potestat

English: potestate (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French potestat, from Latin potestās, potestātem. Doublet of pouste.

Whilom / ther was an Irous poteſtat / As seith Senek that durynge his eſtat / vp on a day / out ryden knyghtes two[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 81, recto:

Once there was an irate potentate, / as Seneca says, and during his rule, / two knights rode out one day […]

foꝛwhi ftryuynge is not to us aȝenes fleiſch ⁊ blood .· but aȝenes þe pꝛincis ⁊ poteſtatis, aȝenes gouernours of þe woꝛld of þeſe derkneſſis / aȝens ſpiritual þingis of wickidneſſe, in heuenli thingis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Epheſianes 6:12, page 77r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because for us, striving isn't [just] against flesh and blood, but against princes and potentates, the rulers of these darknesses' world, and the sources of spiritual wickedness in heavenly places.

A powerful individual; a ruler or potentate.


hepe

English: heap

Yola: heep

From Old English hēap, from Proto-West Germanic *haup, from Proto-Germanic *haupaz.


pyle

English: pile

Yola: pile


coyns

From coyn (“coin, quoin”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


coyns

From coyn (“quince”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


forgreithing

Psalm 9:38 [now 10:17], page 27: Yernyng of pouer herd Laverd mine; / For-grayþynge of þair hert herd ere þine.
The Lord hath heard the desire of poor men; thine ear hath heard the making ready of their heart. [Wycliffe's Bible; meaning "The Lord hath heard the desire of the poor; yea, thy ears have heard the desires of their hearts."]
Psalm 88:15 [now 89:14], page 59: Rightwisenes and dome als-swa, / for-graiþinge of þi sete ere þa; / Milthe and sothness sal for-gan / þi face: […]

c. 1400, Northern Verse Psalter (Surtees Psalter) [British Library, Cotton Vespasian D.7 manuscript]; published in Joseph Stevenson, editor, Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter: Now First Printed from Manuscripts in the British Museum, volume I, London: J. B. Nichols and Son, Parliament Street; William Pickering, Piccadilly; Edinburgh: Laing and Forbes, 1843, OCLC 832497574

rightfulness and doom is the making ready of thy seat. Mercy and truth shall go before thy face; […] [Wycliffe's Bible; meaning "Righteousness and judgement be the foundations of thy throne; love and faithfulness go forth before thee."]


crisme

English: chrism, chrisom

From Late Old English crisma, from Medieval Latin crisma, from Ecclesiastical Latin chrisma, from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma). Doublet of creme.


king of kinges

enm-noun

king of kinges (plural kinges of kinges)

king of kings, emperor (in quotations, applied to Artaxerxes, Nebuchadnezzar, and Vespasian)


sumer

sumers (plural)
sumer (accusative nominative singular)
sumers (accusative nominative plural)
sumeres (accusative nominative plural)
sumeres (genitive singular)
sumere (genitive plural)
sumere (dative singular)
sumeren (dative plural)


luffe

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of love (“love”)


luffe

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“palm”)


funke

English: funk (obsolete)

From Old English *funca, from Proto-West Germanic *funkō, from Proto-Germanic *funkô.


lufar

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


rascaile

English: rascal

Yola: raskail

Derived from 12th century Old French rascaille (“outcast, rabble”) (modern French racaille), perhaps from rasque (“mud, filth, scab, dregs”), from Vulgar Latin *rasicare (“to scrape”).

der

people of the lowest class; rabble of an army


cheuetayn

From Anglo-Norman chevetayn or chevetaigne (“chief, captain”), from Late Latin capitaneum, from Latin capit. Related to chieftain.


throte

English: throat

Yola: dhraat


tyring

Oꝛ ellis take peꝛcelli Rootis and ſeꝛue hiꝛ with theyem in the ſame maneꝛ, and when ſhe tyrith holde rew ī yowre honde with the tyring and that ſhall make hiꝛ voide, bot it is peꝛlous to vſe it often that the Juce fall neꝛ ſpꝛyug in to hiꝛ yghes.

1486, Juliana Berners, Book of Saint Albans:

(falconry) Bits of bone and tough organic material from a corpse given to hawks to abate their hunger.


huve

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of houve


zunne

(chiefly southern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


meklac

Assimilated Old Norse mjúkleikr, equivalent to mēk + -lāc.

Humility; meekness; gentleness; submission.


scolere

English: scholar

Scots: scolar, scoolar

Yola: scholleare

From Old English scōlere, equivalent to scole + -er.


toyle

English: toil

Scots: tuilyie

A fight; strife (deadly discord between two parties)


dæle

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dale


hæfd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


dimydicion

English: dimidiation

The first is called addicion, þe secunde is called subtraccion. The thryd is called duplacion. The 4. is called dimydicion. [A rough transliteration]

(arithmetic) division by two, dividing into halves, dimidiation


bourding

(rare) Humour, japing; humorous entertainment.


oten

From Late Old English āten, from earlier *ātan; equivalent to ote + -en (plural ending).


breker

English: breaker


fromond

Probably borrowed from Old Norse framandi (“man of distinction; stranger”).


flærds

plural of flærd (alternative form of flērds).


woort

Alternative form of wort (“brewing wort”)


werpling

From werpen (“to throw; twist; warp”) + -ling.


segge

English: sedge

Scots: seg

From Old English seċġ (“sedge”), from Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“sedge”).

A sedge (a plant of the family Cyperaceae, especially the genus Carex)


segge

English: seg, segge

Scots: seg

From Old English seċġ (“man”), from Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“fighter”).


tresorie

English: treasury

From Old French tresorie; equivalent to tresour + -ie.

(rare) A treasury department; the department in charge of funds.


lane succide

lana succida
lana succida#Middle_English


eere

English: ear

Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)

From Old English ēar, æhher, from Proto-West Germanic *ahaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *ahaz.


eere

Alternative form of ere (“ear (hearing organ)”)


leede

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
He took into his hond · his lond and his leede

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


lufe

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“love”)


ribbe

English: rib

Scots: rib

Yola: rub

From Old English ribb, from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją.


wesele

English: weasal

Middle Scots: quhasill, wasyll, wasyll

desc

associated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">whaisle</i> "to wheeze"

Scots: whaisel, whaizle, wheesel, weasel (associated with whaisle "to wheeze")

Inherited from Old English weosule; from Proto-West Germanic *wisulā.

A meal made of a pig or capon stuffed with pork mince.


sege

English: siege

Scots: siege

Borrowed from Old French sege, siege, from Vulgar Latin *sēdicum, from sēdēs.

A siege; an attack or assault on a walled city:

A seat, especially that which indicates authority:

A portable seat; a seat on the back of a mount.

A location, especially something's usual location.

(rare) Ones's position, office, or station.

(by extension) A latrine or privy; a hole or container for disposing feces.

(by extension) Defecation; the expulsion of one's feces.

A group of herons; a perch used by herons.


gomen

From Old English guman, plural of guma, from Proto-Germanic *gumaniz, plural of *gumô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmónes, plural of *ǵʰmṓ. Equivalent to gome + -en (plural suffix).


stepbarn

English: stepbarn

Scots: stepbairn

→ English: stepbairn

From Old English stēopbearn (“orphan”), from Proto-West Germanic *steupabarn, from Proto-Germanic *steupabarną; equivalent to step- + barn.


knape

English: knape

Scots: knape, knaip

From Old English cnapa, from Proto-West Germanic *knappō.


hateren

From Old English hæteran, late form of hæteru; equivalent to hater + -en (plural suffix).


hatere

English: hater

Scots: haitter (obsolete)


knok

English: knock

→ Middle Welsh: cnwcc, cynwck, cnwc

Welsh: cnwc

Scots: knock, tnock, knack


slegge

English: sledge

Scots: sleg

Inherited from Old English sleċġ, from Proto-Germanic *slagjǭ. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


hachet

English: hatchet

Yola: hatcheat

Borrowed from Old French hachete; equivalent to hache (“war-axe”) + -et.


mewe

English: mew (archaic)

i

Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)

→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve

French: mauve

Old French: moette

French: mouette

From Old English mǣw, from Proto-West Germanic *maiwī, from Proto-Germanic *maiwaz.

(rare) seagull, gull (member of the family Laridae)


mewe

English: mew (mostly obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

A cage used for allowing birds to shed their feathers.

A cage or compartment used for preparing animals to be used as meat.

Any place where one is locked up or secured; a cage or cell.

A place used as a hideout, refuge or redoubt.


soure

Yola: zour


fewte

Arthur þem þanked þat þey so ches; Louely tok he per alle here fewte, ffor þey come alle so wyþ wylle fre.

1338, Robert Manning of Brunne, The Story of England:

And after that he conquered all Scotlond, and made the Kynge of Scottes his liege man, to do him fewte and homage as he ought of right.

1464, “Cronycullys of Englonde”, in A Short English Chronicle:


origyne

English: origin

Scots: origin, oreegin

From Old French origine, from Latin orīginem, accusative of orīgō.

The origin, lineage, or provenance of something.


fomentacioun

English: fomentation

From Late Latin fōmentātiō, fōmentātiōnem, from fōmentāre, from fōmentum (“lotion; compress, poultice; warm application; fomentation”), from foveō (“to warm, keep warm; to cherish, nurture; to bathe, foment”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn; warm, hot”). Equivalent to fomenten + -acioun.

der

The act of fomenting; the application of warm, soft, medicinal substances, as for the purpose of easing pain by relaxing the skin, or of discussing (dispersing) tumours; fomentation.

A lotion or poultice applied to a diseased or injured part of the body; fomentation.


Frise

English: Frise

From Old English Frīsa, from Proto-West Germanic *frīsō.


milce

⇒ English: milse (verb)

From Old English mils, milts, milds, from Proto-Germanic *mildisjō (“mildness; kindness”).


Aquilon

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer (translator), Boece, Book 2, in The Workes of Geffray Chaucer, London: William Bonham, 1542,
Ofte the see is cleare and calme with mouynge floudes, and ofte the horryble wynde Aquilon moueth boylynge tempestes, and ouerwhelueth the see.


asske

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


badde

English: bad

Unknown. Conventionally compared to Old English bæddel. See English bad for more.


badde

Unknown; possibly originally a term of affection.


brandreth

English: brandreth

From Old English brandrād (from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]) and Old Norse brandreið, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brandaraidō. Equivalent to brand + rode (“ride”).


anoy

English: annoy

Borrowed from Old French anoi, enoi; compare anoyen and modern English ennui.


iwon

From Old Norse ván (“hope, expectation”), from Proto-Germanic *wēniz. Doublet of wene (“speculation”).


folye

English: folly

Scots: folly

From Old French folie; equivalent to fole (“fool”) + -ie.

Folly, idiocy, stupidness; stupid behaviour.

Rubbish; bullshit; a quip that is erroneous or useless.

Sinning, iniquitousness, perfidy, unlawfulness.

