gyser

English: gizzard

Borrowed from Middle French gésier, guysier, from Old French gesier, from Latin gigēria.

(Late Middle English) A gizzard or liver; an organ for processing waste.


blede

English: blead (dialectal)

From Old English blēd, blǣd, from Proto-Germanic *blēduz, *blōdiz.

One's offspring or disciples; the legacy one leaves in followers.

(rare) Comestible plants or fruit; a harvest.


wombe

English: womb

Geordie English: wyem

Scots: wame, wam

From Old English womb, wamb, from Proto-West Germanic *wambu, from Proto-Germanic *wambō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

The stomach (digestive organ):
The stomach of livestock used as food.

(figurative) One's diet, nutritional habits or lifestyle.

And þe Lord made redi a gret fish þat he shulde swolewe Ionas; and Ionas was in wombe of þe fish þre daȝes and þre niȝtis.

The stomach (portion of a body between the torso and the chest):

The section of fur or coat taken from an animal's stomach.

The foreside of the stomach or a creature in general.

The womb or uterus; the location where a baby gestates.

The digestive organs or entrails of an organism.

The hollow inside or interior of something.


gyserne

English: gizzern

Scots: gizzern


heyuolle

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”)


heiuol

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”).


swartnesse

English: swartness

From Old English sweartnes; equivalent to swart + -nesse.

Blackness; the condition of being dark or swarthy.


tabil

From a conflation of Old French table and Old English tabele.


hevy

From Old English hefiġ, from Proto-Germanic *habīgaz, equivalent to heven + -y.


weob

Alternative form of web (“woven fabric, web”)


webbere

English: webber


webbe

From Old English webba; equivalent to webbe (“woven fabric, web”) + -e (agentive suffix).


webbes

From webbe (“woven fabric, web”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


webbes

From webbe (“weaver”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


wevel

English: weevil

Scots: wavel

Inherited from Old English wifel, from Proto-West Germanic *wibil, from Proto-Germanic *wibilaz.


Spynx

English: Sphinx, sphinx

From Latin Sphinx, from Ancient Greek Σφίγξ (Sphínx).


wevynge

English: weaving

Scots: weavin

(anatomy, rare) An array of various interwoven threads.

(rare) The layering of branches in an interwoven pattern.


spynner

English: spinner

A spinner; a person (normally a woman) who spins fibre as a job.


spynnestere

English: spinster

Scots: spinster


spyndel

English: spindle, spinnel

Scots: spinnell, spindill

From Old English spinel, from Proto-West Germanic *spinnilu; equivalent to spinnen + -el (agentive suffix).

An rod that objects revolve around; a spoke or axle.

Any staff, stick or bar; a long, skinny piece of a material.


spynnynge

English: spinning

Scots: spinnin

The conversion of fibre into thread; spinning.


spynnere

English: spinner


wevere

English: weaver

Scots: weaver

Yola: weveare, weavere

Inherited from Old English *wefere; equivalent to weven (“to weave”) + -er.


iuc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yok


spiþre

English: spider

Scots: spider

Inherited from Old English spīþra, from Proto-West Germanic *spinþrijō.


becnunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bekenynge


spyne

English: spine

Borrowed from Old French espine and its ancestor Latin spīna, from Proto-Italic *speinā.

A spine (prickle or needle of an animal)


bekenynge

English: beckoning

Inherited from Old English bēacnung; equivalent to bekenen + -ing.

Indication or gesturing, especially silently.


eldefader

English: eldfather

Scots: eld-fader (obsolete)

From Old English ealdefæder, ealdfæder. Cognate with Old Frisian aldefader, aldfader.


hayre

Thenne vpon the morne whanne the good man had songe his masse
 thenne they buryed the dede man
 Thenne syr launcelot sayd
 fader what shalle I do
 Now sayd the good man
 I requyre yow take this hayre that was this holy mans and putte it nexte thy skynne
 and it shalle preuaylle the gretely

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “ij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XV (in Middle English):

Then in the morning when the priest had sung mass,
 then they buried the dead man.
 Then Sir Lancelot said,
 "Father what shall I do?"
 Now said the priest,
 "I require you to take this hair that was this saint's, and put it on your scalp,
 and it shall serve you greatly."

I requyre you take thys hayre that was thys holy mannes and put hit nexte thy skynne, and hit shall prevayle the gretly.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


clething

English: cleading

desc

Scots: cleidin, cleeding, cleiding, cleading

An item or items of clothes; something to be worn.

(rare) The victualling or provision of garments.


clother

English: clothier

(rare) A cloth-merchant; a retailer of linen.


clethe

From Old English clǣþ, variant of clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

Cloth; fabric, especially when used for covering wounds.

An item of clothes; something to be worn.


leaddre

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of laddre


clete

English: clithe (obsolete)

From Old English *clǣte; compare Old High German kletta, kletto.


clete

English: cleat, clate

Scots: clat, clete, clett, claitt; cloot, clute, cluit, clitt

From Old English *clēat, cleōt, from Proto-Germanic *klautaz.


laddre

English: ladder

Scots: ledder

Inherited from Old English hlǣder, hlædder, from Proto-West Germanic *hlaidriju, from Proto-Germanic *hlaidrijō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

(figurative, Christianity) A symbol of the progressive journey into Heaven.

(figurative, rare) A path method consisting of multiple steps.


stiffenes

English: stiffness

Stiffness, firmness, rigidness; especially in a medical context.


tabyll

From a conflation of Old French table and Old English tabele.


tade

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of tode


scholderbon

schulder bone
schulder bone#Middle_English


schuldren

From Old English sċuldran; equivalent to schuldre + -en (plural suffix).


schulder-blade

English: shoulderblade

(rare) The scapula or shoulder bone (bone behind the shoulder).


schulderyng

English: shouldering

Yola: shullereen

(rare) The action of nudging an object or person using the shoulder.

(rare) A stand or other support for a ship


schulder bone

English: shoulder bone


chaundeler

English: chandler, candler

Scots: chandler

From Old French chandelier, from Latin candelārius; equivalent to candel + -er.


schuldre

enm-noun

schuldre (plural schuldres or schuldren)

English: shoulder

desc

Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder

Yola: shuller

From Old English sċuldra, sċuldor, from Proto-West Germanic *skuldru.

And ſotheli Sem and Jafeth puttiden a mentil on her ſchuldris, and thei ȝeden bacward, and hileden the ſchameful membris of her fadir, and her faces weren turned awei, and thei ſien not the priuy membris of her fadir.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 9:23”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Due to that, Shem and Japheth put a mantle on their shoulders, and they went backwards and covered their father's nether regions, so that they didn't see their father's privates.

The shoulder (as a joint or as a region of the body).

(figurative) One's strength or carrying capacity.

The shoulder as a cut of meat; the meat surrounding the shoulder as food.

The part of a piece of clothing which surrounds the shoulder.


bladdre

English: bladder

Scots: bledder, blether

Yola: blautheer

From Old English blǣdre, blǣddre, blēdre, from Proto-West Germanic *blādrā, from Proto-Germanic *blēdrǭ.

Any other bladder or sac; often used in medicine.


kemmpe

(Ormulum) Alternative form of kempe (“soldier”)


kempes

From kempe (“soldier”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


kempes

From kempe (“fish vat”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


champioun

English: champion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: champion

From Old French champiun, champion, from Medieval Latin campiō, from Proto-Germanic *kampijô. Doublet of kempe (“soldier”).

A sportsperson who utilises brute strength; a martial artist.

A combatant or soldier; especially referring to a one who fights alone.

A guardian or safeguarder; one who provides safety or security.

A promoter or evangelist of a cause or belief.

A winner; one who emerges victorious from a challenge.

(rare) A representative appointed to fight in place of another.


gleowinge

(rare) Singing; the performance of music.


glewer

English: gluer


gluynge

English: gluing

(rare) The action of connecting via adhesive.

(rare) The property of connecting via adhesive; glueyness; viscidity


batailloure

English: battler

Borrowed from Old French batailleor; equivalent to batayle + -er.


bataylynge

English: battling


batail

Thenne kyng Arthur made redy his hooſt in x batails and Nero was redy in the felde afore the caſtel Tarabil with a grete hooſt / & he had x batails with many mo peple than Arthur had [...]

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum x”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 43, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 86, lines 28–31:

Then King Arthur made ready his host in 10 battles and Nero was ready in the field before the castle Tarabil with a great host / and he had 10 battles with many more people than Arthur had …


browe

English: brow

Geordie English: broo

Scots: broo

Inherited from Old English brū, from Proto-West Germanic *brūu, from Proto-Germanic *brūwō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

The eyebrow (line of hair above the eyes)

The brow (part of the head the eyebrows are situated on)


bordcloth

English: boardcloth (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English bordclāþ; equivalent to bord + cloth.

tablecloth (cloth covering a dinner table)


bourdour

English: bourder (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French bordeor, bourdour; equivalent to bourden + -our.

A comedian or clown; one who amuses others for a living.

(rare) A ridiculer; one who mocks another.


burtynge

Alternative form of bourdyng (“sparring”)


sseld

(Kent, Southern) Alternative form of scheld


glouworm

English: glowworm, glow-worm


schildyng

English: shielding


pantyr

Alternative form of panter (“noose for fowl”)


panterere

English: pantler

From panetrie + -er; some forms have dissimilation of the two /r/ sounds.

A pantler (manager of the pantry and food)


panetrie

English: pantry

Scots: pantry

A pantry; a storehouse or storage area, usually for comestibles

(figurative) A source or origin of some desirable thing.


herne panne

English: harnpan, harn-pan

Scots: harn-pan


brayn panne

English: brainpan, brain-pan

Scots: branepan (obsolete)

From Old English bræġenpanne; equivalent to brayn + panne.

The skull or brainpan, especially the upper portion.


brayn

English: brain

Scots: brane, braine

Yola: bryne, brine, brian

From Old English bræġn, from Proto-West Germanic *bragn, from Proto-Germanic *bragną.

The brain or cerebrum; the organ of thought.

Brain matter; the substance the brain is made of.

Bone marrow; the substance inside bones.


heronsewe

English: heronsew, hernshaw

Scots: heronshew, hernshaw

From Old French haironcel, diminutive of heiron.

I wol nat tellen / of hir strange sewes / Ne of hir swannes / nor of hire heronsewes […].

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Squyers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Ardea cinerea
Ardea cinerea#Translingual

The young of the grey heron (Ardea cinerea)


scrabbe

Alternative form of crabbe (“crabapple”)


crabben

From Old English crabban, from Proto-Germanic *krabbaniz; equivalent to crabbe (“crab”) + -en (plural suffix).


crabben

Fro crabbe (“crabapple”) + -en (plural suffix).


crabbednes

English: crabbedness

Scots: crabbitness


loppestere

English: lobster

Scots: lapster, labster

Yola: labstaar

From Old English loppestre; equivalent to loppe + -estere.


eappel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of appel


appeltre

enm-noun

appeltre (plural appel tres or appultreen)

desc

English: apple-tree, apple tree, appletree

Scots: aipple-tree, aipple tree

Inherited from Old English æppeltrēow; equivalent to appel + tre.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual


grayn

English: grain

Scots: grain, grane, grayne, graine

Borrowed from Old Norse grein, from Proto-Germanic *grainiz.

