weord

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of word


wytword

a statement which bears witness to something; testament; covenant


mysword

English: misword


wacche word

English: watchword


bodeword

Calque of Old Norse boðorð; equivalent to bod + word.

commandment, directive (especially divine)

A, lord! pardon me, Wyth thy leyf, / that lynage luffis me noght; / Gladly thay Wold me greyf, / if I sych bodworde broght.

15th c., “Pharao [Pharaoh]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 69, lines 141–145:

Ah, Lord! Pardon me, by your leave. That bloodline does not love me; they would gladly hurt me if I brought such news


pibel

English: pebble

Scots: peeble

A pebble used as a missile or projectile.


pibleston

English: pebblestone

From Old English papol-stān; equivalent to pibel + ston.


pebbul

Alternative spelling of pibel (“pebble”)


frið

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of frith (“peace”)


holgh

English: hollow

Scots: hallae

From Old English holh, from Proto-West Germanic *holh, from Proto-Germanic *hulhwą, from Proto-Germanic *hulhwaz (“hollow”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to cover, hide”). Related to Proto-Germanic *hulwiją.


hawys

Alternative form of hals (“neck, throat”)


hahȝel

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of hayle (“hail”)


hilte

English: hilt

Scots: hilt

From Old English hilt, from Proto-Germanic *heltą (“handle, hilt”).


winberien

From Old English winberian; equivalent to winberie + -en (plural suffix).


wynnere

English: winner


wynnyng

English: winning

gain, acquiring, accession:
profit, earnings

gain, acquiring, accession:
spoils, loot, prize


sleap

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of slepe


winyard

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of vyneȝerd


viniterie

English: vintry


vyne

Alternative form of vine (“siege engine”)


viniter

Borrowed from Old French vineter, vinetier (“wine-merchant, grape-harvester”), from Medieval Latin vīnētārius (“wine dealer”). Compare vyntener.


vyntener

English: vintner

A variant of viniter, from Old French vineter, vinetier (“wine-merchant, grape-harvester”), from Medieval Latin vīnētārius (“wine dealer”).


vynour

English: viner (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French vignor; equivalent to vine + -our.


vyny

From Old French vinie, a variation of vigne (whence vine, of identical meaning).


vyne-tre

English: vinetree, winetree

From Old English wīntrēow, from Proto-Germanic *wīnatrewą; sometimes remodeled after vine + tre.


vyneȝerd

English: vineyard

Scots: vinyaird

From Old English wīnġeard, from Proto-Germanic *wīnagardaz; remodeled after vine + yerd.


wiðerwine

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wiþerwine


wiðerwinnen

(Early Middle English) plural of wiþerwine


vynet

From Old French vignette; equivalent to vine + -et. Compare English vignette.

An ornamental depiction of vines (on buildings or books).


wyndrawer

From wyn (“wine”) + drawer (“transporter”).


wyen

(Northern) Alternative form of wyn (“wine”)


wiþerwine

enm-noun

wiþerwine (plural wiþerwines or (early) wiðerwinnen)

wiþerwines (plural)
wiðerwinnen (plural)

English: witherwin

From Old English wiþerwinna; equivalent to wither- + winnen.

c. 1480, St. Mary Magdalen 246 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 263

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

How þe ded he tholyt syne, to safe ws fra þe wethirwyne.


dysserte

Alternative form of desert (“wilderness”)


paraf

English: paraph

Borrowed from Medieval Latin paraphus or its etymon, Middle French paraffe, paraphe, shortening of paragraphe.


botche

English: botch

Therfor Sathan ȝede out fro the face of the Lord, and smoot Joob with `a ful wickid botche fro the sole of the foot `til to his top;

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume II, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Job II:7, page 675, column 2:

Therefore Satan went out from the presence of the Lord, and struck Job with awful boils from the sole of his foot to the top of his head;

botch, a case or outbreak of boils or sores.


mersc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of merssh


blasfemyng

English: blaspheming


blasfemour

English: blasphemer

From Old French blasfemeor; equivalent to blasfemen + -our, but sometimes remodelled as blasfemen + -er.


blamyng

English: blaming


blasfemye

English: blasphemy

From Old French blasfemie, blasfeme, from Ecclesiastical Latin blasphēmia, from Ancient Greek βλασφημία (blasphēmía); equivalent to blasfemen + -ie.


payenie

Borrowed from Old French paienie; equivalent to payen + -ie; compare paynym.


abataylment

Alternative form of batilment (“battlement”)


langore

English: languor

and Iḣc ȝede aboute al galilee techynge in þe ſynagogıs of hem · ⁊ pꝛechynge þe goſpel of þe kyngdom ⁊ heelynge eùy langoꝛe ⁊ ech ſıkeneſſe among þe puple / and hıs fame .· wente in to al ſirie / ⁊ þei bꝛouȝten to hĩ alle þat weren at male eeſe · ⁊ þat weren take wiþ dyīiſe langoꝛes ⁊ turmentis / and hem þat haddẽ fendis · ⁊ lunatik men · ⁊ men in þe paleſie .· ⁊ he heelide hem /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:23–24, page 1v, column 1, lines 13–23; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in the synagogues of them, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every languor and each sickness among the people. / And his fame went into all Syria; and they brought to him all that were at mal-ease, and that were taken with diverse languors and torments, and them that had fiends, and lunatic men, and men in palsy, and he healed them.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A23-24&version=WYC


yfelnyss

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yvelnesse


ifell wille

(Ormulum) Alternative form of yvel wille


yvel doer

English: evildoer


yvel wille

The state of being hostile or having ill intent.


yvelnesse

English: evilness

Inherited from Old English yfelnyss; equivalent to yvel + -nesse.


verveyne

English: vervain

From Old French verveine, from Latin verbēna.

Verbena officinalis
Verbena officinalis#Translingual

vervain (Verbena officinalis or a relative, often used in cuisine or medicine)


ymagerie

English: imagery

From Middle French imagerie; equivalent to ymage + -erie.

A sculpture (a piece of three-dimensional art)


ymageour

English: imager

From Old French imageor; equivalent to ymage + -our.

One who images or forms likenesses; an imager.

(historical) The standard-bearer of a Roman army.


ymaginacioun

English: imagination

From Old French imaginacion, ymaginacion, from Latin imāginātiō; equivalent to ymagynen + -acioun.

The ability to perceive images in the mind; visualisation:

The ability to create mental images; imagination.

The construction of false mental images; fantasizing

(rare) A false mental image; an illusion or hallucination.

Cleverness, craft, creativity; mental acuity or its use:

Plotting, contriving, scheming; the making of a (devious) plan.

Falsification, fraud, deceit; the use of lies.

A notion; something held or thought in the mind:

(rare) A belief or viewpoint; something supposed.

(rare) A device, artifice, or contrivance.


ymagynynge

English: imagining


ymagynatif

From Middle French imaginatif, from Medieval Latin imāginātīvus; equivalent to ymagynen + -atyf.

The region of the brain responsible for mental imagery.

The ability to generate images in the mind; imagination.


furmente

desc

English: frumenty, fermenty, firmity, fromenty, frumerty, furmenty, furmety, furmity

From Old French fourmenté; equivalent to furment + -e (participial suffix).

Family MS. of the Cunliffes. Quoted by Letitia Elizabeth Landon in the note to her poem, Christmas in the Olden Time, 1650. (1835): 'Their entertainment was, a large hall of curious ashler work, a long table, plenty of furmenty like new milk, in a morning, made of husked wheat, boiled and roasted beef, with a fat goose, and a pudding, with plenty of good beer for dinner.'


æfest

Alternative form of evest: envy, malice.


tygre

English: tiger (see there for further descendants)

Scots: teeger

From Anglo-Norman tigre and Old English tigras (pl.), from Latin tigris, from Ancient Greek τίγρις (tígris), from an Iranian language.

Panthera tigris
Panthera tigris#Translingual

(figurative) A dangerous or ferocious individual.


drane

English: drone

Scots: dron

From the oblique cases of Old English drān, dran, from Proto-West Germanic *drānu, from Proto-Germanic *drēnuz.


Jewesse

English: Jewess (dated)

From Old French juiesse; equivalent to Jew + -esse.


Jewery

English: Jewry

From Old French juerie; equivalent to Jew + -erie.

Judah (southern region of the Holy Land)


Judew

From Latin iūdaeus, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Hebrew יְהוּדִי (y'hudí); Doublet of Jew.


elenacampana

elena campana
elena campana#Middle_English


horsscho

English: horseshoe


horsbak

English: horseback

(with on, upon, etc.) horseback (a horse's back)


horshelne

English: horseheal

From Old English horselene, from hors and elene. Some forms are influenced by helen (“to heal”).


horstaile

English: horsetail


elena campana

English: elecampane

Scots: alacampine

From a confusion of Latin enula campana and helenium.


hors her

English: horsehair


horsmynte

English: horsemint

From Old English horsminte; equivalent to hors + mynte.

Mentha longifolia
Wikispecies:Mentha longifolia

horsemint (Mentha longifolia) or a similar wild mint.


enula

From enula, Medieval Latin variant of Latin inula; compare modern English inula.


horscomb

English: horse-comb, horsecomb, horse comb

From Old English horscamb; equivalent to hors + comb.

curry comb, horse-comb (comb for brushing horses)


mynute

English: minute
Tok Pisin: minit

Scots: meenit

From Old French minute, from Medieval Latin minūta. Compare menuse.

minute (sixtieth of an hour or similar period)

(rare) An alternative version of a document.


vert sauce

From vert + sauce. Compare vergeous, which some forms are influenced by.

A kind of green-coloured sauce incorporating wine and herbs.


vergeous

English: verjuice

From Old French verjus; equivalent to vert + jus. Compare vert sauce.

verjuice (often used as sauce or medicine)


jussel

From Old French jussel, from Latin iuscellum; compare jus.

A kind of hotchpotch, often incorporating eggs, and/or breadcrumbs mixed with broth.


myntte

Alternative form of mynt (“mint (money)”)


munetare

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mynter


munet

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mynt (“mint (money)”)


parchemyn

English: parchment

Scots: pairchment

From Old French parchemin, from Vulgar Latin *pergamīnus, from Ancient Greek Περγαμηνός (Pergamēnós).


persely

English: parsley

Scots: persel

→ Welsh: persli

From Old French peresil, from Latin petroselīnum, from Ancient Greek πετροσέλῑνον (petrosélīnon).

der

πετροσέλῑνον

Of many a pilgrim hastow Cristes curs,
For of thy persly yet they fare the wors,
That they han eten with thy stubbel-goos;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Cook's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 4349-4352

Of many a pilgrim hast thou Christ's curse,
For of thy parsley yet they fare the worse,
Which they have eaten with thy stubble-fed goose;
For in thy shop is many a fly loose.

Petroselinum crispum
Petroselinum crispum#Translingual

parsley (Petroselinum crispum) or a similar plant.


orpyment

English: orpiment

From Old French orpiment, from Latin auripigmentum.

orpiment (as used in alchemy and medicine)


soppe

English: sop

Yola: zap

From Old English sopa, from Proto-Germanic *supô.


patynmaker

English: pattenmaker


patyner

English: pattener

Borrowed from Middle French patinier; equivalent to patyn + -er.


patyn

English: patten


lettirs patentes

lettres patentes
lettres patentes#Middle_English


pater nosters

pater noster
pater noster#Middle_English


pater noster

enm-noun

pater noster (plural pater nosters or pater noster)

pater nosters (plural)
pater noster (plural)

English: paternoster

From Old English Paternoster, from Latin Pater noster.

