glas

English: glass (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gless, glass

Inherited from Old English glæs, from Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą.

Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was /Hir nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas[…]

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 151–152:

Her wimple was folded in quite a seemly way / Her nose [was] slender; her eyes [were] grey like glass […]

Glass (substance made with melted sand):

A glass; a cup or drinking-vessel made of glass.

A box, receptacle, or vessel made of glass.

A mirror made of glass; a piece of glass for personal grooming.

An object made of or containing glass:
(rare) A sandglass; a sand timer.

An object made of or containing glass:
A sandglass; a sand timer.

Ground-up glass as used in alchemy and pharmaceuticals.

A kind of crystal similar in appearance to glass.


burgage

English: burgage

Borrowed from Old French bourgage and Medieval Latin burgāgium; equivalent to Old French bourg + -age.

Land held under a feudal ruler (often in exchange for a rent alone)

(rare) The tenure that such land is held under; burgage.

(rare) A fortified town entitled to certain rights; a borough.


plage

English: plague

Scots: plague

Yola: plaague, plaauge

Borrowed from Old French plage, from Latin plāga (“blow, wound”).


plage

The plages of the North

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


salve

English: salve

Scots: saw

From the oblique forms of Old English sealf, from Proto-West Germanic *salbu, from Proto-Germanic *salbō.


warp

English: warp

Scots: warp

From Old English wearp, warp, from Proto-West Germanic *warp, from Proto-Germanic *warpą. Related to werpen.


sone

English: son

Scots: son

From Old English sunu, from Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

mi litle ſones kepe ȝe ȝou fro mawmetis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:21, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

My little children, keep yourselves from idols.


glide

Alternative form of glede (“kite (bird of prey)”)


glede

English: glede, glead

Scots: gled, gleed

Inherited from Old English glida, from Proto-West Germanic *glidā, from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; related to gliden. Forms with /ɛ/ are possibly either from an Old English variant *gleoda or due to the influence of Old Norse gleða.


glede

English: glede, glead, gleed

Scots: gleed, gleid

Inherited from Old English glēd, from Proto-West Germanic *glōdi, from Proto-Germanic *glōdiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

"But of the fir and flaumbe funeral / In which my body brennen shal to glede,

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Troilus and Criseyde”, in B.A. Windeatt, editor, Troilus and Criseyde: "The Book of Troilus" by Geoffrey Chaucer, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), published 2016, page 462:


conscience

English: conscience

Yola: coshes, coshe, cosh

→ Irish: coinsias

Borrowed from Old French conscience, from Latin conscientia (“knowledge within oneself”).


theater

English: theater, theatre

Scots: theatre

/ˌtɛːˈaːtər/

From Old French theatre, from Latin theatrum, from Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron).

A theatre open to the sky; an amphitheatre.

Any stage which plays and performances take place at.


riche

English: rich

From Old English rīċe (“mighty, rich”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”), from *rīks, an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.

inh

The rich and powerful; high-ranking people.


riche

Inherited from Old English rīċe (“kingdom”, see -riche), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkiją, from Proto-Celtic *rīgyom.

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">-riche</i>

inh+

Bot Bruce was knawin weyll ayr off this kynrik; For he had rycht, we call no man him lik. Bot Wallace thriss this kynrik conquest haile, In Ingland fer socht battaill on that rik.

15th c., Le Bone Florence of Rome, Lines 1804-1809

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Alther furste to the kyrke sche went, to here a masse verament, and preyed god of hys grace, that he wolde bryng hur to that ryke, that evyr more ys yoye in lyke, before hys worthy face;


rike

For al þis rike A ded knyght wald I noght strike.


heft

English: heft

⇒ Yola: heifteen, heiftem

From heven, on the model of weven and weft.


coverage

Borrowed from Old French couvrage (“a cover”).

bor+

a charge for having or stall or booth at a fair


arte

Alternative form of art (“(area of) knowledge”)


lax

English: lax

Scots: lax

From Old English leax, from Proto-West Germanic *lahs, from Proto-Germanic *lahsaz.


inward

English: inward, innards

From Old English inweard; equivalent to in + -ward.


Germania

From Old English Germania, from Latin Germania, q.v.


quiste

From Old English *cwiss, from Proto-Germanic *kwissiz; the consonantism is from influence from quethen.

(Late Middle English, rare) Bequest, inheritance


trave

English: trave

Borrowed from Middle French trave, from Latin trabem, from Proto-Indo-European *treb-.

A wooden cage for containing horses that are being shod.


patent

English: patent (noun)

From a short form of lettres patentes, from Anglo-Norman lettre patente (“open letter”), from Latin littera patēns.

der

A letter conferring a privilege or status.

(rare) A letter conferring other advantages.


ardour

English: ardor, ardour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ardour, ardur, from Latin ārdor, ārdōrem; compare ardaunt.


homme

Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


livid

English: livid

Middle French livide, from Latin līvidus.


tinder

English: tinder

Scots: tunder, tundir

From Old English tynder, from Proto-Germanic *tundrą.


murmur

English: murmur

From Old French murmure, from Latin murmur.

A whining, protesting or complaining in the background; murmuring.


cas

Borrowed from Old French cas, from Latin casus (“fall”).


ew

English: yew

Scots: yew, ewe

Yola: yew

From Old English īw, ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *īhu.