(rare) A forking channel or pass; a fjord or estuary.

(rare) The part of the body between one's legs.

(rare) A component or portion of something.


greyn

English: grain

Scots: grain

Yola: gryne

Borrowed from Old French grain, from Latin grānum, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of corn.

A grain; a cereal seed (especially as food).

The seed of any plant (especially a fruit or nut).

A grain or seed used as a unit of weight.

A plant that bears grain (especially wheat).

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

grains of paradise
grains of paradise#English

A small mote or speck, especially of valuable substances:

A spice or condiment (especially grains of paradise).

Grain (die made with crushed insects, or a similar long-lasting dye)


swellynge

English: swelling

Scots: swallin

(medicine) A swelling or growth of a body part or injury.

(medicine) An unnatural excrescence or projection.

(rare) A rise (an upwards movement in something)


delvere

English: delver

Scots: delver

From Old English delfere; equivalent to delven + -er.


swelle

English: swell

(rare, medicine) A swelling or bloating.


delvynge

English: delving

Scots: delving, dellin

Yola: delleen, dellen

Inherited from Old English delfung; equivalent to delven + -ing.


serchour

English: searcher

Scots: saircher

/ˈsɛːrt͡ʃər/

Borrowed from Old French cercheor; equivalent to serchen + -our.

A searcher; an investigator or scrutiniser.

One who performs checkups or quality control:

A person employed by a guild to ensure adherence to guild guidelines.

A person who levies duties and examines the quality of trade goods.

(rare) An investigator of watches or postings.

A medical implement used to extract or examine.


serchynge

English: searching

A search, look or inspection of something.

(rare) A check for quality; quality assurance.

(rare, hunting) The process of finding one's quarry.


serches

From serche (“search”) + -es (“plural marker”).


serches

From serche (“cut rock”) + -es (“plural marker”).


serche

English: search

Scots: sairch

Yola: surchte

Borrowed from Old French cerche (“search”), from cerchier (“to search”); compare serchen.

bor+

An investigation of goods entering a country.

The privilege to investigate crime (usually violations of guild code)

A supervisor of a convent (monastery for women).

(rare, Late Middle English) An inspection or inquest of goods or products.

(rare, Late Middle English) An in-depth conversation.


serche

Borrowed from Old French cerche (“edge, margin”).


enserching

English: ensearching

(rare, Late Middle English) A inquiry or investigation into something; a piece of research about something.

(rare, Late Middle English) A legal investigation or search.


ensercher

From Old French encercheor; equivalent to enserchen + -er.

(rare) A finder or looker; one who hunts for something.

(rare, Late Middle English) A searcher; an investigator or scrutiniser.


egernesse

English: eagerness

(rare) Acidity; the quality of being sour.


egurdouce

From Old French aigredouce (French aigre-doux); equivalent to egre + douce.

sweet-and-sour sauce
sweet-and-sour sauce

A form of sweet-and-sour sauce, or a meal with it as the main condiment.


chyrnynge

English: churning

(rare, Late Middle English) The process of churning.


dousour

English: douceur (in part)

Borrowed from Old French dolçor; equivalent to douce + -our. Doublet of dulcoure.


chyrne

English: churn, kern

Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn

Inherited from Old English ċiern, from Proto-West Germanic *kirnijā, Proto-Germanic *kirnijǭ, extension of *kernǭ. Forms with /k/ are from or influenced by the related Old Norse kirna.


wawynge

(rare) The billowing of waves; the flowing of water.


uþæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ythe


waverynge

English: wavering


wafyr

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of wafre


weif

English: waif

Scots: waith, waff

From Anglo-Norman waif, from Old Norse veif (“flag”).

Unowned goods; property lacking an owner:

The privilege of being able to take in such goods.

The money deriving from selling unowned goods.


wothe

English: wothe

Scots: wathe (obsolete)

The condition of being liable to injury or harm; a possible harm, danger, threat, or risk.

The condition of being exposed to injury or harm; peril, hurt or harm; a risk, threat, or cause of harm or injury.

(rare) Retribution; the act of punishment.

(rare) Bloodlust, perfidy, maliciousness.


bloynge

Alternative form of blowynge (“blowing”)


blewing

Alternative form of blowynge (“blooming”)


blawyng

(Northern) Alternative form of blowynge (“blowing”)


blomere

English: bloomer

From blome (“chunk of iron”) + -er (“agent noun suffix”).


blawunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blowynge (“blowing”)


blowere

English: blower

Scots: blawer

From Old English blāwere; equivalent to blowen (“to blow”) + -er.

(rare) A tool or instrument used by blowing.


blowynge

English: blowing

Scots: blawin

Inherited from Old English blāwung; equivalent to blowen (“to blow”) + -ing.

Breathing, respiration (the movement of air in and out of the mouth).

The blowing (of horns); sounding (of music).

The blowing of a fire (to strengthen it).

(rare) Blowing (the movement of wind or air).

(rare) The process of working or refining metal.

(rare, medicine) Inflammation or swelling of a body part.


juelrye

English: jewelry, jewellery

From Old French juelerye; equivalent to jueler + -ie.


jueler

English: jeweler, jeweller

From Anglo-Norman jueler; equivalent to juel + -er.


jupartie

English: jeopardy

Scots: jeoparty

From Old French jeu parti, from Medieval Latin iocus partītus. The pronunciation with /d/ may be influenced by -ard.

Jeopardy, danger, peril; the potential to fail.

The state of being unknown or uncertain; uncertainty.

(rare) Injury, disaster or bad luck; a negative event.


juel

English: jewel

Scots: jewel

From Anglo-Norman juel; akin to Old French jouel, of disputed origin.

Something of great monetary worth or value, especially when made of gems:

An item of jewelery; a piece of personal ornamentation.

(Late Middle English) A jewel or gem; a precious stone.

(euphemistic, Late Middle English, rare) One of one's testes.

Something of great non-monetary worth or value; a keepsake or artifact.

A well-crafted, well-built, or well-designed object.

A person who is dear to one's heart; a loved one.

A present; something given as thanks or as bribery.


jewell hous

A location where the English royal valuables were stored.


byldynge

English: building

→ French: building

By surface analysis, bylden + -ing; either formed anew or a continuation of Old English bytling.

The construction or design of a building.

(rare) The foundation or start of something.

(rare) Self-improvement or self-realisation.

(rare) One's handiwork or craftsmanship.


byldere

English: builder

→ Macedonian: билдер (bilder)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: bilder

Cyrillic script: би̏лдер

From bylden + -er. Compare Old English bylda, bytla.


bæð

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bath


bayte

English: bait

Scots: bait

From Old Norse beita (noun), from Proto-Germanic *baitō.

(Late Middle English) Bait or lure; objects used as a bait or lure.

(rare, Late Middle English) Something that draws or allures.


chalf

Alternative form of calf (“calf (young cow)”)


baytynge

English: baiting

Scots: baitin

(Late Middle English) Baiting (of an animal using hounds)

(rare, Late Middle English) Tormenting; aggravation

(rare, Late Middle English) The nourishment of an animal.


bathynge

English: bathing

(Late Middle English) The process of bathing, especially for medicinal purposes.


calfe

Alternative form of calf (“calf (anatomy)”)


scherd

English: shard, sherd

Scots: shaird

desc

Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde

From Old English sċeard, from Proto-West Germanic *skard, from Proto-Germanic *skardą. Doublet of scarth.

A container made of clay or similar material.


clovere

English: clover

Scots: claver, clavir, clever

From Old English clāfre, clǣfre, from Proto-West Germanic *klaibrā.


hatung

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hatynge


haate

From Old English hete, influenced by haten.


hattere

English: hatter

Scots: hatter


ketil-hat

A kind of helmet that resembles a kettle.


cappynge

(rare) cap (cover, lid, protective layer)


hatrede

English: hatred

Scots: hatred

A feeling of hate or irascibility; hatred, hatefulness.

The fruits of hatred or hatefulness:
Turmoil, commotion, fighting, war.

The fruits of hatred or hatefulness:
An act of war; an attack or strike.

Revenge; retribution; an attack in retailiation.

(rare) The state of being affected by hatred.


capston

English: capstone


capoun

English: capon

Scots: capon (obsolete)

From a combination of Old Northern French capon and Old English capūn, both from Latin capo (Vulgar Latin *cappo).


hatynge

Equivalent to and often remodelled on haten + -ing; nominal senses are inherited from Old English hatung.

A feeling of hate or irascibility; hatefulness.


skynner

English: skinner

Scots: skinner

From skyn + -er; compare to Old Norse skinnari.


skynnery

English: skinnery


bukskyn

English: buckskin


stren

From stre (variant of straw) + -en (plural suffix).

af

variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">straw</i>


streberyen

From Old English strēaberian; equivalent to strawbery + -en (plural suffix).


shyn

Alternative form of schyne (“beam of light”)


chayer

English: chair (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cheer, chyre

Yola: chyre

/ˈt͡ʃæi̯ər(ə)/

From Old French chaiere, from Latin cathedra, from Ancient Greek καθέδρα (kathédra).

A padded chair or armchair; a seat facilitating comfort:

(theology) The seat of God as King of Heaven.

(figuratively) An office or position and the authority it gives.

(rare) A podium or dais; an elevated portion of floor.


truncheoune

Helpe me that thys truncheoune were oute of my syde, for hit stykith so sore that hit nyghe sleyth me.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


tronchoun

English: truncheon

From Old French tronchon, from Late Latin *troncionem.

A fragment of something, especially a spear or lance.

The pole of a spear, lance, or similar polearm.

(rare) A kind of worm that lives as a parasite.


strawbery

enm-noun

strawbery (plural strawberyes or streberyen)

strawberyes (plural)
streberyen (plural)

English: strawberry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: strabery, strayberrie

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *strow-o-m
Proto-Germanic *strawą
Proto-West Germanic *strau
Old English strēaw
Proto-Germanic *bazją
Proto-West Germanic *baʀi
Old English berġe
Old English strēawberġe
Middle English strawbery
From Old English strēawberġe; equivalent to straw + berye.

etymon

A strawberry (fruit from plant of the genus Fragaria).

A strawberry (plant of the genus Fragaria).


couchynge

English: couching

The laying down or installation of tiles.


schyne

English: shin

Scots: shin, schin

Inherited from Old English sċinu, from Proto-West Germanic *skinu, from Proto-Germanic *skinō. Doublet of chyne (“spine”).

The shin (portion of the leg between the knee and the foot).


schyne

English: shine

Scots: shine, shyne

An instance of shining; a beam of light.


paleys

English: palace

Scots: pallace

From Old French palais, paleis, from Latin palātium, from Palātium (“Palatine Hill”).

