Scots: girl

From Old English grillan, griellan (“to vex, annoy, offend”), from Proto-West Germanic *gralljan (“to shout, make angry”).

inh

Thy byddinge, lorde, I shall fulfill

14c., Anonymous, The Chester Mystery Plays, Noah's Flood,


mostest

second-person singular present/past indicative of moten (“to have to”)


steren

And in latin I speke wordes a fewe / To sauer with my predication / And for to stere men to devocion.

late 14th century, Chaucer, “The Pardoner’s prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, (1561 edition), published 1868, page 214:

And in Latin I speak a wordës few, / To saffron with my predicatión, / And for to stir men to devotión.


differre

alternative form of differren (“to postpone”)


wones

alternative form of wonest: second-person singular present of wonen


corve

inflection of kerven:
second-person singular past indicative

inflection of kerven:
singular past subjunctive

inflection of kerven:
plural past indicative/subjunctive


rosen

enm-verb

rosen (third-person singular simple present roseth, present participle rosende, rosynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rosed)

roseth (present singular third-person)
rosende (participle present)
rosynge (participle present)
rosed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rosen (infinitive)
to rosen (infinitive)
rose (infinitive)
rose (first-person present singular)
rosed (first-person past singular)
rosest (present second-person singular)
rosedest (past second-person singular)
roseth (present singular third-person)
rosed (past singular third-person)
rose (present singular subjunctive)
rosed (past singular subjunctive)
rose (imperative present singular)
rosen (plural present)
rose (plural present)
roseden (past plural)
rosede (past plural)
roseth (imperative plural present)
rose (imperative plural present)
rosynge (participle present)
rosende (participle present)
rosed (participle past)
yrosed (participle past)
ros (alternative)
rose (alternative)
rosenn (alternative)
royse (alternative)
rowse (alternative)
ruse (alternative)
ruson (alternative)
ruysse (alternative)

English: roose

Scots: ruise

From Old Norse hrósa, from Proto-Germanic *hrōþsōną.


tippen

tippen (infinitive)
to tippen (infinitive)
tippe (infinitive)
tippe (first-person present singular)
tipped (first-person past singular)
tippest (present second-person singular)
tippedest (past second-person singular)
tippeth (present singular third-person)
tipped (past singular third-person)
tippe (present singular subjunctive)
tipped (past singular subjunctive)
tippe (imperative present singular)
tippen (plural present)
tippe (plural present)
tippeden (past plural)
tippede (past plural)
tippeth (imperative plural present)
tippe (imperative plural present)
tippynge (participle present)
tippende (participle present)
tipped (participle past)
ytipped (participle past)
tipen (alternative)
tipe (alternative)
type (alternative)

English: tip

Yola: teap, taape, tape

Possibly from North Germanic/Scandinavian (compare Swedish tippa (“to topple over”)).


quaken

quaken (infinitive)
to quaken (infinitive)
quake (infinitive)
quake (first-person present singular)
quaked (first-person past singular)
quok (first-person past singular)
quakest (present second-person singular)
quakedest (past second-person singular)
quoke (past second-person singular)
quok (past second-person singular)
quaketh (present singular third-person)
quaked (past singular third-person)
quok (past singular third-person)
quake (present singular subjunctive)
quaked (past singular subjunctive)
quoke (past singular subjunctive)
quake (imperative present singular)
quaken (plural present)
quake (plural present)
quakeden (past plural)
quakede (past plural)
quoken (past plural)
quoke (past plural)
quaketh (imperative plural present)
quake (imperative plural present)
quakynge (participle present)
quakende (participle present)
quaked (participle past)
yquaked (participle past)
quake (alternative)
quakien (alternative)
quakiȝen (alternative)
quaake (alternative)
qwaken (alternative)
qwake (alternative)
qwhake (alternative)
kwaken (alternative)
cwakien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
cwakie (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: quake

Scots: quak

From Old English cwacian (“to quake, tremble, chatter”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwakōn, from Proto-Germanic *kwakōną. See English quake for more.

inh

(figurative) To be scared (as if trembling)


linnen

linnen (infinitive)
to linnen (infinitive)
linne (infinitive)
linne (first-person present singular)
lan (first-person past singular)
linnest (present second-person singular)
lanne (past second-person singular)
lan (past second-person singular)
linneth (present singular third-person)
lan (past singular third-person)
linne (present singular subjunctive)
lanne (past singular subjunctive)
linne (imperative present singular)
linnen (plural present)
linne (plural present)
lannen (past plural)
lanne (past plural)
linneth (imperative plural present)
linne (imperative plural present)
linnynge (participle present)
linnende (participle present)
linne (alternative)
lyn (alternative)
lyne (alternative)
lynne (alternative)

English: lin (obsolete)

Scots: lin

From Old English linnan, from Proto-West Germanic *linnan, from Proto-Germanic *linnaną.