Sexual misconduct or impropriety; lewdness.


boye

English: boy

Scots: boy

Yola: bye, buye

From Old English *bōia, from Proto-Germanic *bōjô.

þe boye hit scholde abugge
Horn þreu him ouer þe brigge.

The boy should pay for it; Horn threw him over the bridge.

servant, attendant (especially if young)


sparthe

English: sparth

He hath a sparth of twenti pound of wight.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


berel

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


ythe

From the oblique forms of Old English ȳþ, from Proto-West Germanic *unþi, from Proto-Germanic *unþī.


depthe

English: depth

Scots: deepth

Inherited from Old English *dīepþ, from Proto-West Germanic *diupiþu, from Proto-Germanic *diupiþō; equivalent to depe + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

The depths; the oceans; that which is below the waves.

(rare) The sea floor; the part of the earth's surface which is submerged.

(rare, Late Middle English) The lower or inner part of something; the interior of something.

(rare, figurative) The extent of something.


synful

Inherited from Old English synful; equivalent to and sometimes remodelled after synne + -ful, though the disyllabic form remains predominant.


breade

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brede (“breadth”)


tyn

English: tin

→ Atong (India): tin

→ Iban: tin

→ Indonesian: tin

→ Norman: tinne

Tok Pisin: tin

Scots: tin

From Old English tin, from Proto-West Germanic *tin, from Proto-Germanic *tiną.


herten

From Old English heortan; equivalent to herte + -en (plural suffix).


feend

English: fiend, fend

Scots: fient

Yola: feand

From Old English fēond, from Proto-Germanic *fijandz. Cognate to German Feind and Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (fijands).

A demon, devil, or evil spirit, especially one that possesses people.


walc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of walk


bonet

English: bonnet

Fingallian: barrede

Borrowed from Old French bonet (“material from which hats are made”), from Frankish *bunni (“that which is bound”), from Proto-Germanic *bundiją (“bundle”).


securite

English: security

From Middle French securité, from Latin sēcūritās; equivalent to Latin securus + -ite. Doublet of surete.

The state of being protected; security or safety.


Avrille

Partially modernized spelling of Aurille


Aurill

Geoffery Chaucer's Canturbury Tales, Hengwrt Manuscript, ca. 1395, line 1.


roum

English: room

→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm

→ Fiji Hindi: rum

Scots: rowm, roum

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *rūm
Old English rūm
Middle English roum
Inherited from Old English rūm, from Proto-West Germanic *rūm, from Proto-Germanic *rūmą.


keye

English: key

Scots: key, kee, kye

From Old English cǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *kaiju; the final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

(architecture) A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

In various extended senses:
A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

(music, rare) A musical sound; a note or tone.

In various extended senses:
A musical sound; a note or tone.

(nautical, rare) A rudder (device for steering a ship)

In various extended senses:
A rudder (device for steering a ship)

Control, safety, or that which ensures it.

In various figurative senses:
A requirement or prerequisite.

(rare) An explication; explanatory material.

In various figurative senses:
An explication; explanatory material.


keye

desctree

English: quay, cay (obsolete)
→ Scottish Gaelic: cidhe
→ Bulgarian: кей (kej)
→ Macedonian: кеј (kej)
→ Serbo-Croatian: кеј
→ Serbo-Croatian: kej

Yola: kie


yoman

English: yeoman

→⇒ Irish: gíománach

Of obscure origin. Possibly from Old English *ġēamann, related to Old Frisian gāmann (“villager”), Middle Dutch goyman (“arbitrator”).


ferthing

English: farthing

Scots: fardin

Yola: fardeen

From Old English feorðing; equivalent to ferthe + -ing.

A farthing or similar small coin; the weight of that coin.


schepherde

enm-noun

schepherde (plural schepherdes or (rare) schepherden)

schepherdes (plural)
schepherden (plural rare)

English: shepherd

Scots: shepherd

From Old English sċēaphierde, from Proto-West Germanic *skāpahirdī; equivalent to schep (“sheep”) + herde (“herder”).

I am a good ſchepparde / a good ſchepparde ȝyueþ his lijf foꝛ his ſcheep

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 10:11, page 49v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I am a good shepherd; a good shepherd gives up his life for his sheep.

(figuratively) A spiritual leader or guide.


winn

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


esk

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


Pendragon

c. 1215, Layamon, Brut, lines 1516-1517

He was there at Easter with his noble army; / Happy was the town of London for Uther Pendragon.

He wes þere an Æstre mid aðele his uolke; / bliðe wes þe Lundenes tun for Vthere Pendragun.

(Arthurian legend) Epithet of Uther, the father of King Arthur.


poisoun

English: poison

Scots: pushion

From Old French poison, from Latin pōtiōnis, accusative of pōtiō; doublet of pocioun.


Sunnenday

English: Sunday (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Soneday, Sunday

Yola: Zindei


Tewesday

English: Tuesday

Scots: Tysday

Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

From Old English tiwesdæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *Tīwas dag.


Saterday

English: Saturday
Tok Pisin: Sarere

Scots: Seturday

Yola: Zathardei, zatherdei

From Old English sæterdæg, a form of sæternesdæg, from Proto-West Germanic *Sāturnas dag.


alonnesse

English: aloneness


fisch

English: fish (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fish, fysch, fisch

Yola: wish

From Old English fisċ; in turn from Proto-West Germanic *fisk, from Proto-Germanic *fiskaz.

An animal that inhabits the water or the meat of such; marine life; e.g. alligators, fish, beavers, etc.


autumpne

English: autumn

Scots: autumn

Borrowed from Middle French automne, from Old French automne, autonne, from Latin autumnus.

(Late Middle English, uncommon) autumn, fall


lenten

English: Lent, Lenten

Scots: Lentrin, Lentern

From Old English lencten, from Proto-West Germanic *langatīn.


swetnesse

English: sweetness

From Old English swētnes; equivalent to swete + -nesse.


hervest

English: harvest

Scots: hairst, harvest

Yola: hearesth, harrest

From Old English herfest, a Mercian form of hærfest.


sesoun

English: season

Scots: saison

→ Irish: séasún, séasúr

From Old French seson, from Latin satiōnem, accusative of satiō.

time of the year, especially that with some distinguishing feature


socour

English: succor, succour

Derived from sucuren, in turn borrowed from Old French secorre.


sornesse

English: soreness

Scots: sairness

From Old English sārnes; equivalent to sore + -nesse.

Soreness, painfulness; the state of being sore.

A boil or wound; a sore area of the body.


sorow

English: sorrow

Scots: sorra

From Old English sorg, from Proto-West Germanic *sorgu, from Proto-Germanic *surgō.


swuster

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of suster


impregnacioun

English: impregnation


morther

English: murder

From Old English morþor, from Proto-Germanic *murþrą. Some forms influenced by Anglo-Norman Anglo-Norman murdre.


doughter

doughter (plural doughters or doughtren or deghter or (rare) doughter or (rare) deghteres or (rare) dehtren, genitive doughter or doughters)

doughters (plural)
doughtren (plural)
deghter (plural)
doughter (plural rare)
deghteres (plural rare)
dehtren (plural rare)
doughter (genitive)
doughters (genitive)

desctree

English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda

desc

Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter

Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Old English dohtor, from Proto-West Germanic *dohter.

dostyr

influenced by late Old French, where s before a consonant represented /x/

foꝛ I cam to departe a man aȝenes his fadir .· ⁊ þe douȝtir aȝenes hir modir · ⁊ þe ſones wijf aȝenes þe hoſebondis modir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:35, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because I came to divide a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against [her] mother-in-law.

Nat longe tyme after that this Grisild

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 442-444

Al had hir lever have born a knave child.
Not long time after this Griselda
Was married, she has borne a daughter,
Although she would rather have given birth to a male child.

One's daughter; one's female direct progeny.

One of one's female inheritors (also used metaphorically in religion)

A woman who lives in or inhabits a certain nation.

A religious woman, especially one who has given herself to the monastic lifestyle.

A habit or behaviour viewed as one of the mental progeny of someone or something.

A term of friendship used when talking to a woman.


baroun

English: baron

Scots: baron

Borrowed from Old French baron, from Latin barōnem.
The Old English beorn (“poetic word to denote a man; warrior”), a probable cognate through Proto-Germanic, merged with baroun in Middle English—initially through the forms beren and beron. This likely led to sense three of the Middle English word.

A baron or equivalent rank specifically.


certeyn

From Old French certain, from Latin *certānus.

A specified or particular amount or object.


sotil

Borrowed from Old French sotil, soutil, subtil, from Latin subtīlis.

A substance or part of one that is light and not dense.

(rare) Sophistication; the state of being complicated.


bochous

From Old English bōchus; equivalent to bok + hous.


speche

English: speech

Scots: spech, spek

From Old English spǣċ, a form of sprǣċ, from Proto-West Germanic *sprāku. Some forms are influenced by the verb speken.

Milce nas þer mid him [King William] non...Ac as a tirant tormentor in speche & ek in dede.

1297, Robert of Gloucester, Chronicles, section 8005:

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]


middenerd

English: Middle Earth (in part)

From Old English middaneard, an alteration of Old English middanġeard; derived from Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz.


middelerthe

English: Middle Earth

Based on earlier middelerd, featuring the frequent conflation of erd with erthe; in turn an alteration of earlier middenerd; from Old English middaneard, in turn an alteration of Old English middanġeard; derived from Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz. Equivalent to middel + erthe.

(Distinguishing) features of the world; worldly objects


middelerd

English: Middle Earth (in part)

An alteration, with the first element replaced by middel, of earlier middenerd; from Old English middaneard, in turn an alteration of Old English middanġeard; derived from Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz. Equivalent to middel + erd.


berye

English: berry

Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry

⇒ Yola: kraanberry

From Old English berġe, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją.


winberie

enm-noun

winberie (plural winberies or winberien)

desc

English: wineberry; whimberry, whinberry, wimberry, winberry, windberry

Inherited from Old English wīnberġe, from Proto-West Germanic *wīnabaʀi, from Proto-Germanic *wīnabasją; equivalent to win + berye.

A kind of berry (possibly the bilberry, like modern English whimberry).


thred

English: thread

Scots: threid

Yola: dreade

From Old English þrǣd, from Proto-Germanic *þrēduz.


serk

English: sark

Scots: sark, serk

Inherited from Old English serc, from Proto-West Germanic *sarki.

A shirt used as an undergarment (e.g. an undershirt or chemise)


hereros

Alternative form of hereos (“lovesickness”)


nyȝtschade

English: nightshade

From Old English nihtsċada. Equivalent to nyght + schade.

nightshade (plant belonging to the genus Solanum)


bisne

English: bizen (dialectal)

Scots: bysen, bizen, bysene

From the oblique cases of Old English bȳsn and Old Norse býsn; both from Proto-Germanic *būsniz.


schadowe

English: shadow

Scots: shadow, schaddow, scaddow

From Old English sċeaduwe, accusative of sċeadu. Compare schade, directly from the nominative form of sċeadu.


nacioun

English: nation

Scots: nation

Borrowed from Old French nacion, from Latin nātiō, nātiōnem.

