wente

c. 1374-1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Hous of Fame
At a turninge of a wente.


heate

(Early Middle English, Late Middle English) Alternative form of hete (“heat”)


chaunce

desctree

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">chaunce</i>

English: chance (archaic chaunce)
→ Japanese: チャンス

Scots: chance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cheaunce, chaunce, from Vulgar Latin *cadentia (“falling”).

An (especially random) event or occurrence:

An eventuality or possibility; a potential event.

A (life-changingly) lucky or unlucky event.

Luck, chance, fate:
The (numerical) result of a dice throw.

(rare) Power or authority over one's fate.

Luck, chance, fate:
Power or authority over one's fate.

A scenario or situation; a state of affairs.

A chance or option; an opening for change.


noyse

English: noise

Scots: noise

Borrowed from Old French noise, from either Latin nausea or Latin noxia.

A sound (auditory sensation):
A noise (unpleasant sound)

A sound (auditory sensation):
A loud voice; a crying out.

A sound (auditory sensation):
The sound made by a certain animal.


crucifier

English: crucifier

From crucifien + -er; compare Old French crucefieor.


fiele

Borrowed from Old French viele, from Latin vitula, with replacement of /v/ with /f/ on the analogy of fithele (either in Middle English or already in Anglo-Norman).

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


tapster

He knew the tavernes wel in every toun / And everich hostiler and tappestere / Bet than a lazar or a beggestere;

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 240-42:


magnes

English: magnes (obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin magnēs, from Ancient Greek μαγνήτης λίθος (magnḗtēs líthos, “Magnesian stone”). Doublet of magnete.

der

μαγνήτης λίθος

(rare) lodestone (a magnetic stone that is an ore of iron)


grippes

From Old English gripas, plural of gripe.


coule

English: cowl

Scots: coul, cool

Inherited from Old English cūle, cufle, cugele, from Ecclesiastical Latin cuculla.


tresse

English: tress

From Old French tresce, of unclear origin.


fiole

English: vial, phial

→ Welsh: ffiol

From Old French fiole, from Late Latin fiola, from Latin phiala, from Ancient Greek φιάλη (phiálē).

A receptacle, vial, or bottle or diminutive size.

A spouted container for pouring liquid out of.


aventures

Bᵘᵗ Marlyon warned the kyng covertly that Gwenyuer was nat holſom for hym to take to wyff · For he warned hym that launcelot ſcholde love hir and ſche hym agayne · And ſo he turned his tale to the aventures of the Sankegreal ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 22–25:


sorel

English: sorrel

Rumex acetosa
Rumex acetosa#Translingual

Oxalis acetosella
Oxalis acetosella#Translingual


sorel

English: sorel (obsolete)

From Old French sorel; equivalent to sor (“sorrel”) + -el (diminutive suffix).


seint

English: saint

Yola: Sankt, Sank, Saan

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman seint, variant of Old French saint, partly from Old English sanct (“saint”), ultimately from Latin sanctus.

The reule of seint Maure or of seint Beneit,
By-cause that it was old and som-del streit,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 173-176

And held after the newe world the space.
The rule of Saint Maurus or of Saint Benedict,
Because it was old and somewhat strict,
This same monk let old things pass away,
And followed the broader customs of modern times.


mangerie

English: mangery (obsolete)

From Old French mangerie; equivalent to manger + -ie.


strook

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


allie

English: ally

Scots: ally

The state of having marital or family relations or linkage.

A member of one's family; one of one's kin or relatives.

One's kin or relatives as a collective or group.

Similarity or relation; the state of being similar to another.

An ally, confederate, or compatriot; one in an alliance.

(rare) A pact of friendship; the state of being allied.


verdit

English: verdict (← verdict)

Scots: verdict

Borrowed from Old French verdit, veirdit, from Vulgar Latin veredictum.

I juge, of every folk men shal oon calle / To seyn the verdit for you foules alle.

1382, Chaucer, “v. 525”, in Parlement of Foules^([The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer]):

A verdict; a judgement or ruling (especially legal).

(rare) A position or stance on an issue undergoing arbitration.


coker

English: cocker, cogger

From Old English cocer, cocur, from Proto-Germanic *kukur-; perhaps ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür or Hunnic. Doublet of quiver.

(rare) A quiver (a receptacle for arrows)


tord

English: turd

Scots: tuird

From Old English tord, from Proto-Germanic *turdą.

Animal feces used as fertiliser; manure or sharn.

Feces used in pharmaceuticals or medicinal creations.


stapel

English: staple

Scots: steeple

From Old English stapol (“basis, pillar”).


sours

English: source

Scots: source, soorce

Borrowed from Old French sours m, sourse f, past participle of sourdre; compare sourden.

A source or origin; that which something originates from.

(figuratively) An exemplar of a characteristic.

(rare) The origin of a stream of flowing water.

(architecture, rare) A wall fixture supporting an image.


retenue

English: retinue

A small group or company of hirelings or people, following a notable person; a retinue.

The state of being employed, especially in such a small group.


teppe

(Kent) Alternative form of tappe (“plug”)


burde

English: burd

Probably from Old English byrde; in that case, equivalent to beren + -th.

A noblewoman; a lady or maiden; especially the Virgin Mary.

A young man, especially one of noble blood or Jesus Christ.


magicien

English: magician

Borrowed from Middle French magicien; equivalent to magik + -ien.


couvent

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


percher

English: percher


yelow

English: yellow,

Scots: yella, yelly, yallow

From Old English ġeolu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃wós.

an object or feature notable for being yellow


blys

English: bliss

From Old English blīths, bliss (“joy”), of Germanic origin.


cornes

From corn (“grain”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


cornes

From corne (“callus”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


logge

enm-noun

logge (plural logges or loggis or loggys)

logges (plural)
loggis (plural)
loggys (plural)

English: log

Unknown, but probably connected to Middle English lugge (“pole”), from which obsolete/dialectal English lugg, lug (“pole; measure of length ~6 yd.; measure of land ~50 sq. yd.”). Cf. also clogge (“log”), clog.
Ending on -g may suggest Scandinavian origin, which has been proposed, cf. Old Norse lág and its regular reflex Norwegian Nynorsk låg (“fallen tree”), but the Old Norse/Middle Norwegian vowel is long while ME vowel is short.
Discounting 13th-century surname Log, first attested as Medieval Latin loggiandum (“woodcutting”) in 1205 (in Rotuli litterarum clausarum), then Medieval Latin loggum (“piece of wood”) in 1306 (in Muniments of Dean and Chapter of Canterbury), while in actual ME attested only since 1398.

cog

1398, Bartholomeus Anglicus's De Proprietatibus Rerum translated by John Trevisa
He bloweþ and bereþ blosseme wiþoute undersettyng, but þe fruyt þerof fayleþ and roteþ but he be rered up fro þe grounde and ytrayled wiþ loggis and ȝerdis as it were a vyne.
…fine appodiatione florere potest, sed fructus eius vix proficit, imo deficit vel putrescit, quando ad modum vineae a terra non erigitur, et lignis vel virgulis non sustentatur.
It blew and blossomed without undersettings, but its fruits failed and rotted, so supports are needed anyway to raise them from the ground and uphold with staffs and rods, as if it were a vine.
And þe olyve wol nouȝt be harde ybete wiþ staves and logges to gadre þe fruyt þerof, as some men doon þat ben unredy and unwyse…
…nec vult olea percuti graviter cum perticis pro suo fructu colligendo, sicut faciunt aliqui minus cauti…
And the olive is not to be hard-beaten with staves and poles to gather its fruits, as some men who have done that were unready and unwise…

Item, we have payde for raftur loggys and a post VII d. ob. … we have payde for hewying of yem … II d.

1448, Churchwardens' Accounts of the Parish of St. Mary:

Moreover, we have paid for rafter logs and a wooden post 7½ pence … we have paid for hewing them … 2 pence


logge

English: lodge
→ Dutch: lodge

Scots: ludge

Borrowed from Old French loge, borrowed from Frankish *laubijā, from Proto-West Germanic *laub + *-jō.


leme

English: leam

Scots: leim, leme

From Old English lēoma, from Proto-West Germanic *leuhmō.
Forms with /ɛː/ are unexpected; they may be due to the influence of beem and gleem.

Light, brightness, or an instance of it:

Firis with red lemes.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(figuratively) Wisdom, revelation, or one who grants it.


deale

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dale


newe

From Old English nīewe, from Proto-West Germanic *niwi, from Proto-Germanic *niwjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *néwyos. More at new.

Wið-uten ðe læche ðe loceð after mannes ikynde, þe newe oðer elde, and ðe wrihte his timber to keruen after ðare mone, ðe is ikyndelich þing; elles hit is al ȝedwoll.


mous

English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss

Scots: moose

From Old English mūs, from Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s.

(figurative) A coward; one lacking courage.

(figurative) A feeble or unimportant individual.


horsman

English: horseman

(rare) One who is in change of horses; a groom.


gayn

English: gain

Scots: gain

From Old Norse gagn, from Proto-Germanic *gaganą, *gagną; reinforced by Middle French gain. Compare wayn.

edge, advantage, a beneficial difference


warte

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">wrot</i>

English: wart (dialectal wrot)

Scots: wrat

From Old English wearte, from Proto-West Germanic *wartā, from Proto-Germanic *wartǭ.


esche

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


suvel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sowel (“food”)


coper

English: copper

→ Maori: kapa

→ Shona: kopa

Scots: coper, copper

→ Cornish: kober

→ Irish: copar

→ Manx: cobbyr

→ Scottish Gaelic: copar

→ Welsh: copor

Inherited from Old English copor, coper, from Proto-West Germanic *kopr.


helmen

Luken sweord longe, leiden o þe helmen.

They drew their long swords and put on their helms.


hengen

From Old English hengen, from Proto-West Germanic *hangini.

(Early Middle English, hapax) imprisonment


eren

From Old English ēaran, plural form of ēare, from Proto-Germanic *ausōnō, plural form of *ausô; equivalent to ere (“ear”) + -en (plural suffix).


brandire

English: brander, brandiron (obsolete)

Scots: brander

Yola: brandeyrons, brand-eyrons (plural)

From Old English brandīren, brandīsen; equivalent to brand + iren.


trone

English: throne

Scots: throne

From Old French trone, trosne, from Latin thronus, from Ancient Greek θρόνος (thrónos).

