schere

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: sheare

Inherited from Old English scēar; compare scheren. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(often in the plural) shears (a pair of linked blades)


doke

English: duck

Scots: duik, deuk, dook

Yola: duucks (plural)


beame

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beme


schole

English: shoal

Scots: schole

From Old English sċolu, from Proto-Germanic *skulō.


donge

English: dung

Scots: dung

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dungu, from Proto-Germanic *dungō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English oblique cases.

Dung or feces, especially of animals (used in medicine or fertiliser)

(figurative, rare) Immoral or sinful things.


donge

desc

Middle English: dongeoun (probably contributed various senses)

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”). The final vowel is either a generalisation of the dative or by analogy with Etymology 1.


delf

English: delf, delve

Scots: delf, delph

From Old English delf, from delfan (Middle English delven).

A quarry (pit for digging stone or clay).

A man-made channel or stream; a water-filled ditch.


potentat

English: potentate

Borrowed from Old French potentat, from Latin potentātus.


preest

English: priest

From Old English prēost. Reinforced by Old French prestre.


slete

English: sleet

Inherited from Old English *slēte, *slīete, from Proto-West Germanic *slautijā, from Proto-Germanic *slautijǭ, of unclear origin.


slepe

English: sleep

Scots: slepe, sleip

Yola: slepe

For Nature wolde nat ſuffyſe / To non erthly creature / Not longe tyme to endure / Without ſlepe & be yn ſorwe / And I ne may ne nyght ne morwe / Slepe […]

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1450–1475 in Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 638, folio 110v

For Nature will not allow / Any earthly creature / To survive for long / Without sleep, and sorrowing; / And yet I cannot, by night or morning, / Sleep, […]


schonde

English: shand, shond

From Old English sċeand, sċand, from Proto-West Germanic *skandu, from Proto-Germanic *skandō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

The feeling of shame, disservice, or humiliation.

Damage; negative effects upon something.

Devastation, ruination; the effects of a cataclysm.


bukke

English: buck

Scots: buk, buke, buik

Yola: buch

From Old English bucca, from Proto-West Germanic *bukkō, from Proto-Germanic *bukkô.


doppe

(ornithology) Any type of bird that dops or dives.


hokke

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


feeste

English: feast

Scots: feast

→ Welsh: ffest

Borrowed from Old French feste, from Late Latin festa < Latin festum.


lappe

English: lap

lap (surface formed by one's legs when sitting down)


hakke

English: hack

Scots: hack, haik


nekke

English: neck

Scots: neck

Yola: neckarès (plural)

Inherited from Old English hnecca, from Proto-West Germanic *hnakkō, from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô.

The neck (body part connecting the head and trunk):

The neck of a bottle or container; a bottleneck.

(figurative) A neck in various symbolic uses:

Signifying subjection or resistance to it.

A neck in various symbolic uses:
Signifying a load or burden.

A neck in various symbolic uses:
Signifying one's existence.


spekke

English: speck, spetch

Scots: speck

A splotch or stain; a mark or zone of aberrant coloration.

A dot or point, especially when it is a stain.

(rare) A small portion of material used to mend a fabric item.

(rare) A small amount of spit or saliva.


kampe

English: camp (see there for further descendants)

Scots: camp

From Old English camp, from Proto-West Germanic *kamp, from Latin campus.


wisse

From wissen (“to guide”) + -e (agentive suffix).

af

her biginneð ancrene ƿiſſe

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 1, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 29:

This is the beginning of the Anchoresses' Guide.

(Early Middle English, hapax) A guide; a collection of directives or regulations.


belde

English: bield, beeld (obsolete)

Scots: bield, beild

From Old English byldo, bieldo, from Proto-West Germanic *balþī, from Proto-Germanic *balþį̄.

An individual who assists or safeguards.


bulder

English: boulder

Fingallian: boldarys (plural)

Short for bulder ston (“a stone that's been worn into a round shape, boulder, cobblestone”), possibly from Old Swedish *buldersten, itself possibly from Old Swedish bulder (“rumble, noise”) + sten (“stone”);

A stone worn round, boulder, cobblestone.


gest

English: guest

Scots: guest

From a conflation of Old Norse gestr and Old English ġiest; both from Proto-Germanic *gastiz, from Proto-Germanic *gʰóstis. Doublet of host.

A guest, visitor; somebody staying at another's residence.

A customer of a hostel or inn; one that pays for accommodation.

An unknown person; a foreigner or outsider.

A (often threatening) male individual; a ominous person.

(figurative, rare) A male lover of a woman; a man in an unofficial intimate relationship with a woman.


gest

In olde Romayn gestes may men finde

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1126-1127

In the old Roman histories may men find
Maurice's life; I bear it not in mind.

[...] Or elles it was the Grekes hors Synon,
That broghte Troye to destruccion,
As men may in thise olde gestes rede, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 209-211

… Or else it was Sinon the Greek's horse,
That brought Troy to destruction,
As men in these old romances read, …


gunne

English: gun

→ Volapük: gün

Scots: gun

Yola: gooun

→ Middle Irish: gunna

Irish: gunna

Manx: gunn

From Lady Gunilda; a name for a crossbow. More at English gun.

A trebuchet or similar kind of pellet-firing siege engine.

A cannon or other large firearm; a piece of artillery.

A portable handheld firearm; a gun (i.e. a hand cannon).


erve

English: erf

Scots: arff, airf

From Old English yrfe, ierfe, from Proto-West Germanic *arbī, from Proto-Germanic *arbiją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.


egge

English: edge

Scots: edge

Inherited from Old English eċġ, with final vowel levelled in from the oblique cases.

An edge of a blade or instrument; the sharp or effective side of something.

A bladed weapon; a knife, sword, or similar weapon.

The edge or rim of an object, plot of land, or physical feature; the exterior border of something.

The side of a troop or military formation.


zonne

(chiefly Kentish dialectal) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


sowe

English: sow

Scots: sou

From Old English sūgu, sū, from Proto-West Germanic *sugu. Compare swyn. Use as a term for a siege engine is a semantic loan from Medieval Latin sūs.

A siege engine used to protect assailants.


talke

English: talk

Yola: talke


wardein

English: warden

→ Welsh: warden, gwarden

From Anglo-Norman wardein, from warder (“to guard”), variant of Old French guarder (“to guard”) (whence modern French garder, also English guard), from Proto-Germanic *ward-. Cognate with Middle English garde.


ches

English: chess

Scots: chess

From Old French eschés, plural of eschéc, from Medieval Latin scaccus, from Arabic شَاه (šāh), from Persian شاه (šâh, “shah, king”), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (šāh), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/); compare chek.

(rare) A chessboard (a board for playing chess).

(rare) Chess pieces (pieces for playing chess).


meete

Alternative form of mete (“appropriate”)


somer

somers (plural)
somer (accusative nominative singular)
somers (accusative nominative plural)
someres (accusative nominative plural)
someres (genitive singular)
somere (genitive plural)
somere (dative singular)
someren (dative plural)

English: summer

Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer

Yola: zimmer, zummer

Inherited from Old English sumor, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz.

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a. 1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:


gravere

English: graver

From Old English grafere, græfere; equivalent to graven + -er.


lachet

English: latchet

Yola: lacheate

Borrowed from Old French lachet, equivalent to las + -et.


knyght

English: knight

Scots: knicht

Yola: nickht

From Old English cniht, from Proto-West Germanic *kneht.

[Þ]au pilatuſ him come wid ten hu[n]dꝛed cniſteſ. / yet ic wolde louerd foꝛ þi loue fiſte.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 34-35; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"If Pilate himself came with ten hundred knights, / Lord, I would still fight for your sake."

(chiefly Early Middle English) A servant or attendant.


sawe

English: saw

Yola: zaawe

From Old English sagu, from Proto-West Germanic *sagu, from Proto-Germanic *sagō.


spak

From Old English spāca (“spoke (support surrounding the centre of a wheel)”).


nosethirl

English: nosethirl (archaic)

From Old English nosþyrel, equivalent to nose + thirl.


mermayde

...but goth now rather awey ye Mermaydenes / whiche þat ben swete til it be at the laste...

1382, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book I”, in Boece:


schafte

From Old English sċeaftu, plural of sċeaft.

(Early Middle English) plural of schaft (“creation”)


schaft

English: shaft

Scots: schaft, shaft

Inherited from Old English sċeaft (“shaft”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaft, from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz.

inh+

A weapon's shaft; the body of a polearm.

A spear or similar weapon based around its shaft.

A missile, projectile, or the shaft of one.

The handle or pole of a bladed tool or implement.

A flagstaff; a pole for a flag or banner.

The central support, pillar, or beam of a tree; the trunk.

(rare) A tunnel or passage (e.g. a mineshaft).

(rare) The central pillar or beam of a candleholder.


schaft

enm-noun

schaft (plural schaftes or (Early ME) schaften or (Early ME) schafte)

schaftes (plural)
schaften (Early-Middle-English plural)
schafte (Early-Middle-English plural)

From Old English sċeaft, ġesċeaft (“creation”), from sċieppan; equivalent to shapen + -th.

Something that has been created (by a deity)

A creature or animal (especially a certain species)

The form or appearance of something; how something looks.

A chemical building block or component; an element.

(rare) The totality of the universe (viewed as a divine creation).


kyng

So yn a day, as he pleide at þe chesse, & byheld the kyng fette yn the pley, som tyme hy and som tyme lowe, among aufyns and pownys, he thought þerwith þat hit wold be so with him, for he shuld dey, and be hid vndir erth.

