kemben

enm-verb

kemben (third-person singular simple present kembeth, present participle kembynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative kempte, past participle kempt)

kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembynge (participle present)
kempte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
kempt (participle past)
kemben (infinitive)
to kemben (infinitive)
kembe (infinitive)
kembe (first-person present singular)
kembed (first-person past singular)
kempte (first-person past singular)
kembest (present second-person singular)
kembedest (past second-person singular)
kemptest (past second-person singular)
kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembed (past singular third-person)
kempte (past singular third-person)
kembe (present singular subjunctive)
kembed (past singular subjunctive)
kempte (past singular subjunctive)
kembe (imperative present singular)
kemben (plural present)
kembe (plural present)
kembeden (past plural)
kembede (past plural)
kempten (past plural)
kempte (past plural)
kembeth (imperative plural present)
kembe (imperative plural present)
kembynge (participle present)
kembende (participle present)
kembed (participle past)
kempt (participle past)
ykembed (participle past)
ykempt (participle past)

English: kemb (obsolete except for kempt, unkempt), comb (remodelled on the noun)

Scots: kem, keme

Yola: khimed (preterite)

From Old English cemban, from Proto-West Germanic *kambijan, from Proto-Germanic *kambijaną.

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

To comb or brush one's hair; to use a comb.


hony

English: honey (see there for further descendants)

Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny

Yola: henee, honi

From Old English huniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą, dissimilated variant of *hunangą, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks.

(figurative) Something sweet or appealing.

(rare) A term of affection; compare modern English honey.


steppynge

English: stepping

The act of movement; stepping or walking.

One's path or track; the marks left of one's presence.


hayle

English: hail

Scots: hail

From Old English hæġl, hæġel, hagol, from Proto-Germanic *haglaz (“hail”).

(rare, medicine) A tumor situated near the eye.


hayl

Alternative form of heil (“health, welfare”)


sadelere

English: saddler


sadel-bowe

desc

English: saddle bow, saddle-bow, saddlebow

From Old English sadolboga, sadulboga; equivalent to sadel + bowe.


elbohen

From Old English elnbogan; equivalent to elbowe + -en (plural suffix).


elbowe

English: elbow

Scots: elbuck

Yola: helbough, helboge

From Old English elnboga, elboga, from Proto-Germanic *alinabugô; equivalent to elne + bowe.

(rare) A tassel suspended from the elbow.


elnen

From elne (“ell”) + -en (plural suffix).


muske

desctree

English: musk
→ Irish: musc
→ Welsh: mwsg

Borrowed from Old French musc, from Late Latin muscus, from Ancient Greek μόσχος (móskhos), from Middle Persian *mušk, from Sanskrit मुष्क (muṣka).

musk (substance derived from a musk deer's glands)


wrot

From Old English wrōt, a shortening of earlier *wrōtl, from Proto-West Germanic *wrōtil, equivalent to wroten + -el (agentive suffix).

A snout or trunk; an extending nose of an animal.

(rare) nose (compare modern snout (“nose”))


chyne

English: chine (chink)

Scots: chin, chun

From Old English ċine, ċinu, from Proto-West Germanic *kinu, from Proto-Germanic *kinō. Forms with /iː/ are influenced by chynen.

(pathology) opening (of an injury or wound)


chyne

English: chine

From Old French eschine, from Frankish *skinu, from Proto-Germanic *skinō. Doublet of schyne (“shin”).


couplynge

English: coupling

The creation of a romantic or marital bond or a marriage.

A (physical or intellectual) connection.

(rare) The act of leashing dogs two by two.


morteys

English: mortise, mortice

Borrowed from Old French mortaise, from Arabic مورتاز (murtazz, “fastened”).


thenoun

Borrowed from Latin tenōn, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn).


tenoun

English: tenon

Borrowed from Middle French tenon, from Old French tenon.

A tenon; a projecting piece of woodwork.


merines

English: merriness


murhd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of myrthe


hondywerk

English: handiwork

desc

Scots: handiewerk, handiewark, handiwark

Inherited from Old English handġeweorc; equivalent to hond + werk. Compare hondwerk.

handiwork, creation (exclusively used in a religious context of God)

(rare) Handwork; work done with the hands.


myrthe

English: mirth

Scots: mirth

Inherited from Old English myrgþ, mergþ, mirgþ, miriġþ, from Proto-West Germanic *murgīþu; equivalent to mery + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

Mirth, joy, gladness; the state of being happy or elated.

Religious or holy bliss, ecstasy, or salvation.

Merry-making, entertainment, amusement, fun (or an instance of it)

A wonder; an astounding, astonishing or lucky happening.

Something that appeals or is held in high regard.

(rare, euphemistic) Copulation; the act of having sex


hondwerk

English: handwork

Scots: handwerk, handwark

Inherited from Old English handweorc, from Proto-Germanic *handuwerką; equivalent to hond + werk. Compare hondywerk.

The fruits of handwork or handiwork; a product or craft.


flodȝete

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flodgate


flodgate

English: floodgate


flowynge

English: flowing, flowin'

Middle Scots: flowing, flowyng

Scots: flowin, flowan

⇒ Scots: flownie, flounie

Flowing (motion or movement of a liquid):

An overflow or flood; a flow over a boundary.


quellere

English: queller

From Old English cwellere; equivalent to quellen + -er.

One entrusted with the duty of execution or torturing; a hangman.

(rare) A killer or murderer; one who illegally kills.


cwellere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quellere


quantite

English: quantity

Borrowed from Old French quantité, from Latin quantitās.

Number, quantity or amount (either discrete or continuous):

The amount that something can contain or hold; volume.

A portion or part of a measured or reckoned value.

A specified piece or quantity of a greater whole or unit.

Degree, extent; the relative amount or significance of something.

Amount or length of time (that something occurs or happens over]

Dimension; how big or large something is (in two or three dimensions)

(rare) The main or central portion of a thing.


duracioun

English: duration

From Old French duracion, from Medieval Latin dūrātiō.


apposicioun

English: apposition

Borrowed from Middle French apposition, from Latin appositiō; equivalent to ad- + posicioun.

The act of adding or utlising; apposition.


posicioun

English: position

Borrowed from Old French posicion, from Latin positiō.

(surgery) Position or location on the body.

(rare) An announcement of one's stance, belief or position.


composicioun

English: composition

Borrowed from Old French composicion, from Latin compositiō; equivalent to con- + posicioun.

The makeup, ingredients, or composition of something.

A bilateral compact or pact or a text providing written evidence of it.

(rare) Creation, establishment, crafting; the act of having something made.

(rare) Combination (as a process, or a single combination of things)

(rare) Congruity or homogeneity; the state of being self-consistent.


disposicioun

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">dispotion</i>

English: disposition (obsolete dispotion)

Borrowed from Middle French disposition, from Old French disposition, from Latin dispositiō; equivalent to dis- + posicioun.

The nature or state of something (either inherent or current):

Disposition; the emotional state or feelings that one is experiencing.

A quality or factor that influences the nature or state of something.

(astrology) The purported influence of the constellations on people.

Preparing or readying; the act of making oneself ready.

Arranging; the planning of a layout or a blueprint.

The action of directing, instructing, or commanding; using one's control.

The state of being able to direct, instruct, or command; control.

The state of being able to make decisions or choices.

A directive, instruction, or command; an act of those in power.


exposicioun

English: exposition

Borrowed from Old French esposicion, from Latin expositiō; equivalent to ex- + posicioun.

The action of describing in writing; exposition or representation.

The action of explaining or making easy to understand in writing.

A literary work acting to aid understanding or comment on another work.


interposicion

English: interposition

Borrowed from Old French interposicion; equivalent to inter- + posicioun.

(rare) Movement between two things or objects.

(rare) An intervention diminishing the force of legislation.

(rare) A neutral negotiator between two opposing parties.


imposicioun

English: imposition

Borrowed from Old French imposicion, from Latin impositiō; equivalent to in- + posicioun.

A charge or fee or its collection or retrieval.

(rare) Regulating, ordering, administering.

(rare, surgery) Entering, putting something inside.

(rare) Imputation; making a claim about someone.


indisposicioun

English: indisposition

Borrowed from Middle French indisposicion; equivalent to in- + disposicioun.

(rare) Iniquity; malicious or morally wrong behaviour.

(rare) Criminality; the act of behaving outside the law.

(rare) Illness or malady; the state of feeling sick.

(rare, astrology) Negative astrological influence.

(rare) The state of feeling hostility or anger.


opposicioun

English: opposition

Borrowed from Old French oposicion, from Late Latin oppositiō.

Astronomical opposition; the state where two heavenly objects appear to oppose.

(rare) An opposing or contrasting position or belief.

(rare) An opposing or opposite position or place.

(rare) An opposing or opposed quality or ideal.


preposicioun

English: preposition

Borrowed from Old French preposicion, from Latin praepositiō; equivalent to pre- + posicioun.

(grammar) A preposition; an adposition preceding the word it modifies.

(rare) That which grants notability or importance.


deposicion

English: deposition

Borrowed from Old French deposicion, from Latin dēpositiō; equivalent to de- + posicioun.

(rare) The burial or internment of a saint.

(rare) A legal deposition or a document with it.


proposicioun

English: proposition

Borrowed from Old French proposicion, from Latin prōpositiō; equivalent to pro- + posicioun.

A proposition or assertion; a statement left to be proven.

A conundrum; a statement with a hard-to-understand meaning.

That which is offered in a religious context; an oblation.

(rare) An extended treatise or dissertation; a long talk about a topic.

(rare, geometry) A theorem; a proven statement.

(rare) A query; an interrogative statement.


sub pena

English: subpoena, subpena, subpœna

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *upó
Proto-Italic *supo
Medieval Latin subbor.
Proto-Indo-European *kʷey-
Proto-Indo-European *-nós
Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂
Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)bor.
Medieval Latin poenabor.
Middle English sub pena
From Medieval Latin sub (“under”) + poena (“penalty”), the beginning of the original subpoena used in the Court of Chancery.

etymon

A subpoena or summons, especially for the Court of Chancery.


supposicioun

English: supposition

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman supposicion, from Latin suppositiō; equivalent to sub- + posicioun.

(rare) A proposition or assertion; a statement left to be proven.

(rare) A theory; an explanation for a phenomenon left to be proven.

(rare) A subsuming; incorporation into a larger item.

(rare) Putting in a particular place; placing.


sotilnes

English: subtleness

The state of being light, airy, and/or fluidic.

Trickery, insidiousness; the concealment of one's true behaviour or goals.

(rare) Mental power or ability; smartness or cleverness.

(rare) Capability; ability in a specified domain.


sotillynge

The act of making fluidic or less dense.

An argument that shows smartness or cleverness.


oblacioun

English: oblation

Borrowed from Old French oblacion, from Latin oblātiō.

An oblation; a religious offering or gift to a deity:

Money or treasures given as oblation or donation.