A palace; an official ornate dwelling of a high official.


manur

Alternative form of maner (“characteristics, manner”)


hweate

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whete


whettynge

(rare) whetting (the usage of a whetstone)


vesselment

From Anglo-Norman vesselment; equivalent to vessel + -ment.

(rare) Boxes and containers used for religious reasons.


whete

English: wheat

Middle Scots: quhete

Scots: white, wheat, wheyt

Yola: whet

Inherited from Old English hwǣte, hwēte.

And thei crieden not to me in her herte, but ȝelliden in her beddis. Thei chewiden code on wheete, and wyn, and thei ȝeden awei fro me.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Hosea VII:14, page 678, column 1:

And they cried not to me from their hearts; but whined in their beds. They chewed cud on wheat, and wine, and they ran away from me.

All þe wictalis owtane ſalt / Als quheyt and flour ⁊ meill ⁊ malt / In þe wyne sellar geꝛt he bꝛyng[…]

c. 1375, “Book V”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 17, verso, lines 408-410; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

All the food except for salt, / like wheat, flour, meal, and malt, / he went to put in the wine-cellar […]

Thes thingis seid, whanne eche heelden out whete, thei founden in the mouth of the sackis boundun moneys.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume I, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Genesis XLII:35, page 172, column 1:

These things said, when each poured out their corn, they found in the mouth of the sacks bound [i.e., bundled-up] money.

The better or more valuable part of something.


boryng

English: boring


tusshe

English: tush

From Old English tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusk.

(rare) A stone forming part of a buttress.


gunnepoudre

English: gunpowder

Scots: gunpoother


aysshe

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


asshe

enm-noun

asshe (plural asshen or asshes or asshe or asken)

asshen (plural)
asshes (plural)
asshe (plural)
asken (plural)

English: ash

Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis

Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)

From Old English æsce, from Proto-West Germanic *askā, from Proto-Germanic *askǭ.

ashes (the powdery matter produced by a fire, often used in medicine and cooking)

The remnants of a lifeform (generally after cremating)

The matter which one's physical form is made of; bodily matter.

(figuratively) Death, mortality; the end of one's life.

(Christianity) Ashes utilised in ceremonies to represent forgiveness.


asshe

English: ash

Scots: aish, esh

From Old English æsc, from Proto-West Germanic *ask, from Proto-Germanic *askaz.


segynge

English: sieging

(rare) The defence of a city against a siege.


heggynge

English: hedging

Scots: hedgin

The construction of a hedge or fortification.

(rare) A hedge or fence that looks like a hedge.


spicerie

English: spicery

Scots: spicerie

From Old French espicerie; equivalent to spicer + -ie or spice + -erie.

A spice or spices; ground substances used as flavouring:

Spices used for their scents, aromas, or smells.

Spices used for their (purported) medical effects.

Spices used for the embalmment dead bodies.

A branch of a wealthy estate ensuring the provision or victualling of food.


galyngale

English: galangal, galingale

From Old French galingal, from Arabic خَلَنْجَان (ḵalanjān), from Persian قولنجان (qulenjân, qulanjân), from Sanskrit कुलञ्जन (kulañjana), perhaps from Chinese 高良薑／高良姜 (gāoliángjiāng), from 高涼／高凉 (Gāoliáng) (a prefecture or county in China) + 薑／姜 (jiāng, “ginger”).

Galangal, galingale, or similar rhizomes or spices made from them.


synamome

desctree

English: cinnamon
→ Japanese: シナモン (shinamon)
→ Korean: 시나몬 (sinamon)
→ Maori: hinamona
→ Welsh: synamon

Scots: synomom (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cinnamone, from Latin cinnamon, cinnamōmum, from Ancient Greek κίνναμον (kínnamon), κιννάμωμον (kinnámōmon), from Phoenician.

cinnamon (The bark of trees of certain species of the genus Cinnamomum)

(rare) The cinnamon tree; the trees which produce cinnamon.


turmeryte

English: turmeric

Possibly from Old French terre mérite (“deserving earth”). According to Klein, possibly corrupted from Arabic كركم (“Curcuma”).


peper corn

enm-noun

peper corn (plural peper cornes or peper corn)

peper cornes (plural)
peper corn (plural)

English: peppercorn

Inherited from Old English piporcorn; equivalent to peper + corn.


garfysche

English: garfish

Scots: gairfish

(hapax, Late Middle English) garfish, gar


gower

Alternative form of gore (“patch (of land, fabric), clothes”)


garlek

English: garlic

Middle Scots: garlek, garleke, garlik

Scots: garlic

→ Irish: gairleog

Inherited from Old English gārlēac; equivalent to gor (“spear”) + lek (“leek”).


gerth

English: girth

Scots: girth, gir, gird

Borrowed from Old Norse gjorð, from Proto-Germanic *gerdō. Forms with /a/ are a regular phonetic development, while forms with /i/ or /u/ are from the influence of girdel, gurdel.


ȝerde

English: yard, yerd

Scots: yaird, yeard, yird

Inherited from Old English ġerd, from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀdi, from Proto-Germanic *gazdijō. related to Polish żerdź from Proto-Slavic *žьrdь ("perch, pole, ricker").

A bar or rod; a long, skinny piece of material:

A twig or shoot; a small branch or extension from a trunk.

A crutch or staff; a bar used to support something.

A bar used to stop a joint from moving; a splint.

A rod used to represent legitimacy, right, and might.

One's penis or phallus; the main sexual organ of a male.

A yard (unit of length consisting of three feet, often used for fabric)

A unit of area averaging approximately 30 acres; a virgate.

An upright slab of wood which a sail is attached onto.

An offspring or heir; one that descends from a lineage.

(rare) A line or column of smoke or mist.


ȝerde

Alternative form of yerd (“land; property”)


suger candy

English: sugar candy, candy


sugre

English: sugar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: succar

Borrowed from Middle French sucre, from Old French çucre, from Old Italian zuccaro, from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar), from Persian شکر, from Middle Persian škl (šakar), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā).

sugar (crystallised sucrose used as a sweetener)

(figurative, rare) Nutrition, nourishment, delight, sweetness.


lycorys

English: licorice, liquorice

Scots: liquorie

Borrowed from Old French licoresse, from Late Latin liquiritia, from Ancient Greek γλυκύρριζα (glukúrrhiza). Some forms are or have been influenced by licour or its etymons.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza glabra#Translingual

Liquorice root (the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra)

Liquorice (the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra)


suger lof

English: sugarloaf, sugar loaf


savegard

English: safeguard

Scots: safegaird

From Middle French sauvegarde, from Old French salve garde, sauve garde; equivalent to sauf + garde.

Safeguarding, guardianship; the ensuring of security.

(rare) Custody, protection from harm or damage.

(rare) Ensuring of safe passage or transport.


nappunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nappynge


napkyn

English: napkin

Scots: naipkin

A napkin or serviette (a cloth used to clean oneself while eating)


naperie

English: napery

Scots: napery

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman naperie; equivalent to nape + -erie.

A storage room containing fabrics or textiles.


nappynge

English: napping

Inherited from Old English hnappung; equivalent to nappen + -ing.


chibolle

English: cibol, chibol

Scots: sybol

Borrowed from Old Northern French chibole, from Latin cepulla.

Allium fistulosum
Allium fistulosum#Translingual


cyvee

English: civey, civy

Borrowed from Old French civé; equivalent to cyve + -e (participial suffix).


letuse

English: lettuce

Scots: lettuce, lattice

→ Welsh: letys

From the plural of Old French laitue, from Latin lactūca.

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual

lettuce (Lactuca sativa or a related plant)

The leaves of the lettuce used as vegetables.


letuse

English: lettice

From Anglo-Norman letuse; further etymology unknown.

The near-white winter hide or fur of the least weasel; lettice.


ermyne

English: ermine

Scots: ermine

Borrowed from Old French ermine, ermin; further etymology is disputed.

The distinctive white pelt of the ermine.

(heraldry) Heraldic ermine; white with black spots.

Mustela erminea
Mustela erminea#Translingual

(rare) A ermine (the weasel Mustela erminea)


cyve

English: chive

Scots: sye, sythe

Borrowed from Old French cive and Anglo-Norman chive, from Latin cēpa.

Allium schoenoprasum
Allium schoenoprasum#Translingual


clyffyng

Alternative form of clevynge (“splitting”)


clyf

English: cliff

Scots: cliff (possibly from English)

Inherited from Old English clif, from Proto-Germanic *klibą; some forms are taken from the oblique stem.

A cliff; a heavily sloped hillside or mountainside.

The coast or shoreline; the bank or edge of a river.


clevying

Alternative form of clevynge (“sticking”)


clevere

English: cleaver


clevynge

English: cleaving

Scots: cleavin

(rare) Cleaving, chopping, splitting or slicing.

(rare) A split, chop, or slice; a crack or indentation.


clevynge

(rare) The forming of unification or cohesion.


clowe

English: clove

Scots: clow

Borrowed from Old French clou de girofle, from Latin clāvus.

bor+

Syzygium aromaticum
Syzygium aromaticum#Translingual

(usually in the plural) A clove (bud of the tree Syzygium aromaticum)


gingivere

desctree

English: ginger
→ Greek: τζίντζερ (tzíntzer)
→ Japanese: ジンジャー (jinjā)
→ Maltese: ġinġer
→ Manx: jinshar
→ Welsh: sinsir
→ Zulu: újínja

Scots: ginger, ginge

→ Irish: sinséar

→ Scottish Gaelic: dinnsear

→ Manx: jinshar

→ Welsh: sinsir

From Old English gingifer and Old French gingembre, from Medieval Latin gingiber, zingeber, from Ancient Greek ζιγγίβερις (zingíberis), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀲𑀺𑀁𑀕𑀺𑀯𑁂𑀭 (siṃgivera), from Sanskrit शृङ्गवेर (śṛṅgavera).

Zingiber officinale
Zingiber officinale#Translingual

ginger (Zingiber officinale or its root, often used as a spice)


scherling

English: shearling

(rare) shearling (A once-shorn sheep or its skin).


scherer

English: shearer

Scots: shearer

/ˈʃɛːrər(ə)/

(rare) A harvester; a person who reaps crops.

(rare) A sheep-shearer; one who cuts sheep's wool.

(rare) A haircutter; one who cuts people's hair.


scherynge

English: shearing

Scots: shearin

Sheep-shearing; the trimming of sheep's wool.

(rare) The act of slicing or stabbing with a bladed weapon.

(rare) The shearing or cutting of woolen fabric.

(rare) The reaping or harvesting of crops.


chalis

English: chalice

Scots: chalice

Borrowed from Old French chalice, calice, borrowed itself from Latin calix, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux). Doublet of calch, which is an older form inherited from Proto-West Germanic *kalik, ultimately from the same source.

A cup, chalice or glass; a container for drinking out of.

A chalice for wine used for the Eucharist.

(figurative) An emotion that affects one's life path.


schaver

English: shaver

(rare, Late Middle English) A haircutter; one who cuts peoples' hair.


schavynge

English: shaving

Scratching, filing, razoring, abrasion; the process of removing material

Shaving; removal of the hair with a razor.