1474, [William] Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

and ſo Merlyon wente forthe vnto kyng lodegean of Camylerde and tolde hym of the deſire of the kyng that þᵗ he wolde haue vnto his wyff Gwenyu[er] his douȝt[er]

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 27–29:


selar

Anone as he beganne to werke / ther cam out droppes of blood / and thenne wold he haue lefte / but she wold not suffre hym // and soo he tooke aweye as moche wood as myȝte make a spyndyl / and soo she made hym to take as moche of the grene tree and of the whyte tree / And whan these thre spyndels were shapen / she made hem to be fastned vpon the selar of the bedde

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “vj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVII (in Middle English):


cruste

English: crust

→ Welsh: crwst

Yola: crewst, crwest

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cruste, from Latin crusta.


nece

English: niece

Scots: niece

From Old French niece, nece, from Late Latin neptia.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)

A woman member of one's family or lineage.

(rare) A granddaughter (female offspring of one's offspring)

(rare) A male member of one's family, kin or lineage.


stalke

This passeth yeer by yeer, and day by day,
Til it fil ones, in a morwe of May,
That Emelye, that fairer was to sene
Than is the lilie upon his stalke grene, [...]
This passes year by year and day by day,
Until it befell once, in a morning of May,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1033-1036

Than is the lily upon its green stalk, …


lyne

English: line, linseed (in compound with seed)

Yola: leen

From Old English līne, from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”).

inh

Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum#Translingual

A plant of the genus Linum, especially Linum usitatissimum, which has a single, slender stalk, about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers.

The fibers of Linum usitatissimum, grown and spun for use in textiles.


hauk

English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka

Scots: hawk

hawk (A bird of the family Accipitridae)


tenour

English: tenor

Scots: tenor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tenour, from Latin tenor.

The (primary) intended message or purpose of something

The tone or character of something; the tenor of something; the usual mode of life.

The relevant and purposeful content of a directive.

An abstract; a summation of a document or directive.

(music) The primary musical section (tending to be the tenor)

(rare) Constancy or permanence of effect or direction.

(music, rare) A pitch as a basis for finding out pitch difference.

(music, rare) Something's vocal or musical characteristics.


armee

English: army

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Old French armee, from Medieval Latin armāta (“armed force”), the neuter plural form of the past participle of Latin armō (“to arm”), from arma (“arms, weapons”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmos (“fitting”), from the root *h₂er- (“to join”).


mounture

English: mounture

Borrowed from Old French mounteure; equivalent to mounten + -ure.

(rare) A podium or support for mounting.


garnement

enm-noun

garnement (plural garnementes or garnemens)

English: garment

Scots: garment

Borrowed from Old French garnement, guarnement. Compare garnysoun and garnysshen.

A garment; an item of clothing (especially an overgarment).


chapele

desctree

English: chapel
→ Japanese: チャペル (chaperu)
→ Korean: 채플 (chaepeul)

Scots: chapel

Yola: chapaal

From Old French chapele, from Late Latin cappella.

A chapel (minor place of Christian worship).

(rare) Any place associated with the supernatural.


thede

Scots: thede, theid

From Old English þēod (“people, nation”), from Proto-West Germanic *þeudu, from Proto-Germanic *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”). More at Dutch.


strete

enm-noun

strete (plural stretes or strete or (early) streten)

stretes (plural)
strete (plural)
streten (plural)

English: street

Scots: street, streit, stret

→ Breton: straed

→ Cornish: stret

→ Welsh: stryd

Inherited from Old English strǣt, strēt, from Proto-West Germanic *strātu, from Late Latin strāta (“paved road”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A road or path connecting two destinations.

Þou comeſt fer iþe bꝛode ſtret fer iþe bꝛode ſtrete. / ſumme of þin cuneſmen ther thou meiſt imete.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 5-6; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

You'll go far down the main street, far down the main street; / You might [even] meet some of your relatives there.

A street; such a road or pathway within a settlement.

A settlement; a conglomeration of habitations and shops.

(figurative) A choice or way of living; a doctrine.

(rare) A hallway or passage within a structure or building.

(rare) A porch or veranda; a covered deck.


spence

English: spence


governement

governement (plural governementz or governementes)

governementz (plural)
governementes (plural)

English: government

Scots: government

Yola: goveremente

Borrowed from Old French governement; equivalent to governen + -ment.

The action of governing; a method of control.

A force which governs, directs, or influences.


fle

flen (plural)
flees (plural)
fleghes (plural)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fleck</i>

English: flea (dialectal fleck)

Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae

Yola: fleen (plural)

Inherited from Old English flēa, a form of flēah (→ the alternative form fleigh), from Proto-West Germanic *flauh, from Proto-Germanic *flauhaz.


maneres

From maner (“manor”) + -es (“plural affix”).


maneres

From maner (“characteristics, manner”) + -es (“plural affix”).

af

plural of maner (“characteristics, manner”)


cranage

English: cranage

(rare) cranage; the money resulting from it.


eyren

From eyre (“eggs”) with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en; compare calveren, children, lambren.


lyme

English: limb

Scots: limb, lim

⇒ Yola: lemethès

From limu, plural of Old English lim, from Proto-West Germanic *limu.

(figurative) An extremity, branch, or extension.


richesce

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of richesse


bourde

English: bourd (obsolete)

Scots: bourd

Borrowed from Old French bourde; further etymology is disputed. See bourde (“blunder”).

A diversion or amusing activity, especially humorous:

A funny or entertaining tale, narrative, or example.

(rare) A humorous incident or event; a practical joke.

(rare) An entertaining incident or event.


bourde

At Alyſaundre he was, when it was won / Full ofte tyme he had the bourde bigon / Abouen alle nacions in Pruce […]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “The Knyght”, column 2:

At Alexandria he was, when it was won / Quite often he had the board begun [sat at the head of the table] / Above all nations in Prussia […]


beom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beem


aunte

English: aunt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aunt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman aunte and continental Old French ante, from Latin amita.

The senatours wyf / hir Aunte was / But foꝛ al that / she knew hir neuer the mooꝛe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Mannes] Tale [of Lawe]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 125, verso:

The senator's wife was her aunt, / but despite that, she didn't know her at all.


infortune

Why sholde I nat thyn infortune acounte, Sith in estaat thow cloumbe were so hye?

1394, Chaucer, “v. 3591”, in The Monk's Tale:


flum

English: flume

Middle Scots: flum, flume

An early borrowing from Old French flum, from Latin flūmen.

(by extension, rare) Any gathering of water.


bacheler

English: bachelor


sophie

head

sophie (countable and uncountable, plural sophies)


wange

Our manciple, I hope he wil be deed,
Swa werkes ay the wanges in his heed.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


sych

English: sitch, sike

Scots: sike, syke

Inherited from Old English sīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *sīk, from Proto-Germanic *sīką.


melodye

Scots: melody

English: melody

From Old French melodie, from Latin melodia.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 9-11.
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


breeth

English: breath

Scots: breth, brethe, breith

From Old English brǣþ, from Proto-West Germanic *brāþi, from Proto-Germanic *brēþiz.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth


condicioun

English: condition

Old French condicion, from Latin condicio

Er that I ferther in this tale pace, / Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun / To telle yow al the condicioun / Of ech of hem, so as it semed me, / And whiche they weren, and of what degree […]

Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue


droghte

English: drought (dialectal or obsolete drouth, druft)

Scots: drocht, drouth

From the oblique forms of Old English drūgaþ (and the variant drūgaþe), from dryġe (“dry”); equivalent to drye + -the (abstract nominal suffix). Compare Middle Dutch drôochte, Middle Low German drö̂gede.
Notes on phonological development (compare douthe and youthe, which this word's development closely parallels)
Forms with /xt/ and /xθ/ result from early syncope in the Old English nominative singular drūgaþ, then levelling of the resulting consonantism to the oblique forms, while forms with /ð/ reflect either later syncope or the consonantism of the oblique forms (from Old English [ɣð]). Finally, forms in /θ/ represent either loss of /x/ or final devoicing of /ð/.
Shortening of the long vowel was regular in all variants of this word in Late Old English, either due to the trisyllabicity of inflected forms or because of the following consonant cluster; variants with a long vowel can represent either development of /uɣ/ to /uː/ or lengthening before /x/. In some varieties of Middle English, /u/ was apparently lowered before /x/; standard English does not continue such forms, but they underlie Scots drocht.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

Inherent "dryness" (according to the medieval worldview).

(rare) Thirstiness; a bodily need of water.


daggere

English: dagger


monthe

English: month


seson

English: season

Borrowed from Old French seson, one of the variants of saison.


strengthe

English: strength

Scots: strenth, strinth

From Old English strengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *strangiþu; equivalent to strong + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


fredom

English: freedom

Scots: freedom

Inherited from Old English frēodōm, from Proto-West Germanic *frijadōm; equivalent to fre + -dom.

A fredome is a noble thing / fredome mayß man to haiff liking / fredome all ſolace to ma[n] giffis / He levys at eß [that] frely levys

c. 1375, “Book I”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 2, recto, lines 225-228; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Oh, freedom is a noble thing: / it allows people to get enjoyment / and provides all of humanity's peace. / If you live free, you live at ease!


pecok

desctree

English: peacock
→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake
→ Maori: pīkake

Scots: pacok, pecok

From pe, po (“peacock”) + cok (“cock, rooster”), from Old English pāwa, pēa (“peafowl”), from Latin pāvō (“peacock”), of unknown origin; perhaps related to Tamil தோகை (tōkai, “peacock feather”), or imitative (compare Latin paupulō (“to call as a peacock”).


swerd

English: sword


straunge

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman estraunge, a variant of Old French estrange, from Latin extraneus.


lengthe

English: length

Scots: lenth, lainth

Inherited from Old English lengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *langiþu, from Proto-Germanic *langiþō; equivalent to long + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


martir

Scots: mairtyr

English: martyr

→ Maori: matira

Borrowed from Old French martire, borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin martyr, from Aeolic Ancient Greek μάρτυρ (mártur), from μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”).