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene laumpıs bꝛennynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

(specifically) The heavenly throne of the Christian God.

(figuratively) Royal, ecclesiastical, or divine power.

(ethics) The divinely assigned position of a virtue.


trone

English: tron, trone

Scots: tron, trone

From Anglo-Norman trone, tron, from Late Latin trona, from Latin trutina (“balance”).

A set of scales or balance; a machine used to weigh.

The location of weighing equipment used as a place to humiliate criminals.

One of the planks used to make the Holy Cross.


armure

English: armor, armour, armure

Scots: armour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman armure, armeüre, from Latin armātūra.


palmer

English: palmer

Named for the palm branches they were wont to bring back from the Levant to signify their pilgrimage. From Anglo-Norman palmer, from Old French paumier, from Medieval Latin palmārius (“palmer”), from palma (“palm tree”).

ca. 1370–90, William Langland, Piers Plowman,
Pilgrims and palmers plighted them together
To seek for Saint James and the saintes in Rome ...

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
 And palmeres for to seken strange stroundes
 To ferne halwes, kouthe in sondry londes.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 13–15:

Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage,
 And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,
 To distant shrines well known in sundry lands.

A pilgrim who has been to the Holy Land.


rosee

English: rosee

A meal incorporating rose petals or flowers

A dish that is imitates the colour of a rose.


fat

English: vat, fat

Scots: fat, vat, vautt

Yola: vaat, vaate

From Old English fæt, from Proto-West Germanic *fat, from Proto-Germanic *fatą.


amiral

English: amiral

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amiral, from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”). In forms including ad-, via variants derived under influence from admīrārī (“to admire, to respect”).

emir (a Muslim military commander, governor, or prince)


wunne

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


eorðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of erthe (“earth”)


gibet

English: gibbet

An upright post with a crosspiece used for execution and/or public display; a gallows.

An execution by means of noose and gallows; a hanging.


rop

desctree

English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop

Scots: raip

→ Old French: rap

Inherited from Old English rāp, from Proto-West Germanic *raip, from Proto-Germanic *raipaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp-.

A cord or string:
A rope; a strong intertwined cord.

A cord or string:
(nautical) A ship's line.

A cord or string:
(rare) A Franciscan corded belt.

A cord or string:
A Franciscan corded belt.


rop

English: rope, rop

Inherited from Old English rop, ropp; compare Middle Dutch rop, roppe (“fish guts”).

(usually in the plural) An intestine; a gut.


rop

Inherited from Old English hrōp, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōp, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaz, *hrōpą (“shout, cry”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-.
Cognate with Dutch roep (“a call, cry, shout”), German Ruf (“a call, cry, reputation”), Swedish rop (“call, cry, shout”).

(Early Middle English, rare) A call; a cry.


spiller

English: spiller


tabler

From Old French tablier; equivalent to table + -er.

(rare) A notepad or other portable writing instrument.


panter

English: panther

From Old French pantere, from Latin panthera, from Ancient Greek πάνθηρ (pánthēr).


panter

English: panter

Borrowed from Old French panetier, penetier.

A pantler (manager of the pantry and food)


panter

English: panter (obsolete)

English: pantle (obsolete, regional)

Borrowed from Old French pantiere, from Latin panthēra (“entire catch”), from Ancient Greek πανθήρα (panthḗra).

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Legend of Good Women/Prologe
The smalle fowles, of the season fain,
That from the panter and the net ben scaped,
Upon the fowler, that them made a-whaped
In winter, and destroyed had their brood.

(figurative) That which ensnares; a lure.


treen

English: treen

From Old English trīwen; equivalent to tre + -en (“made of”).


tungol

On þine deaðe ealle tunglen & gesceafte wurðen gestyrede.

a planet, a heavenly body such as a star


eom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em


dyner

English: dinner (see there for further descendants)

Scots: denner

Yola: dineare, deneare

Borrowed from Old French disner (“breakfast, lunch”), from Vulgar Latin *disiūnō, *disiūnāre, contraction of disieiūnāre. Doublet of dynen, from the same Old French word in its original verbal function.

bor+

lunch (main meal of the day, consumed at midday)

(rare) breakfast (first meal of the day)


spencer

From Anglo-Norman despenser or Old French espensier, from Latin dispēnsāre (“to dispense, distribute; to manage”). Equivalent to spence (“buttery”) + -er.


spanne

English: span

Scots: span

From Old English spann, from Proto-West Germanic *spannu, from Proto-Germanic *spānnõ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to stretch”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A specific measure of volume that corresponds to the quantity that fits in a person's hands while cupped.


bason

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of basyn


rof

English: roof

Geordie English: ruif, reuf

Scots: ruf, ruif

From Old English hrōf, from Proto-Germanic *hrōfą.

The outer side of a roof considered separately; the rooftop.

The inner side of a roof considered separately; the ceiling.

A house or building; an edifice used for inhabitance.

Any sort of cover, especially one that provides shelter.


ramson

English: ramson, ramsons

The old plural of ramese (from Old English hramsa (“ramsons”)) taken as a singular.

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual


frounce

English: frounce

Borrowed from Middle French fronce, from Old French fronce.

A wrinkle, fold, or pleat (in fabric, hair, or porcelain).

A disease involving mouth sores in birds of prey.

(figuratively) A grimace; a scornful look.


caser

(Early Scots) Alternative form of casere


sweven

English: sweven

Scots: sweven, swevyn

From Old English swefn, from Proto-West Germanic *swefn, from Proto-Germanic *swefnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos. Some forms influenced by Old Norse söfn, an alternative form of svefn.

⁊ it ſchal be in þe laſte daies þe loꝛd ſeiþ · Y ſchal helde out my ſpirit on ech fleiſch · ⁊ ȝoure ſones and ȝoure douȝtris ſchulen p[ꝛo]pheſie ⁊ ȝoure ȝonge men ſchulen ſe viſioūs. ⁊ ȝoure eldris ſchulen dꝛeme ſweuenes

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 2:17, page 91v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

"And it'll be in the last days, (when) the Lord says: "I'll hold out my Spirit on all the people; your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, and your elders will dream dreams […]


sandale

Alternative form of sandal (“sandalwood”)


vernage

→ English: vernage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vernage, from Old Italian Vernaccia.


disme

late 14ᵗʰ C., John Gower, Confessio Amantis

And thus the wars they beginne, Whereof the holy church is taxed, That in the point, as it is axed, The disme go'th to the battaile.


comparatif

English: comparative

Borrowed from Old French comparatif, from Latin comparātīvus.


gron

English: groan

Scots: grain, grane


botun

Alternative form of boten (“to resolve”)


scheef

English: sheaf

Scots: sheaf

Yola: shives (plural)

A sheaf as part of a paying in kind of tax.

A group of arrows or the container they belong in.

A specified amount of steel or glass used as a measurement.

(rare) A bunch of any other kind of agricultural produce.

(rare) A bunch of any other small, long item.


baronie

English: barony

Yola: baronie, barony

Borrowed from Old French baronie; equivalent to baroun + -ie.

baronage, nobility (body of barons or nobles)


schat

→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta

Money, cash, currency; monetary or fiscal wealth.

Wares, possessions, property; that which is owned.


beaste

1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)48/155 : Hye you lest this water fall That eyche beaste were in stall.

c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)1142 : Tho [read: who; L qui] priked on a playne feelde þe perelous beaste, Hee shall raigne as a ryng ryall and noble.

-?-(1474) Ordin.Househ.Pr.Edw.32* : The purveyors of beeves and muttons, of calves and lambes..hath to theire fees..the intrayles of every beaste excepte the oxe feete and the uthers.


dabbe

English: dab

Yola: dab


nercotikes

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1300s, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, For he hade yeve his gayler drynke so Of a clarree maad of a certeyn wyn, With nercotikes and opie of Thebes fyn, […]


haie

Alternative form of haye (“hunting net”)


sware

English: sware (obsolete); swear (remodeled on the verb swear)

Scots: swear (remodeled on the verb sweir)

From Old English swaru, from Proto-Germanic *swarō.

A response to a query or questioning; an answer.

The taking of an oath or compact; a promise.

(rare) An instance of profanity or swearing.


reiser

English: raiser

(rare, Late Middle English) Someone who revitalises or revives.

(rare, Late Middle English) Someone who provokes or defames.

(rare, Late Middle English) A person who levies fees or tolls.

(rare, Late Middle English) A person who builds.


aspide

Borrowed from Old French aspide, from Latin aspis, aspidis (“asp, viper; shield”). Doublet of aspe (“asp”).


evenhood

From the assumed Old English etymon *efenhād, from efen (“even”) + hād (“rank”) (the ultimate source of both -head and -hood; compare -hād).

(uncountable) Equality; equal dignity, rank, or standing.

(countable) One of equal rank; an equal, a peer, an equivalent.

...of treatment; impartiality, equity, fairness.

...of mind; mental balance or equilibrium.


spuddle

spudger


hosa

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hose


coton

English: cotton

→ Irish: cotún

Scots: cotton, catton

→ Welsh: cotwm

From Old French cotoun, from Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطْن (quṭn, “cotton”). Compare aketon.


toller

English: toller

From Old English tollere; equivalent to toll (“toll”) + -er.

A tollkeeper; one who collects tolls, levies or payments.


sæp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sap


ammiral

English: ammiral

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amiral etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).