A stringed set of prayer beads; a rosary.

(rare) A demarcated prayer bead (indicating that it is the time to begin the Lord's Prayer)


lettres patentes

q

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">letters patents</i>

English: letters patent (archaic letters patents)

From the plural of Anglo-Norman lettre patente (“open letter”), from Latin littera patens.

bor

A letter or letters conferring a privilege or status; letters patent.


warenner

English: warrener

From Anglo-Norman warennier, variant of garennier, from garenne.


money-worthe

moneye worth
moneye worth#Middle_English


monymaker

English: moneymaker

A currency exchanger; one who changes money.

A minter or moneyer; one who makes money.

One who counterfeits; a forger of money.


moneyour

English: moneyer

From money + -our; reinforced by Anglo-Norman monoiier, monneiere, monnier.

One who deals in money; one who works in finance.


cofrer

English: cofferer

Scots: cofferar

From Old French coffrier; equivalent to cofre + -er.

A royal officer charged with delivering payments.


senyour

English: seignior

From Old French seignor, from Latin senior. Doublet of sire.

A respectful term of address for a noble.

Ruler, potentate; one with dominion or authority.

An elder; one having authority due to their old age.


senesciall

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of seneschal


laford

Ure laford ihesu crist þe seið Sine me nichil potestis facere.

1894, Bodleian Library. Manuscript. 343; Napier, Arthur S., History of the Holy Rood-tree: a twelfth century version of the cross-legend...
Ða answærde he [sē cniht] him ⁊ cwæð; Eala laford moyses sonæ swa ic þa ȝyrdan nimæn wolde...

He [the servant] answered him and said, "Lo, lord Moses, just as I was about to grasp the rods...

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of lord


scheomel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schamel


maddok

English: maddock

Fingallian: madoge

⇒ Middle English: magot

From an unrecorded Old English form corresponding to Old Norse maðkr.


bounte

English: bounty

c. 1300, Anonymous, "Alison" (as printed in Oxford Book of English Verse, 1900)


clowter

English: clouter


paunche

English: paunch

Scots: painch

From Old French pance, from Latin panticem, accusative of pantex. Doublet of paunce.


pauncher

From Old French panchiere, variant of panciere; equivalent to paunce + -er. Compare German Panzer.


pawe

English: paw

Scots: paw

Borrowed from Old French po(w)e. First documented in the early 14th century.
/au̯/ may be either dialectal or due to influence from clawe. Cf. jowe~jaue.


panteere

Alternative form of panter (“noose for fowl”)


bristel

English: bristle

From Old English bristl, *byrstel, from Proto-West Germanic *burstilu, equivalent to brist + -el (agentive suffix).


pown

English: pawn

Scots: poun

From Anglo-Norman poun, paun, from Late Latin pedōnem.


pown

English: pawn

Middle Scots: poun

⇒ Scots: pownie

From Old French paon, poon, from Latin pāvō, pāvōnem.


pautener

From Old French pautonier, paltonier (“rogue”), ultimately from a Germanic word meaning "patch".


pautener

English: pawtener

From Middle French pautonniere (“purse”); ultimately akin to Etymology 1.


goodschipe

And for the goodschipe of this dede
 Thei granten him a lusti mede

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


stacioun

desctree

English: station
→ Hindi: स्टेशन (sṭeśan)
→ Irish: stáisiún
→ Malay: stesen
→ Punjabi: سٹیشن/ਸਟੇਸ਼ਨ (sṭeśan)
→ Scottish Gaelic: stèisean
→ Swahili: stesheni
→ Urdu: سْٹیشَن (sṭeśan), اِسْٹیشَن (isṭeśan)

Scots: station

From Anglo-Norman estation, from Latin statiōnem, accusative of statiō (“outpost”).

One's station; one's normal place of occupation.

The place where something is set or implanted.

(astronomy) The (seeming) fixedness of a planet or the Sun.

(rare) One of a set of locations which (people, things) rotate around; a stop.


cofeffe

From Anglo-Norman. Equivalent to co- + feffe.

The ijᵈᵉ cause ys the seid Sir William Fovent overlyved the seyd John Osborne, the fader, his cofeffe, in which case, yf eny tytell shold have be, hit shold have be in the seyd Sir William Fovent and in his heyrys, and nat in the heyrys of the seid John Osborne, the fader[…]

a. 1488, Thomas Tropenellhttps://books.google.com/books?id=va4uAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67


bachelrie

English: bachelry

(countable) a group of knights or squires

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Hengwrt Manuscript. The Manciples Tale, folio 109a [p. 580] l. 125-6.
This Phebus þat was flour of Bachelrye
As wel in fredom as in Chiualrye


fahenunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fawnynge


fawnynge

English: fawning

The wagging of a dog's tail or a similar display of animal affection.

The seeking of favour by way of flattery; flattering, fawning.


foun

English: fawn

Borrowed from Old French faon, foon, feun, from Vulgar Latin *fētōnem, from Latin fētus (“offspring, progeny”).


Spaignarde

English: Spaniard, Spaynard

The Frenche Ambassadour by hym, a Spaignarde of the howse of Mendosa...

(Can we date this quote?), State Papers Published Under the Authority of Her Majesty's Commission, volume 9, page 498:

A person from Spain or of Spanish descent.


yrchoun

English: urchin

Scots: hurcheon

From Old Northern French irechon, herichun, from Vulgar Latin *ērīciōnem.

before 1400, The Romaunt of the Rose, translated from French, partially by Geoffrey Chaucer

[…] Like sharp urchouns his here was growe, / His eyes rede as the fire-glow; […]

hedgehog (mammal of the family Erinaceidae or similar animal)

(rare, cooking) A stuffed pig with almond or pastry "spikes".


reaccion

English: reaction

(chemistry) reaction (chemical interaction resulting in one or more substances being converted into another)


hemlok

English: hemlock

Scots: hemlok, homlok, humlok, humlock

From Old English hymlīc and hymlīce; see English hemlock for more.

Conium maculatum
Conium maculatum#Translingual

hemlock (Conium maculatum and other herbaceous plants)


morghen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of morwe


lugge

English: lug

Yola: luggès (plural)


capcioun

Borrowed from Old French capcion or its etymon, Latin captiō; compare English caption.


cury

From Old French queverie, quevrie. Compare early modern French queux (“cook”).


chitte

English: chit

Scots: chit, cheet

⇒ Scots: cheetie, cheety

From Old English *ċitten, from Proto-West Germanic *kittīn, from Proto-Germanic *kittīną.


widwer

English: widower


conjuracioun

English: conjuration

Borrowed from Middle French conjuration, conjuracion, from Old French conjuracion, from Latin coniūrātiō; equivalent to conjuren + -acioun. Doublet of conjurisoun.


forfeture

English: forfeiture


ticchen

Alternative form of tichen (“goatling, kid”)


tichen

English: tick, titch

Yola: titch, thick, tick

From Old English tiċċen (“goatling”) from Proto-West Germanic *tikkīn; equivalent to tik- + -chen from Old English -ċen, double diminutive suffix from Proto-Germanic *-ukaz + *-īną.


foisoun

English: foison

abundance (of food, drink, people, or animals)


night-mare

English: nightmare

Scots: nichtmare, nichtmeer

From Old English *nihtmare, equivalent to nighte + mare.

An evil spirit attacking men or horses at night.


cuppeborde

desctree

English: cupboard
→ Chichewa: m'kabati
→ Farefare: kobɔɔtɩ
→ Gulf Arabic: كبت (kabat)
→ Luhya: likapati
→ Maori: kāpata
→ Swahili: kabati
→ Zulu: ekhabetheni

Loke Cristis copborde / & hors; & pei ben ful unlichy; for he was at þe mete where six watur pottes weren / & he was þe worþiest in þat place.

c. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of Antecrist and his Meynee; published as John Wycliffe; James Henthorn Todd, Three Treatises by John Wycklyffe, D.D. I. Of the Church and Her Members. II. Of the Apostacy of the Church. III. Of Antichrist and His Meynee. Now First Printed from a Manuscript in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, with Notes and a Glossary, by James Henthorn Todd, D.D., Dublin: Hodges and Smith, Grafton-Street, booksellers to the University, 1851, OCLC 505328367, page cl

The kyngez cope-borde / was enclose in silver, / In grete goblettez over]gylte / glorious of hewe; […]

c. 1400, the Alliterative Morte Arthure; published as James Orchard Halliwell, editor, Morte Arthure. The Alliterative Romance of the Death of King Arthur. Now First Printed from a Manuscript in Lincoln Cathedral, Brixton Hill, London: For private circulation only, 1947, OCLC 5347067, page 18


moistnesse

English: moistness


squierie

English: squiry

Borrowed from Old French escuierie, esquierie; equivalent to squier + -ie.

And w[ith] a noble cumpany / Off kny[chtis] and off ſquyeꝛy[…]

c. 1375, “Book XX”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 69, verso, lines 319-320; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

And with a noble company / Of knights and of squires […]

a. 1500, The Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (The Tale of Ralph the Collier)

The King buskit him[…]with scant of squyary
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


chyvalry

So thys ſeaſon hit be felle in the moneth : of may a grete angur and vnhappy that ſtynted nat tylle þͤ floure of chyvalry of the worlde was deſtroyed and ſlayne

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 27–29:

So in this season, as in the month of May, it befell a great anger and unhap that stinted not till the flower of chivalry of all the world was destroyed and slain;


lunatik

English: lunatic

From Latin lūnāticus and Old French lunatique.

Þanne loked vp a lunatik · a lene þing with-alle, […]

c. 1400 (c. 1378), The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, Together with Vita de Dowel, Dobet, et Dobest, Secundum Wit et Resoun, London: […] for the Early English Text Society, by N. Trübner & Co., […], published 1869, page 6:

(countable) one subject to madness (believed to be) due to varying lunar phases

[…] þe red [stone calidonie] is gode aȝens a malady þat men clepen lunatix, wherby he falleþ, & wherby he is foolych & wytles & falleþ þer-with long tyme; […]

a. 1500, English Mediaeval Lapidaries, The Early English Text Society, published 1960, page 77:

(uncountable) madness (believed to be) due to varying lunar phases


heale

(Early Middle English or Late Middle English) Alternative form of hele (“health”)


luf

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of love (“love”)


luf

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“palm”)


foyle

English: foil

Scots: foilzie, foolyie

Borrowed from Middle French fueille, feuille, from Old French fueille, from Late Latin folia, originally the plural of folium.