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 17-18.
The hooly blisful martir for to seke
That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.
The holy blessed martyr there to seek

Who helped them when they lay so ill and weak


opinioun

English: opinion


forhed

English: forehead

Yola: vorreat

From Old English fōrehēafod, foranhēafod.


trouthe

English: truth, troth

Scots: trowth, trewth

Inherited from Old English trēowþ, trīewþ, from Proto-West Germanic *triuwiþu, from Proto-Germanic *triwwiþō; equivalent to trewe + -the (abstract nominal suffix).
The final vowel is generalised from Old English oblique cases, while forms in /iu̯/ reflect the influence of trewe; the usual vocalism in /ɛu̯/, /ɔu̯/ is due to shortening before the consonant cluster /wθ/ in late Old English.

righteousness, justness; being right in one's cause

Euerich in other his trouthe laythe / For to be ſworne brethern, til they dey / And with yͤ worde they riden forth her wey / [...] / Nowe by my trouth brother dere ſayd he / As I ſhal tellen the a faithful tale [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliii, verso:

Each in the other his troth lay / For to be sworn brothers, till they died / And with the word they rode forth on their way / … / Now by my troth brother dear, said he / As I shall tell you a faithful tale …

troth: a pledge, contract, promise or oath


scole

English: school (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: skuil, skeul

Scots: schuil, skuil

From the oblique forms of Old English scōl, from Latin schola, ultimately from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ). Influenced by Old French escole.


venerie

English: venery

Borrowed from Old French venerie, from the verb vener, from Latin venor (“I hunt”).

hunting (pursuit and catching of specific animals allowed by law)


symple

English: simple

Borrowed from Old French simple, from Latin simplex (“single; singular”).

That which is uncompounded, simplex, singular; composed of one part.

An individual who is virtuous, godly, or without sin:

(rare) One who is guiltless, or blameless.

(rare) One who is humble, unassuming, or mild.

(rare) That which is unimportant, insignificant or meager.

(law, rare) A document without extra complications or conditions.


oystre

English: oyster

Scots: oyster, eyster

From three separate sources: Old English oster, Anglo-Norman oistre, and Latin ostrea, which the other two are ultimately from. The Latin is from Ancient Greek ὄστρεον (óstreon).


lippe

English: lip

Scots: lip

From Old English lippa, from Proto-West Germanic *lippjō.


estaat

English: estate; state

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
His bootes souple, his hors in greet estaat.
His boots flexible, his horse in a fine condition


confessioun

English: confession

Borrowed from Old French confession, from Latin cōnfessiō, cōnfessiōnem.


absolucioun

English: absolution

From Old French absolution, from Latin absolūtiōnem, accusative singular of absolūtiō (“acquittal”).


herte

enm-noun

herte (plural hertes or herten or herte)

hertes (plural)
herten (plural)
herte (plural)

English: heart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hert, hart, hairt

Yola: hearth, hart

Inherited from Old English heorte, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

(anatomy) heart (organ, sometimes eaten).

One's memory or recall; one's ability to remember.

One's inner self; the mind:
(rare) One's intuition or sixth sense.

One's inner self; the mind:
One's intuition or sixth sense.

One's feelings, or beliefs; the heart viewed as a source of them:

Positive emotions; cheerfulness, happiness.

Ardour, love; a strong and deep-seated liking of something.

One's (inherent or current) attitude or behaviour.

Ac hy habbeþ hire heꝛten zuo areꝛed ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dredeþ kyng. ne eꝛl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

One's or religious feelings and attitudes.

(rare) Faithfulness, fidelity; keeping one's words.


fowel

English: fowl

Scots: foul, fule

Yola: fowlès (plural)

From Old English fugol, from Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.


penaunce

English: penance

From Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”).


chyn

English: chin

Scots: chin, chyn

From Old English ċinn, from Proto-West Germanic *kinnu, form Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus.


fraternitee

Old French fraternité, from Latin fraternitas.


complexioun

complexion (appearance of skin on the face)


partrich

partrich (plural partriches or partrich)

English: partridge

Scots: paitrick, pairtrick

→ Irish: patraisc

→ Manx: patrag

→ Scottish Gaelic: peurtag

→ Welsh: petris

Borrowed from Old French perdriz, from Latin perdīx, perdīcem (“partridge”), from Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”).
Forms with /k/ are by analogy with other words that vary between /t͡ʃ/ and /k/.

der

Perdix perdix
Perdix perdix#Translingual


dayesye

English: daisy

From Old English dæġes ēage (literally “day's eye”).


livere

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


draughte

English: draught


berd

English: beard

Scots: berd, berde, beird

Yola: bearde

→ Anglo-Norman: berd

gl

merged with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">barbier</i>

→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Old English beard, from Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂.


renoun

English: renown

Anglo-Norman renoun, late Anglo-Norman form of renun. Compare Old French renon, renom


felawe

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

A (male) partner, friend, or colleague; one linked with others:

A (male) co-worker; one who is employed in the same position as oneself or who works with oneself.

A member of an organisation, society, religious order/group, college, trade association, etc.

A (male) accomplice; one who assists another in criminal activity.

A (male) partner or partaker in revelry or one who likes doing so (i.e. is extroverted).

One who is in a close platonic relationship with another; a true companion.

An adversary; one who is against oneself in physical combat.

One who is equal or equivalent to another; a peer.

An appellation used towards a man beneath oneself in society (either friendly or insulting)

A member of or a thing in a grouping, set, or bunch.

(rare) A sexual or marital partner (of a human or animal)

(rare) A male individual of low societal or moral rank.

(rare) Any male individual; a fella, guy, etc.

(rare) That which acts as an intermediary force or agent.


broun

desctree

English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni

Scots: broon, broun

Inherited from Old English brūn, from Proto-West Germanic *brūn, from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz.


doctour

English: doctor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: doctor


compaignye

English: company


drye

From Old English drȳġe, from Proto-West Germanic *drūgi, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz.

(alchemy, medicine) Something considered alchemically dry.


daunce

English: dance

→ Scottish Gaelic: dannsa

From Anglo-Norman daunce. Also derivable as a deverbal from dauncen.


coverchief

Old French covrechief, from covrir (“to cover”) + chief (“head”).

Hir coverchiefs ful fyne were of ground;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 453-455

That on a Sonday were upon hir heed.
Her kerchiefs were very fine in texture;
I dare swear they weighed ten pound
That on a Sunday were upon her head.

hat or similar device used to cover the head


religioun

English: religion

Scots: releegion


persoun

English:

parson

person
Nigerian Pidgin: pesin

Anglo-Norman persoune, from Old French persone, from Latin persona


hewe

English: hewe

Inherited from Old English hīwa, from Proto-West Germanic *hīwō, from Proto-Germanic *hīwô.


hewe

English: hue

Scots: hew, hu, hue

Inherited from Old English hīew, from Proto-West Germanic *hiwi, from Proto-Germanic *hiwją.
Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives, especially in the common combination of (red, grene, etc.) hewe.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.
Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


suffisaunce

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
He koude in litel thyng have suffisaunce.
He could find contentment in little things


adversitee

English: adversity

From Old French adversité, from Latin adversitās.


bisynesse

From Old English bisiġnes, corresponding to bisy + -nesse.

Alternative form of bisynes (“trade, occupation”)


wrake

English: wrack

Yola: rocke

Inherited from Old English wracu, from Proto-Germanic *wrakō.

vengeance, retribution, revenge
divine retribution or punishment

vengeance, retribution, revenge
an act of punishment or vengeance

vengeance, retribution, revenge
vengefulness

haven/taken/nimen wrake on/upon/of

ruin, destruction, wreck
ruination, violation

gon to/unto wrake

fallen in-to wrake

bryngen/fallen wrake


pipor

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of peper


cheke

English: cheek; choke

Scots: cheek

/ˈt͡ʃɛːk(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːk(ə)/

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English ċēace, from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ.
* Old English ċēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *keukā, from Proto-Germanic *keukǭ.


moneye

English: money (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: money, moneth

Scots: money

Yola: monie, monnie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman muneie (compare modern Norman mounaie), from Latin monēta; doublet of mynt.


daunger

English: danger

Late Anglo-Norman daunger, from an earlier dangier, dongier

With daunger oute we al oure chaffare; / Greet prees at market maketh deere ware, / And to greet cheep is holde at litel prys: / This knoweth every womman that is wys.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 521-24:


deeth

English: death

Scots: deith, daith

From Old English dēaþ, from Proto-West Germanic *dauþu, from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz.


knobbe

English: knob, nob

Yola: knapp

From Middle Low German knobbe, probably via Old Saxon from a variant of Proto-Germanic *knappô (“knob, lump”), one of several kn- words related to *knuttô (“knot”).


vitaille

English: victual, vittle

Old French and Anglo-Norman vitaille, from Latin victuālia, the nominative plural of victuālis, from victus, from the verb vīvō (“I live”).


viage

English: voyage

Scots: vaige

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman viage, Old French voiage, both from Latin viaticum.

Chaucer, Of reste, of labour, of viages


bettre

English: better

Scots: better

From Old English betera, from Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *batizô. In adverbial senses, supplements earlier bet.

Something or someone which is more good or wel (i.e. better).

(especially) One's social superior; one of one's betters.

