personne

And by þis skill comes man to þe knawynge of Godd, þat he es a Godd in hymself and thre in personnes.[…]The IIᵈᵉ is, that when they goo abowte eny procuratyoun that in noo wyse they may present eny personne to whom the almys may be gevynn, for and yf they doo they resceive money by a mene persone, therfor when they go for suche almys they shall exhorte them that gevith hit he wille wytsaff to doo the almes them self, or ellis to commyt yt to a nother, the whiche may do hit in his name; but yf it wille nat please hym soo too doo then the bretherne may name a personne, the whiche in his name that gevethe yt may doo the almys, as Pope Nicholas saith in his declaration.

15th century, from Robert Cotton’s manuscript Faustina D. iv., “Appendix VII.”, in Brewer, John Sherren, editor, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages: Monumenta Franciscana, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, published 1858, pages 45, 569:

The toþer artecle es þat we sall trowe þat He, Godd and man bathe in a personne, was sothefastly of þat blessyde maydene, Godd getyne of his ffadire be-fore any tyme, and man borne of his modir and broghte furthe in tyme. […] The sexte artecle es þat we sall trowe þat one þe fourtede day eftyr þat He rase thurgh strenghe of hym-selfe, He steye in till Heuene, whare oure kynde es now in his blyssyde personne, noghte anely euyne ne mete till his angells, bot hey coround kynge abowne all His angells, þat before tyme was lesse þan þe kynde of angells.

c. 1440, from Robert Thornton’s manuscript, “I. Dan Jon Gaytryge’s Sermon”, in Perry, George, editor, Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse, London: N. Trübner & Co., published 1867, pages 3–4:

Laſtly, Where the ſaid Sir Nicholas hath ſeruyd your Majeſtie as Cheiff Comyſſioner in the Province of Vlſter xj Yeres, and hetherto hath not had any ordinary Allowaunce for the ſame, aſſuring him ſelf, that thoſe whome hath bin Lord Deputies, and the whole Realme, will ſaye that his Chardges and Expences therin, hath not bin inferior to either the Preſydents of Connaught or Mounſter: He humblie beſecheth your Majeſtie, that if he be thought a fytt Perſonne to contynewe the ſaid Chardge, then he maye have ſomme convenyent Allowaunce to him aſſigned for Thexecucion therof. […] The cheife Perſonne who kept his Howſe, before vs all, burthened the ſaied Sir Nicholas, with no more Hurtes donne vnto the ſaid Viſcount hym ſelfe, then the Takinge of a Barrell of Drincke; a Bacon, and certeine Oetes, all which his Man delyvered for Enterteinemente, beinge of no ſoche Value, as for ſoche a Perſonne, to ſoch a Servitor, in his Tyme of Service to be accompted of.[…]For by the Declaration of Henrie Davills, Robert Harpooll, Capten Macwoorthe, and v or vj other Perſonnes of Creditt, who were with Sir Nicholas, it apearethe, that after he tooke vp Lodginge, he gave Chardge to everie Capten, to foreſee that there ſhould be no Spoile committed by the Soldiours, beinge in Nombre Cxl, nor any Thinge to be taken withouthe Payment, proteſtinge Hanginge to any, that ſhould take the Value of a Mutton.

a. 1578, Letters and Memorials of State, in the Reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, Part of the Reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver’s Usurpation (in Middle English), London, published 1746, pages 190, 268, 269:


mile

English: mile (obsolete)

From Old English mīl (“millet”) and Latin milium (“millet”).


fe

Robin sat on gude green hill,
Kepand a flock of fe

a. 1500, Robert Henryson, Robin and Makyne:

Robin sat on a good green hill,
keeping a flock of cattle.


milk

English: milk

Scots: milk, melk, mylk

Yola: mulk

From Old English milc, meolc, from Proto-West Germanic *meluk, from Proto-Germanic *meluks.


em

English: eam, eme (dialectal)

Scots: eme

Inherited from Old English ēam (“maternal uncle”), from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim, from Proto-Germanic *awahaimaz.


dam

English: dam

Scots: dam

From Old English *damm, from Proto-West Germanic *damm.


dam

(when preceding labials) Alternative form of dan


pers

English: perse

From Old French pers, from Medieval Latin persus.


parlement

English: parliament, Parliament

Scots: parliament

desc

→ Old French: parlement (“legislative assembly, legislative body”) (semantic loan)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French parlement; equivalent to parlen + -ment. Compare Medieval Latin parliamentum.

A parliament (formal council of importance)

A consultation, council, or conference:
A parliament (legislative assembly).

(specifically) The parliament of England.


line

English: line

From Old English līne, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ. Some forms and meanings are from Old French ligne.

(figurative) rule, direction, command, edict

line, straight mark; also a fictitious line


lauriol

From Middle French laureole, from Latin laureola.

Of wormes, er ye take your laxatyves,
Of lauriol, centaure, and fumetere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


universal

English: universal

From Old French universel, from Latin ūniversālis; equivalent to universe + -al.

(Late Middle English, philosophy, rare) A category, class, or classification.


sonne

English: sun

Scots: sun

Yola: zin

From Old English sunne, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnā, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 7-8.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun.

The light and warmth that radiates from the sun; sunlight.


launce

English: lance, launce

Scots: lance

From Old French lance, from Latin lancea.

(rare) A lancer; someone armed with a lance.

(figurative, rare) That which is long and pointed.


launce

Alternative form of launcen (“to push forwards”)


laurer

English: laurel

Scots: laurie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lorer (Old French lorier), from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, from Latin laurus, which forms with /au̯/ are influenced by.
Forms with final /l/ are presumably due to a combination of dissimilation (as in marble, variant of marbre) and the influence of laureola, but are often reshaped after the suffix -(i)al.

With his tryumphe and laurer-corouned thus,

Circa 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Anelida and Arcite, lines 44-45


langage

English: language

From Old French language; from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum.


dok

English: dock

Scots: dock

From Old English *docce, *docca, from Proto-Germanic *dukkǭ.


ce

English: sea


ce

English: see


accusement

Than þenk I þis were here accusement.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus & Criseyde, IV.50:


luff

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of love (“love”)


luff

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“palm”)


gras

desctree

English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas

desc

Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

From Old English græs, from Proto-West Germanic *gras, from Proto-Germanic *grasą.

A grass (A plant in the family Poaceae or of similar appearance to those plants)

Any plant; especially a herbaceous one; a herb.

(medicine) A plant or herb reputed to have medicinal or curative properties.

The lamina of a leaf or a leaf in general.

Ground planted with grass; grassy land; a pasture or meadow.

Fodder; grass used to feed animals (especially livestock).


laughter

English: laughter

Scots: lachter, lauchter

From Old English hleahtor, from Proto-Germanic *hlahtraz.

She was right swich to seen in hir visage / As is that wight that men on bere binde / Hir face, lyk of Paradys the image / Was al y-chaunged in another kinde. / The pleye, the laughtre men was wont to finde / On hir, and eek hir Ioyes everychone, / Ben fled, and thus lyth now Criseyde allone.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book IV”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 862–868:

She was such to see in her visage / like that woman that men on a bier notice; / Her face which was the image of Paradise / had totally changed to another kind; / the play, the laughter men tended to find / on her, and all her joys as well / had left, and there Cressida now lies alone.

Laughter; the production of laughs or snickers.

An instance or bout of laughing or laughter.

A humorous matter; something worthy of being derided.


sex

Of all þingez hauyng soule of eny flesch: two þou schalt brynge in to þe ark, þat male sex & female […]

a. 1382, Bible (Wycliffite), Genesis, Chapter vi, Verse 19


surname

English: surname

Partial calque of Old French surnoun, from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen; equivalent to sur- + name. Forms beginning with sir-, syr-, etc. represent reanalysis of the first element as sire.

Þe .xxxix. Osoman, cert, His surname was: hardi of hert.

c. 1330, Arthour and Merlin, section 5488:

c. 1400, "St. John Baptist", 928 in W. M. Metcalfe, Legends of the saints: in the Scottish dialect of the fourteenth century (1896), II 249

Þe thred herrod had alsua til his suornome agrippa.

Þat is noȝt reisonable...to refusy my syres sorname.

1393, William Langland, Piers Plowman, C iv 369:

c. 1395, Wycliff's Bible, Ecclus. XLVII 19

In the name of the Lord, to whom the surname [toname in the 1382 ed.] is God of Israel.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


wan

Alternative form of wane (“deprivation”)


wan

(Northern) Alternative form of vein (“that which is vain”)


wan

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of wone (“dwelling”)


wan

Alternative form of wane (“woeful state”)


grove

English: grove

Scots: grave (obsolete)


ho

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


ho

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


ea

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ee


spade

English: spade

Scots: spade, spaid

Yola: spaade


po

English: pea, po (archaic)

Inherited from Old English pāwa, pēa, from Proto-Germanic *pāwô, from Latin pāvō. Influenced by the first element of Old Norse páfugl.


requiem

English: requiem

Scots: requiem (obsolete)

From Latin requiem, the first word of the introit for the traditional requiem mass.

requiem (mass for commemoration of the dead)


doom

English: doom

Middle Scots: dome, dume

Inherited from Old English dōm, from Proto-West Germanic *dōm, from Proto-Germanic *dōmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos.

a judgement, (legal) decision or sentence


holy

English: holy

Inherited from Old English hāliġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hailag, from Proto-Germanic *hailagaz; equivalent to hool + -y.

One who is sanctified or made holy; a saint, hallow


tool

English: tool

Scots: tuil

From Old English tōl, from Proto-Germanic *tōlą.

(rare) A device used for torturing or interrogration.


aqua

English: aqua

Scots: aqua


waist

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


navel

English: navel

Scots: nyvel

From Old English nafola, from Proto-West Germanic *nabulō, from Proto-Germanic *nabulô; compare nave.


ar

(Northern) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)


solstice

English: solstice

From Old French solstice and Latin sōlstitium.


mercurial

Borrowed from Latin mercuriālis, Mercuriālis (“pertaining to the Roman god Mercury”).