Alternative form of amiral, emir or admiral.


leed

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
That stemed as a forneys of a leed


walet

English: wallet

Scots: wallet

A bag or knapsack (usually one used for the holding of essentials)


iren

From Old English īsern, from Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom.


lyve

For I haue herde oꝛ thys of many a wight / Hath loued thynge he neuer ſawe his lyue

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book V, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cciii, recto:

As I've heard this before from many people / with loved ones they'd never seen in their life


fixen

English: vixen

From Old English fyxe, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhsini, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsinī. The -en suffix suggests that the feminine suffix was later added, or that the word actually comes from Old English *fyxen (akin to German Füchsin). In either case, equivalent to fox + -en (feminine suffix).


gomes

From gome (“man”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


gomes

From gome (“gum”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


locuste

English: locust

Ultimately from Latin locusta, either directly or from Anglo-Norman or Middle French locuste.


stak

English: stack

Scots: stack

From Old Norse stakkr, from Proto-Germanic *stakkaz.


puls

English: pulse

Borrowed from Old French pouls, pols, from Latin puls, probably from Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos) from a Proto-Indo-European *pel (“dust, flour”).


forfait

English: forfeit


tribuni

Borrowed from Latin tribūnī, plural of tribūnus.


taverne

English: tavern

Scots: tavern

From Old French taverne, from Latin taberna.


dees

From Old French des, plural of de. Owing to the noun's frequent use in the plural, sometimes, as in Modern English, reinterpreted as a singular.


dees

English: dice

Scots: dice


cee

English: cee

And whan the seide merchauntz Holanders that went to Caleys hadde bought there grete substance of wolle and wollefelle, and that thei shulde make the rekenyng thereof, and bringe payement unto the Staple, according to thordenaunce of the place, thei put forthe the seide letters and billes for paiement, which lettres were there refused for unsufficience, and the billes of the mynte, for thei were falsede with Cees set above, that of iij. łi. was made iij. c. łi. and of ij. łi. was made ij. c. łi.

1445 January 20, “Petition to the king for the redress of certain frauds committed at Calais”, in Joseph Stevenson, editor, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France During the Reign of Henry the Sixth, King of England (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages), volume I, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, published 1861, page 467:

The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.


yeer

desctree

English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel

Scots: year

From Old English ġēar, from Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą.

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]


clough

English: clough

Geordie English: cleugh

Scots: cleuch

From Old English *clōh, from Proto-West Germanic *klą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *klanhaz, *klanhō, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball”).


hameren

hameren (infinitive)
to hameren (infinitive)
hamere (infinitive)
hamere (first-person present singular)
hamered (first-person past singular)
hamerest (present second-person singular)
hameredest (past second-person singular)
hamereth (present singular third-person)
hamered (past singular third-person)
hamere (present singular subjunctive)
hamered (past singular subjunctive)
hamere (imperative present singular)
hameren (plural present)
hamere (plural present)
hamereden (past plural)
hamerede (past plural)
hamereth (imperative plural present)
hamere (imperative plural present)
hamerynge (participle present)
hamerende (participle present)
hamered (participle past)
yhamered (participle past)

English: hammer

Scots: haimmer

(rare) To hammer (swing a hammer; nail something)


scheld

English: shield

Scots: scheld, scheild

From Old English sċield, sċeld, sċild, sċyld.

(rare) A rough region around a boar's neck; the meat from this region.

An object that resembles a shield:
(rare) A escutcheon; a coat-of-arms.

An object that resembles a shield:
A escutcheon; a coat-of-arms.

(religion) Spiritual guarding or shielding.

Any form of shielding or armament:
Spiritual guarding or shielding.

Any form of shielding or armament:
A refuge, hideout, or safehouse.

(rare) Heavy infantry; soldiers armed with shields.


convente

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


fode

English: food

Scots: fuid

From Old English fōda, from Proto-Germanic *fōdô.


librarie

English: library (see there for further descendants)

Scots: leebrary

From Anglo-Norman librarie, ultimately from Latin librarium.


etik

From Old French ethique, from Late Latin ēthica, from Ancient Greek ἠθική (ēthikḗ), from ἠθικός (ēthikós, “of or for morals, moral, expressing character”), from ἦθος (êthos, “character, moral nature”).


curre

English: cur

Scots: cur

From either Middle Low German or North Germanic, from Old Norse kurr (“grumbling”).


heren

From Old English hǣran; equivalent to here + -en (plural suffix).


injurie

English: injury

Scots: injure

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman injurie, from Latin iniūria.

Injury, damage; violation of one's effects or self.

The lack of justice or an instance of it.

Derogatory behaviour; vilification or shaming.

(rare) Defamation or slander; false claims.


harde

Alternative form of herde (“piece of hards”)


sclate

English: slate

Scots: sclate

Yola: skleat


letterure

In youthe a maister hadde this emperour,
To teche him letterure and curteisye, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3685-3686

In youth this emperor had a master
To teach him literature and courtesy, …

[...] Al conne he letterure, or conne he noon,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 846-847

… And know he book learning or know he none,
In fact, he shall find it all the same.


mountant

English: montant

Borrowed from Old French montant; equivalent to mounten + -ant.


recoverer

From Old French recovrier; equivalent to recoveren + -er.

Recovery, recuperation or respite (often from sickness)

Recovery (of lost things, feelings), regaining; getting back.

A medicament or treatment for an injury, illness, or behaviour.

Aid, succour; the granting or provision of assistance.


akennednesse

From Old English acennednes, equivalent to akenned + -nesse.


frenesie

English: frenzy

Scots: franazy (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French frenesie, from Medieval Latin phrenesia, modification of Latin phrenēsis. Compare frenetik.
For pronunciations of this word with /a/, compare Old French franaisie, variant of frenesie; the MED's belief that such pronunciations are influenced by fantasie is unnecessary.

Irrationality, insanity; the condition of lacking a sound mind.


versicle

English: versicle

From Old French versicule, from Latin versiculus; equivalent to vers + -icle.

(rare) A short Biblical verse used as part of the liturgy.


hading

(Early Middle English, rare) consecration


gaudi

English: gaudy

Yola: gaudés (plural)

Borrowed from Old French gaudie, from Medieval Latin gaudia.

A paire of bedes blacke as sable
She toke and hynge my necke about,
Upon the gaudees all without
Was wryte of gold, pur reposer

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


pulcritude

English: pulchritude

From Latin pulchritūdō, from pulcher (“beautiful”).


gerle

English: girl (see there for further descendants)

Scots: girle (obsolete)

Yola: gurl


taske

English: task

Scots: task

From Old Northern French tasque, from Early Medieval Latin tasca, variant of taxa. Doublet of taxe.


homager

English: homager

A vassal; one who pledges allegiance to a feudal superior.

A believer in or adherent of a divinity; a worshipper.


encres

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">encrease</i>

English: increase (obsolete encrease)

An increase (usually in power, wealth, or magnitude).

Multiplication or spread of a population.

The amount that a quantity is increased by; addition.


soun

English: sound

Yola: zound

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sun, soun, from accusative of Latin sonus.


ender

English: ender

(rare) A person who fulfils God's plan or designs.

(rare) A person who finishes or ends a thing.


bestel

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bestaile


tred

English: tread

The trail or signs left by travel; footprints


pome

English: pome

From Old French pome (“apple”), from Latin pomum.

meatballs, patties (named due to their round shape)


teer

English: tear

Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir

Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir

From Old English tēar, tǣr, tæhher, teagor, from Proto-West Germanic *tahr.

A tear as a symptom of disease or injury.

An emotionally-triggered tear (e.g. ecstasy, remorse, sadness, sympathy)

(figuratively) The feeling of teariness or distress.


legende

English: legend

Scots: leegend

Borrowed from Old French legende, from Medieval Latin legenda.

A historical narrative (usually about an individual)


canevas

English: canvas

Scots: canvas

From Old Northern French canevas, from Vulgar Latin *cannabāceus.


ters

English: tarse

Scots: tars, ters

From Old English teors, from Proto-West Germanic *ters (“nail; penis”).


pek

English: peak

⇒ Yola: Cullpaak

From Old English pēc- (“in Pēcsǣtna”), pēac- (“in Peácland”).

in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">Pēcsǣtna</i>


avetrol

[…] “ Alisaunder !” thrye,
“ Whar artow, horesone ! whar ?
“ An hore to Amon the bar :
“ Thou avetrol, thou foule wreche,
“ Here thou hast thyn eyndyng feched !
“ Com, and geve us on justyng,

1810, Henry William Weber, Metrical Romances of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries, page 114; quoting the Middle English text Kyng Alisaunder (c.1300), lines 2,690–2,696


derverye

From Old French derverie, desverie (“madness”), from derver, desver (“lose one’s reason, go mad”).

Withdrawe thyn herte fro such rage and derverye.

1480, William Caxton, chapter X, in Six bookes of Metamorphoses of Ovyde, page VII:


verye

Alternative form of ferie (“ferry crossing”)


matrone

→ English: matron

→ Scots: matron

From Old French matrone, from Latin matrona.

A wife (especially one who doesn't transgress societal boundaries and isn't too young)

(rare) Such a woman who can examine a man too see whether he is virile.


paas

English: pace


glu

Sche tok him thanne a maner glu, / The which was of so great vertu, / That where a man it wolde caste, / It scholde bind anon so faste / That noman mihte it don aweie.

a. 1393, John Gower, “Tale of Jason and Medea”, in G. C. Macaulay, editor, The English Works of John Gower, volume II, London: Early English Text Society, published 1901, lines 3603–7, page 45:


mirre

Middle English: mirre

English: myrrh

Scots: myrrh

From Old English myrre, from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha), from a Semitic language. Reinforced by Old French mirre.

and þei entriden in to þe hous .· ⁊ founden þe child wiþ marie his modir / and þei felden doun .· and woꝛſchipiden him / and whanne þei hadden openyde her treſouris .· þei offriden to hym ȝiftes. gold encenſe ⁊ myrre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 2:11, page 1v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they entered into the house, and found the child with Mary, his mother; then they fell down and worshipped him. And when they'd opened their treasures, they offered gifts to him: gold, frankincense, and myrrh.

Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha#Translingual

Myrrh (the dried sap of a tree of the species Commiphora myrrha)

The myrrh tree (Commiphora myrrha; the tree which produces myrrh).


dile

English: dill

Inherited from Old English dile, from Proto-Germanic *deliz (“sow thistle”), an indigenous herb of uncertain origin; possibly Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“sprout, bloom”) (Albanian dal, Middle Irish duille) or from a substrate.

der

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual


oratorie

English: oratory

From Anglo-Norman oratorie, Middle French oratoire, and their source, Late Latin ōrātōrium.


wath

From Old English wāþ and Old Norse veiðr.


wath

English: wath (obsolete)

Scots: wath (rare)

From Old Norse vað and Old English wæd, both from Proto-Germanic *wadą, from Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom.