(transitive) To stop or end (not continue)

(transitive) To cease or abandon; to stop doing:

(transitive) To stop or end (cause to stop)


holden

holden (infinitive)
to holden (infinitive)
holde (infinitive)
holde (first-person present singular)
held (first-person past singular)
holdest (present second-person singular)
helde (past second-person singular)
held (past second-person singular)
holdeth (present singular third-person)
held (past singular third-person)
holde (present singular subjunctive)
helde (past singular subjunctive)
holde (imperative present singular)
holden (plural present)
holde (plural present)
helden (past plural)
helde (past plural)
holdeth (imperative plural present)
holde (imperative plural present)
holdynge (participle present)
holdende (participle present)
holden (participle past)
holde (participle past)
yholden (participle past)
yholde (participle past)
halden (alternative)
halde (alternative)
halt (alternative)

English: hold

Geordie English: ha'd

Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had

Yola: houle

From Old English healdan, from Proto-West Germanic *haldan, from Proto-Germanic *haldaną (“to watch, look after”).


luvan

(Early Middle English) alternative form of loven (“to love”)


remi

alternative form of remen (“to extend; to get up”)


unien

enm-verb

unien (third-person singular simple present unieth, present participle uniende, uniynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle unied)

unieth (present singular third-person)
uniende (participle present)
uniynge (participle present)
unied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
uni (alternative)
unie (alternative)

English: uny

Scots: une

From Anglo-Norman unier, uner (Old French unir), from Latin ūnīre.


casten

English: cast


teren

teren (third-person singular simple present tereth, present participle terynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative tar, past participle torn)

tereth (present singular third-person)
terynge (participle present)
tar (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
torn (participle past)
teren (infinitive)
to teren (infinitive)
tere (infinitive)
tere (first-person present singular)
ter (first-person past singular)
tor (first-person past singular)
torest (present second-person singular)
tare (past second-person singular)
tore (past second-person singular)
ter (past second-person singular)
tor (past second-person singular)
toreth (present singular third-person)
ter (past singular third-person)
tor (past singular third-person)
tere (present singular subjunctive)
tare (past singular subjunctive)
tore (past singular subjunctive)
tere (imperative present singular)
teren (plural present)
tere (plural present)
taren (past plural)
tare (past plural)
toren (past plural)
tore (past plural)
tereth (imperative plural present)
tere (imperative plural present)
terynge (participle present)
terende (participle present)
teren (participle past)
tere (participle past)
yteren (participle past)
ytere (participle past)
teer (alternative)
teere (alternative)
tere (alternative)
tern (alternative)
teryn (alternative)
teer (alternative)

English: tear

Scots: tere, teir, tair

Inherited from Old English teran, from Proto-West Germanic *teran, from Proto-Germanic *teraną.

To tear; to split apart or off (often by ripping):

To tear off a body part (often by hand).

To pull out hair (or another body part).

To ruin; to devastate:
To damage or destroy garments or hair.

To demolish a building; to raze or level.

(usually in the past participle) To make tattered or worn; to overuse.

To ruin; to devastate:
To make tattered or worn; to overuse.


teren

teren (third-person singular simple present tereth, present participle terende, terynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tered)

tereth (present singular third-person)
terende (participle present)
terynge (participle present)
tered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
teren (infinitive)
to teren (infinitive)
tere (infinitive)
tere (first-person present singular)
tered (first-person past singular)
terest (present second-person singular)
teredest (past second-person singular)
tereth (present singular third-person)
tered (past singular third-person)
tere (present singular subjunctive)
tered (past singular subjunctive)
tere (imperative present singular)
teren (plural present)
tere (plural present)
tereden (past plural)
terede (past plural)
tereth (imperative plural present)
tere (imperative plural present)
terynge (participle present)
terende (participle present)
tered (participle past)
ytered (participle past)
tere (alternative)

English: tear

Scots: tear

From teer (“tear”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


drepe

alternative form of drepen (“to strike”)


atte

alternative form of hight: simple past of hoten


schakelen

enm-verb

schakelen (third-person singular simple present schaketh, present participle schakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schok, past participle schaken)

schaketh (present singular third-person)
schakynge (participle present)
schok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaken (participle past)
schakelen (infinitive)
to schakelen (infinitive)
schakele (infinitive)
schakele (first-person present singular)
schakeled (first-person past singular)
schakelest (present second-person singular)
schakeledest (past second-person singular)
schakeleth (present singular third-person)
schakeled (past singular third-person)
schakele (present singular subjunctive)
schakeled (past singular subjunctive)
schakele (imperative present singular)
schakelen (plural present)
schakele (plural present)
schakeleden (past plural)
schakelede (past plural)
schakeleth (imperative plural present)
schakele (imperative plural present)
schakelynge (participle present)
schakelende (participle present)
schakeled (participle past)
schakyll (alternative)
shacle (alternative)
schaklyn (alternative)

English: shackle

From schakel (“shackle, trevis”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


schaken

enm-verb

schaken (third-person singular simple present schaketh, present participle schakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schok, past participle schaken)

schaketh (present singular third-person)
schakynge (participle present)
schok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaken (participle past)
schaken (infinitive)
to schaken (infinitive)
schake (infinitive)
schake (first-person present singular)
schok (first-person past singular)
schakest (present second-person singular)
schoke (past second-person singular)
schok (past second-person singular)
schaketh (present singular third-person)
schok (past singular third-person)
schake (present singular subjunctive)
schoke (past singular subjunctive)
schake (imperative present singular)
schaken (plural present)
schake (plural present)
schoken (past plural)
schoke (past plural)
schaketh (imperative plural present)
schake (imperative plural present)
schakynge (participle present)
schakende (participle present)
schaken (participle past)
schake (participle past)
yschake (participle past)
schac (alternative)
schake (alternative)
schakyn (alternative)
shake (alternative)
shaken (alternative)
ssake (alternative Kent)
scheken (alternative West-Midlands)
sheke (alternative West-Midlands)

English: shake

Middle Scots: schake, schaik, schack

Scots: shak, shake

Inherited from Old English sċacan, sċeacan, from Proto-West Germanic *skakan, from Proto-Germanic *skakaną.