(rare) A person who is given as sacrifice.


sutour

English: suitor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suytour, from Latin secūtor; equivalent to sute + -our.

A believer in ideas; a member of a movement or a group.

One who makes an entreaty to a high official.

One who is beholden to attend a regular court or hearing.

(rare) The claimant or accuser in a lawsuit.

(rare) A chaser or follower; one who tracks.

(rare) One who tends to be at a given place.


obligacioun

English: obligation

Scots: obligation

Borrowed from Old French obligacion, from Latin obligātiō; equivalent to obligen + -acioun.

A covenant or contract; a directive obligating one to behave a certain way.

A debenture; a document which obligates one to pay another.


Wincestre

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Wynchester


situacioun

English: situation

Borrowed from Middle French situation, from Medieval Latin situātio.


wenche

English: wench


wympel

English: wimple

Scots: wympill

Inherited from Old English wimpel, winpel, from Proto-Germanic *wimpilaz.

Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was / Hir nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas[…]

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 151–152:

Her wimple was folded in quite a seemly way / Her nose [was] slender; her eyes [were] grey like glass […]

A wimple; a female headcovering, especially (but not only) worn by nuns.

(rare) A veil used to cover the box which communion wafers are stored in.

(rare) A coloured region of feathers on a bird of prey's head.


wynche

English: winch

Inherited from Old English winċe, from Proto-Germanic *winkijǭ.

A long bore or shaft dug in order to extract water from.

(rare) A machine for lifting or hoisting; a winch.


cerymonye

English: ceremony

A religious or spiritual ritual or ceremony taking place.

The practice of ritual or ceremony in general .

A customary activity done as a matter of form.


sermonynge

English: sermoning (obsolete)

Than seyde he thus to Palamon ful right;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3090-3092

To make yow assente to this thing.’
Then said he thus to Palamon the knight;
‘I suppose little preaching is needed here
To make you assent to this thing.’

Talking or speaking, especially with conviction and surety.

Proselytizing or evangelising; spreading of religion.


sermoun

English: sermon, sarmon (dialectal)

Scots: sermon

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sermun, from Latin sermō, sermōnem.

A (generally long and as a monologue) talk or speech by one person.

A sermon; a religious speech (especially one by early Christians)

The religious sermons and proselytising done by early Christians.

Conversation, chatter; talking or conversing in general.

One's manner or way of talking or writing; the hallmarks of one's prose.

A text or piece of literature, especially one related to religion.

A portion of a text devoted to a certain topic or domain.

(rare) A language; a form of speech used by a speech community.


cerymonial

English: ceremonial


coode

Alternative form of code (“system of law”)


spelunke

English: spelunk, spelunc (obsolete)

Scots: spelunk (obsolete)

From Latin spēlunca, from Ancient Greek σπῆλῠγξ (spêlunx).

(rare) A gravesite; where one is buried.


chewynge

English: chewing

From Old English ċēowung, equivalent to chewen + -ing.

The act of chewing (mashing with one's teeth).


spewynge

English: spewing

Scots: spewin

spewing, puking (the ejection of vomit).


griffoun

English: griffin, griffon, gryphon

From Old French griffon, diminutive of gripe (“griffin”).

A griffin (mythological creature; also often found in heraldry)

A bird of prey, especially a vulture (see modern English griffon vulture)

A Greek person; someone from Greece or of Greek ethnicity.


swaþelynge

English: swaddling

Scots: sweelin


swathel

English: swaddle

Scots: sweel

From Old English swaþul, swæþel, sweþel, sweoþol, from Proto-West Germanic *swaþil, *swaþul; probably equivalent to swathe (“strip”) + -el (agentive suffix).

af

(rare outside of compounds) A swaddle or similar strip of fabric.


scharn

English: sharn

Scots: shairn, sharn

From Old English sċearn, from Proto-Germanic *skarną.

Animal feces used as fertiliser; manure or sharn.


delityng

Something that inspires delight, joy, or enjoyment.

(rare) Delight, joy, enjoyment; the sensation of delighting.

(rare) The process of experiencing delight; delighting or enjoying.


delitabilite

From Old French delitableté; equivalent to delitable + -ite.

Joyfulness, enjoyability; the magnitude of delight.


yarwe

English: yarrow; >? yarr

>? Scots: yarr

From Old English ġearwe, from Proto-West Germanic *garwā, perhaps derived from *garu (“prepared, ready (of food”)), as the plant was used medicinally for digestion.

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


stræm

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of strem


stremere

English: streamer

A flag used to identify one's loyalty (especially at sea).

(rare) A train (trailing part of clothing)

(rare, heraldry) A symbol resembling a star.


strem

English: stream

Scots: stream, strem, streme, streym

Yola: streem

Inherited from Old English strēam, from Proto-West Germanic *straum, from Proto-Germanic *straumaz.

A waterbody; a region of the world containing water:

A stream or river (flowing path of water)

The movement of water; flowing or tides.

A sea; a large, continuous body of water.

(rare) The maritime possessions of a nation.

A beam; a jet of light (usually from the sky)

A river's course; the path which a river takes.

(rare) An emission or issuing; something that comes out.

(rare) A standard; a flag indicating nationality.


weykenesse

English: weakness

Scots: waikness

Weakness; lack of might, force, or muscular power.

Faithlessness; lack of belief or virtuousness.

(rare) Impoverishment; a lack of wealth or societal power.

(rare) Stupidity, speciousness; weak reasoning.

(rare) Cowardice; lack of bravery or valour.


wocnesse

From Old English wācnes; equivalent to woke + -nesse.


smiðie

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smythy


smethyng

English: smithing


smythes

From Old English smiþas, plural of smiþ.


smythy

English: smithy

Scots: smiddy, smiddie

From Old Norse smiðja, from Proto-Germanic *smiþjǭ. Doublet of smythe (from the same Proto-Germanic word through Old English smiþþe).


smythe

English: smithe (obsolete)

From Old English smiþþe, from Proto-Germanic *smiþjǭ. Doublet of smythy (from the same Proto-Germanic word through Old Norse smiðja).


randoun

English: random

→ Scots: random


eukarist

English: Eucharist

Borrowed from Old French eucariste, from Latin eucharistia, from Ancient Greek εὐχαριστία (eukharistía).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


redemptoure

English: redemptor

Borrowed from Old French redemptor, borrowed itself from Latin redēmptor.

(theology) One who redeems (used of Jesus)


raunsoner

English: ransomer


redempcioun

English: redemption

Scots: redemption

Borrowed from Old French redemption, borrowed itself from Latin redemptio. Doublet of raunsoun.

(theology) Redemption or release from sinfulness.

One's method of or path towards redemption or release.

Making redress; repairing a relationship or connection.

A payment or fee, especially one acting as ransom.

Freeing from imprisonment (often involving ransoming)

(rare) Payment of a tax, charge, or duty.

(theology, rare) Spiritual overhaul or reforming.

(theology, rare) Spiritual remission or forgiving.


raunsonynge

(theology) The process of redeeming the sins of souls.

(rare) An unjustified charge or levy; extortion.

(rare) Imprisoning while offering ransom.


raunsoun

English: ransom

Scots: ransom

Borrowed from Old French raençon, from Latin redemptio. Doublet of redempcioun.

Ransom; the practice of paying to let someone out of jail (in war).

A payment or fee; money paid to someone out of necessity:

A payment or fee as punishment for criminal activity.

(theology) Jesus as the price of redemption from sin.

A large quantity or reserve of coinage or money.


cirurgie

English: chirurgy (altered after Latin and Greek)

Borrowed from Old French cirurgie, borrowed itself from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of surgerie. At least one form has been remodelled to incorporate the suffix -erie (a process that happened already before the word was borrowed into Middle English).

surgery (the part of medicine related to performing surgical operations)


surgerie

English: surgery

Borrowed from Old French surgerie; a modification of surgie, from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of cirurgie. Almost all forms have been remodelled to incorporate the suffix -erie (a process that happened already before the word was borrowed into Middle English).


cirurgien

English: chirurgeon (altered after Latin and Greek)

Borrowed from Old French cirurgiien, borrowed itself from Vulgar Latin *chīrurgiānus, from chīrurgia; equivalent to cirurgie + -ien. Doublet of surgien.

A surgeon; one who practices the art of surgery.


cosynage

English: cousinage, cosinage (obsolete)

From Old French cosinage; equivalent to cosyn + -age.

Family relation; the state of being of one's blood.

(rare) One's relations; those of one's kin.

(rare) Politeness; the quality of being kind.


sovereynte

English: sovereignty

From Anglo-Norman sovereyneté; equivalent to sovereyn + -te.

Total control or rulership; sovereignty, domination.

The control and supervision vested in a royal title.

Greatness, outstandingness, notability, profusion.

(rare) An office or position granting sovereignty.


foreyner

English: foreigner

Scots: furriner

A nonlocal; one without citizenship or membership in local institutions.

A foreigner or outlander; a person from another nation or land.


foreyn

English: foreign

From Old French forain, from Vulgar Latin *forānus. Forms in fer- are altered on the analogy of fer (“far”).

A nonlocal; one without citizenship or membership in local institution.

(rare) An external chamberpot or restroom.


sovereyn

English: sovereign

Scots: sovereign

Yola: zouvereine, zovereine

From Old French soverain, from Vulgar Latin *superānus.

One's superior or boss; one who one answers to:

An overlord or monarch (often used of God)

A member of local government; a municipal administrator.

One who runs a noble household, manor, or estate.

A general; one who leads an army or military force.

A religious administrator or leader; one's spiritual superior.

A powerful or influential person within a society; a leading figure.

One who excels or shows expertise in a certain area or topic.

One's partner in a marriage; one's spouse.

(rare) Those who preceded or came before.

(rare) Something which is exceptional or noteworthy.


tredynge

English: treading

Compression by treading upon with one's feet.

(rare) Treading; going somewhere on foot or placing one's foot.


forswerer

English: forswearer


forswerynge

English: forswearing

And now that I have ſpoken of glotonye, / Now wol I yow deffenden haſardrye; / Haſard is verray mooder of leſynges, / And of deceite, and curſed forſwerynges[…]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 589–592:

And since I've spoken about gluttony, / Now, I'll prevent you from dice-playing; / Dice games are literally the source of falsehoods, / deception, and false testimonies […]

The act of perjuring oneself; false testimony.


sweryng

English: swearing

The admission or reception of an oath or promise.

Swearing; uttering profanities (especially in oaths)


swerer

English: swearer

Scots: swerar, sweirar, swearar

One who uses or employs profanity or swearwords.

One who makes an oral binding statement; an oath-taker.

(rare) One who makes people swear oaths.


swernes

From Old English swǣrness; equivalent to swere + -nesse.


answerynge

English: answering

An answer; the act of answering or explaining.


hornepipe

English: hornpipe

From horn + pipe (referring to its material of composition).


hornere

English: horner

(rare) A hornblower; a person who blows a horn.


hornynge

English: horning

The adding, inlaying or insertion of horn on something.