(rare) A ford; a crossing through a stream.


herre

English: har, harr, harre

Scots: harr, herre, har

Yola: harr, har

From Old English heorr, heorra, from Proto-Germanic *herzô (“hinge; door-hinge”).

inh

(rare, figuratively) extreme point; extremity


herre

English: her, here

Scots: her, here, heir

From Old English hearra and Middle Dutch hēre, both from Old High German hērro, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hairaz (“gray”). Doublet of hor (“hoar”).


toun

desctree

English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)

Geordie English: toon

Scots: toun, tone, toon, town

Yola: teoune, teoun

From Old English tūn, from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-.


fifte

English: fifth

Scots: fift, fyft

From Old English fīfta, from Proto-West Germanic *fimftō, from Proto-Germanic *fimftô. Equivalent to five + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on.

(rare) A fifth; something which is fifth.

(rare) A musical fifth or a note a fifth away from another given note.


merc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of merche


stounde

Thise vers of gold and blak y-writen were,
The whiche I gan a stounde to beholde,
For with that oon encresed ay my fere,
And with that other gan myn herte bolde ;
That oon me hette, that other did me colde,
No wit had I, for errour, for to chese,
To entre or flee, or me to save or lese.

2008 January 1 [c. 14th century CE], Geoffrey Chaucer, edited by Walter William Skeat, Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, volume 1, Cosimo, Inc.,, →ISBN, The Minor Poems, V. The Parlement of Foules, page 340, line 142:

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


wolle

English: wool

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

Yola: wul

Inherited from Old English wull, from Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

wool (coat of sheep), especially when used to make fabric

Shorn wool, especially stockpiled in bulk.


waith

English: wath (obsolete)

Scots: waith (obsolete)

From Old English wāþ and Old Norse veiðr, both from Proto-Germanic *waiþō.


salm

English: psalm

Scots: saum, sawm

→ Middle Welsh: salm

Welsh: salm

Inherited from Old English psealm, from Late Latin psalmus. Some forms are influenced by Old French salme, saume.

(by extension) A Christian hymn or creed.


cloke

English: cloak

Scots: cloak

From Old Northern French cloque, from Medieval Latin clocca, from Proto-Celtic *klokkos, ultimately imitative. Doublet of clokke.

onomatopoeic

imitative


cloke

English: clutch, clutches (in part)

Scots: cleuk, cluke, cluik

Unknown; forms with /tʃ/ are probably influenced by clicchen, which this noun may ultimately be related to.


nyght

enm-noun

nyght (plural nyghtes or nyght or nyghte)

nyghtes (plural)
nyght (plural)
nyghte (plural)

English: night

Geordie English: neet

Scots: nicht, neicht

Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght

From Old English niht, from Proto-West Germanic *naht, from Proto-Germanic *nahts, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts.

And smale foweles maken melodye / That slepen al the nyght with open iye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 9-10:

And small birds make melodies, / sleeping all night with an open eye.


bryne

English: brine

Yola: brine

From Old English brīne, from Proto-Germanic *brīnijaz, *brīnaz.


maner

English: manor

Scots: maner

→ Middle Irish: mainér

Irish: mainéar

Borrowed from Old French manoir, from Latin manēre (“to stay”).

(figurative, Late Middle English, rare) Any dwelling or abode.


maner

English: manner

Scots: mainer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman manere, from Vulgar Latin, Late Latin manuāria, from manuarius.

The manner, way, fashion or method in which something is done or performed:

The usual practice or custom of someone; that which one is wont to do.

One's behaviour or actions; manners, especially if commendable.

A group of people's customs, practices, or traditions.

A moral code or precept; guidelines or recommendations.

A sort, kind, or group; an ethnicity or people.

A genre, format, or variety of art or literature.

The characteristics, state, composition or structure of something; its innate nature.

The situation or conditions surrounding an event.

Temperance; withholding oneself from excess.

(rare) A provision; a statement depending on a condition.


patronesse

English: patroness

From Late Latin patronissa; equivalent to patroun + -esse.

(rare) A female exemplar or guideline (to imitate to avoid).


pigge

English: pig (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pig

Yola: piggès

Inherited from Old English *picga; further etymology is disputed.


milte

English: milt

Scots: melt, meilt

From Old English milte, from Proto-West Germanic *meltā, *miltijā, from Proto-Germanic *meltǭ.


historier

Borrowed from Middle French historieur, with the ending assimilated to historie + -er.


aldre

English: alder

Scots: aller

Inherited from Old English alor, from Proto-West Germanic *aliʀu, from Proto-Germanic *alizō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis-; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.


felter

A person who uses felt to manufacture items.


faren

English: farrow

Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry

Yola: farragh

From Old English fearh (“piglet”) + -en (“plural suffix”).


heste

English: hest

Middle Scots: heist, hest, heste

Yola: heste

From Old English hǣs, from Proto-West Germanic *haisi, from Proto-Germanic *haisiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms, while forms with final /t/ are influenced by the suffix -the.

The power to command; control, jurisdiction.

A pact or agreement; that which is agreed upon.


heste

From Old English hǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *haifsti, from Proto-Germanic *haifstiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms. Doublet of haste.

Hoppit on hegh with heste of the fflodes.

c. 1450, anonymous author, Gest Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy:


probleme

English: problem
→ Welsh: problem

Scots: problem

From Middle French probleme; from Latin problēma, from Ancient Greek πρόβλημα (próblēma).

(rare) An allegory; a scenario used as analogy.


capper

English: capper

capper (maker of caps or other headgear)


barel

English: barrel

Yola: brail


levere

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


lynet

English: lint

From Old French linette (in which case, equivalent to lyne + -et) or Medieval Latin linteum.

lint (The material resulting from scraped flax fabric)

(rare) linen; flax or fabric made of it.


odde

English: odd

Scots: odd, od, ode

Borrowed from Old Norse oddi, from oddr; compare ord.

(rare) An odd number (a number that isn't divisible by two)

(rare) Oddness (the quality of not being divisible by two)


mose

From Old English māse (“titmouse”); see English titmouse.

Ne myht þu leng a word iqueþe, Ac pipest al so doþ a mose

1935 [1250 November 29], J. H. G. Grattan, G. F. H. Sykes (eds.), The Owl and the Nightingale, poem attributed to Nicholas de Guildford:

You can make not a further word, But peep as does a titmouse

a small bird, a tit, titmouse, coalmouse


saphir

English: sapphire

Borrowed from Old French saphir, saffre, from Latin sapphir, sappir, sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros).


veine

English: vein

Scots: van, vane, vain, vaine

From Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]


veine

English: veyne

From Old French veine, from Latin vēnia, from Proto-Indo-European *wn̥h₁yeh₂; doublet of wynne (“happiness”).

(Christianity) An act of penitence or supplication involving some form of kneeling or prostration.


flyt

English: flite, flyte

Scots: flite, flyte

From Old English flit, ġeflit, from Proto-West Germanic *flit. The long vowel was probably leveled in from the verb flyten during the Middle English period; compare chyne.


hamme

English: ham

Scots: ham, hamb

Inherited from Old English ham, hamm (“back of the knee”), from Proto-West Germanic *hammu, from Proto-Germanic *hammō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.


soen

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


staf

staf (plural staves or staven or staffes)

staves (plural)
staven (plural)
staffes (plural)

English: staff, stave

Scots: staf, staff

Yola: stheeves (plural)

From Old English stæf, from Proto-West Germanic *stab.

A staff, rod or pole; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object:

A staff used to support one's movement; a crutch.

A blunt or poled weapon; a club or mace.

A clerical staff, often curled; a crozier.

A staff serving as an emblem of authority and rulership.

A bar of a ladder (either vertical or horizontal)

A rod for conveying or transporting items upon.

A staff for blending or mixing ingredients.

(Early Middle English) A letter of the alphabet.

(figurative) One's nourishment or lifeblood; that which aids one.

(figurative) A metaphorical arm or weapon; a tool of figurative battle.


verset

English: verset

From Old French verset; equivalent to vers + -et.

(rare) A short Biblical verse used as part of the liturgy.


hering

English: herring

Scots: hering, herring, herrin, haring

Yola: hereen, heereen

From Old English hǣring, from Proto-West Germanic *hāring.


schuit

The master of or other sailor on such a boat


matten

From Old English meattan; equivalent to matte + -en (plural suffix).


spirite

the foure spirites and the bodyes seven

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


beken

English: beacon

Scots: beikin, bekin

Inherited from Old English bēacn, bēcn, from Proto-West Germanic *baukn, from Proto-Germanic *baukną.

A fire that signals an impending attack or danger.

(rare) The structure a beacon is placed on.

(rare) A flag (piece of cloth with distinctive patterning)


maistrie

I wol doon a maistrie 'er I go.


helte

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of helthe (“health”)


trappe

English: trap

From Old English træppe, treppe (“trap, snare”), from Proto-West Germanic *trappā.


schort

From Old English sċort, from Proto-West Germanic *skurt, from Proto-Germanic *skurtaz. Akin to Middle High German schurz.


fole

English: fool

Geordie English: fuil, feul

Scots: fule, fuil

→ Welsh: ffôl

Borrowed from Old French fol, from Latin follis.

A fool, idiot, or moron; somebody who is stupid or unthinking.

An entertainer or joker; somebody who is employed to provide amusement.

(rare) Someone who is incapacitated or shocked; someone whose idiocy is temporary.

(rare) A victim of a scam or trick; someone who is fooled.


fole

English: foal

Scots: fole, foill

Yola: voal

From Old English fola, from Proto-West Germanic *folō, from Proto-Germanic *fulô.

The young of any other mammal, including the human being.


forke

English: fork (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fork

Yola: vork

From Old English force, from Proto-West Germanic *furkō, from Latin furca; also influenced by Anglo-Norman forque and Old French forche, both from the same Latin word.

A fork or graip (implement used for digging).

(Late Middle English) A fork-shaped fire iron.

(Late Middle English, anatomy) A point, spike, or projection on a bone or tooth.

(rare, Late Middle English) A fork (piece of cutlery).

(rare, Late Middle English) A forked supporting pole.


ern

English: erne

Scots: earn, ern, erne


poleyn

English: pullen (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French polain (modern French poulain), from Late Latin pullāmen.


syde

English: side

Scots: side, syde

Inherited from Old English sīde, from Proto-West Germanic *sīdā, from Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ.

side (physical surface of an object, animal or person)


unscience

English: unscience

And at the laste, yif that any wight wene a thing to ben other weyes thanne it is, it is nat only unscience, but it is deceivable opinioun ful diverse and fer fro the sothe of science.