Material that has been abraded or shaved; scraps.

Honing or buffing; the process of making something smooth.


mongere

English: monger

(rare outside of compounds) A retailer; a merchant.


wollemongere

English: woolmonger


pakkynge

English: packing

(rare, Late Middle English) The process or act of packing.


hacche

English: hatch, heck

Scots: hatch, heck, haik

From Old English hæċ, hæc, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkju, variant of *haggju; see more at hegge. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

The bottom section of a Dutch door; a half door.

The deck of a vessel or a piece of timber composing it.

A rack, frame or structure for storing hay or cheese.

(rare) A wooden rack placed over a river.


clewe

English: clew, clue

Scots: clew, cloo, clue

From Old English clīewen, from Proto-Germanic *kliuwīną, *klewô.

A clew (“lump or sphere of thread or yarn”).

Therto haue I a remedye in my thought / That by a clewe of twyne, as he hath gone / The ſame way he may returne anone / Folowyng alwey yͤ threde as he hath come.

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Legende of Ariadne of Athenes”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […] (in Middle English), [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxvi, verso, column 1:

I’ve thought of a solution for that: / by a string of twine, just as he’s gone, / He can soon return the same way, / Always following the thread the way he came.


haching

Wooden boards as a vessel's exterior flooring.


egge tool

An edged or bladed weapon or arm; a weapon with a sharp side.

A tool with a sharp edge; an edged tool.


hacchynge

English: hatching


hakkynge

English: hacking

(rare) Dicing; the cutting up of food into bits.

(rare) Sculptiing; the making of carved work.


hakeney

English: hackney

Probably from the borough of Hackney; see English hackney for more.

A breed of small horse for riding upon (frequently hired out); a hackney.


hakkere

English: hacker

A woodcutter or woodchopper; one who cuts wood.

(rare) A lopper; a tool for cutting wood.


hacchen

hacchen (infinitive)
to hacchen (infinitive)
hacche (infinitive)
hacche (first-person present singular)
hacched (first-person past singular)
haughte (first-person past singular)
hacchest (present second-person singular)
hacchedest (past second-person singular)
haughtest (past second-person singular)
haccheth (present singular third-person)
hacched (past singular third-person)
haughte (past singular third-person)
hacche (present singular subjunctive)
hacched (past singular subjunctive)
haughte (past singular subjunctive)
hacche (imperative present singular)
hacchen (plural present)
hacche (plural present)
haccheden (past plural)
hacchede (past plural)
haughten (past plural)
haughte (past plural)
haccheth (imperative plural present)
hacche (imperative plural present)
hacchynge (participle present)
hacchende (participle present)
hacched (participle past)
haught (participle past)
yhacched (participle past)
yhaught (participle past)

English: hatch

From Old English hæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *hakjaną.


hakle

English: hackle

Scots: heckle

Inherited from Old English hacele, from Proto-West Germanic *hakul, *hakil, from Proto-Germanic *hakulaz; equivalent to hakken + -el (agentive suffix).


esynesse

English: easiness

Spiritual comfort; equanimity, tranquility.

Disposed or characterized by mercy; clemency.


hospitalite

English: hospitality

Middle Scots: hospitalitie

Borrowed from Old French hospitalité, from Latin hospitālitās; by surface analysis, hospital + -ite.

The practice of hospitality; hosting or reception.


hospitalarye

Borrowed from Medieval Latin hospitālārius, from hospitale.

bor+

(Late Middle English) A member of the Knights Hospitallers.


coaccion

English: coaction

Borrowed from Latin coāctiōnem, accusative form of coāctiō; equivalent to co- + accion.

(rare, Late Middle English) Constrainment or forcing; an abrogation of free will.

(rare, Late Middle English) An compulsive action.

(rare, Late Middle English) Intervention; prevention.


exaccion

English: exaction

Scots: exaction (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French exaction, ultimately from Latin exāctiōnem, accusative form of exāctiō; equivalent to ex- + accion.

Compulsion, requisitioning, or exaction; the compelling of payment.

(Late Middle English) An instance of taxation; a charge.


hospiteler

English: hospitaller, hospitaler

Borrowed from Middle French hospitalier; equivalent to hospital + -er. Some forms have the vowel of Medieval Latin hospitulārius.

(Late Middle English) An administrator or supervisor of lodgings.

(Late Middle English, rare) A person who displays hospitality.


meþe

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


hostiler

English: hostler, ostler

⇒? English: hosteler, hosteller

Scots: ostler

Borrowed from Middle French hostiler, from Old French hostelier, from Medieval Latin hostilārius, hospitālārius, from hospitāle. Equivalent to hostel + -er.

The owner or administrator of a place of accommodation; a hotelier.

An administrator of a convent or monastery's guest facilities.

(Late Middle English) A hostler; one who deals with horses.


accion

desctree

English: action
→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)
→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)
→ German: Action
→ Irish: aicsean
→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)
→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)
→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)
→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)

Scots: action

Borrowed from Old French action, from Latin āctiōnem, accusative form of āctiō; equivalent to act + -ioun.

An action; a doing, behaviour or property.

The capability of being able to launch a legal suit.


journeier

English: journeyer

(Late Middle English, rare) A journeyer; a traveller.


castelis

And it was doon aftirward · ⁊ [iheſus] made iourneis bi citees ⁊ caſtelis, [pꝛe]ch[in]ge ⁊ euangelizynge þe rewme of god / ⁊ twelue wiþ h[im] ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 8:1, page 32r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

After that happened, Jesus made visits to cities and fortresses, preaching about and disseminating the kingdom of God with the Twelve alongside him.


jorneman

English: journeyman


journeyinge

English: journeying


journe

English: journey

Scots: jurney

Borrowed from Old French jornee, from Vulgar Latin *diurnāta.

Toward Saluces / shapyng hir iourney / ffro day to day / they ryden in hir wey […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 184, verso, lines 783-784:

Towards Saluzzo they make their journey, / From day to day they ride on their way […]

An endeavour or enterprise; an attempt at something:

(figurative) Mortality; the final event of one's life.

The happenings or accomplishments of a day:

A day of fighting, tilting, or jousting.

The amount of work set or completed in a day.

A unit of distance equalling a the distance covered in a day of travel (around 20 miles)

(rare) The fruits or results of a day or its work.


ryding

For whan ther any ryding was in Chepe,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Cook's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4377-4378

For when there was any procession in Cheapside,
Out of the shop thither would he leap.


rideren

(Early Middle English, West Midland) plural of ryder


rydyng

English: riding

Scots: ridin

Riding; travel by horse:
Ceremonial riding at an event.

(Late Middle English) An equestrian activity.

Riding; travel by horse:
An equestrian activity.

For whan ther any ryding was in Chepe,

Participation in fighting or conflict, especially on a mount.

(Late Middle English) Journeying; making a trip.


hevynesse

English: heaviness

From Old English hefiġnes; equivalent to (and influenced by) hevy + -nesse.

The quality of having great weight; heaviness.

Fulness or sufficiency in quantity; abundance.

The quality of being difficult to bear or accomplish; burdensomeness.

A lack of vitality due to factors such as fatigue, age, disease or conscience.

(religion) The vice of sloth or idleness.

Defaulte of slepe and hevynesse / Hath [slayne] my spirite of quyknesse / That I haue loste al lustyhede

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

Lack of sleep and sorrow / Have killed the liveliness in my spirit / So that I have lost all enjoyment of life.

(of scent) Offensiveness, oppressiveness.


pað

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of path


pathynge

(Late Middle English, rare) The process of paving or sealing.


kyne

English: kine

desc

Yola: keeine, keene, keéne, khyne, kyne, keyen

From the former plural kie + -en (plural suffix).


mountuous

English: montuous

Borrowed from Latin montuōsus, equivalent to mount + -ous.


bullok

English: bullock

Scots: bullok

Inherited from Old English bulluc, from Proto-West Germanic *bulluk; equivalent to bole + -ok.


mountayne

English: mountain

Scots: muntain

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman muntaigne, muntaine, from Early Medieval Latin montānia.


raysyn

desctree

English: raisin
→ Japanese: レーズン (rēzun)

Scots: raisin, reasin

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reysin, from Late Latin racīmus, from Latin racēmus.


mounte

From Old English munt and Anglo-Norman mount, both from Latin mōns.


resyn

English: resin

Borrowed from Old French résine, from Latin resīna.


reysynge

English: raising

Scots: raisin

(rare) Lifting, righting, or erecting; bringing upwards.

(rare) A ripple or tide; a rising in the water.


steave

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of staf


rostynge

English: roasting

Scots: roastin

(rare) The process of making dry; searing or parching.


stafslynge

English: staff sling

A staff sling; a sling mounted on a pole.

(rare, Late Middle English) A slinger armed with a staff sling.


twiȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twig


distaf

English: distaff

From Old English distæf; see English distaff for more.


distæf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of distaf


slyngynge

The process of slinging projectiles using a sling.


reryng

Alternative form of rerynge (“revitalisation, encouragement”)


reremous

English: reremouse

From Old English hrēremūs, hrērmūs; equivalent to reren (“to rile”) + mous.


rerynge

English: rearing

The creation of a building or edifice; constructing.

(rare) The action of pulling or causing to rise upwards.

(rare) Breeding; raising of beast or fowl.

(rare) The lifting of one's vocal sound.

(rare) Jumping; upwards moving or movement.

(rare, Late Middle English) Raising of armies, bands or troops.


rerynge

(rare, Late Middle English) Encouragement or inducement of sins.


hevytee

The teers ful of hevytee Embelysshed hir wifely chastitee.


hevyte

The french departed wyth grete heuyte, For they Suppose that Partanope Ys dede.


reorde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rerd


brasyng

English: bracing


mæigne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mayn


monfulnesse

English: manfulness

(Late Middle English, rare) manfulness, male virtue


rerd

English: reard

Scots: reird, rerde, rerd

From Old English reord, from Proto-Germanic *razdō.

A sound of talking; heard speech; a voice.


mayne londe

English: mainland

Scots: mayn-land

(rare, Late Middle English) A large swath of land or property.

(rare, Late Middle English) mainland; the largest landmass in a given region.


mayn

English: main

Scots: mayne, mayn, main, mane

Inherited from Old English mæġen, from Proto-West Germanic *magin, from Proto-Germanic *maginą; compare Proto-Germanic *maganą (Middle English mowen).

Governmental influence and legitimacy; political capability.

Military ability; power in combat or war.

Mental capability; mindpower or willpower.

Effectiveness, power, usefulness, or suitability.


sterne blasynge

blasynge sterne
blasynge sterne#Middle_English


sterneleme

enm-noun

sterneleme (plural sternelemen or sternelemes)

sternelemen (plural)
sternelemes (plural)


sterre blasynge

blasynge sterre
blasynge sterre#Middle_English


blasynge sterne

blasynge sterne (plural blasynge sternes)

alternative forms at blasynge and sterne


blasynge sterre

blasynge sterre (plural blasynge sterres or blasynge sterren)

blasynge sterres (plural)
blasynge sterren (plural)

English: blazing star

alternative forms at blasynge and sterre


day sterne

Scots: daystern

Morning star; a bright celestial body visible to the naked eye in the eastern sky near dawn; typically Venus, sometimes Mercury.