Edge, benefit, advantage; something which is beneficial (especially against others)


juggement

English: judgment


poynt

English: point

Yola: pint, peint

Borrowed from Old French point, puint, pointe and Anglo-Norman puingte.

dot serving as a punctuation mark, point, period

(geometry) point (zero-dimensional mathematical object)

smallest quantity of something, jot, whit

small division of a scale, especially as a unit of measurement, degree

decisive moment; moment of action, decision, or opportunity

centerpoint or point of revolution, midpoint, pole

focus of conversation or consideration; main idea, point, central theme

principle, proposition, statement to be followed

This is the idea, to speak briefly and clearly: / That each of you, to make our way feel short, / Shall tell two tales on this journey […]

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue This is the poynt, to speken short and pleyn: / That ech of yow, to shorte with oure weye, / In this viage shal telle tales tweye […]

individual element in a larger whole, such as a rule in a code of rules, an item in a list, or a verse of the Bible; detail, article, particular, item

instance, example of a general principle

condition, state, often specifically a good condition

personal characteristic, quality, often specifically a good quality, virtue

individual skill or technique in some art

(by extension, often plural) armed encounter, combat

other pointed tool, such as a nail or writing stylus

vanguard, front line of an army in formation

string or lace used to tie together certain garments, particularly armor

(medicine) stitch used in sewing together a wound

(backgammon) any of the twelve triangular positions in either table of a backgammon board, on which the stones are played

musical note or phrase, fragment of a tune


stefcreft

From Old English stæfcræft (“art of writing, grammar”), from stæf (“letter”) + cræft (“art, skill”). More at staff, craft.


forthgang

From Old English forþgang (“a going forth, progress”), from Proto-Germanic *furþagangaz (“a going forth, advancement”). Cognate with Old Frisian forthgang, forthgong (“progress”), Middle Low German vōrtganc (“progress”), Middle High German vortganc (“progress”). By surface analysis, forth + gang; see these for more.


maister

English: master (see there for further descendants)

English: mister (see there for further descendants)

Scots: maister

From Old French maistre and Old English mǣġester, both from Latin magister.

In love-dayes ther koude he muchel help,
For there he was nat lyk a cloysterer
With a thredbare cope, as is a povre scoler,
But he was lyk a maister or a pope

14th Century, Chaucer, General Prologue:

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


outgang

English: outgang

Scots: outgang

From Old English ūtgang (“an outgoing, exit”), from Proto-Germanic *ūtgangaz.


actour

English: actor

Scots: acker

Borrowed from Latin āctōr; equivalent to act + -our.

An actor, doer (one who or that which does)


gaude

English: gaud


tapp

Alternative form of tappe (“gentle touch”)


gere

Wo was his coke , but if his sauce were / Poinant and sharpe , and redy all his gere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


coigne

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


conquerour

English: conqueror

desc

Middle Scots: conquerour, conqueriour, concreour

Borrowed from Old French conquereor; equivalent to conqueren (“to conquer”) + -our (agent suffix).

af

A conqueror (individual who subjugates land)


cloþes

English: clothes


mencioun

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
This Duk of whom I make mencioun
This duke of whom I speak


wyndow

window (opening in the wall of a building)


enuye

Þe gywes slowe and nome [Jesus] ffor enuye.


angwissh

English: anguish

Scots: anguish

Yola: 'ngish

From Anglo-Norman anguisse, from Latin angustia.

Hard or unfavourable conditions; hard times.

(rare) Hostile or unfavourable behaviour.


prisoun

English: prison

Scots: preeson

From late Anglo-Norman prisoun, spelt prisun in early Anglo-Norman. Ultimately from Latin prehensiō, prehensiōnem.

prison, jail, dungeon (place where captives are held)


gentilesse

(literally, “For which thing it follows, that if thou not have no gentilesse of thyself, that is to say prize that cometh of thy desert, foreign gentilesse not maketh thee not gentle.”)

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boece, edited by Richard Morris, London: Chaucer Society, 1886, Book 3, Metrum 6, p. 78, https://archive.org/details/chaucersboeceen00morrgoog For which þing it folweþ, þat yif þou ne haue no gentilesse of þi self, þat is to sein pris þat comeþ of þi deserte foreine gentilesse ne makeþ þe nat gentil. (please add an English translation of this quotation)


gardyn

desctree

English: garden
Sranan Tongo: dyari
→ Nafaanra: yaadi

Scots: gairden

From Old Northern French gardin, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


feeld

English: field

Scots: feld, feild

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

A field (such land used for agriculture)

A plain (flat, open country):
Wild or uncultivated land.

A plain (flat, open country):
A battlefield or battleground.

(heraldry) A field (background of a shield).

(figurative, rare) A field (realm of operation).


floure

IN Maẏ whan eúý harte floryſhyth́ ⁊ burgruyth́ for as the ſeaſon ys luſty to be holde and comfortable ſo man and woman reioyſyth and gladith of ſom[er] cõmynge wᵗ his freyſhe floures[…]So thys ſeaſon hit be felle in the moneth : of may a grete angur and vnhappy that ſtynted nat tylle þͤ floure of chyvalry of the worlde was deſtroyed and ſlayne

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 22–25 and 27–29:

IN May, when every heart flourisheth and burgeneth; for as the season is lusty to behold, and comfortable, so man and woman rejoice and be glad of summer coming with his fresh flowers. […] So in this season, as in the month of May, it befell a great anger and unhap that stinted not till the flower of chivalry of all the world was destroyed and slain;


traytour

English: traitor

→ Middle Irish: trétúir

Irish: tréatúir

From Old French traïtor, from Latin trāditor.


strif

English: strife

Old French estrif, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


mayde

English: maid

Yola: mydhe, midhe, myde, mide, maide

Crist was a mayde and shapen as a man.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


gelousie

From Anglo-Norman gelusie, from the adjective gelus.


possibilite

From Old French possibilité, from Latin possibilitās.


teere

Alternative form of teer (“good quality”)


womman

English: woman
Antigua and Barbuda Creole English: uman
Aukan: uman
Jamaican Creole: ooman
Krio: uman
Sranan Tongo: uma; oema (superseded)
Torres Strait Creole: oman
→ Japanese: ウーマン (ūman)
→ Korean: 우먼 (umeon)
→ Volapük: vom

English: -woman
→ French: -woman

Scots: woman, weman

From Old English wiman, wimman, wīfmann (“woman; female servant”, literally “female person; female human being”), equivalent to wyf (“woman, wife”) + man (“man, person”).

compound

hire to wommane brouȝte


fruyt

desctree

English: fruit
Bislama: frut
Jamaican Creole: fruut
Tok Pisin: frut
→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)

Scots: fruit, frute

→ Cornish: frut

Borrowed from Old French fruit, from Latin fructus.


baner

English: banner

→ Welsh: baner

From Old French baniere, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


volvelle

English: volvelle

Borrowed from Medieval Latin volvella, variant of volvellum, from volvō + -ellum.

A moving part of an astronomical instrument.


beeste

English: beast

Scots: beast

Yola: beast

From Old French beste, from Latin bestia.

An animal or creature (life in the kingdom Animalia, sometimes including mankind):

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]

A creature used as livestock; a domesticated animal.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

A beast; a powerful fantastic or mythological creature.

A person who is merciless or unforgiving.


remedye

English: remedy


mirour

English: mirror

Scots: mirror

From Old French mireor, from the verb mirer (“to look at”).

A mirror, looking-glass, or other reflective surface.

An exemplar or model (of good or bad behaviour)

Texts, books, or writings used for advice or help.

(figurative) God or his workings or evidence of it

(rare) An narrative or report; a description of past events.


squier

English: squire

Old French escuier, from Latin scutarius (“shield-bearer”), from scutum (“shield”)

(c.1400) Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue lines 79 ff.
With hym ther was his sone, a yong SQUIER,
A lovyere and a lusty bacheler;
With lokkes crulle, as they were leyd in presse.
Of twenty yeer of age he was, I gesse.


voys

English: voice

Scots: voice, vice, vyce

Yola: vice

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman voiz, voys, veys, from Latin vōx, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs.

A voice (sound made with the mouth):
The voice of a particular person.

⁊ I herde a greet vois in heuene .· ſeiynge / now is maad helþe ⁊ vertu ⁊ kyngdom of oure god .· ⁊ þe power of his criſt / foꝛ þe accuſere of oure bꝛiþeren is caſt doun .· which accuſide hem bifoꝛe þe ſiȝt of oure god · dai ⁊ nyȝt

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 12:10, page 121v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And I heard a powerful voice in Heaven, saying: "Now health, power, the kingdom of our God, and the might of his Christ have been established, because the accuser of our brothers is hurled down, who criticised them day and night."

⁊ an oþer aungel wente out of þe temple .· ⁊ criede wiþ greet vois to hym þat ſat on þe cloude / ſende þi ſikel ⁊ repe .· foꝛ þe our comeþ þat it be ropun. foꝛ þe coꝛn of þe erþe is ripe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 14:15, page 122r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And another angel went out of the temple, and cried with a powerful voice to the one who sat on the cloud: "Take your sickle and reap, as the hour it should be reaped is coming; the harvest of the Earth is ripe!"

A voice (sound made with the mouth):
A particular type of voice.

The sound made by a certain kind of talking.

The speech faculty; one's capability to make sound.

A voice (sound made with the mouth):
The vocal organs.

A sentence (especially a maxim or byword)

An utterance; the use of one's voice:
A prayer (entreaty to a deity).

A musical sound; a tune, note, or musical piece or a kind of one.

The sound an animal makes or their capability to make it.

Intent, preference (What a person or people want):

(grammar) Grammatical voice; the relation a verb or noun has to the subject.

(figurative) A revelator or opiner; someone with a view or information.

(rare) The concept which a word denotes.


mydnyght

English: midnight


derknesse

English: darkness

Scots: daurkness

From Old English deorcnes; equivalent to derk + -nesse.

[...] ‘Now, Cristes owene knightes leve and dere,
Caste alle awey the werkes of derknesse,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Second Nun's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 383-385

… ‘Now, Christ's own knights beloved and dear,
Cast away all the works of darkness,
And arm yourselves in armor of brightness.’

And armeth yow in armure of brightnesse.’


cruelte

English: cruelty

Scots: cruelty

From Old French cruauté, from cruel. Doublet of crudelite and equivalent to cruel + -te.

How longe Juno thurgh thy crueltee, / Woltow werreyen Thebes the citee?.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1543–1544:

For how long, Juno, with your cruelty, / Will you assail the city of Thebes?

The state of being cruel; cruelness, cruelty, ruthlessness.

Viciousness, ferociousness; the state of being fierce.


traunce

English: trance

Scots: trance

A trance or faint (dazed or semi-conscious state)

An inability to perceive outside events, especially when overwhelmed mentally or emotionally.

An experience of overwhelming joy, pleasure or happiness.


douȝter

The seid theuith…also commysed to hym his douȝter.