People with some other commonality; a group of people

A group of students representing a country


wlak

From Old English wlæc, wlacu, from Proto-West Germanic *wlaku, from Proto-Germanic *wlakwaz.


pome garnate

enm-noun

pome garnate (plural pome garnates or pomes garnates)

pome garnates (plural)
pomes garnates (plural)

English: pomegranate

From Old French pomme grenate (“pomegranate”).


saumple

English: sample

Scots: saumple

From Old French essample, from Latin exemplum. Doublet of exaumple.


exaumple

English: example

From Old French example, form of essample, from Latin exemplum. Doublet of saumple.


sturgiun

English: sturgeon

From Old French estorjoun; in turn from Frankish *sturjō, from Proto-Germanic *sturjô.

A dish made of veal made to resemble sturgeon.


diversite

English: diversity

Scots: diversitie, diversitee

From Old French diversité. Equivalent to diverse + -ite.

Ther was swich diversitee Bitwene hir bothe lawes.

c'''1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, 87

distinction, discrimination, unequal treatment


dorry

English: dory

From Old French doree; past participle of dorer (“to gild”), from Latin deauratus.

(cooking) A dish that has been coated or glazed with a yellow substance or with almond milk.


asure

English: azure

Scots: asure

→ Welsh: asur

From Old French azur, in turn borrowed from Arabic لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward), borrowed from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard).


grasgrene

From Old English græsgrēne, from Proto-Germanic *grasagrōniz. Equivalent to gras + grene.


gernet

English: garnet

Scots: garnat


bischophod

English: bishophood

Scots: bischophad

From Old English bisċophād; equivalent to bischop + -hod.

bishophood; the status and office of a bishop.

The status and office of any clergy member ranking a bishop or higher.


bischop

English: bishop (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bishop

From Old English bisċop, from Latin episcopus.

Al the folk in which the Hooly Gost sette ȝou bischopis.
[Compare Tyndale oversears, Cranmer ouersears, Geneva Ouersears, Douay bishops, KJV ouerseers, ERV bishops with the marginal gloss or overseers.]

Crist veriest bischop of alle.

c. 1383, John Wyclif, Selected Works, III. 310:

bishop (clergy member that heads a diocese)

A clergy member ranking a bishop or higher.

A high priest or other ranking non-Christian religious official.


cremesyn

English: crimson

From Old Spanish, from Andalusian Arabic قِرْمِز (qirmiz), from Persian کرمست (kermest). Ultimately from Sanskrit कृमिज (kṛmija).


tawne

English: tawny

Scots: tanny, tannie


erchebischop

English: archbishop

Scots: archebischop

Inherited from Old English ærċebisċop, from Late Latin archiepiscopus.

archbishop (clergy member that heads an archdiocese)


poperiche

English: poperiche (obsolete)


popehode

English: popehood

papacy; the position and office of the pope


popedome

English: popedom

Scots: papedom

From Old English pāpdōm. Equivalent to pope + -dom.


purpel

English: purple

Scots: purpill, purple

From Old English purpel, purpul, from Latin purpura, from Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphúra).

purple fabric, especially an article of clothing

(medicine, rare) A purple wound or sore.


aumbre

English: amber

Scots: ambir

Borrowed from Middle French ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar), from Middle Persian ʾmbl (ambar).


usurere

English: usurer

One who lends money in order to gain interest; a usurer.


usurie

English: usury

From Old French usurie, userie, from Latin ūsūria.

To lend money in order to make interest; usury.


usere

English: user

From usen (“to use, make use”) + -er, from Old French usser, uiser.

An adherent to a religion, philosophy, way of living, etc.


Norreis

A person from northern England or Scotland.


Norenissce

From Old English Norren. Doublet of Norrene.


reuler

English: ruler

Scots: reular


pronunciacioun

English: pronunciation

Scots: pronunciacione

From Middle French prononciation, from Latin prōnūntiātiōnem, accusative of prōnūntiātiō.


ragge

English: rag

Scots: rag

From Old English *ragg, from Old Norse rǫgg, from Proto-Germanic *rawwō, from the same source as *rūhaz (“rough”).


heretowa

→ English: heretog

(Early Middle English) leader, commander, head, governor


presthode

English: priesthood

Scots: presthade

From Old English prēosthād; equivalent to prest (“priest”) + -hod.

The status and office of any clergy member ranking a priest or higher.


kiteling

English: kitling (obsolete)

Scots: kitlin

From Old Norse ketlingr; equivalent to cat + -ling.


kitoun

English: kitten; kit

Probably from an unattested Anglo-Norman *kitoun, *ketun, corresponding to Old French chitoun, cheton, chaton (“kitten”); see English kitten for more.


simphaner

From Old French simphonieur and/or Medieval Latin symphōniārius. Closely related to simphane, simphan (“musical instrument”).

A person who plays a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.


organistre

English: organist

A person who plays the organ; an organist.


sounere

From sounen + -er, from Old French soner, from Latin sonāre (“to make a sound”).


simphane

enm-noun

simphane (plural simphanes or simphannes)

A device used to produce music, especially a string instrument.


symphonye

desctree

English: symphony
→ Burmese: ဆင်ဖိုနီ (hcanghpuini)
→ Japanese: シンフォニー (shinfonī)
→ Khmer: ស៊ីមហ្វូនី (siimfounii)
→ Malay: simfoni
→ Punjabi: ਸਿੰਫਨੀ (simphani)
→ Thai: ซิมโฟนี (sim-foo-nîi)
→ Welsh: symffoni

From Old French simphonie, sinfonie, from Latin symphōnia (“harmony; musical instrument”).


steire

English: stair

Scots: stair

Yola: sthiers (plural)

→ Irish: staighre

From Old English stǣġer, from Proto-West Germanic *staigri, from Proto-Germanic *staigriz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


cokswain

English: coxswain


kychyn

English: kitchen (see there for further descendants)

desc

Scots: kitchen, kitchin, ketchin, keetchen

→ Middle Irish: cisten

Irish: cistin

Manx: kishteen, kishtyn

Scottish Gaelic: cidsin

From Old English cyċene, from Proto-West Germanic *kukinā, from Late Latin cocīna, from earlier coquīna.


swayn

English: swain

Scots: swaine, swane

From Old English sweġen, from Old Norse sveinn, from Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of swon.


lyoun

English: lion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lion

Yola: leeoon, leioon

From Old French leon, leun, liun, from Latin leōnem, accusative of leō, from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

Leo (the constellation or astrological sign)

(figurative) An unjust or ferocious individual.


cokke

English: cock

From Old English -cocc, from Old Norse kǫkkr, from Proto-Germanic *kukkaz.


cokke

From Old English *cocc (found in sǣcocc) and Old French coque (“shell”).


nyce

From Old French nice, from Latin nescius.


cok

English: cock

Scots: cock, cok

Yola: cuck

From Old English coc, cocc, from Proto-West Germanic *kokk.


cok

English: cock

From Old French coque; see cog (sense 2).


fithele

desctree

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feddle</i>

English: fiddle (dialectal feddle)
→ Swahili: fidla

Scots: fiddle

Yola: videl

→ Irish: fidil

→ Scottish Gaelic: fìdheall

From Old English *fiþele, from Proto-West Germanic *fiþulā; probably related to Latin vitula.

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


fithelere

English: fiddler

Scots: fiddler

Yola: vidler

From Old English fiþelere; equivalent to fithele + -er.

A musician who plays a bowed string instrument; a viol player.


fristel

A reedless woodwind instrument sounded by air passing over an opening; a flute.


floute

English: flute
→ Irish: fliúit
→ Welsh: ffliwt

Scots: fluit


shalmuse

enm-noun

shalmuse (plural shalmuse or shalmuses or shalmuys)

shalmuse (plural)
shalmuses (plural)
shalmuys (plural)

From Old French chalemais, perhaps from Late Latin calamellus (“little reed”), under the influence of Old French muse (“wind instrument”). Compare French chalumeau.

A woodwind instrument constructed with a double reed; shawm.


shalemye

From Old French chalemie, perhaps from Late Latin calamellus (“little reed”), under the influence of Old French muse (“wind instrument”). Compare French chalumeau.


behovelynesse

The quality of being beneficial or profitable.

The quality of being necessary; needfulness.


friþþ

(Ormulum) Alternative form of frith (“peace”)


friþe

bot þis tree ys done in my friþe / for I. wil þat hit haue griþe[…]

c. 1300, “Of þe state of þingis be-fore adam synnid”, in Þe Cours of þe Werlde (Cursor Mundi, Fairfax Ms. 14), page 7b, lines 657–658:

But this tree was put in my forest, because I want it to have protection […]


behofþe

(religion) Worship, glory (with reference to God)


schanke

English: shank

Scots: schank, schanck

From Old English sċanca, from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô.


trayteresse

The trayteresse fals and ful of gyle,
That al behoteth and no-thing halt,

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 620-3


baundon

English: bandon

From Old French bandon (“jurisdiction”).

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 1162-4.
For both wys folk and unwys
Were hoolly to hir baundon brought.
So wel with yiftes hath she wrought.


gadeling

English: gadling

Scots: gedling, getling

From Old English gædeling (“kinsman, fellow, companion in arms, comrade”), from Proto-West Germanic *gaduling. By surface analysis, gade + -ling.

inh

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 937-8.
These bowes two held Swete-Loking,
That seemed lyk no gadeling.


wifkin

From Old English wīfcynn, from wīf (“wife”) and cynn (“kin”).


wommankin

The side of one's extended family connected by one's mother.


wommankynde

English: womankind


wommanhede

English: womanhood; womanhead

The traits or qualities characteristic of women; femininity, womanliness.

Ne did servise to ȝoure wommanhed.

(with possessive determiner) A general honorific title for a woman.


thinne

From Old English þynne.
Akin to Middle High German dünne, Middle Low German dünne, Middle Dutch dunne, and Old Danish thun.

thinness, narrowness, skinniness, slenderness


houshold

English: household

desc

Scots: houshald, housald, housell, howsell

From hous + hold (“grip, rule, domain”), as a calque of Middle Dutch huushout (modern Dutch huishouden).


thikke

From Old English þicce. Akin to Middle High German dick, Middle Low German dicke, Middle Dutch dicke, and Old Danish thyk.


teart

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tarte


flæsch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flesh


ofet

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ovet


erðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of erthe (“earth”)


æȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ey (“egg”)


wiff

Yola: wuf, wof (figurative)

A bundle of harvested plants, a bound sheaf?


salthous

English: salthouse

From Old English sealthūs; equivalent to salt + hous.


quyksande

English: quicksand

From Old English cwecesand, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwasamdaz. Equivalent to quyk + sand.


quyk lym

English: quicklime


quyk silver

English: quicksilver

From Old English cwicseolfor. Equivalent to quyk + silver.


leome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of leme


leome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lyme


leome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lome (“loom”)


slyke

English: slick, sleek


gravey

English: gravy


flynt ston

English: flintstone

Scots: flynt-stane

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones.