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium; a goosefoot.


sulphur

English: sulphur, sulfur

From Anglo-Norman sulfre, from Latin sulfur.


pot

English: pot

Scots: pott, pat

From Old English pott and Old French pot, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *puttaz, from Proto-Indo-European *budnós.

A pot; a circular receptacle or vessel:
A cookpot (a pot used for cooking in)

A pot used for storing substances (especially food or water)

A pot used for ladling or serving liquids; a beaker.

A measurement for the quantity of liquids.

A pot of a certain material or manufacture:


college

English: college (see there for further descendants)

Scots: college

/kɔˈlɛːd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium.

A group of clergymen (usually dependent on public funds).

A group of teachers and students; a university or part of one.

A group of colleagues; a team or organisation.


must

English: must

From Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.


rust

English: rust

Scots: roost, roust

From Old English rust, rūst, from Proto-West Germanic *rust, *rost, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz.

(horticulture) A fungal disease of plants.


almond

English: almond

Scots: almond

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11

dorrẹ̅, dōrī adj. & n. […] cook. glazed with a yellow substance; pome(s ~, sopes ~. […] 1381 Pegge Cook. Recipes p. 114: For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1962 (quoting 1381 text), Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, eds., Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-01044-8, page 1242

An object that resembles an almond in physical form.


Dane

English: Dane

Through Old French Dan, or directly from Old Norse Danir, in turn from Proto-Germanic *daniz. Displaced native Old English Dene.


share

English: share

Yola: shor

From Old English scear, from Proto-Germanic *skaraz (“ploughshare”).


share

English: share

Scots: schare

Yola: shaar

From Old English sċearu, from Proto-West Germanic *skaru, from Proto-Germanic *skarō.


lever

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


damage

English: damage

Scots: dammish

From Old French damage, from Vulgar Latin *damnāticum.

(law, often in the plural) damages (compensation for loss)


namen

From Old English naman; equivalent to name + -en (plural suffix).


silence

English: silence

Scots: seelence

From Old French silence, from Latin silentium.

And whanne he hadde opened þe ſeuenþe ſeel. a ſilence was maad in heuene as an half an our.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:1, page 120r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when he had opened the seventh seal, silence occurred in heaven for half an hour.

Silence; the state of refraining or refusing to speak.

Peace, calm; a state of tranquil and restful behaviour.

Quietness; a lack of sound or speaking (for a given area or time).

Refraining from excessive speaking or talking.

The following of a religious vow of silence.

(rare) The termination of a dispute or conflict.

(rare) Secrecy or freedom from disruption.


parable

English: parable

Scots: parable

Yola: parboles (plural)

From Old French parable, parabole, from Late Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ).

A parable or narrative (usually teaching or illustrating a lesson)

A maxim or byword, a short phrase or quip teaching or illustrating a lesson.

A oration or session of speaking, especially one full of invective; a diatribe or rant.


achate

From Old French achat (“purchase”). See cates.

The kitchin Clerke, that hight Digestion, / Did order all th’Achates in seemely wise, / And set them forth, as well he could deuise.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Purchases; provisions bought for a household, cates.


hound

houndes (plural)
hounden (plural)
hound (accusative nominative singular)
hounds (accusative nominative plural)
houndes (accusative nominative plural)
houndes (genitive singular)
hounde (genitive plural)
hounde (dative singular)
hounden (dative plural)

English: hound

Northumbrian: hoond, hund

Scots: hoond, hund

Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus familiaris#Translingual

dog, hound (The canid Canis lupus familiaris)

A pet dog; a dog kept for companionship.

(specifically) A male or fully-grown dog.

A strong term of abuse, especially used against enemies of one's religion

(rare) The forces of evil; the infernal army.


forest

English: forest

Scots: forest

→ Welsh: fforest

Borrowed from Old French forest, from Early Medieval Latin forestis.

Hit bi fel in þat foreſt · þere faſt by ſide / þer woned a wel old cherl · þat was a couherde

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 3-4; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

It so happened that right there in that forest / there was a very old peasant; a cowherd.

A forest or wood (uninhabited forested region)

A preserve for hunting exclusive to royalty.


plover

English: plover

Scots: pliver, plivver

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman plover, plovier, from Medieval Latin plovarius, pluviārius.

plover (bird of the family Charadriidae)


lathe

English: lathe

From Old Norse hlað (“pile, heap”). More at English, Etymology 3, above.

By Goddes herte, he sal nat scape us bathe!
Why ne had thow pit the capul in the lathe!

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reeve’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

By God’s heart, he will not escape us both! Why didn’t you put the horse in the barn!

a barn to house livestock or store grain, etc.; a storehouse


side

English: side

Scots: side, syde

Yola: zeide


violence

English: violence

From Old French violence, from Latin violentia.

Violence (harmful manual force) or an example of it.

A harmful force of nature; great natural force.

The force or power of one's feelings or mental state.

Powerful or forceful movement or mobility.

Misrule or malgovernance; abuse of authority.


tie

Alternative form of teye (“chest, enclosure”)


ax

English: axe, ax

Scots: aix

From Old English æx, æcs, from Proto-West Germanic *akusi.


ax

From Old English eax, from Proto-Germanic *ahsu.


antelope

desctree

English: antelope
→ Irish: antalóp
→ Manx: antelope

Scots: antelope

From Old French antelop, from Medieval Latin antilops, from Byzantine Greek ἀνθόλοψ (anthólops).


ruse

English: ruse

borrowed from Anglo-Norman reuse, ruse; compare rusen.

The evasive movements of a pursued animal.

A circuitous course taken by a hunter to pursue a game animal.


humour

English: humour, humor (US)
→⇒ Chinese:
Cantonese: 幽默 (jau¹ mak⁶)
Mandarin: 幽默 (yōumò)
→ Danish: humor
→ Icelandic: húmor
→ Dutch: humor
→ Esperanto: humuro
→ French: humour
→ Romanian: humor, umor
→ Turkish: humor
→ German: Humor (semantic loan)
→ Polish: humor
→ Yiddish: הומאָר (humor) (probably)
→ Greek: χιούμορ (chioúmor)
→ Italian: humour
→ Japanese: ユーモア (yūmoa)
→ Korean: 유머 (yumeo)
→ Norwegian: (also via German)
Bokmål: humor
Nynorsk: humor
→ Russian: ю́мор (júmor), гу́мор (gúmor)
→ Azerbaijani: yumor
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ху̀мор
Latin script: hùmor
→ Swedish: humor (semantic loan)

Scots: humour

From Old French humor, from Latin hūmor, ūmor.

A "cardinal humour" (four liquids believed to affect health and mood)

A bodily liquid or substance that causes disease or affliction.

A bodily liquid or substance that is caused by disease.

One of the two (usually reckoned as three or four) fluidous portions of the eye.

Any fluid; something which flows or moves in a fluidous manner:

The liquid contained within a plant; plant juices.

(rare) A liquid of the human body (e.g. blood)

A mist or gas; a substance dissipated in the air.

(rare) One of the four classical elements (fire, earth, air, and water).


brothers

From brother + -es (“noun plural suffix”).


score

English: score

Yola: score

Inherited from Old English scoru, from Old Norse skor, from Proto-Germanic *skurō.


mate

English: mate

Scots: mate

From Middle Low German mate, from Old Saxon gimato, from Proto-West Germanic *gamatjō. Doublet of mette.


rind

English: rind

Scots: rind, reen, reind

The bark of a tree (often used in medicine).

The exterior layer of a fruit or nut (often used in medicine).

(rare) An animal's hard outer coating (e.g. the carapace of an insect.)

(rare) A scab; a protective coating over a wound.

(rare, figurative) Something's surface signification.


hamer

English: hammer

Fiji Hindi: haamaa

desc

Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer

From Old English hamor, from Proto-Germanic *hamaraz; from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱmoros.

A hammer (tool for pressing nails inwards).

(figurative) A fierce individual; one with strong convictions or great force.


thong

English: thong

Scots: thwang, thwayng, thang

Yola: fong

From Old English þwang, from Proto-West Germanic *þwangi, from Proto-Germanic *þwangiz.


hond

hondes (plural)
honden (plural)
hond (plural)

English: hand

Scots: hand, haund

Yola: hoane, hoan, hone

Blessid be my Lord God, that techith myn hondis to werre and my fyngris to batel.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 143:1”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Blessed be my Lord God, who teaches my hands to war and my fingers to battle.


half

head

half (plural halves or halfes or halven)

halves (plural)
halfes (plural)
halven (plural)

From Old English healf, half, from Proto-West Germanic *halb, from Proto-Germanic *halbaz.

The four halves of the house

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


fustian

English: fustian

⇒ Scots: foustie

Borrowed from Old French fustaine, from Medieval Latin fūstāneum.

Of fustian he wered a gypon / Al bismotered with his habergeoun, / For he was late ycome from his viage, / And wente for to doon his pilgrymage.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 75-8:

He wore a fustian tunic, / all smothered [with rust]] from his habergeon / because he'd lately returned from his travels / and went to make his pilgrimage.

A cloth made of cotton, flax or wool, being the ancestor of modern fustian.

A piece of such cloth used as a bedspread.


wont

English: want (dialectal)

Scots: want

From Old English wand, wond, from Proto-Germanic *wanduz.


los

English: loss

Scots: los, lose, lois

Yola: lass


dis

Alternative form of dees: plural of dee (“die”)


awe

English: awe

Scots: awe, aw

Borrowed from Old Norse agi, from Proto-Germanic *agaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos. Doublet of eye.

that which elicits or incites horror; something horrifying


pole

English: pole

Scots: pale, pall

Yola: pulmere


cos

English: kiss

Scots: kis

Yola: kesse

From Old English coss, from Proto-West Germanic *koss, from Proto-Germanic *kussaz. Forms with /i/, /u/ and /ɛ/ are influenced by Old English cyssan.


code

English: cud, quid

Scots: cude, cuid

From Old English cudu, cwidu, cweodu, from Proto-West Germanic *kwidu.