1485, William Caxton, The Lyf of Saynt Wenefryde, page 1:


noumpere

English: umpire

Scots: umpire

From Old French nonper; equivalent to non- + pere; forms lacking initial n- are due to reanalysis of a noumpere as an umpere.


stode

English: stud

Scots: stod, stud, stude, stuid

Yola: sthit

From Old English stōd, from Proto-Germanic *stōdą.


joye

English: joy

Scots: jo

→ English: jo, joe

Yola: joee

/ˈd͡ʒɔi̯(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French joie, from Latin gaudia.


seaw

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sew


sighte

English: sight


coler

English: collar

Scots: collar

→ Middle Irish: coilér

Irish: coiléar

Scottish Gaelic: coilear

→ Welsh: coler

From Old French coler, from Latin collāre.

A piece of clothing or jewelry for around the neck:

A neckband or collar (part of a garment around the neck)

A chain made of gold links used as a necklace indicating status.

Armour or protective gear for the neck area.

A collar or loop around the neck of an animal (horse, dog, or cat).

(rare) A shackle or restraint used around the neck for captives.

A piece of fabric draped atop the upper arm and shoulder.

(rare) The area around the neck; the halse.


coler

English: choler

From Old French colere, from Latin cholera (which some forms are directly from).

Yellow bile as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

(rare) An disease, affliction, or illness of the digestive system.


roget

English: rochet

Scots: lachet

From Middle French rouget, from Old French rouget, roget.


musicke

From Old French musique (“mosaic”), from Italian mosaico, from Medieval Latin musaicum, from Late Latin musivum (opus), from Latin museum, musaeum, probably from Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον (Mouseîon), shrine of the Muses (Μοῦσα (Moûsa)).


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.


howe

English: hoe

Yola: howe


howe

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


goddes

From Old English godas, nominative plural of god (“god, God”); equivalent to god + -es (“plural suffix”).


goddes

From Old English godes, genitive singular of god (“god, God”); equivalent to god + -es (“genitive suffix”).


avys

English: avis, advice

Scots: adveece


rerer

(rare) A person who raises occult forces.

(rare) A waker; a person who lifts someone from sleep.


herden

From Old English heordan (“hards”); equivalent to herde + -en (plural suffix).


stunden

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


gripen

From gripe (“grip”) + -en (plural suffix).


fage

(Late Middle English) deception, hoodwinking


berylle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


zele

English: zeal

Scots: zeil

From Old French zel, from Late Latin zēlus, from Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos).

Intense love or concern for something or someone.


cubite

English: cubit

Scots: cubit (obsolete)

A cubit (unit of length measuring one and a half feet)

An elbow; the joint in the centre of the arm.


cedre

English: cedar

Scots: ceder, cedir, cedar

From Old French cedre, from Latin cedrus, from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros). Compare Old English ċeder, from the same Latin source.

Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) or a similar tree.

The wood of the Lebanon cedar or a similar tree.


lynces

Borrowed from Latin lynces, plural of lynx.


servitute

English: servitute (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French servitute, itself borrowed from Latin servitūs, servitūtem; compare serven.


auctrice

From Middle French auctrice, from Latin auctrīx.

A woman whose opinion is accepted as authoritative.


ratte

English: rat

From Old English ræt (possibly alongside a collateral form *ratta), from Proto-West Germanic *ratt, *ratō, from Proto-Germanic *rattaz.


secundarie

English: secondary

From Latin secundārius; equivalent to secunde + -arie.

A deputy, underling, or subordinate; one who is secondary in ranking.

(rare) Something that is underneath, secondary, or second to another.


iugis

Thou schalt ordeyne iugis and maystris'... (for the Latin ...iudices et magistros...)

1382, John Wycliffe, Second Translation of the Vulgate Bible into Middle English Deuteronomy 16:18

jugis and maistris: this word and [maystris] is set for this word [magistros], that is [iudices], for iugis owen to be lernyd in the lawis; in Ebreu it is iugis and exactours; exactours ben thei that enqueren the truthe bi mesurable betingis and turmentis; and performen the sentence of iugis.

1850, John Wycliffe, quoted in The Holy Bible...in the earliest English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers; Oxford University Press; Forshall, J. and Madden, F., eds.; Volume 1, p. 507


spece

And yet is ther a privee spece of Pryde, that waiteth first to be salewed er he wole salewe, al be he lasse worth than that other is, per-aventure; and eek he waiteth or desyreth to sitte, or elles to goon above him in the wey, or kisse pax, or been encensed, or goon to offring biforn his neighebore, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 25, line 407

And yet is there a private species of Pride that waits first to be greeted ere he will greet, although he is less worthy than that other is, indeed; and also he expects or desires to sit, or else to go before him in the way, or kiss the pax, or be incensed, or go to the offering before his neighbor, …


servage

English: servage

Borrowed from Old French servage; equivalent to serven + -age.

Marital or religious bondage or service.

(feudalism) A payment or service required by a liege.


chavel

English: jowl, chavel

Scots: chowl, chow, chew

Yola: choule

From Old English ċeafl, from Proto-West Germanic *kafl, from Proto-Germanic *kaflaz.


heres

Alternative form of hereos (“love-sickness”)


spaynel

English: spaniel


ferd

Yola: ferde

Originally the past participle of feren (“to frighten”).


vitaile

English: victual, vittle

Scots: victual

→ Irish: biotáille

From Old French vitaile, from Latin victuālia.

It is not honeſt, it maye not auaunce / For to deale wyth ſuche porayle / But all wyth ryche and ſellers of vytayle

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “The Frere”, column 2, lines 246–248:

It is not honest, it may not advance / To deal with such poor people / But all with rich, and sellers of food

(primarily as a plural) That which provides nutrition; food, nourishment.

ffor thay may the avayll / when al this thyng is wroght' / stuf thi ship with vitayll, / ffor hungre that ye perish noght

15th c., “Processus Noe cum filiis [Noah and the Ark]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 27, lines 154–155:

For your own good after this thing [the Flood] is done, stuff your shop with provisions so as not to perish from hunger

A ration or rations, victuals; one's store of food for journeying.


ewage

From Old French ewage, from Latin aquāticus.

And diamantz of derrest pris · and double manere safferes / Orientales and ewages · enuenymes to destroye.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:

A precious stone the colour of seawater.


bordon

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


burdon

Alternative form of burdoun (“accompaniment”)


governour

English: governor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: governour

Yola: governere

Borrowed from Old French gouvreneur, governeor, from Latin gubernātor; equivalent to governen + -our.

An administrator or leader; one who heads and/or manages a group of people.

A ruler; one who rules (either supreme or deputy).

An executive or director; one who is in charge of an institution.

A general; one who leads a military force on the battlefield.

One who manages, leads, or supervises a household or mansion.

foꝛwhi ftryuynge is not to us aȝenes fleiſch ⁊ blood .· but aȝenes þe pꝛincis ⁊ poteſtatis aȝenes gouernours of þe woꝛld of þeſe derkneſſis / aȝens ſpiritual þingis of wickidneſſe, in heuenli thingis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Epheſianes 6:12, page 77r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because for us, striving isn't [just] against flesh and blood, but against princes and potentates, the rulers of these darknesses' world, and the sources of spiritual wickedness in heavenly places.

Someone who protects, safeguards, or acts as a guardian (used of God or people).

A helmsman; a person who guides or directs a seafaring vessel.

(rare) God as the judger of fate and decider of destiny.

(rare) One who restrains oneself from base urges.

(physiology, rare) A body part which controls other body parts.


furment

From Middle French froment, fourment or its etymon Latin frūmentum.


ciron

Ciron (“The itch-mite (Acarus scabiei)”).


merket

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


cucumer

English: cucumber
Tok Pisin: kukamba
→ Cherokee: ᎦᎦᎹ (gagama)
→ Plains Cree: kohkompaninawak
→ Spanish: cacombra
→ Welsh: ciwcymbr
→ Zulu: îkhukhámba

Borrowed from Middle French coucombre and its etymon Latin cucumeris (through Old French cocombre).


heam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em


pulle

Borrowed from Old French pol, pul, poul, from Latin pullus; related to Middle English fole (“foal”).

(rare) The immature offspring of any animal.


tofall

(architecture) A small structure, e.g. a shed, that is annexed to the wall of a larger one, having its roof formed in a single slope with the top resting against the wall.

(metaphorical) An insignificant or unessential trait.


tocome

English: to-come

Scots: tocome

From Old English tōcyme (“arrival, coming”).

When something comes; an arrival, onset.


toname

English: to-name

From Old English tōnama (“surname”), equivalent to to- + name.

An additional name appended to a personal name in order to further identify a person; a surname.


evete

English: eft

Yola: eft

From Old English efete, efeta; further etymology is unknown.


erd

English: erd (in part)

From Old English eard (“country, home, nature”), from Proto-West Germanic *ardi, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz. Doublet of art (“locality, district”).

inh

Ich fare hom to min Erde.

... ever hade ben an erde of erþe þe swettest.

Excludit out of his erd.


poete

English: poet

Borrowed from Old French poete, from Latin poēta, from Ancient Greek ποιητής (poiētḗs, “creator, maker, author, poet”).


fyke

English: fike

Inherited from Old English fīc, from Vulgar Latin *fīca, from Latin fīcus. Doublet of fige.


dubytacion

I…Alle that my progenitouris hath…seyn, ffeythfully beleve withowtyn alle dubytacion.

circa''' 1450, Coventry Mystery Plays, page 67 (Shakespeare Society; published 1841–53)


alwite

English: alwhite

Item lego predicto Will’o duas integras armaturas de optimis, viz. duas basynetlas, umbras, et rere brace, gloves de plaite, et paunce de alwite, cum le leggharnes eisdem pertin. et loricam de optimis, et optimum batleaxe, et unum gladium de Burdeux argento ornatum.