A flintstone; a piece of flint used as a firestarter.


graveston

English: gravestone


flynt

English: flint

Scots: flint

→ Welsh: fflint

From Old English flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz.

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones, especially flint.


quyk

Inherited from Old English cwic, from Proto-West Germanic *kwiku, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós.


brymston

English: brimstone

Scots: brunstane

Inherited from Old English brynstān; equivalent to brende (past participle of brennen) + ston.

af

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">brennen</i>

(Christianity) The burning sulphur of Hell.


roialme

English: royalme


wheston

English: whetstone

Tok Pisin: wetston

Scots: whatstane

Inherited from Old English hwetstān, from Proto-West Germanic *hwattjastain. Equivalent to whetten + ston.

whetstone (stone for sharpening). Other purposes include:

A whetstone mounted on a necklace signifying that the wearer is a liar.

A stone suitable for use as a whetstone.


eende

Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


brekefast

desctree

English: breakfast
→ Afrikaans: brekfis
→ Irish: bricfeasta
→ Maori: parakuihi
→ Scottish Gaelic: bracaist
→ Portuguese: brequefeste, brequefesta
→ Welsh: brecwast

Scots: brekfast

Yola: brekvast

(Late Middle English) breakfast (a meal consumed at the beginning of the day)


sorcerere

English: sorcerer


sorceresse

English: sorceress

From Anglo-Norman sorceresse, equivalent to sorcerere + -esse.


wicchecraft

English: witchcraft

From Old English wiccecræft; equivalent to wicche + -craft.

And in þat ilond is sortilege and wicchecraft [translating superstitiones, atque præstigia] i-vsed. For wommen þere selliþ schipmen wynde, as it were i-closed vnder þre knottes of þrede, so þat þe more wynd he wol haue, he wil vnknette þe mo knottes.

1387, chapter XLIV, in John Trevisa, transl., Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis:

spell, a particular instance of witchcraft


dæȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of day


wicchen

From Old English wiċċan, plural of wiċċe; equivalent to wicche + -en (plural suffix).


dæi

(Early Middle English) Alternative spelling of day


weke-day

English: weekday

From Old English wicdæġ. Equivalent to weke (“week”) + day (“day”).


halyday

English: holiday

Scots: haliday

Yola: hollydie, holy die

From Old English hāliġdæġ; equivalent to holy + day.

A religious holiday or celebration (especially a Christian one)


wikkednesse

English: wickedness


wicche

enm-noun

wicche (plural wicches or (early) wicchen)

English: witch

Scots: wich, wech, witch

From the merger (due to regular sound change) of Old English wiċċe and wicca, from Proto-West Germanic *wikkō.

þerfoꝛ greet ioie was maad in þat citee but þer was a man in þat citee whos name was ſymount a wicch þat hadde diſſeyued þe folk of ſamarie. ſeiynge þat him ſelf was ſum greet man / whom alle herknyden. fro þe leest to þe moost .· ⁊ ſeiden / þis is þe vertu of god .· which is clepid greet

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 8:9-10, page 96r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So plenty of rejoicing occurred in that city. But there was a man in that city whose name was Simon; a sorceror who'd deceived the people of Samaria, saying that he was someone important. / Everyone listened, from the low to the high, and said "This is the power of God which is called great!".

Some of the kynges had merueyl of Merlyns wordes and demed well that it shold be as he said
 And som of hem lough hym to scorne
 as kyng Lot
 and mo other called hym a wytche
 But thenne were they accorded with Merlyn that kynge Arthur shold come oute and speke with the kynges.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum viij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book I, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

Some of the kings marveled at Merlin’s words and deemed it well that it should be as he said; and some of them laughed him to scorn, as King Lot and many others called him a witch. But then they were informed by Merlin that King Arthur was going to come out and speak with the kings.


laumpe

desctree

English: lamp
Tok Pisin: lam
→ Korean: 램프 (raempeu)
→ Pohnpeian: lamp

Scots: lamp

From Old French lampe, from Latin lampas.

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene lau[m]pıs bꝛe[n]nynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

(figurative) A metaphorical light or fire.


straunger

English: stranger

From Old French estrangier; equivalent to straunge + -er.

An outsider or foreigner (person from an outside group or country)

A guest or journeyer; someone travelling or staying.


armurer

English: armorer, armourer

From Old French armurier; equivalent to armure + -er.


armurie

English: armory, armoury

From Old French armoierie; equivalent to armure + -ie.


cote armure

English: coat armour (archaic)

A overcoat with a coat of arms embroidered into it.


heomen

(Early Middle English) plural of hom (“home”)


homly

From Old English *hāmlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *haimalīk. Equivalent to home + -ly.


inwardnesse

English: inwardness

The centre of primal emotions, usually thought to be the intestines


tomorwe

English: tomorrow; tomorn

From Old English tōmorgen, tō morgenne (“tomorrow”), from tō (“at, on”) + morgene, mergen (dative of morgen (“morning”)), from Proto-Germanic *murganaz (“morning”), perhaps, from Proto-Indo-European *mergʰ- (“to blink, to twinkle”). Equivalent to to- + morwe.


tonyght

English: tonight, to-night

From Old English tō niht, equivalent to to- + nyght.

The night which shall occur after the current day.


todraght

A consort of attendants in service of an important person.


toflight

A place which provides shelter or safety; a refuge.


surenes

English: sureness


surete

English: surety

From Anglo-Norman seurté, from Latin sēcūritās; equivalent to sure + -te. Doublet of securite.

A pledge or agreement assuring something, or a method of verification for such:

A written instrument certifying such a pledge.

Surety money; a bond or deposit certifying such a pledge.

A person holding themselves as surety for the purpose of certifying such a pledge.


hasel

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">halse</i>

English: hazel (dialectal halse)

Scots: hazel

Yola: hawlse

The hazel tree, one of its branches, or its wood.


totagge

A circumstance or condition that affects or obscures the weight or nature of a sin.


toturn

A place, state or person who provides shelter or protection; refuge.


towardnesse

The wont or inclination to behave a certain way or to do something specific.


tosupporte

A person who provides legal support to someone; an advocate.


toborstennysse

(medicine) A cavity or break in tissue; a rupture, abscess.


knoppe

From Middle Low German and Middle Dutch knoppe


knaven

From Old English cnafan; equivalent to knave + -en (plural suffix).


knave children

From knave childre with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en.


knotte

English: knot

Scots: knot

From Old English cnotta, from Proto-West Germanic *knottō, from Proto-Germanic *knuttô. Doublet of node.

(figurative) bond, compact (of two parties)


waȝȝn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of wayn (“wagon”)


clokke

English: clock

Scots: clock

From Middle Dutch clocke, from Old Northern French cloque, from Medieval Latin clocca, probably of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”) (compare Welsh cloch, Irish clog), from Proto-Indo-European *klēg-, *klōg- (onomatopoeia).
Doublet of cloke (“cloak”).


knave child

enm-noun

knave child (plural knave children or knave childre)

knave children (plural)
knave childre (plural)

English: knave-child (archaic)


geyn

Alternative form of gayn (“gain, reward, advantage”)


tolætenysse

The mental or spiritual state of being without hope; despair.


tosetnesse

From Old English tōsetedness, tōsetetnesse.

A particular organization of things; an order, arrangement.


todræfednysse

(Early Middle English, hapax) A scattering of something.


toȝotenysse

(Early Middle English, medicine, rare) The seeping of fluid into a cavity; effusion.


toðundennysse

(Early Middle English, medicine) A lump on the body, such as a swelling or tumor.


waynscot

English: wainscot

Borrowed from Middle Low German wagenschot.

bor+

A variety of foreign oak commonly utilised for furniture and furnishings.


penne knyfe

English: penknife

From penne + knyf; as these were commonly used for cutting the nib of a quill.


coteler

English: cutler

Scots: cuitlar (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman cuteler, from Old French coutelier.


pichfork

English: pitchfork

From picchen (for which see pitch) + forke.

A pitchfork (implement used for lifting).


knyf

English: knife

Sranan Tongo: nefi

Korean: 나이프 (naipeu)

Portuguese: naifa

Samoan: naifi

Japanese: ナイフ

Scots: knyfe, knife

Yola: kunnife

French: canif

From Old English cnīf, from Old Norse knífr, from Proto-Germanic *knībaz.

A knife as a tool or instrument; the following special senses exist:


axiltre

English: axletree

Scots: aixle-tree

From axil (“axle”) + tre (“tree”). Compare extre.

axletree (pole connecting the wheels of a wheeled vehicle)

axle (pole around which a wheel revolves)

axis (pole around which the earth revolves)


extre

English: axtree

Scots: axtrie (obsolete)

From ax (“axle”) + tre. Compare axiltre.

axle (pole which a wheel revolves around)


sysse

Alternative form of syse (“size, assize”)


cothe

English: coath, cothe

From Old English coþu, from Proto-Germanic *kuþō.


cyse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chese


bernteam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of barntem


timæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


teyme

(Northern) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


barntem

English: bairn-team

Scots: bairn-time (influenced by time)

Inherited from Old English bearntēam; equivalent to barn (“child”) + tem (“group”).

(rare, Late Middle English) One's kinfolk or family.


barnhede

(Late Middle English) The duration when one is a child; childhood.


syse

English: size

Scots: size

From Old French cise, sise. Compare assise.

(law) a court of assize; a regularly scheduled regional court

(law) a assize; a legal ruling or verdict


syse

English: size

Of unclear origin; related to Old Italian sisa; perhaps ultimately related to syse (“amount”). See size for more.

a varnish that underlies gold or silver leaf


tymen

From Old English tīman (“times”), from Proto-Germanic *tīmaniz (“times”). Equivalent to tyme + -en (“plural ending”).


chasteine

Alternative form of chesteyne (“chestnut”)


gestning

English: gestning, gestening (obsolete)

Equivalent to the present participle of gestenen; see there for more information.

The provision of accommodation or dining for guests.

hospitableness; the provision of care for guests.


gestyng

English: guesting (obsolete)

Equivalent to the present participle of gesten (“to host a guest”); see there for more information.

A party; a dinner or supper with guests.


chesteyne

English: chesten (obsolete)

⇒ English: chestnut

→ Middle Scots: chastnut (calque)

Scots: chestnut

desc

Middle Scots: chastan, chasten, chestane

From a combination of Old French chastaigne and Old English ċisten, both from Latin castanea, from Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia).

A chestnut tree (tree of the genus Castanea)

A chestnut; the nut of the chestnut tree.


captivite

English: captivity

Scots: captivitie (obsolete)

From Latin captīvitās; equivalent to captif + -ite.

(Late Middle English) captivity or imprisonment.

(figurative, Late Middle English) conquering, control.

(rare, Late Middle English) slavery, enthrallment.