(cooking or literary) A leaf (organ of a plant).


attercoppe

English: attercop

Translingual: Attercopus

Scots: attircop, attercop

Yola: attercop

From Old English ātorcoppe, equivalent to atter + coppe.


maiden child

From Old English mæġdenċild, equivalent to maiden + child.


wafur

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of wafre


bysme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of besme


londfolc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lond folk


barly

English: barley

Scots: barlie

desc

Yola: baarich, barich, barach, barish, barlich

From Old English bærlīċ, equivalent to bere + -ly.


lond folk

→ English: landfolk (calque)

From Old English landfolc; equivalent to lond + folk.


klint

Old Swedish klinter (“mountaintop”), from Old Norse klettr (“rock”).


gurguling

A hapax legomenon treated by the Middle English Dictionary as a gerund of an unattested verb (*gurgulen?). Possibly of Latin origin, from Medieval Latin gurgulātio, or a Germanic borrowing, from Middle Dutch gorgelen or Middle High German gurgeln, all from Latin gurgulio (“gullet”) and ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative


ehþurl

English: eyethurl

(poetic) The eye, especially as a "window of the soul".


epistil

English: epistle, pistle

ffor, as euer red I pystyll / I haue oone [wife] to my fere, / As sharp as a thystyll / as rugh as a brere; / She is browyd lyke a brystyll / with a sowre loten chere / had She oones Wett Hyr Whystyle / She couth Syng full clere / Her pater noster. / She is as greatt as a whall, / She has a galon of gall: / By hym that dyed for vs all, / I wald I had ryn to I had lost hir.

15th c., “Alia eorundem [Shepherds' Play II]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 119, lines 100–108:

For, as ever I read scripture, I have a wife to be afraid of: She's as sharp as a thistle and a rough as a brier; she is broad like a bristle, with a sour, hidden cheerefulness, once she wets her whistle she can sing her Pater noster quite clearely. She is a great as a whale, she has a gallon of gall. By Him that died for us all, I wish I had run till I had lost her.


pouste

English: poustie

Scots: poustie

Yola: poustee

From Anglo-Norman pousté and Old French posté, poesté, from Latin potestās, potestāt-. Doublet of potestat.


beveringe

English: bevering

Yola: bebbereens (plural)


netle

English: nettle

Yola: nettles (plural)

From Old English netele, from Proto-West Germanic *natilā.


aldfadire

(Northern) Alternative form of olde fader


aldefader

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of olde fader


steopbern

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of stepbarn


stepfader

English: stepfather

Scots: stepfaither

From Old English stēopfæder, from Proto-Germanic *steupafadēr; equivalent to step- + fader.


stepdoughter

English: stepdaughter

From Old English stēopdohtor (“stepdaughter”), from Proto-Germanic *steupaduhtēr (“stepdaughter”); equivalent to step- + doughter.


olde fader

English: eldfather

Scots: eldfader

From Old English ealdefæder, variant of eald fæder; equivalent to old + fader. In some forms, the first element is influenced by elde.


stepsone

English: stepson

From Old English stēopsunu (“stepson”), from Proto-Germanic *steupasunuz (“stepson”); equivalent to step- + sone.


stepmoder

English: stepmother

Scots: stap-mither

From Old English stēopmōdor, from Proto-Germanic *steupamōdēr; equivalent to step- + moder.


bileve

English: belief

Yola: beleave

From Old English lēafa, from Proto-West Germanic *laubu, from Proto-Germanic *laubô, equivalent to bi- + leve.


counceyle

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


belwes

English: bellows

Yola: belooze


indempnite

English: indemnity

From Middle French indemnité, from Late Latin indemnitas.


condempnacioun

English: condemnation

From Latin condemnātiō, condemnātiōnem; equivalent to condempnen + -acioun.

(religion, rare) damnation (consignment to eternal punishment)


dampnacioun

English: damnation

From Old French dampnacion, from Latin damnatio; equivalent to dampnen + -acioun.

(religion) damnation (consignment to eternal punishment)


dampnynge

English: damning


væx

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fax


faxwax

English: paxwax

From fax (“head hair”) + waxen (“to grow”).

The nuchal ligament (supporting the back of the neck)


carfukes

English: carfax

From Latin quadrifurcus and Old French carrefor.


medewax

Either mede (“mead (beverage)”) or mede (“meadow”) + wax (“wax”).


grene wax

English: green wax

Named for the green wax seal of the Exchequer.

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see grene, wax.


waxynge

English: waxing


vexacioun

English: vexation

from Old French vexacion, from Latin vexātiō; equivalent to vexen + -acioun.


vexynge

English: vexing


hyghnesse

English: highness

God thanke youre hyghneſſe ſeyde Balyne youre bounte may no man prayſe halff vnto the valew butt at thys tyme I muſte nedis dep[ar]te beſechynge you all way of youre good grace //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 23, verso, lines 19–21:


felauship

and yf ye wyll abyde in this courte among my felauſhip / I ſhalle ſo auaunce yow as ye ſhalle be pleaſed /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 39, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 78, lines 30–32:


felyship

And if ye woll a byde In thys courte amonge my felyſhip I ſhall ſo avaunce as ye ſhall be pleaſed

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 23, verso, lines 17–19:


hyhenes

god thanke your hyhenes ſaid Balen / your bounte and hyhenes may no man preyſe half to the valewe / but at this tyme I muſt nedes departe / byſechyng yow alwey of your good grace /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 39, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 78, lines 32–35:


wycche crauffte

Than the moſte p[ar]ty of þe knyghtꝭ of the rounde table ſeyde that Balyne dud nat þis aduenture ony^([sic – meaning only]) by myght but by wycche crauffte //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 23, verso, lines 26–28:

Then the majority of the knights of the Round Table said that Balin didn't do that adventure only with might, but with witchcraft as well.


rounde table

English: Round Table

Than the moſte p[ar]ty of þe knyghtꝭ of the rounde table ſeyde that Balyne dud nat þis aduenture ony by myght but by wycche crauffte //


table rounde

ye ſeyde kyng Arthure I love Gwenyvere the kyngꝭ doughtir of lodegrean of þᵉ londe of Camelerde the whyche holdyth In his houſe the table rounde that ye tolde me he had hit of my fadir Vther · And this dameſell is the moſte valyaunte and fayryſt that I know lyvyng, or yet that eu[er] I coude fynde

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 11–16:

And ſo kynge lodgreaunce delyu[er]d hys doughtir Gwenyu[er] vnto M[erlion] and the table rounde with the C [100] knyghtꝭ

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, verso, lines 6–7:

rounde table
rounde table#Middle_English


wytchecraft

Thenne the mooſt party of the knyghtes of the round table ſayd that Balen did not this auenture al only by myghte but by wytchecraft

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 40, recto; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 79, lines 2–4:

Then most party of the knights of the round table said that Balen did not [do] this adventure only by might, but by witchcraft


sculle

English: skull

gl

forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">skoltr</i>

Scots: scull, skult, skolt (forms with -t merger with or from Old Norse skoltr)

Origin uncertain. Likely from Old Norse *skulli, a variant of skalli (“bald head, skull”). Compare dialectal Swedish skulle (“skull”). Compare also Old Norse skoltr (“browridge”), Norwegian skolt (“skull, pate”).


counceile

So hit felle on a tyme kyng Arthur ſeyde vnto Merlion My barownes woll let me haue no reſte but nedis I muſte take a wyff ⁊ I wolde none take but by thy counceile and advice //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 6–8:


bokel

English: buckle

Yola: boouchel

From Old French boucle, from Latin buccula, diminutive of bucca (“cheek”).


idropesie

English: dropsy

Scots: hydropesie, ydrope


coldnesse

English: coldness

Scots: cauldness


baleyne

English: baleen


meþ

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


medewort

English: meadwort, medæwart (obsolete)

From Old English medewyrt, medowyrt; equivalent to mede (“meadow”) + wort.


medwe

English: meadow

Scots: meedow

→ Irish: míodún

From the oblique forms of Old English mǣd, mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *mādu, from Proto-Germanic *mēdwō. Doublet of mede (“meadow”).


brembel

English: bramble

Scots: brimmle

Yola: brimel

From Old English brǣmel, brēmel, from Proto-West Germanic *brāmil.


concepcioun

English: conception

Borrowed from Old French conception, from Latin conceptiō.


conceyte

English: conceit

Scots: conceit

Formed from conceyven by analogy with deceyven~deceyte etc.

A viewpoint; an opinion (usually about someone)

A thought (something conceived):
Positive opinion; high regard.

A thought (something conceived):
A notion; an idea set on.


conceyvynge

(rare) origination, creation, formulation


boket

desctree

English: bucket
→ Farefare: bɔgtɛ
→ Japanese: バケツ (baketsu)
→ Maori: pākete

Scots: bucket

Yola: buckate


boterie

English: buttery

Yola: budheree

Borrowed from Old French boterie and Medieval Latin buteria, from Late Latin botāria, from a variant form of butta (“cask, bottle”).


humbul-be

English: bumblebee

Scots: bumbee

Yola: bumble-bee

Compound of humble (“to hum, drone”) + be (“bee”). Compare Middle Dutch hommel, hummel (“bumblebee”).


chiken

English: chicken, chick

Scots: chikin, chekin, schik

Yola: chick, chicke


chuffe

English: chuff

Scots: chuf

Yola: chugh

Unknown; possibly an arbitrary sound-symbolic formation.

(Late Middle English, rare) rustic, boor


cherl

English: churl

Scots: churl

Yola: chourle

From Old English ċeorl, from Proto-West Germanic *karil, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz.


coperose

English: copperas

Scots: kopperish (Shetland)

Yola: copprouse (figuratively)


cwitance

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quytaunce


crokke

English: crock

Scots: crock, croak

Yola: kruck


quytaunce

English: quittance

Scots: cuttance

From Old French quitance (modern French quittance), from Latin quietantia; equivalent to quyten + -aunce.

receipt (document showing a transaction)

quittance (nullification of an obligation)


dawnynge

English: dawning

Yola: dauneen

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book Two Capitulum ix
Anone after cam the knyght with the two swerdes and balan his broder / and brought with hem kynge Ryons of Northwalys and there delyuerd hym to the porters and charged hem with hym / & soo they two retorned ageyne in the daunyng of the day

Anon after came the knight with the two swords and Balan his brother / and brought with them King Ryons of North Wales and there delivered him to the porters and charged them with him / and so the two of them returned again in the dawning of the day.


doseyne

English: dozen

Yola: dezeen


derelyng

English: darling

Yola: dereling


turnepe

English: turnip

Yola: dhernapès (plural)


throstel

English: throstle

Yola: drostal

From Old English þrostle, from Proto-West Germanic *þrostlā.


erende

English: errand

Scots: erand, eirand, earand

Yola: erroane, errone

From Old English ǣrende, from Proto-West Germanic *ārundī.


ferthendel

English: fardel; farl; farthingdeal

Yola: fardele

From Old English fēorþan dǣl, equivalent to ferthe (“fourth”) + del (“deal”).


felynge

English: feeling

Yola: veeleen, feeleen

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

Everything is equally good to me— / Joy or sorrow, however it might be— / For I feel nothing about anything (literally, “I have feeling in nothing”), / But am like some dazed thing, / Always on the brink of falling down.