(figuratively) One who inspires hope or happiness in another.


morewetid sterre

morewetid sterre (plural morewetid sterres or morewetid sterren)

morewetid sterres (plural)
morewetid sterren (plural)

alternative forms at morewetid and sterre


morwynsterre

morwynsterre (plural morwynsterres or morwynsterren)

morwynsterres (plural)
morwynsterren (plural)

English: morning star

From Old English morgensteorra, equivalent to morwe + sterre.

(Christianity) The head of the fallen angels; Lucifer, Satan.


daysterre

daysterre (plural daysterres or daysterren)

English: daystar

From Old English dæġsteorra, equivalent to day + sterre.

further alternative forms at day and sterre


toppyng

English: topping

Scots: tappin

(rare, Late Middle English) The hair on one's crown of the head.

(rare, Late Middle English) A attachment for the top of a candle.


tæȝel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tayl


taylarde

An insult implying that the person insulted has a tail.


taylende

English: tail end, tail-end, tailend

The hind-quarters; the back of one's body.


botme

desctree

English: bottom, botton (dialectal)
→ French: bottom

desc

Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome

Yola: bothom

From Old English botm, bodan, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

The lowest section of something; the bottom, especially of water:

The bottom portion of a ship's hull, or the line of wood running along it.

A dell or valley; a indentation in the land.

The bottom of a depression or hole; the extreme reaches of an organ.


tayle

For whether he payde, or toke by tayle

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

a tally; an account scored on a piece of wood


endedæȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ende-day


frount

English: front (see there for further descendants)

Scots: front

Borrowed from Old French front, from Latin frons.

The front; the forward side of something:

The front of the head; the face or forehead.


frounter

English: frontier

Scots: fronter (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fronter, ultimately from Latin frōns.

a tapestry over another tapestry over an altar


frountel

English: frontal

From Old French frontel, from Medieval Latin frontālis; equivalent to frount + -el (diminutive suffix).

A decorative fabric drape hanging over an altar.

(rare) A facial decoration above the eyes.

(rare, Late Middle English) The front of something.


ende-day

English: end-day (obsolete)

Scots: end-day (obsolete)

From Old English endedæġ; equivalent to ende + day.


ȝiendunȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of endyng


tayl

English: tail

Scots: tail, tale

Yola: tyel, taal

From Old English tæġl, from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, form Proto-Germanic *taglą, *taglaz.

The hindquarters of a human or animal (around the tailbone)

The feathers around a bird's hindquarters.

A train (portion of clothing which drags on the ground).

(military) The rearguard or train of an army.

The rear or back of something:
The rearguard or train of an army.

A line or array of stars in the night sky.

A line, row or array:
(botany) A shoot or branch.

A line, row or array:
A shoot or branch.

The end or point of something; the thinnest part of something.

(euphemistic) One's genitalia or nether regions.

(rare) The product or effect of something.

(rare) A drainage canal for a watermill.


endelesnesse

English: endlessness

From Old English endelēasnes; equivalent to endeles + -nesse.

(rare, Late Middle English) endlessness, eternalness


endyng day

The day which one dies on; one's deathday.


endyng

English: ending

Scots: endin

Yola: endeen

From Old English endung, ġeendung; equivalent to ende + -ing.

An ending, termination, or conclusion.
The end of one's life; death or dying.

(Christianity) The end of the current world; the biblical Apocalypse.

The ending point of a literary creation or work.

An ending, termination, or conclusion.
A grammatical ending; a suffix.

Accomplishment or successful completing of a duty or action.

The conclusion or aftermath of something; its repercussions.

The real meaning or worth of something; one's lot in life.


berkere

English: barker

(rare) One who makes fun of someone else.


berkyng

English: barking


dælf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of delf


birche

English: birch

Northumbrian: birk

Scots: birk

From Old English birċe, bierċe, from Proto-West Germanic *birkijā.

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual


kokerel

English: cockerel


dotacion

English: dotation

(Late Middle English) dotation, endowing


lordlyng

English: lordling, lording

A noble or lord; a minor or petty ruler.

A way a noble addresses inferiors or peers

(rare, Late Middle English) A way a writer addresses their audience


thylle

English: thill

Scots: thill

From Old English þille, from Proto-Germanic *þiljǭ. Doublet of dele (“plank”).


dalke

English: dalk

From Old English dalc, from Proto-West Germanic *dalk, from Proto-Germanic *dalkaz.


dalke

English: dalk, delk

From Old English *daluc, from Proto-West Germanic *daluk, from Proto-Germanic *dalukaz.

(rare) A small valley, depression, or dalk.


thele

English: theal (dialectal)

From Old English þel, from Proto-Germanic *þelą.


dotynge

English: doting


casere

Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard

Inherited from Old English cāsere, alteration of earlier cāser, from Proto-West Germanic *kaisar, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of kayser.

Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire#English

(Northern or Early Middle English) An emperor (of Rome or the Holy Roman Empire)


dokke

English: dock

From Old English docce, from Proto-West Germanic *dokkā.


hered sterre

enm-noun

hered sterre (plural hered sterres or hered sterren)

hered sterres (plural)
hered sterren (plural)

sterre hered
sterre hered#Middle_English


contre of þe sterren

contre of þe sterres
contre of þe sterres#Middle_English

Alternative form of contre of þe sterres


berded sterre

berded sterre (plural berded sterres or berded sterren)

berded sterres (plural)
berded sterren (plural)

sterre berded
sterre berded#Middle_English


cold sterre

cold sterre (plural cold sterres or cold sterren)

cold sterres (plural)
cold sterren (plural)

The stars of the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

Any stars found in the northernmost sky.


contre of þe sterres

The domain that the stars occupy; the sky, the heavens, the upper air.


sterre berded

sterre berded (plural sterres berded or sterren berded)

sterres berded (plural)
sterren berded (plural)


sterre hered

sterre hered (plural sterres hered or sterren hered)

sterres hered (plural)
sterren hered (plural)


deele

Alternative form of del (“amount, part”)


delynge

English: dealing

From Old English dǣlung; equivalent to delen + -ing.

(rare) Splitting; taking apart; practicing separation.

(rare) One's course of action; the way one behaves.

(rare) Intercourse; copulation; having sex.

(rare) A section or portion of something.

(rare) Injuring; hurting; inflicting wounds on someone.

(rare) Engaging; involvement in a procedure or activity.


delare

English: dealer

From Old English dǣlere; equivalent to delen + -er.

A distributor or splitter; one who parts or gives out.


develrye

English: devilry, deviltry

Scots: deilry, deeviltry


noricerie

English: nursery

Scots: norsery

Borrowed from Middle French nourricerie; equivalent to norice + -erie.

(rare) A nursery (place where children are cared for)

(rare) The rearing or nursing of a child.


norischer

English: nourisher

Borrowed from Old French norrisseor; equivalent to norischen + -er.

(Late Middle English) A promoter or advocator of ideas or practices.

(rare) A person who educates and fosters a child.

(rare, Late Middle English) A dispenser of religious wisdom and advice.


norisshyng

The provision of sustenance or nourishment.

Comestibles and beverages; things that are eaten and drunk.

Nutritional substances or nutriments; foods that are useful nutritionally.

Child-raising; the education and preparation of young for the world (usually referring to humans)

Inciting into behaviour; promotion of a belief.

(rare) Reproduction; giving birth or producing offspring.

(rare) The provision of living requirements or goods.

(rare) The consumption of nourishment or other living requirements.

(rare) Luxuries, indulgences; goods that are not necessary.


norisshement

English: nourishment

Borrowed from Middle French, from Old French norrissement; equivalent to norischen + -ment.


norture

English: nurture

Scots: norter, nortar

Borrowed from Old French norriture, from Late Latin nūtrītūra.

The bringing up of a child; nurture or raising.

Formal training of the young; educating.

Courteousness, etiquette, customs, politeness.


chymeney

English: chimney

Scots: chimley, chimlie

Yola: gimlie

→ Welsh: simnai

Borrowed from Old French chimenee~cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta. Forms starting with k- are from Old Northern French; forms ending in -th are from early Old French *cheminethe.

bor+

Þerfor þei ſchulen be as a morewtid cloude and as þe deew of morewtid, þat paſſiþ forþ as duſt rauyſchide bi whirlewynd fro þe corn floor and as ſmoke of a chymenei

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 13:3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And so they will be like the morning cloud, and the dew of the morning which dissipates, as dust lifted by whirlwind from the corn floor, and like the smoke of a chimney.

A chimney; a ventilation chamber for smoke.

A device for heating; a stove or furnace.

(rare, figurative) Something which heats or forges.

(rare, figurative) Any ventilation chamber.


deol

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of del


nalyng

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of naylynge


næil

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nayl


nayler

English: nailer

Yola: neileare


nayl

English: nail

Scots: nail, nale

Yola: niel

Thou schalt brynge hir in to thin hows; which womman schal schaue the heer, and schal kitte the nailes aboute...

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Deuteronomy 21:12”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

You should bring her into your house; that woman should shave her hair and cut her nails...

(figurative) A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

A nail (metal fastening pin):
A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

(figurative) A decisive point in a debate or disagreement.

The nayl ydryven in the shode anyght; / The colde deeth, with mouth gapyng upright...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2007–2008:

The nail driven in the head's crown at night; / The cold death, with mouth gaping upright...

The equivalent to a human nail in animals (e.g. a claw)

(rare) An ocular malady present in humans and animals.


crepynge

English: creeping

Scots: creepin

Creeping; slithering, moving stealthily or low to the ground.

(rare) Drifting or distraction of the mind.

(rare) The feeling a false feeling of movement inside oneself.


fynger

English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga

Scots: finger

Yola: vinger

Inherited from Old English finger, from Proto-West Germanic *fingr, from Proto-Germanic *fingraz, from Proto-Indo-European *penkʷrós.

A finger (mobile extensions of the hand):

The fingers as a representation of divine craftsmanship.

A digit or finger (unit of length around as long or wide as a finger).

Blessid be my Lord God, that techith myn hondis to werre and my fyngris to batel.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 143:1”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Blessed be my Lord God, who teaches my hands to war and my fingers to battle.

And with hir fynger signes made she / That Damyan sholde clymbe upon a tree

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Merchant's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2209–2210:

And with her finger she made signs / That Damian should climb onto a tree

(rare) Something unimportant, small, or meagre.


crepel

English: cripple

desc

Scots: crepill, cripill, crippill, crupple, cripple

From Old English crypel, from Proto-Germanic *krupilaz; equivalent to crepen + -el (agentive suffix).


brayle

English: brail

Borrowed from Old French braiel, from Medieval Latin bracale.