Taxus baccata
Taxus baccata#Translingual


claret

Old French claret, from Medieval Latin claratum (vinum).


citrine

English: citrine

From Middle French citrine and Medieval Latin citrīnus.

Citrus medica
Citrus medica#Translingual


spense

English: spence

Borrowed from Middle French despense, from Medieval Latin dīspēnsa, noun use of feminine of Latin dīspēnsus, past participle of dīspendere (“weigh out”).


lege

English: league

Borrowed from Late Latin leuca, leuga, from Proto-Celtic *lougā.


lege

English: liege

Scots: liege

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lige, liege; further etymology is disputed.

(One of) one's subjects or vassals; (one of) those under one's control.

A hireling or servant; one serving under another.

(rare) One's feudal overlords or superiors.


fissure

English: fissure

From Old French fissure, from Latin fissūra.


moder

enm-noun

moder (plural modres or moders or moder or (Kent) modren, genitive modres or moders or moder)

modres (plural)
moders (plural)
moder (plural)
modren (Kent plural)
modres (genitive)
moders (genitive)
moder (genitive)

desctree

English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)

desc

Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother

Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

Inherited from Old English mōdor, from Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare moddrie.

A mother; the female direct ancestor of someone or some creature.

The indirect female ancestor of someone or some creature.

The Virgin Mary as mother (as of Jesus or as of humanity).

A woman who performs the duties of a mother; a female caretaker or guardian.

A woman who heads a female monastic community; an abbess.

Putte: f. A wench, laſſe, girle, modder; (eſpecially one that is no better than ſhe ſhould be.)

1611, Randle Cotgrave, A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, Adam Islip:

A polite appellation to an elderly woman, or a ruder one to a younger one.

Something, somewhere or someone likened to a mother (in begetting, caring, or nourishing):

A behaviour, attribute, virtue, or vice likened to a mother (in begetting, caring, or nourishing)

The womb (as the organ which protects and nourishes the baby).

And now that I have ſpoken of glotonye, / Now wol I yow deffenden haſardrye; / Haſard is verray mooder of leſynges, / And of deceite, and curſed forſwerynges[…]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 589–592:

And since I've spoken about gluttony, / Now, I'll prevent you from dice-playing; / Dice games are literally the source of falsehoods, / deception, and false testimonies […]


meth

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


scrape

English: scrape

Yola: scrawb


brill

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


dirige

English: dirge

Scots: dirge

From Latin dirige, from the beginning of the first antiphon in matins for the dead, Dirige, Domine, deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam.

The portion of a Christian remembrance service beginning from the first antiphon in matins for the dead.

Þan were matynys & maſse & euen ſong, placebo & dirige & comendacion & matynes of oure lady ordeyned of ſynful men, to be ſongen wiþ heiȝe criynge to lette men fro þe ſentence & vnderſtondynge of þat þat was þus ſongen, & to maken men wery & vndiſpoſid to ſtudie goddis lawe for akyng of hedis[…]

a. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of feyned contemplatif lif, of ſong, of þe ordynal of ſalisbury, & of bodely almes & worldly byſyneſse of preſtis; hou bi þes foure þe fend lettiþ hem fro prechynge of þe gospel:

Then there were matins, mass, evensong, placebo, dirges, commendations, and matins of Our Lady, which originated from sinful men, to be sung with high-pitched shrieking to keep people from the meaning and understanding of that which was sung, as to make men weary and unsuited to study God's law because of headaches […]

The recitation or singing of the Office of the Dead to commemorate the deceased.


olde

From Old English ald, from Proto-West Germanic *ald, from Proto-Germanic *aldaz (“grown-up”).

Wið-uten ðe læche ðe loceð after mannes ikynde, þe newe oðer elde, and ðe wrihte his timber to keruen after ðare mone, ðe is ikyndelich þing; elles hit is al ȝedwoll.

A moon in its first phase after new; a waxing crescent.


geomancy

1425 Mandev. (Eg) 115/9

At a syde of þe emperour table sittez many philosophers and grete clerkez of diuerse sciencez, sum of astronomy, sum of nigromancy, sum of geomancy, sum of pyromancy, sum of ydromancy.


dux

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of duk (“duke”)


croft

English: croft

Scots: croft, craft

From Old English croft, possibly from Proto-Germanic *kruftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to curve, bend, crawl”), from *ger- (“to turn, wind”).


soupe

English: soup

From Old French supe, from Late Latin suppa.

A meal consisting of sopped bread with soup, stock, gravy or broth poured over it


hose

enm-noun

hose (plural hosen or hose or (rare) hoses)

hosen (plural)
hose (plural)
hoses (plural rare)

English: hose

Scots: hose, hoe

From Old English hose, hosa, hosu, from Proto-West Germanic *hosā. Compare German Hose.

Stockings or tights (often worn by men in the ME period).

Armour or protection for the legs; armoured legwear.

(rare) The bendable outer casing of grains.

(rare) A bendable tube for liquids; a hose.

(rare) A bendable tube acting as a trap.


suet

English: suet

Scots: shuet

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suet, siuet, diminutive of seu, from Latin sēbum.


Avril

Borrowed from Middle French avril (“April”).


perle

English: pearl

Scots: pairl, purl

From Old French perle, from Medieval Latin perula.