Al is ylyche goode to me / Ioy or sorowe wherso hyt be / For I haue felynge in no thynge / But as it were a mased thynge / Alway in poynt to falle a down


amblere

English: ambler


lyberte

With this I maye be sure to come sauf / and goo sauf / and that the quene shal haue her lyberte as she had before / and neuer for no thynge that hath ben surmysed afore this tyme / she neuer fro this day stande in no peryll / for els sayd sir launcelot I dare auenture me to kepe her from an harder shoure than euer I kepte her

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xiiij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XX (in Middle English):


frumpylle

English: frump

Yola: frump


ganet

English: gannet

Yola: gannt


gauntelet

English: gauntlet

Yola: gauntletès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French gantelet, diminutive of gant (“glove”).


joynour

English: joiner

Yola: geinere, jeineare, jeeneare


joynt

English: joint

Yola: geint, gent, jent, jeint

→ Irish: siúnta


gentryse

English: gentrice

Yola: gendrize, gentrize

Borrowed from Old French genterise, variant form of gentelise, from gentil.


godsybbe

English: gossip

Yola: gozp, gosp

From Old English godsibb, equivalent to god + sybbe.

One's sponsor at baptism or confirmation, a godparent.


greylyng

English: grayling

Yola: greeleen


graunger

English: granger


graunge

English: grange

Yola: grenge

Borrowed from Old French grange, from Gallic Vulgar Latin *grānica, from Latin grānum.


hardshipe

English: hardship

Yola: halpish


hameron

English: hamron

Yola: hamaron, hamsraw


gryndynge

English: grinding

Yola: grynedaane, gridane


harpere

English: harper

Yola: harpeare


harwe

English: harrow

Scots: harra

Yola: harroue

Either from an Old English *hearwa or borrowed from Old Norse harfr/herfi.

(Late Middle English, rare) A frame for drying hides.

(Late Middle English, rare) A sled; a sleigh.


wulder

(of God, Christ, etc.) Glory, honour, splendor


manhede

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">manhead</i>

English: manhood (obsolete manhead)

Thou mayst, sin thou hast wisdom and manhede,
Assemblen alle the folk of our kinrede, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1285-1286

Thou mayest, since thou hast wisdom and manhood,
Assemble all the folk of our family, …


mapel

English: maple

From Old English *mapul, from Proto-West Germanic *mapul, from Proto-Germanic *mapulaz.


hundredpeny

From hundred (“administrative division”) + peny.

af

(rare) A tax levied on a hundred (administrative division)


hundredes

plural of hundred (“administrative division”)


houndred

Alternative form of hundred (“administrative division”)


peny

English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)

Scots: penny

From Old English penniġ, a form of penning, from Proto-West Germanic *panning, from Proto-Germanic *panningaz.

A penny or other silver coin (including ancient coins)

Money or coinage (especially that with little value).


peny gras

English: penny-grass

Umbilicus rupestris
Umbilicus rupestris#Translingual


penywort

English: pennywort


pagent

English: pageant

From Medieval Latin pagina (“play in a cycle of mystery plays”), perhaps from Latin pāgina (“a written page, leaf, sheet”).


pollucion

English: pollution

Scots: pollution

From Anglo-Norman pollutiun or Middle French pollution, from Latin pollūtiō; equivalent to polluten + -ioun.


losynge

English: loosing

Yola: lhowsaane


losengeour

English: losenger (obsolete)

From Old French losengeor; equivalent to losengen + -our.

Alas! ye lordes, many a false flatour / Is in your court, and many a losengeour.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


vaute

English: vault

Scots: vowt

→ Welsh: fowt

From Old French volte, from Latin voluta, modification of volūta.

An arched supporting structure; a vault.

A chamber or cellar, especially if vaulted.


decepcioun

English: deception

From Old French deception, from Latin dēceptiō.


scwame

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of squame


tresour-hous

English: treasure house


launcele

Plantago lanceolata
Plantago lanceolata#Translingual


launcegay

English: lancegay (obsolete)

From Old French lancegaye, from lance (“lance”) + zagaye (“assagai”).

Sire Thopas / wolde out ride / He worth / vpon his steede gray / And in his hand a launcegay / A long swerd / by his side [...].

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Sir Thopas (Ellesmere ms)


tresour

English: treasure

Scots: treisur

From Old French tresor, from Latin thēsaurus, from Ancient Greek θησαυρός (thēsaurós).

treasure, hoard (collection of valuables)

Something or someone of great value:
treasure (a valuable possession)

Something or someone of great value:
gift, talent (valuable faculty)

A treasury or vault (repository for valuables)


tresour

Alternative form of tressour (“headdress”)


bestaile

Middle Scots: bestiall

→ English: bestial

From Old French bestaille, from Late Latin bēstiālia, from bēstiālis (“bestial”).


busshel

English: bushel

Scots: bushel

ne me tendiþ not a lanterne / ⁊ puttiþ it vndur a buſſhel [translating mōdius] · but on a candilſtike· that it ȝyue liȝt to alle þat ben in þe hous

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 5:15, page 1v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You don't light a lamp and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick, so it gives light to everybody who's at home.


shur

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schour


heringe

English: hearing

Yola: heereen, heireen


ficcioun

English: fiction

From Old French ficcion, from Latin fictiō.

(Late Middle English, rare) An invention or fabrication.


coverchef

English: kerchief, kercher (obsolete)

Yola: kerchure


scismatik

English: schismatic

From Middle French scismatique, from Latin schismaticus; compare scisme.


scisme

English: schism

Scots: schism

From Old French cisme, from Ancient Greek σχίσμα (skhísma).

schism (split within the Christian church)


lakkynge

English: lacking

Yola: lauckeen, lockeen, lackin


levayn

English: leaven

Yola: leveen, lawveen

Borrowed from Old French levain, from Latin levāmen.


chivachye

And he had been somtyme in chivachye, / In Flaundres, in Artoys, and Picardye, / And born him wel, as of so litel space, / In hope to stonden in his lady grace.

1478, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Prologue, 85-8:


compassioun

English: compassion

From Old French compassion, from Ecclesiastical Latin compassio; equivalent to con- + passioun.


passioun

English: passion, Passion

Scots: passion, patient

From Old French passion, or in part from late Old English passio, passion (“Christ's passion”), from Latin passio (“suffering”), noun of action from perfect passive participle passus (“suffered”), from deponent verb pati (“suffer”).

inh

Þe uerþe article belongeþ to his passion. — Ayenbite of Inwyt, c1340

Hij þat hated þe gloried hem in-myddes of þy passion. — Midland Prose Psalter, c1350

He that felyth payne and passion Desyrith sore aftir alleggeaunce.

Þer was ane vsurar þat lay in passions of dead.

Trewli I deme, that the passions of this tyme ben not euene worthi to the glorie to comynge, that schal be schewid in vs.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume IV, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Romans 8:18, page 172, column 1:

Truly I deem, that the passions of this time are not even worthy to the glory to come, that shall be shown in us.
[King James Version: For I reckon that the sufferings of this present time are not worthy to be compared with the glory which shall be revealed in us.]

passion, suffering (that which must be endured)

(rare) passiveness (state of being acted upon)


kotyn

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of coton


passyf

English: passive

Borrowed from Middle French or Old French passif, from Latin passivus.


actyf

English: active

From Old French actif, from Latin āctīvus; equivalent to acte + -yf.

(Christianity) One who is occupied with secular concerns.


lokynge

English: looking

Scots: luking, lukin, leukin

Yola: lickeen

From Old English lōcung (attested in eftlōcung, þurhlōcung), equivalent to loken + -ing.


maylet

English: mallet

Yola: maleet

Borrowed from Old French maillet, maillot.


portcolyse

English: portcullis

From Anglo-Norman porte coliz and Old French porte colëice.

Nowe it is tyme ſhortly that I / Tell you ſomthynge of Ielouſy / That was in great ſuſpection / Aboute hym ſelfe he no maſon / That ſtone coulde laye,ne querrour / He hyred hem to make a tour / And fyrſt the roſes for to kepe / Aboute hem made he a dyche depe / Ryght wonder large,and alſo brode / Vpon the whych alſo ſtode / Of ſquared ſtone,a ſturdy wall / Whych on a cragge was founded all / And ryght great thyckneſſe eke it bare / Aboute it was founded ſquare / An hundred fadome on euery ſyde / It was all lych longe and wyde / Leſt any tyme it were aſſayled / Full well about it was batayled / And rounde enuyron eke were ſette / Full many a ryche and fayre tourette / At euery corner of thys wall / Was ſet a toure full principall / And eueryche had wythout fable / A portcolyſe defenſable / To kepe of enemyes,and to greue / That there her force wolde preue

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cxlviii, verso, column 1:


dressour

English: dresser

Scots: dresser

Borrowed from Old French drecëur, drecëure; equivalent to dressen + -our.


wajour

English: wager

Scots: wager, wauger

Borrowed from Old Northern French wageure; equivalent to wagen + -our.


dressynge

English: dressing


jacynct

English: jacinth

Scots: jacinct (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French jacinte, from Medieval Latin jacintus, jacinthus, from Latin hyacinthus, from Ancient Greek ὑάκινθος (huákinthos).

⁊ ſo Y ſai hoꝛſis in viſioun /⁊ þei þat ſaten on hem .· hadden firy haburiouns ⁊ of iacynct /⁊ of bꝛymſtoon /⁊ þe heedis of þe horſis weren as heedis of liouns .· /⁊ fier /⁊ ſmoke /⁊ bꝛymſtoon comeþ foꝛþ of þe mouþ of hem

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 9:17, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And so I saw horses in a vision, and those who sat on them had habergeons of fire, of sapphire, and of sulphur. The horses' heads were like lions' heads; fire, smoke, and sulphur came out of their mouths.


mylnere

English: miller

Scots: miller

Yola: mileare


myxen

English: mixen

Yola: mizen


cocatrice

English: cockatrice

Borrowed from Old French cocatriz, from Late Latin calcātrīx.


mowere

English: mower

Yola: mougheare


basilicke

English: basilisk

Borrowed from Old French basilique, from Latin basiliscus, from Ancient Greek βασιλίσκος (basilískos).

(rare, alchemy) A formula for transmutation.


mycher

English: micher

Yola: mycheare, mitcheare

Possibly from Old English *mȳcere, equivalent to mychen + -er.


mayden

English: maiden

Scots: maidin

Yola: mydhen

From Old English mæġden, from Proto-West Germanic *magadīn.


peutre

English: pewter

Yola: peadher, pedher, pether

Borrowed from Old French peautre, from Vulgar Latin *piltrum (“pewter”).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


nedle

English: needle

Yola: neal

Inherited from Old English nǣdl, from Proto-West Germanic *nāþlu; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.


nexte

English: next

Yola: neeshte, nishte


culveren

From Old English culfran; equivalent to culver + -en (plural suffix).


culveryne

English: culverin

(Late Middle English, rare) culverin (cannon)


cowschote

English: cushat, quist, queest

Scots: cushat

From Old English cūsċeote, as if from cū + sċeote, though this would be semantically dubious.


pygeoun

English: pigeon

Scots: pigeon

Borrowed from Middle French pigeon, from Old French pyjon, from Latin pīpiōnem, accusative of pīpiō.

