patronage

English: patronage

From Old French patronage; equivalent to patroun + -age.

The privilege of being able to choose ecclesiastical appointees; advowson.


abbey

English: abbey

Scots: aibbey, aibey

Borrowed from Old French abaie, from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbātia. Doublet of abbathie.

An abbey (a building or monastic institution).


accidie

English: accidie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman accidie and Old French accide, accidie, from Late Latin accīdia, alteration of earlier acēdia, from Ancient Greek ἀκήδεια (akḗdeia).

Aftere þe synnes of Envie I wil speke of þe synne of Accidie.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

After the sins of Envy I will speak of the sin of Sloth.


abay

English: abay

(rare) The state of being defenceless against one's enemies.

(rare, Late Middle English) The baying of hounds in order to stop prey from escaping.


craft

A prentis whilom dwelt in our citee, / And of a craft of vitaillers was he […]

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Cokes Tale, page 50:

The lyf so short, the craft so longe to lerne […]

c. 1381, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parlement of Foules:


noun

English: noun

From Anglo-Norman noun, non, nom, from Latin nōmen, a semantic loan from Koine Greek ὄνομα (ónoma). Doublet of name.

(grammar) noun (part of speech; a category of words including substantives or nouns in the strict sense and adjectives)


abacus

English: abacus

Learned borrowing from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax).


fere

English: fear

Scots: fere, feir

Yola: vear

From Old English fǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *fāru, from Proto-Germanic *fērō.


fere

From Old English feorh, from Proto-West Germanic *ferh, from Proto-Germanic *ferhuz.


pound

enm-noun

pound (plural poundes or pounden or pound)

poundes (plural)
pounden (plural)
pound (plural)

English: pound

Scots: pund, poond

From Old English pund, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą, from Latin pondō.

A measurement for weight, most notably the Tower pound, merchant's pound or pound avoirdupois, or a weight of said measurement.

A pound or other silver coin (including ancient coins), weighing one Tower pound of silver.

Money or coinage in general, especially a great amount of it.


are

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)


are

(Northern) Alternative form of ore (“oar”)


season

IN Maẏ whan eúý harte floryſhyth́ ⁊ burgruyth́ for as the ſeaſon ys luſty to be holde and comfortable ſo man and woman reioyſyth and gladith of ſom[er] cõmynge wᵗ his freyſhe floures

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto:

IN May, when every heart flourisheth and burgeneth; for as the season is lusty to behold, and comfortable, so man and woman rejoice and be glad of summer coming with his fresh flowers.


Irish

English: Irish

Yola: Eeerish, Eerish

From Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)).


cod

English: cod

Scots: cod

From Old English codd (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-West Germanic *koddō, from Proto-Germanic *kuddô, from Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”). The "pillow" sense is from Old Danish kodde or Old Norse koddi, from the same Proto-Germanic source.

der

A seedpod; a plant's natural casing for its seeds.

A scrotum, ballsack; a case for the testicles.

A pillow or cushion; a piece of cushioning.

(rare) A sack or pouch; a case for items.

(rare) The gullet, windpipe or esophagus.

(rare) A ball bearing; a metal ball acting to cushion.


cod

English: cod


deal

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of del


fa

From the oblique stem of Old English ġefāh.


alien

English: alien

Scots: alien, awlien

From Old French alien, aliene, from Latin aliēnus. Some forms (chiefly nominal) show assimilation to the suffix -ant.

But þei ſuen not an alien · but fleen from hym .· foꝛ þei han not knowen þe vois of aliens

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 10:5, page 49v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But they don't follow a stranger; they'll flee from them instead, because they don't recognise strangers' voices.

An outsider or foreign person, especially if resident in one's nation.

One who is alien in some other way (e.g. religion, family)

(rare) An unlawful occupier or possessor of land.


mars

From Mars, borrowed from Latin Mars. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

In þat wiyn or watir ȝe quenche mars manye tymes.

(rare) The blackish, magnetic metal susceptible to rust; iron.


quarter

English: quarter

Scots: quarter, corter

Yola: curthere, cortere

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quarter, from Latin quartārius.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
A quarter of a whole chicken.

One of the four divisions of the earth or sky.

A quarter of the year; a three-month period.

A quarter of the night; a three-hour period.

A quarter of an hour; a 15-minute period.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
One of the moon's four phases.

(heraldry) A fourth part of a coat of arms.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
A fourth part of a coat of arms.

A unit of capacity (being a quarter of another measure).

A unit of weight (often a quarter of an ounce or pound).

A unit of length (nine inches; being quarter of an ell).


wage

English: wage

Scots: wage

From Old Northern French wage, from Frankish *wadi, from Proto-Germanic *wadją. Doublet of gage and wed.

Money reserved for the payment of salaries.


rape

So ofte a-daye I mot thy werk renewe, It to correcte and eek to rubbe and scrape; And al is thorugh thy negligence and rape.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Wordes Unto Adam:


fart

This Nicholas anon leet flee a fart,
As greet as it had been a thonder-dent,
That with the strook he was almost y-blent;
And he was redy with his iren hoot,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Miller's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3806-3810

This Nicholas immediately let fly a fart
As great as if it had been a thunder-bolt,
So that with the stroke he was almost blinded;
And he was ready with his hot iron,
And he smote Nicholas in the middle of the ass.


absence

English: absence

Scots: absence

From Old French absence, ausence, from Latin absentia, from absēns (“absent”), present active participle of absum (“I am away or absent”), from ab (“of, by, from”) + sum (“I am”).

Nonattendance or nonexistence; failure to appear.


winter

English: winter

Scots: winter

Yola: wonter

From Old English winter, from Proto-West Germanic *wintru, from Proto-Germanic *wintruz.

⁊ ð laſtede þa ·xix· ƿintre ƿile Stephne ƿaſ king ⁊ æure it ƿaſ uuerſe ⁊ uuerſe.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

And this lasted the 19 winters when Stephen was king, and it continually got worse and worse.


wolf

head

wolf (plural wolves, diminutive wolfy, wolfie)

wolves (plural)
wolfy (diminutive)
wolfie (diminutive)

desctree

English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)

Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff

From Old English wulf, from Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.


word

English: word

Scots: wird, wourd

From Old English word, from Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om. Doublet of verbe.

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho / That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge / Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now.

A word (separable, discrete linguistic unit)

A statement; a linguistic unit said or written by someone:

A byword or maxim; a short expression of truth.

A motto; an expression associated with a person or people.

A piece of news (often warning or recommending)

An order or directive; something necessary.

A religious precept, stricture, or belief.

The act of speaking (especially as opposed to action):

The basic, non-figurative reading of something.

The way one speaks (especially with modifying adjective)

IN þe bigynnyng was þe woꝛd .· ⁊ þe woꝛd was at god / ⁊ god was þe woꝛd

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:1, page 44r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word.

(rare) The human faculty of language as a whole.


pulpit

English: pulpit

Scots: poopit, poupit


ache

English: ache

Scots: ake

From Old English eċe, ace, æċe, from Proto-West Germanic *aki, from Proto-Germanic *akiz. Some forms are remodelled on aken.


ache

English: ache

A plant of the genus Apium, especially celery.


is

English: ice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ice

From Old English īs, from Proto-West Germanic *īs.

ice (frozen water):
A layer of frozen water as a surface.

ice (frozen water):
(rare) An individual portion of ice.

ice (frozen water):
An individual portion of ice.

(rare, figurative) That which is short-lived like ice.


port

And of his port as meeke as is a mayde.

late 14th c., Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in Canterbury Tales, line 69:


grey

English: gray, grey

Scots: gray

Yola: gry

From Old English grǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *grāu, from Proto-Germanic *grēwaz.


yesterday

English: yesterday

Scots: ȝisterday, ȝesterday

Yola: yersthei, yerstei, yerstey

From Old English ġiestrandæġ; equivalent to yester- + day.


abstract

English: abstract

Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt

Scots: abstract

(Late Middle English, rare) abstract, synopsis


writer

English: writer

Scots: writer

From Old English wrītere. By surface analysis, writen + -er.

A draughtsman, or copyist; one who notes down the words of another.

A record-keeper or annalist; one who records significant events.


been

English: ben

From Old French and Medieval Latin, from Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”).


been

From Old English bēon, nominative plural form of bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijōniz, nominative plural form of *bijǭ. Equivalent to bee + -en (plural suffix).


twig

English: twig

Scots: twigg, tuigg

Inherited from Old English twig, from Proto-West Germanic *twīg, from Proto-Germanic *twīgą.

Any part of a tree, especially a branch or cutting:

A twig or tillow; a shoot branching off a tree.

An easily bending branch used in crafts.

(figurative, rare) A subtype or part of something; the result or descendant of something.


wall

Alternative form of wale (“selection, preference”)


blood

English: blood

Geordie English: bluid

Scots: bluid

Yola: blooed

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃tóm?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blōd
Middle English blood
From Old English blōd, from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of uncertain origin.


name

English: name

→ Sranan Tongo: nen

→ Japanese: ネーム

Geordie English: nyem

Scots: name, naim, nem, nome

Yola: naame, naume, name

From Old English nama, from Proto-West Germanic *namō, from Proto-Germanic *namô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.


day

dayes (plural)
days (plural)
dawes (plural)

English: day

Scots: day

Yola: die, dei, dey, daie

Inherited from Old English dæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *dag.

Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.

You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.

Toward Saluces / shapyng hir iourney / ffro day to day / they ryden in hir wey […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 184, verso, lines 783-784:

Towards Saluzzo they make their journey, / From day to day they ride on their way […]

and he clepide the liȝt, dai, and the derkneſſis, nyȝt. And the euentid and morwetid was maad, o daie.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 1:5”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And he called light "day" and the darkness "night". And the evening and morning was made; one day.


sky

English: sky

Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske

Yola: skee, skir (verb)

From Old Norse ský, from Proto-Germanic *skiwją. Doublet of skew.

The atmosphere or sky; that which lies above the ground.

A cloud or mist (mass of water droplets).

(rare, astronomy) A certain layout or part of the sky.


trumpet

English: trumpet

Scots: trumpet

From Old French trompette; equivalent to trumpe + -et.

One who uses or plays such an instrument.


cane

English: cane

Scots: cane

From Old French cane, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).

bamboo, sugar cane, flax, or a similar simple-stemmed plant

the stem or stalk of such a plant, often used to write with

(rare) a metal implement used for surgery

(rare) a bodily passage or tube, such as the trachea


market

enm-noun

market (plural marketes, dative markete)

English: market (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: market, mercat

Scots: market

Yola: maarkeet, markeat

From late Old English market (“market”), from Old Northern French markiet (Old French marchié), Old Saxon markat, and/or Old Norse markaðr; all ultimately from Vulgar Latin marcātus, from classical Latin mercātus (“trade, market”).
Variants ending /t/ are from either Old Saxon or Old Picard, while those ending in /θ/ are from other varieties of Old Northern French (e.g. Walloon).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

A market; (periodic public assembly for buying or selling).

A marketplace; a square for holding markets.

(rare) A market town; a town where markets are held.


cat

English: cat

Scots: cat

Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)

From Old English catt (“male cat”), catte (“female cat”), this is in turn from Proto-Germanic *kattuz.


ground

ground (accusative nominative singular)
groundes (accusative nominative plural)
grounde (genitive singular)
grounde (genitive plural)
groundes (genitive plural)
groundes (dative singular)
grounden (dative plural)

English: ground

→ Fiji Hindi: garaund

→ Maltese: grawnd

Geordie English: grund, groond

Scots: grund, groond, greund

Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

From Old English grund, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz.


ten

From Old Norse tennr, nominative indefinite plural of tǫnn (“tooth”).


elk

desctree

English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

Apparently from Old English eolh, though it is not found before 1475 and the phonetic development is unexpected, though compare dialectal English fleck (“flea”).

(Late Middle English, rare) elk, moose (Alces alces)


bot

English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot

Scots: bate, bait

→ Middle Dutch: boot

Dutch: boot

Afrikaans: boot

→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott

Low German: Boot

Plautdietsch: Boot

→ German: Boot

→ North Frisian: böötj

→ Saterland Frisian: Boot

→ West Frisian: boat

→ Catalan: bot

→ Galician: bote

→ Old French: bot

→ Portuguese: bote

→ Spanish: bote

→ Cebuano: bote

A seafaring vessel or watercraft; a device for navigating the waters:

A boat (a watercraft or vessel smaller than a ship).

A boat stowed on a ship for utility purposes, especially for tendering.

(figurative) The path or course of one's life; one's direction.


bot

Alternative form of bote (“help, benefit”)


violet

English: violet

From Old French violette, from Latin viola.


in

English: inn

Scots: inn

Any kind of accommodation; particularly:

A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accommodation.

An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.

For who so wolde senge a cattes skyn / Thanne wolde the cat wel dwellen in his In

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 62, recto:

For if someone wants to singe a cat’s skin, the cat would rather stay in its house.

A home or house; habitation or housing one lives in.


win

English: win

From Old English winn, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winną, *winnaną; akin to winnen. Reinforced by earlier iwin, from Old English ġewinn.

(Early Middle English) discord, conflict, turmoil

(Early Middle English, rare) exertion, work


world

English: world

Scots: warld

Inherited from Old English woruld, worold, from Proto-West Germanic *weraldi, from Proto-Germanic *weraldiz.

He was in þe woꝛld · ⁊ þe woꝛld was maad bi him .· ⁊ þe woꝛld knew him not

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:10, page 44r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He was in the world and the world was made by him, but the world didn't know him.

A dimension, realm, or existence, especially human existence.

Ac hy habbeþ hire heꝛten zuo areꝛed ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dredeþ kyng. ne eꝛl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

The trappings and features of human life.

The people of the world, especially when judging someone.

The universe, the totality of existence.


silver

English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva

Scots: silver, siller

From Old English seolfor, seolofor (“silver”).

Sone ſo iudaſ of ſlepe waſ awake. / þritti platen of ſelu[er] from hym weren itake.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 16-17; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

As soon as Judas had awakened from his rest, / thirty pieces of silver had been taken from him.


worst

English: worst

Scots: warst, waurst

From Old English wierst, contraction of wierrest, from Proto-West Germanic *wirsist, from Proto-Germanic *wirsistaz.

Something or someone which is the most yvel or ille; the worst.

(specifically) The worst-case scenario or eventuality.

(figuratively) A rout or loss in battle.


skew

From an earlier form of Old Norse ský, from Proto-Germanic *skiwją; doublet of sky.


skew

From Old French escu, from Latin scūtum.

A segment of carved stone to cover a gable with.


ostrich

English: ostrich

Scots: ostriche (obsolete)

→ Welsh: estrys

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ostrige and continental Old French ostruce, from Vulgar Latin *austrūthiō.

Struthio camelus
Struthio camelus#Translingual

(rare, heraldry) A heraldic image of an ostrich.


take

Alternative form of tak (“tack (small nail)”)


take

Alternative form of tak (“tack (fee paid to keep swine)”)


second

Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)


but

(Northern) Alternative form of bote (“boot”)


king

head

king (nominative plural kinges, also the early forms kingas or kingæs)

kinges (nominative plural)
the early forms kingas (also)
kingæs (also)

English: king (see there for further descendants)

Scots: keeng, king

Yola: kinge, king

Inherited from the Old English cyning, from Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz. The forms kug (attested in the compounds kugdom, kuglond, and kugriche) and gug (attested in the compound guglond) show the influence of the Old Norse konungr, whence they borrow their root vowel. The early forms featuring syncope (chinge, chinȝ, cing, and cinȝ) may have long ī.


here

Scots: here, heir, heyr

From Old English here, from Proto-West Germanic *hari, from Proto-Germanic *harjaz (“army; commander”).

inh

a military force; a troop, host, or army

a group of people; a team, band, throng, or mass

fighting, battle; conflict between armed forces

(rare) participation in the armed forces


here

heres (plural)
heren (plural)
here (plural)

English: haire

Scots: heir

From Old English hǣre, hēre and Old French haire, itself from Germanic.


bank

English: bank

From Old English hōbanca (“couch”) and Old English banc (“bank, hillock, embankment”), from Proto-Germanic *bankô. Akin to Old Norse bakki (“elevation, hill”), Norwegian bakke (“slope, hill”).


qualm

English: qualm (possibly)

Scots: qualm (possibly)

From Old English cwealm, from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm.

Plague, disease or sickness; that which afflicts.

The effects, fruits, or ravages of plague.

(rare) Killing (as a concept or as an instance)


wrong

English: wrong

Geordie English: wrang

Scots: wrang

Semantic loan from Old Norse rangr, while the form is from Old English wrang (“rough, uneven”); ultimately from Proto-Germanic *wrangaz.


age

English: age

Scots: age

Borrowed from Old French aage, from Vulgar Latin *aetāticum, derived from Latin aetātem.

The age of someone (or rarely something); how old someone is.

The correct or traditional age for something (especially the age of maturity)

Old age or senescence; the state of being old or elderly.

The life of something or someone; an extent of existence.

A period or portion of time; an age, epoch, or era.

Time (as an abstract concept); the passing of time.

(rare, in every age) A person or individual who is a particular age.


coin

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


nature

English: nature

Scots: natur, naitur, naeter, nature

Yola: naatur

→ Welsh: natur

Borrowed from Old French nature, from Latin nātūra.

natural inevitability, nature (as opposed to nurture)

...vnkyndely synne by which man or womman shedeth hire nature in manere or in place ther as a child may nat be conceyued...

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


adamant

English: adamant

Scots: adamant (obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin adamantem, accusative of adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Doublet of dyamaunt and adamas.


general

From a mixture of Anglo-Norman general, Middle French general, and Latin generālis.


storm

desctree

English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm

Scots: storm

Yola: stharm, starm

A storm; an instance of intense wind and precipitation (including a snowstorm)

An armed dispute, brawl or fight; an instance of combativeness.

(rare) Any intense event, happening, or force.


or

Inherited from Old English ōr, from Proto-West Germanic *ōʀ, from Proto-Germanic *ōsaz, form Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”).

(Early Middle English, hapax) beginning, start


bombard

English: bombard

Scots: bombard


love

English: love

Scots: luve, lufe

Yola: loove

Inherited from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō.

Sexual or romantic desire (in humans and other animals)

Theosis, sanctification, or love as a means to attain it.