(surgery) The utilisation of a horn for suction.


salsefleume

sauce flewme
sauce flewme#Middle_English


saucerie

English: saucery (historical)

From Old French sausserie; equivalent to sauce + -erie.

A part of a manor or a facility which manufactures sauce; a saucery.


sauce flewme

From Old French saussefleume; equivalent to sauce + flewme.

A purported disease caused by lechery and gluttony and causing boils and reddening of the skin.

Saline matter expelled from the mouth, such as sputum, spit, or mucus.


flewme

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fleam</i>

English: phlegm (dialectal fleam)

Scots: fleem

From Old French fleume, from Latin phlegma, from Ancient Greek φλέγμα (phlégma). For the change of /ɛu̯/ to /ɛː/ before /m/, compare rewme.

Phlegm as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

Phlegm, sputum or a similar mucous substance; material coughed up.

A phlegmatic feeling or something that induces or causes it.


malencolien

From Old French malancolien; equivalent to malencolie + -ien.


malencolie

English: melancholy (remodelled after Latin)

From Old French melancolie, from Late Latin melancholia, from Ancient Greek μελαγχολία (melankholía). Many forms of this word show influence from Old French mal (“bad”).

Black bile as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

The mood or psychological state believed to result from the influence of black bile:

Ire, wroth, fury: the state of being or feeling angry or ireful.

(Late Middle English) Melancholy, sadness, depression, or gloominess; the state of feeling sad.

A supposed affliction caused by an excessive amount or quantity of black bile.


secound

Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)


secounde

Alternative form of secunde (“sixtieth part of a minute”)


collusioun

English: collusion

From Old French collusion, from Latin collūsiō.

An agreement made under secrecy (usually to go against the law).

An action of deception or fraud; an example of dishonesty.


flawme

English: flame

Scots: flam

Borrowed from Old French flame, from Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flagmā. Some forms influenced by Old French flambe, flamble, from Latin flammula.

A flame; a visible tongue of gas and vapour forming part of a fire.

Fire (in the abstract or an instantiation)

Intensity of belief or passion; the magnitude of one's emotional output.

(rare) A kind of flowering plant with fiery-coloured petals.


ratoner

English: rattoner


clawynge

English: clawing

A scratch or clawing motion with the claws.


cle

English: cley (dialectal)

From Old English clēa, from Proto-Germanic *klawō. Doublet of clawe.

A claw; a horny nail on the feet of certain animals.

A hoof; a horny toe on the feet of equids.

(rare) A claw-shaped implement or point.


clawe

English: claw

Scots: claw, clau

From Old English clawu, from Proto-Germanic *klawō. Doublet of cle.


wrotynge

Rooting; the digging up of soil like an animal.

An indentation or ditch made by an animal's rooting.


wrynge

English: wring

A press; a device used to compress or wring.


wryngynge

English: wringing

The act of wrenching, contorting, or distorting; bending out of shape.

(rare) The act of compressing or squeezing (including wringing)


knyttynge

English: knitting

Yola: nitheen

The act or state of connection or linkage, especially of fibres or cords.

Joining or unification; the making of multiple into one.

Something which joins, unifies, links, or connects.

(rare) Sealing; the act of making closed.


seoven niht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sevenyght


syftynge

English: sifting

sifting (action of putting through a sieve)


sevenyght

English: sevennight, sennight


lavatorie

English: lavatory

From Late Latin lavātōrium; equivalent to laven + -atorie. Doublet of lavour.

A receptacle to hold water used for religious purposes.

(rare) The process of religious immersion; baptism.


larew

From Old English lārēow; akin to lore and an unknown second element.

(Early Middle English) One who teaches or leads.


lavendrie

English: laundry

Borrowed from Old French lavanderie, from Latin lavandaria; equivalent to lavender + -ie.

A part of a manor or a facility for washing clothes; a laundry.

(rare) The action of washing or cleaning clothes; laundering.


tyear

(Kent) Alternative form of teer (“tear”)


tartelet

English: tartlet

A kind of dumpling or similar dish made of batter.


fecche

English: vetch, fitch

Scots: fitch

Traditionally seen as borrowed from Old Northern French veche, from Latin vicia, though the unexpected initial /f/ may reflect descent from an Old English *feċċe, *fiċċe.

Vetch or tare; a member of the genus Vicia.

The seed of vetch, especially in reference to something worthless.

A small ball of similar proportion to a vetch seed.


therebynte

English: terebinth

From Old French terebinthe, from Latin terebinthus, from Ancient Greek τερέβινθος (terébinthos).


tridel

English: treddle

Scots: tartle

From Old English tyrdel; equivalent to tord + -el (agentive suffix).


terebentyne

English: turpentine

Scots: torpity (obsolete)

From Old French terbentine, turbentine, from Latin terebinthina; equivalent to therebynte + -ine.

Turpentine or a pharmaceutical made from it.


geaunt

English: giant

Scots: geeant

Borrowed from Old French geant, gaiant, from Latin gigantem, accusative singular of gigās, from Ancient Greek Γίγᾱς (Gígās).

A giant (mythological or fantasy creature)


thurs

English: thurse

From Old English þyrs, from Proto-West Germanic *þuris, from Proto-Germanic *þurisaz. Forms with -u- are partly a native development of OE -y-, but are also due to influence from Old Norse þurs.


lege man

English: liegeman

A liegeman; one who is subordinate to a feudal superior.

(rare) One who is obedient to their superior.


governeresse

English: governess, governoress

Borrowed from Old French governeresse; equivalent to governour + -esse.

A woman who controls or leads; a female figure in charge.

A female guardian or protector; a governess.

(rare) A dominating influence portrayed allegorically.


legiaunce

English: ligeance, liegance

⇒ English: ligeancy

Middle Scots: legiance

Borrowed from Old French legeance, ligeance, ligance; equivalent to lege (“liege”) + -aunce.

Allegiance, loyalty (including duty and responsibility to one's feudal superior).

The power exercised or available to a feudal liege or superior.


governynge

English: governing

Control, direction, or leadership; the holding of power:

Governing; governmental or political control.

Administration, direction or supervision; the action of supervising.

(rare) Naval command, control, or oversight.

Tutelarity or guiding; direction as a caretaker or guardian.

(medicine) The practice of giving out a restorative course of action.

(rare) Helmsmanship; control over a seafaring vessel or ship.

(rare) One's influence over the world or its happenings.

(grammar, rare) Requirement of a specific grammatical case.

(physiology, rare) The effect exerted by a part of the body on another.


governail

English: governail (archaic)

Middle Scots: governall

Borrowed from Middle French governail, from Old French governail, governaille, from Latin gubernāculum.

Government, rule; administrative or political control.

Guardianship or oversight; one's role as a caretaker or guardian.

Willpower or reserve; control over oneself.

The duration an office is held for; reign, tenure.

(rare) Destiny; a preordained result or fate.

A rudder or oar (paddle for steering a vessel)

(rare, medicine) A restorative course of action.

(rare, figurative) A guardian or overseer; one who directs.


wyspe

English: wisp

Scots: wisp, wusp

Perhaps related to whisk (“bunch of twigs, hair”). Cognate to Dutch wisp, dialectal Danish visp, Swedish visp, Norwegian Bokmål visp, etc.

A package, stick or pile of straw, a wisp:

Such a bundle used to clean livestock of dirt.

(rare) Such a bundle shaped into a circle or torus.

(rare) Such a bundle lighted afire and used as a light source.

(glassblowing, obsolete, rare) A fifteenth-century unit for measuring window glass.


erle marschalle

erl marschal
erl marschal#Middle_English


erl marschal

English: earl marshal

The Earl Marshal; a chief official in the household of the English royal court.


brinke

English: brink

Scots: brink

From Old Norse *brenka, *brinka and Middle Low German brink, both from Proto-Germanic *brinkaz (“hill, edge (of land)”).

der

The coastline or shoreline; the place where land meets sea.

The edge of any other body of water (e.g. a river, a pit full of water).

The edge, lip, or top of a cup, glass, or bowl.

The surrounds, edge, or outer part of something.

The edge of life; the state of being on the brink of death.

(rare) The edge or border of a hole or trench.


marschal

English: marshal
→ Malay: marsyal

Scots: marshal

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareschal, from Medieval Latin mariscalcus, either from Frankish *marhaskalk or from Old High German marah-scalc (“horse-servant”), from Proto-West Germanic *marh + *skalk (whence Old Saxon maraskalk, marahscalc). Compare Middle English mere (“mare”) and schalk.

A high-ranking officer of the English royal court.

A stablemaster (one who supervises horses).

A marshal (supreme commander of an armed force).

A supervisor of the Marshalsea Court (alongside the king's steward).

A supervisor of the procedure or ceremonies.

(rare) The chief minister of the English royal court.


erldom

English: earldom

Scots: erldom

From Old English eorldōm; equivalent to erl + -dom.

A county or earldom; a region supervised or ruled by an earl.

The position of being an earl; earlship.

(rare) One of the traditional English counties.


wowe

From Old English wāwa, a variant of wēa, from Proto-Germanic *waiwô (hence a doublet of we (“woe”)).

Woe, discomfort; a state of intense depression and sorrowfulness.

A lack of luck or fortuitousness; bad fortune.

A unlucky or unfortunate event; something that feels negative.

Injury, painfulness; the result of physical harming.


figee

Borrowed from Old French *figuée; equivalent to fige + -e (participial suffix).


faierie

English: fairy, fairie, faerie, faery

Scots: fairy, faerie, faery

Borrowed from Old French faerie; equivalent to faie + -erie.

The land or domain in which magical or mythological creatures live; the Otherworld.

The occult, esoteric, or magical arts or a product of them used for illusion (e.g. a phantasm).

(as a collective) Magical or mythological beings, beasts, or creatures.

A magical or mythological being, beast, or creature.

(rare) Something which is untrue, invented, or fictional.


figge tre

English: fig tree


chafur

English: chafer

From Old English ċeafor, from Proto-West Germanic *kefrō.
The presence of medial /f/ instead of expected /v/ in variant forms is unexpected.


chaf

English: chaff

Scots: caff

→ Irish: cabha

Inherited from Old English ċeaf, *cæf, from Proto-West Germanic *kaf

Chaff; the parts of harvested grain not usable as food, especially straw or husks.

(figurative) Something of little to no value or importance.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

(figurative) An evil or immoral act or person; a sin or a practitioner of one.

(rare) Waste from food other than grains; rubbish or refuse.


fantome

English: phantom, phantasm

Scots: phanton

Borrowed from Old French fantesme, fantosme, from Latin phantasma, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma).

That which is ephemeral or transient; worldly (as opposed to spiritual) wealth.

A phantom or apparition; a phantasmic experience.

A lie or misconception; that which is false.

(rare) Deceit or fraud; the act of deceiving.

(rare, medicine) A hallucination or delirium brought on by illness.


botyng

Saving from a predicament, danger, or injury.