A dove or pigeon (especially if young or when cooked).


forgynge

English: forging


forow

English: furrow

Scots: furr

From Old English furh, from Proto-Germanic *furhs, from Proto-Indo-European *perḱ-.

field (especially if as wide as a furrow)


fyr-brand

English: firebrand


traunsom

English: transom

Probably from Latin trānstrum; if so, a doublet of trest.


trestel

English: trestle

From Old French trestel; equivalent to trest + -el (diminutive suffix).


bræd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brede (“roasted meat”)


bræd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bred (“bread”)


bræde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brede (“board”)


bræde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brede (“breadth”)


brawne

English: brawn

Scots: bran

From Old French braon, from Frankish *brādon, *brādan, accusative form of *brādō, from Proto-Germanic *brēdô (“meat, roast”). Doublet of brede (“roasted meat”).


sparhauk

English: sparhawk; sparrowhawk

desc

Scots: sparhalk, sparhauke, sperhawke, sperhalk

→ Scottish Gaelic: speireag

From Old English spearhafoc, from Proto-West Germanic *sparwahabuk, from Proto-Germanic *sparwahabukaz; equivalent to sparwe + hauk.


lyoure

Borrowed from Old French liure, from Latin ligātūra. Doublet of ligature.


schethe

English: sheath

Scots: sheath

Yola: shaadh

From Old English sċēaþ, from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþiju, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.


schethe

English: sheth, sheath

Unknown, but possibly related to or identical to Etymology 1. Compare Old English sċēaþa, Middle Dutch schêde (“nail”).

(rare) sheth (bar connecting the ploughshare to a plough's beam)


gemow

English: gemel; gimbal; jimmer (influenced by Latin)

Borrowed from Old French gemel, from Latin gemellus.


pyntel

English: pintle

Scots: pintle

From Old English pintel, from Proto-Germanic *pint-.


schapynge

English: shaping

Scots: schaping, schapin, schaiping

Yola: shipeen


sopere

English: supper (see there for further descendants)


heorre

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herre (“hinge”)


indignacioun

English: indignation

From Old French indignation, from Latin indignātiō; compare endeynen.


skayne

English: skein

Yola: skeine


slugge

English: slug, slouch

Yola: slouk, slouck


smokynge

English: smoking

Yola: smockeen


dynne

English: din, dun

Scots: dyn, din

From Old English dyne, from Proto-West Germanic *duni, from Proto-Germanic *duniz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwen-.


smothe

English: smooth

Inherited from Old English smōþ, from Proto-West Germanic *smanþ, variant of *smanþī. The final vowel is presumably from smethe.


raby

English: rabbi

Scots: rabbi

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin rabbī and from its source Koine Greek ῥαββί (rhabbí); ultimately from Hebrew רבי.

bor+

and iheſu turnyde and ſai hem ſuynge hym .· ⁊ ſeith to hem / what ſeken ȝe .·? ⁊ þei ſeiden to hym / rabi · þat is to ſeie maiſtir / where dwelliſt þou .·?

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:39, page 43v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus turned around and saw them following him; he asked them, "Is there anything you need?" They answered, "Rabbi (meaning "teacher"), where are you staying?"

master, teacher, rabbi (spiritual leader)


ramese

Scots: ramps, ramsh

From Old English hramsa, from Proto-West Germanic *hramusō, from Proto-Germanic *hramusō, from Proto-Indo-European *kermus-, *kremus-.

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual


spudde

English: spud

Yola: spud

(Late Middle English) A small or inferior knife.


disdeyne

English: disdain

Scots: disdain

Borrowed from Old French desdeigne; compare deyne.

(rare, pathology) The inflammation of a wound.


sperver

English: sparver (obsolete)

From Old French esprevier, from Old Dutch *sparwari (“sparrow-hawk”, literally “sparrow-eagle”).


sparkel

English: sparkle


augrym

desctree

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">algorism</i>

English: algorithm (obsolete algorism)
→ Japanese: アルゴリズム (arugorizumu)
→ Korean: 알고리즘 (algorijeum)

→ Welsh: awgrym

From Anglo-Norman algorisme, augrim, from Medieval Latin algorismus, from Arabic الخَوَارِزْمِيّ (al-ḵawārizmiyy).

der

الخَوَارِزْمِيّ


stokkynge

English: stocking

Yola: stuckeen


werpynge

English: warping


moldewarpe

desc

English: mouldwarp, modiwarp, molewarp, moldwarp, modiwort, moldiwarp, moudiwarp, moudiwart, moudiewarp, mowdiwart, mowdiwort

Scots: malwart

From Old English *moldeweorpe, from Proto-Germanic *muldawurpiz (“earth-thrower, mole”). Compare werpen.


ordel

English: ordeal

Scots: ordeil

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ordalium, ordelum, itself borrowed from Old English ordēl, ordāl, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀdailī. Alternatively, directly inherited from the Old English form.

(rare) ordeal (trial by subjection to a dangerous test)


mukken

mukken (infinitive)
to mukken (infinitive)
mukke (infinitive)
mukke (first-person present singular)
mukked (first-person past singular)
mukkest (present second-person singular)
mukkedest (past second-person singular)
mukketh (present singular third-person)
mukked (past singular third-person)
mukke (present singular subjunctive)
mukked (past singular subjunctive)
mukke (imperative present singular)
mukken (plural present)
mukke (plural present)
mukkeden (past plural)
mukkede (past plural)
mukketh (imperative plural present)
mukke (imperative plural present)
mukkynge (participle present)
mukkende (participle present)
mukked (participle past)
ymukked (participle past)

English: muck

Scots: muck

From muk (“muck”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


paxbrede

pax (tablet with carved religious image)


bredthe

English: breadth

Scots: breedth, breeth

From brede (“breadth”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


hondbrede

⇒ English: handbreadth

Scots: handbreid

From hond + brede (“breadth”); some forms are influenced by brood (“broad”). The supposed Old English *handbrǣd, *handbrǣdu mentioned by some sources is not likely to have existed.


bryad

(Kent) Alternative form of bred (“bread”)


holy bred

Leavened bread given to people present in a Communion; eulogia.


gyngebred

⇒ English: gingerbread

Scots: gingebread

→ Old Norse: gingibráð

From Old French gingembras, from Medieval Latin *gingimbrātus; compare gingivere. Some forms are remodelled on bred (“bread”).


breord

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brerd


weibreode

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of weybrede


weybrede

English: waybread, waybred

⇒ Scots: waaverin leaf

From Old English weġbrǣde, weġbrāde; equivalent to wey (“way”) + brede (“breadth”).

A plantain (plant of the genus Plantago).


brerd

From Old English brerd, from Proto-Germanic *brezdaz.


planteyne

English: plantain

From Anglo-Norman plainteine, from Latin plantāgō, plantāginem.


tubbe

English: tub

Yola: tib

Borrowed from Middle Dutch tubbe or Middle Low German tubbe, tobbe, further etymology unknown.


trokel

English: truckle

Yola: truckle

From Anglo-Norman trocle, from Medieval Latin trochlea (“a block, sheaf containing one or more pulleys”).


hiene

⇒ English: hyena

Borrowed from Old French hiene, from Medieval Latin hyēna, from Latin hyaena, from Ancient Greek ὕαινα (húaina). Some forms are rebuilt on the Latin etymon.


moldere

English: molder, moulder


moold

Alternative form of molde (“top of the head”)


moldyng

English: molding, moulding


muscheron

English: mushroom

From Anglo-Norman musherum, moscheron, of obscure origin.


mowlde

English: mold, mould

Nominal use of mowled, past form of mowlen.

(Late Middle English, rare) mold (tiny fungi)


vapourynge

English: vapouring

Yola: vaapereen, vaperreen


sowere

English: sower

Yola: zoweare, sowere

From Old English sāwere; equivalent to sowen (“to sow”) + -er.

(figurative) One who engenders or disseminates.


calch

From Old English cælċ, syncopic form of caliċ, ċeliċ, from Proto-West Germanic *kalik, from Latin calix, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux). Doublet of chalis.

(Early Middle English, rare) A chalice for wine used at the Eucharist.


ydele

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of ydole


mawmetrie

English: mammetry

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman maumeterie, mahumetterie; equivalent to mawmet + -erie.

Islam (improperly understood as paganism)

(figurative) Adoration of worldly things.

Idolatry, paganism:
Adoration of worldly things.

Idolatry, paganism:
Occult practices; witchcraft.

An idol or graven image:
(collective) idols, graven images

An idol or graven image:
idols, graven images

An idol or graven image:
(figurative) worldly distractions

An idol or graven image:
worldly distractions


ydolatrer

English: idolater

From Middle French idolatre, from Latin idololatra; sometimes remodelled as ydolatrie + -er.


Mahown

English: Mahound

Scots: Mahoun

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman Mahun and Old French Mahum, Mahom, shortened from Mahomed (“Muhammad”), from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad). Doublet of Macomet and mawmet.

Mahound (a fantastic god believed to be worshipped by Muslims)


ydole

English: idol

Scots: eedol

Borrowed from Old French idole, idele, from Latin īdōlum, from Ancient Greek εἴδωλον (eídōlon).

(rare, technical) An image formed at the eye.


ydolatrie

English: idolatry

From Old French idolatrie, ydolatrie, from Late Latin īdōlatrīa, from Ecclesiastical Latin īdōlolatrīa, from Ancient Greek εἰδωλολατρείᾱ (eidōlolatreíā), εἰδωλολατρίᾱ (eidōlolatríā). Compare ydole (“idol”).

εἰδωλολατρείᾱ


smierte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smerte


ssedinge

(Southern) Alternative form of schedynge


schedynge

English: shedding

shedding, emission:
killing (shedding of blood)


fleyl

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">frail</i>

English: flail (dialectal frail)

Scots: flail

Yola: vleal

From Old English *flegel, fligel, from Proto-West Germanic *flagil, probably from Latin flagellum. Possibly a doublet of frayel.

(rare) A rotating bar used to secure a gate.


scheder

English: shedder

/ˈʃɛːdər(ə)/


neiȝboresse

English: neighbouress, neighboress

[…] but a womman schal axe of hir neiȝboresse and of her hoosteesse siluerne vesselis, and goldun, and clothis, and ȝe schulen putte tho on ȝoure sones and douȝtris, and ȝe schulen make nakid Egipt.
[…] but a woman shall ask of her neighbouress, and of her that she is harboured with, silveren vessels, and golden, and clothes, and ye shall put those upon your sons and daughters, and ye shall make naked Egypt.
Volume I, Exodus XI:2, page 216 :
Therfor thou schalt seie to al the puple, that a man axe of his freend, and a womman of hir neiȝboresse, silueren vessels and goldun, and clothis;
Therefore thou shalt say to all the people, that a man ask of his friend, and a woman of her neighbouress, silver vessel(s) and golden, and clothes;
Volume II, Psalms XLIV:15, page 782 :
[…] hir neiȝboressis schulen be brouȝt to thee.
[…] her neighbouresses shall be brought to thee.
Volume III, Baruch IV:24, page 493 :
For as the neiȝboressis of Sion sien ȝoure caitifte maad of God, so thei schulen se and in swiftnesse ȝoure helthe of God, which helthe schal come to ȝou fro aboue with greet onour and euerlastynge schynyng.
For as the neighbouresses of Zion saw your captivity made of God, so they shall see and in swiftness your health of our God, which health shall come to you from above, with great honour and everlasting shining.
Volume III, Baruch VI:43, page 498 :
Sotheli whanne ony of tho wymmen is drawun awei of ony man passynge, and slepith with hym, sche dispisith her neiȝboresse, that sche is not hadde worthi as hir silf, nether hir roop is brokun.
Soothly when any of these women is drawn away of (or by) any man passing, and sleepeth with him, she despiseth her neighbouress, that she is not had worthy as herself, neither her rope is broken.
Volume III, Daniel XIII:62, page 666 :
[…] and thei diden to hem, as thei hadden do yuele aȝens the neiȝboresse, that thei schulden do bi the lawe of Moises, and thei killiden hem.