One who one loves; a loved individual:
A lover; a sexual or romantic partner.

A personification or embodiment of love.

(Christianity) The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally).

A peace treaty; the ending of hostilities.


love

English: lave

Scots: lave

Inherited from Old English lāfe, oblique singular of lāf, from Proto-West Germanic *laibu, from Proto-Germanic *laibō; compare leven (“to halt”), which some forms are influenced by.

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.

The remainder or rest; that which is left.

(rare) A widow; a woman whose husband has died.


love

English: loof

Scots: luif, lufe, luff

Borrowed from Old Norse lófi, from Proto-Germanic *lōfô; compare glove.

(chiefly Northern) The palm (inner part of the hand)


baby

English: baby, babby, babbie (see there for further descendants)

Scots: babbie


hers

Alternative form of ars (“anus; buttocks”)


lob

From Old English lobbe, variant of loppe.


el

English: eel

Scots: eel

Yola: eale

From Old English ǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz.


future

English: future

Scots: futur

Borrowed from Old French futur, from Latin futūrus, past participle of sum (cognate to Middle English been).

(rare) A future action or doing; that which happens in the future.

(rare) The future; the time beyond the present.


rue

English: rue

Scots: rew

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rue, from Latin rūta, from Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ).

A kind of plant belonging to the genus Ruta; rue.

(rare) meadow-rue (plants in the genus Thalictrum)


pigment

English: pigment


kingdom

English: kingdom

Scots: kingdom

From Old English cyningdōm, from Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz. Equivalent to king + -dom.
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom

etymon

(Christianity) The dominion and authority of God

(astrology) The region where a planet's influence predominates


her

English: hair

Scots: hair, hayr, hare

Yola: haar

Inherited from Old English hǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *hār, from Proto-Germanic *hērą.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

Tho rad he me how sāpson lost his heeres

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(countable) a hair (follicular growth on the skin)

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

(uncountable) hair (follicular growths on the skin)

Something similar in appearance to hair (e.g. a botanical hair)

(figurative) small part, any part (of a person)


gold

English: gold

Scots: gowd, goold

From Old English gold (“gold”), from Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥tóm (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow; gleam; to shine”).


colour

English: color, colour

Scots: colour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Latin color.

justification, explanation (often feigned)


men

From Old English menn, plural of mann, from Proto-Germanic *manniz, plural of *mann-.


case

English: case

Yola: kaase

From Anglo-Norman casse, from Old French chasse, from Latin capsa.


lavender

English: launder

Scots: launer

Borrowed from Old French lavandier, lavandiere, from Medieval Latin lavandārius.

A washer; one (especially a woman) who washes clothes.

(euphemistic) A woman employed in prostitution or who has loose morals.


see

English: sea

Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie

Yola: zea, zee

Inherited from Old English sǣ, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwi, from Proto-Germanic *saiwiz.


see

English: see

Borrowed from Old French sei, from Latin sedes.


animal

English: animal (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ainimal

Borrowed from Old French animal, from Latin animal.

An animal (considered to include humans)


wax

English: wax

Scots: wax

From Old English weax, from Proto-West Germanic *wahs, from Proto-Germanic *wahsą.

This [Par]doner / hadde heer / as yelow as wex / But smothe it heeng as dooth a stryke of flex […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 10, verso:

This Pardoner had hair as yellow as wax, / but it hung smoothly like a bushel of flax […]


wax

English: wax

A back-formation from waxen (“to grow”).


hundred

English: hundred

From Old English hundred, from Proto-West Germanic *hundarad, from Proto-Germanic *hundaradą (“hundred”); some forms are remodelled on Old Norse hundrað.

The assembly or court of such a division.


red

English: rede

Scots: rede

From Old English rǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *rād, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaz.


red

English: reed

Scots: reed

From Old English hrēod, from Proto-West Germanic *hreud.


red

English: red

Scots: rede, reid

Yola: reed

From Old English rēad, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós.


square

English: square

Scots: square

From Old French esquarre, esquerre (modern French équerre), from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, from Latin ex- + quadro, from quadrus.

A square (tool used to ensure a right angle)

A square (equilateral rectangle); a square plot of land.


fortune

English: fortune

→ Welsh: ffortiwn

Scots: fortuin

From Old French fortune, from Latin fortuna.


ass

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


bef

English: beef (see there for further descendants)

Scots: beef

From Anglo-Norman beof, Old French buef; ultimately from Latin bovem, accusative of bōs. Doublet of cou.


ruby

English: ruby

Borrowed from Old French rubi, itself borrowed from Latin rubeus.


art

English: art

Scots: airt

Borrowed from Old French art, from Latin artem, accusative form of ars, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís.

A member of the seven medieval liberal arts (the trivium and quadrivium).

The seven medieval liberal arts as a group; the trivium and quadrivium combined.

The foundational knowledge and activities of a field or subject (either academic or trade).

Applied or practical knowledge; the execution or realisation of knowledge.

Guile, craft or an instance of it; the use of deception or sleight-of hand.

Competency, skill; one's aptitude or ability in a given area or at a given task.

A set of rules or guidelines for conducting oneself; a code of conduct.

(rare) Knowledge, information; the set of things which one has learned about (through formal study).

(rare) Rhetoric; skill in oration, argument, speech, or speaking.

(rare) Human behaviour or action (as opposed to natural happenings).


art

Scots: airt

Yola: ete

From Old English eard, from Proto-West Germanic *ard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz (“nature; type”). Doublet of erd (“nature, disposition”).


uncle

English: uncle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: uncle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman uncle, from Vulgar Latin *aunclum, from Latin avunculus.


mustard

English: mustard

Fingallian: mustard

Scots: mustard, mustart

A mustard plant; the plant where mustard seeds originate.

The seeds of this plant used as a spice or flavouring.

Mustard; a condiment made from mustard seeds.


brother

enm-noun

brother (plural brether or brethren or brotheren or (rare) brothers, genitive brother or brothers)

brether (plural)
brethren (plural)
brotheren (plural)
brothers (plural rare)
brother (genitive)
brothers (genitive)

English: brother (see there for further descendants)

Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder

Yola: brover, brower

From Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frere.

Nu bꝛoþerr Wallterr bꝛoþerr min / Affterr þe flæſheſſ kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Criſſtendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

A brother or brother-in-law; a male sibling.

I ioon ȝoure bꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:9, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I, John, your brother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.

A (Christian) man (i.e. as a "brother in life/brother in Christ").

A blood brother; one in a mutual pact of loyalty between two.

Another member of a religious community or order (when one is a member)

Another member of a guild or craft association (when one is a member)

A male individual who one has a close platonic relationship with.

(rare) One of one's peers as a ruler; (another) ruler.

(rare) A relative or family member who is a man.

(rare, alchemy) Something similar to something else.


saffron

desctree

English: saffron
→ Japanese: サフラン (safuran)
→ Korean: 사프란 (sapeuran)

Scots: sefron

c. 1200, borrowed from Old French safran, from Medieval Latin safranum, from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān);
as a colour adjective from the late 14th century.

Crocus sativus
Crocus sativus#Translingual

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

saffron (yellow powder used in cooking, pharmaceuticals, and dyes)


sol

From Latin sōl (“sun”), or perhaps from Old English sōl (“sun”), both of which hail from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.

The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun (the center of our solar system).

c. 1395 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. Canon Yeoman's Prologue and Tale
Mercurie..and brymstoon..out of Sol and Luna were ydrawe.


yes

(Late Middle English) plural of ye (“eye”)


gripe

English: grip

→ Dutch: grip

Scots: grip, grup

Yola: grip

Inherited from Old English gripe, from Proto-West Germanic *gripi, from Proto-Germanic *gripiz.

Gripping or grabbing; taking with the hand.

(rare) A small group or collection of things.


gripe

English: grip (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French gripe, from Latin gryps, grȳphus, from Ancient Greek γρῡ́ψ (grū́ps).

A griffin (mythological beast; also in heraldry).

A vulture (compare modern English griffon vulture).


hole

English: whole

Scots: hole, holl

⇒ Yola: haoleghey


hole

English: hole (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hole

Yola: hullès (plural)


hole

English: hull

Scots: huil

Inherited from Old English hulu; see hull for more.

hull (the outer covering of a fruit or seed)


child

enm-noun

child (plural children or childre or child or childres, dative childe)

children (plural)
childre (plural)
child (plural)
childres (plural)
childe (dative)

English: child

Scots: child; chield

From Old English ċild, from Proto-Germanic *kelþaz.

A baby, infant, toddler; a person in infancy.

(Christianity) The Christ child; Jesus as a child.

(figurative) A member of a creed (usually with the religion in the genitive preposing it)

A young male, especially one employed as an hireling.

A young noble training to become a knight; a squire or childe.


hand

English: hand


father

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of fader


del

English: deal

Scots: dele

Yola: daal

A part, proportion or section of something.

The part or proportion that one is assigned or entitled to.

One's fate, inevitability or luck; what is ordained to occur.

A quantity or number of something; a deal or lot.

(often used in negations) A thing; a small amount.


bran

English: bran

Yola: bran

From Old French bren, from Gaulish *brennos (“rotten”), from Proto-Celtic *bragnos (“foul, rotten”).


clause

English: clause

From Old French clause, from Medieval Latin clausa.