1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boethius and Troilus:


lyver

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


sporen

From Old English sporan, from Proto-Germanic *spuraniz; equivalent to spore + -en (plural suffix).


roste

English: roost

Scots: roost, ruist

Inherited from Old English hrōst, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōst.


roste

English: roast

Scots: roast

→ Welsh: rhost

Borrowed from Old French rost, roste, from rostir.


bute

(Northern) Alternative form of bote (“boot”)


povre

From Old French povre, from Latin pauper.


magot

English: maggot

Yola: maghogès, maghoghes (plural)


bete

desctree

English: beet
→ Chickasaw: (from the plural) biits
→ Hawaiian: piki
→ Maori: pīti

Despite the gap in attestation, apparently inherited from Old English bēte, from Proto-West Germanic *bētā, from Latin bēta, of unknown origin.

beet (plant of the genus Beta or its root or leaves)


syoun

I am a verri vyne, and my fadir is an erthe tilier; Ech syoun, or braunche, not berynge fruit in me, he schal do a wey it.

1382, John Wycliffe, The Holy Bible, made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers, first edition, John 15:2:

Ȝe straied al awey as if it were wilde syouns.

ante''' 1415: John Wycliffe, Lantern…, page 70/3


sioun

English: scion

From Old French sion and cion, ciun, chion; ultimately of Germanic origin.

In þe praer is a tre … Þe rote is gingeuir and galingale, Þe siouns beþ al sedwale.

circa''' 1300–1305: Land Cokaygne, page 74

As a sioun mai not bere fruyt but if it stonde stable in þe vyne.

circa''' 1380: John Wycliffe, Select English works, book 1, page 166

Þe sed … is mad in to a vineȝerd & made frut in to siounes [L palmites].
Thei ȝeden til to the stronde of clustre and kittiden doun a sioun with his grape, which twei men baren in a barre.

1382–1388: John Wycliffe; The Holy Bible, made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers; first edition (1382), Ezekiel 17:6; second edition (1388), Numbers 13:24 and Jeremiah 5:10

Do ȝe awei the siouns therof, for thei ben not seruauntis of the Lord.


syon

In þe vyneȝerde were syonys of the vyne plantede.

circa''' 1450: Gertrude Mechthild, The booke of gostlye grace of Mechtild of Hackeborn, page 330/2

ante''' 1475: Grafting; reprinted in:

1855, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, Early English miscellanies: in prose and verse, writ IX, page 72

Also, he that wylle have rosys tymely to blowe, dewe heme abowte the space of ij. hand-brede, and moyste her syons oft tymys with hoote water.

circa''' 1350–1390: [early poem], lines 25–28; reprinted in:

OÞer þou maiȝt wel diuise
Þe nome of Ambros in þis wyse :
Ambrum is to seye fadur of liht,
And syon a luytel child ful riht.

1878, Carl Horstmann, Altenglische Legenden, page 10:

Alternative spelling of sioun
descendant


secte

English: sect

Scots: sect, seck

Borrowed from Old French secte, from Late Latin secta.

A variety or sort; a category with a distinguishing feature.

A religion or religious organisation (usually not referring to Christianity)

A division within a religion (either doctrinal or administrative)

A sect; a smaller offshoot of a religion with unorthodox belief.

People who behave or think in a specified manner (either as a group or in general).

A school of philosophical or medical thought.

(rare) One's physical composition or existence.


stound

English: stound

Scots: stound

From Old English stund (“a period of time, while, hour, occasion”), from Proto-Germanic *stundō (“point in time, hour”).

inh

Time, especially the proper time for doing something:

A canonical hour: one of the 3-hour divisions of the day, (Christianity) its divine office.

An hour: one of the 24 divisions of the day.

And on a day it happed, in a stounde,
Sik lay the maunciple on a maladye;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reeve's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3992-3994

And on one day it happened, at a time,
The manciple lay sick with a malady;
People thought indeed that he should die.


losse

English: losse, los, loz

Scots: los, loz

From Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs, from Proto-Germanic *luhsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-.


fers

→ English: fers, ferz

Borrowed from Old French fierce, from Medieval Latin ferzia, from Persian فرزین (farzin).


douve

English: dove

Scots: doo, dow

lo I ſende ȝou as ſcheep in þe myddil of wolues / þerfoꝛ be ȝe ſliȝ as ſerpentis .· and ſymple as dowues

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:16, page 4v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So I'm sending you out like sheep in amongst wolves, so be shrewd like snakes and harmless like doves.


eie

English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai

Geordie English: ee, eye

Scots: ee

Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)

From Old English ēaġe, from Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

So mote I brouke wel myne eyen tweye / Saue ye I herde neuere man so synge.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Nun's Priest's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3168–3169:

So might I have used well my two eyes / But for you, I've heard no man sing like that.

(figuratively) A highly valued or regarded object.

A hole, spot, or other object resembling an eye.


manchet

English: manchet

Unknown; the second element may be chet.

(rare, Late Middle English) Bread of higher quality (than chet); manchet.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

Matter or stuff; that which things are composed of:

Primordial, crude or essential matter; matter without complication.

(rare) The real essence or body of something (as opposed to its form or permutations)

(rare, theology) The physical actions or part of a Christian ritual.

A material or substance; something which things are created or made from:

A thing or substance which forms part of a larger whole; a component.

An ingredient or part of a recipe; that which is used to make alongside other things.

The germ of something; something which other things are developed or grown from.

One of a human body's liquids or fluids; a biofluid:

A harmful, disease-bringing, or deleterious bodily fluid.

(rare) Partially digested food while sitting in the stomach.

A pursuit, occurrence, condition, or event, especially when problematic:

A debate, argument, or contestation between two sides.

(law) A lawsuit or litigation; legal action or activity.

A recounting, recollection, or narration of an event (whether written or verbal)

A topic or theme; an area of knowledge or discussion:

The primary area or topic discussed in a piece of literature.

The primary theme, point or thesis of a piece of literature.

A science; an discipline, branch, or area of formal knowledge.

The information or informants one draws upon for a work; the matter used as source.

The (usually intrinsic or innate) state or characteristics of something.

One's motivation, justification, or reasoning for an action.

Wood or timber, especially when used to stoke a fire.

(rare) A twig or bough; a portion of a plant or tree.

(rare) The internal liquids of a plant or tree.


matere

English: mater

At fourten yer sche conseyved Cryste in hire matere clere,
And in the fiftene yer sche chyldyd, this avowe dare I;
Here lyvyng wyth that swete sone thre and thretty yere,

ante''' 1475: Ludus Coventriæ, XLI: “The Assumption of the Virgin”, lines 5–8

And after his deth in erthe xij. yer dede sche tary.


hoge

His winde-mille þat stondit vppon hoge
Wiþ-oute þe towne of doninton nyhe þe hy wei.

a. 1475, A. Clark, editor, The English Register of Godstow Nunnery:


veir

English: vair

Scots: vair (obsolete)

Yola: vier, wyer, vierd

Borrowed from Old French vair, from Latin varius (“variegated”).


roket

English: rochet

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 1241-5.
A womman wel more fetys is
In roket than in cote, y-wis.
The whyte roket, rideled faire,
Bitokened, that ful debonaire
And swete was she that it bere.


lenden

From Old English lendenu, lendinu; equivalent to lende + -en (plural suffix).

(chiefly Early Middle English) plural of lende


bocstaff

English: bookstave, bookstaff

From Old English bōcstæf (“letter, written character”), from bōc (“book”) + stæf (“staff, character”), from Proto-Germanic *bōkastabaz. Compare Danish bogstav, Faroese bókstavur, German Buchstabe, Icelandic bókstafur, Norwegian bokstav, Swedish bokstav.


winge

English: wing

Scots: weeng

Yola: wing

From Old Norse vængr, from Proto-Germanic *wēngijaz.

⁊ þe foure beeſtis hadden euery of hem ſixe wyngis / ⁊ al aboute and wiþ inne þei weren ful of iȝen / ⁊ þei hadden not reſte · dai ⁊ nyȝt, ſeiynge · hooli · hooli · hooli .· þe loꝛd god almyȝti / þat was ⁊ þat is .· ⁊ þat is to comynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:8, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And all of the four beasts had six wings, and they were covered with eyes across all their body; and they didn't rest, day or night, in saying: "Holy, holy, holy, the almighty Lord God, who was, who is, and who will come".

A wing (arm enabling flight; used in cooking and medicine).

(figurative) A method or means of flight.

(figurative) A shelter or refuge (as a bird guards its young)

(rare) An artificial wing; a device enabling flight.

(rare, Late Middle English) A portion; a section.

(rare, Late Middle English) A projection; a spur.


bispel

bispels (plural)
bispeles (plural)
bispel (accusative nominative singular)
bispels (accusative nominative plural)
bispeles (accusative nominative plural)
bispeles (genitive singular)
bispele (genitive plural)
bispele (dative singular)
bispelen (dative plural)

From Old English bīspel (“parable, example”). Compare Middle High German bīspel (“example”) (German Beispiel). More at byspel.


leoda

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lede (“people”)


adamas

Learned borrowing from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Compare adamant.

(rare) adamant, adamantine (valuable gemstone)


fawcett

English: faucet

From Old French fausset, perhaps from Latin faux (“throat”).

1466: The Paston Letters; reprinted in:

For xxxiiii. lambys, xxviis. iid. For xxii. shep, xxxviis. vd. x. nete, iiiil. xvis. id. For ii. napronnes to Richard Lynstede, xd. For claretts and fawcetts, vid. MCCC. eggs, vis. vid. For xx. galons milk, xxd. For viii. galons creme, iis. viiid.

1904, James Gairdner, The Paston letters, A.D. 1422-1509, volume 4, Chatto & Windus, page 229:


bour

English: bower

Scots: bour

From Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.

fful sooty was hire bour / and eek hire halle / In which she eet / ful many a sklendre meel

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok / and Hen / Chaũtecler ⁊ Ꝑtelote”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 99, verso:

Her room was really sooty, and so was her hall; / there she ate plenty of lean meals

A bedroom or chamber (especially of a woman).