An extra in a swapping to make the things swapped equivalent.


botnyng

Solving of ailments or something which solves ailments.


botew

English: botew (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French boteau, diminutive of bote (“boot”).

(Late Middle English) A sort of boot lacking leg coverings.


buyt

(Northern) Alternative form of bote (“boot”)


botere

English: boater


botoun

English: button (see there for further descendants)

Scots: button

Yola: buththone, boththone

Borrowed from Old French bouton, boton. See English button for more.

A button or decorative protrusion on garments or tools.

A bud, budset, or shoot; a newly-formed leaf.

Ac hy habbeþ hire herten zuo aꝛered ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dꝛedeþ kyng. ne erl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

Something that is small or of little or no value or worth.


popy

English: poppy

Scots: puppy

From Old English popiġ, from Latin papāver (which some forms are influenced by).

A poppy (plant of the genus Papaver), especially the opium poppy.

(rare) Any of one of several similar plants.


junyper

English: juniper

Scots: jenepere

From Latin iūniperus; some forms are influenced by Old French geneivre.

Juniper (tree of the genus Juniperus) or a similar plant.


firse

English: furze

From Old English fyrs, fyres, of unknown origin, but compare fyr (“fire”) and Proto-Slavic *pyrь (“couch grass”).

A fir tre ſchal grow for a firse, and a mirte tre ſchal wexe for a nettil; and the Lord ſchal be nemyd in to a ſigne euerlaſtynge, that ſchal not be doon awei.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Isaiah 55:13”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

A fir tree will grow instead of gorse, and a myrtle will grow instead of a nettle, and the Lord will be named for this everlasting sign that won't be done away with.

Ulex europaeus
Ulex europaeus#Translingual

(rare) Clumps of furze for use in fires.


duete

English: duty

Scots: duty

From Anglo-Norman dueté; equivalent to dewe + -te.

A charge, fee, or tax; a monetary sum one is owed or owes.

Something which one is obliged to do (by law, society, or belief)

Something which one is obliged or duty-bound to offer (other than money).


dettour

English: debtor

Borrowed from Old French detour, from Latin debitor; equivalent to dette + -our.

One who is indebted to another (financially, for their help, etc.)

and þus ȝe ſchulen pꝛeie / Oure fadir þat art in heuenes .· halewid be þi name / þi kyngdom come to / be þi wille doon in erþe .· as in heuene / ȝyue to vs þis dai oure bꝛeed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce / and foꝛȝyue to vs oure dettis .· as we foꝛȝyuen to oure dettouris / and lede vs not in to temptacioun .· but delyuere vs fro yuele amen […]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 6:9-14, page 3r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be sanctified; / your Kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth, like in heaven. / Give us our bread over other substances, / forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us, / and don't bring us into temptation, but instead save us from evil. Amen."

One who must atone for their wrongs against another.


thymbyll

English: thimble

Scots: thummle, thumble

From Old English þȳmel, from Proto-Germanic *þūmilaz; equivalent to thombe + -el (agentive suffix).


thornbak

English: thornback

The stickleback (member of the family Gasterosteidae).


thornetre

English: thorn-tree, thorn tree


hawen

From Old English hagan; equivalent to hawe + -en (plural suffix).


bakbon

English: backbone

Scots: backbane


fewell

English: fuel

Borrowed from Old French feuaille, fouaille.


nortelrie

What for hire kynrede and hir nortelrie / That she hadde lerned in the nonnerie


pullayle

Borrowed from Old French polaille, poulaille.


pultrie

English: poultry

Scots: pootry, poutrie

Yola: pultry

Borrowed from Old French pouleterie; equivalent to pulet + -erie or pulter + -ie.

Poultry (chickens, geese, or similar birds kept for their products)

A location for the marketing and retail of domesticated fowl or poultry.

The portion of a noble estate dedicated to managing poultry.

(rare) A chicken coop or analogous structure; a place where poultry is kept.


pulter

English: poulter, poulterer

Borrowed from Old French pouletier; equivalent to pulet + -er.

A poulterer; a retailer of poultry or fowl.

(rare) One who manages the poultry of a noble estate.


eternyte

English: eternity

Scots: eternity

Borrowed from Old French eternité, eternitez, from Latin aeternitās; equivalent to eterne + -ite.

Existence without end; eternity, lasting forever.

The expanse of time; all of time (contrasted with time)

(rare) A large amount or quantity of time.


compassynge

English: compassing

Guile or plotting; the practicing of sleight-of hand with ill intent.

(rare) An idea, invention, or creation; something that one has created (mentally or physically)

(rare) A boundary or edge or an area defined by it.


werreur

From Anglo-Norman werreur, Old French guerroiier (“fighter, combattant”), from Medieval Latin werra, from Frankish *werru (“confusion; quarrel”), from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh”). Displaced native Old English cempa.


werrynge

English: warring

Conflict, war; a struggle between two opposing forces.

(rare) Quarreling, disputation, struggling; lack of harmony.


werrour

From Anglo-Norman guerreur or Middle French guerreur; remodelled as werre (“war”) + -our. Some forms are instead reanalysed as werre + -er.

A warrior or combatant; one who partakes in battles.

One who inflicts battle, hardship or strife or likes discord.


werreour

English: warrior

Scots: warrior

From Old French guerreier, guerroiier (equivalent to werreyen + -er) and Old French guerreiur, guerroieor (equivalent to werreyen + -our).

A warrior or combatant; one who partakes in battles or war.

(rare) One who wages war against another; a military opponent or enemy.

(rare) One who inflicts devastation, ruin, strife, or terror.

(rare) An invader or warlord; one who uses conquest or takes over nations.


scamel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schamel


gounde

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">gund</i>

English: gound (dialectal gund)

From Old English gund, from Proto-Germanic *gundaz.

Gum that is deposited in sore eyes; gound.


flaun

English: flawn (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French flaon, from Late Latin fladonem, accusative of flado, from Frankish *flaþō. Doublet of flathe and flathon.


steere

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


vertuousnesse

English: virtuousness

(rare, Late Middle English) Virtuousness; virtuous actions.


sustren

From suster + -en (“noun plural suffix”).


susterhede

English: sisterhood (with change in suffix)

The concept of sisterhood (the state of being a sister)

The state where one possesses a female sibling; having a sister.


sustres

From suster + -es (“noun plural suffix”).


columpne

English: column

Scots: column

From Old French columne, from Latin columna.


niȝeðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nynthe


nynthe

English: ninth

Scots: nint

Inherited from Old English niġoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *neundō, from Proto-Germanic *newundô; equivalent to and often remodelled after nyne + -the (ordinal suffix).

One of nine equal parts of a whole; a ninth.


forðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ferthe


seoveðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seventhe


beteræ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bettre


beterynge

English: bettering

A structure built to improve a property.


seventhe

English: seventh

Scots: seevent

/ˈsɛːvəð(ə)/

From Old English seofoþa, seofunda; equivalent to and often remodelled after seven + -the (ordinal suffix).

One of seven equal parts of a whole; a seventh.


doghter

‘O dere doghter, ender of my lyf,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Physician's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 218-220

That thou were never out of my remembraunce!’
‘O dear daughter, ender of my life,
Whom I have nurtured with such pleasure,
That thou were never out of my thoughts!’

Which I have fostred up with swich plesaunce,


doughters

From doughter + -es (“genitive ending”).


fadres

From Old English fæderas; equivalent to fader + -es (“plural ending”).


faderhode

English: fatherhood

The state of being a father; fatherhood.

An appellation (preceded by pronouns) for a parent or an important cleric

(rare) The state of being a cleric or ruler; authority.

(rare) Good parenting; the safety granted by parents.


modur-in-lawe

moder in lawe
moder in lawe#Middle_English


modres

From Old English mōderes; equivalent to moder + -es (“plural ending”).


moderhede

English: motherhood

The state of being a mother; motherhood (especially used of the Virgin Mary)

(rare) The caregiving, devotion, and guardianship given by a mother.


moder in lawe

English: mother-in-law


moderwort

English: motherwort

Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris#Translingual

Filipendula ulmaria
Filipendula ulmaria#Translingual

Motherwort (Leonurus spp.), mugwort/wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris), or meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria),


lawyour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of lawier


lawday

A day when a local court meets, especially the court for each of the hundreds (administrative divisions)


lawier

English: lawyer

Scots: lawer


dowtyr in lawe

douȝter in lawe
douȝter in lawe#Middle_English


laufulnes

English: lawfulness

The state of honouring a contract, promise or directive.

The state of being respectable or highly accepted by society.


douȝter in lawe

English: daughter-in-law


suster-in-lawe

English: sister-in-law

sister-in-law (sister of a spouse; wife of a sibling)


dyaper

English: diaper

Scots: dyper

Borrowed from Old French dyapre, diaspre, from Medieval Latin diaspra, diasprum, from Byzantine Greek δίασπρος (díaspros, adj).

der

Fabric with repetitive patterns of shapes or emblems.

(rare) A piece of clothing made of such fabric.


bisynes

English: business (see there for further descendants)

From Old English bisiġnes, equivalent to bisy + -nes.


brotheren

English: brothern, brothren


sustern

Alternative form of sustren (plural of suster)


brother-in-lawe

enm-noun

brother-in-lawe (plural breþeren in lawe)

English: brother-in-law


brotherhede

English: brotherhood, brotherred

Scots: britherheid

Inherited from Old English brōþorrǣden; equivalent to brother + -rede. However, usually remodelled as brother + -hede; sometimes the first element is changed to brether.

Brotherly relations; a brotherly pact or bond:

An amicable or brotherly relationship which two siblings have with each other.

The relationship which two blood brothers have with each other.

Any deep platonic relationship or linkage between two people.

The bond that two people in a religious or craft organisation or society have.

A relationship or linkage between two allied nations.

Brotherly behaviour or acts; appropriate behaviour for a brother.

The entirety of believers in Christianity collectively; Christendom.

The people in a religious or craft organisation or society collectively.

(rare) The male siblings of two given people collectively.

(rare) A term used towards a brother (religious or familial)


wurte

Alternative form of wort (“brewing wort”)


rotæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rote (“root”)


roowte

Alternative form of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”)


rotys

plural of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”)


faderlaw

fader in lawe
fader in lawe#Middle_English


godfader

English: godfather

From Old English godfæder; equivalent to god + fader.


fader in lawe

English: father-in-law


godfæder

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of godfader


constitucioun

English: constitution

Borrowed from Old French constitucion, from Latin cōnstitūtiōnem, accusative singular of cōnstitūtiō.

An ecclesiastical decree or rule, especially one emanating from the Pope.

A piece of legislation; an edict or legal instrument from secular authorities.

(rare) A foundational scientific law or the body of them in a science.

(rare) A body of legislation or rules; a legal or legislative code.

(rare) The guidelines that a monastic house or group lives by.