Any kind of plant gum; a gummy or resinous substance.

And thei crieden not to me in her herte, but ȝelliden in her beddis. Thei chewiden code on wheete, and wyn, and thei ȝeden awei fro me.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 7:14”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And they didn't cry to me from their hearts; instead they whined in their beds. They chewed wheat and wine like cud, then they ran away from me.

Cud; regurgitated food chewed upon by livestock.

(rare) A mass or lump; a large pile of something.


code

English: code

Scots: cude, cuid, cood

From Old French code, from Latin cōdex, caudex.


code

From Old English codd and Old Norse koddi.


mote

⇒ Yola: mothee

Borrowed from Old French mote and Medieval Latin mota.


ars

English: arse, ass

Scots: ers, airse

From Old English ærs, ears, from Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érsos.


ars

From Old French arz, artz (plural of art), from Latin artēs.

(Early Middle English) plural of art (“(area of) knowledge”)


lore

desctree

English: lore
→ Russian: лор (lor)
→ Ukrainian: лор (lor)

Scots: lare, lair

From Old English lār, from Proto-West Germanic *laiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *laizō
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases, while forms with /ɛː/ are influenced by leren (“to teach”).

Education or teaching; the provision of knowledge.

Studying or learning; the absorption of knowledge.

Doctrine; a tenet or the tenets of a religion or science.

A topic or field of research; a discipline.

(rare) Competence or proficiency; one's skill in a discipline.

And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… …taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto… And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

A directive, instruction, or set of them:

An admonition or exhortation; a fervent plea.

(rare) Significance, value, or importance.


lore

Loss; the act of losing something, especially soldiers in battle.


ape

English: ape

Scots: ape, aip

From Old English apa, from Proto-West Germanic *apō, from Proto-Germanic *apô.


mule

English: mule

Scots: mule

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mule, from Latin mūla, feminine of mūlus; reinforced by native Old English mūl, from the same Latin source.


fare

English: fare

Scots: fare

Yola: gudeváre

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English faru, from Proto-West Germanic *faru, from Proto-Germanic *farō.
* Old English fær, from Proto-West Germanic *far, from Proto-Germanic *farą.

Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.

A proceeding or occurrence:
Behaviour or appearance.

A proceeding or occurrence:
Condition or fortune.

A proceeding or occurrence:
A commotion or disturbance.


turf

English: turf

Scots: turr, truff

Yola: thrive

From Old English turf, from Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz.


cross

English: cross
→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)

Scots: cross, cros

From Old English cros, borrowed from Old Norse kross, borrowed from Old Irish cros, borrowed from Latin crux. Doublet of crouche and croys.

A cross or gibbet (wooden frame for execution).

A representation of a cross; the cross as a Christian symbol:

The intersection of drawn lines, especially as a signature.

(figurative) The cross in Christian metaphor:

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Crucifixion; nailing to a cross.

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Suffering, penury.

(biblical) Christianity; the Christian religion.

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Christianity; the Christian religion.


request

English: request

Scots: request

From Old French requeste, from Vulgar Latin *requaesita; equivalent to re- + quest.

A request or petition; a pleading or asking.

(Late Middle English) What is requested or petitioned for; something that is sought-after.

(Late Middle English) An adventure or heroic journey.


est

English: east

→ Cornish: est

Scots: aist, eist

From Old English ēast, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *austr.


luft

English: lift (“the sky, atmosphere”)

Scots: lift, luft

From Old English lyft (“air, atmosphere, firmament”), from Proto-West Germanic *luftu, from Proto-Germanic *luftuz (“air, upper region”). More at lift. Doublet of lofte.


heir

English: heir

Scots: heir

→ Welsh: aer

From Anglo-Norman heir, aire (Old French eir), from Latin hēres (“heir”).


pope

desctree

English: pope
Jamaican Creole: puop
Tok Pisin: pop
→ Hindi: पोप (pop)
→ Urdu: پوپ (pop)

Scots: pape, paipe, paip

From Old English pāpa, from Vulgar Latin papa.

The pope (Roman Catholic bishop of Rome).

(rare) Another spiritual leader or head.


mane

English: mane

Scots: mane

Inherited from Old English manu, from Proto-West Germanic *manu, from Proto-Germanic *manō; compare Middle Dutch mane, Old Frisian mana, mona, and Middle Low German mane.


mater

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


fo

English: foe

Scots: fae

From the oblique stem of Old English ġefāh; equivalent to y- + fo (adjective), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *faih.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
An enemy of the true religion.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
An enemy combatant or armed force.

(Christianity) Satan; the enemy of mankind.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
Satan; the enemy of mankind.

A harmful or ruinous force; that which causes terror.


drake

English: drake

Scots: drake

Inherited from Old English draca, aphetic form of *andraca, from Proto-West Germanic *anadrekō; compare ende (“duck”).


drake

English: drake

Inherited from Old English draca, from Proto-West Germanic *drakō, from Latin dracō, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of dragoun.


fan

English: fan, van

Scots: fan

From Old English fann, from Latin vannus. Forms in v- are due to a combination of Southern Middle English voicing of initial fricatives and influence from the ultimate Latin etymon.

A mechanism or device for removing chaff from grain (i.e. winnowing).

A training or practice shield manufactured out of twigs or wickerwork.

(rare) A fan; a device for blowing air as to cool.


wort

English: wort

Fingallian: wolt

From Old English wyrt (“plant, herb”), from Proto-West Germanic *wurti, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts (oblique stem *wurt-), from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of rote (“root”).

A plant (not including trees, shrubs, etc.):

A plant that is wild or not cultivated or harvested.

A plant that harvested or grown; often as a herb or vegetable.

A plant employed for supposed curative or medical properties.

A leaf as part of a salad or other vegetable dish.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


wort

English: wort

Scots: wort, wirt

From Old English wyrt (“wort”), from Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju.

Wort (as in brewing) or an analogous mixture (e.g. used for mead)


acte

English: act

desc

Scots: ack, akk, ac', act, actt, auct, accke, aick, akk (older)

Yola: acte

Borrowed from Old French act, from Latin ācta, plural of āctus.


waste

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


net

English: net


harpe

English: harp


ee

English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo

From Old English ēa, ǣ, from Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō. Doublet of aa.


ser

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 40:


placebo

English: placebo

Borrowed from Latin placēbo, the first-person singular future active indicative of placeō.

Þan were matynys & maſse & euen ſong, placebo & dirige & comendacion & matynes of oure lady ordeyned of ſynful men, to be ſongen wiþ heiȝe criynge to lette men fro þe ſentence & vnderſtondynge of þat þat was þus ſongen, & to maken men wery & vndiſpoſid to ſtudie goddis lawe for akyng of hedis[…]

a. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of feyned contemplatif lif, of ſong, of þe ordynal of ſalisbury, & of bodely almes & worldly byſyneſse of preſtis; hou bi þes foure þe fend lettiþ hem fro prechynge of þe gospel:

Then there were matins, mass, evensong, placebo, dirges, commendations, and matins of Our Lady, which originated from sinful men, to be sung with high-pitched shrieking to keep people from the meaning and understanding of that which was sung, as to make men weary and unsuited to study God's law because of headaches […]

(Christianity) The vespers sung in the office for the dead.

Talk for buttering someone up, making them sycophantic or pleasing them.

A representation or exemplar of adulation or sycophancy.


fawn

English: faun


wrench

English: wrench

Middle Scots: wrenk, wrink

Inherited from Old English wrenċ, from Proto-West Germanic *wranki, from Proto-Germanic *wrankiz.

Non^([sic – meaning Mon]) mai longe liues ƿene:
Ac ofte hi[m] lieð þe wrench.
Feir ƿeð[er] turneð ofte i[n]to reine[…]

a. 1250, Death’s wither-clench (IMEV 2070, Cotton MS. Caligula A. IX), archived from the original on 2023-05-02, folio 246, recto; republished at London: British Library Digitised Manuscripts, c. 2015:

People may expect long lives,
but a trick often betrays them;
fair weather often turns into rain […]

A trick or artifice; a deceptive action.


spice

English: spice

Scots: spice

From Old French espice, (modern épice), an old borrowing from Late Latin speciēs.

spices (powders used to flavour meals or dishes):

Spices as used as scents or to enhance the smell of something.

Spices as used in medicinal preparations; by extension, medicine in general.

Spices as used in alchemical preparations.

A variety, sort, or kind of something:
A distinct kind of creature; a species.

A variety, sort, or kind of something:
A type of disease or affliction.

A type of sinful behaviour or action; an action or behaviour in general.

A part, especially of a discipline or line of study.

A seeming or presence; the way something looks from the outside:

(philosophy) The perception of something using any sense or innate ability.

(Christianity) The communion wafer when transubstantiated.

(rare) An appearance or image (either mental or real)

A meal (usually sweet) incorporating spices.


trust

English: trust

Yola: thrist

Long considered a borrowing from Old Norse traust (“confidence, help, protection”), itself from Proto-Germanic *traustą, but the root vocalism is incompatible, and so it is considered a reflex of an unattested Old English *trust, from a rare zero-grade proto-Germanic variant of the same root also attested in Middle High German getrüste (“host”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“be firm, hard, solid”).


clothes

English: clothes

Scots: clathes, claes, clais, claise


foo

From the oblique stem of Old English ġefāh.


mood

Alternative form of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)

1440, O lord omnipotentː
She blew her horn, with main and mood.