(rare) A brail; a rope for trussing up sails.


snayle

English: snail

Scots: snail

Inherited from Old English sneġel, from Proto-Germanic *snagilaz, *snigilaz.

A turtle or other similar shelled animal.

(rare, Late Middle English) A kind of contraption used for both offence and defence during a siege.

(rare) A diseased mass of protruding fleshiness.


tongen

From Old English tungan (“tongues”); equivalent to tonge + -en (plural suffix).


tongen

From Old English tangan (“tongs”); equivalent to tonge + -en (plural suffix).


assaynge

English: assaying


assayour

English: assayer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assaiour; equivalent to assayen + -our.


assailour

English: assailer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assaillour, assaillur; equivalent to assailen + -our.


leahter

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of laughter


lawghynge

English: laughing

Scots: lauchin

Yola: leeigheen, leigheen, leighen (from laghyng) ⇒ lacheny

And Sare seide, The Lord made leiȝynge to me, and who euer schal here schal leiȝe with me.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 21:6”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And Sarah said: "The Lord made laughing for me, and anyone who will hear will laugh with me".

Laughing, the production of a laugh or snicker.

Fun, entertainment, enjoyment, revelling.


euensterne

Evening star; the planet Venus visible to the naked eye in the western sky near dusk.


euensterre

From Old English ǣfensteorra, equivalent to euen + sterre.


euetid sterre

further alternative forms at euentyde and sterre


migga

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mygge


mygge

From Old English micga, micge; related to miȝen (“to produce urine”).


mydge

English: midge

Scots: mige, midge

From Old English mycg, mygg, from Proto-Germanic *mugjō.


pyssepotte

English: pisspot, piss pot

Scots: pish-pot

(rare, Late Middle English, vulgar) pisspot


pissere

English: pisser

A soldier, particularly one seen as a rogue or scoundrel.


pyssynge

English: pissing

Scots: pishin

The act of pissing; performing urination.


pot stik

A stick for stirring liquids used in cooking.


poteller

A pottle (a small container holding a half-gallon)


potell

English: pottle

Scots: pottle

Borrowed from Old French potel; equivalent to pot + -el (diminutive suffix).

A pottle (a small container, often one containing a half-gallon)

A pottle (a unit of volume equalling a half-gallon)


ampten

From Old English ǣmettan; equivalent to ampte + -en (plural suffix).


potacion

English: potation

Borrowed from Old French potacion, from Latin pōtātiō.

A beverage or drink, especially one with restorative properties.


pocioun

English: potion

Scots: potion

Borrowed from Old French pocion, borrowed itself from Latin pōtiō; doublet of pocioun, which Old French inherited from the same Latin source.

A liquid medicine or remedy; a medicinal solution.

(rare) A drink; liquid used to hydrate or refresh.


ampte

English: ant, emmet

Scots: emmot, emott, imat

⇒ Yola: emothee

From Old English ǣmete, from Proto-West Germanic *āmaitijā.


thistel

English: thistle

Scots: thrissel

thistle (a plant belonging to the genus Carduus)

thistle (any spiky or prickly perennial composite plant)


lether

desctree

English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Scots: lether, ledder, leither

Yola: luther (verb)

Inherited from Old English leþer, from Proto-West Germanic *leþr, from Proto-Germanic *leþrą, from Proto-Indo-European *letróm.

(rare, Late Middle English) An ocular tumor.


merveile

English: marvel

Scots: mervel

Borrowed from Old French merveille, from Latin mirabilia.

Something that induces wonder or astonishment; a marvel:

A supernatural or miraculous event; an act of God.

Something odd or unusual; that which is out of the ordinary.

One's recollection or recounting of a marvel.


merveilynge

English: marvelling


previsioun

English: prevision

Borrowed from Old French prevision, from Late Latin praevīsiōnem, accusative singular of praevīsiō; equivalent to pre- + visioun.

Knowledge of upcoming events; prevision or foresight.

Preparation, readying; arranging for an event.


visioun

English: vision

Scots: veesion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman visioun, from Latin vīsiōnem, accusative singular of vīsiō.

A vision; an illusory image, apparition or mirage.

A religious experience or event; a divine vision or foretelling (especially in one's rest)

A retelling of a vision or foretelling; a narrative about a vision.

(rare) The power or sense of eyesight; visual perception.


avisioun

English: avision (obsolete)

Scots: avisioun (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French avision; equivalent to a- + visioun.

A vision; an illusory image, apparition or mirage (especially in one's rest).

Macrobeus, that writ the avisioun / In Affrike of the worhty Cipioun, / Affermeth dremes, and seith that they been / Warnynge of thynges, that men after seen.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Nun's Priest's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

(rare) An retelling of a vision or foretelling; a narrative about a vision.


provisioun

English: provision

Scots: proveesion

Borrowed from Old French provision, from Latin prōvīsiōnem, accusative singular of prōvīsiō; equivalent to pro- + visioun.

Preparations, a readying; something which is set up or given for use.

(law) A legal provision or clause; a condition.

Foresight, carefulness; the state of having discretion.

(Christianity) Induction into a non-vacant benefice; ecclesiastical provision.

(rare) Caring, guardianship, safekeeping.

(rare, Christianity) A papally-granted right to bypass the ecclesiastical hierarchy.


divisioun

English: division

Scots: diveesion

Borrowed from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiōnem, accusative of dīvīsiō.

Division; the act of dividing or splitting:

(rare) Apportionment; division into sections.

(rare, mathematics) The mathematical operation of division.

(rare, figurative) Separation from the mortal world; death.

That which is divided; the result of a split:

A section, group, or class (especially of people)

Strife, dissension, or separation resulting from it.

(rare) A portion or division; a demarcated part.

(rare) A border; a division between territories.

A distinguishing, defining or identifying attribute.

Description or delineation; the act of determining.

(rare) Inconsistency, unharmony; that which contradicts or grates.

(rare) A pause or halt; the act of stopping.


prophetesse

English: prophetess

Borrowed from Old French prophetesse, from Latin prophētissa; equivalent to prophete + -esse.

A female prophet; one who expounds upon a divine message or a purported one.

(rare) A female foreteller; a woman who divines or previews.


fauconer

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">falcon</i>

English: fawkner (the regular descendant of this word, now obsolete); falconer (influenced by falcon)

Borrowed from Old French falconer, fauconer; equivalent to faucoun + -er.

A falconer (a trainer or user of birds of prey, especially for hunting).


faucoun

English: falcon

Scots: faucon

Borrowed from Old French faucon, falcon, from Latin falcōnem, accusative singular of falcō.

Falco peregrinus
Falco peregrinus#Translingual

A peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) or any other bird of prey used in falconry.

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic image of a falcon.


goshauk

English: goshawk

Scots: gosshawk

Inherited from Old English gōshafoc. Equivalent to goos + hauk.


gossomer

English: gossamer

From goos + somer. See English gossamer for more.


gandre

English: gander

Scots: ganare, ganer, ganner

From Old English gandra, from earlier ganra.


flayre

English: flair

Borrowed from Old French flair, from flairier.


fumyter

English: fumitory (with remodelling of suffix)

Borrowed from Old French fumiterre, from Latin fūmus terrae.


fumosite

English: fumosity (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fumosité, from Latin fūmōsitās (which some forms are directly from); equivalent to fumous + -ite.

Fumes; gaseous exhalements or vapourous releases.

(physiology) Bodily fumes that purportedly cause an ailment or mood.

(rare) The tendency (of a beverage etc.) to produce these purported fumes.

[...] Ful were hir hedes of fumositee,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 358-359

… Their heads were full of fumes from drinking wine,
That causes dreams of which there is no significance.

That causeth dreem, of which ther nis no charge.


fumygacioun

English: fumigation

Borrowed from Old French fumigation, from Late Latin fumigatio.

The burning of odorous substances for medicinal or religious reasons.


fumerelle

→ English: femerell, fumerell (historical)

A femerell; a vent for smoke to escape out of.


wintreow

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of vyne-tre


aqua vite

desc

> English: aqua vitae, aqua vitæ (inherited)

A kind of brandy (often flavoured with spices).


ræðnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rethnes


rethnes

English: retheness

Scots: rethnas

From Old English rēþnes; equivalent to reth + -nesse.


warþe

English: warth

From Old English waroþ, from Proto-Germanic *waruþaz, *waruþą.


hweolp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whelp


ȝwelp

(Early Southwestern ME) Alternative form of whelp


boterflien

From Old English buttorflēogan; equivalent to boterflye + -en (plural suffix).


boterflye

enm-noun

boterflye (plural boterflyes or boterflien)

English: butterfly

Scots: butterflee

From Old English butorflēoge, buttorflēoge, buterflēoge; equivalent to buter + flye.

butterfly (insect of the order Lepidoptera)

(rare) Something of little import or value.


crudde

English: crud, curd

Scots: crud, crood, croud

Probably from the past forms in crudd- of crouden.

Milk that has coagulated or a cheese made of it; curds.

(rare) Any substance that has congealed or thickened.

(rare) Solid matter or sediment in a liquid.

(rare) rennet (substance from animal guts that aids coagulation)


crudelite

From Middle French crudélité, from Latin crūdēlitās; Doublet of cruelte.


crowdere

English: crowder


crowde

q

remodelled after Welsh <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">crwth</i>

English: crwth, crowd, cruth, crowth, crouth (remodelled after Welsh crwth)

Scots: croude (obsolete)

Borrowed from a Celtic language; ultimately from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”).

A crwth, crowd or a similar musical instrument.


haysell

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of hasel


sether

A person who is employed for boiling food for cooking.


oyler

English: oiler

A person who is employed manufacturing or retailing oils.


sethyng

English: seething

Scots: seethin

Boiling or heating; the process of warming, especially in liquid:

Boiling for the purpose of heating or warming food.

(rare) The reduction or reducing of a substance.

A reduced liquid; an essence or extract of something.

(rare) The temperature which water boils at.


oyle

English: oil

Scots: ile, uilie, ulie

From Anglo-Norman olie and Old French oile, from Latin oleum, from Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion). Compare olyve.

The oil pressed from olives; olive oil:
As used in frying things in a pan.

As used in pharmaceuticals, medicaments, or remedies.

The oil pressed from olives; olive oil:
As used to power lamps or flames.

As used in cosmetics or personal grooming products.

As used to set alight and injure enemies.

Oil as used in religious ceremonies or events.

Oil as a symbol of salvatory power; salvatory power.

The oil of saints; a substance exuding from saintly relics.

Oil as used in spiritual contexts:
(rare) A name for Jesus.

Oil as used in spiritual contexts:
A name for Jesus.

Any kind of oil or an oily material (liquid fat).

Convincing or favourable words (compare Modern English butter up)

(alchemy) An alchemical essence or extract.


asseth

From Anglo-Norman *aset, back-formed from asez, asetz (interpreted as a plural). Forms without initial a- are from rebracketing of asseth as a seth. Compare English asset, from a Modern English reinterpretation of asetz.