(rare) The guidelines that a merchant's association lives by.


citeseyn

English: citizen

Scots: ceetizen

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman citesain, an alteration of citeain; equivalent to cite + -ein.

A freeman or burgher: a legally-recognized member of an incorporated city.

A resident or inhabitant of a city (irregardless of burgher status); an urbanite.

One who inhabits a state, area or province, especially if they are not a serf.

One who inhabits heaven; an inhabitant of the afterlife.


wacche

English: watch

From Old English wæċċe (“watch”), from wæċċan (“to be awake; to keep watch”), from Proto-West Germanic *wakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *wakjaną (“to awaken, wake up”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“awake; lively; strong”).


rotyngnesse

English: rottingness

Necrosis or putrefaction; The state of being gangrenous, infected or festering.


rotennesse

English: rottenness

Rotting or decomposition; the situation where something rots.

Pussy matter; the results of suppuration.


rotidnes

English: rottedness

Pussy matter; the results of suppuration or pus formation.

(rare) Rotting or decomposition; the situation where something rots.

(rare) The process where water usually becomes dirty.


roteness

Alternative form of rotennesse (“rottenness”)


graninge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gronynge


groyn

English: groyne, groin

Scots: grone (possibly)

Yola: gring

Borrowed from Old French groign (French groin), from Late Latin grunium, grunia. The variation in pronunciation probably reflects variation in Old French and in methods of adapting Old French phonemes.

(rare) An nose (usually an unsightly one).


roobukke

English: roebuck

Scots: raebuck

Yola: robunkshough (nasal)


gronynge

English: groaning

From Old English grānung; equivalent to gronen + -ing.


robous

English: rubbish

Scots: rubbage


gruntynge

English: grunting

A grunt or groan as or like an animal; the making of beastly calls.

(rare) Any loud, disturbing, or annoying noise.

(rare) A moan; the making groaning or moaning sound.


snowte

English: snout

Scots: snout, snoot

→ English: snoot

From Middle Dutch snute or Middle Low German snute; both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *snūt.

An animal's snout or trunk (long, projecting nose and mouth).

(derogatory) The nose of a person; the flesh surrounding the nasal cavity.

The facial features or appearance of a person; how one's face looks.

(figuratively) The temperament or behaviour of a person.

The point of something sharp (e.g. a needle or a seafaring vessel of war)


ynche

enm-noun

ynche (plural ynches or enchen or ynche)

ynches (plural)
enchen (plural)
ynche (plural)

English: inch (see there for further descendants)

Scots: inch

From Old English ynċe, from earlier *unċi-, from Latin uncia. Doublet of ounce.


chalengere

English: challenger

From chalengen + -er; some forms are influenced by Old French chalongeor.

(rare) A claimant; one who claims something.

(rare) An objector; one who challenges something.


chalengynge

English: challenging

Slander, defamation; the propagation of untrue and unflattering claims.

The challenging or countering of a claim, allegation, or belief.

A claim; the assertion of a privilege or right.


aley

English: alley

Scots: allay

→ Welsh: alai

Borrowed from Old French alee; more at English alley.

An enclosed or roofed passage or walkway.

An alleyway; a passage formed by the gap of two buildings.

(rare) An open passage or path for access.


alienyng

The removal of a person's possessions or privileges.

(rare) Madness or crazedness; lack or loss of mental sanity.

(rare) Renouncement or separation; a split between two parties.


alienacioun

English: alienation

From Old French alienacion, itself borrowed from Latin aliēnātiōnem. By surface analysis, alienen + -acioun.


bærs

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bace


flowndre

English: flounder

Scots: flunner, flunder

From Anglo-Norman floundre, from Old Norse flyðra, from Proto-Germanic *flunþrijǭ.

Platichthys flesus
Platichthys flesus#Translingual

flounder (Platichthys flesus or a similar fish)


baaste

Alternative form of base (“illegitimacy”)


bacoun

English: bacon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bawcon

→ Welsh: bacwn

Yola: bawkoon, bawcoon, bacoon, bakoon

From Anglo-Norman bacon, bacun, from Frankish *bakō, from Proto-Germanic *bakô. Compare bak.

Cured meat from the back and sides of a pig; bacon.

Meat from the back and sides of a pig; pork.


flicche

English: flitch

Scots: fleech

Inherited from Old English fliċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *flikkī, from Proto-Germanic *flikkiją. Forms with hard k(k)/c(k) likely rather from Old Norse flikki.

The flank or side of an animal, especially one of a pig which has been made into bacon; a flitch.


motoun

English: mutton

Scots: mutton

Yola: muthon, mothoon

Borrowed from Old French mouton, from Vulgar Latin moltō, from Gaulish *multon-, from Proto-Celtic *moltos.

The meat of sheep or a piece of it; mutton.

A sheep (of either gender) or its corpse.

An Anglo-French gold coin impressed with the image of a lamb.


hertt

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of herte


hartt

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of hert


heortæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herte


hertes

From Old English heorotas; equivalent to hert + -es.


herte blood

English: heart-blood

Fro this forth shal I never eten breed
Til I myn owene herte blood may see;

1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, Book 2, lines 444-445:


harthe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of herth


herth

English: hearth

Scots: harth, hairth

Inherited from Old English heorþ, from Proto-West Germanic *herþ.

A hearth; a place where a fire is lighted.

A furnace; an oven used for heating in manufacturing.


heorð

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herth


hirdel

English: hurdle

Yola: hardhel

From Old English hyrdel, from Proto-West Germanic *hurdil, from Proto-Germanic *hurdilaz.

A frame or netting of intertwined twigs:

Used as a sled (often to store those sentenced to death)

(rare) Used to air objects so they become cool or dry.


madnesse

English: madness

Madness; the state of being deranged or insane.

Incautiousness; the state of being incautious or overenthusiastic.

(rare) The state of being stupid; stupidity.


mageste

English: majesty

Scots: maijesty

Borrowed from Old French majesté, from Latin māiestās.

That which befits a monarch; majesty, might, power, formality.

An appellation for a ruler or deity, usually preceded by a pronoun.

(rare) A depiction of a monarch or ruler.


mædere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mader


mastyf

English: mastiff

→ Welsh: mastiff

Scots: mastiff

From Old French mastin (modern French mâtin), from Vulgar Latin *mansuetinus (“tamed (animal)”), from Latin mansuetus (“tamed”). The final -f is due to influence from Old French mestif; some forms have totally assimilated to that word.


easkunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of askynge


askynge

English: asking

Scots: asking, askin

From Old English āscung, āxung (“asking; question; inquiry”); equivalent to axen + -ing.

Asking for a boon, favour, or reward; supplication.

Asking for something in prayer; supplication of a divinity.

The act of asking; query or inquiry:
(rare) Repeated questioning or asking.

The act of asking; query or inquiry:
Repeated questioning or asking.

The taking of a legal action; litigation or a legal case.

A command or requirement; the act of demanding.

(rare) An excessive or forcible exaction.

(rare) The placing of criminal charges upon someone..


trompour

From Old French trompeor, trompour; equivalent to trumpe + -our; some forms instead reflect trumpe + -er.

A trumpeter; a player of brass instruments.


trumpe

English: trump

Scots: trump

From Old French trompe, from Frankish *trumpa, *trumba, from an imitative Germanic word.

onomatopoeic

imitative

A trumpet, horn, or similar musical instrument.

One who uses or plays such an instrument.


patroun

English: patron, pattern

Scots: patron, pawtron

Yola: patroon

→ Irish: pátrún

From Old French patrone, from Latin patrōnus.

A ruler, leader or boss; a man who is in charge of a place:

A teacher or guide; one who provides teachings or advice.

A patron saint or divinity; a holy figure supervising an area.

(nautical) A sea captain; one who commands a vessel.

An exemplar or guideline (to imitate or to avoid):

The plans, pattern, blueprint or design something is made from.

(rare) Something which looks similar to another thing.

The initiator or originator of a set of religious beliefs.

A patron or philanthropist who gives to religious organisations.

A person who is able to make an ecclesiastical appointment.

(rare, historical) One who worked as legal counsel in ancient Rome.


frenderede

From Old English frēondrǣden; equivalent to frend + -rede.

The state of being friends; a friendly relationship.


freondræden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of frenderede


onfrend

English: unfriend

Scots: unfrend


madschipe

Madness; the state of being deranged or insane.

(rare) Hasty, overenthusiastic; lacking reserve.


frendschip

English: friendship

Scots: friendship

From Old English frēondsċipe; equivalent to frend + -schipe.

A friendship; a friendly relationship or the state of being friends or comrades.

Friendly behaviour or a positive attitude from one's superiors.

A pact, agreement or entente between two parties.

A beneficial or useful action; aid or benefit.

A group or band of companions, or friends.

(rare) Friendly behaviour, mood, or actions.


sporier

English: spurrier

Scots: spurrier (obsolete)


crownynge

English: crowning

(rare) The placing of a wreath on one's head.


coronacioun

English: coronation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman coronacion; equivalent to corounen + -acioun.


coronement

English: crownment

From Old French coronement, coronemant; equivalent to corounen + -ment.

(rare) The placing of a wreath or halo on one's head.


coroune

English: crown (see there for further descendants)

Scots: croun, croon

→ Welsh: coron

From Anglo-Norman coroune, curune, corone, from Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē).

An important, symbolic, or significant piece of headwear:

A crown; a piece or item of royal headgear.

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

A coronet or tiara; headgear of lesser (religious or secular) leaders.

A garland or circlet (often as a prize for victory).

That which belongs or pertains to a monarch:

Kingly power, might, authority, or legitimacy.

A monarch's property or owndom; that which a king owns.

A patch of shaved hair (usually of a monk).

The capitulum of a flower or the area of a fruit corresponding to it.

A depiction, likeness, or representation of a crown.

A piece of non-British currency with a crown on it.

(Judaism, historical) A golden stripe surrounding important historic Jewish artifacts.


harres

Alternative form of haras (“stud farm; herd of studs”)


hosynge

English: hosing


taphose

From tappe and a second element, possibly hose.

(rare) A sieve placed over a spout of a container holding mash.


hosnesse

English: hoarseness

From Old English hāsnes; equivalent to hos + -nesse.


hosyer

English: hosier


hurde

Alternative form of herde (“piece of hards”)


emperesse

‘Your blisful suster, Lucina the shene,
That of the see is chief goddesse and quene,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Franklin's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1045-1048

Yet emperesse aboven him is she:’ [...]
‘Your blissful sister, Lucina the bright,
Who of the sea is chief goddess and queen,
Though Neptune have godly dominion in the sea,
Yet empress above him is she:’ …


emperie

English: empery (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French emperie, from Latin imperium. Doublet of empire.

Emperorship; the office or title of emperor.

Power, legitimacy; the authorisation required to effect change.

An empire; the domain of an emperor or empress.


hara-huna

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of horehoune


horesone

English: whoreson (obsolete)

Scots: hurson (obsolete)

(derogatory) An insult used towards men.