A section or portion of a text; a part of a series of quotes

(law) A clause, term, or consideration; a section in a legal document.


mother

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of moder


bal

English: ball

Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball

Yola: ball

Inherited from Old English *beall, from Proto-West Germanic *ballu, from Proto-Germanic *balluz.

A rounded or spherical lump or bump, especially in medical terminology; a boil.

A ball used in sports or other entertainment.

The eyeball; the eye viewed as a spherical object.

A sport with a ball as a key component of play.

(rare) A node of muscles supporting the fingers or toes.

(rare, vulgar) One's testes (compare to the much more frequent Modern English sense)


cold

English: cold

Scots: cald, cauld

from the form stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

From Old English cald, an Anglian form of ċeald.


vert

English: vert

Borrowed from Old French vert, from Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis.


how

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


vers

English: verse

Scots: varse (obsolete)

From a combination of Old French vers and Old English fers, both from Latin versus.

A line or passage of a text or work:
A line in a poem; part of a stanza.

A line or passage of a text or work:
A line in a non-poetic literary work.

A Biblical verse, especially of a psalm.

A line or passage of a text or work:
A maxim or similar short phrase.

A stanza; a group of lines equivalent to the prose paragraph.

A portion of a liturgical prayer or recitation.

Verse, poetry; the poetic form and art as a whole.


bee

English: bee

Fingallian: bee

Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea

Yola: been (plural)

From Old English bēo, from Proto-West Germanic *biju, from Proto-Germanic *bijō.

Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1693–1696:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...


male

English: male

Scots: male

Borrowed from Old French masle, malle, from Late Latin masclus, from Latin masculus; compare femele and masculyn.

(rare) Manhood; the state of being male.


male

English: mail

Scots: mail

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French male, from Frankish *malhu, from Proto-Germanic *malhō.

The belly or one of its contents; a gut.


male

Borrowed from Latin mālum, from Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon), of unknown origin.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(chiefly Late Middle English, uncommon) The appletree (Malus domestica) or its fruit.


south

English: south

Scots: sooth

Yola: zouth

From Old English sūþ, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *sunþr, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrą.


to

English: toe

Scots: tae

Yola: toan (plural)

From Old English tā, tāhe, from Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ (“toe”).


lane

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">loan</i>

English: lane (dialectal loan)

⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin

→ Middle Scots: lane

→ Welsh: lôn

Scots: lone, loan

Yola: laane

→ Irish: lána

From Old English lanu, from Proto-West Germanic *lanu, from Proto-Germanic *lanō.
The form lone continues Mercian Old English lone, reflecting the dialectal rounding of Germanic */ɑn/. In most words, this rounding is only apparent in Western Middle English, but lone is the usual Northern form as well, making it a relic of the wider Old English distribution.

lane, alley (narrow passage between buildings)


rice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of riche (“realm”)


as

English: ace (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ace

From Old French as (“ace”), from Latin as, assis (“as (Roman coin)”).

(dice games) The lowest possible throw in dice.


west

English: west

Scots: wast

From Old English west, from Proto-West Germanic *west, *westr, from Proto-Germanic *westrą, from *westraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wek(ʷ)speros (“evening”).


talent

English: talent

Scots: talent

From Old French talent and Old English talente, both from Latin talentum, from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton).

A talent (ancient unit of money or weight)

A base inclination or urge (especially lustful or for food)

An emotion or feeling (especially positive or affectionate)


rose

English: rose (see there for further descendants)

Scots: rose

From Old English rōse, from Latin rosa. Reinforced and remodelled on Old French rose, from the same Latin source.

rose (plant belonging to the genus Rosa)

(heraldry) The rose as a heraldic emblem.

(figurative) A morally upstanding and virtuous individual.


snake

enm-noun

snake (plural snakes or snaken or snake)

snakes (plural)
snaken (plural)
snake (plural)

English: snake (see there for further descendants)

Scots: snake

From Old English snaca, from Proto-West Germanic *snakō.


man

English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)

Scots: man

Yola: man

Inherited from Old English mann, from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-, from Proto-Indo-European *mon-.

bleſſid is þe man þat ſuffriþ temptacioun / foꝛ whanne he ſchal be pꝛeued .· he ſchal reſſeyue þe coꝛoun of lijf · which god bihiȝte to men þat louen hym

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 1:12, page 109v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

A person who endures temptation is blessed, because when they've been tested, they'll receive the crown of life that God promised to the people who love him.


arm

English: arm

Scots: airm

Yola: arrm

From Old English earm (“arm”), from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), from Proto-Indo-European *arəm- (“arm”).


path

English: path

Scots: peth, paith

Inherited from Old English pæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz, from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs.

An informal or unpaved path or trail; a track.

(rare, Late Middle English) A course or route.

(rare, Late Middle English) A vessel or vein.


song

songes (plural)
song (accusative nominative singular)
songes (accusative nominative plural)
songes (genitive singular)
songe (genitive plural)
songes (genitive plural)
songe (dative singular)
songen (dative plural)

English: song

Scots: song, sang

Yola: zong

From Old English sang, song, from Proto-West Germanic *sangw, from Proto-Germanic *sangwaz.

Religious or spiritual chanting or hymns.

An exposition or story, especially a sung one.

A song supposed to have occult or magical power.

The practice or an instance of singing songs.

The sound produced by a bird (rarely other creatures)


hot

English: hot

Geordie English: het

Scots: hat, hait, hate

Yola: hoat, hote, hoate


leche

English: leach, letch

Yola: letch

Probably from Old English *læc, *lec, compare leccan (“to wet, moisten”).


leche

English: leech (archaic)

Yola: leech, leache

From Old English lēce, lǣce, from Proto-West Germanic *lākī.


leche

English: leech


hungry

From Old English hungriġ, from Proto-Germanic *hungragaz; equivalent to hunger + -y.

Those who are hungry, starving, or of little means.


north

English: north

Scots: north

Yola: nordh, noardth


swan

English: swan

Scots: swan

From Old English swan, from Proto-West Germanic *swan, from Proto-Germanic *swanaz.


pen

English: pen

Scots: pen

From Old English penn, from Proto-Germanic *pennō, perhaps from the root of pinn (“peg, pin”).

An enclosed structure for securing animals.


were

English: wear

Yola: were, wer


right

desctree

English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit

Geordie English: reet

Scots: richt

Yola: reights (plural)

right (direction; as opposed to the left)


leg

English: leg
→ Finnish: legi
→ Hungarian: leg

Scots: leg

From Old Norse leggr, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz.


god

English: god

Scots: god

Yola: gud

From Old English god, from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą.


not

English: not

Scots: nat (obsolete)

Reduction of nought (from Old English nāwiht, nōwiht).


hid

Alternative form of hide (“concealment”)


hid

Alternative form of hythe (“landing place, port”)


dug

(rare, Early Middle English) Alternative form of duk (“duke”)


bred

English: bread

Geordie English: breed

Scots: breid

Yola: breed

From Old English brēad, from Proto-West Germanic *braud, from Proto-Germanic *braudą.


bore

English: bore

Scots: bore, boir

A back-formation from boren; reinforced by Old Norse bora.

(rare, euphemistic) The anus; the asshole.


tribe

English: tribe

From Old French tribu, from Latin tribus.


done

Than cam In ẜ Aſcamour and ẜ Grūmor ⁊ Grūmorſon ẜ Croſſeleme ẜ Seuerauſe le brewſe that was called a paſſynge ſtronge knyght for as the booke ſeyth the chyff lady of the lady off the lake feſted ẜ Launcelot and ẜ Seu[er]auſe le brewſe And whan ſhe had feſted them both at ſundry tymes ſhe þ[ra]yde hem to gyff her a done

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 446, verso, lines 1–6:

Then came in Sir Astamor, and Sir Gromere, Grummor’s son, Sir Crosselm, Sir Servause le Breuse, that was called a passing strong knight, for as the book saith, the chief Lady of the Lake feasted Sir Launcelot and Servause le Breuse, and when she had feasted them both at sundry times she prayed them to give her a boon.


dart

English: dart

→ Dutch: dart

→ German: Dart

Scots: dart, dairt; dard

From Old French dart, dard, from Medieval Latin dardus, from Frankish *darōþu, from Proto-Germanic *darōþuz.

A hand-thrown spear or missile; a javelin.


burst

From Old English byrst, from Proto-West Germanic *brestu, from Proto-Germanic *brestuz. Doublet of brest.


nose

English: nose

Scots: nos, nose, nois

From Old English nosu, from Proto-West Germanic *nosu.

Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was / Hir nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas[…]

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 151–152:

Her wimple was folded in quite a seemly way / Her nose [was] slender; her eyes [were] grey like glass […]


nose

English: noose

Probably from Old French nous, nos, nominative singular of nou, no (“knot”).


cry

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: crie, cry

Borrowed from Old French cri, from crier; compare crien.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A call of distress or sorrow.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A plea for help or justice.

An announcement or report:
A proclamation or directive.

An announcement or report:
A call for people; a summons.

(by extension) A military force; a troop.


felt

English: felt

Scots: felt

From Old English felt, from Proto-West Germanic *felt.

Felted fabric or a sample or swab of it; felt.