A pearl (excretion found in bivalves used in jewellery and medicine).

(figurative) Any round object, especially when shiny.

(figurative) The pupil (hole in the iris)

(figurative) Anything or anyone that is valuable (especially in religion)

(figurative) A macula on the eye's surface.


commune

[...] Biloved and drad, thurgh favour of fortune,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 69-70

… Beloved and feared, through favor of fortune,
Both by his lords and by his citizenry.


bast

English: bast, bass

Scots: bass

From Old English bæst, from Proto-West Germanic *bast, from Proto-Germanic *bastaz.

A cord or cable manufactured using bast.

(rare) Bast; fibre made from the phloem of plants.


bast

Borrowed from Old French bast (French bât), probably a back-formation from bastard.

Illegitimacy; the state of being illegitimate.


stat

English: state

Yola: state

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-der.
Latin statuslbor.
Old French estatbor.
Middle English stat
From Old French estat, from Latin status.


Muse

English: Muse, muse

Scots: Muse, muse

From Latin Mūsa, either directly or from Old French muse. Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μοῦσᾰ (Moûsa).


Sol

1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, Lines 273-276

Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe, Mars iren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe, Saturnus leed, and Juppiter is tyn, And Venus coper, by my fader kyn!


scot

English: scot

From Old English scot, scott, sċeot, ġescot (“contribution; payment; tax; fine”), from Old Norse skot, from Proto-Germanic *skutą (“that which is thrown or cast; projectile; missile”). Later influenced by Old French escot (Modern écot), itself of Germanic origin.


venus

From Venus, borrowed from Latin Venus. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

This water forsoþe is so strong, þat if a litil drope þerof falle vpon ȝoure hond, anoon it wole perce it þoruȝ-out; and in þe same maner it wole do, if it falle vpon a plate of venus.


bern

English: barn

Scots: bern

Yola: barrn

From Old English bearn, contracted forms of Old English berern, bereærn (“barn, granary”). Equivalent to bere + -ern.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.


bern

Inherited from Old English beorn; probably from Proto-Germanic *bernuz.


seneschal

English: seneschal

Scots: senescall, seneschall (obsolete)

From Old French seneschal, from Medieval Latin siniscalcus, from Frankish *siniskalk, from Proto-Germanic *siniskalkaz.

A steward in charge of a nobleman's estate.

A viceroy; one governing in place of a ruler.


canner

English: canner

(rare, Late Middle English) A machine that removes impurities from wine.


tumour

English: tumour, tumor

From Old French tumour, from Latin tumor.

tumour (abnormal or morbid bodily growth)


hols

Alternative form of hals (“neck, throat”)


dette

English: debt

Scots: det, debt

From Old French dete, from Latin dēbita, from the plural of dēbitum.

Goods or possessions owed to or due to another person; a debt.

The state of debt; the condition one is when one has a debt or monetary obligation.

Something which one is obliged to do (by law, society, or belief):

Sex (i.e. as something which one's partner requires of oneself).

Death (i.e. as something which the nature of humanity requires of oneself)

(rare) The requirement to fight back against one who has hurt oneself.

Something that one deserves (negatively); one's fate or punishment.

and þus ȝe ſchulen pꝛeie / Oure fadir þat art in heuenes .· halewid be þi name / þi kyngdom come to / be þi wille doon in erþe .· as in heuene / ȝyue to vs þis dai oure bꝛeed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce / and foꝛȝyue to vs oure dettis .· as we foꝛȝyuen to oure dettouris / and lede vs not in to temptacioun .· but delyuere vs fro yuele amen […]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 6:9-14, page 3r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be sanctified; / your Kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth, like in heaven. / Give us our bread over other substances, / forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us, / and don't bring us into temptation, but instead save us from evil. Amen."

(theology) Sin; acts which go against the dictates of a higher power.

(law, rare) A legal action in order to collect a money owed to one.


dee

English: die; dice

Scots: die; dice

From Old French dé, from Latin datum. Cognate with French dé.

A die or dice (cube used in games and gambling)


bali

From Old English *bealwiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *balwīg.

(Early Middle English) The Evil One, the Devil.


inde

From Old French Inde (“India”), from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ (Indíā).


faute

English: fault

Yola: fout

→ Welsh: ffawt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman faute, from Vulgar Latin *fallita.


barker

English: barker


eres

Alternative form of ars (“anus; buttocks”)


eres

Alternative form of hereos (“lovesickness”)


berne

Alternative form of bern (“man, warrior”)


hog

English: hog

Scots: hog, hogue

Yola: hog

Inherited from Old English hogg, hocg; further etymology is disputed.

A pig or swine, especially one that is castrated and male.


oyes

English: oyez

From Old French oyez (“hear ye”), the imperative plural of oir (“hear; listen”).


taas

From Old English tas (“mow of corn or hay”), from Proto-Germanic *tassaz (“heap, mass”). Cognate with Middle Low German tas (“stack of hay or wheat”), Middle Dutch tas, tasse (“heap, pile”).

cog

To ransake in the taas of bodyes dede


mariage

English: marriage


looking

From Old English *lōcung (attested in Old English þurhlōcung).