(rare) An illegitimate son, especially the son of a prostitute.


horynesse

English: hoariness

(rare) The state of being hoary; hoariness.


hordom

English: whoredom

Scots: huredome (obsolete)

From Old Norse hórdómr; equivalent to hore + -dom.

Unsanctioned or immoral sexual behaviour or actions.

(rare) A specific instance of such behaviour or actions.

(rare, figuratively) Errant or immoral religious behaviour.

(rare) A whore or adulterer; an immoral woman.


horlynge

(derogatory) A lascivious or adulterous person (usually, but not always, male)


horehoune

English: horehound, hoarhound

→ Scots: horehound

Inherited from Old English hārhūne, hārehūne; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) and an unknown intermediate descendant of Proto-Germanic *hūnaz (later equated with hound).

Marrubium vulgare
Marrubium vulgare#Translingual


hornesse

Inherited from Old English hārnes; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) + -nesse.


hordere

English: hoarder

From Old English hordere; equivalent to hord + -er.

The custodian or supervisor of a stock of goods.


sone-in-law

sone in lawe
sone in lawe#Middle_English


sone in lawe

English: son-in-law


frossh

English: frosh, frosk

From Old English frosc and Old Norse froskr, both from Proto-Germanic *fruskaz. The soft /ʃ/ of some forms is ultimately from the Old English gen.-dat. sg. frosċe(s); it is unknown whether this had already begun to spread to other cases within the Old English period or if it happened in early Middle English, when the collapse of the case system would have encouraged leveling within paradigms.

A frog or toad (member of the order Anura)


tadde

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of tode


angrynes

English: angriness

The state of being annoyed or angered; angriness.


nasturcium

desc

English: nasturtium (archaic nasturtian, nasturtion)

From Latin nasturtium, possibly through Old English nasturcium. For forms in nars-, compare Medieval Latin narstucium.

A plant in the genus Nasturtium; watercress.

Lepidium sativum
Lepidium sativum#Translingual


antiquyte

English: antiquity, Antiquity

Borrowed from Old French antiquité, antiquitet, borrowed itself from Latin antīquitās.

The length of time an institution has existed for.

(rare) The quality of being old; senescence.


hambe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


storiyng

The making of such a narrative or chronicle.


firre

English: fir

Scots: fir

From Old English fyrh, furh, from Proto-West Germanic *furhu, from Proto-Germanic *furhō. Alternatively from Old Norse fýri, from the same Proto-Germanic source.


firre

Yola: wyddeer

From firse, the -s being taken as the plural ending.


magik

English: magic

Scots: magic

From Old French magique (noun and adjective), from Latin magicus (adjective), magica (noun), from Ancient Greek μαγικός (magikós, “magical”); equivalent to mages + -ik.

der

Information about the forces of nature and the practice of manipulating these for occult ends; magic, sorcery.


thamarynde

English: tamarind

From Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ


peore

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of pere (“pear”)


peretre

English: pear tree, peartree


peere

Alternative form of pere (“bridge pillar”)


pirie

Inherited from Old English piriġe, apparently from a Vulgar Latin *pirea (not known in the Romance languages); compare pere (“pear”).


pereles

English: peerless

Peerless, unrivalled; lacking equivalent or match.

(rare) Lacking, overcome, surpassed; having being exceeded.


dosse per

English: douzeper

From Old French doze pers (“twelve peers”), reinterpreted as a single word.

One of twelve great French nobles, especially at Charlemagne's court.

Any renowned or notable fighter, lord, or magnate.


ciser

→ English: cyser

From Medieval Latin sīcera, from Ancient Greek σίκερα (síkera), from Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār). Doublet of sider.

Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār)

Any alcoholic beverage of great strength and potency.


sisours

English: scissors

Scots: scissors, shissors, chizors

From Old French cisoires, from Vulgar Latin *cīsōria.


beauver

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bever (“beaver”)


beever

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bever (“beaver”)


tirannye

English: tyranny

Scots: tyranny

From Old French tyrannie, from Medieval Latin tyrannia, from Ancient Greek τυραννία (turannía); equivalent to and influenced by tyraunt + -ie.

Tyranny, tyrannical deeds; the harsh and merciless actions of a ruler.

A tyrannical deed; a ruler's harsh, tyrannical and merciless action.

Harshness, cruelness, ruthless, torment; the state of being excessively cruel.

The total control that a specified feeling has upon someone.

(rare) What an absolute monarch does and decides.


tyraundise

From Old French tirandise, tirannise, equivalent to tyraunt + -ise.

Tyranny; the harsh and merciless actions of a ruler.

The situation of being under the rule of despots.

An excessively or extremely high level of ruthlessness.


tyrauntrie

The rulership, authority, or control of a despot or evil force.

The state of being oppressed or maltreated; keeping down.

(rare) An excessively or extremely high level of ruthlessness.


fesaunt

English: pheasant
→ Welsh: ffesant

Scots: pheasant

Borrowed from Old French fesan, from Latin phāsiānus, from Ancient Greek φᾱσιανός (phāsianós).


flaught

English: flaught

Scots: flaucht

From either Old English *fleaht or Old Norse *flahtr (for later fláttr), from Proto-Germanic *flahtuz, from *flahaną (“to flay”).


senevey

English: senvy (obsolete)

From Old French senevé, senevei, from Vulgar Latin *sināpātium.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

mustard or its seed (often used in cuisine and medicine)


anteme

English: anthem
→ Welsh: anthem

Scots: anthem

From Old English antefn, antefen and Old French antiene, anteine, anteivne, both from Ecclesiastical Latin *antephōna, from Latin antiphōna, from Ancient Greek ἀντίφωνα (antíphōna).

A biblically-based chant; especially one sung before and after psalms (an antiphon).

(rare) A non-religious musical work or piece.


cymin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of comyn


comyne

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of comyn


comyn

English: cumin

From Old English cymen and Old French cummin, both from Latin cumīnum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon), a Semitic borrowing ultimately from Akkadian 𒂵𒈬𒉡 (Ú.GAMUN /kamūnu/, “cumin”).

Whether whanne he hath maad euene the face therof, ſchal he not ſowe ȝith, and ſprenge abrood comyn? and he ſchal not ſette wheete bi ordre, and barli, and mylium, and fetchis in his cooſtis? / And his God ſchal teche hym, in doom he ſchal teche hym.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Isaiah 28:25-26”, in Wycliffe's Bible^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Isaiah#Chapter_28):

When he's made the surface of that (the earth) even, shouldn't he sow it, and sprinkle cumin on top of it? And shouldn't he put wheat where it goes, and barley, millet, and vetch in its nature? / And his God will teach him; in judgement he will teach him.

Cumin or its seed, often used in cuisine and medicine.


dombenesse

English: dumbness

From Old English dumbnes; equivalent to dumb + -nesse.

Silence; not speaking in a given situation.


man ræden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of manrede


mannrede

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of manrede


humanyte

English: humanity

Scots: humanity

From Old French humanité, from Latin hūmānitās; equivalent to humayne + -ite.

The condition or behaviour of humans; human nature.

Generosity, benevolence, courteousness; the state of being gracious.


manrede

English: manred, mandred (obsolete)

Middle Scots: manred, manrent

→ English: manrent

Inherited from Old English manrǣden (“homage, service”); equivalent to man (“man”) + -rede (“-hood”).

inh+

Homage; feudal allegiance or dependence.

(rare, Late Middle English) Vassals; the men pledged to a feudal lord.

(rare, Early Middle English) The act of sexual intercourse.


bedeman

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">beadman</i>

English: beadsman (obsolete beadman)

Scots: bedesman

A petitioner; one who presents a petition or legal case.

A man employed in praying; especially one who prays for another.

An almsman (pauper required to pray for a founder)

A term of address used for an individual attentive to one's needs.

(rare) An announcer; one employed to deliver a message.


coddes

From Old English coddas, plural of codd; equivalent to cod (“seedpod”) + -es.


pesecod

English: peasecod, peascod, peacod


questioun

English: question

Scots: quaisten, quastin

→ Welsh: cwestiwn

From Anglo-Norman questiun, from Latin quaestiōnem, accusative of quaestiō; equivalent to quest + -ioun.

A question, ask, or query; something asked.

A subject in the theoretical sciences for consideration or conversation about it.

A problematic topic or issue; a cause for concern.

A challenge of something's veracity or factuality.

An argument; a conversational attempt to resolve disagreement.

A legal action or move or the claims made in such a move.

(rare) A topic awaiting a future decision or determination.

(rare) A petition; the act of asking to do something.


mowynge

English: mowing

Scots: mawing, mawin

A requirement to mow imposed on tenants.


weved

From Old English wēofod (“altar”). From wēoh (“idol, image”) + bed (“bed”), from Proto-Germanic *wīhą (“sacred place or thing”) and *badją (“plot, bed”).
Alternatively, the second component could be Old English bēod (“offering stage, dish”), from Proto-Germanic *beudaz (“offering stage”).

der

Þe king wende to Rome, to þan heȝe dome... he Peteres weofed þere wunliche isohte, brohte þer to lake his maðmes leofe

The king went to Rome, to the high church... he besought Peter's altar there with joy, and brought there as a gift his dear treasure

He makede bi þon weofede a swiðe wunsum fur; Niȝen siðen he bi-eode þat weofed for his neode

He made on the altar a swith winsome fire, nine since he cultivated that altar for his need

Oure lordes fflesch al-so Shal beo ysacred vp þe weued

Our Lord's flesh also shall be hallowed upon the altar


syment

English: cement (see there for further descendants)

Scots: siment, syment, symond, cement

Borrowed from Old French siment, from Latin caementum.

Cement, mortar, or a similar substance used in construction.


swei

From Old English swēg, from Proto-West Germanic *swōgi, from Proto-Germanic *swōgiz (“sound, noise”), related to Proto-Germanic *swōganą from Proto-Indo-European *(s)weh₂gʰ-. Cognate with Old Norse sœgr (“tumult, noise”) and Latin vāgītus.
Replaced by swough, swouȝ > sough from the verb swoȝen. More at sough, swoon.

On þisse deie, þet is, pentecostes, and wittesunnedeie on ure speche, com ferliche muchel swei of heofne and fulde al þa upfleunge mid fure.

On this day, that is of Pentecost, and Whitsunday in our speech, came suddenly much sound from heaven and filled all the upper levels with fury

Þurh þæs deofles lore, þeo þe likede wel... he swefede þe mid þen sweiȝe; swote þu sleptest longe on þine bedde...

Through the devil's instruction, the one who liked thee well, he lulled thee to sleep with his music, when sweetly thou slept long in thine bed

Ȝif þar sy sweȝ oþþer sar innan þan heafedan... Nim tweȝen styccan fulle

If there be ringing or sore in the head... Take two doses fully


scorpioun

English: scorpion

Borrowed from Old French scorpion, from Latin scorpiō, from Ancient Greek σκορπῐ́ος (skorpíos); reinforced by existing Old English sċorpio, from the same Latin source.