A piece of headgear made from felted fabric; a felt hat.


bed

English: bed

Scots: bed


tak

English: tack

Scots: taik

From Old Northern French taque, ultimately of Germanic origin, probably from Frankish *takkō, from Proto-Germanic *takkô (“spike, thorn, prickle”).

der

A protective metal plate used on a cart to prevent wear.

(nautical) tack (a rope used to hold the foremost corner of the sail in place)


tak

English: tack

Scots: tak, take

From Old Norse taka (“revenue”) (from the verb taka (“to take”)) and from Middle English taken (“to take”), itself from Old Norse.

tack (a fee paid to a lord or king for the right to keep swine)


tear

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of teer (“tear”)


ear

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


flesh

English: flesh

Scots: flesch

Yola: vleash, vlesh

Inherited from Old English flǣsċ, from Proto-West Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).

(Christianity, theology) A communion wafer

The body, physical existence, nature (especially that of a human)


face

English: face (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: fyece

Scots: face

Yola: faace

Borrowed from Old French face, from Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs.

Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC:

Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


axe

English: ask (if not formed from the verb)

From Old English ǣsce, from Proto-Germanic *aiskijǭ.


axe

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


science

English: science (see there for further descendants)

Scots: science

Borrowed from Old French science, borrowed from Latin scientia, from sciēns + -ia.

etymon

A science; the body of knowledge composing a specific discipline.

learnt knowledge, especially from written sources.

facts, knowledge; that which is known:
applied or situational knowledge.

facts, knowledge; that which is known:
truth, reality, verified information.

One's faculty of finding information; knowing or insight

One's faculty of making sound decisions; sagaciousness.

One's aptitude or learning; one's knowledge (in a field).

A non-learned discipline, pursuit, or field.

(rare) verifiability; trust in knowledge.


we

From Old English wēa, from Proto-Germanic *waiwô. Doublet of wowe.


keep

English: keep

From the verb kepen (“to keep, to care about”).

taken keep

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I have so many idle thoughts / Purely from lack of sleep / That I swear I take no heed / Of anything, whether it comes or goes, / And nothing is either dear to me or hated.

I have so many an ydel thoght / Purely for defaulte of slepe / That by my trouthe I take no kepe / Of noo thinge how hyt cometh or gooth / Ne me nys no thynge leve nor looth

And shame it is, if a preest take keep
A shiten shepherde, and a clene sheep

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 8, recto, lines 503-4:

And—if a priest may take note—it’s a shame:
A shit-stained shepherd and a clean sheep.


bet

English: bet (obsolete)

From Old English bet, from Proto-West Germanic *bati, from Proto-Germanic *batiz. In adverbial senses, later supplemented by bettre.

Something or someone which is more wel (i.e. better).


get

English: jet

From a northern form of Old French jayet, jaiet, gaiet, from Latin gagātēs, from Ancient Greek Γαγάτης (Gagátēs).


eye

English: ey (obsolete)

From Old English eġe, from Proto-West Germanic *agi, from Proto-Germanic *agaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos. Doublet of awe.

that which creates reverence; the exercise of power


cable

English: cable

Scots: cable

Borrowed from Old Northern French cable, from Late Latin capulum.

A cable or strong rope (as used in nautical applications)

Any kind of rope or cable; a supporting wire.


led

English: lead

Scots: leid, lede

Yola: leed

Inherited from Old English lēad, from Proto-West Germanic *laud, from Gaulish *laudon, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom.


blow

English: blow

Yola: blowe


ye

And smale foweles maken melodye, / That slepen al the nyght with open yë.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 9–10:


substance

English: substance

God demyth vs vpon oure kyndely substance, whych is evyr kepte one in hym, hole and safe without ende;

Mirabai Starr (2013) chapter 45, in Julian of Norwich: The Showings: A Contemporary Translation, Canterbury Press, published 2014, →ISBN, “Human Judgment”, page 111

God judges us according to our true essence, which he keeps inside himself, whole and safe, always.


sprung

(Early Middle English, West Midlands) Alternative form of spryng


hide

hides (plural)
hiden (plural)
hide (plural)

English: hide

Scots: hyd, hid

from Old English hīd, hȳd, hīġed, hīġid (“a measure of land”), from earlier *hīwid (“the amount of land needed to support one family”), a derivative of Proto-Germanic *hīwaz, *hīwō (“relative, fellow-lodger, family”), related to *hīwô (“household”).


hide

English: hide

Scots: hide


hide

Alternative form of hythe (“landing place, port”)


rode

English: rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: Rhode, Rhodes

From Old English rōd, from Proto-West Germanic *rōdu, from Proto-Germanic *rōdō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

The cross on which Christ was crucified, and derived uses such as:

Christlike torment, suffering, or tribulation, as in "an oðer rode to berene" (another cross to bear)


rode

English: road

desctree

Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd

→ Old French: *rade

Middle French: rade

French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

From Old English rād, from Proto-West Germanic *raidu, from Proto-Germanic *raidō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


rode

English: rud

Scots: rud, rudd

Pot marigold, calendula (Calendula officinalis)


rode

English: Rhude

English: Rudd


hurt

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation from hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:

A wound or disease; damage to one's body.

Monetary loss; damage to one's finances.

(law) A transgression; the act of violating.

(rare) A blunder or that which causes one.


er

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


slay

English: sley

From metaphorical usage of Old English slege, from Proto-West Germanic *slagi, from Proto-Germanic *slagiz.


taken

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of token


sew

English: sew (obsolete)

From Old English sēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *sauw.

broth, gravy (liquid or sauce for boiling)

(Early Middle English) sap, juice (of a plant)


chalk

English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk

Scots: cauk, cawk

From Old English cealc, from Proto-West Germanic *kalk.


spoke

English: spoke

Scots: spaik

Yola: spagh

From Old English spāca, from Proto-West Germanic *spaikā, from Proto-Germanic *spaikǭ.

a spoke (support radiating from the middle of a wheel)

a sharp spike or projection on the edge of a wheel


make

English: make (dialectal)

Scots: make, maik, mak

From Old English maca, ġemaca, from Proto-West Germanic *makō, *gamakō, from Proto-Germanic *makô. Compare macche (“bride, equal”).


make

English: make

Scots: mak


smelt

English: smelt

Scots: smelt

From Old English smelt, smylt, from Proto-West Germanic *smelt, from Proto-Germanic *smeltaz.


heron

English: heron, hern

Scots: hern

From Anglo-Norman heiron, from Medieval Latin hairō, *haigrō, from Frankish/Proto-West Germanic *hraigrō, from Proto-Germanic *haigrô, from earlier *hraigrô via dissimilation.

Ardea cinerea
Ardea cinerea#Translingual

the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), or (rarely) a representation of it used in heraldry


self

Inherited from Old English self, from Proto-West Germanic *selb, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz.

(the) same thing, (the) aforementioned thing


bat

English: bat, batt

Scots: bat

Yola: bath, bat

→ Irish: bata

→ Scottish Gaelic: bata

From Old English batt, from Celtic; influenced by Old French batte.

A mace, bat, or morningstar (blunt weapon)

(rare, Late Middle English) A strike or hit from a weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) A clump of soft material.


bat

(Northern) Alternative form of bot (“boat”)


hold

From Old English hold, from Proto-Germanic *huldą, from Proto-Indo-European *kol-, *kwol-. Cognates include Old Norse hold (“flesh”) (Icelandic hold, Swedish hull), and (from Indo-European) Old Irish colainn, Welsh celain.


won

Alternative form of wane (“deprivation”)


won

Alternative form of wane (“woeful state”)


stay

stayes (plural)
stay (accusative nominative singular)
stayes (accusative nominative plural)
stayes (genitive singular)
staye (genitive plural)
staye (dative singular)
stayen (dative plural)

Scots: stay

English: stay

From Old English stæġ (“stay, a rope supporting a mast”), from Proto-Germanic *stagą (“stay, rope”), from Proto-Indo-European *stek-, *stāk- (“stand, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *stā- (“to stand”).


wine

From Old English wine, from earlier wini.


stork

English: stork

Scots: stork

From Old English storc, from Proto-Germanic *sturkaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥ǵos.


saw

Þe more comoun sawe is þat Remus was i-slawe for he leep ouer þe newe walles of Rome.

1387, Ranulf Higden, translated by John of Trevisa, Polychronicon:

The more common opinion is that Remus was slain for he lept over the new walls of Rome.


cloth

English: cloth

Scots: clath, clathe, claith

From Old English clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

Cloth; fabric or an individual piece of it, especially made by weaving:

Table linen; a decorative cloth for the table.

An ornamental cloth or carpet with fine detailing.

A specific standard length or area of cloth.

A cloth used to filter or sieve unwanted materials (usually in the kitchen).

The cloth babies are wrapped in; babywear.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

(often in the plural) An item of clothes; a garment; something to be worn.

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

(Late Middle English) A bodily tissue or layer.

(Late Middle English, rare) An illness or medical condition evident from boils.


lynx

English: lynx

Scots: lynx (obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin lynx, from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx).


acorn

English: acorn

Scots: aicorn

From Old English æcern, from Proto-West Germanic *akran, from Proto-Germanic *akraną.
The last element of this word is often remodelled on corn.


basket

English: basket

Scots: basket

Yola: baskaate, baskeat

From Anglo-Norman bascat, possibly from Late Latin bascauda.