Courage, heart, valor; also vim and vigor.


mood

Alternative form of mode (“grammatical mood”)


children

From childre (“children”) with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en; compare calveren, eyren, lambren.


ty

Alternative form of teye (“chest, enclosure”)


berg

From Old English ġebeorg (unprefixed beorg is found in compounds; compare scūrbeorg (“roof, shelter from the storm”)), from beorgan (“to shelter, protect”).


leveret

English: leveret

From Old French leveret. First attested a1425.


naked

From Old English nacod, from Proto-Germanic *nakwadaz. Compare naken.


draught

English: draught

Scots: draucht

Yola: draught, draft

From Old English dreaht, *dræht (related to dragan (“to draw, drag”)), from Proto-Germanic *drahtuz, equivalent to drawen + -th.


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).

A horn (keratinous growth):
Horn as a material or in crafts.

(rare) The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.

A horn (keratinous growth):
The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.

(rare, heraldry) A heraldic depiction of a horn.

A horn (keratinous growth):
A heraldic depiction of a horn.

A projecting extremity or point:
A point of a crescent moon.

A projecting extremity or point:
A point of a woman's hairstyle.

A horn-shaped container (especially as a glass)

(rare) The eyestalk of a gastropod or an analogous projection.


ymne

English: hymn

Scots: hime

Borrowed from Old French ymne, from Latin hymnus, from Ancient Greek ὕμνος (húmnos), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂em- (“sing”).


more

English: more (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English more and moru (“carrot, parsnip”), from Proto-West Germanic *morhā, *morhu, from Proto-Germanic *murhǭ, *murhō.

(rare) root, (of a hair, tooth, or tongue)


poke

English: poke

Yola: poake, pooke

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Miller's Prologue and Tale

Gerveys answerde, “Certes, were it gold, / Or in a poke nobles alle untold, / Thou sholdest have, as I am trewe smyth.


thorn

English: thorn

Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)

Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

Inherited from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós.

A thorn (spine on a plant with a sharp point)

A plant having thorns, especially the hawthorn or rosebush.

(rare) Thorns pulled from the ground for burning.


wasp

desctree

English: wasp, waps
Sranan Tongo: waswasi (reduplicated)

Scots: wasp, wesp

From Old English wæps, wæsp, from Proto-West Germanic *wapsu, from Proto-Germanic *wapsō, from Proto-Indo-European *wobʰséh₂.


mode

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Old English mōd, from Proto-Germanic *mōdaz.

One's current mindset or feelings; mood:

Vainness, proudness; the display of conceit.

Sadness, lamenting; the state of being sad or upset.

One's mental capacity or intellect; the fount of reasoning.

One's overall or overarching feelings; an opinion or will.

What one currently wants or likes; a goal or aim

One's motivation or willpower; resoluteness.

Activity within one's mind or brain:
(rare) Part of one's thought process.

Activity within one's mind or brain:
Part of one's thought process.

A person's nature or temperament; that which defines one's behaviour.

One's visible nature; the appearance of someone.

(rare) One's actions as a whole; the way one behaves.

(rare) Writing or speaking; communication.


mode

English: mode, mood

(rare) Songs; pieces or sources of music.


lady

enm-noun

lady (plural ladies, genitive ladies or lady)

ladies (plural)
ladies (genitive)
lady (genitive)

English: lady (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lady, leddy

Yola: laady

From Old English hlǣfdīġe, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + *dīġe (“maid”).

And whanne the aungel of the Lord hadde foundun hir biside the welle of water in wildirnes, the which is in the / weye of Sur in desert, he seide to hir, Agar, the hand mayden of Saray, whens comyst thow, and whithir gost thow? / The which answeride, Fro the face of Saray my ladi I flee.

c. 1382, John Wycliffe, transl., Wycliffe's Bible, Genesis 16:7–9:

And when the angel of the Lord had found her in the wilderness beside the spring of water, which is in the desert on the way to Shur, he said to her, "Hagar, handmaiden of Sarai, where have you come from, and where are you going?" She answered, "I am fleeing from the face of Sarai, my lady".

A woman with authority or leadership:
A lady (mistress of a household)

A woman with authority or leadership:
A lady (noblewoman or female monarch).

A woman with authority or leadership:
A woman who manages an abbey or inn.

A polite way to address a noble or honoured woman.


wit

English: wit

Yola: wut

From Old English witt, from Proto-West Germanic *witi, from Proto-Germanic *witją.


blame

English: blame

Scots: blame

From Old French blasme, a deverbal noun from blasmer (“to criticise”).


comfort

English: comfort

Yola: comfoort

Borrowed from Old French cunfort, confort.


value

English: value

Yola: vallert


ton

From Old English tān; equivalent to to + -en (plural suffix).


per

Alternative form of pere (“bridge pillar”)


figure

English: figure

Yola: vigere

From Old French figure, from Latin figūra.


rik

(Northern) Alternative form of riche (“realm”)


arch

English: arch


ook

English: oak

Scots: aik, ake, yik

From Old English āc, from Proto-West Germanic *aik, from Proto-Germanic *aiks.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


flour

English: flower, flour

Scots: flouer, flour, floor

→ Middle Welsh: fflwr

Welsh: fflŵr

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs. More at flower.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

A flower (often representing impermanence or beauty)

Success or achievement in a contest; victoriousness.

A virtue or benefit; something desirable.

That which is unparalleled; the top or most superior.

A powder; especially one which is white like flour.

An exemplar or example of a trait or behaviour.


canon

English: cannon

From Middle French canon, from Italian cannone, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).


canon

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative rules”)


canon

Alternative form of canoun (“clergy member”)


token

English: token

Scots: taiken

From Old English tācn, from Proto-Germanic *taikną (“sign, token, symbol”).

inh

token (a physical object representing an action, concept, etc.)

A flag, banner, standard associated with a person or event.


sauce

English: sauce

Scots: sauce

From Old French sause, from Vulgar Latin *salsa, from Latin salsus (“salted”).

Wo was his cook, but if his ſauce were / Poynaunt and ſhaꝛp, and redy al his geere.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 353–354:

Woe to his cook, except if his sauce was / sour and sharp, and all his equipment was ready […]

A solution or broth used for pickling or preserving.

A liquid medicine; sauce as a pharmaceutical.


snore

English: snore

Scots: snore

From Old English fnora, from Proto-Germanic *fnuzô.


ter

English: tar

Scots: tar

Yola: tar

From Old English teoru, teru, from Proto-Germanic *terwą, from Proto-Indo-European *dérwom. Forms with a short vowel are possibly from an Old English form *teor with loss of the final vowel.


lid

English: lid

Scots: lid

From Old English hlid, from Proto-Germanic *hlidą.

A lid; a piece of material used to cover a container.

The exterior of a gravesite, ditch, or pit.

The covering over one's eyes; an eyelid.


sacrifice

English: sacrifice

Borrowed from Old French sacrifise, sacrifice.

bor+

the act of offering a slain animal or goods to a deity (often by burning)

a sacrificial offering; the victim or thing offered in sacrifice


dragon

Therfor Daniel took pitch, and talow, and heeris, and sethide togidere; and he made gobetis, and yaf in to the mouth of the dragun; and the dragun was al to-brokun.

1380-1399 — Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson's Tale
For God seith thus by Moyses: they shul been wasted with hunger, and the briddes of helle shul devouren hem with bitter deeth, and the galle of the dragon shal been hire drynke, and the venym of the dragon hire morsels.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


chest

English: chest

From Old English ċeast, ceas (“quarrel, strife”).

And þe Erldome of enuye · and wratthe togideres / With þe chastelet of chest · and chateryng oute of resoun.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:


hai

Alternative form of haye (“hunting net”)


bon

English: bone

Geordie English: byen

Scots: bane, bain, bean, been

Yola: bane

Inherited from Old English bān, from Proto-West Germanic *bain, from Proto-Germanic *bainą.


neve

English: neve

From Old English nefa, from Proto-West Germanic *nefō, from Proto-Germanic *nefô.

(rare) A neve or profligate; an overspender.


neve

English: nieve, nief, nief (dialectal)

Scots: nieve, neive

From Old Norse hnefi; further etymology is unknown.


scale

English: scale

Yola: skaulès, scaules (plural)


scale

desctree

English: scale
→ Japanese: スケール (sukēru)


scale

From Old Norse skál (“bowl”) from Proto-Germanic *skēlō.


snare

English: snare

Scots: snare

From Old English sneare, snearu, from Proto-West Germanic *snarhā, from Proto-Germanic *snarhǭ.


admiral

English: admiral, Admiral, Adm., Adm, adml., ADM
→ Cebuano: admiral
→ German: Admiral
→ Czech: admirál
Hungarian: admirális
→ Polish: admirał
→ Slovene: admirȃl
→ Ukrainian: адміра́л (admirál)
Swahili: admirali
→ Tagalog: ádmirál

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).
Etymology tree
Medieval Latin admiralisder.
Anglo-Norman admiralbor.
Middle English admiral

etymon

Alternative form of amiral, emir or admiral.


desert

English: desert

From Old French deserte (“deserved”), from deservir (“to deserve”), from Vulgar Latin dēserviō (“to gain or merit by giving service”).

der

That which is deserved or merited; desert.

An action or deed which invites or prompts judgement.

worth, virtuousness, benefit; that which is good.


desert

English: desert

Scots: desert

From Old French desert, from Latin dēsertum, past participle of dēserō (“to abandon”).

he ſeide / I am a vois of a crier in deſert .· dꝛeſſe ȝe þe weie of þe loꝛd. as yſaie þe pꝛophete ſeide

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:23, page 43v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He said: "I am the voice of a crier in the wilderness; straighten the way of the Lord, as the prophet Isaiah said."


desire

English: desire

and ſo Merlyon wente forthe vnto kyng lodegean of Camylerde and tolde hym of the deſire of the kyng that þᵗ he wolde haue vnto his wyff Gwenyu[er] his douȝt[er]

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 27–29:


lamb

enm-noun

lamb (plural lambren or lamber or lambes)

lambren (plural)
lamber (plural)
lambes (plural)

English: lamb

Scots: lam, lamb

Yola: lhawm, lowem

From Old English lamb, from Proto-West Germanic *lamb, from Proto-Germanic *lambaz.


bok

English: book (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: buik, beuk

Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck

Yola: buke

From Old English bōc, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks.

book (a written document composed of pages)


frost

English: frost

Scots: frost

Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

From Old English frost, forst, from Proto-West Germanic *frost, from Proto-Germanic *frustaz, *frustą; akin to Middle Dutch vorst, Middle High German vrost, Middle Low German vrost, and Old Swedish frost.