1429, “Will of William Bowes, 1429”, in Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, volume II, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, published 1835, pages 150 (written in a mix of Middle French, Latin and Middle English):

(hapax) alwhite, white (of armor: of polished metal plates covering the body without a surcoat)


hagis

English: haggis

Scots: haggis

From hag, haggen (“to chop, cut, hack; to cut into”), from Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew”), or from hakken (“to chop, hack; to dice, mince”), from Old English *haccian (“to chop, hew; to dice, mince”).


marcat

(Kent or Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


unthrift

English: unthrift


sparken

From Old English spearcan; equivalent to sparke + -en (plural suffix).

(chiefly Early Middle English) plural of sparke


fulle

English: full

Scots: fou, full

A variant of fille (“fill, sufficiency”) influenced by ful, reinforced by the Western Middle English development of Old English /y/ to /u/.

A sufficient amount; the state of satiation.

A desired amount; the state of satisfaction.

(rare) The apex or culmination of something.


orte

English: ort

From Old English *oreta, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀātō, from Proto-Germanic *uzētô.


haye

English: hay

From Anglo-Norman haie, of uncertain origin.


saulter

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sauter


eure

Borrowed from Old French eur, from Latin augurium.


licentiat

[...] For he had power of confessioun,
As seyde him-self, more than a curat,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 218-220

… For he had power of confession,
As he said himself, more than a parish priest,
For he was licensed by his order.

A friar authorized to receive confessions and grant absolution in all places, independently of the local clergy.


goodnesse

English: goodness

Scots: guidness, gudeness

Yola: goounees, goouness

Inherited from Old English gōdnes, from Proto-West Germanic *gōdnassī; equivalent to good + -nesse.

A good thing or things; that which is good:

A good or useful attribute or characteristic.

Good, benefit; that which is advantageous.

Goodness; the state of being good:
Virtue; moral character or behaviour.

Goodness; the state of being good:
Utility, efficaciousness, power.

Goodness; the state of being good:
Benevolence; a favorable attitude.


goode

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gode


boteler

English: Boteler, butler

For Y was the boteler of the kyng.

c. 1380, John Wycliffe, Wycliffe's Bible:


hye

English: hie

Scots: hy


hye

(Southern, South Midland, Early Middle English) Alternative form of hew


flem

English: fleam (dialectal)

Scots: fleem

Inherited from Old English flēam, from Proto-West Germanic *flaum, from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz, from Proto-Indo-European *plew-.

(poetic) The act of fleeing; flight, escape.


medler

English: medlar

Fingallian: meddar

From Old French medler, meslier; equivalent to medle + -er.

Crataegus germanica
Crataegus germanica#Translingual

Mespilus germanica
Mespilus germanica#Translingual

The common medlar (Crataegus germanica, syn. Mespilus germanica) or its fruit.


rixis

English: rhexis

(medicine) rhexis, especially phleborrhexis or arteriorrhexis (rupture of a blood vessel)


schave

English: shave

From Old English sceafa, from Proto-Germanic *skabô.

A tool used for filing, shaving, or abrasion.


capull

A sword and a dagger he wore by his side, of manye a man the bane;

And he was clad in his capull-hyde, topp and tayll and mayne


yvory

English: ivory

From Anglo-Norman ivurie, from Latin eboreus.


pelerin

English: pelerin

Scots: pelerin, pellerin, pilleryn

From Old French pelerin, from Latin peregrīnus (“foreigner, traveler”).


questor

English: quaestor, questor

A member of the clergy who provides forgiveness for sins.

(rare, historical) quaestor (ancient Roman official)


lovyer

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


ruyne

English: ruin

Scots: ruin

From Old French ruine, from Latin ruīna.

Decline, decay, deterioration; loss of greatness.

Lack of repair or upkeep; the state of being in disrepair.

Lack of wealth or power; the state of being unfortunate.

Decay or decline in morality or values; falling into vice.

The total destroying or ruination of a settlement or structure.

(rare) Something which devastates or ruins.

(rare) The remnants or ruins of a destroyed thing or place.

(rare) The act of knocking over a tall structure.


musike

English: music (see there for further descendants)

Scots: muisic

Borrowed from Old French musique, from Latin mūsica; equivalent to Muse + -ik.


grece

English: grece (obsolete)

Scots: grece (obsolete)

→ Welsh: gris

From Old French grez, plural of gré (which is the source of gre).

A step; a part of a staircase or set of stairs.

‘Gladly,’ seyde they, and so ledde hym tyll a cave; and so he wente downe uppon grecis and cam unto the tombe

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

A staircase; a set of stairs composing an upwards climb.


grece

English: grease

Scots: gree (a back-formation)

From Anglo-Norman grece, from Vulgar Latin *crassia.

Fat derived from animals (including humans)

Processed and melted animal fat used in cooking or anointing; grease.

A greasy unguent or salve; grease as a medicament.


tyde

English: tide

Scots: tide

Yola: enteete, enteeth, enteet

→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde

From Old English tīd, from Proto-West Germanic *tīdi, from Proto-Germanic *tīdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis.

This lusty summer’s tide

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


beme

→ English: beme

Inherited from Old English bēme, Anglian form of bīeme, bȳme (“trumpet; tablet, billet”), from Proto-West Germanic *baumijā; compare beem.


cloistre

English: cloister

Scots: closter (< closter)

From Old French cloistre, from Medieval Latin claustrum.

A monastery or cloister; a place where a monastic lifestyle is practiced.

A cloister (roofed path, especially at a monastic complex)

That which is cloistered; a confined location.

(figurative, rare) The uterus as a protective location.


myst

English: mist

Scots: mist

From Old English mist (“mist; darkness; dimness (of eyesight)”), from Proto-West Germanic *mist, from Proto-Germanic *mihstaz (“mist, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃migʰ-, *h₃migʰ-lo- (“drizzle, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃meygʰ- (“to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist”).

der

Weather characterized by the suspension of water droplets in the air; mist, fog.

(figurative) Anything that darkens or obscures the mind or spirit.


myst

(religion) Spiritual matters which elude understanding; mysteries.


nimphe

English: nymph

From Old French nimphe, from Latin nympha, from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē).


lavour

English: laver

From Old French laveoir, from Late Latin lavātōrium. Doublet of lavatorie.

A jug or pitcher; a container for pouring water.

A basin or sink for washing one's hands in.


sawle

(chiefly Early Middle English or Northern) Alternative form of soule


moiste

From Old French moiste, of unknown origin.


prophete

English: prophet

Tok Pisin: profet

Scots: prophet

Inherited from Old English propheta, from Latin prophēta, from Ancient Greek προφήτης (prophḗtēs); reinforced by Anglo-Norman prophete.

A prophet; one who expounds upon a divine message or a purported one (especially used of Christ and the Biblical prophets).

One of the portions of the Old Testament which covers the prophets.

(rare) A messenger; one who announces or proclaims something.

(rare) A foreteller; one who divines or previews.


orf

English: orf

From Old English orf, from Proto-West Germanic *arbī.


ston

enm-noun

ston (plural stones or ston or (early, rare) stonen)

stones (plural)
ston (plural)
stonen (plural rare)

English: stone (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: styen

Scots: stane

Yola: sthoan

→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A millstone or whetstone.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A pebble used in a slingshot.

Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!"

.· ⁊ þei ſeien to hillis and to ſtoonys falle ȝe on us ⁊ hide ȝe vs fro þe face of hi[m] þat ſittiþ on the troone.· ⁊ fro þe wraþþe of þe lomb ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:16, page 119v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they said to hills and rocks: "Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] "

A solid mass resembling stone, especially:

Stone as a material (especially in construction)

A stone structure or monument, especially a tomb or tombstone.


rodde

English: rod

Scots: rod, rodd

Yola: rade

From Old English *rodd; further provenance is uncertain.

A wooden stick; a twig, shoot; especially for the following uses:


bredes

(Early Middle English) plural of brede (“roasted meat”)


hafd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


frie

English: fry

Scots: fry

* Traditionally seen as from Old Norse frjó (“seed”), from Proto-Germanic *fraiwą, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-.
* Alternatively from Old French *frie, collateral form of froi (“spawn”), from froier, freier (“to spawn”), from Latin fricō (“to rub”).

Deus. Noe, to the and to thi fry / My blyssyng graunt I; / Ye shall wax and multiply, / And fill the erth agane

15th c., “Processus Noe cum filiis [Noah and the Ark]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 28, lines 177–180:

God. Noah, I grant my blessing to you and to your offspring. You will grow and multiply and fill the earth again

(rare, Late Middle English) offspring, children


bredd

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bred (“bread”)


alabastre

English: alabaster

Scots: alabaster

From Old French alabastre, from Latin alabaster, from Ancient Greek ἀλάβαστρος (alábastros), from earlier ἀλάβαστος (alábastos).


enhaunsen

enm-verb

enhaunsen (third-person singular simple present enhaunseth, present participle enhaunsende, enhaunsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enhaunsed)

enhaunseth (present singular third-person)
enhaunsende (participle present)
enhaunsynge (participle present)
enhaunsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: to enhance


burdone

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


tresorer

English: treasurer

From Old French tresorer; equivalent to tresour + -er.

A treasurer (official entrusted with an organisation or government's revenue)


destrer

Old French destrier, from Latin dextrārius, from dexter (“right-hand”) (where the squire led his master's horse).

By him baiteth his dextrer.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


lana succida

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lāna succida (“greasy wool”).

bor

(medicine) unwashed sheep’s wool, used raw or impregnated with medicinal oils, ointments, vel sim. as a medicament


occean

English: ocean

Scots: ocean

From Old French occean, from Latin Ōceanus, from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós).

A large sea believed to encircle the world's land.


goke

English: gowk, gawk

Scots: gowk, gouk

Borrowed from Old Norse gaukr, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz. Doublet of ȝek.


pultes

English: poultice

Borrowed from Latin pultēs, plural of puls.


sarse

English: searce, sarse

Scots: search

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman cerche, *cerce, from Late Latin *circa; see searce for more.


reremayne

English: reredemain

Probably from Anglo-Norman reremein, variant of areremein, from arere (“back, backwards”) + main (“hand”).