Al drery was his chere and his lokyng.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

The manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance.


hosp

From Old English hosp (“reproach, insult, contumely, blasphemy”).

der

detraction, blasphemy, to hold in derision, vilify


ame

English: aim

Yola: aim

evaluation, guess, opinion; plan, intention


fey

Borrowed from Old French feie (modern French foie), from Latin fīcātum.


ebbe

English: ebb

Scots: ebb

From Old English ebba, from Proto-West Germanic *abbjā, *abbjō, from Proto-Germanic *abjô, *abjǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.


staple

English: staple

Scots: stapill, staple, steple

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman staple (Old French estaple), from Frankish *stapul (“post, pillar; basis, foundation”). Doublet of stapel (“post, stake”).

staple (official market established by royal authority for selling export goods)

staple (the town containing such market)


kyn

English: kin

Scots: kin

From Old English cynn, from Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją.

One's relations or kin:
A family; the set of one's relations.

One's relations or kin:
A nation, tribe, or clan.

One's relations or kin:
One's descendants or offspring.

A family relationship; kinship:
Ancestry; one's ancestors.

A family relationship; kinship:
(rare) A noble bloodline.

A family relationship; kinship:
A noble bloodline.

A kinsman or kinswoman; one of one's kin.

(Early Middle English) A class or group.

(Early Middle English) A method or means.


garde

English: guard

Scots: gaird

Yola: garde

Borrowed from Old French guarde, from guarder. Doublet of ward.

guardianship, safeguarding, covering, authority

(rare) A company of guardians or wardens.


pisse

English: piss

Scots: pish


artificer

English: artificer

From Middle French artificier, from Latin artificiārius.

A crafter or artisan; a maker of crafts.


gates

From gate (“gate”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


gates

From gate (“way”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


stepdame

English: stepdame


receptacle

English: receptacle

From Middle French receptacle and Anglo-Norman receptacle, from Latin receptāculum.


ote

English: oat

Scots: ait

Yola: oathès (plural)

From Old English āte (plural ātan), from Proto-West Germanic *aitā, from Proto-Germanic *aitǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyd- (“to swell”). Related to Old Norse eitill (“lymph node”).

A grain of this plant (usually in the plural)


cerebrum

English: cerebrum

Borrowed from Latin cerebrum, from Proto-Italic *kerazrom.


schon

English: shoon (obsolete)

Scots: shuin

Yola: shoone, shoon

From Old English scōn, scōum (“shoes”, dative plural) and scōna (“shoes'”, genitive plural). Equivalent to scho + -en (plural suffix).


coroner

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">crowner</i>

English: coroner (obsolete crowner)

Scots: crownar (obsolete)

From Old French curuner; equivalent to coroune + -er.

A (medieval) coroner (a royal officer who helps administer law and the courts)


contre

English: country (see there for further descendants)

Scots: kintra

Borrowed from Old French contree, from Vulgar Latin (terra) contrāta.

On a national level: a nation, country, land, or territory

On a regional level: a district, state, or province

On a local level: city, town, settlement, or parish

country, countryside (as opposed to the city)

The people of a region, country, or province; the local people.


bote

English: boot

→ English: bote (also from Old English bōt)

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōt, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtu, from Proto-Germanic *bōtō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

Help, advantage, benefit; that which is good, helpful, or relieving:

Saving or extrication from distress or danger; something or someone which provides it.

Salvation (release or rescue from eternal punishment), or one who acts as salvation

An avenue of escape; a method through which one can release themselves from danger.

Utility, usefulness; that which is useful, expedient, or suitable.

A reprieve or the offering of forgiveness from punishment or danger.

Heo lufeden bi wurten, bi moren, and bi rote; nas þer nan oðer boten. — Layamon's Brut, 1275

Iesu […] For synne þat hath my soule bounde, Let þi blessed blood be my bote. — Iesu þat art hevene

Activity done as redress or recompense for (one's or another's) sins; expiation.

Mirth, gladness; the feeling or emotion of being happy and joyful.

The quelling, curing, or expurgation of disease or sickness; medical recovery.

(rare) Recompense, amends or compensation; behaviour in return for one's wrongs.

(rare) An extra, augment, or addition; something to boot.

(rare) A medicinal or pharmaceutical cure or remedy; something used to quell disease.

Þey shulde..do bote to brugges þat to-broke were. — Pier's Plowman, 1400

(rare) Repair work; the act of fixing structures or buildings.


bote

English: boot

→ Scots: boot

Scots: bute, buit

Old French bote (Modern French botte), from Old French bot, bote, probably related to bot (“club-foot”), bot (“fat, short, blunt”); ultimately of Germanic origin, from Frankish *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz, *butaz (“cut off, short, numb, blunt”).

A boot or similar item of footwear; a shoe with a cover for part of the leg.


grot

English: groat

Yola: gurt, grut

From Old English grot, from Proto-Germanic *grutą.


grot

English: groat

Yola: grate

A groat or other silver coin of similar value, traditionally worth four pennies, or the weight corresponding to that coin.


refuge

English: refuge

From Old French refuge, from Latin refūgium. Compare refute.