(rare) The amount that fits in a basket.


cough

English: cough

Yola: keough


thought

English: thought

Scots: thocht

Yola: thaugkt

From Old English þōht, from Proto-West Germanic *þą̄ht, from Proto-Germanic *þanhtaz.


mouth

English: mouth

Scots: mooth

Yola: meouth, moweth, mouth

From Old English mūþ, from Proto-West Germanic *munþ, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz.


come

English: come (obsolete)

Scots: come

From Old English cyme, from Proto-West Germanic *kumi, from Proto-Germanic *kumiz.
The predominance of /u/, /oː/ is due to the influence of the related verb comen.


come

From Old English cuma, from cuman (“to come”).


wake

English: wake

Yola: wake

From Old English wacu, from Proto-Germanic *wakō, related to the verb *wakjaną.


sot

enm-noun

sot (plural sottes or (Early ME) sotten)

sottes (plural)
sotten (Early-Middle-English plural)

English: sot

Scots: sot

From Old English sot, sott, from Medieval Latin sottus, reinforced by Old French sot (“idiotic”), of obscure origin. Possibly an expressive interjection, similar to modern French zut! (“damn it!”).

onomatopoeic

expressive

One who lacks wisdom, knowledge, or intelligence; a stupid person.

A villainous or dishonest individual; a rogue or scoundrel.

(derogatory) Used as a general-purpose insult.


jay

English: jay

Scots: jay

From Old French jai, from Frankish *gāhi or Late Latin gaius. Doublet of gay.


thing

English: thing

Scots: thing, ting, hing

Yola: dhing

From Old English þing, from Proto-West Germanic *þing, from Proto-Germanic *þingą.


difference

enm-noun

difference (plural differences or difference)

differences (plural)
difference (plural)

English: difference

Scots: difference

From Old French difference, from Latin differēntia; equivalent to differren (“to postpone”) + -ence.

Difference; the state of being different.

A difference; an element which separates.

Distinguishment; the finding or creation of dissimilarity.

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic cadency for a family's junior branch.

(mathematics, rare) The result of subtraction; an amount left over.

(mathematics, rare) An order in decimal representation of numbers.

(rare) Something that people do not agree upon.


care

English: care

Scots: care

Yola: caure, caare, caar

From Old English caru, ċearu (“care, concern, anxiety, sorrow, grief, trouble”), from Proto-West Germanic *karu, from Proto-Germanic *karō. See Modern English care for more.

Than Feraunte his cosyn had grete care and cryed full lowde[…].

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


bir

English: birr

From Old English byre (“strong wind, storm”).

Were blouen to þe brode se in a bir swithe.

A ᵹonge knight..suet to þe Duke With a bir on þe brest, þat backeward he ᵹode.

An armed assault or sally; a clash or encounter; a blow or stroke; an attack or affliction.

With alle þe bur in his body he ber hit on lofte.

c. 1400, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:

1425, Wycliffe Bible, Judges 5:22

1415, Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham

Item in l bir de debito versus Rad'm Forster, 13 d.


cause

English: cause

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
He knew the cause of everich maladye
He knew the cause of every illness


cake

English: cake (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: kyek

Scots: cake

Yola: caake, kaake

From Old Norse kaka, from Proto-Germanic *kakǭ.

(medicine) A cake prepared to cure disease or illness.

A cake (any sort of flat doughy food):
(Christianity, rare) A communion wafer.

A cake (any sort of flat doughy food):
A communion wafer.


dream

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of drem


bread

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bred (“bread”)


bible

English: bible

Scots: bible

From Old French bible, from Medieval Latin biblia, from biblia), from Ancient Greek βιβλία (biblía).

A compendium, collection, or storehouse of books.


blade

English: blade

Scots: blad, blade, blaud, blaid

From Old English blæd, from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃otom.

A leaf or blade; a piece foliage in general.

Any sharp-bladed slashing or stabbing weapon.

(rare) A wooden tile or chip for roofing.

(rare) Anything close in appearance or form to a blade.


cook

desctree

English: cook
Sranan Tongo: kukru (via cook room)
Aukan: kukuu
Tok Pisin: kuk
→ Norman: couque
→ Portuguese: cuca
→ Thai: กุ๊ก (gúk)
→ Tokelauan: kuka

Scots: cuke, cuik

From Old English cōc, from Vulgar Latin cocus, from Latin coquus.


comb

English: comb

Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem

Yola: cowm, khime

From Old English camb, comb, from Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.

A comb (toothed tool for holding or grooming hair)

An instrument similar to a comb used for differing things.

A honeycomb (hexagonal structure of bees)

(rare) The palm or the analogous part of the foot.


base

English: base

Scots: base

Borrowed from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βᾰ́σῐς (básis), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷémtis.

A foundation or base; the bottom of a building.

The foundation, base, or bottom of a column, statue, or vase.

(rare) Padding inserted below a horse's bridle.

(rare) A hand's palm; the section of a hand below the fingers.

(rare, alchemy) The mix of metals used as a base for alchemical operations.


camel

English: camel

Scots: camel

From Old Northern French camel, cameil, from Latin camēlus. Some forms are from or influenced by Old French chamel, chamoil.


sap

English: sap

Scots: sap, saup

From Old English sæp, from Proto-West Germanic *sap, from Proto-Indo-European *sep-.


cover

English: cover

Yola: neckarès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French covert, and was influenced by coveren.


ram

English: ram

Scots: ram

From Old English ramm, from Proto-Germanic *rammaz.


hare

English: hare

Scots: hare, hair

Yola: haar

From Old English hara; some forms have the vowel of Old Norse heri.

A hare or its meat (lagomorph of the genus Lepus)

(rare) Someone who is easily scared or frightened.


wet

English: wet

Scots: wat

From Old English wǣt, wāt, and weten (“to wet”).

Lord, what they are weyll / that hens ar past! / ffor thay noght feyll / theym to downe cast. / here is makyll vnceyll / and long has it last, / Now in hart, now in heyll / now in weytt, now in blast / Now in care, / Now in comforth agane, / Now is fayre, now is rane, / Now in hart full fane, / And after full sare.

15th c., “Pagina pastorum [Shepherds' Play, I]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 100, lines 1–9:

Lord! They are well that are gone from here! For they do not feel anything, those who have been cast down. Here, there is much misery, and it lasts a long time: in one's heart, in hail, in rain, in wind or thunder, in care, then in comfort again, then fairness, then rain; at one point glad in heart, and after most grieved.


sand

English: sand

Scots: sand

Yola: zoane

From Old English sand, from Proto-West Germanic *samd, from Proto-Germanic *samdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos.


kith

English: kith

Scots: kith, kyth, kythe

From Old English cȳþþ, cȳþþu, from Proto-Germanic *kunþiþō.

One's motherland or birthplace; the region or territory where one belongs

One's kin, ethnicity, or lineage; the people one belongs to.

One's descendant; a person from one's line.

Relation; connection by blood, heritage.


empire

English: empire

Scots: empire

Borrowed from Old French empire, empere, from Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”). Doublet of emperie.

Emperorship; the office, power or title of emperor.

An empire; the domain of an emperor or empress.

[⁊ of iheſu criſt] þat is a feiþful witneſſe .· þe firſte bigeten of deed men · ⁊ pꝛynce of kyngis of þe erþe / which louyde vs / ⁊ waiſchide vs fro oure ſynnes in his blood .· / ⁊ made vs a kyngdom / ⁊ pꝛeſtis to god ⁊ to his fadir / to hym be gloꝛie ⁊ empire .· in to woꝛldis of woꝛldis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:5-6, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[of Jesus Christ,] / who is a reliable witness, the firstborn of the dead, and sovereign over the rulers of the Earth, who loved us, cleansed us from our sins with his blood, / and made us a kingdom / and priests of God and his father. To him are glory and power for many ages.

(rare) Total power or influence, especially when wielded by gods.

(rare) A region of control; a field or zone.

(rare, Christianity) God's kingdom in the heavens.


heaven

(Late Middle English) Rare form of hevene.


cloud

English: cloud

Scots: clud, clood

From Old English clūd, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz.

A cloud (mass of water vapour) or similar.

The sky (that which is above the ground).


seem

English: seam

Scots: seam

Inherited from Old English sēam (“seam”), from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz. The "nail" sense is a semantic loan from Old Norse saumr.

inh+

A furrow or trench; a depression in the ground.

A depression or indentation:
A seam (scar or cicatrix).

A depression or indentation:
A seam (suture or stitching).

(anatomy) A bodily depression or furrow.

A depression or indentation:
A bodily depression or furrow.


seem

English: seam (historical)

Inherited from Old English sēam, from Proto-West Germanic *saum (“load”), from Late Latin sauma, from Latin sagma, from Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma).


vein

English: vain

From Old French vain, from Latin vānus (“empty”). The noun is derived from the adjective.


light

English: light

Geordie English: leet

Scots: licht

Yola: lhygt

From Old English lēoht (“light, daylight; power of vision; luminary; world”), from Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from the root *lewk- (“light”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English lēoht
Middle English light

etymon

The radiation which allows for vision by brightening objects and colours.

Illumination in general, or any source thereof.

The metaphorical clarity resulting from philosophical or religious ideals such as truth, wisdom, righteousness, etc.

Mental or spiritual acuity; the presence of life in a living being.