Sir Launcelot lepe to hym and gaff hym backwarde with hys gauntelot a reremayne that he felle to the erthe starke dede.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XIX:


balsamum

From Latin balsamum, from Ancient Greek βάλσαμον (bálsamon, “balsam”), of Semitic origin (compare Hebrew בושם). Doublet of bawme.

der

(rare) The tree balm of Gilead originates from.


abilite

English: ability

Scots: abilty (obsolete)

From Old French ableté, from Latin habilitās (“aptness, ability”), from habilis (“apt, fit, skillful, able”), equivalent to able + -ite.

capacity for doing something, proficiency in an art or profession, ability, power.


hoker

From Old English hōcor, from Proto-Germanic *hōhaz (“mockery, insult, ridicule”), from Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *kenk- (“peg, hook, handle; to be sharp”).

inh

She was as digne as water in a dich, / As ful of hoker and of bisemare.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


aquerne

Alternative spelling of acquerne (“squirrel”)


cosyn

English: cousin

Scots: kizzen (Shetlandic cüshin)

Yola: cozeen

From Old French cosin (and feminine cosine), inherited from Latin cōnsōbrīnus.

A member of one's family; one's partner, relative or their partner:

One's progeny; those who descend from one's lineage.

A nibling (niece or nephew); a child of one's brother or sister

One's direct cousin; a child of one's aunt or uncle.

(rare) Something bearing similarity to something else.


ylike

Alternative form of yliche (“equal, peer, like”)


undedlynesse

→ English: undeadliness

From Old English undēadlīcnes (“immortality”). By surface analysis, undedly + -nesse.

/ foꝛ it bihoueþ þis coꝛruptible þing to cloþe, vncoꝛrupcioun .· ⁊ þis dedli þing to putte awei vndedlyneſſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·i· 15:53, page 67v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

[…] , because it's necessary that the perishable one wears imperishability and the mortal one puts on immortality.


harns

And of hys hede he brake þe bone / The harnes lay vppon þe stone.

1303, Robert Manning of Brunne, Handlyng synne:


aduant garde

Lyonses and Pharyaunce had the aduant garde, and they two knyghtes mette with kyng Idres and his felauship, and there began a grete medele of brekyng of speres and smytynge of swerdys with sleynge of men and horses.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book I.15:


kirtel

English: kirtle

Scots: kirtle

Inherited from Old English cyrtel, akin to Old Norse kyrtill.

A men's kirtle or coat (often worn under an overcoat)

A women's kirtle or gown (often worn under an overcoat)

(figurative) A cover; an exterior or outer layer.

(anatomy, figurative) A tunic or membrane.


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.

A (usually wooden) beam or pole:
A beam (central bar of a plow)

A (usually wooden) beam or pole:
(weaving) The (central) beam of a loom.

A (usually wooden) beam or pole:
The (central) beam of a loom.


fraist

Þis castel es of loue and grace..Of enmye dredis it na fraist. — Cursor Mundi

A test; test of strength or will power; an attack


covent

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">covent</i>

English: convent; coven (obsolete covent)

Middle Scots: covent, convent

Borrowed from Old French covent, from Latin conventus.

A congregation or meeting; an assembled group of people.

A group or order of (male or female) monastics; a convent.

A monastery; a building housing such a group.


canel

Scots: cannel

→ Irish: cainéal (“cinnamon”)

From Old French canele, from Medieval Latin cannella, a diminutive of canna; equivalent to cane + -el (diminutive suffix).

cinnamon (The bark of trees of certain species of the genus Cinnamomum)

(rare) The cinnamon tree; the trees which produce cinnamon.


passe tyme

English: passtime, pastime, passtime, pass-time (both obsolete) (obsolete)

passen + tyme, a calque of Middle French passetemps.

a way of occupying oneself or passing the time


mercurie

English: mercury

The silvery-coloured chemical element that is liquid at room temperature; quicksilver, mercury.

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium; goosefoots.


feal

Middle Scots: feall, fiall

Scots: feal, feele (obsolete)

→ English: feal

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman feal (“faithful”), earlier fedeil, from Latin fidēlis; compare feaute.
In Middle English, reinterpreted as fe (“fee”) + -al, influencing both the sense and form.

bor+

A stipend or allowance given to someone.

(rare) Ownership of land under feudalism.

(rare) Fealty; feudal allegiance, fidelity, or loyalty.


gutte

English: gut

Scots: gut

From Old English guttas (a plurale tantum), from Proto-Germanic *gut-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).

One of the organs inside a creature's chest:

The intestines/alimentary canal or a section of that organ.

Animal intestines when used as food for humans or pets.

(rare) The protective coating of the intestines.

The chest or abdominal region, especially when representing excessive eating.

(rare) The inside or deepest reaches of something.


bouk

English: bouk (obsolete)

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

From Old English būc, from Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.


grome

English: groom

→ Dutch: groom

Scots: grome, grume, greem

→ Old French: gromme, groume

⇒ Old French: groumet

Middle French: gourmet

French: gourmet

→ English: gourmet

→ Icelandic: grómr, gromr

From Old English *grōma, from Proto-West Germanic *grōmō (“growth, tumor, stomach swelling”). Compare Middle Dutch grom, Old Norse grómr, gromr, and Old French gromme. Suggested to be either from the same root as growen (“to grow”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *grō-, with a noun-forming suffix *-m-.

inh

A male child of any age (ranging from infancy to the start of adulthood).

One's assistant or servant; an underling, especially one in the homes of the nobility.

A male person, especially a commoner or one who isn't noble-born.


dalk

Alternative form of dalke (“depression”)


sweaven

Alternative spelling of sweven (“dream”)


kire

From Old English cyre (“choice, free will”).

Þe wælwillendæ Scyppend let hyre habban hire a3ene cyres 3eweald. — Homilies in MS Bodley

Ghe knew wel ðe faderes kire.

Bigamie is unkinde ðing, On engleis tale, twie-wifing; for ai was rigt and kire bi-forn, On man, on wif, til he was boren.

God heo geworhte wlitigum englen gecynde & let hi habben agenne cyre.

Þa heo hæfden..icoren Conan, þa lep mi fader up..& wið-seide þene cure. — Layamon's Brut


gaole

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


chaunter

Alternative form of chauntour (“chanter”)


rache

English: rache, rach, ratch

Scots: rache, rach, ratch

From Old English ræċċ, from Proto-West Germanic *brakko, from Proto-Germanic *brak (“dog that hunts by scent”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₂g- (“to smell”).


samoun

desctree

English: salmon
→ Burmese: ဆယ်လမွန် (hcaila.mwan)
→ Hebrew: סַלְמוֹן (sálmon)
→ Hindi: सामन (sāman)
→ Japanese: サーモン (sāmon)

Scots: saumon, sawmon

Yola: zamoon

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman saumon, from Latin salmōnem, accusative of salmō.


pulet

English: pullet, poult

Scots: pout

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman pullet, and Old French poulet; equivalent to pulle + -et.


manace

English: menace

From Old French menace, manace, from Latin minācia (“threat”), a noun based on mināx (“threatening”).


shappe

And this maner a peple is figured and ought to be maad in the forme & shappe of a man holdynge in his ryght hande a spade or shouell

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

And [in] this manner a people is figured and ought to be made, in the form & shape of a man holding in his right hand a spade or shovel


rooke

And than we wyll begynne at the pawne whiche standeth to fore the rooke on the right side of the kinge for as moche as this pawne apperteyneth to serue the vicaire or lieutenant of the kynge and other officers vnder hym of necessaryes of vitayll/


pawne

For as moche as the Noble persone canne not rewle ne gouerne with oute y'e seruyce and werke of the peple/ than hit behoueth to deuyse the oeuurages and the offices of the werkemen/ Than I shall begynne fyrst at the fyrst pawne/ that is in the playe of the chesse/


chesse

For as moche as the Noble persone canne not rewle ne gouerne with oute y'e seruyce and werke of the peple/ than hit behoueth to deuyse the oeuurages and the offices of the werkemen/ Than I shall begynne fyrst at the fyrst pawne/ that is in the playe of the chesse

For as much as the Noble person cannot rule or govern without the service and work of the people / than it behooves to devise the overages and the offices of the workman / Then I shall begin first at the first pawn / that is in the playing of chess


smyth

English: smith

Scots: smith

From Old English smiþ, from Proto-Germanic *smiþaz.

A metalworker or smith; one who works with any kind of metal.

A craftsperson; one who works, makes, or creates.


welthe

English: wealth

Scots: walth

Either inherited from Old English *welþ, weleþu (from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu) or formed anew from wele (“wealth”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix) on the model of helthe.

af

Wealth, prosperity, plentifulness; a state of flourishing:

Benefit or advantage; that which is helpful or advantageous.

(religion) Spiritual flourishing or prosperity; salvation or reward.

Riches (great amount of valuable assets or material possessions)

An abundance or great number, especially if excessive or satisfying.


ekename

English: nickname (inherited), ekename (borrowing)


lavendre

English: lavender

Scots: leventer

From Old French lavendre, from Medieval Latin lavendula.


synne

English: sin

Scots: sin

Inherited from Old English synn, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju (“concern”), from Proto-Germanic *sunjō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

Iniquity, sinfulness; immoral behaviour.

A sin; a religiously immoral action:
(specifically) Lewdness, promiscuity.

A sin; a religiously immoral action:
Lewdness, promiscuity.

A certain (specified) kind or class of sin.

(more generally) A wrong; e.g. a mistake or crime.


synne

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


feture

English: feature

Scots: fayter, featur

From Anglo-Norman feture, from Latin factūra.

One's form or bodily profile; the overall appearance of a given human.

A feature or part (almost always of the human body or face)

(rare) A piece of handiwork or crafts; something created.