Cold or freezing weather; weather causing frost.

Frost or rime; frozen dew or water droplets.

Hail; precipitation below freezing temperature.

(rare, figurative) Something with a chilling effect.


whey

English: whey (whig)

Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

From Old English hwǣġ, hwæiġ, hwæġ, hweġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaij (“whey”).

The leftovers from milk curdled during cheesemaking; whey.

(rare) The result of strained almond milk.


instrument

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A tool or device used for manipulation, especially for medical and scientific uses.

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

A piece of weaponry (such as a siege engine).

A legal document, such as a contract, deed or will.

The means by which one reaches an end or effect.

A body part that performs a certain function; an organ.


concubine

English: concubine

From Anglo-Norman concubine, from Latin concubīna.

A concubine; a secondary female partner.

(rare) A illegitimate or unacknowledged partner (male or female)


hen

hen (plural hennes or hennen, genitive hennes or henne)

hennes (plural)
hennen (plural)
hennes (genitive)
henne (genitive)

English: hen

Scots: hen

Yola: hen, hin

From Old English henn, from Proto-West Germanic *hannju, from Proto-Germanic *hanjō.


gris

English: grice (dialectal)

Scots: grice

Borrowed from Old Norse gríss, potentially from or related to Proto-Germanic *grīsaz (“grey”).


tape

English: tape (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tape

Yola: taape

From Old English tæppa, tæppe (“ribbon, tape”); forms with a long vowel are difficult to explain.


tape

Alternative form of tappe (“gentle touch”)


tale

English: tale

Scots: tale

Yola: taale

From Old English talu, from Proto-West Germanic *talu.


table

English: table (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: tyeble

Scots: table

→ Welsh: tabl

From a combination of Old French table and Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, both from Latin tabula.

A table (furniture with a level surface):

The top of a table (flat surface of a table for use)

(figurative) A location where one's soul receives nutrition.

(figurative) A serving or portion of food.

A tablet, especially a portable one for writing on.

An inscribed memorial, dedication, message, or other text; a sign or monument.

(biblical) The physical Ten Commandments handed down from heaven.

A wooden pole or board (especially behind an altar).

The board of a board game (often divided in two).

A level, floor or storey (of a building)

Any (relatively) level surface:
Such a surface used for painting.

Any (relatively) level surface:
(rare) A flat piece of arable land.

Any (relatively) level surface:
A flat piece of arable land.

(rare, palmistry) A portion of the hand surrounded by palm lines.

A glossary or almanac; a reference work or chart of data.

(rare) A flat bone or fused set of bones.


mos

From Old English mos (“moss”). Related to mese, from Old English mēos.


ken

English: ken

Yola: ken, kin

(Late Middle English, hapax) recognition


wisdom

English: wisdom

Scots: wisdom, wysdom

From Old English wīsdom. Equivalent to wys + -dom.

⁊ þis is þe wit who þat haþ wiſdom / þe ſeuene heedis ben ſeuene hillis .· on which þe womman ſittiþ

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 17:9, page 123r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the mind that has wisdom thinks: "The seven heads are the seven hills that the woman sits on […]


annoy

I merveyle me wonder faste / How ony man may lyve or laste / In such peyne and such brennyng, / […] In such annoy contynuely.

[c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:


seed

English: seed

Scots: seed, seid, sid

Yola: zeade

From Old English sǣd, sēd, from Proto-West Germanic *sād, *sādi, from Proto-Germanic *sēdiz, *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (compare sowen).

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
A kind or variety of seed.

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
(collectively) seed, grain

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
seed, grain

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

semen, sperm (or the supposed female equivalent)


rent

[Bacchus] a wastor was and all his rent / In wine and bordel he dispent.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


worm

English: worm

Scots: worm, wirm

From Old English wyrm, from Proto-West Germanic *wurmi, from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis.

A worm or similar small wormlike animal that lives in the ground; especially in the following special senses:

A wormish insect that damages plants or plant-based material (e.g. a termite).

A wormish insect that damages human remains.

A parasitic worm; especially one living in the stomach.

A crawling animal; an animal that moves upon the ground.

An animal regarded as harmful and annoying.

A dragon, drake, or wyrm (mythological fire-breathing winged lizard)

A beast that inhabits Hell; causing suffering to its inhabitants.

A pauper, miser, or other contemptuous individual.

regret, forgiveness; the twanging of the heartstrings.

evil, malice; that which promotes maliciousness.

(veterinary, rare) A muscle underneath the tongue of a dog seen as increasing the risk of rabies.


ancle

English: ankle (dialectal ancley, anclef, ancliff; obsolete ancle)

Scots: ankleth, anklet (fusion of Middle English ancle and lith); hankle

From Old English *ancol, *ancel, from Proto-West Germanic *ankul, from Proto-Germanic *ankulaz. Some forms are from anclēo, anclēow, which is from the same Proto-Germanic word suffixed with an unknown element.


walk

English: walk

Scots: walk

From Old English ġewealc, from Proto-West Germanic *gawalk, *walk, from Proto-Germanic *walką.


barn

English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)

Geordie English: bairn

Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn

Yola: barrn

Inherited from Old English bearn, from Proto-West Germanic *barn, from Proto-Germanic *barną.

A member of one's immediate offspring or progeny.

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]


stale

English: stale

Yola: sthall

In werd ben men & women[…]þat þer stale mown not holde.

14th c., Stockh. Medical MS. in Anglia XVIII.299


stale

From Old English stalu (“theft”), from Proto-Germanic *stalō.

Ine þise heste is vorbode roberie, þiefþe, stale, and gavel.

Hire wune is to cumen bi stale...hwen me least cweneð.

c. 1240, “Sawles Warde”, in Cott. Hom., section 249:


stale

English: stale

From Old English stalu (“a piece of wood into which a harp-string is fixed”).

inh

Þis ilke laddre is charite, Þe stales gode þeawis.

12th century, Sidonius Glosses in Anecd. Oxon., I v 59 22

Ansae et ansulae alicuius rei sunt illa eminentia in illa re per quam capi possit .i. ‘stale’.

c. 1393, Langland, Piers Plowman (Vesp. MS), C xxii 279

And lerede men a ladel bygge with a long stale.

A long, thin handle (of rakes, axes, etc.)


stale

English: stale

Borrowed from Old French estal, from Frankish stal, from Proto-Germanic *stallaz, earlier *staþlaz.

c. 1450, in C. L. Kingsford, Chrons. London (1905), 123

And at pavelen...þe Erle of Dorzet helde is stale, and þer he toke prisoners.

And syr Florence with his C knyghtes alwey kepte the stale and foughte manly.

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, V xi 179:

a fixed position, particularly a soldier's in a battle-line

‘Off mate?’ quod sche...‘thou has fundin stale This mony day’.

And he in stale howyd al stil.

c. 1350, in N. H. Nicolas, Hist. Royal Navy (1847), II 491

[Every time that it shall be ordered..that armed men..shall land on the enemy's coast to seek victuals... then there shall be ordained a sufficient ‘stale’ of armed men and archers who shall wait together on the land until the ‘forreiours’ return to them].
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

[Gawayne] sterttes owtte to hys stede, and with his stale wendes.


stale

English: stale

Probably from uncommon Anglo-Norman estale (“pigeon used to lure hawks”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic, probably *standaną (“to stand”).

bor

Stale, of fowlynge or byrdys takynge, stacionaria.

(falconry, hunting) A live bird to lure birds of prey or others of its kind into a trap


top

English: top

→ French: top

→ German: Top

→ Vietnamese: tốp

Scots: tap

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

The summit or top of something, especially a vertical object:

The peak of a mountain or other landform.

The roof or ceil of a house; the top of a fence.

A lid or cap; a removable top or topping.

The head, especially its top or the hair on its top.

A small deck at the dop of a ship's sails.

(rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.


monk

English: monk

Scots: monk, munk, mounk

Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


buffet

English: buffet

Scots: buffet

Borrowed from Old French bufet, buffet, diminutive of buffe.

A buffet (strike or blow, especially with one's hand).


buffet

desctree

English: buffet, beaufet (archaic) (remodelled after modern French)
→ Japanese: ビュッフェ (byuffe)
→ Korean: 뷔페 (bwipe)

⇒ Scots: buffet stule

Borrowed from Middle French bufet (“side table”), from Old French bufet, of unknown origin.

bor+

primus tortor. we shall teche hym, I wote / a new play of yoyll,
And hold hym full hote / frawrord, a stoyll
Go fetch vs!
ffroward. We, dote! / now els were it doyll
And vnneth;
ffor the wo that he shall dre
let hym knele on his kne.
Secundus tortor. And so shall he for me;
Go fetch vs a light buffit.

15th c., “Coliphizacio [The Buffeting]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 239:

First torturer: We shall teach him, I say, a new Christmas-time game, and treat him very hotly—Froward, go fetch us a stool!
Froward: Whoa! Fool! We wouldn't want this to be painful and difficult. For the sake of the pain that he shall dread, let him kneel.
Second torturer: And he shall [dread it] on my account. Go fetch us a light stool.


den

English: den

Scots: den

From Old English denn, from Proto-West Germanic *dani. Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives.

and iheſus ſeide to him / foxis han dennes ⁊ bꝛiddis of heuene han neeſtis.· but mannes ſone haþ not where he ſchal reſte his heed

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 8:20, page 3v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But Jesus said to him, "Foxes have dens and the birds up above have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere he can rest his head."