(rare, Late Middle English) A group of hostages or prisoners.


cheste

English: chest

Scots: kist

From Old English ċest, ċist, from Proto-West Germanic *kistu, from Latin cista, from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē). The final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

A large container; a chest or footlocker.

A safe, strongbox; a secure chest for treasured items and possessions.

A coffin or casket (a box where the remains of the dead are stored)

chest, abdomen (central portion of the body; home of the soul in medieval thought)

(rare) A basket or bowl; a container without a top side.

(rare) A separated or divided area; a section.


masednesse

And she for wonder took of it no keep;
She herde nat what thing he to hir seyde;
She ferde as she had stert out of a sleep,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1058-1061

And she for amazement took of it no notice;
She heard not what thing he said to her;
She fared as if she had suddenly awakened out of a sleep,
Until out of her bewilderment she suddenly awoke.


asshen

From asshe (“burnt matter”) + -en (plural suffix).


asshen

From asshe (“ash tree”) + -en (plural suffix).


mazidnesse

English: mazedness (obsolete)


leore

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lore


lorfadyr

From lore (“knowledge”) + fader (“father”).

(mainly Early ME) A tutor or instructor.


lorþein

/ˈlɔːrðɛi̯n/

From lore (“knowledge”) + theyn (“noble, man”).

(Early Middle English, rare) An educator or instructor, especially a religious one.


larðewe

English: lorthew (obsolete)

/ˈlaːrðøːwə/

From Old English lārþēow; equivalent to lore (“knowledge”) + thew (“thrall”).

(mainly Early ME) A tutor or mentor; a guide; usually used to refer to religious instructors.


larspel

English: lorespell (obsolete)

From Old English lārspel; equivalent to lore (“knowledge”) + spel (“tale, quip”).

(mainly Early ME) doctrine, teachings, orthodoxy

(mainly Early ME) A religious tract or speech.


haithen-hede

/ˈhɛːðənhɛːd/

/ˈhɛːðənhɔːd/

(rare) The nations of the world which follow paganism.


hæðene-scipe

English: heathenship

From Old English hǣþenscipe; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -scipe.


hæthendom

q

English: heathendom (potentially borrowed or a new formation)

/ˈhɛːðəndɔm/

From Old English hǣþendōm; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -dom.


hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

From Old English hǣþen, from Proto-Germanic *haiþinaz; possibly equivalent to heeth + -en (pertaining to).

heathen, pagan; those who are not Christian


hethenesse

English: heathenesse

From Old English hǣþenes, hǣþennes; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -nesse, but vowel reduction shows that by the Late ME period it was no longer analysed as such.

The portion of the world controlled or populated by pagans or Muslims, or any part of this portion of the world.

heathenry, paganism; belief in a pagan religion.

As well in Christendom as in Heatheness, Chaucer, Canterbury Taleshttp://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2383/pg2383-images.html

Pagan doctrine or habits; the trappings of a pagan religion.


baptisynge

English: baptising

The practice of baptism (Christian sacrament involving dipping or sprinkling with water)


bapteme

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">baptisme</i>

English: baptism (< baptisme)

Scots: bapteesm (< baptisme)

Borrowed from Old French bapteme, baptesme, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptisma, Ancient Greek βάπτισμα (báptisma, “dipping, baptism”), from βαπτίζω (baptízō, “I dip in liquid”).

der

(figurative) Belief in the tenets of Christianity.

(biblical) The water that came from Jesus after being stabbed during his crucifixion.

(rare) A similar religious ceremony or practice (often involving water)


cristened

From the past participle of Old English cristenen.

(rare) Christians (followers of Christianity)


shryver

English: shriver (obsolete)


cristenynge

English: christening

Scots: kirstenin

Inherited from Old English cristnung; equivalent to Christen + -ing.

Baptism or christening (Christian sacrament)


lewidhed

(rare) A deficiency in education or learning.


leawde mon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lewed man


mæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of man (“man”)


lewed man

Somebody who is not a cleric; a member of the laity.

An unlearned person; one without knowledge.

A lay person; an unqualified or untrained individual.

(rare) A careless person; an excessive risk-taker.


lewednesse

English: lewdness

A deficiency or absence of knowledge; unlearnedness.

idiocy, ridiculousness; the state of being stupid.

ineptitude; the state of being unsuitable for a task.


auctour

English: author

Scots: author

From Anglo-Norman autour, from Latin auctor.

A creator or author; the person who authors something; especially used to refer to God.

An author or writer; someone who authors a written work.

A establisher or founder; the person who establishes something.

A person or people who act as a trusted source.

(rare, law) A person who makes a legal accusation.


universite

English: university

Scots: university, universitie

From Anglo-Norman université, from Latin ūniversitātem, accusative of ūniversitās; equivalent to universe + -ite.

A university or college (a facility offering tertiary education and higher learning).

The totality of students and faculty that study and work at a university.

The entirety or totality of existence; all that exists.


sylveren

From Old English seolfren, re-formed in analogy to silver.

(collectively) Items made of silver, such as dishes.


shirrevehod

English: sheriffhood


shirevewyk

English: sheriffwick

From shirreve + wike (“official, position”).

The area that a sheriff administrates or serves.


shirreve

English: sheriff, shrieve

Scots: shirra

From Old English sċīrġerēfa; equivalent to shire (“shire”) + reve.
The presence of /f/ in variant forms may be due to analogy with nouns that end with /f/ in the singular, but have /v/ in the plural such as leef and thef.

A sheriff; a person responsible for a number of different tasks, including law enforcement and judicial responsibilities.


skyrte

English: skirt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: skirt

Borrowed from Old Norse skyrta, from Proto-Germanic *skurtijǭ. Doublet of sherte.

The lower half of a robe, overcoat, or vest.

A hem or edge of a garment; a flap or piece of fabric (as part of a garment)


sherte

English: shirt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: schirt, shurt

Yola: shoorth, skoorth

From Old English sċyrte. Doublet of skyrte.

A shirt (garment for the top of the body)

(rare) A skirting; a hem (the border of an item of clothing)


froggen

From Old English frocgan; equivalent to frogge + -en (plural suffix).


frogge

English: frog, frock (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: frog, froig

→ Welsh: broga

From Old English frocga, from Proto-West Germanic *froggō.

a frog or toad (member of the order Anura)


fenygreke

English: fenugreek

From Old French fenigrec, from Latin foenum graecum.

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trigonella foenum-graecum#Translingual


venymoushede

(medicine) An infection; a malign tumour.


venymouste

From Old French venimosete; by surface analysis, venymous + -te.


venymynge

(rare) Venom or the making or application of it.


envenymynge

English: envenoming


venym

English: venom

Yola: vengem

A poison or venom, especially one from an animal.

(medicine) An infection or disease; a malignant presence in the body.

(figurative) Sinful, harmful, or evil acts or speech; maliciousness.

(rare) A potion or liquid used for dyeing.


wermode

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormwode</i>

English: wormwood (< wormwode)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormet</i>

Scots: wormit (< wormet)

→ Irish: mormónta

From Old English wermōd, wormōd, from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā. Some forms remodelled on the basis of worm + wode.

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

wormwood (Artemisia absinthium or other related plants)

Something that induces bitterness or unlikeability.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.

(biblical) Wormwood (object in the Book of Revelation)


egremauncye

[...] a feire mayden [...] suster to Hardogebrant that moche knoweth of egremauncye, [...]

c. 1450–1460, Merlin or The Early History of King Arthur: A Prose Romance (about 1450–1460 A.D.). Edited from the Unique MS. in the University Library, Cambridge, by Henry B. Wheatley …, vol. I, London, 1899, p. 176 (google-US)

[...] she [...] lerned so moche of egremauncye, that the peple cleped hir afterward Morgain le fee, [...]

c. 1450–1460, Merlin or The Early History of King Arthur: A Prose Romance (about 1450–1460 A.D.). Edited from the Unique MS. in the University Library, Cambridge, by Henry B. Wheatley …, vol. II, London, 1899, p. 508 (google-US)

And in the same yere there were take certayne traytourys, the whyche purposyd to slee oure lege lorde the kyng by crafte of egremauncey,ᵃ [...]

1475, Gregory's Chronicle, in: The Historical Collections of Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, containing: I. John Page's Poem on the Siege of Rouen. II. Lydgate's Verses on the Kings of England. III. William Gregory's Chronicle of London. Edited by James Gairdner, 1876, p. 183 (google, google)

Sorcery or divination involving death or the dead; necromancy.


lynde

English: lind, lime

Scots: lind, lynde, leind

Any of a number of trees of the genus Tilia; linden.


eunuk

English: eunuch

From Middle French eunuque and Latin eunūchus, from Ancient Greek εὐνοῦχος (eunoûkhos).

(Late Middle English, rare) A eunuch, especially one working as a guard at a harem.


auctorite

English: authority

Scots: authority, authoritie

Borrowed from Old French auctorité, from Latin auctōritātem, accusative of auctōritās; equivalent to auctour + -ite.

And who ſo fyndeth hym out of ſuche blame / Commeth up and offre in goddes name / And I assoyle hym by the auctorite / Such as by bulle was graunted to me.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxx, recto, column 2:

Legal authority or control; the privilege of exercising control.

The right to perform a given action; approval, permission.

A mixture of charisma and willpower; conviction.

Legal effectiveness or standing; genuineness.

The state of being recognized and regarded as useful; worthiness.

The book, quotation, or source that settles an argument; a definitive, reliable, or precise document or text.


tolboth

English: tollbooth

Scots: towebuith

A tollhouse or tollbooth; a facility that tolls or fees are paid at.


tollynge

From tollen (“to toll”) + -ing (“gerund ending”).

af

(rare) A levy in kind collected by a miller for milling.


tollynge

Alternative form of tolling (“temptation”)


toln

English: tolne (obsolete)

Scots: tolne, tholone, tholonie

From Old English toln; potentially from Latin telōnium.

A toll or levy; especially one on grains that is paid in kind.


lentile

English: lentil

From Old French lentille, from Latin lenticula.

Lens culinaris
Lens culinaris#Translingual

The seed of the lentil (Lens culinaris) used as food.


tylles

Either from tillen or Anglo-Norman tylle.


tilier

English: tiller

An agriculturalist; a cultivator (one who makes their living from agriculture)

A tiller; a plower (someone who tills soil)

Someone who lives in a given location or who is from a given place.


tylle

English: till


tylle

English: till

(rare) A footlocker for the storage of armaments.


tyllyng

English: tilling

From Old English tilung; equivalent to tilyen + -ing.

The procedure of tilling or tillage; taking care of the land or an orchard.

(rare) The procedure of furrowing the soil to prepare for planting.


tylman

English: tillman

Someone who is employed at a farm; an agricultural labourer.


tilthe

English: tilth

Inherited from Old English tilþ; equivalent to tilyen + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

The process of agriculture; managing a farm, especially crops.

Agricultural produce; the results of agriculture.

A portion or section of land utilised for agriculture.