A protector; one who protects or safeguards.


kie

English: ky (archaic or dialectal)

Scots: kye

desctree

⇒ Middle English: kyne, ken, kein, kien, kiin, kuin, kun, kyen, kyn
English: kine
Yola: keeine, keene, keéne, khyne, kyne, keyen


hight

English: hight (obsolete)


juge

English: judge (see there for further descendants)

Scots: judge, juige

Yola: jooudge

/ˈd͡ʒuːd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French juge, from Latin iūdex, iūdicem.


joue

English: jaw

/ˈd͡ʒɔu̯(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French jo(w)e. First documented in the late 14th century.
/au̯/ may be either dialectal or due to blending with the synonym chaule. Cf. powe~paue.


spore

English: spur

Scots: spur

Yola: spourr

From Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô.

A spur; a prod for horses at the back of one's shoes.

A spur as a representation of knightly status.

The spike of the claws of a rooster (or other bird).

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic depiction of a spur.


spore

From Old English spor, from Proto-Germanic *spurą; probably assimilated in phonological form to Etymology 1.


wurst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of worst


carbuncle

English: carbuncle

Borrowed from Old French carbuncle, charbuncle, itself borrowed from Latin carbunculus.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Tale of Sir Thopas: 179-81.
His sheeld was al of gold so reed,
And ther-inne was a bores heed,
A charbocle bisyde;

A carbuncle (garnet or other precious stone)

(pathology) A carbuncle; a large abscess.


flet

English: flet

From Old English flet, flett (“floor, ground; dwelling, house”), from Proto-Germanic *flatją (“floor”), from Proto-Germanic *flataz (“flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *plat- (“flat”).

Cliued mi saule to þi flet.

Þe lorde..Fyndez fire vpon flet, þe freke þer byside.

a dwelling, habitation, house, cottage, hall

Wiþ four othre meteþ he ... & fuld hem on þe flette. — Sir Firumbras, c1380

A (level) piece of ground; a battlefield


cenacle

English: cenacle

Borrowed from Old French cenacle, itself borrowed from Latin cēnāculum.

An upper level or dining room, especially the one where the Last Supper was hosted.


nombre

English: number (see there for further descendants)

Scots: nummer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman noumbre and Old French nonbre, from Latin numerus.

A number (entity used to describe quantity)

A digit (written representation of a number).

A count; the enumeration or measurement of a quantity.

A group or quantity (especially if large or in totality)

Arithmetic; mathematics; the study of numbers.


penance

ne Joy nor penance he feeleth none.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


teme

English: theme

Scots: theme (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French teme, tesme, from Latin thema, from Ancient Greek θέμα (théma).


teme

(Northern) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


westen

From Old English westan, westane, from Proto-West Germanic *westanā (“westwards”), from Proto-Germanic *westanē (“westwards”). Compare west (“west”).

inh

cardinal direction
cardinal direction#English

(uncommon, Early Middle English) west (cardinal direction)


westen

From Old English wēsten (“a desert, waste”), from Proto-West Germanic *wōstini (“a waste, wilderness”). Doublet of wastyne; compare weste (“desolate”).

(rare, Early Middle English) wasteland, desert


leden

English: leed

Scots: leed, leid, lied

A conflation of Old English lēoden (“national language”); and Lǣden (“Latin”).


leden

From Old English lēodan; equivalent to lede (“people”) + -en (plural suffix).

(Early Middle English) plural of lede (“people”)


mynt

English: mint

From Old English mynet, from Proto-West Germanic *munit, from Latin monēta; doublet of moneye.


mynt

English: mint (dialectal)

Scots: mint


mynt

Alternative form of mynt (“mint (plant)”)


legge

English: leg


legge

English: ledge

Yola: lhauch (figurative)

Usually considered to be from leggen, a variant of leyen (“to put, lay (down, waste to)”).

supporting beam, supporting bar, bracing


lyf

enm-noun

lyf (plural lyves or lyven, dative lyve)

lyves (plural)
lyven (plural)
lyve (dative)

English: life

Scots: life, leif

Yola: lief, life

From Old English līf, from Proto-West Germanic *līb, from Proto-Germanic *lībą.

The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parlement of Foulys:

a nyȝt þeef comeþ not .· but þat he ſteele ſle ⁊ leeſe / and I cam þat þey haue lijf .· ⁊ haue more plenteuouſli.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 10:10, page 49v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

A stealthy thief doesn't come unless he can steal, kill, and ruin. But I came so they could have life, and have it more abundantly.


ron

English: rowan

(Late Middle English) A rowan-tree berry.


hon

Scots: hune

Borrowed from Middle Irish úain (“time”), from Old Irish úan (“loan”), from oidid (“to lend”). Compare Irish uain (“loan, time, leisure”), Scottish Gaelic on, oin (“loan, laziness”).

bor+

(Northern, North Midland) delay, hesitation


parlour

English: parlor, parlour

Scots: parlour

Borrowed from Old French parleor, parloir, parleoir, from Old French parler (“to speak”); equivalent to parlen + -our.

A room for private use, usually to the side of a building's main room.

A room or opening for monastics to communicate with laypeople.

(rare) A room for discussion; a meeting room.


lede

enm-noun

lede (plural ledes or lede or (early) leden)

ledes (plural)
lede (plural)
leden (plural)

English: lede (obsolete)

Scots: leid

From Old English lēode (“people, men”), plural of lēod, from Proto-West Germanic *liudī, plural of *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudīz, plural of *liudiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰeyes, plural of *h₁léwdʰis.
Akin to Old Frisian liod, Old Saxon liud, Old Norse ljóðr, lýðr, Old High German liut, Dutch lieden.