A chamber of residence:
A den (animal lair)

A chamber of residence:
A refuge; a shelter.


den

English: dean

From Anglo-Norman deen and continental Old French deien, from Latin decānus.

(rare, by extension) A leader of a group.


bride

English: bride

Scots: bride

Yola: breede

Inherited from Old English brȳd, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).

inh

a bride; a woman recently married or to be married

(rare) any young woman in a relationship

(rare) a groom; a man recently married or to be married


gele

English: jelly

Scots: jeely

Borrowed from Old French gelee (“frost”), from Early Medieval Latin gelāta. Equivalent to gelen + -e (participial suffix).

A jelly made from the stock of meats or a meal it is part of.

(medicine) A jelly used as a pharmaceutical.

Any jelly or something that resembles it.


steppe

English: step

Scots: step, stap, stop

From Old English stæpe, stepe, from Proto-West Germanic *stapi. The (historical) geminate is due to the influence of steppen.

A step or stair; an individual landing of a set of stairs.

An imprint or sign of something; that which something leaves as evidence:

The imprint left by a step; a footprint or track.

The imprint left by a thing, person or phenomenon (extant or former)

(figurative) The remains left by an injury or disease.

The bottom region of the foot; the sole.

A phase, step or tier as part of a scale or process.

(figurative) A move, action or direction (towards an objective).

(rare) The length covered by a step (as a unit of length, ~2.5 feet)

(rare) The ground; a foothold or stepping-place.

(rare) A group or a thing that is part of it.


tow

English: tow

Scots: towe

From Old English tow-, from Proto-Germanic *tawwą; for more see English tow.

For if men were fire, women were tow, and she should learn that lesson.

1925, Stanley John Weyman, “XVI A Golden Haze”, in Queen's Folly:

Unprepared flax, especially used as a firestarter.

The fibrous matter of flax or a similar plant; (tow).

Oakum, hards; the rough portion of flax separated during hackling.


trace

English: trace

Scots: trace

Yola: threesh, treesh

From Old French trace, from tracer, tracier.

A trail, track or road; a pathway or route:

An track that isn't demarcated; an informal pathway.

A trace; a trail of evidence left of something's presence.

One's lifepath or decisions; one's chosen actions.

Stepping or movement of feet, especially during dancing.


shark

English: shark

In mare contigebat le calm, et circiter horam vijᵃᵐ in sero per æstimationem navem sequebatur piscis vocatus le Shark, qui quidem piscis percutiebatur bis cum uno harpingyren et recessit; […]

1442, Thomas Beckington, edited by George Williams, Memorials of the Reign of King Henry VI. Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton, Secretary to King Henry VI., and Bishop of Bath and Wells., volume II (in Latin), London: Longman & Co., and Trübner & Co., […], published 1872, page 184:


whale

English: whale

Scots: whaul

Inherited from Old English hwæl, from Proto-West Germanic *hwal, from Proto-Germanic *hwalaz.


crag

English: crag

Yola: craggès

From Middle Irish crec, from Old Irish carrac, possibly from the late Proto-Indo-European/substrate *kar (“stone, hard”); see also Old Armenian քար (kʻar, “stone”), Sanskrit खर (khara, “hard, solid”), Welsh carreg (“stone”).


demon

English: demon

From Medieval Latin dēmōn, daemōn, from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn). Doublet of tyme (“time”).


crucifix

English: crucifix

Borrowed from Old French crocefis, crucefix, itself borrowed from Latin crūcifixus.


bark

English: bark

Scots: bark

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).

The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.

(rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.


steer

English: steer

Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir

Scots: steer

Inherited from Old English stēor (“steer”), from Proto-West Germanic *steur, from Proto-Germanic *steuraz.


steer

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


bord

English: board

Scots: buird, brod

Yola: borde

A table (especially one used for craftsmanship).

(religion) An altar; a table used for religious purposes.

A serving or helping of food and drink; nourishment.


snot

English: snot

Scots: snot

From Old English ġesnot, *snott, from Proto-Germanic *snuttuz.

Snot, mucus (matter accreting in the nose)

The remnants of a burnt and expired candle wick.


hostel

English: hostel

Scots: hostel

→ Middle Cornish: ostel

Cornish: ostel

Borrowed from Old French hostel, ostel, from Latin hospitāle. Doublet of hospital.

Fun or diversion; entertaining activities.

A dwelling or house; a place of residence.


deluge

English: deluge

From Old French deluge, from Latin dīluvium.

A deluge; a massive flooding or raining.

(rare, figurative) Any cataclysmic or catastrophic event.


anger

English: anger

Scots: anger

Borrowed from Old Norse angr, from Proto-Germanic *angazaz.

Grief, painfulness, or discomfort; a feeling of pain or sadness.

A trouble, affliction, or vexation; something that inflicts pain or hardship.

Angriness, ire; the state of being angry, enraged, or wrathful.

Indignation, spitefulness; the feeling of being wronged or treated unfairly.

(rare) Irritableness; the state of being in a foul mood.


leven

With wilde thunder dint and fiery leven.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

With wild thunder-bolt and fiery lightning.


lone

(Northern, West Midlands) Alternative form of lane


muscle

English: mussel

Scots: mushle

→ Welsh: misgl

From Old English muscelle, from Late Latin mūscula (“mussel”). Reinforced by Old French mosle.


muscle

English: muscle

From Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“muscle”).


lok

English: lock

Scots: lock

Yola: lauckès (plural)

From Old English loc, from Proto-West Germanic *lok, from Proto-Germanic *luką, from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend; turn”).


lok

English: lake (dialectal)

From Old English lāc, from Proto-West Germanic *laik, from Proto-Germanic *laikaz.


ale

English: ale

Geordie English: yel

Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll

⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Old English ealu, from Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.


broth

English: broth

→ Scottish Gaelic: brot

Scots: broth

Water in which something (usually food) has been boiled; broth.


eg

desctree

English: egg, egge
→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg
Jamaican Creole: eg
Sranan Tongo: eksi

Scots: egg

Yola: egges (plural)

Borrowed from Old Norse egg, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm. Doublet of ey.


schade

English: shade

Scots: shade

Yola: shaade

From Old English sċeadu. Compare schadowe, from sċeaduwe, the accusative form of sċeadu.

walking in the schade

15th century, James I of Scotland, The Kingis Quair:


furlong

English: furlong

From Old English furlang; equivalent to forow + long.


pane

English: pane
→ Japanese: ペイン (pein)

Scots: pane, peen

→ Irish: pána

Borrowed from Old French pan, from Latin pannus.

A piece of high-quality textiles or animal hides, especially as part of a garment:

A garment or item of clothing; especially one made of fabric or fur.

A sheet or blanket made of fabric or fur.

An edge or portion of a structure or plot.

(rare) A piece of glass fitted in a window.

(rare) A portion, section, or component of something.


oxen

From Old English oxan; equivalent to oxe + -en (plural suffix).


enemy

English: enemy

Scots: enemy

Borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimīcus.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
An opponent of the true religion.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
A hostile combatant.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
(Christianity) The Devil; Satan.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
The Devil; Satan.


spinach

English: spinach

From Anglo-Norman spinache, from Old Occitan espinarc, from Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ), from Persian اسپناخ (espanâx).

derived

Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ)

Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleracea#Translingual


nap

English: nap (now dialectal)

Scots: nap

From Old English hnæpp, from Proto-West Germanic *hnapp, from Proto-Germanic *hnappaz.


nap

English: nap

Scots: nap

Yola: nappe


hunter

English: hunter


dan

English: dan, Dan (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman daun, daunz and Old French dan, dam, from Latin dominus.

A respectful term of address for a (male) scholar, noble, or cleric.

(literary, rare) A respectful term of address for a classical deity.

(rare) A male noble or member of the clergy.


pap

English: pap

⇒ Yola: pappee

Borrowed from Old French papa and Medieval Latin papo.


luk

English: luck

Yola: lhuck, looke

(Late Middle English) good fortune; gain, profit


slon

From Old English slān; equivalent to slo + -en (plural suffix).


malt

English: malt

Scots: maut

Yola: mault

From Old English mealt, from Proto-West Germanic *malt, from Proto-Germanic *maltą.

All þe wictalis owtane ſalt / Als quheyt and flour ⁊ meill ⁊ malt / In þe wyne sellar geꝛt he bꝛyng[…]

c. 1375, “Book V”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 17, verso, lines 408-410; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

All the food except for salt, / like wheat, flour, meal, and malt, / he went to put in the wine-cellar […]


cadenas

(historical) In medieval times, a nef: a lockable casket containing a person's table requisites, cutlery, etc., often in the form of a ship.


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

From Anglo-Norman bastard; equivalent to bast (“illegitimacy”) + -ard.

an illegitimate child, especially a noble one; a bastard

a kind of fortified wine, often with spices added

(rare) a heretic or sinner; one separated from one's deity

(rare) a dog that isn't purebred; a mutt or mongrel


gamer

English: gamer

gamer; gamester (person who plays games)


even

English: eve, even

Scots: evin, ewin, e'en, een

Yola: eave

From Old English ǣfen, from Proto-West Germanic *ābanþ, from Proto-Germanic *ēbanþs.


sad

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)


lord

English: lord (see there for further descendants)

Scots: laird

→ English: laird

Yola: loard

desc

through <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">laverd</i>

→ Icelandic: lávarður (through laverd)

From Old English hlāford, hlāfweard, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + weard (“ward, guardian, keeper”).

I nul ſulle my louerd foꝛ noneſ cunneſ eiſte. / bote hit be foꝛ þe þritti platen. þat he me bitaiſte.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 22-23; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"I won't betray my Lord for any kind of good, / except for the thirty pieces that he left me."