To shake or quake:
To vibrate, jitter, or tremble.

To shake or quake:
To rock or agitate; to shake violently.

(cooking) To mix or combine ingredients.

To shake or quake:
To mix or combine ingredients.

To cause to shake:
To shake or agitate oneself.

To cause to shake:
To remove by shaking; to shake off.

(figuratively) To rid, cleanse or remove.

To cause to shake:
To rid, cleanse or remove.

To cause to shake:
(figuratively) To frighten or scare.

To cause to shake:
To frighten or scare.


adressen

adressen (third-person singular simple present adresseth, present participle adressende, adressynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle adressedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

adresseth (present singular third-person)
adressende (participle present)
adressynge (participle present)
adressen (infinitive)
to adressen (infinitive)
adresse (infinitive)
adresse (first-person present singular)
adressed (first-person past singular)
adreste (first-person past singular)
adressest (present second-person singular)
adressedest (past second-person singular)
adrestest (past second-person singular)
adresseth (present singular third-person)
adressed (past singular third-person)
adreste (past singular third-person)
adresse (present singular subjunctive)
adressed (past singular subjunctive)
adreste (past singular subjunctive)
adresse (imperative present singular)
adressen (plural present)
adresse (plural present)
adresseden (past plural)
adressede (past plural)
adresten (past plural)
adreste (past plural)
adresseth (imperative plural present)
adresse (imperative plural present)
adressynge (participle present)
adressende (participle present)
adressed (participle past)
adrest (participle past)
adresce (alternative)
adresse (alternative)

English: address (see there for further descendants)

Scots: address

From Old French adresser, adrescer, adrecier; equivalent to a- + dressen.

(rare, Late Middle English) To address a letter.


wroten

From wroot + -en (verbal plural suffix).


wroten

wroten (infinitive)
to wroten (infinitive)
wrote (infinitive)
wrote (first-person present singular)
wroted (first-person past singular)
wrotte (first-person past singular)
wrotest (present second-person singular)
wrotedest (past second-person singular)
wrottest (past second-person singular)
wroteth (present singular third-person)
wroted (past singular third-person)
wrotte (past singular third-person)
wrote (present singular subjunctive)
wroted (past singular subjunctive)
wrotte (past singular subjunctive)
wrote (imperative present singular)
wroten (plural present)
wrote (plural present)
wroteden (past plural)
wrotede (past plural)
wrotten (past plural)
wrotte (past plural)
wroteth (imperative plural present)
wrote (imperative plural present)
wrotynge (participle present)
wrotende (participle present)
wroted (participle past)
wrot (participle past)
ywroted (participle past)
ywrot (participle past)
wrote (alternative)
wrooten (alternative)
wrotyn (alternative)

English: root

Scots: wrutt, wort, rute, wirt, ruit

From Old English wrōtan, from Proto-Germanic *wrōtaną.

To use one's nose or snout to rummage or root.

To extract with one's nose or snout; to have rooted.

To remove soil, earth, or ground; to dig up.

(rare) To cause irritation or annoyance.

(rare) To till; to move soil for agriculture.


dalen

(Early Middle English) alternative form of delen


hosen

hosen (infinitive)
to hosen (infinitive)
hose (infinitive)
hose (first-person present singular)
hosed (first-person past singular)
hosest (present second-person singular)
hosedest (past second-person singular)
hoseth (present singular third-person)
hosed (past singular third-person)
hose (present singular subjunctive)
hosed (past singular subjunctive)
hose (imperative present singular)
hosen (plural present)
hose (plural present)
hoseden (past plural)
hosede (past plural)
hoseth (imperative plural present)
hose (imperative plural present)
hosynge (participle present)
hosende (participle present)
hosed (participle past)
yhosed (participle past)
hose (alternative)
hosun (alternative)
hosone (alternative)
hosyn (alternative)

English: hose

Scots: hose


seyde

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


sayde

Thenne ſhalle he deye ſayde Beaumayns

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum octauum”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 112, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 224, lines 14–15:


tach

tach (third-person singular simple present tacheth, present participle tachinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle taughtaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

tacheth (present singular third-person)
tachinge (participle present)


telleth

third-person singular present indicative of tellen


skift

skift (third-person singular simple present skifteth, present participle skiftende, skiftynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle skifted)

skifteth (present singular third-person)
skiftende (participle present)
skiftynge (participle present)
skifted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
skift (infinitive)
to skift (infinitive)
skifte (infinitive)
skifte (first-person present singular)
skifted (first-person past singular)
skiftest (present second-person singular)
skiftedest (past second-person singular)
skifteth (present singular third-person)
skifted (past singular third-person)
skifte (present singular subjunctive)
skifted (past singular subjunctive)
skifte (imperative present singular)
skiften (plural present)
skifte (plural present)
skifteden (past plural)
skiftede (past plural)
skifteth (imperative plural present)
skifte (imperative plural present)
skiftynge (participle present)
skiftende (participle present)
skifted (participle past)
yskifted (participle past)