(rare) An indentation in the soil for planting.


ærfeðnesse

From Old English earfoþnes; equivalent to arveð + -nesse.

(Early Middle English) toil, difficult labour.

(Early Middle English) torment, distress, painfulness.


clompe

English: clump

Scots: clump

Probably from Old English clymppe, *clympe, from Proto-Germanic *klumpô. Doublet of clubbe.


clubbe

English: club

From Old Norse klubba, klumba, from Proto-Germanic *klumpô. Doublet of clompe.


flon

English: flone

Scots: flane, flain

From Old English flān, from Proto-West Germanic *flain, from Proto-Germanic *flainaz. Compare flo.

An arrow, especially one used with a long bow (projectile weapon emitted from a bow)

(figurative) Anything felt to have a (metaphorically) piercing effect.


flon

From Old English flān reanalysed as a plural; equivalent to flo + -en (plural suffix).


shifftinng

(Ormulum) Alternative form of schyftynge


schyft

English: shift

Scots: shift


schyftynge

English: shifting

(rare) modification, alteration, the causing of difference.


schelfe

English: shelf

Scots: shelf

Probably from Old English scylfe, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH-.

A shelf or ledge (a plane designated for storing items on)

(rare) A cupboard; a piece of furniture that is equipped with shelves.

(rare) A sloping area covered with grass.


berier

English: burier


ballok

English: ballock, bollock

Scots: ballok

From Old English bealluc; equivalent to ball + -ok.


thoumbe

Alternative spelling of þoumbe (“thumb”)


burynes

English: buriness (obsolete)

From Old English byriġnes; equivalent berien + -ness.

A sepulchre; a place where one is entombed.


buryinge

English: burying

Scots: buiryin

A burial or burying; the process of preparing a grave.

A gravesite or graveyard; the location where one is buried.


beriel

English: burial

Scots: buirial

From Old English byrġels; equivalent to berien + -els.


ȝweol

(Southern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of whel (“wheel”)


theyn

English: thane

Scots: thane

→ Irish: taen

Inherited from Old English þeġn, from Proto-West Germanic *þegn, from Proto-Germanic *þegnaz.

A thane; a noble, especially of minor or lesser status.

A freeman; one who is not in thraldom or servitude.

A servant or attendant; one who serves another.


whelere

English: wheeler

(rare) A person employed in building and maintaining wheels.


bargaynynge

English: bargaining

Negotiation; the achievement of agreement by discussion:

(rare) Unscrupulous or deceptive negotiating.

(rare) An item demanded as compensation.


whelwryghte

English: wheelwright

From whel (“wheel”) + wryghte, from Old English wyrhta.

(rare) A person employed in building and maintaining wheels; a wheelmaker.

(rare) A person involved with or connected to wheels.


bargayne

English: bargain

→ Scottish Gaelic: bargan

→ Welsh: bargen, bargain

Scots: bargain

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bargaigne, from bargaigner, from Old French bargaine (noun), bargaignier (verb), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *borganjan (“to borrow, lend”), from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną (“to borrow, lend”).

der

A pact or concord; a legal agreement with legal force:

(rare) A promise or commitment; an obligation due to agreement.

(rare) A situation as an outcome of others' prior behaviour.

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.


whele

English: wheal

From Old English *hwele; related to Old English hwelian.

A boil or wheal; a malignant lump or wound.


barwe

English: barrow

→ Zulu: ibhala

Scots: barrae, barrow, barow

Inherited from Old English bearwa, from Proto-West Germanic *barwijā, from Proto-Germanic *barwijǭ.

(rare) The amount that can be contained in a handbarrow.


whel

English: wheel

→ Maori: wīra

desc

Middle Scots: quhel, quhele, quheil, quheile

Scots: wheel

Yola: wheel

From Old English hwēol, from Proto-Germanic *hweulu, plural of *hwehwl, from Proto-Germanic *hwehwlą, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos.

The wheel as a symbol of fluctuation or repetition.

A breaking wheel; a wheel used as for torture.

A wheel as or in a machine (e.g. a waterwheel; a potter's wheel).

A circular movement or figure (especially in astronomy).


barow

English: barrow

Inherited from Old English bearg, bearug, from Proto-West Germanic *barug, from Proto-Germanic *barugaz.


flindre

English: flinder

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *fî-faldrôn (“flying, folding”), from *fifaldǭ (“butterfly”). If so, related to Faroese firvaldur and German Falter.
Probably also related to West Frisian flinter (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinder (“butterfly; moth”). Compare also Saterland Frisian Flinnerke (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinderen (“to flutter; fly”), and Albanian flutur (“butterfly”).


tryppe

English: trip

A group of animals; especially ovines or caprids; a herd.


spurnynge

English: spurning

A falling; the act of being knocked over.


trippyng

English: tripping

Scots: trippin

From trippen + -ing; equivalent to that verb's past participle.

(rare) The act of performing a dance; dancing.


pykeharneys

enm-noun

pykeharneys (plural pykeharneyses or pykeharneys)

pykeharneyses (plural)
pykeharneys (plural)

(rare) A pillager; a looter of dead bodies lying on the battlefield.


pikyng

English: picking

(rare) The utilisation of an implement for removing the ground; digging up.

(rare) A process of tidying, cleaning, purging, or expunging.


pikerel

English: pickerel

Scots: pickerel


harneys

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman harneis, from Old Norse *hernest. See Old French hernois.

Gear, tools, implements:
Weaponry; implements for fighting.

Gear, tools, implements:
A full set or suit of armour.

Gear, tools, implements:
Horse tack, especially for a warhorse.

Garments or clothing; fabric articles for wearing.

Supplies, equipment:
Household goods and items.

Supplies for a travelling individual or army.

Adornments or decorations for a tool or weapon.


wælh

Alternative form of wale (“foreigner, outsider, thrall”)


wayle

Alternative form of wale (“selection, preference”)


walmore

From Old English wealhmore; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + more (“root”).


walwort

English: wallwort, walwort, walewort (dated)

From Old English wealhwyrt, equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + wort (“plant”).

Sambucus ebulus
Sambucus ebulus#Translingual

danewort (The plant Sambucus ebulus, often used for medicinal purposes)

A plant that is similar to danewort in appearance or function.


walnot

English: walnut

Scots: wanit, wanut

From Old English wealhhnutu, from Proto-Germanic *walhahnuts; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + note (“nut”).


crymynatour

Borrowed from Latin crīminātor; equivalent to cryme + -atour.

(rare) One who alleges or claims; an alleger.


cryme

English: crime

Scots: crime

From Old French crime, from Latin crīmen.

A criminal action or decision; that which is against the law.

An immoral deed; that which is proscribed or considered sinful.


crumen

From Old English cruman, plural of cruma; equivalent to crome + -en (plural suffix).


iniquite

English: iniquity

From Old French iniquité, from Latin inīquitās.

(rare, Late Middle English) An aggressive or hateful deed.

(rare, Late Middle English) A disaster; an unfortunate event or incident.


scho

English: shoe

Scots: shae

Yola: shoone (plural)

From Old English sċō-, oblique stem of sċōh, from Proto-West Germanic *skōh, form Proto-Germanic *skōhaz.

A horseshoe or similar device for other animals.

A piece of metal fortifying the edge of a wooden spade.


dyamaunt

English: diamond

Scots: diamant

From Old French diamant, from Late Latin diamās, from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Doublet of adamant.

diamond (valuable gemstone composed of carbon)


ȝer

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


mousepese

English: mouse pea (Lathyrus pratensis)

Lathyrus linifolius
Wikispecies:Lathyrus linifolius

bitter vetch; heath pea (Lathyrus linifolius)

Lathyrus pratensis
Wikispecies:Lathyrus pratensis

meadow vetchling; meadow pea (Lathyrus pratensis)


mousere

English: mouser


mousere

English: mouse-ear

Hieracium pilosella
Wikispecies:Hieracium pilosella


diademe

English: diadem

From Old French diademe, from Latin diadēma, from Ancient Greek διάδημα (diádēma).

(rare) A diadem worn by the inhabitants of Heaven.


acquerne

>? English: con, conn

>? Scots: con

From Old English ācweorna, āc-wern, āqueorna (“squirrel”), from Proto-West Germanic *aikwernō (“squirrel”).
Displaced by the French borrowing squirel around the 13th century. The word is cognate with Danish egern, Middle Dutch êncoren (modern Dutch eekhoorn, eikhoren, inkhoren), Norwegian ekorn, Old High German eichhorn, eihhorno (modern German Eichhorn), Low German êker-ken, Old Norse íkorni, Old Saxon ēkhorn.

inh

Þer nys nouþer fou ne grey. ne konyng, ne hermyne. / Ne oter. ne acquerne. Beuveyr ne sablyne.

c. 1175?, “II. A Moral Ode. [Jesus College (Oxford) MS I. Arch. I. 29.]”, in Richard Morris, editor, An Old English Miscellany Containing a Bestiary, Kentish Sermons, Proverbs of Alfred, Religious Poems of the Thirteenth Century, […] (Original Series; 49), London: Published for the Early English Text Society, by N[icholas] Trübner & Co., […], published 1872, →OCLC, folio 247, recto, page 70, lines 357–358:

There is neither coloured nor grey, nor rabbit, nor stoat, nor otter, nor squirrel, nor beaver, nor sable.


tothe

English: tooth

Scots: tuth, tuith

(figurative) A desire or longing (especially for food).


garsavese

From gras and a descendant of Old English æfesen.

A charge for the renting of land for raising pigs on.


gressehopper

English: grasshopper

From grashope, remodelled with the addition of the suffix -er.

(rare) Something else which leaps in the grass.


grashope

English: grasshop (obsolete)


graciousnesse

English: graciousness

(rare) achievement, fortuitousness, luckiness.

(rare) graciousness, kindliness, likeability


grese

Alternative form of grece (“step, steps”)


fliȝen

From Old English flēogan; equivalent to flye + -en (plural suffix).


cumber-world

I, combre-world, that may of nothyng serve, / But evere dye and nevere fulli sterve.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, lines 279–280:

Thou followedst sure, this men know well enow, / That cumber-world, that thee, my master slow, / I would were slain! death went too hastily / To run on thee, and rive thy life of thee.

c. 1412, Thomas Hoccleve, A Lament for Chaucer, lines 35–38; republished in Henry Spackman Pancoast, John Duncan Ernst Spaeth, editors, Early English Poems, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911, page 242:

(derogatory) cumberworld; a useless person or thing; someone who is an encumbrance on the world.


cneowe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kne


vewer

English: viewer

(rare, Late Middle English) A recorder or examiner, especially a legally ordained one.

(rare, Late Middle English) A surveyor employed by local government.


survewe

English: surview (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) instruction, supervising.

(rare, Late Middle English) A survey, checkup, or examination.


revewe

English: review

Scots: review

From Old French reveue; equivalent to re- + vewe.

(rare, Late Middle English) An examination of an army.