[…] and they did to them, as they had done evil against the neighbouress, that they should do by the law of Moses, and they killed them.
Modern spelling: Terence P. Noble, editor (2001), Wycliffe’s Old Testament.

(rare, Late Middle English) neighbouress


sched

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">shode</i>

English: shed (dialectal shode)

Scots: shed

A conflation of Old English sċēada and ġesċēad; compare scheden.

(chiefly Early Middle English) Distinction, difference.

(Early Middle English) Judgement, discernment.


sæpp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sap


sapplyng

English: sapling


weght

English: weight

Scots: wecht, weicht

Yola: waaight

From Old English wiht, from Proto-West Germanic *wihti, from Proto-Germanic *wihtiz.


hardnesse

English: hardness

From Old English heardnes; equivalent to hard + -nesse.

For truſteth wel, to longe ydone hardneſſe / Cauſeth diſpyte ful often for diſtreſſe

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book II, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio clxxx, recto:

For trust this well: Too long maintained hardness / Creates contempt from distress.

As it is forto se þingis present to þᵉ siȝt, heere þᵉ sown present to þᵉ eeris, touche hardnesse, neischnes, heet, or coold present to þᵉ touche, & so forþe of oþire.

a. 1460, Reginald Pecock, edited by Elsie Vaughan Hitchcock, The Donet, Early English Text Society, published 1921:

As it is to see things present to the sight, here the sound present to the ears, touch hardness, softness, heat, or cold present to the touch, and so forth of others.


mutacioun

English: mutation

Borrowed from Old French mutacion and its source Latin mūtātiō, mūtātiōnem.


mutabilite

English: mutability

Borrowed from Old French mutabilite, from Latin mutabilitas; equivalent to mutable + -ite.


borel

This is to seye, if I be gay, sire shrewe,
I wol renne out, my borel for to shewe.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


symeryng

And by the wall ſhe found a ſtaffe anon / Ans ſawe a litell ſymeryng of a light / For at an hole in ſhone the Moone bright

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, column 1, lines 441–444:

She found a staff against the wall, thereupon; / And then she saw a little gleam of light / For through a hole the moon was shining bright


deynteth

Scots: daintith

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman deintet, earlier form of deinte, from Latin dignitās, dignitātem. Doublet of deynte and dignyte.


sicamour

English: sycamore, sycomore

Scots: sycamore

Borrowed from Old French sicamor, from Latin sȳcomorus, from Ancient Greek σῡκόμορος (sūkómoros).

Ficus sycomorus
Ficus sycomorus#Translingual


felyshyp

ffor and the quene had be ſo dere vnto me as ye noyſe her I durſte haue kepte her frome the felyſhyp of the beſte knyghtꝭ vndir hevyn

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 468, recto, lines 2–4:


barowne

And than Sir launcelot toke hys leve and deꝑted and þ[er] was noþ[er] kynge duke erle barowne nor knyght lady nor Iantyll woman but all they wepte as people oute of mynde excepte Sir Gawayne

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 468, recto, lines 16–20:

And then Sir Lancelot took his leave and departed and there was there no king, duke, earl, baron, nor knight, lady, nor gentle woman, but all they who wept as people out of mind, except Sir Gawain


barown

Than there was launchyng of greate botis ⁊ ſmale and full of noble men of armys and there was muche ſlaughtir of Iantyll knyghtꝭ and many a full bolde barown was layde full lowe on bothe ꝑtyes

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 476, verso, lines 4–7:


weddynge

English: wedding

Yola: weddeen, waddeen

From Old English weddung, equivalent to wedden + -ing.


deynte

English: dainty

Borrowed from Old French deintie, deinte, from Latin dignitās, dignitātem. Doublet of deynteth and dignyte.

A feeling of joy or delight:
Admiration; esteem.

A feeling of joy or delight:
High regard; great honour.

A luxury or rarity (especially a delicacy).


ydel

English: idle

From Old English īdel, from Proto-West Germanic *īdal, from Proto-Germanic *īdalaz.


wynde

English: wind

From Old English *winde; compare wynden (“to wind”).


ydelschipe

English: idleship (archaic)


idelhed

>? English: idlehead (obsolete)

⇒? English: idlehood

→ Scots: ydelheid (calque)


ydiote

English: idiot, idget, eejit

Scots: eediot, eejit, idiwut

From Old French idiote, from Latin idiota, from Ancient Greek ἰδιώτης (idiṓtēs).


ydelnesse

English: idleness

Inherited from Old English īdelnes, from Proto-West Germanic *īdalnassī; equivalent to ydel + -nesse.


whytel

English: whittle

Yola: whithel

From Old English hwītel, from Proto-West Germanic *hwītil, from Proto-Germanic *hwītilaz, equivalent to whyt + -el (diminutive suffix).


wyndynge

English: winding


wyndynge

English: winding

Yola: weeneen


wyndinge

Alternative form of wyndynge (“winding”)


wynder

English: winder

Someone or something who twists or turns.


wyyndyng

Alternative form of wyndynge (“ventilation”)


wymble

English: wimble

Yola: wimble

Compare Middle Dutch wimmel, Middle Low German wimel, wemel.


wyver

English: wiver

Borrowed from Old French or Anglo-Norman wivre, variant of Old French guivre.


spechen

A new Middle English formation from speche + -en (plural suffix).


tranquillite

English: tranquility

Borrowed from Old French tranquillite, from Latin tranquilitas; by surface analysis, tranquille + -ite.


hearde

Alternative form of herde (“piece of hards”)


oxeherde

English: oxherd

From Old English oxanhierde. Equivalent to oxe (“ox”) + herde (“herder”).


oxtonge

English: oxtongue

bugloss (Anchusa arvensis or a similar plant).


herdeman

English: herdman (obsolete)

From Old English hyrdeman; equivalent to herde (“herder”) + man (“man”).


heorde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herde (“herd”)


cowardnesse

English: cowardness


kingrik

(Northern) Alternative form of kingriche


tigeðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tithe


teouþinke

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tithyng


lymbo

English: limbo

From Latin limbō, ablative of limbus, in the expression in limbō (“on the edge”). Compare limbus.

(Late Middle English) limbo (waiting place for souls)


tithyng

English: tithing

From Old English tēoðung, tēoðing; equivalent to tithe + -ing.

One of ten equal parts of a whole; a tenth.

tithe (tenth of one's income given to clergy)


tenthe

English: tenth

Scots: teind, tent

A remodelling of tithe (Old English teoþa) on the basis of ten + -the (ordinal suffix).
teoþa is from Proto-West Germanic *tehundō, itself from Proto-Germanic *tehundô.


almessen

From Old English ælmessan; equivalent to almesse + -en (plural suffix).

(Early Middle English) plural of almesse


inscicioun

English: incision

From Middle French incision, from Latin incisiō.


hirlyng

English: hireling

From Old English hȳrling, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀijuling; equivalent to hire (“wages”) + -ling.


hire man

English: hireman

Scots: hireman

From Old English hȳrmann; equivalent to hire (“wages”) + man (“man”).


menowe

English: minnow, minny, minnie

Scots: mennon, minnon

From earlier *minwe, *menwe, from the oblique forms of Old English *mynu, from Proto-West Germanic *muniwu.


taloun

English: talon

Borrowed from Old French talon (“heel, spur”), from Medieval Latin tālōnem, from Vulgar Latin *tālōnis, from Latin tālus.

(specifically) The back claw of a bird of prey.


menuse

From Middle French menuise, from Latin minūtia. Compare mynute.


talow

English: tallow

Scots: tauch, tallon

From Old English *tealg, *tealh, from Proto-West Germanic *talg, from Proto-Germanic *talgaz, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dolgʰos.

suet (the adipose tissues of an animal).

tallow (in cooking, candlemaking, and greasing)


leodæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lede (“people”)


læd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of led (“lead”)


quenen

From Old English cwenan; equivalent to quene + -en (plural suffix).

(Early Middle English) plural of quene (“woman”)


hireden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hird (“household”)


hiredman

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hirdman


hewen

From Old English hīwan; equivalent to hewe + -en.


sygne

English: sign

Yola: zeene

from Old English seġn (“sign; mark; token”) and Old French signe, seing (“sign; mark; signature”); both from Latin signum (“a mark; sign; token”); root uncertain.


sonne settynge

English: sunsetting

Yola: zin-zetteen

sonne + settynge, or present participle of setten.


sittynge

English: sitting

Yola: zitheen


sighe

English: sigh


sowynge

English: sowing

Yola: zoween, soween


swetynge

English: sweating

Yola: zweatheen


hærberȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herberwe


herberjour

English: harbinger

From Old French herbergeor; equivalent to Old French herbergier + -our. Compare herberer and herbergage.

A host; one who provides accommodation or hospitality.

A person sent in advance (of an army) to arrange lodgings.


unhonestee

Alternative form of unhoneste (“immorality”)


deshoneste

Alternative form of dishoneste (“disgrace”)


unhoneste

English: unhonesty

From un- + honeste (“honour, integrity”).

Immorality; the state of being unethical.


dishoneste

English: dishonesty

From Old French deshoneste (“disgrace”); equivalent to dis- + honeste (“honour, integrity”).


bisquyte

English: biscuit (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bisquet, bisquite

Yola: busk


kanoun

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative law”)


clicchinge

English: clutching

Yola: clugercheen


canoun

English: canon

Scots: canon

From Old French canon, from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn).


canoun

English: canon

From Old Northern French canoine, from Latin canōnicus; a back-formation from Old English canonic is also possible, though less likely. Some forms are influenced by central Old French chanoine.

canon (clergy member serving a cathedral church).


sandel

Alternative form of sandal (“sandalwood”)


saundres

English: sanders (obsolete)

Originally a plural; from Old French sandre, from Medieval Latin sandalum, from Byzantine Greek σάνδανον (sándanon), σάνταλον (sántalon), from Arabic صَنْدَل (ṣandal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (cndl /čandal/, “sandalwood”), from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”). Doublet of sandal.


karette

desctree

English: carrot
→ Fijian: kareti
→ Malay: karot
→ Tagalog: karot
→ Thai: แครอท (kɛɛ-rɔ̀t)

Yola: correate, coureate

Borrowed from Middle French carotte, from Latin carōta, from Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón).


anoyaunce

English: annoyance

Borrowed from Old French anuiance, anoiance; equivalent to anoyen + -aunce.

(rare) annoyance, irritation (that which annoys)


noyaunce

English: noyance

From Anglo-Norman noyaunce, reinforced through aphesis of anoyaunce; equivalent to noyen + -aunce.

A problem or irritation; that which irritates.

(rare) A dispute; a point of contention.

(rare) An injury; the infliction of harm.


noysaunce

English: nuisance

→ Scots: nuisance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman nusaunce and Old French nuisance.