[…]to fare out as faſt · wiþ his fader to ſpeke / ⁊ with lordesse of þat lond · þat him had long miſſed

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 71, recto, lines 4538-4539; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 145:

[…] to comfortably leave to speak with his father and lords from that realm who'd missed him for a long while.


stage

English: stage

From Old French estage, from ester (“to be standing, be located”).

A tier of a structure; a floor or storey:

The topmost story of a building; a rooftop.

A ledge or shelf (projecting storage platform)

A stage; a platform facing the audience.

A box seat; a premium seat for an audience member.

A duration or period; an amount of time.

A tier or grade; a place in a hierarchy.

A locale or place; a specified point in space.


rime

English: rhyme

Uncertain. Either of Germanic origin, from Old English rīm (“number”), from Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“counting”) or from Old French rime, from Medieval Latin rhythmus (“cadence”).

Þatt full wel iss bitacnedd Þurrh tale & rime off fowwerrtiȝ, Off fowwerr siþe tene. — Ormulum, c1200

(That full well is betokened thru tale and the number of forty, of four times ten.)


pax

English: pax

pax (tablet with carved religious image)


utmost

English: utmost

Yola: umost

From Old English ūtemest, ȳtemest (“furthest”).


hoxe

A back-formation from hoxen or *hoxene, earlier form of hokschyne.


hat

Scots: hat, hatt, hate, hait

English: hat

→ Irish: hata

From Old English hæt, hætt, from Proto-Germanic *hattuz.

A hat or cap; a piece of headgear or headwear.

(rare) A circlet or tiara; a ring-shaped piece of headgear.


babe

English: babe, bab

→ Irish: báb

→ Welsh: baban


grace

English: grace

Scots: grace

Yola: greash, graace

→ Welsh: gras

→ Cornish: gras

From Old French grace, from Latin grātia.

various (Christian) theological meanings, usually as an attribute of God:

the grace of God; divine aid or beneficence.

a gift or sign of God; a demonstration of divine power.

luck, destiny (especially positive or beneficial)

gracefulness, elegance; aptness, competence.

a prayer of thanks, especially one preceding a meal.

(rare, Late Middle English) unfairness, partisanship


lover

English: louver, louvre, luffer

Middle Scots: lewar

Borrowed from Old French lovier, lover, from Medieval Latin *lōdārium (attested as lōvārium), extension of lōdium, of unclear origin.


lover

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


madame

English: madam; ma'am

Scots: madam

madam (polite term of address or (less often) title for a noble lady)


chambre

English: chamber

desctree

Scots: chaumer
→ Scottish Gaelic: seòmar

Yola: chaamer

Borrowed from Old French chambre, from Latin camera, camara, from Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kamárā).


scip

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of schip


cataract

English: cataract
→ Cebuano: katarak
→ Marshallese: kōtrāāk

Scots: cataract (rare, obsolete)

From Latin cataracta, from Ancient Greek καταρράκτης (katarrháktēs).

der

(Christianity) A gate guarding the entrance to Heaven.


gnat

English: gnat

Scots: gnat

From Old English gnætt, from Proto-Germanic *gnattaz.

Something of little worth or importance.


manere

Borrowed from Old French manoir, from Latin manēre.


manere

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman manere, Old French manere, maniere, from Vulgar Latin, Late Latin manuāria.

Alternative form of maner (“characteristics, manner”)


heafod

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


monstre

English: monster

Scots: monster

Borrowed from Old French monstre, borrowed itself from Latin monstrum.

A monster or beast; a horrific or frightening creature.

A marvelous or portentous occasion; a strange happening.

(rare) Fate, luck; fortuitousness (as an allegorical figure)


corn

English: corn (see there for further descendants)

Scots: corn, curn

Yola: coorn, koorn

Inherited from Old English corn, from Proto-West Germanic *korn, from Proto-Germanic *kurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of greyn.

Any plant that bears grain, especially wheat.

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

A grain or seed used as a unit of weight.

The optimum product; the superior portion.

The deserving; those who are morally right.


tempest

English: tempest

→ Middle Irish: tubaiste

Irish: tubaiste

Scottish Gaelic: tubaist


dale

dales (plural)
dale (accusative nominative singular)
dales (accusative nominative plural)
dale (genitive singular)
dales (genitive plural)
dale (dative singular)
dalen (dative plural)

English: dale

Scots: dale, daal

From Old English dæl, from Proto-West Germanic *dal.


wonder

English: wonder

From Old English wundor, from Proto-West Germanic *wundr, from Proto-Germanic *wundrą.

marvel, wonder, strange or extraordinary thing or event

sign, portent, prodigy, extraordinary thing seen as an omen

something perplexing or puzzling, enigma, conundrum

report of something strange or extraordinary

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I greatly wonder (literally, “have great wonder”) by this light / How it is that I’m alive, for day and night / I can hardly sleep at all.

I Haue grete wonder, be this lyghte / How that I lyve, for day ne nyghte / I may nat slepe, wel nygh noght

the feeling of wonder, amazement, puzzlement or awe


homage

English: homage

Scots: homage

→ Irish: ómós

From Old French homage, hommage, from Medieval Latin homināticum.

An oath of loyalty to a liege performed by their vassal; a pledge of allegiance.

Money given to a liege by a vassal or the privilege of collecting such money.

A demonstration of respect or honor towards an individual (including prayer).

(rare) Membership in an organised religion or belief system.

(rare) The totality of a feudal lord's subjects when collected.


pro

English: pro

(Late Middle English, rare) advantage, benefit, upside


manger

English: manger

Scots: manger

From Old French mangeoire, from manger (“to eat”).


vale

English: vale

Scots: vale

Borrowed from Old French val, from Latin vallis. Compare valey.


hail

Alternative form of heil (“health, welfare”)


tei

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


gong

English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)

Scots: gang, gaung, ging

Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Inherited from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, form Proto-Germanic *gangaz. Compare gangen.

An outhouse; a building used as a lavatory.

(chiefly Northern, uncommon) A walk; a journey, especially by foot.

(Northern, rare) A gait; the way one walks.

(poetic, rare) A band or company of armed men.


creature

English: creature; critter; craytur

Scots: creature, crayter

From Old French criature, creature, from Latin creātūra; equivalent to createn + -ure.

Something that has been created; an entity or object.

A living being or creature; an animal or beast.

A human being (often as a term of self-abasement).

(rare) The whole world, the totality of existence.

(rare) The process of making or creation.


taste

English: taste

Yola: taaste, thaaste, tawest


bene

English: bean

Scots: bein, bene

desc

Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

From Old English bēan, from Proto-West Germanic *baunu, from Proto-Germanic *baunō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


visage

English: visage


coupe

English: coop

Yola: coopen

From Old Saxon *kûpa, côpa, from Old High German chôfa, chuofa, from Latin cūpa, Medieval Latin cōpa (“cask”).

a large wicker basket; a dosser, a pannier

a basket, pen or enclosure for birds; a coop

a cart or sled equipped with a wicker basket for carrying manure, etc


coupe

From Old French coupe, cope, culpe, from Latin culpa (“fault, defect; crime”).


coupe

From Old French coup, cop, colp, from Latin colpus (“hit, strike, stroke”), colaphus (“a blow with the fist; a cuff”), from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “slap (to the face)”).


fold

English: fold

Scots: fald, fauld

Yola: vold

→ Welsh: ffald

From Old English fald, falæd, falod, from Proto-West Germanic *falud, from Proto-Germanic *faludaz.

A pen, enclosure, or shelter for domesticated animals.


med

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


bere

English: bear (see there for further descendants)

Scots: beir

From Old English bera, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô.


bane

English: bane

Scots: bane, baine, bain, bayn, bone

Inherited from Old English bana, from Proto-West Germanic *banō, from Proto-Germanic *banô.


vice

English: vice

Scots: vice

Borrowed from Old French vice, visse, from Latin vitium.

A fault or imperfection; a negative quality or attribute of something:

A bad habit or tendency that one has; a negative human behaviour.

A mistake; a fault due to deficience in knowledge or reasoning.

(rare) An imperfection or blemish in one's visage or look.

Vice, iniquity, sinful behaviour; absence of virtue or morality:

A vice; a general tendency or action that is morally bad.

A specific example of immoral or sinful behaviour.

A sickness, disease or malady; a deleterious process effecting something.


fot

enm-noun

fot (plural feet or fot or (rare) fotes)

feet (plural)
fot (plural)
fotes (plural rare)

English: foot (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute

Yola: voote

Inherited from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.

⁊ whanne I hadde ſeyn hym .· I felde doun at his feet as deed / ⁊ he puttide his riȝthond on me .· ⁊ ſeide / nyle þou dꝛede I am þe firſte ⁊ þe laſte[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:17, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when I saw him, I fell down at his feet like I was dead. But he placed his right hand on me and said, "Don't be afraid; I am the first and the last […]

A foot (appendage used for motion and support)

The use of one's feet (to move or stand).

One of a set of units of measurement:
foot (unit for measuring length)

One of a set of units of measurement:
square foot (unit for measuring area)

One of a set of units of measurement:
(prosody) A metrical foot

One of a set of units of measurement:
A metrical foot

The bottom or foundation of something (e.g. stairs):

The foot (leg-like support) of a table or chair.

The end of a bed or tomb (where the foot rests).


refute

From Old French refuite, from refuir (“to flee”). Compare refuge.


ord

English: ord

From Old English ord. Akin to Old Frisian ord (“place, point”), Old Saxon ord (“point”), Old High German ort (“point, beginning”), Old Norse oddr (“point of a weapon”). More at odd.


magnate

From Late Latin. Attested only in the plural in Middle English.

reulers of the toun, Callid magnates

c. 1438, John Lydgate, The Fall of Princes:


cage

English: cage

Scots: cage

A cell, enclosure or room of diminutive proportions.


whelp

English: whelp

Scots: whalp, whaulp

From Old English hwelp, from Proto-West Germanic *hwelp, from Proto-Germanic *hwelpaz.