Someone who practices deception or lewdness.

Scorpio as a constellation or zodiacal sign.

A cord with tied weights used as a weapon.


open-ers

English: open-arse

From Old English openears; equivalent to open + ers.

But if I fare as dooth an Openers / That ilke fruyt is euer leng the wers / Til it be roten in Mullok or in stree [...].

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘Reeve's Prologue’, Canterbury Tales (Ellesmere manuscript)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Crataegus germanica
Crataegus germanica#Translingual

Mespilus germanica
Mespilus germanica#Translingual

The fruit of the common medlar (Crataegus germanica, syn. Mespilus germanica)


kinestol

From Old English cynestōl (“throne”), equivalent to kine- (“kingly, royal”) + stol (“chair, stool, seat”).


medle

From Old French medle, mesle, from Latin mespilum, from Ancient Greek μέσπιλον (méspilon).


sceld-trume

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of scheltroun


plumtre

English: plum tree, plum-tree, plumtree

Scots: ploom tree

From Old English plūmtrēow; equivalent to plomme + tre.


scheltroun

English: sheltron; shelter (possibly)

Middle Scots: schiltrum

From Old English sċildtruma, sċeltruma; equivalent to scheld + trome.

A sheltron; a line of soldiers forming a barrier.


tronke

English: trunk

Scots: trunk

From Old French tronc, from Latin truncus.

A container which fish are put in; a fishtank.


damasyn

English: damson, damascene

Borrowed from Latin prūnum damascenum (“plum of Damascus”).


vercifier

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of versifiour


versifiour

English: versifier

From Old French versifieor; equivalent to versifien + -our.


fenkel

Scots: finkle

From Medieval Latin fēnuculum, from Latin faeniculum, Doublet of fenel.


fenell

English: fennel

Scots: fennel

From Old English fenol, finul, finuðl, finule, from Old French fenoil, from Late Latin fēnuculum, from Latin faeniculum, Doublet of fenkel.


translatynge

English: translating

The moving of something from somewhere to somewhere else.

The taking away of one's property or money.

Translation; conversion of text into another language.


latoun

English: latten, laton

From Old French laton, laiton, from Arabic لَاطُون (lāṭūn, “copper, copper alloy”), itself from Common Turkic *altun (“gold”).

der

latten; often seen as the same as orichalcum


slynesse

English: slyness

Scots: sleeness

Wit, shrewdness; the state of being wise


sleighte

English: sleight

Scots: slicht

Borrowed from Old Norse slœgð, from Proto-Germanic *slōgiþō; equivalent to sly + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

Wit, shrewdness, judiciousness; the state of being wise.

Adeptness, expertise; knowledge in a certain area.

Tactics, plans, preparation; the act of readying.

A tactic, approach, method, or accomplishment.

Work, labour, might; that which is expended on a task.

Detail; the finer or more intricate points of something.

Cunning, sleight; craft; artful practice.

An artful or deceiving trick; a sly artifice.

(rare) Something of extreme attractiveness.


dugeð

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of douthe


duhhtiȝness

(Ormulum) Alternative form of doughtynesse


douthe

English: douth

Scots: duthe, douth

Inherited from Old English duguþ, from Proto-West Germanic *dugunþu, from Proto-Germanic *dugunþō.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms; for further notes on phonological development, see youthe.

A retinue or comitatus; the personal military of a ruler.

An army or troop; a group of armed people; an army or troop.

(rare) Maturity; the state of being mature.


pepulle

Alternative spelling of pibel (“pebble”)


sotschipe

From Old English sotscipe; equivalent to sot + -schipe.

(Early Middle English) Idiocy or an instance of it.


sotie

Borrowed from Middle French sotie, from Old French sotie; equivalent to sot + -ie.


parrysshe churche

parische chirche
parische chirche#Middle_English


parish kyrke

(Northern) Alternative form of parische chirche


chirchen

From Old English ċirican; equivalent to chirche + -en (plural suffix).


parisshprest

parissh prest
parissh prest#Middle_English


parische chirche

enm-noun

parische chirche (plural parische chirches)

English: parish church


parisshoner

English: parishioner


parissh prest

English: parish priest


parisshe

English: parish

Scots: pairish

Yola: parieshe, pariesh, paryshe

From Old French paroisse (some variants are influenced by Anglo-Norman paroche, parosse), from Late Latin parochia, from Latin paroecia, from Ancient Greek παροικία (paroikía).

A parish (governmental unit, either religious or secular)

The people who are members of or who reside within a parish.


parisshen

From Old French paroissien, parochien; equivalent to parisshe + -ien.

his pariſſhens / deuoutly wolde he teche / Benygne he was / and wonder diligent / And in aduerſitee / ful pacient[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 8, recto, lines 482-484:

He would devoutly teach his parishioners; / he was gentle, truly diligent, / and so patient in adversity […]

(Late Middle English) A parish (ecclesiastical administrative division).

(rare, Late Middle English) The totality of a parish's parishioners.


blostme

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blosme


titmose

English: titmouse

From Old English māse (“titmouse”), with probable influence from a North Germanic/Scandinavian language such as Old Norse titlingr (“sparrow”) or Icelandic tittr (“tit, small bird”). Tit could be from a base alluding to diminutive size; compare titbit.


blosme

English: blossom

Scots: blossom

From Old English blostma, from Proto-Germanic *blōstmô.

(figurative) An outstanding or unparalleled thing.

(figurative) The immediate descendant or progeny of something.


childhode

English: childhood

Scots: childheid (obsolete)

From Old English ċildhād; equivalent to child + -hede.

The time during which one is a child; childhood.

Childishness; behaviour displaying juvenility.

An action or belief displaying stupidity or childishness.

(rare) The state of being someone's offspring.


derthe

English: dearth

Scots: dearth, darth, deart, daart

From West Saxon Old English *dīerþ, *dīerþu and Anglian Old English *dēorþ, *dēorþu, from Proto-West Germanic *diuriþu, from Proto-Germanic *diuriþō; equivalent to dere + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

A period or condition when food is rare and hence expensive; famine.

(by extension) Scarcity; a lack or short supply (of a specified thing)

(rare) Amazingness, success, magnificence.


ynke

desctree

English: ink, inke (obsolete)
→ Japanese: インク (inku)
→ Korean: 잉크 (ingkeu)
→ Telugu: ఇంకి (iṅki)
→ Welsh: inc

Scots: ink

From Old French enque, from Latin encaustum, from Ancient Greek ἔγκαυστον (énkauston).


ȝurstendæi

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yesterday


daȝh

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of day


childwyte

A penalty for impregnating a unfree woman.


childberyng

English: childbearing, child-bearing


child bed

English: childbed


hasardour

English: hazarder

From Middle French hasardeur; equivalent to hasard + -our.

One who plays hazard (the dice game) or participates in gambling.

(rare) A crafty individual who employs trickery.


hasardrie

English: hazardry (obsolete)

From Middle French hasarderie; equivalent to hasard + -erie.

And now that I have ſpoken of glotonye, / Now wol I yow deffenden haſardrye; / Haſard is verray mooder of leſynges, / And of deceite, and curſed forſwerynges[…]

And since I've spoken about gluttony, / Now, I'll prevent you from dice-playing; / Dice games are literally the source of falsehoods, / deception, and false testimonies […]

(Excessive) playing of hazard (a medieval dice game often gambled upon).


towayle

English: towel (see there for further descendants)

Scots: toul, tool, tooel

→ Irish: tuáille

From Old French toaille, from Early Medieval Latin toallia, from Frankish *þwahilu.

A cloth for washing; a towel or washcloth.

A drape for going over an altar or grave.

(rare) A fabric cover for communion wafers.


heafd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


spære

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of spere (“spear”)


speere hedde

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of spere-hed


spere-hed

English: spearhead

(rare) A kind of plant in the genus Ranunculus.


sperwort

English: spearwort

From Old English sperewyrt; equivalent to spere + wort.

Spearwort (a kind of plant in the genus Ranunculus) or a similar plant.


banuyrt

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bonwort


bonwort

Inherited from Old English bānwyrt; equivalent to bon + wort.

Any plant used to resolve bone fractures (often daisy).


weolcne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of welken (“sky”)


welkyn

From Old English wolcnu, plural of wolcen, wolcn.


skyu

Alternative form of skew (“gable stone”)


differryng

English: deferring, differing


ynkhorn

English: inkhorn

A small portable container, often made of horn, used to carry ink.


resistyng

English: resisting

(rare, Late Middle English) The act of resisting.


heye

English: hay

From Old English heġe (from Proto-West Germanic *hagi, from Proto-Germanic *hagiz, a variant of *hagô) and Old French haie, itself ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *haggju (“hedge”) (whence hegge).


recoveraunce

English: recoverance

From Old French recovrance; equivalent to recoveren + -aunce.

Recovery or respite (often from sickness)


recoveryng

English: recovering

Recovery, recuperation or respite (often from sickness)

Recovery (of lost things, feelings), regaining; getting back.

(rare) The state of desiring to recover lost things.

(rare) Aid, succour; the granting of assistance.


recovere

English: recover (noun)

Aid, succour; the granting or provision of assistance.

Recovery or retrieval (of lost things), regaining; getting back.

(rare) A medicament or treatment for an injury or illness.


threschald

Scots: thrashel

Middle Scots variant of threschwolde, threscholde, from Old English þresċold, þerxold, þrexwold (“doorsill, entryway”), from Proto-Germanic *þreskudlaz, *þreskūþlijaz, *þreskwaþluz, from Proto-Germanic *þreskaną, *þreskwaną (“to thresh”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, turn”).

der

the ingang or entrance to a house or building

(figurative) the outsetting of something


sikenesse

If hungur riſiþ in þe lond and peſtilence and ruſt and wynd diſtriynge cornes and a locuste and bꝛuke comeþ and if enemyes biſegen þe ȝatis of þe citee aftir þat þe cuntreis ben diſtried and al veniaunce and ſikenesse oppꝛeſſiþ[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:28”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

If hunger rises in the land, and pestilence, rust, wind, destroying grain, and locusts and their young come, and if enemies besiege a city's gates after the city's surrounds are ruined, and when any destruction and disease oppresses (people) […]


feblenesse

English: feebleness

Frailty; the state of being physically weak or feeble.

Faithlessness; the state of being unfaithful or immoral.

(rare) Cowardice, nervousness; the state of lacking willpower or bravery.

(rare) Badness; the state of having a lack of quality.


royalte

English: royalty

Scots: royalty

From Old French roialté, from Vulgar Latin *rēgālitātem, accusative singular of *rēgālitās; equivalent to royal + -te.

The rank, status, power or authority of a monarch.

Grandeur, lavishness, or splendor befitting a monarch.

(rare) Power similar to or equal to that of a monarch.