A (male) human; a man:
A vassal or subject.

A (male) human; a man:
A servant or retainer.

A (male) human; a man:
A ruler; one with governing authority.


ey

English: ey (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English æġ, from Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Doublet of egge.

egg (especially of a chicken or other fowl)


ey

To have no ey for nought.

Exhorting thy people to have a special ey, That thee to praise they never cease.


neep

English: neep

Scots: neep

Yola: neape, neap, nape

→ Welsh: maip

desctree

⇒ Middle English: turnepe
English: turnip
Yola: dhernapès (plural)

From Old English nǣp, from Latin nāpus, from Ancient Greek νᾶπυ (nâpu).


wæstm

wæstmes (plural)
wæstm (accusative nominative singular)
wæstmes (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmæs (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmes (genitive singular)
wæstmæs (genitive singular)
wæstme (genitive plural)
wæstme (dative singular)
wæstmen (dative plural)

From Old English wæstm, from Proto-Germanic *wastmaz.

The crops produced by a plant; the result of a harvest.

The product or result of something; something's fruit.

The shape or look or something; the manner something exists in.

(rare) The progeny or children of something.

(rare) The extent or notability of something.


ryk

(Northern) Alternative form of riche (“realm”)


unnan

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of onyoun


tither

English: tither


wite

English: wite

Yola: lotherwite

From Old English wīte, from Proto-West Germanic *wītī, from Proto-Germanic *wītiją.


bras

English: brass

Scots: bress

→ Irish: prás

→ Scottish Gaelic: pràis

From Old English bræs; further origin uncertain.


cniht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of knyght


hlaf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lof (“loaf, bread”)


mund

English: mound, mund

Scots: moond

From Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

Magnitude, greatness, utility, or usefulness.

(rare) A hand, especially as a measurement.


tima

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


þegn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of theyn


bur

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bour


targe

English: targe

Scots: targ, targe, tairge

Yola: torches (plural)

* From Old English targa, from Proto-Germanic *targǭ.
* From Old French targe, from Frankish *targa (“buckler”).


folc

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of folk


hors

hors (plural)
horsen (plural)
horses (plural)

English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)

Scots: horse, hors

From Old English hors, from Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“run”).

þan haſtely hiȝed eche wiȝt · on hoꝛſe ⁊ on fote / huntyng wiȝt houndes · alle heie wodes / til þei neyȝyed ſo neiȝh · to nymphe þe ſoþe

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 36, recto, lines 2177-2179; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 74:

Then each man went quickly, hunting with hounds amongst tall trees, on horse and on foot, until he came close enough to notice the truth.

⁊ lo a pale hoꝛs .· and þe name was deþ to him þat ſat on hym and helle ſuede him / and power was ȝouen to him on foure partis of þe erþe .· to ſle with ſwerd / ⁊ wiþ hungur / ⁊ wiþ deþ / ⁊ wiþ beeſtis of þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:8, page 119r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And lo! A pale horse, and the name was Death for who that sat on him, and hell trailed him. And power was given to him over four parts of the earth, to slay with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the earth's creatures.

a horse (especially male and fully-grown)

(rare) A means of transport (like a horse)


ære

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)


hord

English: hoard

Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

From Old English hord, from Proto-West Germanic *hoʀd, from Proto-Germanic *huzdą.

A location or room of hidden non-valuables.

A storehouse of (non-hidden) valuables or presents.

(figurative) A supply or stock of abstract valuables.

(rare) The act of putting away for safekeeping.


couche

English: couch

Scots: cooch, cootch

→ Welsh: cwtsh
→ English: cwtch

From Old French couche, from couchier (whence couchen).

A bed (flat piece of furniture for sleeping on).

A bed or sleeping spot prepared for an animal.

(rare) A bedroom; the room where one sleeps in.

(rare) A room or abode where an animal sleeps; a den.

(rare) A table covered by a piece of fabric.


olifant

desc

English: oliphant, olifant, olyfaunte, olyphant, oliphaunt

→ Cornish: olifans

musical instrument made of elephant tusks

musical instrument resembling elephant tusks


morgen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of morwe


potent

English: potent

(chiefly Late Middle English) staff, crutch


æppel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of appel


gurnard

English: gurnard, gurnet

Scots: girnot

From Old French gournart; equivalent to groynen + -ard.


venu

English: venue

A fight or conflict; a meeting between hostile parties.

(rare) The reaching of one's destination.


celle

English: cell

Scots: cell

From Old English cell and Old French cele, selle, both from Latin cella, from Proto-Italic *kelnā; compare halle.

A private place room or building for habitation.

A chamber or section, especially one of the brain's parts.

(figuratively) A place of entrapment or confinement.


cild

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of child


reste

English: rest

Yola: rasth, raste

From Old English ræst, from Proto-West Germanic *rastu.


fyr

English: fire

→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)

Sranan Tongo: faya

Scots: fyre, feier

Yola: vire, vier

From Old English fȳr, from Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr.


nese

Yola: nize, niz


mantel

English: mantle, mantel

Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

From Anglo-Norman mantel and Old English mentel, both ultimately from Late Latin mantēllum, later form of Latin mantēle.