(figuratively) Something's resting place.


mases

plural of mase (“thing that causes bewilderment”)


foreward

English: forward

Scots: forward

From Old English foreweard, foreward (“condition, bargain, agreement, contract, treaty, assurance”), equivalent to fore- + ward (“ward, keeping”). Compare Dutch voorwaarde (“condition, terms, proviso, stipulation”).

cog

c. 1390, Piers Plowman

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Pers, I plihte þe my trouþe To folfulle þe Foreward.

c. 1475, John Wycliffe (attributed), An Apology for Lollard Doctrines

To tak or ȝef temporal þing for goostly þing of forþword or certeyn couenaunt, it is symonye.

agreement, contract, treaty, bargain, covenant; terms of an agreement; pledge or promise


stie

English: sty (dialectal)

Scots: stay


hogh

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


hogh

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


devel

enm-noun

devel (plural develes or defles or develen)

develes (plural)
defles (plural)
develen (plural)

English: devil (see there for further descendants)

Scots: deil, deel, deevil

Yola: deevil, deel (syncopated)

From Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul, from Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).

Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1693–1696:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...

Satan, Lucifer (in Early ME, without the definite article)

þou bileueſt þat o god is .· þou doiſt wel / ⁊ deuelis bileuen .· ⁊ tremblen

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 2:19, page 110r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You believe that there's one God; you're doing well. But devils believe, and tremble.

A devil; an evil creature that resides in the Christian hell.

A pagan or heretical god; a deity considered to be false or an idol.

(figurative) A malicious or sinful person; one who is evil.

(rare) A fantastic beast or monstrous creature.


livar

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


medkniche

The second element is akin to modern English knitch.

(historical) In medieval England, the amount of hay which could be lifted by the little finger up to the knee. This was a form of payment for haywards.


oule

English: owl

Scots: oul, ool

Inherited from Old English ūle, from Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ.

(derogatory) An insult, especially applied to the Devil.


foreland

English: foreland

Yola: furloan


fele

English: feel

Scots: feel

A back-formation from felen (“to feel”).

The sense of touch; the capacity to feel.


weste

From Old English wēste, from Proto-West Germanic *wōstī, from Proto-Germanic *wōstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to desert”). Doublet of weste (“deserted”).

der

(Early Middle English, rare) wasteland, wilderness


wrenc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wrench


wrid

English: wride

(Northern) A cluster of plants growing together.

(Early Middle English) The main stem of a plant.


carpette

English: carpet

Scots: carpet

Borrowed from Old French carpite, from Medieval Latin carpita and Italian carpita, both from Middle Armenian կարպետ (karpet), կապերտ (kapert, “carpet, rug”).

(Late Middle English) A fabric cover for beds or furniture; a tablecloth or throw.


pacience

English: patience

Borrowed from Old French pacience, from Latin patientia.

I ioon ȝoure bꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:9, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I, John, your brother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.

patience, equanimity (especially under duress)

Rumex patientia
Rumex patientia#Translingual


demere

English: deemer

Middle Scots: demare

Inherited from Old English dēmere; equivalent to demen + -er.

A judge (person employed to preside over trials)

A person who discerns, discriminates, or judges.

(poetic) A ruler as the fount of justice.


syce

Alternative form of syse (“size, assize”)


maris

Borrowed from Old French marris, marriz, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of matrice.


captif

English: captive

Probably from Middle French; definitely then from Latin captīvus. Doublet of caitif.


scutage

English: scutage

Borrowed from Medieval Latin scūtāgium, calquing Old French escuage. Compare scuage and scute.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


lome

English: loom

Scots: luim

From Old English lōma, of unknown origin.

A loom; a frame used for weaving or other weaving implement.

A container or box where fluid is stored.

(rare) An instrument of war; an armament.


lome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of leme


clerc

English: clerk

From Old English clerc, from Late Latin clēricus (“clergyman, priest”).


herren

From Old English heorran; equivalent to herre (“hinge”) + -en (plural suffix).


herren

From Old English hearran; equivalent to herre (“lord”) + -en (plural suffix).


benedicite

Borrowed from Latin benedīcite, a plural imperative of benedīcō (“I bless, I praise”), through an Old French form. Compare Modern English Benedicite.


redresse

English: redress

Yola: redress

Borrowed from Old French redresse; compare redressen.


male engyne

English: malengine

for I dar ſaye / for good loue ſhe bad vs to dyner / and not for no male engyne /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum quintum”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 367, recto; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 733, lines 15–16:


hoche

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


brionie

English: bryony

Borrowed from Middle French brione and its source Latin bryōnia, itself from Ancient Greek βρυωνία (bruōnía).

Bryonia dioica
Bryonia dioica#Translingual


grith

English: grith

From Late Old English griþ, from Old Norse grið.

bot þis tree ys done in my friþe / for I. wil þat hit haue griþe[…]

c. 1300, “Of þe state of þingis be-fore adam synnid”, in Þe Cours of þe Werlde (Cursor Mundi, Fairfax Ms. 14), page 7b, lines 657–658:

But this tree was put in my forest, because I want it to have protection […]


cloute

And whan sche of this bille hath taken heede, / Sche rente it al to cloutes atte laste / And into the privy softely it caste.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 707-709:


smerte

English: smart

Scots: smert

From smerten, as if Old English *smiertu, *smeortu.


knol

English: knoll

From Old English cnoll (“summit”), from Proto-Germanic *knudan-, *knudla-, *knulla- (“lump”), possibly related to cnotta.
Related to Old Norse knollr (found only in names of places), Dutch knol (“tuber”), Swedish knöl (“tuber”), Danish knold (“hillock, clod, tuber”) and German Knolle (“bulb”).


cronk

English: crank

Scots: crank

From Old English cranc, from Proto-Germanic *krankaz.

(rare) crank (handle for moving a crankshaft).


trome

From Old English truma, possibly from trum (“firm, strong; stable, steadfast”).


geylere

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayoler


pouse

English: pulse

Yola: poulee (misspelled)


folt

Borrowed from Old French folet (“fool”).


seductor

English: seductor

From Middle French seducteur, from Latin sēductor.

The whiche seductor of ladies, as parys that enwedded yᵉ fayr heleyne, kepeth himself in maner as a woman, in their companye, wyth his longe heres that he maketh to be enoynted & kemed […]

1490, “Capitulo xvj”, in William Caxton, transl., edited by M[athew] T[ewart] Culley and F[rederick] J[ames] Furnivall, Caxton’s Eneydos, 1490, Englisht from the French Liure des Eneydes, 1483, London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., […] , published 1890, page 60, lines 30–33:

[…] one namyd Phylemon. whyche was moche amyable & debonayr to ye peple. & called hỹſelf ſeductour & deceyour of the peple / […]

a. 1492, “Of saynt Apolonyon Religyous & martyr. begynnyng in latyn ¶ Trade hant ergo / Caplm xix.”, in Wyllyam Caxton, transl., Vitas Patrum, Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, published 1495, folio xxii, recto:


myssease

From Old French mesaise, from mes- (“mis-”) + aise (“ease”). Equivalent to mys- + ease, ese.

I ded to hym no displesure – and God knowith I am full sory for hys maledye and hys myssease.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xix”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

I did to him no displeasure - and God knows I am full sorry for his maledy and his misease.


mynte

English: mint

Scots: mint

→ Welsh: mint

From Old English minte, from Proto-West Germanic *mintā, from Latin menta, from or related to Ancient Greek μίνθη (mínthē), μίνθα (míntha).


mynte

Alternative form of mynt (“mint (money)”)


fleme

Inherited from Old English flīema (“fugitive, exile, outlaw”), from flīeman (“to escape”). Compare flem.

inh+

(poetic) One who is banished; an exile, outcast, or fugitive.


fleme

English: fleam

Borrowed from Old French flieme, from Vulgar Latin *fletoma, from Late Latin phlebotomus, from Ancient Greek φλεβότομος (phlebótomos), φλεβοτόμον (phlebotómon).

(Late Middle English, rare) A lancet or fleam.


dwere

From Middle Dutch dwers, dwars or Middle Low German dwēr, akin to Middle High German twer, twerhe, Old English þweorh.

Than Kynge Marke rode tyll he com to a fountayne; and there he rested hym by that fountayne, and stoode in a dwere whether he myght ryde to Kynge Arthurs courte other none[…].

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum viij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book X, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


halfe

head

halfe (plural halves or halfes or halven)

halves (plural)
halfes (plural)
halven (plural)


gre

English: gree (obsolete)

Scots: gree

From Old French gré (“step”), from Latin gradus. The senses related to success are potentially from Scottish Gaelic gré.

A step, gree or rung; a part of a staircase or ladder.

A stage or level as part of a scale; a level of a discontinuous scale.

A degree or extent; a level of a continuous scale.

Social or professional standing or status; one's position in society or a subset of it.

A degree or generation of ancestry; a stage in one's family history.

Success, winning or achievement in battle or sport.

(geometry) An angular measurement amounting to 1/360 of a circle.

(rare) A degree (educational qualification handed out by tertiary institutions)


gre

English: gree (archaic)

Scots: gree (obsolete)

From Old French gré (“goodwill”), from Latin grātum, a noun from Latin grātus.

And notified is þurȝout þe toun / Þat every wiȝt, wiþ greet devocioun, / Sholde preyen Crist þat he þis mariage / Recyve in gree and spede þis viage.

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale

A favourable or good attitude; goodwill, kindness.


hyl

Probably from Old English *hygel (“hillock”), from or related to Proto-West Germanic *haug (“mound”). Compare German Hügel.


gyn

[…]The hole wyth waxe, to kepe the limayle in / And vnderſtandeth that thys falſe gyn / was not made there[…]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxvi, verso:

[…] the hole with wax to keep the filings in—and understand, this fake device wasn’t made there […] .


spytte

English: spit


sæt

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)


stikke

English: stick

Scots: stick, stikk

Inherited from Old English sticca, from Proto-West Germanic *stikkō, from Proto-Germanic *stikkô, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”).

der

A number of eels, usually approaching around 25.


winne

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


manscipe

English: manship

From Old English manscipe (“humanity, courtesy”), equivalent to man + -scipe.