ærchebiscope

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of erchebischop


erchebischopriche

English: archbishopric

Inherited from Old English arċebisċoprīċe. Equivalent to erchebischop + -riche.


bischopriche

English: bishopric

Scots: bishoprick

Inherited from Old English bisċoprīċe. Equivalent to bischop + -riche.


snaken

From Old English snacan; equivalent to snake + -en (plural suffix).


nearnysse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of narwenesse


narwenesse

English: narrowness

An instance of narrowness (especially breathing obstructions)

Unimportance, irrelevance; lack of magnitude.


scæft

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schaft (“shaft”)


ssepþ

(Kent) Alternative form of schaft (“creation”)


scheaft

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schaft (“creation”)


spershafte

spere schaft
spere schaft#Middle_English


spere-scæft

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of spere schaft


shafft

(Ormulum) Alternative form of schaft (“creation”)


spere schaft

English: spearshaft


bedfelawe

English: bedfellow

A close partner, especially one which one cohabits with.

A concubine; a secondary female sexual partner.


velauredden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of felawrede


felawrede

From felawe + -rede. See fellow and rede.

Þer is bliſfolle uelaȝꝛede of god. and of angles. and of halȝen. þer opwexeþ alle guodes. uayrhede. richeſſe. woꝛþſſipe. blisse. uirtue. loue. wyt. ioye wyþoute ende.

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vor to Lyerny Sterue”, in Aȝenbite of Inwyt, page 75:

There is blissful companionship with God, with angels, and with saints. There, all good increases: beauty, wealth, honour, bliss, virtue, love, wisdom, and joy without end.

Friendly partnership or companionship; having company.

A (usually military) fellowship, band, or company; a group united by a goal.

The believers of a religion; a religious community.

(rare) Religious communion or connection.


felauscipe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of felaweshipe


arbere

English: arbor, arbour

Scots: arber, arbeir, arbour

An alteration influenced by Latin arbor (“tree”).


almerie

desc

English: ambry, almery, aumbrie, aumbry, ambery

Scots: aumry, amry, amery, aumbry, ambry

From Anglo-Norman almarie, aumer, etc., from Old French almarie, from Latin armārium.


monæþ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of moneth


umbrell

Than dressed hym Sir Bors unto a sterne knyght and smote hym on the umbrell, that his neck braste.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xj”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


bowstur

Scots: bowster, bouster, boster


quysshyn

English: cushion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cushin

From Old French coissin, cuissin, cussin, coussin, from Vulgar Latin coxīnus.

A soft stuffed bag; a cushion or pillow.

(rare) The hind portion of a cow as meat.


pusell

‘Be ye a pusell or a wyff?’ ‘Sir,’ she seyde, ‘I am a clene maydyn.’

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


awarde

Than the kynge for grete favour made Tramtryste to be put in his doughtyrs awarde and kepying, because she was a noble surgeon.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ix”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


syngster

English: singster (archaic)


syngeresse

English: singeress (obsolete)


syngyng

English: singing

Scots: singin

The performance of the sacrament of Mass.

(rare) The sound of wine undergoing fermentation.


cassen

cassen (infinitive)
to cassen (infinitive)
casse (infinitive)
casse (first-person present singular)
cassed (first-person past singular)
cassest (present second-person singular)
cassedest (past second-person singular)
casseth (present singular third-person)
cassed (past singular third-person)
casse (present singular subjunctive)
cassed (past singular subjunctive)
casse (imperative present singular)
cassen (plural present)
casse (plural present)
casseden (past plural)
cassede (past plural)
casseth (imperative plural present)
casse (imperative plural present)
cassynge (participle present)
cassende (participle present)
cassed (participle past)
ycassed (participle past)

English: cass (obsolete)

From Old French casser, from Latin cassō.

(law, rare, Late Middle English) To render useless or void; to annul; to shut down.


flourdelis

English: fleur-de-lis (influenced by modern French fleur de lys)

From Anglo-Norman flour de lis (“lily flower”).

bor

The flower of an iris (often used in medicine)


lilie flour

English: lily flower


flouren

flouren (infinitive)
to flouren (infinitive)
floure (infinitive)
floure (first-person present singular)
floured (first-person past singular)
flourest (present second-person singular)
flouredest (past second-person singular)
floureth (present singular third-person)
floured (past singular third-person)
floure (present singular subjunctive)
floured (past singular subjunctive)
floure (imperative present singular)
flouren (plural present)
floure (plural present)
floureden (past plural)
flourede (past plural)
floureth (imperative plural present)
floure (imperative plural present)
flourynge (participle present)
flourende (participle present)
floured (participle past)
yfloured (participle past)

English: flower, flour

Scots: flour

From Anglo-Norman florir, flurir, from Late Latin flōrīre, from Latin flōrēre.

To benefit (experience prosperity or flourishing)

To become famous; to develop a legendary reputation.

To install flowers or images of them (including in a heraldic context)

(of writing, rare) To flow; to develop ornament.

(cooking, rare) To add a powder (e.g. flour) to a meal.


bretheling

English: bretheling

From brethel (“wretch”, from Old English *brēoþel (“degenerative, corruptive”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *breuþaną (“to fall apart, crumble”)) + -ing. See brothel for more.


croys

Yola: cress, criss

Borrowed from Old French crois, from Latin crux, crucem.


bottyne

English: booty, bootyn (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French butin (“plunder; allotment”).

To parten there bottyne, An oost of fowlis semblid in a croft.

c. 1450, Charles d'Orléans, (Please provide the book title or journal name):


weldende

From Old English wealdend, waldend, from Proto-Germanic *waldandz.


stablie

English: stably

From Anglo-Norman stablie (Old French establie).

A group of hunters and hounds stationed around the perimeter of a wood during a hunt to prevent the escape of the game.


stablen

From stable (“stable (dwelling for horses)”) + -en (plural suffix).


forwird

From Old English forwyrd, from for- + wyrd; equivalent to for- + wird (“fate, destiny”).


tukinge

English: tucking

Scots: tuckin


toknen

(Kent) Alternative form of tokenes: plural of token


iwone

From Old English ġewuna (ġe- + wuna), equivalent to i- + wone.


oniche

English: onyx

Scots: onix

From Old French oniche, from Latin onyx, from Ancient Greek ὄνυξ (ónux). Some forms directly from Latin.


iwin

From Old English ġewinn, ġewin, from Proto-West Germanic *gawinn; equivalent to i- + win.


heyn

English: hain

Scots: hain

From Old Norse. Compare Danish hegn, Icelandic hegna (“to punish”), Swedish hägna (“to enclose”).


eyrer

English: eyrer

Uncertain. Perhaps from ey, eyer (“egg(s)”). Or “eyre” to ride circuit.


heyer

Alternative form of eyrer (“female swan”)


harace

Alternative form of haras (“stud farm; herd of studs”)


hereas

Alternative form of hereos (“lovesickness”)


hereos

From Medieval Latin, a blend of hērōs (“demigod; hero”), herus (“master of the house”) and Ancient Greek ἔρως (érōs, “love”).

lovesickness: A malady of lovers induced by an excess of the humor melancholy.


doise

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of deis (“dais”)


þigh

English: thigh

Scots: thee


thoombe

Alternative spelling of þoombe (“thumb”)


attome

English: atom

Scots: atom

From Middle French athome, from Latin atomus (“smallest particle”), from Ancient Greek ἄτομος (átomos, “indivisible”).

der

atom (fifteen ninety-fourths of a second)


heamen

From Old English *hǣman; equivalent to heme + -en (plural suffix).


hyeth

Alternative form of hythe (“port, haven”)


hyth

Alternative form of hythe (“landing-place, port”)


alym

English: alum

Scots: aum, awm, alm

From Anglo-Norman alum, alun, from Latin alūmen. Forms with a vocalism in -i- have parallels in some of the langues d' oïl.


fnæd

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

(Early Middle English, rare) border, fringe


stakyng

English: staking

From Old English stacung; equivalent to stake + -ing.


enchaunteresse

English: enchantress

From Old French enchanteresse; equivalent to enchauntour + -esse.


enchauntynge

English: enchanting


enchauntement

English: enchantment

From Old French enchantement; equivalent to enchaunten + -ment.


chantir

Alternative form of chauntour (“chanter”)


chauntement

English: chantment (archaic)


chauntynge

English: chanting


chaunterese

Alternative form of chaunteresse (“female leader of a choir”)


chanteresse

Alternative form of chaunteresse (“enchantress”)


chaunteresses

plural of chaunteresse (“female leader of a choir”)


chaunteresse

English: chantress

From Old French chanteresse; equivalent to chauntour + -esse.

A woman who participates or heads a choir.


chauntour

English: chanter, chaunter

From Old French chanteor, from Latin cantor; equivalent to chaunten + -our.


jugge

English: jug

Unknown, perhaps a variant of jubbe or from Old English ċēac. See English jug for more.

(Late Middle English, hapax) A container for liquor.


dreeme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of drem


dræm

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of drem


dremere

English: dreamer

From drem + -er; compare Old English drēamere (“musician”).

A person who experiences prophetic dreams.

(rare) A person who takes flights of fancy.


suefen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sweven


swevenyng

English: swevening (obsolete)


comaunde

A back-formation from comaunden; modern English command (noun) is a parallel formation rather than a direct continuation.


emeroides

desc

English: hemorrhoids, haemorrhoids, emerods

From Old French emorroides, from Latin haemorrhoidae, from Ancient Greek αἱμορροΐς (haimorrhoḯs).


endowement

English: endowment


comaundour

English: commander

From Old French comandeor; equivalent to comaunden + -our.


comaundement

English: commandment

From Old French comandement; equivalent to comaunden + -ment.

foꝛ þis is þe charite of god .· þat we kepe hiſe comaundementis / ⁊ his maundementis ben not heuy.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:3, page 115v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Now this is the love of God: us keeping his commandments. And his commandments aren't onerous.


sauvement

Alternative form of savement (“salvation”)


forstage

English: forestage


stagge

English: stag

Scots: steg, staig

From Old English stagga, stacga (“a stag”), from Proto-Germanic *staggijô, *staggijaz (“male, male deer, porcupine”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ-, *stengʰ-. Some forms influenced by the cognate Old Norse steggi, steggr.


staunce

English: stance


commendaciun

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of commendacioun


commendynge

English: commending


commendacioun

English: commendation

From Old French commendacion, from Latin commendātiō; equivalent to commenden + -acioun.

Commendation, extolling; the bestowing of praise.

The Christian ceremony where one is commended to God after death.


recommendacioun

English: recommendation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman recomendacion; equivalent to recommenden + -acioun.

bor+

Recommending or extolling oneself to another.

Sending or consignment to another's care.


maundement

English: mandement, mandment (obsolete)

The entirety of a religion's law or strictures.

A rule which forms part of a religion's strictures.

A directive or order (especially a governmental or legal one)


undedlichnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of undedlynesse


whæm

Early Middle English from Old English hwamm, from Proto-Germanic *hwammaz.


bowdword

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bodeword