(chemistry) The property of lustre; how shiny a substance is.

(architecture) an opening in a wall allowing for the transmission of light; a window.


halm

English: haulm, halm, helm

Inherited from Old English healm, from Proto-West Germanic *halm, from Proto-Germanic *halmaz.

The stalks remaining after cultivation; haulm, straw.


ewe

English: ewe

Scots: yowe, yhow

Yola: yowe

Inherited from Old English eowu, from Proto-West Germanic *awi, from Proto-Germanic *awiz.


ash

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


ese

English: ease

Physical comfort, or that which is conducive thereto.

1370-90, William Langland, Piers Plowman
For if hevene be on this erthe, and ese to any soule,
It is in cloistre or in scole.

Spiritual comfort; equanimity, tranquility.

[…]hƿen þe delit i þe luſt iſ igan ſe ouerforð · þet ter nere nan ƿiðſeggunge ȝef þer ƿere eiſe to fulle þe dede ·

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 78, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 29:

[…] when the delight taken in the craving has gone so far that there will be no denying it if there's any way whatsoever to do it.

The opportunity by which something is possible; means, ability.

The mitigation or alleviation of discomfort, burden or suffering.

(law) The right to utilize the property of a neighbour for certain ends; easement.


colt

English: colt

Scots: colt, cout, cowt

Yola: caule, caul, cawl, kawle

From Old English colt, from Proto-Germanic *kultaz.


sword

enm-noun

sword (plural swordes or (early) sweorden)

English: sword

Scots: swerd, sword

From Old English sword, a Mercian form of sweord (which some forms are directly from), from Proto-West Germanic *swerd, from Proto-Germanic *swerdą.

Nile ȝe deme þat I cam to ſende pees in to erþe / I cam not to ſende pees .· but swerd

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:34, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Don't feel that I came to bring peace to Earth. I didn't come to bring peace, but a sword.


cotton

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of coton


metal

English: metal, mettle

Scots: metal

→ Welsh: metel

Borrowed from Old French metal, from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

(heraldry, rare) metal (class of tinctures)


vessel

English: vessel

Scots: veshel

Yola: veseal

Borrowed from Old French vaissel, vessel, from Late Latin vāscellum.

A container or vessel; a box for storage:

A vessel; any open container used in the kitchen:

(by extension) A decorative container; a vase used for adornment.

(by extension) A piece of cookware; a container used for cooking.

(by extension) Any sort of kitchen tool or utensil.

A container used for the storage of medicines; a pharmaceutical container.

Any object, especially a container, used in religious ceremonies or rituals.

A large container or vat used for bulk storage.

(alchemy) Alchemical equipment, ware, or tools.

(figurative) A human being or the body of a human being.

Blood vessels; the tubes that blood travels in.

Any sort of tube, duct or canal in the body (e.g. the intestines)

(figurative, rare) The heart (as the seat of feelings).

In several anatomical senses:
The heart (as the seat of feelings).

(mainly Biblical) A machine, device, or method.


dew

English: dew

Scots: dew, deow, dyow

Yola: dhew

Inherited from Old English dēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *dauw, from Proto-Germanic *dawwaz, *dawwą.


hospital

English: hospital (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hospital

Borrowed from Old French hospital, from Latin hospitālis, hospitāle. Doublet of hostel.

A hostel or guesthouse; a place of accommodation or lodging.

A shelter for the poor, ill or otherwise needy.

A place of refuge; a retreat or redoubt.

The Knights Hospitaller (a religious order)


moisture

English: moisture

Borrowed from Old French moistour; equivalent to moiste + -ure.


dust

English: dust

Scots: dust, dist

Forms with a long vowel are from Old English dūst, from Proto-Germanic *dunstą. Forms with a short vowel are from Old English *dust, from Proto-Germanic *dustą.


gain

Alternative form of gayn (“gain, reward, advantage”)


Jew

Jewes (plural)
Jew (accusative nominative singular)
Jewes (accusative nominative plural)
Jewes (genitive singular)
Jewes (genitive plural)
Jewen (genitive plural)
Jewe (dative singular)
Jewen (dative plural)

desctree

English: Jew, Joo (usually derogatory)
Sranan Tongo: Dyu

Scots: Jew

From Old French juiu, from Latin iūdaeus, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Hebrew יְהוּדִי (y'hudí); Doublet of Judew.

Israelite (inhabitant of Biblical Israel)


box

English: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, borrowed from Latin buxus.

etymon

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual


box

English: box (see there for further descendants)

Scots: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā, borrowed from Late Latin buxis, borrowed from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís), from πῠ́ξος (púxos) + -ις (-is).


box

Scots: box

Unknown; see English box (“blow with the fist”) for more.


wal

English: wall

Scots: wa, waa, waw

Yola: wul, vall

→ Middle Irish: *balla

Irish: balla

Manx: boalley

Scottish Gaelic: balla

From Old English weall, from Proto-West Germanic *wall (“wall, rampart, entrenchment”), from Latin vallum (“wall, rampart, entrenchment, palisade”).


wal

Alternative form of wale (“selection, preference”)


maselyn

Made him eke in a maselyn

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


fox

English: fox

Scots: fox

Yola: voxe, vox

From Old English fox, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.


calf

enm-noun

calf (plural calver(e) or calveren or calves)

calver (plural)
calveren (plural)
calves (plural)

English: calf

Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf

Yola: callef, calef, calluf

From Old English cælf, Anglian form of ċealf, from Proto-Germanic *kalbaz.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

A representation of a calf; something that looks like a calf.


calf

English: calf

Scots: cauf


maser

English: mazer

Scots: maser

From Old English *maser, *mæser, from Proto-Germanic *masuraz; reinforced by Anglo-Norman mazer.

A maple bowl or cup, often with metal inlay; a mazer.

The wood of the maple tree or similar wood.

(rare, surgery) An artificial bone made of maple to repair skull injuries

Acer campestre
Acer campestre#Translingual


mase

English: maze

Scots: maze

Yola: mize

Probably from masen; further etymology is disputed.

Something that causes bewilderment or mystery (e.g. a wild fancy; a confused notion)

Something that causes misleadingness or chicanery.


snow

English: snow

Scots: snaw

Yola: sneow, sneew, snowe, snow

From Old English snāw, from Proto-West Germanic *snaiw, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

snow (frozen water as precipitation, either while falling or once landed)


liver

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


ore

English: oar

Scots: air

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“oar”), from Proto-West Germanic *airu, from Proto-Germanic *airō.


ore

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“honour”), from Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō.

grace, favour (positivity towards someone)::

permission, approval (to engage in a behaviour)

mercy, clemency (remission of punishment)


ore

English: ore

Scots: ure, uir

From both Old English ōra (“ore, unwrought metal”) and Old English ār (“brass”).


stroke

English: stroke

Scots: strake, straik, strak

Yola: stroke

From Old English *strāc, from Proto-West Germanic *straik.

A strike or hit from a weapon or instrument of torture

A strike or hit from one's hands or other limbs

A strike or hit from a tool against an object.

The force of death; the origin or effect of one's demise.

(Late Middle English) The feeling of an intense emotion or mood.

(Late Middle English) The process of making a striking or hitting motion.

A loud sound caused by weather (e.g. heavy rain)

The result of a striking or hitting motion; a wound.

(rare) A jerking or pulsing motion (e.g. a heartbeat)


note

English: note

From Old French note (noun) and the verb noter.

The myller gothe agayne, no worde he ſaide / But doth his note, & wͪ theſe clerkes playde / Tyl yͭ her corne was fayre & wel ygrounde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xvii, recto:

The miller goes back, no words he said / But does his business, & with these clerks did ply / Until their grain was refined and well-ground

But þefte serueþ of wykkede note, / Hyt hangeþ hys mayster by þe þrote, / Or doþe hym lese hys godë fame, / Or bryngeþ hym oute of þe towne for shame.

1303, Roberd of Brunnè, “The Seventh Commandment”, in Frederick James Furnivall, editor, Handlyng Synne, London: J. B. Nichols and Sons, published 1862, page 67, lines 2073–6:

note: That which is needed or necessary; business; duty; work.


note

English: nut

Scots: nute, nuit, nit

⇒ Yola: harnothes (plural)

From Old English hnutu, from Proto-West Germanic *hnut, from Proto-Germanic *hnuts.


smoke

English: smoke

Yola: smock

From Old English smoca, from Proto-Germanic *smukô (“smoke, nebulous air”).


salt

English: salt

Scots: sawt, salt, saut

Yola: zall

From Old English sealt, from Proto-West Germanic *salt, from Proto-Germanic *saltą (noun) and Proto-Germanic *saltaz (adjective).

Something containing or for storing salt

Any of a group of crystalline compounds that resemble salt


hem

English: hem

Scots: hem, heme

From Old English hem. See English hem for more.


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A pipe; a piece of tubing used as a channel (often for fluids):

A piece of tubing which string or rope is inserted into.

(medicine) A syringe; a hollow tube for medical removal or insertion.

Any other medical device or equipment based around a chamber or pipe.

A pipe (musical instrument) or a similar wind instrument.

(rare) A pipe as part of a musical instrument (e.g. bagpipes)

A barrel or tub; a container or vessel for the storage of bulk goods, especially wine.