(law) Anything harmful or offensive to the community.


vayle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of vale


ssep

(Southern, Kent) Alternative form of schep


likinge

Yola: lickeen

(Late Middle English, hapax) resemblance, image


lewthe

English: lewth

⇒ Yola: loothee, louthee


crouche

English: crouch (obsolete)

From Old English crūċ, from Latin crucem. Doublet of cross and croys.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

sign of the cross
sign of the cross#English

A representation of a cross (e.g. a crucifix, the sign of the cross)


croket

English: crocket

From Anglo-Norman croket; a doublet of crochet.


scochon

English: escutcheon, scutcheon

From Anglo-Norman escuchon and Old French escusson.


pellican

English: pelican

Scots: pelican

From Old English pellican, from Latin pellicanus, variant of pelecānus, from Ancient Greek πελεκάν (pelekán).


transgressioun

English: transgression

Borrowed from Old French transgression, from Latin trānsgressiō. Compare transgressour.

A sin; a transgression of religious precepts.

A violation or transgression of the law.

(rare) A disturbance of expectations; an anomaly.


schimeringe

English: shimmering

Yola: shimmereen


utilite

English: utility

Borrowed from Old French utilite, utilitet, itself borrowed from Latin ūtilitās.


malediccion

English: malediction

Borrowed from Middle French malédiction, from Latin maledictiō (“curse”); compare benediction. Doublet of malisoun.


malisoun

English: malison

Scots: mellishon

Borrowed from Old French maleison, from Latin maledictiō; compare benysoun. Doublet of malediccion.


benysoun

English: benison

Scots: benison

Yola: benisons (plural)

Borrowed from Old French beneïson, from Latin benedictio; compare malisoun. Doublet of benediccion.

A blessing (request for divine favour).
A formal blessing or consecration.

A blessing (request for divine favour).
Grace (prayer of thanks)


arsoun

English: arson (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French arçon, from Vulgar Latin *arciō.


benediccion

English: benediction

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin benedictio, benedictionem; compare malediccion. Doublet of benysoun.


benignite

English: benignity

Borrowed from Old French benignite, from Latin benignitās; equivalent to benigne + -ite.


colk

>? English: coke

Possibly from Old English *colc, from Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, depression”), from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz, *kelukaz, *kelukô, a diminutive of *kelǭ (“throat”).


troute

English: trout

Scots: trout, troot

From Old English truht and Old French truite, both from Late Latin tructa, possibly from Ancient Greek τρώκτης (trṓktēs).


carpentrie

English: carpentry

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman carpenterie; equivalent to carpenter + -ie.


malwe

English: mallow

>? Scots: maw

From Old English mealwe, from Latin malva. Some forms are influenced by Old French mauve.


spawde

English: spauld

Scots: spaul

From Old French espalde (French épaule), from Latin spatula.


loyne

English: loin

Scots: lunyie, lungie

From Old French loigne (“loins”), from Latin lumbus. Compare lende.

(often in the plural) The loins or their muscles.

A cut of meat from this part of an animal.


loyne

From Old French loigne, from Medieval Latin longia, longea.

(especially falconry) A cord used as a leash or restraint.


dwele

From Old English ġedwola, dwola, with the vowel of dwelen.


dwæruh

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dwergh


dwellynge

English: dwelling


dwergh

English: dwarf

Scots: droich, droch

→ Scottish Gaelic: troich

From Old English dweorg, from Proto-West Germanic *dwerg, from Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.

dwarf, pygmy (member of a mythological race of dwarfs)

(derogatory) A term of abuse for a short person.


gredire

English: gridiron

Possibly a modification of gridil (“gridiron, griddle”) after iren; compare aundire.

A gridiron; an iron grate used for cooking or torture.


aundire

English: andiron

Borrowed from Old French andier, from Gaulish anderon (“heifer”); some forms are influenced by iren (“iron”).


gridil

English: griddle

Scots: girdle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gredil, from Latin crātīcula; possibly a doublet of crele. Compare gredire.

A gridiron; such a grate used for cooking or torture.


trinite

English: trinity

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trinite and Old French ternite, from Latin trīnitās, trīnitātem; equivalent to trine + -ite.


damey

Probably from Anglo-Norman damehe (“flock”), from dame (“lady”, compare Middle English dame).


rustiȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rusty


dyggar

English: digger

Yola: digger


muscilage

English: mucilage

Borrowed from Middle French mucilage, from Late Latin mūcilāgō.


besaunt

English: bezant, basant, besant, byzant

From Old French besant, from Latin byzantius.

A bezant (Byzantine gold coin) or similar coin:

An ancient coin, especially a talent, drachma, or mina.


shephirde

(Ormulum) Alternative form of schepherde


shepperd

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of schepherde


gudeness

(Northern) Alternative form of goodnesse


crele

English: creel

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from an Old French *creille (compare attested greille), from Latin crātīcula. In that case, a doublet of gridil.


crismatorie

English: chrismatory

From Medieval Latin chrismatōrium; equivalent to crisme + -atorie.


enymyte

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of enemyte


bawme

English: balm

Scots: baum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Middle French baume, from Old French basme, from Latin balsamum. Doublet of balsamum.

The aromatic resin of trees of the genus Commiphora; balsam.

A soothing ointment, especially one containing balsam.

One of several herbs believed to invigorate.

(figurative) A substance that refreshes or invigorates.

(rare) A liquid or ointment for embalming.

(rare) Lamp oil impregnated with balsam.


enemyte

English: enmity

Borrowed from Old French enemisté, ennemistié, from Late Latin, Vulgar Latin *inimīcitās, *inimīcitātem; equivalent to enemy + -te.


basynet

desc

English: bascinet, basinet, bassinet, bacinet, basnet

Scots: basnet

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bacinet; equivalent to basyn + -et.

bascinet (a helmet without a visor / vizor, a visorless / vizorless helmet)


basyn

English: basin

Scots: bashin

→ Irish: báisín

Borrowed from Old French bacin, from Vulgar Latin *baccinum.

A basin (large bowl):
A washbasin; a sink.

A basin (large bowl):
(rare) A basin-shaped gong.

A basin (large bowl):
A basin-shaped gong.


ceose

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chese


chese

English: cheese (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cheese

Inherited from Old English ċīese, ċēse, from Proto-West Germanic *kāsī, from Latin cāseus.

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.


houȝ

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


hoghe

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


quibibe

English: cubeb

Borrowed from Old French quibibe, cubebe, from Arabic كُبَابَة (kubāba); the variation in form reflects similar variation in Old French.


stirop

English: stirrup

Scots: stirrup, strip, strup

From Old English stiġrāp, stīrāp; equivalent to stien + rop (“rope”).


altercacioun

English: altercation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman altercacioun, from Latin altercātiō, altercātiōn-.


ewear

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ewer


infancie

English: infancy

From Latin īnfantia and Old French enfance.


ambicious

English: ambitious

From Middle French ambitieus, ambitieux, from Latin ambitiōsus. Compare ambicioun.


ambicioun

English: ambition

From Old French ambition, from Latin ambitiō. Compare ambicious.


chapul

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of chapele


chapeleyn

English: chaplain

Scots: chaplain

From Old French chapelain, from Latin cappellānus; compare chapele.

A member of the clergy serving as an assistant.

A chaplain; a clergy member serving at a chapel.


cwicnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quyknesse


whykenesse

(Northern) Alternative form of quyknesse


quyknys

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of quyknesse


quyknesse

English: quickness

Defaulte of slepe and hevynesse / Hath [slayne] my spirite of quyknesse / That I haue loste al lustyhede

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

Lack of sleep and sorrow / Have killed the liveliness in my spirit / So that I have lost all enjoyment of life.

(rare, Late Middle English) Quickness, rapidity.


dregh

English: dree

From Old English *drēog, ġedrēog, from Proto-West Germanic *dreug, from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz.


blasoun

English: blazon

Borrowed from Old French blason, of unknown origin.


taxacioun

English: taxation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman taxacion, from Latin taxātiō, taxātiōnem. Equivalent to taxe + -acioun.


væræ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fare


ffery

Alternative form of ferie (“ferry crossing”)


feorme

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


fyrme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


fermour

desctree

English: farmer
→ Kashubian: farmôrz (Canada, United States)
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרמער (farmer)

Scots: fermer, fairmer

A remodelling of Old French fermier (from Medieval Latin firmarius) after ferme (“lease”) + -our.

A tax collector entitled to retain their proceeds for a fixed fee.

A steward or bailiff (an overseer of an estate)

A lessee or tenant (who a property is leased to).


furbisshour

English: furbisher

Borrowed from Middle French fourbisseur; equivalent to furbisshen + -our.


purgacioun

English: purgation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman purgacion, from Latin pūrgātiō; equivalent to purgen + -acioun.

A cleansing or purification:
Cleansing from sin.

Purging of the body, especially evacuation.

Acquittal through compurgation or an ordeal.


purgynge

English: purging

Purifying; removal of impurities or extraneous matter.


abbathie

English: abbacy

Scots: abbacy, abbasy, abbacie

From Late Latin abbātia, from abbās, abbātis (“abbot”). Doublet of abbey.

office, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot;


confermement

Borrowed from Old French confermement, from Medieval Latin confirmāmentum; equivalent to confermen + -ment.

(Christianity) The sacrament of confirmation.


confermynge

English: confirming


confirmacioun

English: confirmation

From Old French confirmacion, from Latin confirmātiō; equivalent to confermen + -acioun.


hauberjoun

English: habergeon, haubergeon

From Old French haubergeon, hauberjon, diminutive of hauberc (see Middle English hauberk).


affermour

English: affirmer

From Middle French affermeur; equivalent to affermen + -our.


eglenter

From Old French aiglantier, diminutive of aiglant (“eglantine”).


affermynge

English: affirming


ȝebed

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bede


dukdom

English: dukedom


lyverwort

English: liverwort

From Old English liferwyrt; equivalent to lyvere (“liver”) + wort (“plant”).


lyvere

English: liver

Scots: liver

From the oblique cases of Old English lifer, from Proto-West Germanic *libru, from Proto-Germanic *librō.

The liver as the purported origin of love.

liver (digestive organ):
The liver as food or medicine.


lyvere

English: liver

Yola: lewer


færde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ferde


ffers

Alternative form of fers (“chess piece”)


fersnesse

English: fierceness


awfyn

English: alfin, alphin

From Middle French alfin, from Old Spanish alfil, arfil, from Arabic الفِيل (al-fīl, “the elephant”).


cheker

English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium; equivalent to chek + -er. Doublet of escheker.

A chessboard (checkerboard):
A chess set; chess equipment.

A game played with a chessboard; chess, checkers.

An accounting table (originally with a checkered tablecloth)

(by extension) The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


chekmat

English: checkmate

/ˈt͡ʃɛːkˌmaːt/

From Old French eschec mat, from Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta), from Persian شاه مات (šâh mât, “the king [is] amazed”), perhaps conflated with Arabic مَاتَ (māta, “to die”). Equivalent to chek + mat.

der

Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta)


mattok

English: mattock

Yola: mattoke


matyns

English: matins

Borrowed from Old French matins, plural of matin, from Latin mātūtīnum.


favourere

English: favourer, favorer

(Late Middle English) A supporter or adherent; one who aids.


cinht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of knyght


matyn

And ȝit is it not past Matyn tyme, Neþer no wher ny the Owr of pryme.