þombe

Alternative spelling of thombe (“thumb”)


thowmbe

Alternative spelling of þowmbe (“thumb”)


þhomme

(West Midlands) Alternative form of thombe (“thumb”)


thome

Synonym of attome (“atom (fifteen ninety-fourths of a second)”)


fotman

English: footman

A footman; a fighter who battles without a horse.

A hireling or messenger who travels on foot.

(rare) A melee fighter; one who fights without ranged weapons.


thombe

English: thumb

Scots: thoum

Yola: thoome, thoume

Inherited from Old English þūma, from Proto-West Germanic *þūmō, from Proto-Germanic *þūmô.
As shown by their early attestation, spellings with final -b- are not mere hypercorrect forms, but rather represent pronunciations with /b/; such pronunciations presumably originated in a plural *thomben (from Old English þūman). Such a plural form is also presumably the origin of variants with a short vowel.


fotynge

English: footing

Scots: fittin

A footing, foothold (the hold of one's feet on a surface)

(rare) The creation of a foundation or support.


bale-fyre

English: balefire

Scots: balefire

From Old English bǣlfȳr; equivalent to bale + fyr.


bale-siðe

From Old English bealosīþ; equivalent to bale + sith.


pleyer

English: player

Scots: player

From Old English pleġere; equivalent to pleyen (“to play”) + -er (“agentive suffix”).

af

One who makes entertainment for themselves:

One who participates in a game or sport; a player.

A participant in festivities or revelry.

One who provides entertainment (e.g. songs, dance, music):

A performer or participant in a play or stage show.


pleye

English: play

Scots: play

Yola: pley

From Old English plæġ, plega, plæġa, from Proto-West Germanic *plegō.

Fun, entertainment, recreation:
Youthful play or fun-making.

Fun, entertainment, recreation:
Festiveness, cavorting, rowdiness.

A codified entertainment activity; a game, especially one representing war.

An entertaining performance or activity:

A musical performance; the playing of music

A gag or prank; a comedic performance, quip or line.

A underhanded or misleading act; a con or illusion.

Foreplay, sexual entertainment, intercourse.

An event or happening; something that occurs.

(rare) Seething, reaching of the boiling point.


coygne

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


coynage

English: coinage

Borrowed from Old French coignage; equivalent to coyn + -age.

coinage (minting; the creation of money)


coynour

English: coiner

Borrowed from Middle French coigneur; equivalent to coyn + -our.

(rare, Late Middle English) coiner, coin-maker


fomynge

English: foaming

Scots: faemin


quynce

desctree

English: quince
→ Thai: ควินซ์ (kwíns)
→ Welsh: cwins

Scots: quince

From coyns (“quinces”); reanalysed as a singular.

Cydonia oblonga
Cydonia oblonga#Translingual

The fruit of this tree (a yellow or green pome)


coynynge

English: coining, quoining

(rare) quoining (that which composes a quoin)

(rare) coinage (coining; the creation of money)


queynte

From Anglo-Norman cointe, from Latin cognitus.

And trewely, as myne housbondes tolde me, / I hadde þe beste queynte þat myghte be.
[And truly, as my husbands told me / I had the best cunt that might be.]

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:


spillyng

English: spilling

From Old English spilling; equivalent to spillen + -ing.


landbok

English: landbook (historical)

From Old English landbōc; equivalent to lond + bok.

A deed or title certifying and/or giving ownership.


londyng

English: landing

(Late Middle English) Leaving one's vessel; landing.

(rare, Late Middle English) landing, arriving, being at one's destination; making landfall

(rare, Late Middle English) The catching of a fish

(rare, Late Middle English) A landing; a port of arrival.


landlorde

English: landlord

Scots: landlaird (obsolete)

From Old English landhlāford; equivalent to lond + lord.


plurelle

English: plural

From Old French plurel, from Latin plūrālis.


gulchecuppe

English: gulch-cup

From gulchen (“to gulp”) + cuppe (“cup”).

ȝif þe gulchecuppe ƿeallinde breſ to drincken. ⁊ ȝeot in hiſ ƿide þrote. þet he a ſƿelte ƿiðinnen.

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (Cotton MS Nero A. XIV), Herefordshire, published c. 1225-1250, folio 56, verso; republished at London: British Library Digitised Manuscripts, 2013 March 29:

Give the tosspot molten brass to drink, and pour it into his wide throat, that he may die inwardly.


cuððe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kith


hassasis

From Old French hassasis; ultimately from Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn).

der

Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn)


arghnesse

Scots: arghness, erchness

From Old English earhnes, eargnes; equivalent to argh + -nesse.


trasch

English: trash

Scots: trash (obsolete)

(rare) Refuse or rubbish, especially that composed of plant matter.


abstraccyone

English: abstraction

Either from Middle French abstraction or from Medieval Latin abstractio. Equivalent to abstract + -ioun.

(rare) reclusiveness; the practising of a monastic lifestyle.


bindung

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of byndynge


bynde

English: bind

From Old English binde, related to the verb bindan (“to bind”).

(rare) A collection of items of a specified number.

(rare, Late Middle English) A climbing or creeping plant.


byndynge

English: binding

Scots: bindin

(rare) Bookbinding; the making of a book's spine.

(rare) The application of a bandage or dressing.

The creation of a tie or binding:
(rare) The construction of a boat.

The creation of a tie or binding:
The construction of a boat.

A tie, binding or knot; that which binds:

(figurative) A link or bond between two people.


newte

English: newt

From a reinterpretation of an ewte, a form of evete.

(Late Middle English) A newt or a reptile that resembles one.


eveten

From Old English efetan; equivalent to evete + -en (plural suffix).


lesarde

English: lizard (← lizard)

Scots: lesart (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lusard, from Latin lacertus; some forms are remodelled on the Latin etymon.

A lizard used as an alchemical ingredient.

A reptile, especially a lizard.
A snakelike creature; a wyrm.

(rare, heraldry) A depiction of a lizard on a coat of arms.


foman

English: foeman

From Old English fāhman; equivalent to fo (“hostile”, adjective) + man (“man”).

A rival or foeman; one locked in conflict with another.

An enemy combatant; a member of an opposing force.

(rare, Christianity) A religious or spiritual opponent or opposing force.

(rare, Christianity) Satan; the leader of the forces of evil.

(rare, Christianity) A creature of Hell; a demon.


dasch

English: dash

(rare, Late Middle English) A powerful striking motion with a weapon.


dasshyng

English: dashing

Scots: dashin

(rare, Late Middle English) A strike with a weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) The sound of a wheel hitting water.


porthors

On my porthors I make an oth.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


depnesse

English: deepness

Scots: deepness

From Old English dēopnes; equivalent to depe + -nesse.

A watery body or large concentration of water; the ocean.

A location or locale of depth; especially the sea floor.

The lower or inside part of something; the interior of something.

depth; deepness (the amount by which something is below the surface)

depth; deepness (the amount by which something reaches below the surface)

depth (the third dimension, after height and width)

(rare) Sagacity; sagaciousness; the quality of being wise.

(rare, Early Middle English) Direness; the quality of being of serious import

(rare) An unknown or hidden piece of knowledge.


nyfte

English: nift (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English nift, from Proto-West Germanic *nifti, from Proto-Germanic *niftiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)

(rare) A granddaughter (female offspring of one's offspring)


oddenesse

English: oddness

(rare) oddness; the property of being an odd number.


lessoun

English: lesson

Scots: lesson

From Old French leçon, from Latin lēctiōnem, accusative of lēctiō.

A written text for recitation or memorisation; a teaching document or its contents.

A portion or section of the Bible or any other religious text (often recited at church)

A lesson (a task assigned to a pupil for learning and memorisation)

A lesson or learning (what one learns from experience, especially when preventative in nature)

The practice of revision or learning one's discipline.


olfent

From Old English olfend, from Proto-Germanic *ulbanduz, from Latin elephantus.
Doublet of elefant.


omissioun

English: omission

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman omission, and its etymon Late Latin omissiō, from Latin omittō.

(Late Middle English) omission, neglection

(Late Middle English, rare) A sin of omission.


olyve

English: olive

Scots: olive

From Old French olive, from Latin olīva, from Etruscan 𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (eleiva) or from Pre-Classical Ancient Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa).

Olea europaea
Olea europaea#Translingual

A sprig or garland of olive, especially used to represent peace.

(rare) The timber from an olive tree; olivewood.


biqueste

English: bequest

Scots: bequeyst

bi- + quiste; see more at English bequest

(Late Middle English) Bequest, inheritance

(Late Middle English) One's will and testament.


enquest

English: inquest

Scots: inquest

From Old French enqueste and Medieval Latin inquesta; equivalent to en- + quest; ultimately from Latin inquīsita.

A jury trial; a session of court with jurors in attendance.

A group or body of jurors at a trial or inquest.

(rare) A review or inquest of land or titles to determine fees.

(rare, Late Middle English) A quest, mission, or search.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


þem

Alternative form of teme (“family, tribe”)


þem

enm-verb

þem (third-person singular simple present þemeþ, present participle þemende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle þemed)

þemeþ (present singular third-person)
þemende (participle present)
þemed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of temen (“to produce offspring”)


vendage

desctree

English: vintage
→ French: vintage
→ Polish: vintage
→ Spanish: vintage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vendenge (with the suffix modified after -age), from Latin vī̆ndēmia. Forms with /t/ are due to the influence of vin(i)ter.

vintage (the seasonal crop of a vineyard)


venisoun

English: venison

Scots: venison

Yola: vengence (vulgar)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman veneisun, from Latin vēnātiōnem, accusative of vēnātiō.

One's quarry or prey; the animal that one is hunting, especially deer.


crowynge

English: crowing

Yola: craueen (figurative)


quayle

English: quail

Scots: quail

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quaille, from Frankish *kwakla. Of uncertain ultimate origin; see Latin quaccola and Frankish *hwahtlā.


crowe

English: crow

Geordie English: craw

Scots: craw

Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw

Inherited from Old English crāwe, from Proto-West Germanic *krāā, from Proto-Germanic *krēǭ.

crow (black-coloured bird in the genus Corvus)


crowen

From Old English crāwan, plural of crāwe; equivalent to crowe + -en (plural suffix).


rubarbe

English: rhubarb

Scots: rhubarub

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reubarbe, from Late Latin reubarbarum, probably from Koine Greek ῥῆον βάρβαρον (rhêon bárbaron).

der

ῥῆον βάρβαρον

A kind of plant belonging to the genus Rheum; rhubarb.


rewes

From rewe (“rue”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


rewes

From rewe (“row”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


rawe

From Old English hrēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *hrau, from Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, *hrēwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.