Old Norse skipta (verb) and Old Norse skipti (noun), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną.

to divide, share, distribute, divide up; also, be divided

even skifted, evenly matched in number, in equal strength

Grete godd wolde so wisely skifte all thynges.

to arrange, ordain, cause to occur, rule, manage

be skifted of, She was aferde of hym..and she cowde not be skyfte … of hym by no meane. — Malory


froren

The past participle of fresen (“to freeze”), from Old English frēosan.


moten

mot (first-person present singular)
moste (first-person present singular)
moste (first-person past singular)
most (present second-person singular)
mostest (past second-person singular)
mot (present singular third-person)
moste (present singular third-person)
moste (past singular third-person)
mote (present singular subjunctive)
moste (present singular subjunctive)
moste (past singular subjunctive)
moten (plural present)
mote (plural present)
mosten (plural present)
moste (plural present)
mosten (past plural)
moste (past plural)

English: mote; must

Scots: mote, mat; most

Yola: mosth

Inherited from Old English mōtan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan, from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną.

And ceꝛtes, if it neꝛe too long to heeꝛe, / I wold have told you fully the manneꝛe / How wonnen was the regne of Femenye / By Theſeus and by his chivalrye,[…] / But all that thing I mot as now foꝛbeꝛe.

To feel strongly obliged to; should (really).

To be about to or going to; will, shall.


moten

moten (infinitive)
to moten (infinitive)
mote (infinitive)
mote (first-person present singular)
moted (first-person past singular)
motest (present second-person singular)
motedest (past second-person singular)
moteth (present singular third-person)
moted (past singular third-person)
mote (present singular subjunctive)
moted (past singular subjunctive)
mote (imperative present singular)
moten (plural present)
mote (plural present)
moteden (past plural)
motede (past plural)
moteth (imperative plural present)
mote (imperative plural present)
motynge (participle present)
motende (participle present)
moted (participle past)
ymoted (participle past)

English: moot

Yola: mot

From Old English mōtian (“to speak, converse, discuss”), from Proto-West Germanic *mōtijan (“to meet, encounter”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtijaną, a denominative of *mōtą (“meeting”).


quellen

enm-verb

quellen (third-person singular simple present quelleth, present participle quellende, quellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quelled)

quelleth (present singular third-person)
quellende (participle present)
quellynge (participle present)
quelled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
quellen (infinitive)
to quellen (infinitive)
quelle (infinitive)
quelle (first-person present singular)
quelled (first-person past singular)
quelde (first-person past singular)
quellest (present second-person singular)
quelledest (past second-person singular)
queldest (past second-person singular)
quelleth (present singular third-person)
quelled (past singular third-person)
quelde (past singular third-person)
quelle (present singular subjunctive)
quelled (past singular subjunctive)
quelde (past singular subjunctive)
quelle (imperative present singular)
quellen (plural present)
quelle (plural present)
quelleden (past plural)
quellede (past plural)
quelden (past plural)
quelde (past plural)
quelleth (imperative plural present)
quelle (imperative plural present)
quellynge (participle present)
quellende (participle present)
quelled (participle past)
queld (participle past)
yquelled (participle past)
yqueld (participle past)
cwellen (alternative)
quell (alternative)
quelle (alternative)
qwell (alternative)
qwelle (alternative)
cwellenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: quell

Scots: quell, quel

From Old English cwellan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwaljaną.

To kill or slay; to inflict death upon someone.

To quell or suppress; to end afflictions or threats.


voiden

Somtyme a castel, al of lym and stoon; And whan hem lyked, voyded it anon.

1394, Chaucer, “v. 1149”, in The Franklin's Tale:


saide

Now my lord ſyre Perſaunt of ynde ſaide the damoyſel Lynet I requyre you that ye wille make this gentilman knyghte or euer he fyghte with the reed knyghte /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xiij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 116, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 232, lines 20–23:


hied

hiede (alternative)
hiet (alternative)
hid (alternative)
hide (alternative)
hit (alternative)
ihied (alternative)
hiet (alternative)
hid (alternative)
hide (alternative)

simple past/past participle of hien (“to move quickly”)


hied

simple past/past participle of hien (“to raise, lift up”)


berken

berken (third-person singular simple present berketh, present participle berkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bark, past participle borken)

berketh (present singular third-person)
berkynge (participle present)
bark (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
borken (participle past)
berken (infinitive)
to berken (infinitive)
berke (infinitive)
berke (first-person present singular)
bark (first-person past singular)
berked (first-person past singular)
berkest (present second-person singular)
borke (past second-person singular)
bark (past second-person singular)
berkedest (past second-person singular)
berketh (present singular third-person)
bark (past singular third-person)
berked (past singular third-person)
berke (present singular subjunctive)
borke (past singular subjunctive)
berked (past singular subjunctive)
berke (imperative present singular)
berken (plural present)
berke (plural present)
borken (past plural)
borke (past plural)
berkeden (past plural)
berkede (past plural)
berketh (imperative plural present)
berke (imperative plural present)
berkynge (participle present)
berkende (participle present)
borken (participle past)
borke (participle past)
berked (participle past)
barke (alternative)
barken (alternative)
beerke (alternative)
beorken (alternative)
berke (alternative)
berkyn (alternative)
borken (alternative)

English: bark

Scots: berk, bark

From Old English beorcan, from Proto-West Germanic *berkan (“to bark”).