A mantle signifying clerical, judicial or royal office.

A mantle signifying a wed woman's vows of virginity.

(figurative) A cover; something which envelopes.

A large cloth; a blanket:
A cover; something which envelopes.

(figurative, rare) A pretext; an ostensible purpose.

A large cloth; a blanket:
A pretext; an ostensible purpose.

(rare) A mantle (outer body wall of a mollusc).


sandal

English: sandal

Scots: sandal

From Old French sandale, from Latin sandalium, from Ancient Greek σανδάλιον (sandálion).


sandal

English: sandal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin sandalum, from Byzantine Greek σάνδανον (sándanon), σάνταλον (sántalon), from Arabic صَنْدَل (ṣandal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (cndl /čandal/, “sandalwood”), from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”). Doublet of saundres.


savour

English: savour, savor

Borrowed from Old French savor, savour, from Latin sapor, sapōrem.


fon

From Old English ġefān, plural of ġefāh; equivalent to fo + -en (plural suffix).


kalender

desctree

English: calendar, kalendar (archaic), calender (obsolete)
Tok Pisin: kalenda
→ Japanese: カレンダー (karendā)
→ Korean: 카렌다 (karenda)
→ Korean: 캘린더 (kaellindeo)
→ Swahili: kalenda

Scots: calendar

→ Welsh: calendr

From Old French calendier, from Latin calendārium, kalendārium; equivalent to kalende + -er.

(rare) An example to be followed or noted.

(rare) An itemised list or set of notes.

(rare) A chart or graph used for scientific purposes.


historie

English: history, Hx, hx (chiefly medicine), historie (obsolete), hystory (nonstandard), hystorie (obsolete)
Pitcairn-Norfolk: histrei

Scots: history

Borrowed from Old French historie, a form of estorie, estoire, from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía). Doublet of storie.

A (written) narrative, recounting, or chronicle; events in writing.

(rare) A history; a historical work or description of the past.

(rare) A visual depiction or representation of historical happenings.

(rare) History; the discipline of studying and recording the past.

(rare) A portion of the Bible covering history.


heort

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hert


crochet

English: crotchet

From Old French crochet; doublet of croket.


potage

English: pottage; porridge

Scots: pottage; parritch

Yola: porachès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French potage; equivalent to pot + -age.

A pudding or slurry; any dish made of thick, runny liquid.

Greens or vegetables; plant matter as used in food.

(rare) A cataplasm; a pad on a wound to relieve.


conventicle

From Old French [Term?] or Latin conventus (“assembled, convened”) + -culum (suffix forming noun diminutives). The former is the perfect passive participle of conveniō (“to assemble, convene, meet together”), from con- (“together, with”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“along, at, next to, with”)) + veniō (“to approach, come”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-yéti (suffix forming intransitive, imperfective verbs)). By surface analysis, covent + -icle.

der

an assembly, a gathering, a meeting, especially one that is secret or unlawful


saul

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of soule


matte

English: mat (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mat

From Old English meatte, meatta, from Late Latin matta, from Punic or Phoenician.


quoniam

Learned borrowing from Latin quoniam (“since”), probably as an educated respelling/euphemism of Old French conin (“coney, rabbit”). Compare queynte and cunt.

lbor

And trewely, as myne housbondes toldë me,

c. 1380-1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Prologe of the Wyves Tale of Bathe, ll. 607–8 (ed. Skeat)


unde

English: und


rancour

English: rancour, rancor

Scots: rancour

From Old French rancor, from Latin rancor.

Jealousy, ire, towards someone; rancour (also as a metaphorical figure)

(rare) Rancidity; something which smells vile.

(rare) A belief that one is engaging in wrongdoing.


stemme

English: stem

Yola: stevin

From Old English stemn, from Proto-West Germanic *stamni, from Proto-Germanic *stamniz.


snaca

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of snake


hos

From Old English hās, *hārs, from Proto-Germanic *haisaz, *haisraz.

(rare) The state of being hoarse or an example of it.


dene

English: dene, dean, Deane

desc

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">den</i>

Scots: den (conflated with den)

From Old English dene; possibly originally the same word as den (“den”).


ete

English: eat

Scots: ait

From Old English ǣt, from Proto-West Germanic *āt, from Proto-Germanic *ētą. The final vowel is presumably generalised from the dative.

(chiefly Early Middle English) eating; food; meal


rede

English: reed, read

Scots: reid, reed

From Old English rēada, from Proto-West Germanic *raudō.


leve

Old English lēaf (“permission, privilege”), from Proto-Germanic *laubō (“permission, privilege, favour, worth”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”).


schip

schipes (plural)
schippes (plural)
schip (accusative nominative singular)
schipes (accusative nominative plural)
schippes (accusative nominative plural)
schipes (genitive singular)
schippes (genitive singular)
schipe (genitive plural)
schipes (genitive plural)
schippes (genitive plural)
schipe (dative singular)
schipen (dative plural)
schipes (dative plural)
schippes (dative plural)

English: ship

Scots: ship

Yola: zhip

Inherited from Old English scip, from Proto-West Germanic *skip, from Proto-Germanic *skipą.

(generally) A waterborne vessel; a boat.