A whelp (the young of other animals, especially canids and felids)

(rare) An unknown kind of mechanical machine or system.


morsel

English: morsel

Yola: mossaale

Borrowed from Old French morsel, morsiel, morcel.


credence

English: credence

Borrowed from Old French credence, itself borrowed from Latin crēdentia. Doublet of creaunce.

Credence or credibility; the state of being reliable.


hwæl

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whale


vapour

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

Fumes or vapour; a visible gaseous emission:

(physiology) A noxious bodily fume believed to be the cause of maladies.

(rare) A airborne smell; a nasal sensation transmitted via the air.


lettre

English: letter

From Old French letre; ultimately from Latin littera.

report, request, or other formal instrument of communication

written text, especially that used as a resource


paire

English: pair

Scots: pair

Yola: paare

From Old French paire, from Latin paria.

A pair; a group of two similar, identical, or matching items or creatures:

Two people (often when in a romantic or sexual relationship).

Two animals; a pair or duo of beasts or creatures.

Used with binary nouns, especially for tools or implements.

A grouping or collection of matching or similar items.

A number or multitude of things or items.


heorte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herte


stæf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of staf


tour

English: tower (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tour, towr

Yola: toweare

From Old English tūr, tor, torr, from Latin turris.


counsel

thilke lord […] to whom no counsel may be hid

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:

a secret opinion or purpose; a private matter


forage

English: forage

Borrowed from Old French fourage; the first element is cognate to fodder.


mel

English: meal

Scots: meal

Yola: meale, mele

→ Irish: béile

From Old English mǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *māl, from Proto-Germanic *mēlą.

The occasion when a meal is consumed; mealtime.


clothing

English: clothing

What one wears; clothing, outfit, garments.

A piece of clothes; an individual component of an outfit.

The uniform or outfit associated with an occupation or position.

(figurative) One's religious values and priorities.

(figurative, rare) One's appearance or countenance.

Linen or sheets used as a cover or a protective layer.


office

English: office

Scots: office, offish

From Old French office, from Latin officium, contracted form of opificium.

The state of being employed or having a work or job; employment:

Ecclesiastical or religious work; a church career.

(rare) Unskilled work; any work that is unimportant or base.

A position of responsibility or control; a crucial occupation:

A clerical or church post or position; a religious office.

c. 1300, St. Thomas Becket, ll. 223 ff.
He cam to court and was in guod offiz
With þe erchebischop of Kaunterburi.

A governmental or administrative position or post; a political office.

The situation, status, or rank one has in the wider world or within society.

c. 1300, St. Thomas Becket, ll. 244 ff.
Þis holi Man was i-torned...
To a gret office of þe world.

Sche say me... withouten office of tunge and al dowmb.

c. 1380, Boethius, translated by Geoffrey Chaucer, Boece:

As it is in Phisique write
Of livere, of lunge, of galle, of splen,

c. 1390, John Gower, Confessio Amantis, Book VII, ll. 467 ff.

Entendeth to don him service.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Thei alle unto the herte ben Servantz, and ech in his office

Membres of generacioun... maked been for bothe;
That is to seye, for office and for ese

c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Tale of the Wyf of Bathe" in Tales of Caunterbury, ll. 127 ff.

A task, chore or assignment, especially one which is important or required; an obligation:

The role, purpose, or intended use or utility of something (especially a bodily part).

Þe mouþ heþ tuo offices, huer-of þe on belongeþ to þe zuelȝ...
Þe oþer zuo is in speche.

A task or function that one organ does to assist another or the body as a whole.

Þe holy bischop...
For him dede þe office;
In erþe he was sikerliche

A religious ceremony or ritual; a task performed for religious reasons.

He song þulke masse ilome, for al-so heo bi-ginnez

Þe furste offiz is propre inov to þe stat þat he was Inne.

(Christianity) The beginning or the initial portion of the Eucharist.

A core human faculty (e.g. movement, talking, literacy)

Þe porter of þe abbay... dede his ofice in þe clos.

a. 1422, petition, P.R.O. 117, 5842

... Abbeyes, Priories, hospitals, chaunteries and chappels, chaces, parkes, offices, milnes, weres...

A part, faculty, or division of a larger body:

A part of a house or estate devoted to manual work and storage.

A part or subdivision of an estate devoted to a specified function.

1435, petition, P.R.O. 130, 6460A

John Duc of Bedford... Admirall of England in the office of þe admiralte in the Countees of Kent, Sussex...

(rare) A part or subdivision of a government devoted to a specified function.

1432, petition, P.R.O. 26, 1259

Of the whiche Maner the seyd Oratrice... be an Offyce was put out.

An inquest undertaken to investigate the possession of land or property.

The intended or ideal working or operation of something.

He pleide so sweetly þat... alle þe helly offices lefte there besinesses.

c. 1440, Christine de Pisan, translated by Stephen Scrope, The Epistle of Othea, page 85:

An officeholder invested with powers and authority.

...I wol han .xij. pens, though that she be wood,
Or I wol sompne hir vn to our office...

c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in Tales of Caunterbury:

Offyce, or place of offyce, officina.

(rare) A building or structure used for business purposes; an office.

While Beues was in þat office,
Þe kinges sone...

c. 1300, The Romance of Sir Beues of Hamtoun, ll. 3555 ff.

(rare) The process or undertaking of a task or assignment.

(rare) The activities typical of and concomitant to one's place in society.

foꝛ þe mynyſterie of þis office. not oneli filliþ þoo þingis þat failen to hooli men .· but alſo multeplieþ many þankyngis to god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·ii· 9:12, page 70v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

As the administering of this favour doesn't just supply the things that holy men are lacking, but also overflows in many thanks to God.

(rare) A favour; a beneficial deed or act.


mac

Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


cou

English: cow (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: coo

Scots: coo, coe, cou

Yola: keow

Inherited from Old English cū, from Proto-West Germanic *kō (“cow”).


henge

English: hinge

Scots: heenge

From Old English *henġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hangiju; compare hangen.


quiver

English: quiver

From Anglo-Norman quivre, from Old Dutch cocare; perhaps ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür or Hunnic. Doublet of coker.


royal

English: royal

From Old French roial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of ryal.


trant

English: trant

⇒ Scots: tranty

From Middle Dutch trant, from tranten (“to walk”).

A stratagem, trick or trant; an act of cleverness.

Cleverness, trickiness; a tendency to be tricky.


fragment

English: fragment

Learned borrowing from Latin fragmentum.


fax

English: fax (obsolete)

Scots: fax

From Old English feax, from Proto-West Germanic *fahs.


earn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ern (“eagle”)


band

English: band, bend, bond

Scots: band, bend

Inherited from Old English bend, from Proto-Germanic *bandiz; vocalism is influenced by Old Norse band and Old French bande.

That which obstructs one's free will and free action; a restraint.

A chain or other object used to restrain a captive.

Captivity; the condition of being jailed.

A compact, directive or binding pact (either reciprocal or from one unto another)

A strip of a material used to tie or bind; a band:

A rope or piece of twine used to tie or bind.

A headband (a band that surrounds the head)

A metal band that surrounds an object in order to strengthen it.

(heraldry, rare) A diagonal stripe or band.

(rare) A strip of a material not used to tie or bind.

Something used to join or connect; a link.

(figurative) A metaphorical connection or linkage.


heme

English: heme

Inherited from Old English -hǣme, related to hām (“home; village, community”).


ire

From Old French ire (“ire”) or Latin īra (“wrath, rage”). See English ire for more.

That lord is now of Thebes the Citee,
Fulfild of ire and of iniquitee,
He, for despit and for his tirannye,
To do the dede bodyes vileynye,
Of alle oure lordes, whiche that been slawe,
Hath alle the bodyes on an heep ydrawe,
And wol nat suffren hem, by noon assent,
Neither to been yburyed nor ybrent.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

"Mi goode fader, tell me this:
What thing is Ire? Sone, it is
That in oure englissh Wrathe is hote[…]"


mona

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mone (“moon”)


avauntour

Borrowed from Old French avanteur or avantour; equivalent to avaunten + -our.

Auauntour and a lyer, al is one / As thus: I poſe a woman graunt me / Her loue, and ſayth that other woll ſhe none / And I am ſworne to holden it ſecre / And after I tel it two or thre / Iwys I am auauntour at the leeſt / And lyer eke, for I breke my beheeſt.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book III, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio clxxxiiii, verso, column 1, lines 309–315:


fou

Inherited from Old English fāh, from Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz.
Forms without final /x/ are a result of levelling from Old English inflected forms (e.g., masculine weak nominative singular fāga).


jus

English: juice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: joice, jice

A natural liquid (usually inherent to something)

juice (liquid of a plant or beverage from such)


axil

English: axle

Scots: aixle

From a conflation of Old English eax and Old Norse ǫxull.

axle (pole which a wheel revolves around)


web

English: web

Scots: wab, wob

From Old English webb, from Proto-West Germanic *wabi, from Proto-Germanic *wabją.

Woven fabric; fabric manufactured by weaving.

(by extension) A thin layer of material or tissue.

An opaque growth caused by disease or illness.


hate

English: hate

Scots: hate, hait, heit

Most likely a modification of earlier hete (from Old English hete) after haten, though compare Old Norse hatr.

Something that causes or induces hate; insults, demeaning words.

The results of hate; enmity, discord, turmoil.


aventure

English: aventure, adventure

Scots: anter, adventur

From Old French aventure, from Vulgar Latin *adventūra.

At nyght was come into that hostelrye / Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye / Of sondry folk, by aventure yfalle / In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, line LINES:

There came at nightfall to that hostelry / Some nine and twenty in a company / Of sundry folk who had by chance fallen / In fellowship, and pilgrims were they all