To bark (make a sound characteristic of a dog)

To grumble or whine; to utter complaints or insults.


singeth

third-person singular present indicative of singen


leep

the dogges haue be sette on hym and haue hunted hym away / And ones they leep on hym vpon the banke

1481, William Caxton, The Historye of Reynard the Foxe:


monin

alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


reven

reven (third-person singular simple present reveth, present participle revynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative refte, past participle reft)

reveth (present singular third-person)
revynge (participle present)
refte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
reft (participle past)
reven (infinitive)
to reven (infinitive)
reve (infinitive)
reve (first-person present singular)
reved (first-person past singular)
refte (first-person past singular)
revest (present second-person singular)
revedest (past second-person singular)
reftest (past second-person singular)
reveth (present singular third-person)
reved (past singular third-person)
refte (past singular third-person)
reve (present singular subjunctive)
reved (past singular subjunctive)
refte (past singular subjunctive)
reve (imperative present singular)
reven (plural present)
reve (plural present)
reveden (past plural)
revede (past plural)
reften (past plural)
refte (past plural)
reveth (imperative plural present)
reve (imperative plural present)
revynge (participle present)
revende (participle present)
reved (participle past)
reft (participle past)
yreved (participle past)
yreft (participle past)
rayve (alternative)
ref (alternative)
refe (alternative)
reffe (alternative)
reve (alternative)
revyn (alternative)
reeve (alternative)
ræven (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reave (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reaven (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reavie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reavin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reawen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ræfenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: reave (archaic)

Scots: reve, refe, reif

Inherited from Old English rēafian, from Proto-West Germanic *raubōn, from Proto-Germanic *raubōną. Doublet of robben.

To cause someone to lose something:
To steal, or rob; to secretly loot.

To loot, despoil, ravage; to bring to ruin.

Of Hercules the souereyn conqueror / Syngen hise werkes laude and heigh renoun / For in his tyme of strengthe he was the flour / He slowe and rafte the skyn fro the leoun

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 90, verso:

Sing about the works and high fame of Hercules the renowned conqueror, for in his prime he was the most excellent: He slew and took the lion's skin

To grab, take, or confiscate with force or violence.

To cause someone to lose something:
To lose an ability or knowledge.

To eliminate or terminate; to render unusable.

To ruin or destroy:
To kill; to murder or end the life of.

To take into safety; to recover or liberate.


prikken

prikken (third-person singular simple present prikketh, present participle prikkende, prikkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle prikked)

prikketh (present singular third-person)
prikkende (participle present)
prikkynge (participle present)
prikked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
priken (alternative)

English: prick

Scots: preek

→ Irish: prioc

From Old English prician, from the noun prica (“a prick, dot, small hole”).


wolde

first/third-person singular past indicative

inflection of willen:
second-person singular past indicative

inflection of willen:
singular past subjunctive

inflection of willen:
plural past indicative/subjunctive


heilen

English: hail

Scots: hail

Yola: haail

heylen (alternative)
hailen (alternative)
haylen (alternative)
heȝlen (alternative)


welken

welken (infinitive)
to welken (infinitive)
welke (infinitive)
welke (first-person present singular)
welked (first-person past singular)
welkest (present second-person singular)
welkedest (past second-person singular)
welketh (present singular third-person)
welked (past singular third-person)
welke (present singular subjunctive)
welked (past singular subjunctive)
welke (imperative present singular)
welken (plural present)
welke (plural present)
welkeden (past plural)
welkede (past plural)
welketh (imperative plural present)
welke (imperative plural present)
welkynge (participle present)
welkende (participle present)
welked (participle past)
ywelked (participle past)
welkyn (alternative)
welke (alternative)
welk (alternative)

English: welk

Scots: welk

Possibly related to or from Middle Low German welken or Middle Dutch welken, ultimately related to Proto-West Germanic *wolkn (“cloud”). Compare also Middle English walwen (“to fade, wither”), from Old English wealwian.

cog

To become dry or aged; to decay or wither (of plants or people)

(rare) To crinkle or become roughened or creased.

(rare) To turn or grow desolate or lifeless.


welk

alternative form of welken (“to dry out”)


hirs

alternative form of hereth: third-person singular present of heren (“to hear”)


leynd

alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


follen

alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


brenne

That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:

That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief


valen

valen (infinitive)
to valen (infinitive)
vale (infinitive)
vale (first-person present singular)
valed (first-person past singular)
valest (present second-person singular)
valedest (past second-person singular)
valeth (present singular third-person)
valed (past singular third-person)
vale (present singular subjunctive)
valed (past singular subjunctive)
vale (imperative present singular)
valen (plural present)
vale (plural present)
valeden (past plural)
valede (past plural)
valeth (imperative plural present)
vale (imperative plural present)
valynge (participle present)
valende (participle present)
valed (participle past)
yvaled (participle past)
vale (alternative)
vayle (alternative)

English: vail

Scots: vail (obsolete)

Either from Anglo-Norman valer or an aphetic form of avalen. Equivalent to vale + -en (infinitival suffix).


perce

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1-2.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote
When April with its sweet showers