Recompense; compensation or indemnity for damages.

Fulfilling; realisation of a duty, request, or question posed.

Expiation; atoning by performing duties (instead of admission or reflection)

Jesus's death as a sacrifice; the Atonement.


cruelheed

The state of being cruel; cruelness, cruelty, ruthlessness.

Viciousness, ferociousness; the state of being fierce.


cruelnesse

English: cruelness

Scots: cruelness (obsolete)

The state of being cruel; cruelness, ruthlessness.


kalende

English: calends

From Old English calend, a singular form back-formed from Latin kalendae, calendae.

The fyrste daye of a monthe hath the name of Kalendis.

1398, Bartholomew de Glanville, translated by John Trevisa, De Proprietatibus Rerum, Ch. ix, Section xxi, p. 359:

14th century, John Trevisa translating Bartholomaeus Anglicus's De Proprietatibus Rerum, folio 119

The canicular days begin on the fifteenth kalends of August [i.e., July 18th] and end on the nones [i.e., 5th] of September, and so they are even fifty as it is said there.

Þe caniculer dayes biginnyth in þe fiftenþe kalendis of august and endiþ in þe nonis of septembris, and so þey ben euene fifty as it is seide þere.

Calends, the first day of a month, particularly a Roman month.

A day calculated by counting the number of days left in a month and adding two, then noting the next month; a calends.

Rosh Hodesh; the Jewish celebration of a month beginning.

Now of hope the kalendis bygynne.

c. 1374, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus & Criseyde, Book II, Prologue:

The start or commencement of something; that which begins.

A foresign or portent of upcoming events or happenings.


chevese

Inherited from Old English ċiefes, ċiefese, from Proto-West Germanic *kabisi, from Proto-Germanic *kabisjō.


chieftayn

And if so falle, the chieftayn be take
On either syde, or elles slee his make,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2555-2557

And if so happen that the chieftain be taken
On either side, or else should slay his opponent,
The tournament shall last no longer.


capitainship

English: captainship

(rare) The position of a military commander or administrator.


cheveteyn

English: chieftain

Scots: chieftain

Borrowed from Old French chevetaine, from Late Latin capitaneus. Doublet of capitain.

The leader of a nation or a political division; a high-ranking politician.

The head of a military grouping; a general or marshal.

A head, chief or boss; any sort of person at the top of a hierarchy.


chervell

English: chervil

From Old English cerfelle, from Anglo-Norman chervele, from Latin chaerephylla, from Ancient Greek χαιρέφυλλον (khairéphullon).


bonchef

English: bonchief (obsolete)

From Old French bon chief (“good fortune”).

Good fortune, prosperity (often in general)


capitain

English: captain (see there for further descendants)

Scots: caiptain

Borrowed from Old French capitaine, itself borrowed from Late Latin capitāneus. Doublet of cheveteyn.

The head of a military force; a general or marshal.

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.

An officer; one who commands part of an army.

(rare) The leader of a nation or a political division; a high-ranking administrator.

(rare) One who leads military forces at sea.


charmynge

English: charming

Scots: chairmin


myschef

English: mischief

Scots: mischief

From Old French meschief, from meschever; it was often interpreted as mys- + chef, which it ultimately is equivalent to.

Sir, quod this frere, an odious meschief, / This day bityd is to myn ordre and me.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2190 -2191:

"Sir", said this friar, an odious misfortune / Has afflicted my order and me today.

A troubling or unfortunate situation or event; an issue, misfortune, disaster, or hardship.

Distress, torment, agony; the feeling of sorrowfulness.

Allas, I se a serpent or a theef, / That many a trewe man hath doon mescheef.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1324–1325:

Now, I see a serpent or a thief, / That to many a true person has done injury.

An affliction or detrimental condition; that which harms.

Iniquity, wrongfulness, or sin; malicious acts or actions.

The chaos or turmoil created by conflict or battling; the negative effects of warfare.

A need or want of something; poorness, hardship.


bocherie

English: butchery

Borrowed from Old French boucherie; by surface analysis, bocher + -ie.

A slaughterhouse (often with facilities for preparing and selling meat)

(rare) As a whole, butchers or their craft.


gresyng

Alternative form of gresynge (“greasing”)


gresyngge

Alternative form of gresynge (“staircase”)


decre

English: decree

Scots: decree

Borrowed from Old French decré, from Latin dēcrētum.

An instrument carrying a legal decision; a decree or judgement.

Any kind of decision or ruling; the result of arbitration.

The entirety of a set of law or regulations; especially when referring to ecclesiastical law.

(rare) A binding and official legal instrument; a law.


greez

Alternative form of grece (“step, steps”)


facioun

English: fashion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fashion, fasson

Yola: fashoon

Borrowed from Old French façon, faceon, from Latin factiō.

The way something looks or appears; physical form.

(Late Middle English) The way or design something is made in; fashion or style.

(Late Middle English) Creation, crafting, manufacture; the process of creating.

(rare) One's visage or facial appearance.

(rare, Late Middle English) A manner of behaviour or course of action.

(rare, Late Middle English) The natural composition of something.

(rare, Late Middle English) The way something is made or built.

(rare, Late Middle English) One's acts or decisions.


gresynge

English: greasing


revelour

English: reveler, reveller


rewelynge

Alternative form of revelynge (“reveling”)


revelyng

Alternative form of revelynge (“revelation”)


revelacioun

English: revelation

From Old French revelacion, from Latin revēlātiō; equivalent to revelen + -acioun.

The practice of revealing or unveiling divine knowledge

A religious or spiritual revelation; a revealing of divine knowledge.

The book of Revelation (the last book of the New Testament)

(rare) The contents or matter of a revelation.

(rare) A religious realisation or conclusion.


rebelloure

English: rebeller

rebeller; one who rebels or refuses to follow rules.


rebelte

Revolting or rising up against one's authorities.

Refusal to obey rules or authorities; stubbornness.


rebelnesse

A rebellion or revolt against authority.

Refusal to obey rules or authorities; disobedience.

(Late Middle English, rare) Unfriendliness, enmity.


rebellioun

English: rebellion

From Old French rebellion, from Latin rebelliō; equivalent to rebellen + -ioun.

An uprising or revolt against authorities; a rebellion or revolt.

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey authorities or rules; undutifulness.

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey divine authority or power.

(Late Middle English) One who rebels or revolts; a rebellious person.


rebellyng

English: rebelling

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey authorities or rules (divine or earyhly)

(rare) An uprising or revolt against authorities

(rare, Late Middle English) Aches in one's digestive system.


grediȝnesse

(Ormulum) Alternative form of gredynesse


grædiȝness

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gredynesse


gredynesse

English: greediness

From Old English grǣdiġnes; equivalent to gredy + -nesse.

enviousness, greediness, avarice; the state of lusting after wealth or lucre

voraciousness; excessive appetite or consumption of food and drink (also figurative)

(rare) impulsiveness, rashness; excessive eagerness or excitement

(rare) extreme ambition or drive; great willpower


tracyng

English: tracing


tradicioun

English: tradition

Scots: tradeetion

From Old French tradicion, from Latin trāditiō. Doublet of tresoun.

A tradition, custom, or piece of wisdom; traditional material.

The Talmud; codified and explicated Jewish tradition.


tresoun

English: treason

Scots: traison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman treson, from Old French traïson (“treason”), from Latin trāditiō. Doublet of tradicioun.

Betrayal; aiding one's enemies or rivals:

Betrayal of one's nation or governing authorities; treason or sedition.

The crime of treason as defined under the Treason Act 1351.

A specific instance of treason or sedition; an occasion where one acts treasonous.

Betrayal of one's family or relatives (especially referring to adultery)

Deception, fraudulence, lying; especially when severe or harmful:

Deception on the battlefield or while at war; underhanded tactics.

A specific instance of deception or fraudulence; an occasion where one uses deceit.

Disobedience; refusal to obey or listen to authorities (often religious)

Maliciousness, iniquity; wrong or malicious behaviour or actions, or an example of them.


hungær

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hunger


otemele

English: oatmeal

Scots: aitmeal

oatmeal; meal made from oats or a dish made from it.


nakednesse

English: nakedness

From Old English nacodnes; equivalent to naked + -nesse.


nakedhed

English: nakedhood (rare)

(rare) Lack of wealth; poverty, poorness.

(rare) A dearth, lack or scarcity of something.


þessterrnesse

(Ormulum) Alternative form of þesternesse


þesternesse

From Old English þēosterness; equivalent to þester + -nesse.

The state or quality of being dark; lack of light or brightness.

A location that is dark; especially used of Hell.

Immorality, paganism, iniquity; bad religious behaviour (from a Christian viewpoint).


kneder

English: kneader


þester

(rare) Religious torment or torture; the fires of hell.


knedynge

English: kneading

(rare outside of compounds) kneading, compression


moodd

Alternative form of mode (“grammatical mood”)


dreryhed

English: drearihead, drearihood


drerynesse

English: dreariness

From Old English drēoriġnys; equivalent to drery + -nesse.

The state of being sad or sorrowful; sorrowfulness.

(rare) Poverty, deprivation, squalor; lack of wealth.

(rare) Agitation; lack of patience or tolerance.


modinesse

English: moodiness (possibly formed anew)

From Old English mōdiġnes; equivalent to mody + -nesse.


moode

Alternative form of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)


forneys

English: furnace

Scots: furnace

Borrowed from Old French fornais, from Latin fornāx.

A stove or oven; a device for cooking upon or in.

A pot for boiling food in, especially of great size.

A furnace (especially when used for glassworking or metalworking).

Fires used to inflict punishment or retribution upon someone.

(rare) A device for boiling non-fermented liquor.


payle

English: pail

Yola: pyle

From either Old English pæġel, from Proto-West Germanic *pagil; or from Old French paielle, from Latin patella; or a conflation of both.

A pail or bucket; a roughly cylindrical container.


wynne

English: wynn, wen, win, winne

Scots: win

From Old English wynn; the final vowel is from the oblique cases. Doublet of veine (“supplication”).


wynne

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


whynne

English: whin

Scots: whin

Of North Germanic origin, borrowed from Old Norse hvein (the source of modern Swedish ven (“bentgrass”)), from Proto-Germanic *hwin-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoi-no-, referring to its tall, sharp stalks.


wefte

English: weft

Scots: waft

Yola: weft

From Old English weft, wift, from Proto-Germanic *wiftiz; equivalent to weven + -th. The vocalism in -e- is due to the influence of weven.

weft (thread lying lengthwise in fabric)


ȝealp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ȝelp


ȝelpunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yelpinge


yelpere

English: yelper

One who brags or engages in self-aggrandisement.


yelpinge

English: yelping

Yola: yalpeen

From Old English ġilping; equivalent to ȝelpen + -ing.


yellynge

English: yelling

Yelling, hollering; the making of a loud, chaotic noise.


ȝelp

English: yelp

Scots: yelp, yalp

From Old English ġielp, ġylp, ġilp, ġelp.