A unit measuring the mass or amount (equivalent to such a container).

A record of a payment or audit acting as part of the Pipe Rolls.

An anatomical or bodily channel or passage, especially one used for respiration.

(rare) A tube-shaped support or holder; something resembling a pipe but not used as one.


home

Alternative form of hamme (“enclosure; meadow”)


home

Alternative form of hame (“hame (part of a harness)”)


unwisdom

English: unwisdom

From Old English unwīsdōm; equivalent to un- + wisdom.


aa

Borrowed from Old Norse á, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō (“water, stream”). Doublet of ee.

(Late Middle English, hapax) river, stream (in place name)


brat

Whicħ þat þey myght / wrape hem in at nyght / And a brat / to walk in / by day-light

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Line 881”, in The Canon's Yeoman's Tale:


cornet

English: cornet

Borrowed from Old French cornet; equivalent to corne (“callus”) + -et.

(rare) A triangle-shaped slice of bread.


kernel

desctree

English: kernel
→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

Scots: kirnel; churnel

From Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil; equivalent to corn + -el (agentive suffix). Some forms are influenced by corn.

The seed, grain or stone of a fruit or nut.

(by extension) A granule; a small grain, flake, or ball.

(figurative) The fundamental, superior or essential part.

(anatomy) An organ responsible for production of substances.


udder

English: udder

Scots: udder, uther, ether

From Old English ūder, from Proto-Germanic *ūdarą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥.


original

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

From Old French original, from Late Latin orīginālis; equivalent to origyne + -al.

the origin, lineage, or provenance of something

the authoritative, authorial, or primordial version of a work or source

(rare) something that isn't living or artificial; a primordial element

(rare) a reason, factor, or generator of something

(rare) the root or etymological ancestor of a word

(rare, religion) the making of the universe

(rare, law) a legal document beginning legal action


game

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">gam</i>

English: game (see there for further descendants); (dialectal gam)

⇒ Fingallian: gamshoge

Scots: gemme, gem, gyem, game

Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *gamaną
Proto-West Germanic *gaman
Old English gamen
Middle English game
From Old English gamen／gomen, from Proto-West Germanic *gaman, from Proto-Germanic *gamaną, of disputed origin.

etymon

Entertainment or an instance of it; that which is enjoyable:

A sport or other outdoor or physical activity.

A game; a codified (and often competitive) form of entertainment.

Sexual or romantic entertainment or activity (including intercourse in itself).

An amusing, joking, or humorous activity or event.

Any kind of event or occurrence; something that happens:

An endeavour; a set of actions towards a goal.

Any kind of activity having competition or rivalry.

(rare) One's quarry; that which one is trying to catch.


paper

desctree

English: paper
Tok Pisin: pepa
→ Rotokas: pepa
→ Dutch: paper
→ Eastern Arrernte: pipe
→ Esperanto: papero
Ido: papero
→ Hawaiian: pepa
→ Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
→ Malay: kertas (semantic loan)
→ Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
→ Maori: pepa
→ Marshallese: peba
→ Mokilese: peipa
→ Niuean: pepa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
→ Southern Ndebele: iphepha
→ Spanish: paper
→ Swazi: líphepha
→ Xhosa: iphepha
→ Yoruba: bébà, pépà
→ Zulu: iphepha

Scots: paper

→ Welsh: papur

paper (thin, white writing surface made of wood pulp)

A message or note; something that is written.


las

English: lace

Yola: laace, laase

Borrowed from Old French las, from the verb lacier (“to lace”).

Vulcanus had caught thee [Venus] in his las.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


kerf

English: kerf, carf

Scots: kerf, carf

From Old English cyrf, from Proto-West Germanic *kurbi, from Proto-Germanic *kurbiz.
The predominance of forms in -e- is probably due to the influence of kerven.

The act of cutting or carving; a stroke or slice.

(rare) An incision; the result of cutting.


quest

English: quest

Scots: quest

Partly from Anglo-Norman queste, Old French queste, and partly from their source, Latin quaesta.

(Late Middle English) A legal inquest or investigation; a session of court.

(Late Middle English) A group or body of jurors

(rare) A body of judges or other individuals commissioned to make a decision or verdict

(rare) The decision or verdict reached by such a body of judges.

(rare) The finding of prey by hunting dogs during a hunt.

(rare, Late Middle English) The howling upon finding prey by hunting dogs during a hunt.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


hey

English: hay

Scots: hey

Yola: hye, hey

From Old English hīġ, hīeġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hawi, from Proto-Germanic *hawją (“hay”).


damp

(when preceding labials) Alternative form of dan


bath

English: bath

Scots: bath

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁-
Proto-Germanic *baþą
Proto-West Germanic *baþ
Old English bæþ
Middle English bath
Inherited from Old English bæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *baþ, from Proto-Germanic *baþą.

etymon

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A medicinal or curative bath.

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A spiritually cleansing bath.

(alchemy, rare) A bath for distilling water.

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A bath for distilling water.


tare

English: tare

Scots: tare, teer, tere

Either from an Old English *taru or borrowed from Middle Low German and/or Middle Dutch tarwe; in any case, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *taru.

Vetch or tare; a member of the genus Vicia.

The seed of vetch, especially in reference to something worthless.

Lolium temulentum
Lolium temulentum#Translingual

(rare) Lolium temulentum (poison darnel).


sense

English: sense

Yola: zense

From Old French sens, from Latin sensus.


tre

English: tree

Scots: tree

Yola: tren (plural)

From Old English trēow, from Proto-West Germanic *treu, in turn from Proto-Germanic *trewą. Ultimately descended from Proto-Indo-European *dóru.

In a great house ben not only vessels of gold and of silver but also of tree and of earth.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, III, or IV), Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, II. Timothy II:20:


dame

English: dame; dam

Scots: dame, deem; dam

From Old French dame, from Latin domina.

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
abbess (governor of a nunnery)

(rare) A female anchorite (with servants)

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
A female anchorite (with servants)

A mother (of humans, animals, or plants)

A respectful term of address for any woman (sometimes sarcastic).


sei

English: sea


cop

English: cop

Scots: cop, coppe

Yola: kappas (plural)

→ Welsh: copa

From Old English cop, from Proto-West Germanic *kopp.


mot

English: mote

Yola: mothe, mot


mot

Yola: mot

From Old English mōt, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtu, from Proto-Germanic *mōtō (“tax, toll”).


mot

English: moot

Scots: mut, mote

Yola: moude, maude, moud

From Old English *mōt, ġemōt (“meeting”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtą.


rot

English: rot

Rotting or decomposition; the situation where something rots.

Any disease which causes decaying and decomposition in humans.

A disease that afflicts sheep; footrot, the rot.


lune

English: Luna

From Old French lune (“moon”), from Latin lūna.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens.

He vnderstood, and brymstoon by his brother, That out of Sol and Luna were ydrawe.

1395, Chaucer, “Canon Yeoman's Prologue and Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:

(rare, sometimes capitalised) A white, precious metal; silver.


flor

English: floor

desc

Scots: flure, fluir, flair, fleur, fleer

From Old English flōr, from Proto-West Germanic *flōru, *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros.

floor (bottom surface of a room or building)

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

A flat area or platform (often for preparation)

The surface of the earth, especially when flat; a plain.

(rare) The substructure or support of a building.

(rare) The bottom of one's eyelid or eyelash.


ham

Inherited from Old English ham, hamm (“enclosure”), from Proto-West Germanic *hamm, from Proto-Germanic *hammaz.


ham

Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


ham

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of hom (“home”)


elf

English: elf (see there for further descendants)

Scots: elf

Yola: elf

From Old English elf, Anglian form of ælf, from Proto-West Germanic *albi, from Proto-Germanic *albiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”).

Scho was so faire & so fresche · as faucon hire semed, / An elfe out of an-othire erde · or ellis an Aungell

c. 1450, Wars of Alexander, Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, passus 24, line 5258:

She was so fair and beautiful; her elegance seemed like / An elf out of another world, or else an angel.

he was takyn with an elfe / I saw it myself / when the clok stroke twelf / was he forshapyn

c. 1450, “The Second Shepherds' Play”, in The Towneley Plays, Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, line 616:

He was taken by an elf; I saw it myself. / When the clock struck twelve, he was transfigured.


seconde

Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)


seconde

Alternative form of secunde (“sixtieth part of a minute”)


beverage

English: beverage

Scots: beverage, baiverage

From Old French beverage, variant of bevrage; equivalent to bever + -age. For forms such as berage, compare Middle French berage, variant of breuvage.

Such a beverage used to close negotiations; said negotiations in themselves.

Hardship, pain, torment; events that are hard to handle.


appel

English: apple (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aipple

From Old English æppel, from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz, from *h₂bl-, the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.

I prayed pieres to pulle adown an apple.

c. 1378, William Langland, Piers Plowman:


mint

Alternative form of mynte (“mint (plant)”)


universe

English: universe

Scots: universe

From Old French univers, from Latin ūniversus.

(Late Middle English, rare) The universe; the stars.


prune

English: prune

Borrowed from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *prūna, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), προῦμνον (proûmnon). Doublet of plomme.

Prunus domestica
Prunus domestica#Translingual


flight

English: flight

Scots: flycht, flicht


tort

English: tort

Scots: tort

From Old French tort, from Latin tortum.