Has pierced the drought of March to the root


dronken

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn,
Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn.
And when he had drunk all the wine
He would not speak a word other than Latin


menen

From Old English mǣnan (“mean, intend; lament”).

der

to intend, to mean to indicate or signify

to intend, to mean to do something, or that something will be the case; to plan

to advise or admonish or remind (someone of something)


menen

to direct or guide (one's horse or oneself)

(reflexive) to conduct oneself or behave (in a certain way)


helmen

helmen (infinitive)
to helmen (infinitive)
helme (infinitive)
helme (first-person present singular)
helmed (first-person past singular)
helmest (present second-person singular)
helmedest (past second-person singular)
helmeth (present singular third-person)
helmed (past singular third-person)
helme (present singular subjunctive)
helmed (past singular subjunctive)
helme (imperative present singular)
helmen (plural present)
helme (plural present)
helmeden (past plural)
helmede (past plural)
helmeth (imperative plural present)
helme (imperative plural present)
helmynge (participle present)
helmende (participle present)
helmed (participle past)
yhelmed (participle past)
helmi (alternative)

From Old English helmian; equivalent to helm + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To behelm; to put a helmet on; to safeguard.


sinen

(Early Middle English) alternative form of schinen


saven

enm-verb

saven (third-person singular simple present saveth, present participle savynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle savedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

saveth (present singular third-person)
savynge (participle present)
saven (infinitive)
to saven (infinitive)
save (infinitive)
save (first-person present singular)
saved (first-person past singular)
savest (present second-person singular)
savedest (past second-person singular)
saveth (present singular third-person)
saved (past singular third-person)
save (present singular subjunctive)
saved (past singular subjunctive)
save (imperative present singular)
saven (plural present)
save (plural present)
saveden (past plural)
savede (past plural)
saveth (imperative plural present)
save (imperative plural present)
savynge (participle present)
savende (participle present)
saved (participle past)
ysaved (participle past)
saave (alternative)
salve (alternative)
save (alternative)
savi (alternative)
savun (alternative)
savye (alternative)
savyn (alternative)
salvin (alternative)
sauven (alternative)
sauvin (alternative)
sawvin (alternative)
safe (alternative)
saffe (alternative)
sauve (alternative)
sayve (alternative)
sovy (alternative)

English: save

Geordie English: syev

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French salver, sauver, from Latin salvō, salvāre; equivalent to sauf (“safe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(ambitransitive) To save (prevent from harm or difficulty):

To rescue from danger or death, or effort.

(religion) To deliver from eternal torment.

foꝛ ſoþe ſire quaþ aliſaundrine ⁊ · to ſaue ȝour mensk / i wol ȝou telle tiȝtly · what turn ſche as wꝛouȝt[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 34, recto, lines 2028-2029; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 70:

"Truthfully, sir" said Alexandrine, "to save your honour, I'll tell you all about the thing she's done […]

To preserve or maintain; to keep intact.

To securely keep or lock away (goods or a person)

(ambitransitive) To preserve or store:
To save (store away or conserve).

To adhere to a regulation, agreement or dictate.

To heal or better; to improve health, emotions, or morals.

(rare) To recover or get back; to have restored.

(rare) To store or accumulate; to be filled with.


eren

eren (infinitive)
to eren (infinitive)
ere (infinitive)
ere (first-person present singular)
ered (first-person past singular)
erest (present second-person singular)
eredest (past second-person singular)
ereth (present singular third-person)
ered (past singular third-person)
ere (present singular subjunctive)
ered (past singular subjunctive)
ere (imperative present singular)
eren (plural present)
ere (plural present)
ereden (past plural)
erede (past plural)
ereth (imperative plural present)
ere (imperative plural present)
erynge (participle present)
erende (participle present)
ered (participle past)
yered (participle past)
eeren (alternative)
ere (alternative)
erie (alternative)
erye (alternative)
eyr (alternative)
herie (alternative)
herye (alternative)
heryȝen (alternative)
ærien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
erien (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: ear (archaic)

Scots: ear

Inherited from Old English erian, from Proto-West Germanic *arjan, from Proto-Germanic *arjaną.


lovien

(Early Middle English) alternative form of loven (“to praise”)


putten

putten (infinitive)
to putten (infinitive)
putte (infinitive)
putte (first-person present singular)
putte (first-person past singular)
putted (first-person past singular)
puttest (present second-person singular)
puttest (past second-person singular)
puttedest (past second-person singular)
putteth (present singular third-person)
putte (past singular third-person)
putted (past singular third-person)
putte (present singular subjunctive)
putte (past singular subjunctive)
putted (past singular subjunctive)
putte (imperative present singular)
putten (plural present)
putte (plural present)
putten (past plural)
putte (past plural)
putteden (past plural)
puttede (past plural)
putteth (imperative plural present)
putte (imperative plural present)
puttynge (participle present)
puttende (participle present)
put (participle past)
putted (participle past)
yput (participle past)
yputted (participle past)
putte (alternative)
putton (alternative)
puten (alternative)
puthe (alternative)
puiten (alternative)
pitten (alternative)

English: put, pote

Scots: put, pit

Yola: pidh, pit

From Old English putian, from Proto-Germanic *putōną (“to stick, stab”).


creat

From Latin creātus, the past participle of creō.