Bragging; excessive vanity or self-aggrandisement.


blaese

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blase


risshen

From Old English rysċan; equivalent to risshe + -en (plural suffix).


risshe

English: rush

Scots: rash, resh

From Old English rysċe, from Proto-West Germanic *ruskijā.

A rush (plant of the family Juncaceae) or a similar plant.

The dried and sliced stem of such a plant.

A trifle; something of little import or value.


auntelere

English: antler

From Old French antoillier, possibly from an unattested Latin *anteocularis (“before the eye”).


gloriynge

(rare) Bragging; engagement in self-aggrandisement.


glorifiynge

(rare) Commendation, recognition, honouring.

(rare) Bragging; engagment in self-aggrandisement.


eshe

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


fflote

Alternative form of flote (“float, fleet”)


yekesters

From ȝekes (“cuckoo's”) + ters (“penis”).

Arum maculatum
Arum maculatum#Translingual

(figurative) cuckoopint (Arum maculatum or Arum italicum)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see ȝekes, ters.


growte

English: grout

Scots: grute, gruit

Inherited from Old English grūt, from Proto-Germanic *grūtą, *grutą.

A sort of wort or the beer made from it.


ȝek

Inherited from Old English ġēac, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz. Doublet of goke.


cokkou

English: cuckoo

Scots: cuckoo

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom

Cuculus canorus
Cuculus canorus#Translingual


storem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of storm


thunder-clap

thonder clappe
thonder clappe#Middle_English


thonder clappe

English: thunderclap


cownte

Alternative form of counte (“computation”)


clappynge

English: clapping

A loud noise, especially as made by clapping or talking.

(rare) The cycle of inhalation and exhalation.


thonder

English: thunder

Scots: thuner, thunder, thundir

Yola: dhunder, dunder

Inherited from Old English þunor, from Proto-West Germanic *þunr.
The varieties with -d- are from the oblique stem of þunor, þunr-, which experienced a sound change -nr- → -ndr-; this was leveled into all forms of the word (compare gandre).

Thunder (loud noise created during a thunderstorm).

A thunderstorm (storm which accompanies such a loud noise).

And I ſai þat þe lomb hadde opened oon of þe ſeuene ſeelis. ⁊ I herde oon of þe foure beeſtis ſeiynge as a vois of þundur / come ⁊ ſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:1, page 119r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And I saw that the lamb had opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four creatures saying, like the sound of thunder, "Come and see!"

Something which acoustically resembles thunder.

Lightning (especially in contexts referring to destruction)


leyt

English: lait (obsolete)

From Old English lēġet, Anglian form of līġet, līġetu, līeġet, from Proto-West Germanic *laugiþu.

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene lau[m]pıs bꝛe[n]nynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

The striking of lightning; an instance of lightning.


counte

English: count, compt

Scots: coont, count

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conte, counte, from Latin computus; reinforced through aphesis of acounte.

A measurement, especially a count or enumeration.

(figuratively) The reckoning of one's deeds at Judgement Day.


counte

English: count

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conte, counte, from Latin comes, comit-.


counte

English: county

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman counté, from Latin comitātus; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -te.

A traditional county or shire of England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.


thrusche

English: thrush

Yola: drush, drish

From Old English þrysċe, from Proto-West Germanic *þruskijā.

A thrush (bird of the genus Turdus) or its meat.


thresshere

English: thresher, thrasher

Yola: dhresheare

/ˈθrɛʃər(ə)/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.?
Proto-Germanic *þreskaną
Old English þrescan
Middle English threschen
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -er
Middle English thresshere
From threschen + -er.


threschwolde

English: threshold

Scots: thrashel

/ˈθrɛʃwɔːld/

/ˈθrɛʃfɔːld/

From Old English þresċold, þerxold, þrexwold, from Proto-Germanic *þreskwaþluz; the first element is akin to threschen, but the second is of disputed origin, and was identified with several different words in Middle English.

A door-sill; the bottom board of a door.

An entryway; the part of a structure where one enters.


submissioun

English: submission

Borrowed from Old French soubmission, from Latin submissiō.

(law) Legal submission to the decisions of someone else.

(rare) Humbleness, loyalty, submission, or an act demonstrating such behaviour.


wrenne

English: wren

Scots: wran

Inherited from Old English wrenna, from Proto-Germanic *wrandijô.


sparewen

From Old English spearwan; equivalent to sparwe + -en (plural suffix).


swalwe

English: swallow

Scots: swalla, swallae

A swallow (bird in the genus Hirundo) or a swift.

The meat of such birds (also used in pharmaceuticals)


sparwe

English: sparrow

→ Manx: sparroo

Scots: sparrowe, sparow

Yola: sparrowe


bridegome

English: bridegroom

Scots: bridegreem

Yola: breedegroom

Inherited from Old English brȳdguma, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdigumō, from Proto-Germanic *brūdigumô; equivalent to bride + gome (“man”).

A (bride)groom; a man recently married or to be married.

(theology) God as Christendom's partner.


bridale

English: bridal

Scots: brithal

Inherited from Old English brȳdealo, equivalent to bride + ale (“ale”).

A wedding, especially the feast at one; a bridal.

(rare, theology) The "wedding" of humankind and God.


mastik

English: mastic

Borrowed from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē).

(rare) The mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)


gumme

English: gum

Scots: gum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gume, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin gummi, cummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy, qmyt.

A gum or resin; a sticky syrup from a plant, used as scent and in pharmaceuticals.


breydynge

English: braiding

Weaving, intertwining (of branches or yarn)


brayde

From a conflation of Old English bræġd, Old English ġebreġd, and Old Norse bragð.


bredynge

English: breeding


dowarye

English: dowry

Scots: drurie (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman dowarie, from Medieval Latin dōtārium; equivalent to dowen + -erie. Doublet of dower.

A dower; a life estate of a male spouse's property.

(rare) A gift given by the bride's family to the groom or his relatives; dowry.

(rare, figurative) Any sort of property, especially if valuable or important.

(rare, figurative) An attribute or quality (of a person or people).


endowynge

An endowment or granting of money as means.


dogh

English: dough (dialectal duff)

Scots: daich, dauch

Yola: dhoaugh, doaugh, doaug

From Old English dāg, dāh, from Proto-West Germanic *daig, from Proto-Germanic *daigaz.

dough (substance used to make bread etc.)


lowting

The act of prostration or an instance of it; bowing.

(rare) Hunching; bending one's body or head.


feldefare

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feltyfare</i>

English: fieldfare (dialectal feltyfare)

Scots: feltiflyer (reinterpreted)

Inherited from Old English feldefare; equivalent to feeld + fare. The form with /ɛ/ is the regular product of trisyllabic shortening, while that with /eː/ is due to the analogy of the simplex feeld.

Turdus pilaris
Turdus pilaris#Translingual

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


gnet

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gnat


kilne

English: kiln

Scots: kill

From Old English cylene, from Latin culīna (possibly through a Proto-Germanic *kulinǭ).


bake mete

English: bakemeat (obsolete)

Scots: bakement (reinterpreted)

From baken, bake (the past participle of baken (“to bake”)), and mete (“food”); thus literally "baked food".

Any kind of cooked food which has a pastry coating.


bakhous

English: bakehouse

→ Welsh: becws, bacws, becos

Scots: bake-hous

→ Irish: bácús
→ Yola: baakooze

From Old English bæchūs; sometimes remodeled on baken + hous.

A bakery (the physical building or the service)


bakynge

English: baking


bakyn

From baken, the past participle of the above verb.

Alternative form of baken (“meal involving pastry”)


sodeynte

English: suddenty (dialectal)

Scots: suddenty

Borrowed from Old French sodaineté; equivalent to sodeyn + -te.

The state of being sudden or happening or developing without buildup.

Lack of anticipation the state of happening or developing without warning or notice.


thefte

English: theft

Scots: thift, theft

Inherited from Old English þīefþ, from Proto-West Germanic *þiubiþu, from Proto-Germanic *þiubiþō; equivalent to thef + -the (“abstract nominal suffix”).

Theft, stealing, robbery (in general or as an individual instance):

Financial fraud; the mishandling of money.

Something seen as analogous or equivalent to theft.


thef

English: thief

Scots: thef, theif, thief

A person who enters conflict for loot or booty.


brewere

English: brewer

Scots: brewer


brewhous

English: brewhouse

A brewhouse or brewery; a place for making beer.

(rare) A inn or tavern with an on-site brewery.


brewestere

English: brewster

Scots: browster


brewe

English: bree (dialectal)

Scots: brew, bree

From Old English brǣw, brēaw, brēġ, from Proto-Germanic *brēwō (besides *brūwō → Middle English browe).


schovel

English: shovel (dialectal shoul, shool)

→ Fiji Hindi: sabbal

→ Marshallese: jabōļ

Scots: shuffle, schule, shule, shuil

Yola: shule

Inherited from Old English sċofl, *sċufl, from Proto-Germanic *skuflō. Akin to schoven.

A shovel or spade; a scooped tool with a handle.


schovynge

English: shoving

Shoving; movement using direct physical force.

(rare) The causation of movement (especially of wind) .


ethymologie

English: etymology

Borrowed from Old French ethimologie, from Latin etymologia, from Ancient Greek ἐτυμολογία (etumología).

The purported true, primordial and innate sense of a term.

(rare, Late Middle English) The study of such senses.


stynge

English: sting

Scots: sting

Inherited from Old English sting, stincg, from Proto-Germanic *stungiz.

A sting; the pain caused by a stinger or any analogous pain.

(rare) A stinger; the sharp point of an insect used to sting.


styngyng

English: stinging

A stinging; the process where an insect uses its stinger.

A sting; the pain caused by a stinging or similar pain.


stænc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of stench


stynk

English: stink

Scots: stink

A stench; a displeasing or repulsive smell.

Something which causes or has such a repulsive smell.

The fires of hell (thought to smell of sulphur)

Sin; that which is considered to be wrong by religious authorities.


stynkynge

English: stinking

Scots: stinkin

From stynken + -ing (“nominalising ending”).

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:


writhyng

English: writhing

The process of bending, curling, or twining.


souker

English: sucker

Scots: souker


soukynge

English: sucking

Scots: sookin


honysokel

English: honeysuckle

Scots: hinnysickle

Honeysuckle (plant of the genus Lonicera) or a similar plant.

Clover (plant of the genus Trifolium) or a similar plant.


knoble

English: knobble


honysoke

English: honeysuck (archaic)

desctree

⇒ Middle English: honysokel, honysoukel, honisokel, honysocle, hunisuccle, hony-sokkle, honysokkil, honysikil, hony-sokle, honysokyl, honysoucle, honysukkle
English: honeysuckle
Scots: hinnysickle

From Old English huniġsūce, huniġsūge; equivalent to hony + souke.


kembestere

English: kempster, kembster (historical)

Middle Scots: kemstar

A kembster; one (usually female) who combs wool.


hony comb

English: honeycomb

Scots: hinnie-kaim

From Old English huniġcamb; equivalent to hony + comb.