Ac fourti winter Madan mid mansipe held his riche.

position of honor or respect; dignity, worthiness

Si ego pater ubi est honor meus..gif ic fader ham, wer his mi manscipe.

honor shown to a person; homage, respect; courtesy

And how that ever ye do, hold up your manship.

manly spirit or conduct; courage, valor, gallantry; chivalry

Bot he was ferliful to call if þou it sagh..þat in a man all manscip war.


brike

From Old English brice, from Proto-West Germanic *bruki.

[...] Genilon Oliver, corrupt for mede,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3579-3580

… Ganelon-Oliver, corrupt for a bribe,
Brought this worthy king into such a plight.

Broghte this worthy king in swich a brike.


redere

English: reader

Scots: redar

Yola: readeare

From Old English rǣdere, from Proto-West Germanic *rādāri, equivalent to reden + -er.


yle

From Medieval Latin hȳlē (“matter, the fundamental matter of all things; the matter of the body”) (whence English hyle), a transliteration of Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “wood; material, substance; matter”) or πρώτη ὕλη (prṓtē húlē, “fundamental matter”). The concept of “fundamental matter” was propounded by the Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384–322 BCE).

For yet withouten any forme
Was that matere univerſal,
Which hight Ylem in ſpeciall.
Of Ylem as I am enformed,
Theſe elements ben made and formed,
Of Ylem elements they hote
After the ſcole of Ariſtote,
Of which if more I ſhall reherce,

1390, John Gower, Confessio Amantis [The Lover's Confession]; published as Reinhold Pauli, editor, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts by Dr. Reinhold Pauli, volume III, London: Bell and Daldy Fleet Street, 1857, OCLC 162886391, liber septimus [book 7], pages 91–92


yle

English: isle

From Old French isle, from Latin īnsula.

The bareyne ile stondynge in the see.

1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Man of Law's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:


wolcne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of welken


figer

From Old French figier, fiier, from Latin fīcārius (modern French figuier is remodelled after French figue).


unweder

English: unweather, unweathered


tille

Either from tillen or Anglo-Norman tylle.


mysterie

English: mystery

Scots: meestery

From Anglo-Norman misterie, from Latin mysterium, from Ancient Greek μυστήριον (mustḗrion).

Obscure or esoteric religious teachings or beliefs

The obscure significance of generally known religious teachings of beliefs.

A spiritual ceremony or event; especially the Eucharist.

A mystery or unknown; something that is unexplained.


mysterie

English: mystery

From Old French mistere, from Latin misterium, a variant of ministerium influenced by mysterium.

A ceremony or duty, especially a Christian one.

A craft or trade; an organisation regulating such a trade.


huske

English: husk

Probably borrowed from Middle Low German hūske(n) or Middle Dutch hūskijn, diminutive of hūs (“house”).

A husk (protective covering of fruits, nuts or vegetables)

(anatomy) A covering (of a wound or the foreskin)


tæm

(Ormulum) Alternative form of tem (“group”)


buter

English: butter (see there for further descendants)

Scots: butter, buter

Yola: buthther, buththere

From Old English butere, from Proto-West Germanic *buterā, from Latin būtȳrum, from Ancient Greek βούτῡρον (boútūron).

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.


butera

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of buter


fige

desctree

English: fig
Tok Pisin: fik
→ Chuukese: fik
→ Maori: piki

Scots: feg

→ Welsh: ffigys (from the plural form)

Borrowed from Old French figue, from Old Occitan figa, from Vulgar Latin *fīca, from Latin fīcus. Doublet of fyke.


tonge

English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete), tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete), tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang

Scots: tung, tongue, tong

From Old English tunge (“tongue, language”).

he ðe is godes wisdom, ðurh hwam bieð alle wittes and ælle wisdomes and alle tungen spekinde, he lai alswa ðat child ðe nan god ne cann, ne speken ne mai, ne isien, ne him seluen wealden, ðurh hwam alle earen ȝehiereð, and alle menn hem seluen welden, and alle eiȝene isieð.

He that is God’s wisdom, through whom be all wits and all wisdoms and all speaking languages, he lay as the child that knows no good, nor can speak, nor see, nor control himself, through whom all ears hear, and all men control themselves, and all eyes see.

The title of the hundrid and eiȝtthe ſalm. To victorye, the ſalm of Dauid. / God, holde thou not ſtille my preiſyng; for the mouth of the ſynner, and the mouth of the gileful man is openyd on me. / Thei ſpaken ayens me with a gileful tunge, and thei cumpaſſiden me with wordis of hatrede; and fouȝten ayens me with out cauſe.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 108:1-3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David". / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.


tonge

English: tong (tongs); tang

Scots: tang, taing

From Old English tang, tange, from Proto-West Germanic *tangu, from Proto-Germanic *tangō. Reinforced by Old Norse tangi.

A pair of tongs:
(surgery) A forceps (surgical tongs)

A pair of tongs:
A forceps (surgical tongs)

A pair of tongs:
A device for extinguishing candles.


elde

English: eld

Scots: eild

From Old English ieldu, eldo, ieldo (“age”). More at eld.


knokel

English: knuckle

Scots: knockle

Yola: noughel

From Old English cnucel, from Proto-West Germanic *knukil, from Proto-Germanic *knukilaz.

(rare) A fist (hand with fingers curled in)


encens

English: incense

From Old French encens, from Late Latin incēnsum.


hurnen

From Old English hyrnan; equivalent to hurne + -en (plural suffix).


creper

English: creeper

Scots: creeper

A device for securing ships; a small anchor.


flasket

English: flasket (dated)

From Old French flaschet; equivalent to flask + -et.


papirus

English: papyrus

From Latin papȳrus, from Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros).

(rare, Late Middle English) papyrus (plant).


synger

English: singer

Scots: singar

A singer (one who makes song of any gender)

A musician (one who plays a musical instrument)


siȝe

From Old English siġe (“victory, success, triumph”), from Proto-Germanic *segaz (oblique stem *sigi-), from Proto-Indo-European *segʰ- (“to hold”).

inh

He sige hælde.

Aelfric's Treatise on the Old Testament, 1175


gein

Alternative form of gayn (“gain, reward, advantage”)


hammes

From Old English hammas, plural of hamm (“enclosure”); equivalent to ham (“pasture”) + -es.


vilein

English: villain

Yola: villent

From Old French vilein, from Late Latin villanus.


knappe

English: knap

Scots: knap (in part)

→ Welsh: cnap

From Old English cnæp; derived from Proto-Germanic *knappô; related to knape.

but ȝyf he haue a tent of xv enche wyt letheryn knappes

But if he has a dick with fifteen-inch white leather balls


knappe

English: knap

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


caitif

English: caitiff

Scots: catif (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman caitif, from Latin captīvus. Doublet of captif.

For, certes, lord, þer is noon of us alle / Þat she ne haþ been a duchesse or a queene. / Now be we caytyves, as it is wel seene, / Þanked be Fortune and hire false wheel

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Knight's Tale", The Canterbury Tales

A miser, wretch, pauper or beggar; a miserable person


dyse

Alternative form of dees: plural of dee (“die”)


chalenge

English: challenge

Scots: challenge

Borrowed from Old French chalenge, chalange, chalonge, from Latin calumnia, from Proto-Italic *kalwomniā.

A slanderous or defamatory claim or allegation.

A claim; the assertion of a privilege or right.

(rare) A summons for a duel, especially for a trial by combat.

(rare) The challenging or countering of an assertion.


jewise

From Old French juise, from Latin judicium.


plater

English: platter

Scots: plaeter

Yola: plathearès, platheares (plural)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman plater, dissimilatory variant of platel; equivalent to plate + -el.


corage

English: courage

→ Irish: coráiste

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 20-22.
In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage
To Caunterbury with ful devout corage,
In Southwark, at the Tabard, as I lay
Ready to go on pilgrimage and start


leofmon

English: leman


draken

From Old English dracan; equivalent to drake (“dragon”) + -en (plural suffix).


prest

English: prest


prest

English: priest

Scots: preest, priest

Yola: priesth, vrieste

From Old English prēost, from Late Latin presbyter, from Ancient Greek πρεσβύτερος (presbúteros).

A non-Christian priest or religious head.


mader

English: madder

desc

Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)

→ Irish: madra, madar

From Old English mædere, mædre, from Proto-Germanic *madarǭ.

Rubia tinctorum
Rubia tinctorum#Translingual

Madder (Rubia tinctorum) or a similar plant.

The dye obtained from madder (alizarin) or a similar dye.


haras

English: haras, harras

Scots: haryage

From Old French haraz, itself possibly from Old Norse.

stud farm (establishment for breeding horses)


cunte

English: cunt

Scots: cunt

From Old English *cunte, from Proto-West Germanic *kuntā, from Proto-Germanic *kuntǭ.

Þe maide þat ȝeuit hirſilf alle. / Oþir to fre man, oþir to þralle. / Ar ringe be ſet an honde. / And pleiit with þe croke and wiþ þe balle. / And mekit gret þat erſt was ſmalle. / Þe wedding got to ſconde. / Ȝeue þi cunte to cunni[n]g / and craue affetir weddin[g] quod hendi[ng].

a. 1300, Hending, The Proverbs of Hending, stanza 42, page 479v-r:

The woman that gives herself totally / either to a freeman or a serf / before a ring is set on her hand / and who plays with the twig and berries / and makes great that once was small / [Her] wedding becomes shameful. / "Give your vagina with cunning / and make your requests after the wedding" said Hending.


godmoder

English: godmother

From Old English godmōdor; equivalent to god + moder.


helme

English: helm

From Old English helma, from Proto-Germanic *helmô.


helme

c. 1450-1460, unknown author, Merlin : or, the early history of King Arthur
The kynge Ban be-gan to laugh vndir his helme.


rotynge

English: rotting

From Old English rotung; equivalent to roten (“to rot”) + -ing.

Rotting or decomposition; the situation where something rots.

The state of being rotten, decayed or decomposed.

Necrosis or putrefaction; The state of being gangrenous, infected or festering.