first/third-person singular past indicative of createn


piken

piken (infinitive)
to piken (infinitive)
pike (infinitive)
pike (first-person present singular)
piked (first-person past singular)
pikest (present second-person singular)
pikedest (past second-person singular)
piketh (present singular third-person)
piked (past singular third-person)
pike (present singular subjunctive)
piked (past singular subjunctive)
pike (imperative present singular)
piken (plural present)
pike (plural present)
pikeden (past plural)
pikede (past plural)
piketh (imperative plural present)
pike (imperative plural present)
pikynge (participle present)
pikende (participle present)
piked (participle past)
ypiked (participle past)
picken (alternative)
pikken (alternative)
pykken (alternative)
pyken (alternative)
pycken (alternative)
pyke (alternative)
picke (alternative)
pyek (alternative)
pic (alternative)

English: pick

Scots: pik, pick

From Old English *piccian, from Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn, from Proto-Germanic *pikkōną; equivalent to pyke (“point, pike”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To pick at; to use a edged tool on (a surface)

To pierce or deal a blow using the mouth.

To grab a part of one's body with one's fingernails or teeth

To remove with a sharp point; pick away; to remove undesired substances via the means of picking.

To remove by means of grabbing or forcing; to take or grasp.

To cleanse or tidy; to ensure one's own cleanliness.

To pick, decide or elect; to make a choice or declare a preference.

To gain possession of; to grab or grasp.

To acquire or grasp an intangible mental quality such as knowledge, skill, or disposition; to gain.

To seize, burgle, or pickpocket; to take illegally or illegitimately.


tronen

tronen (infinitive)
to tronen (infinitive)
trone (infinitive)
trone (first-person present singular)
troned (first-person past singular)
tronest (present second-person singular)
tronedest (past second-person singular)
troneth (present singular third-person)
troned (past singular third-person)
trone (present singular subjunctive)
troned (past singular subjunctive)
trone (imperative present singular)
tronen (plural present)
trone (plural present)
troneden (past plural)
tronede (past plural)
troneth (imperative plural present)
trone (imperative plural present)
tronynge (participle present)
tronende (participle present)
troned (participle past)
ytroned (participle past)
trounen (alternative)
thronen (alternative)

English: throne (archaic)

From trone (“throne”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To enthrone, to place on a royal seat; to elevate to a throne or perform enthronement.


rusten

enm-verb

rusten (third-person singular simple present rusteth, present participle rustende, rustynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rusted)

rusteth (present singular third-person)
rustende (participle present)
rustynge (participle present)
rusted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rusten (infinitive)
to rusten (infinitive)
ruste (infinitive)
ruste (first-person present singular)
rusted (first-person past singular)
rustest (present second-person singular)
rustedest (past second-person singular)
rusteth (present singular third-person)
rusted (past singular third-person)
ruste (present singular subjunctive)
rusted (past singular subjunctive)
ruste (imperative present singular)
rusten (plural present)
ruste (plural present)
rusteden (past plural)
rustede (past plural)
rusteth (imperative plural present)
ruste (imperative plural present)
rustynge (participle present)
rustende (participle present)
rusted (participle past)
yrusted (participle past)
roste (alternative)
rust (alternative)
ruste (alternative)
rustin (alternative)
ruston (alternative)

English: rust

Scots: roost, roust

(figurative) To degenerate; to deteriorate.


helden

helden (infinitive)
to helden (infinitive)
helde (infinitive)
helde (first-person present singular)
helded (first-person past singular)
helde (first-person past singular)
heldest (present second-person singular)
heldedest (past second-person singular)
heldest (past second-person singular)
heldeth (present singular third-person)
helded (past singular third-person)
helde (past singular third-person)
helde (present singular subjunctive)
helded (past singular subjunctive)
helde (past singular subjunctive)
helde (imperative present singular)
helden (plural present)
helde (plural present)
heldeden (past plural)
heldede (past plural)
helden (past plural)
helde (past plural)
heldeth (imperative plural present)
helde (imperative plural present)
heldynge (participle present)
heldende (participle present)
helded (participle past)
held (participle past)
yheld (participle past)
hielden (alternative)
heleden (alternative)
hælden (alternative)
healden (alternative)
halden (alternative)
hulden (alternative)

English: hield, heel

Yola: hyle

From Old English hieldan, from Proto-West Germanic *halþijan, from Proto-Germanic *halþijaną.

(transitive) to pour, to pour out (something)

(transitive) to shed, give forth, distribute out

My blyssyng o ble sall be blendyng, / And heldand fro harme to be hyndande, / My body in blys ay abydande / Vne[n]dande withoutyn any endyng.

a. 1450, The Creation and the Fall of Lucifer in The York Plays, as recorded c. 1463–1477 in British Museum MS. Additional 35290

The blessing of my countenance will be a suffusing, / And, where it pours forth, will shield from harm, / My body forever abiding in bliss, / Unending without any ending.

(transitive) to bend (something), especially to bend or push down; to bow, to incline (something)

(intransitive or reflexive) to bow, to stoop, to lean, to incline oneself (+ on: to lean on)

(intransitive) to incline figuratively, to have an inclination or affection (+ to: to (doing something) or for (someone))

(intransitive with to or transitive) to submit to, to obey (a person, command, desire, etc.)

We are falling from heaven on all sides; / We are heading for woe, I warrant.