(rare) The state of being unripe or immature.


myle

English: mile

Scots: mile

From Old English mīl, from Proto-West Germanic *mīliju. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

mile (unit of measure composed of 8 furlongs)

The time it takes to walk a mile (reckoned at 20 minutes)


steȝere

One who is mounted on an animal that serves as a mount.


stiȝen

From sty (“path”) + -en (plural suffix).


fynch

English: finch

Scots: finch

From Old English finċ, from Proto-Germanic *finkiz.


reuþe

English: ruth

Scots: rewthe (obsolete)

From rewe (“rue”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix); the formation is influenced by Old Norse hrygð. For the phonology, see trouthe.

af

Sadness, misery; despair and despondence:

Pitifulness; empathy, mercy or sorrow for the weak or innocent.

The experience of remorsefulness; self-reproach.

An occurrence or thing that creates misery or ruth:

Harmful or injurious behaviour; heartless acts.

An instance of moaning or complaining of discomfort.

(rare) A lamentful petition or supplication.


sarnysse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sornesse


surele

Alternative form of sorel (“sorrel (plant)”)


sorinesse

enm-noun

sorinesse (plural sorinesses or sorinessen)

English: sorriness

From Old English sāriġness; equivalent to sory + -nesse.

(rare) regret; being upset over one's actions.

(rare, religion) damning; eternal punishment in Hell.


clymbyng

English: climbing

Scots: climmin


clymber

English: climber

Scots: climmer


hafvek

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hauk


hundesberien

From Old English hundesberian; equivalent to houndesberye + -en (plural suffix).


larke

English: lark, laverock, lavrock

Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok

Yola: lereke, lerock

From Old English lāwerce, from Proto-Germanic *laiwarikǭ.

Alauda arvensis
Alauda arvensis#Translingual


houndesberye

houndesberye (plural howndysberes or hundesberien)

howndysberes (plural)
hundesberien (plural)

From Old English hundesberie; equivalent to hound + berye.

Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum#Translingual


houndestonge

English: hound's tongue, houndstongue

Scots: hoond's tongue

From Old English hundes tunge; equivalent to hound + tonge (“tongue”).

Cynoglossum officinale
Wikispecies:Cynoglossum officinale


hound fysch

A small shark notable for rough skin and sometimes used for culinary purposes.


fischer

English: fisher

Scots: fisher

From Old English fisċere, from Proto-Germanic *fiskārijaz; equivalent to fisch + -er.

A fisher (person who fishes, usually for a living)

A retailer or seller of fish or seafood.

(religion) A proselytiser; one who promotes a religion.


swon

From Old English swān, from Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of swayn.


bicche

desctree

English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch

From Old English biċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *bikkjā, from Proto-Germanic *bikjǭ (compare Norwegian bikkja (“dog”), Old Danish bikke), from *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”)). More at bicker.

(of a woman) bitch (despicable or disagreeable woman)

(of a man) bitch (despicable or heathen man)


vitaillyng

English: victualling

Scots: wittaling (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) Victualling; rationing or maintaining a stock of food, especially for an army.


vitailler

English: victualler

Scots: victualler

From Old French vitaillier; equivalent to vitaile + -er.

A foodmonger; a grocer or merchant who sells food.

A provisioner of food for a military force or company, a victualler or sutler.


Nomanneslond

English: no man's land

(historical) An area of land outside of London utilised for executions.


nyghtyngale

English: nightingale

Scots: nichtingale

From earlier nyghtgale, niȝtegale; perhaps influenced by nyghten.

Luscinia megarhynchos
Luscinia megarhynchos#Translingual


nyghtgale

English: nightgale (obsolete)

Scots: nychtgale

From Old English nihtegale, from Proto-West Germanic *nahtigalā.


symplenesse

English: simpleness

guiltlessness, unguilt; the state of being innocent or free of responsibility.

honesty, truthfulness; the respect of truth.

humbleness, egolessness, pridelessness, reservedness

(rare) unalterability, immutability; the state of being unmodifiable.

(rare) simplicity; the state of being uncompounded.

(rare) Living like a pauper or miser; a lifestyle of poorness.


symplesse

English: simplesse (obsolete)

(rare) The quality of being of low station or of a low social standing.

(rare) guiltlessness, unguilt; the state of being innocent or free of responsibility.


sympilte

English: simplety (obsolete)

From Old French simplete; equivalent to symple + -te. Some forms are remodelled on symple.

(rare) humbleness, modestness, pridelessness, reservedness

(rare) stupidity, simplemindedness, unlearnedness

(rare) unguilt, truthfulness; being truthful.


jubiter

From Latin Iuppiter. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

The boke...shewith howe that saturne may be turnyd into lune and jubiter into white sol..by the mene of a water that is 7 times sharper..than ever was any vineger.

1500, Singer, Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain in Ireland:

(rare, sometimes capitalised) A malleable, silvery metal; tin.


gramerscole

gramere scole
gramere scole#Middle_English


gramer scoles

gramere scoles
gramere scoles#Middle_English


isykle

English: icicle

gl

< Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">iseȝokill</i>

Early Scots: ice-shokil (< Middle English iseȝokill)

desc

Scots: iceshogle, iceshoggle, ishogle, eeshogel, schokle, sheckle, shockle, shaikle

→? Elfdalian: aisikkel


ikil

English: ickle, eckle


gramere scole

English: grammar school

From gramere (“(Latin) grammar”) + scole (“school”).

af

grammar school (school that teaches Latin)


gramere

English: grammar

Scots: grammar; glamour

→ English: glamour, glamor (see there for further descendants)

From Old French gramaire, grammaire, from Latin grammatica. Doublet of gramarie.

(rare) Latin (the language of the Romans)


saturne

Borrowed from Old French Saturne, from Latin Sāturnus. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.
See Metals of antiquity.

And ȝe quenche mars in whiȝt wiyn or in comoun watir manye tymes, and aftirward in þe same wiyn or watir ȝe caste saturne liquified ofte tymes, þanne wiþoute doute ȝe schal fynde þat þe saturne is maad riȝt hard.

And ye quench iron in white wine or in common water many times, and afterward in the same wine or water ye cast liquefied lead oftentimes, then without doubt ye shall find that the lead is made right hard.

(rare) The heavy, bright bluish metal; lead.


gramarie

English: gramarye, grammary, gramary

→ Scots: gramarye, gramarie

Scots: glamourie (now literary)

desc

→ English: glamoury, glamourie (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gramarie, variant of gramaire, from Latin grammatica. Doublet of gramere.


venerien

Either from Old French venerien or from Latin Venerius. The nominal use derives from the astrological understanding of Venus as the source of erotic influence.

One who is engaged in a romantic or sexual relationship; a lover.


monæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mone (“moon”)


jargoun

English: jargon


rævere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revere


ssephurde

(Southern) Alternative form of schepherde


rævinge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revynge


gardein

English: guardian

Scots: gairdian

From Anglo-Norman guardein, from guarder; equivalent to garde + -ein. Doublet of wardein.

(rare) guardian, guard; one who is given the responsibility of protection.

(rare) The head officer or leader of an institution.

(rare) An individual who acts in loco parentis; a guardian of a legal minor.


warderobe

English: wardrobe

Scots: wardrop (obsolete)

From Old Northern French warderoube; equivalent to ward + robe.

A small room or other location where clothing is stored for use; a wardrobe.

A division of an aristocratic residence which organises the procurement of supplies; the location which contains one.

A toilet or the room or building containing it.


robbour

English: robber

Scots: robber

>? Yola: ropeare, ropear

Borrowed from Old French robeor; equivalent to robben + -our, but remodelled on robben + -er from an early date.

A robber or burglar; one who robs or steals.

A pillager or pirate; a militarised robber.


robberie

English: robbery

Scots: robbery

Borrowed from Old French roberie; equivalent to robbour + -ie.


bente mone

enm-noun

bente mone (plural bente mones or bente monen)

bente mones (plural)
bente monen (plural)

(astronomy) A crescent moon, either waxing or waning.


ful mone

ful mone (plural ful mones or ful monen)

full moon

(astronomy) The phase of the moon when in opposition with the sun; the full moon.


newe mone

newe mone (plural newe mones or newe monen)

English: new moon

(astronomy) The phase of the moon when in conjunction with the sun; the new moon.


robbynge

English: robbing


ryver

English: river

Scots: river

From Anglo-Norman rivere, from Early Medieval Latin rīpāria.


revynge

English: reaving

Scots: reiving

Inherited from Old English rēafung; equivalent to reven + -ing.


heiȝful

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”).


heyvolle

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”)


sunnæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


olde mone

olde mone (plural olde mones or olde monen)

English: old moon

(astronomy) A moon in its final phase before new; a waning crescent moon.


yong mone

yong mone (plural yong mones or yong monen)

English: young moon

(astronomy) A moon in its first phase after new; a waxing crescent moon.


extorcion

English: extortion

Extortion; being threatening for the purpose of obtaining resources.


cloystrer

English: cloisterer

From Old French cloistrier; equivalent to cloistre + -er.

A cloisterer; a person living a monastic lifestyle.


squirel

English: squirrel

Scots: squirrel

From Anglo-Norman esquirel, from Old French esquireul, from Vulgar Latin *scūriolus, a diminutive of Latin sciurus. Attested as a surname from the end of the 12th century and as the name of an animal from the early 14th century.

A squirrel (rodent of the family Sciuridae)


stef

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of staf


yong sonne

(astronomy) In the first quarter of the solar year, after the vernal equinox.


piete

English: piety

Scots: peeity

From Old French pieté, from Latin pietās.


jelouste

Wrath, angriness; the state of being angry or furious.


jelousnesse

English: jealousness

Jealousness in a relationship or marriage.

(rare) Passion; romantic or sexual desire.

(rare) Paranoia; severe, unwarranted fear.


myster man

A crafter or artisan; a maker of crafts.


myster

myster (plural mysteres, genitive mysters)


mytre

English: mitre

From Old French mitre, from Ancient Greek μίτρα (mítra).

A piece of headgear; a cap or hat:
mitre (cap worn by Christian priests)

A piece of headgear; a cap or hat:
A cap worn by Jewish priests.


mysterye

Alternative form of mysterie (“mystery”)


mounde

From Old French monde, from Latin mundus.


ministracioun

English: ministration

Scots: ministration (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French ministration, from Old French ministracïon, from Latin ministrātio; equivalent to ministre + -acioun.

bor+

Supervision, management; executive duties.

Administration (especially of medicine or sacraments)

(rare) The means that something is supplied with.


mynystrynge

English: ministering

Scots: ministring (obsolete)

(religion) Officiating at a religious service.

(rare) Provision; the act of providing or administering.

(medicine, rare) The administration of medicine.


menstre

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mynisterie


menstre

English: minster

From Old English mynster, from Latin monastērium, from Ancient Greek μοναστήριον (monastḗrion).


mynisterie

English: ministry

Scots: meenistry

From Old French menistere, in turn borrowed itself from Latin ministerium; equivalent to ministre + -ie.

The place held by a member of the clergy and its duties.

Direct assistance; help delivered by an individual.

(rare) Utilisation of one's skills or talents.


mewynge

(Late Middle English, rare) Shedding one's feathers.


maȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mawe (“stomach”)