Pussy matter; the results of suppuration.


rotynge

English: rooting

A situation where something is well-settled.


carole

English: carol

Yola: carolès (plural)

carol (round dance accompanied by singing)


baptisterie

English: baptistry, baptistery

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin baptistērium, baptizātōrium, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστήριον (baptistḗrion); equivalent to baptiste + -erie.

der

βαπτιστήριον

A baptistry (the facility where baptism occurs)

The church service held in conjunction with baptism.


blome

English: bloom

Scots: blume, blum, bluim, bleem, blome

From Old Norse blóm, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô. The final vowel is from the Old Norse oblique cases or Etymology 2.

Blooming; blossoming; the process where flowers appear.

The state of being first-ranked or of first priority.

(rare) An appellation for Jesus Christ, among other religious figures


blome

English: bloom

From Old English blōma (“lump of metal, mass”), possibly a specialised sense of blōma (“flower”); in that case, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô.

inh

Mony fyndes...casten blomes of brennynge yerne ynto þe see. — A Collection of Homilies by Johannes Mirkus, 1500

... a contract for supplying wood and ore for iron "blomes" at Kirskill near Otley, ...

Samuel Smile, "Industrial Biography, Iron Workers and Tool Makers", 1863

A lump of metal; a squared mass of metal (especially smelted or wrought iron) of roughly standard weight; a bloomery


forbusne

From Old English fōrebȳsn (“example, exemplar, model”). More at Old English bȳsn.

a model of perfect or appropriate behaviour, role model


botel

English: bottle

Borrowed from Old French boteille, botele.


botel

English: bottle (obsolete)

Al thogh it be nat worth a botel hey.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio 107, verso:


botel

English: bottle (dialectal)

From Old English botl, boþl, from Proto-West Germanic *bōþl, from Proto-Germanic *bōþlą.


weke

English: week

Scots: wouk

Yola: wick, wik

From Old English wiċe, wucu; from Proto-West Germanic *wikā, from Proto-Germanic *wikǭ.

week (a duration of seven days from Sunday to Saturday; a calendar week)

week (any duration of (around) seven days)

(six-day) workweek (a duration of six days from Monday to Saturday)


weke

English: wick

Scots: week

From Old English wēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *weukā (“flax bundle, wick”), from Proto-Indo-European *weg- (“to weave”), see also West Frisian wjok, wjuk (“wing”), Dutch wiek (“wing; propeller, blade; wick”), German Wieche (“wisp; wick”).

cog

The cord or rope used to create wicks; wicking.

Wicking used in medical contexts (e.g. as a bandage).


weke

Borrowed from Old Norse vǫkva (“moisture”), from vǫkr (“wet”).


bordeller

Thaise out of his barge he hente,
And to this bordeller hir solde.
And he, that be hire body wolde Take

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


honeste

English: honesty

Scots: honesty

From Old French honeste, honestete, oneste, from Latin honestās, honestātem; equivalent to honeste (“good”) + -te.

respect, decency, honour:
integrity, virtue

respect, decency, honour:
propriety, seemliness, respectableness

respectability (honourable position or status)


stucche

Inherited from Old English styċċe (“piece, fragment”), from Proto-West Germanic *stukkī, from Proto-Germanic *stukkiją (“piece”). Akin to Old Saxon stukki, Dutch stuk, Old High German stukki, stucchi (“a crust, fragment, piece”), German Stück, Icelandic stykki (“a piece”).

inh+

I þis deſtinctiun aren chapitreſ fiue · as fif ſtuchen efter fif ƿitteſ þe ƿiteð þe heoꝛte aſ ƿakemen[…]

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 4, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 29:

In this part there are five chapters or sections, corresponding to the five senses that monitor the heart like watchmen […]


cauce

⇒ English: causeway

Yola: caushe

→ Irish: cabhsa

From Anglo-Norman caucié, from Vulgar Latin *calciāta, from either Latin calx (“limestone”) or calciō (“to stamp with the heels, tread”), from calx (“heel”).

A raised and surfaced road; highway or causeway.


circe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chirche


servise

English: service (see there for further descendants)

Scots: service

Borrowed from Old French servise, from Latin servitium. By surface analysis, serven + -ise.

Service (performance of required tasks):

The state of being employed; employment (often as a servant or attendant):

Service or membership in a retinue or army.

The labour or money required by one's feudal lord.

Loyalty or allegiance:
Religious devotion or worship.

Loyalty or allegiance:
Romantic or sexual devotion or aid.

Loyalty or allegiance:
Feudal homage or allegiance; vassalage.

A particular function or task:
Payment for service; wages.

A religious service or the directions for one.

A particular function or task:
The provision of food at the table.

A particular function or task:
(law, rare) The delivery of summons.

A particular function or task:
The delivery of summons.

Help; that which assists or grants advantage.


carre

English: car (see there for further descendants)

Yola: car

From Anglo-Norman carre, from Latin carra.


marle

English: marl

Scots: marl

Yola: maarl

desctree

→ Irish: marla, márla (superseded)
→ English: marla

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman marle, from Late Latin margila.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


surgien

English: surgeon

Scots: surgeon

Borrowed Old French surgien, itself inherited from Vulgar Latin *chīrurgiānus, from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of cirurgien.

A surgeon; one who practices the art of surgery.


hekele

From Middle Dutch hekelen (to prickle, irritate).


schamel

English: shamble; shambles

Scots: shammel, shammle

From Old English sċeamol, scamol, from Proto-Germanic *skamulaz, *skamilaz, from Latin scamellum, variant of scabellum (“footstool”).


porknell

Polidarius, the porknell, and his pere Machaon, / Suet with the xvij, sad men & noble.

c. 1300s, unknown poet (possibly Sir Hugh Eglintoun), The 'Gest hystoriale' of the destruction of Troy, Early English Text Society (1869, 1874), page 206

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


wardenship

English: wardenship


gaiole

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


ymage

English: image

Scots: eemage, emage

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman ymage, from Latin imāgō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (“similarity, resemblance”).

der

image, depiction (visual representation):

idol, icon (an image as a religious focus)

(rare) A sculpture or effigy used in occult arts.

Likeness, closeness; the state of being similar.

A likeness; something that is similar or akin.

The (real or mental) appearance or form of something.

(rare) A scarecrow (effigy for scaring animals away)


chantur

Alternative form of chauntour (“chanter”)


troble

English: trouble


yf

And attorneyes of court to the comyn peple of y'e royame as well in the spirituell lawe as in the temporall/ how torne they the lawe and statutes at their pleasir/ how ete they the peple/ how enpouere they the comynte/ I suppose that in alle Cristendom ar not so many pletars attorneys and men of the lawe as ben in englond onely/ for yf they were nombrid all that lange to the courtes of the channcery kinges benche. comyn place. cheker. ressayt and helle And the bagge berars of the same/ hit shold amounte to a grete multitude And how alle thyse lyue & of whome. yf hit shold be vttrid & told/ hit shold not be beleuyd.

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

Blessed are you, yf you supporte suche as preache the Gospell.

1545, Desiderius Erasmus, A Very Pleasaunt & Fruitful Diologe Called the Epicure:

Ne do I wish (for wishing were but vaine) To be acquit fro my continual smart, But ioy her thrall for ever to remayne, And yield for pledge my poor and captyved hart, The which, that it from her may never start, Let her, yf please her, bynd with adamant chayne, And from all wandring loves, which mote pervart His safe assurance, strongly it restrayne.

1591, Edmund Spenser, The Poetical Works of Edmund Spenser, Volume 5:


egle

English: eagle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aigle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman egle, from Old French aigle, from Latin aquila. Displaced native ern.


morter

English: mortar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mortar

→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Borrowed from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium.

A mortar (bowl which a pestle is used in)

Grout or mortar (that which holds bricks together)

A bowl with fuel inside used for a light source.

Any kind of bowl, vessel, or indentation.

(rare) A bowl that wrongdoers are forced to carry.


Normand

English: Normand

From Old French Normant, from a Germanic language.


caboche

desctree

English: cabbage
Sranan Tongo: kabisi
→ Abenaki: kabij
→ Swahili: kabichi
→ Yoruba: kábéèjì

Scots: cabbitch

Yola: gaubbach, gubbauch, gubbach

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman caboche; further origin is disputed.


taverner

English: taverner (archaic)

From Old French tavernier; equivalent to tavern + -er.


chois

English: choice

Scots: chice

Borrowed from Old French chois, from Old French choisir (“to choose”). Adjectival use is influenced by chis.


dovehouse

desc

English: dovehouse, dove-house, dove house


fraign

From Old English freġn, fræġn (“question”). Related to Old English friġnan, freġnan (“to ask”). More at frain.


flo

English: flo

From Old English flā, from flān reanalysed as a plural, from Proto-West Germanic *flain, from Proto-Germanic *flainaz. Compare flon.

An arrow, especially one used with a long bow (projectile weapon emitted from a bow)

(figurative) Anything felt to have a (metaphorically) piercing effect.


lyng

English: ling

Yola: ling

From Old Norse lyng, from Proto-Germanic *lingwą.

Calluna vulgaris
Calluna vulgaris#Translingual


falshede

The Devil out of his skin him torne, I pray to God, for his falshede, for he was ever false in thought and dede. (Geoffrey Chaucer, The Chanones Yemannes Tale)


farme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From the oblique forms of Old English heord, hierd, from Proto-West Germanic *herdu, from Proto-Germanic *herdō.


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From Old English hierde, from Proto-West Germanic *hirdī, from Proto-Germanic *hirdijaz.


herde

⇒ English: hards, hurds (from the plural)

⇒ Scots: hards, harden, harn (from the plural)

From Old English heorde, from Proto-West Germanic *heʀdā.

(usually in the plural) A short, coarse flax or hemp fibre; a piece of hurds.


clift

English: cleft

Scots: clift

Inherited from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz; equivalent to cleven + -th.

A cleft; a fission, fissure, or split in something.

A slash wound; an injury from an instance of slicing, cleaving, rupturing or cutting.

The fork in one's legs or behind; a bodily cleft.


stonde

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


tem

English: team (see there for further descendants)

Scots: team

Inherited from Old English tēam, from Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz.

(law) The privilege of making decisions about ownership disputes between a person's subordinates.

A group of livestock used to pull an agricultural instrument

descendants, children; also extended to the following:

(law) The descendants of one's subordinates.

(rare) The ability to procreate or give birth.