Fra heuen are we heledande on all hande, / To wo are we weendande, I warande.

(intransitive, of terrain) to slope downward, to fall away

(intransitive) to decline, to deteriorate, to fade


dynen

dynen (infinitive)
to dynen (infinitive)
dyne (infinitive)
dyne (first-person present singular)
dyned (first-person past singular)
dynest (present second-person singular)
dynedest (past second-person singular)
dyneth (present singular third-person)
dyned (past singular third-person)
dyne (present singular subjunctive)
dyned (past singular subjunctive)
dyne (imperative present singular)
dynen (plural present)
dyne (plural present)
dyneden (past plural)
dynede (past plural)
dyneth (imperative plural present)
dyne (imperative plural present)
dynynge (participle present)
dynende (participle present)
dyned (participle past)
dyne (alternative)
dinen (alternative)

English: dine

Scots: dine

From Old French disner, from Vulgar Latin *disiūnāre, contraction of disieiūnāre. Doublet of dyner, from the same Old French word used substantively.

What wol ye dine?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dynen

dynnen (infinitive)
to dynnen (infinitive)
dynne (infinitive)
dynne (first-person present singular)
dynned (first-person past singular)
dynnest (present second-person singular)
dynnedest (past second-person singular)
dynneth (present singular third-person)
dynned (past singular third-person)
dynne (present singular subjunctive)
dynned (past singular subjunctive)
dynne (imperative present singular)
dynnen (plural present)
dynne (plural present)
dynneden (past plural)
dynnede (past plural)
dynneth (imperative plural present)
dynne (imperative plural present)
dynnynge (participle present)
dynnende (participle present)
dynned (participle past)
denen (alternative)
donen (alternative)
dunnyn (alternative)
dynnen (alternative)
denie (alternative)
dunien (alternative)

English: dun, din

Middle Scots: dyn, din

Inherited from Old English dynian, dynnan, from Proto-West Germanic *dunnjan, from Proto-Germanic *dunjaną.


wonnen

wonnen (third-person singular simple present wonneth, present participle wonnende, wonnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wonned)

wonneth (present singular third-person)
wonnende (participle present)
wonnynge (participle present)
wonned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


wonnen

(Early Middle English southern West Midlands) alternative form of wannen


wonnen

wonne (alternative)
wonen (alternative)
wan (alternative)
wanne (alternative)
wane (alternative)
whonne (alternative)
whan (alternative)
whanne (alternative)
wunnen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
won (alternative)
wonne (alternative)
wone (alternative)
wonen (alternative)
wun (alternative)
wunne (alternative)
wunnen (alternative)
wune (alternative)
vonne (alternative)
wonned (alternative)
wonun (alternative Northern)
wonnun (alternative Northern)
woun (alternative Northern)
vonen (alternative Northern)
vun (alternative Northern)
wonun (alternative)
wonnun (alternative)


staren

staren (infinitive)
to staren (infinitive)
stare (infinitive)
stare (first-person present singular)
stared (first-person past singular)
starest (present second-person singular)
staredest (past second-person singular)
stareth (present singular third-person)
stared (past singular third-person)
stare (present singular subjunctive)
stared (past singular subjunctive)
stare (imperative present singular)
staren (plural present)
stare (plural present)
stareden (past plural)
starede (past plural)
stareth (imperative plural present)
stare (imperative plural present)
starynge (participle present)
starende (participle present)
stared (participle past)
ystared (participle past)
starre (alternative)

English: stare

Yola: ztaared (preterite)

From Old English starian, from Proto-West Germanic *starēn, from Proto-Germanic *starāną.


placen

placen (third-person singular simple present placeth, present participle placende, placynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle placed)

placeth (present singular third-person)
placende (participle present)
placynge (participle present)
placed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
placen (infinitive)
to placen (infinitive)
place (infinitive)
place (first-person present singular)
placed (first-person past singular)
placest (present second-person singular)
placedest (past second-person singular)
placeth (present singular third-person)
placed (past singular third-person)
place (present singular subjunctive)
placed (past singular subjunctive)
place (imperative present singular)
placen (plural present)
place (plural present)
placeden (past plural)
placede (past plural)
placeth (imperative plural present)
place (imperative plural present)
placynge (participle present)
placende (participle present)
placed (participle past)
yplaced (participle past)

English: place

Scots: place

From place + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Middle French placer, which postdates this verb.


stampen

stampen (infinitive)
to stampen (infinitive)
stampe (infinitive)
stampe (first-person present singular)
stamped (first-person past singular)
stampest (present second-person singular)
stampedest (past second-person singular)
stampeth (present singular third-person)
stamped (past singular third-person)
stampe (present singular subjunctive)
stamped (past singular subjunctive)
stampe (imperative present singular)
stampen (plural present)
stampe (plural present)
stampeden (past plural)
stampede (past plural)
stampeth (imperative plural present)
stampe (imperative plural present)
stampynge (participle present)
stampende (participle present)
stamped (participle past)
ystamped (participle past)
staumpe (alternative)
stompe (alternative)

English: stamp

Yola: stampe

From Old English *stampian, stempan, from Proto-West Germanic *stampijan, from Proto-Germanic *stampōną.


feld

first/third-person singular past indicative of folden

(later) second-person singular past indicative of folden