(rare) A living organism; a being (viewed as God's creation)


feuter

English: fewter, feuter

From Old French feutre, from Medieval Latin filtrum.

A holder for a pointed polearm attached to one's armour; a fewter.


escheker

English: exchequer, Exchequer

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛˈkeːr/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛkər/

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium. Doublet of cheker.

The Exchequer (English fiscal department)

(by extension, rare) A municipal treasury.


cune

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


drem

English: dream

Scots: dreme

From Old English drēam, from Proto-West Germanic *draum, from Proto-Germanic *draumaz. Some senses are probably a semantic loan from Old Norse draumr, displacing sweven (from Old English swefn).

As a dꝛeem fleynge awei he ſchal not be foundun he ſchal paſſe as a nyȝtis ſiȝt

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Job 20:8”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Like a dream going away, he won't be found; he'll disappear like a night's vision.


maistresse

desctree

English: mistress, mistris (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ミストレス (misutoresu)

Yola: mistrace, maistreace

Borrowed from Old French maistresse, mestresse; equivalent to maister + -esse.


yest

English: yeast

Scots: yest

From Old English ġist, ġyst, from Proto-Germanic *jestuz.


souke

English: suck

Scots: souk

Breastfeeding or milking; the extraction of milk.


sachel

English: satchel

From Old French sachel, from Late Latin saccellum (“money bag, purse”), a diminutive of Latin sacculus, itself a diminutive of saccus (“bag”).


yvel

English: evil

Scots: evil

From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.

Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:
A sin or moral transgression.

Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:
An evil or malicious being.

we witen þat we ben of god .· ⁊ al þe woꝛld is ſet in yuel

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:19, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

We know that we are from God, and that all the world is stuck in evil.

Someone or something that harms or troubles.

Harm, injury, trouble:
A malady or disease.

(rare) Negative or uncomplimentary speech.

Harm, injury, trouble:
Negative or uncomplimentary speech.


leame

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of leme


terrour

English: terror

Scots: terror

Borrowed from Middle French terreur, terrour, and its etymon Latin terror, terrōr-.

(rare, Late Middle English) A terror; a fright.


tremour

English: tremor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tremour, Old French tremor, from Latin tremor.


neppe

Alternative form of nap (“drinking bowl”)


yȝe

From Old English ēage (“eye”), from Proto-Germanic *augô (“eye”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃okʷ-, *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).


wayn

English: wain

Scots: wain, wayn, wane

From Old English wæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *wagn, from Proto-Germanic *wagnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *woǵʰnos.


wayn

English: wain

Borrowed from Old Northern French waigne, from Vulgar Latin *wadaniāre, from Frankish *waiþanjan, from Proto-Germanic *waiþanjaną. Compare gayn.


jonk

English: junk

Borrowed from Middle French jonc (“rush”), from Old French jonc, from Latin iuncus, from Proto-Italic *joinikos.


rereward

English: rearward (obsolete in this sense)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rerewarde; equivalent to rere + ward.

The back side of an army; the forces at the rear.


hil

English: hill

Scots: hill, hull

Yola: hele, hile, hill

From Old English hyll, from Proto-Germanic *hulliz (“hill”).


meche

/ˈmɛːt͡ʃ(ə)/

From Old English mǣċe, mēċe, from Proto-West Germanic *mākī, from Proto-Germanic *mēkijaz.


hird

From Old English hīred, hēored (“family, household”), from Proto-West Germanic *hīwarād, equivalent to hewe (“servant”) + red (“counsel”).

A company or band of people:
One's attendants; a retinue.

A company or band of people:
An army; a troop.


hirdman

From Old English hīredman; equivalent to hird (“household”) + man (“man”), but often reanalysed as hired (“hired”) + mon.

A member of a royal household; an attendant.


bace

English: bass, barse

Inherited from Old English bærs, from Proto-West Germanic *bars, from Proto-Germanic *barsaz.


Duch

English: Dutch

Scots: Dutch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
From Middle Dutch duutsch and Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch, in turn from Old Saxon thiudisk. Doublet of thedisch.

heigher Duche

louer Duche


tramel

Yola: trameal


trespas

English: trespass

Yola: treshpass


yhe

And smale fowles maken melodie / That slepen al the night with open yhe

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Prologue:


swow

I fel in suche a slomber and a swow.


prosperite

English: prosperity

Yola: prosperitee

From Old French prosperitet, from Latin prosperitās.


bergh

English: barrow, bergh

Scots: burrae

From Old English beorg, from Proto-West Germanic *berg, from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”).


regioun

English: region

Scots: region

From Anglo-Norman regiun, from Latin regiōnem, accusative of regiō.


jurour

English: juror

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jurour, from Latin iūrātor; equivalent to jure + -our.

(rare) A person who spreads untruths; a defamer.


creditour

English: creditor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman creditour, itself borrowed from Latin crēditor, crēditōrem.


kayser

enm-noun

kayser (plural kayseres, dative kaysere)

⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser

→ Scots: Kaiser

Borrowed from Old High German keisar, from Proto-West Germanic *kaisar, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of casere.

An emperor (the ruler of an empire; a supreme ruler)


translatour

English: translator

From Old French translator, translateur, translatour, from Latin trānslātor; equivalent to translaten + -our.


chartre

English: charter (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chairter

Borrowed from Old French chartre, from Latin chartula, diminutive of charta.

A charter (document conferring authority or privileges)

(by extension) A deed or other legally binding document.

(by extension, rare) A document or paper.

(figurative) The Christian promise of salvation.


kineȝerde

kineȝerde (plural kineȝerdes or kineȝerden)

From Old English cyneġierd (“a scepter”), equivalent to kine- + ȝerde (“rod, staff”).


kinedom

English: kindom (Yorkshire, obsolete)

Middle Scots: kindom

From Old English cynedōm; equivalent to kine- (“royal”) + -dom (abstract nominal suffix).

af

Capacity to rule; authority, dominion, might.

The duration of a ruler's rule; a reign.


kineriche

enm-noun

kineriche (plural kineriches or (early) kinerichen)

Middle Scots: kinrik

Scots: kinrick

Inherited from Old English cynerīċe (“a kingdom”), from Proto-West Germanic *kunirīkī; equivalent to kine- + -riche and cognate with Old High German chuneriche, Middle Dutch conrike. See also kingriche.

inh+

(figurative) The Kingdom of God; the divine kingdom.


alliaunce

English: alliance

Scots: alliance

Borrowed from Old French aliance; equivalent to allien + -aunce.

A linkage between friends, partners or associates:

An alliance; a compact between two allies:

An illegitimate or unrecognised romantic relationship.

One's relations via marriage; one's stepfamily.


balaunce

English: balance

Scots: ballance

From Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia.

The ensuring of fairness and justness via reasoning and consideration, especially legally.

Luck, happenstance, destiny; the passage of random events.

Endangerment, threatening; the taking of chances or bets.

(astrology, astronomy) Libra (constellation; member of the Zodiac)


braunche

English: branch

Scots: branch, brainch

Borrowed from Old French branche, brance, from Late Latin branca.

Something dividing or extending like a branch.


utteraunce

And soo they mette soo hard / that syre Palomydes felle to the erthe hors and alle / Thenne sir Bleoberis cryed a lowde and said thus / make the redy thou fals traytour knyghte Breuse saunce pyte / for wete thow certaynly I wille haue adoo with the to the vtteraunce for the noble knyghtes and ladyes that thou hast falsly bitraid

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “liij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X (in Middle English):


governaunce

English: governance

Middle Scots: governance

Borrowed from Old French gouvernance, governance; equivalent to governen + -aunce.

Authority, rule, or leadership; the holding of power:

Governing; governmental or political control.

Military command or force; the state of being in military control.

(rare) A term or tenure; a period of office.

Control, governance; the action of being governed:

Teaching or guardianship; caring or developing another.

Willpower or self-control; one's ability to exercise restraint.

Control of a device or machine (especially a nautical vessel).

Influence or effect (especially exerted by constellations or organs)

One's actions, choices, or behaviour; that which characterises oneself.

(medicine, alchemy) A course of action; a set of directives.

(rare) The organisation or cohesion of an army.

(rare) An governmental command or order to aid in governance.

1485 – Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, Book X, Chapter xl, leaf 239v
With ryght good wille said Arthur / for sire Galahalt the haute prynce shall haue yow in gouernaunce.
"With right good will, said Arthur; for Sir Galahalt, the haut prince, shall have you in governance."

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


vilanie

They mighten do no vilanie or vice.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


kynde

And whan he cam ageyne he sayd / O my whyte herte / me repenteth that thow art dede /[…]/ and thy deth shalle be dere bought and I lyue / and anone he wente in to his chamber and armed hym / and came oute fyersly / & there mette he with syr gauayne / why haue ye slayne my houndes said syr gauayn / for they dyd but their kynde

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “vij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book III (in Middle English):

one's inherent nature; character, natural disposition


sinfull

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synful


pottere

English: potter

Scots: patter

From late Old English pottere; equivalent to pot + -er; influenced by Old French potier, from pot (“pot”) + -ier (“indicates an agent noun”).


qued

From Old English cwēad, *cwǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *kwād (“bad, evil”, adjective), *kwād (“dung; evilness”, noun).

inh

an evil person or being, especially the devil


cley

English: clay, cley

Scots: cley

Yola: cley

From Old English clǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *klaij.

Any earth or terrain; something of little value or import.


cley

A frame composed of planks crossed together.


harre

He was short-sholdred, brood, a thikke knarre,
Ther nas no dore that he nolde heve of harre, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 549-550

He was stoutly built, broad, a large-framed fellow,
There was no door that he would not heave off its hinges, …


dezert

Alternative form of desert (“wilderness”)


kyte

English: kite

Scots: kyt, kyte

→ Welsh: cud

Inherited from Old English cȳta, from Proto-West Germanic *kūtijō, from Proto-Germanic *kūts.