He myght not reste in his bed in matyn tyme.


sadnesse

English: sadness

Scots: sadness

Formed anew from sad + -nesse; compare Old English sædnysse (“fatigue”).


lafdi

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lady


goude

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gode


threp

English: threap

Scots: threip

(Northern) conflict, dissension, dispute


iflit

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flyt


swynge

English: swing

Scots: swing

From Old English swinge; compare swyngen.


mystynesse

English: mistiness

(also figurative) misty or foggy condition


sweng

>? English: swinge

From Old English swenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *swangwi.


dradnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of drednesse


drednesse

English: dreadness (rare)


chaufour

English: chafer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaufour, from Latin calefactōrium; equivalent to chaufen + -our.

A plate (for food preparation or service)


seim

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seym


steorve

From Old English steorfa, from Proto-West Germanic *sterbō, from Proto-Germanic *sterbô; compare sterven.


stroutere

English: strutter


straungenesse

English: strangeness

Lack of attachment; alienation, enmity, indifference.

(rare) The state of being exotic or difficult; alienness.

(rare) Straying from boundaries; debauchery.


oversloppe

→ English: overslop

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Skeat, Walter W. (editor), "The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue", in The Canterbury Tales, reprinted 1900 in The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, volume IV, line 80.
His oversloppe nis nat worth a myte


overlippe

Hir over lippe wyped she so clene,
That in hir coppe was no ferthing sene

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 133-135

She wiped her upper lip so clean,
That in her cup there was seen no tiny bit
Of grease, when she had drunk her drink.

Of grece, whan she dronken hadde hir draughte.


princehode

Promisyng and behightyng, by the faith of his body and worde of his prince-hode.

1550, Edward Hall, “(please specify the part of the work)”, in The Vnion of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre & Yorke, Beyng Long in Continuall Discension for the Croune of this Noble Realme, […], London: […] Rychard Grafton, […] [and Steven Mierdman], →OCLC:


creaunce

English: creance

Borrowed from Old French creance (earlier credance), from Latin crēdentia. Doublet of credence.

Wherefore, it seemeth well, that God loveth them and is pleased with their creaunce for their good deeds.

1357, John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, modernized spelling edition:


scluse

English: sluice

From Old French escluse, from Late Latin exclūsa.


sclise

English: slice

Scots: sclice

Borrowed from Old French esclice, from esclicier.


althing

English: allthing (obsolete)

From alle + thing (“all things”) & al + thing (“every thing”).


bront

English: brunt

From Old Norse brundr or brundtíð (“oestrus, rut”) (from Proto-Germanic *brunstiz) or bruna (“to rush”, literally “to advance like wildfire”) (see brenna).

A sudden movement or onset, a rush or spurt.


curfu

English: curfew

Borrowed from Old French cuevre-feu. Forms ending in -r are due to the influence of fyr (“fire”).


greyve

English: grave (historical)

Borrowed from Old Norse greifi, from Middle Low German grēve, from Old Saxon grāvio, from Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō. Doublet of reve.

reeve, bailiff (administrative official)


wasshe

English: wash

Scots: wash

From Old English wæsċ and Old English wæsċe. See the verb wasshen.

(rare) A shallow part of a body of water.


wasshere

English: washer

One who debases coins by using acid to wear at the metal.


wasshynge

English: washing

Middle Scots: wasching

Scots: washin

From Old English *wæsċing, equivalent to wasshen + -ing.

The process of washing or cleaning:
(medicine) The bathing of a wound.

The process of washing or cleaning:
The bathing of a wound.

(figurative) Purification; spiritual cleansing.

The process of washing or cleaning:
Purification; spiritual cleansing.

(rare) The debasement of coins by using acid to wear at the metal.

Something used to wash or clean:
(rare) A medicinal ointment or salve.

Something used to wash or clean:
A medicinal ointment or salve.

Something used to wash or clean:
(rare) Water used to wash; dishwater.

Something used to wash or clean:
Water used to wash; dishwater.

(rare) A bath (i.e. for washing the body)

Something used to wash or clean:
A bath (i.e. for washing the body)


wesce

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wasshe


locion

English: lotion

(rare, Late Middle English) A pharmaceutical ointment.


acounte

desctree

English: account
→ Bulgarian: ака́унт (akáunt)
→ Japanese: アカウント (akaunto)
→ Malay: akaun
→ Pohnpeian: akaund
→ Russian: аккаунт (akkaunt)
→ Swahili: akaunti

Scots: accoont, account

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman acounte, aconte, from aconter (see acounten). Equivalent to a- + counte (“computation”).

An enumeration or count; the act of counting.

(often in the plural) An account (financial record)

(specifically) One's explanation at the Last Judgement.


maturacioun

English: maturation

From Middle French maturation, from Latin maturatio; equivalent to maturen + -acioun.

(medicine) maturation (discharging of pus)

(medicine, rare) Having tendency to cause such maturation.


maturynge

(medicine, rare) suppurative (medicine causing discharging of pus)


mecche

English: match (see there for further descendants)

Scots: match

Borrowed from Old French mesche, from Vulgar Latin micca, probably from Latin myxa, itself from Ancient Greek μύξα (múxa).


maturatif

enm-noun

maturatif (plural maturatives or maturatifs)

maturatives (plural)
maturatifs (plural)

English: maturative

From Middle French maturatif, from Medieval Latin mātūrātīvus; equivalent to maturen + -atyf.

(medicine) suppurative (medicine causing discharging of pus)


macche

Scots: match

From Old English mæċċa, ġemæċċa, from Proto-West Germanic *makkjō, *gamakkjō. Compare make (“bride, equal”).

A bride or mate; a romantic or sexual partner.


mæȝeðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of maythe


waffer

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of wafre


waferare

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of wafrer


wafrer

English: waferer (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman wafrer; equivalent to wafre + -er.


wafre

English: wafer

Scots: wafer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman wafre, waufre, from a Germanic language (compare Middle Low German wāfel, Middle Dutch wafel).


maythe

⇒ English: mayweed, maidenweed

From Old English mæġþe, mæġeðe; compare Middle Low German mēgedeblōme, Middle High German magetbluome.

stinking chamomile, mayweed (Anthemis cotula)


mavys

English: mavis

Scots: mavis

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mauvis, possibly from a Medieval Latin *malvitius.


maunde

English: maund

Borrowed from Old French mande, from Middle Dutch mande, from Old Dutch manda, from Proto-West Germanic *mandu.


macys

desctree

English: mace
→ Japanese: メース (meisu)
→ Korean: 메이스 (meiseu)
→ Maori: meihi
→ Welsh: mês

Borrowed from Middle French macis, from Old French macis, from Medieval Latin macis, from Latin macir, from Ancient Greek μάκιρ (mákir).
Forms like mace are from reinterpretation of macys as a singular.


aqueyntaunce

English: acquaintance

desc

Scots: acquantance, acquentance, acquaintance, akquantence

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman aquaintaunce, aqueintance, Old French acointance (“friendship, familiarity”), from Old French acointier (“to acquaint”); equivalent to aqueynten + -aunce.


schrub

English: shrub

From Old English sċrybb, from Proto-West Germanic *skrubbiju, from Proto-Germanic *skrubbijō.


serjaunt

enm-noun

serjaunt (plural serjauntes or serjauns)

English: sergeant

→ Manx: sarjant

Scots: sairjint

Borrowed from Old French sergeant, from Medieval Latin serviēns. Doublet of servaunt.

A servant or attendant at a noble household:

(by extension) One who serves a religious cause.

The chief officer of a household department.

A law enforcement officer charged with apprehending and ordering summons.


ymake

Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


ȝemace

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


imaken

(Early Middle English) plural of make (“equal, partner”)


servitour

English: servitor

Borrowed from Latin servītōr, servītōrem; compare serven.


servyle

English: servile

Borrowed from Old French servil, servile, from Latin servīlis; equivalent to serven + -yle.

Fitting for or pertaining to a servant or slave; servile.


sermontayne

English: sermountain (now rare)

Borrowed from Old French sermontain; compare montayne.

(Late Middle English) laserwort (Laserpitium siler)


surnape

English: surnape

Borrowed from Old French surnappe; equivalent to sur- + nape.

(chiefly Late Middle English) An overcloth laid for handwashing.


surcote

English: surcoat

Borrowed from Old French surcote; equivalent to sur- + cote.

An overcoat or overdress; an overgarment.

(specifically) A surcoat (garment worn with armour)


meyneal

English: menial

Borrowed from Old French mesnal; equivalent to and remodelled on meyne + -al.


horete

a word of uncertain meaning, denoting an item of armor, possibly an oreillette


curtylage

English: curtilage, courtledge, courtlage

Fingallian: curtlagh

Borrowed from Old French cortillage, curtillage; compare court.

A small personal garden surrounding a house.


courteour

English: courtier

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman corteour; equivalent to court + -our.


curteisie

English: courtesy, curtsey

Scots: curchy

From Anglo-Norman curteisie, curtesie; equivalent to curteis + -ie.
The lack of spellings indicating a pronunciation with /s/ (such as *curteicie or *curteissie) would seem to indicate that this analogical pronunciation postdates Middle English.

Chivalric values; chivalrousness, honour, valour.

Kindness; charitable or courteous behaviour.


brandellet

Perhaps a diminutive of brand (“sword”).

, Richard Coer de Lyon, (2015 Peter Larkin / ISD LLC edition: →ISBN), page 30

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Kynge Rycharde of hym was ware, And a spere to hym he bare, And encountred hym in the felde; He bare awaye halfe his shelde, His pusen therwith gan gone, And also his brandellet bone, His vyser and his gorgere.

a word of uncertain meaning, denoting some part of a knight's equipment, perhaps a small sword


ferventnesse

English: ferventness

(rare, Late Middle English) heat, heatedness, intensity


ofcast

English: offcast

Scots: affcast

From ofcasten and cast; equivalent to of- + cast.

(hapax) The normally uneaten refuse of plants.


solucioun

English: solution

Borrowed from Old French solucion, from Latin solūtiō, solūtiōnem; compare solven.

The answer to or explanation for a problem.

(alchemy, rare) A solution (mixture formed by dissolution)


resolucioun

English: resolution

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman resolucion or its etymon Latin resolūtiō, resolūtiōnem; equivalent to re- + solucioun. Compare resolven.

(figuratively) Death (as the parting of body and soul)

Decomposition, dissolution, splitting:
Death (as the parting of body and soul)

(medicine) The decomposition of humours or the ability to cause it.


dissolucioun

English: dissolution

Borrowed from Old French dissolucion, from Latin dissolūtiō, dissolūtiōnem; equivalent to dis- + solucioun. Compare dissolven.


countesse

English: countess

Borrowed from Old French contesse; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -esse.

A countess (wife of a count, earl, or analogous noble)


kinreden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kynrede


ofcastyng

English: offcasting

Scots: affcastins (plural)


ofputtinge

English: offputting

desc

Scots: affpittin, affputting, aff-pitting, aff-putting, aff-pitten, aff-pettin'