(figuratively) A person or organisation providing "passage" through a situation.


cneo

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kne


kne

English: knee

Scots: kne, kney, knie

Yola: konnee

From Anglian Old English cnēo (West Saxon cnēow is continued in knew), from Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”).


gorgon

English: gorgon (obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin Gorgō, from Ancient Greek Γοργώ (Gorgṓ).


dæl

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of del


jubbe

English: jubbe

With hym broghte he a jubbe of malvesye.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

With him he brought a tank of malvoisie.


lich

English: lich

Scots: lyke, lich

From Old English līċ, from Proto-West Germanic *līk, from Proto-Germanic *līką, from Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“alike, similar”).

der

A wyf […] Þat lene was of lich and of louh chere.

1362, William Langland, Piers Plowman, XI.2:


feþer

English: feather

Scots: fedder

Yola: vethers (plural)

From Old English feþer, from Proto-West Germanic *feþru, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-.


ligature

English: ligature

Borrowed from Middle French ligature, itself borrowed from Late Latin ligātūra. Doublet of lyoure.


dweller

English: dweller

Yola: dwellerès, dwelleres (plural)


garn

English: garn (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse garn, both from Proto-Germanic *garną. Doublet of yarn.


digression

It were a long disgression
Fro my matere.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book I, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


skyn

English: skin

Scots: skin

Yola: skien

From Old Norse skinn, from Proto-Germanic *skinþą.

The skin (outer layer of the body or a portion of it)

A hide, fur or skin of an animal, especially used as a garment.

A prepared hide (such as parchment or leather)

A layer or cover located in the inside of the body.

A rind or external layer (especially of a plant).

(biblical) Part of the material composing a tent.


mas

From a conflation of Anglo-Norman messe and Old English mæsse.


gode

English: goad

Fingallian: godeen

Scots: gad, gade, gaid

From the inflected forms of Old English gād, from Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidō.


hawthorn

English: hawthorn

Scots: hawthorn

Inherited from Old English hagaþorn, hæguþorn, from Proto-West Germanic *haguþorn; equivalent to hawe + thorn.


stele

English: steel

→ Maori: tīra

Scots: stele, steill

Yola: stheel

From Old English stēle, stȳle, stīele, from Proto-West Germanic *stahlī (“steel weapon”).


stele

Yola: sthill, stell

Inherited from Old English stela, steola; a parallel etymology to English stale (“a handle, shaft, stem”, noun).

m+

ſcheome ⁊ pine · aſ ſein Beornard ſeið beoð þe tƿa leaddꝛe steolen þe beoð up rriht to heouene[…]

c. 1225, “Seſte dale: penitence”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 96, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 29:

As Saint Bernard says, shame and penury are the two sides of the ladder that go right up to heaven.

And in o purpose stedfastly to dwel / And nat bewray thyng that men vs tel / But that tale is nat worthe a rake stele / Parde we women con nothyng hele

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


canape

English: canopy

From Old French conopé, Medieval Latin cānōpēum, from Latin cōnōpēum, from Ancient Greek κωνωπεῖον (kōnōpeîon).


harlot

He was a gentil harlot and a kynde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

a churl; a common man; a person, male or female, of low birth

Ye false harlot (quod the myller) haste
 A false traytour, false clerke (quod he)
 Thou shalte be deed by goddes dignyte

a person given to low conduct; a rogue; a cheat; a rascal


burnet

English: burnet

Scots: burnet

Borrowed from Old French brunet, brunete (“brunette”).

Burnet (Sanguisorba spp.) or a similar plant.


playing

English: playing

playing, having fun, entertainment, revelry.

The playing of a game or sport; ludic entertainment.

The participation or running of a play or performance.

(rare) The duration something is boiling for.


cours

desctree

English: course
→ Gulf Arabic: كورس (kōrs)

Scots: coorse

→ Welsh: cwrs

Borrowed from Old French cours, curs, from Latin cursus; compare Middle Dutch coers.

[…]and the yonge sonne / Hath in the ram his half cours yronne / And smale foweles maken melodye[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 7-9:

[…] and the young Sun / has made half its journey in Aries, / while small birds make melodies […]

(astronomy) The path of a celestial body.

A course or path:
The path of a celestial body.

(usually nautical) The direction something is headed.

A course or path:
The direction something is headed.

A course or path:
A watercourse (path taken by water)

A series of occurrences; a course of time:

Customary behaviour or nature; custom:
A course of a meal.

Customary behaviour or nature; custom:
Human behaviour; deportment.


revel

English: revel

Borrowed from Old French revel, from reveler.

Joyfulness, entertainment, celebration, revelling.

A specific instance of revelling or joyfulness.

(rare, Late Middle English) Chaos, disorder.


þegen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of theyn


anker

English: anchor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: anchor, anker


penne

English: pen

Scots: pen

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman penne f, from Old French penne f, from Latin penna f, from Proto-Italic *petnā, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥. Compare feþer.

(figuratively) A writer's aptitude or distinguishing features.

A quill; the rachis (stem) of a feather.

A wing (projection enabling flight) (usually used in the plural)


penne

From Old English penn, from Proto-Germanic *pennō.


halter

English: halter

Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Inherited from Old English hælftre, hælfter, from Proto-West Germanic *halftrijā.

(rare) A rope tied in a noose for hanging.

(rare) The binding contract of marriage.


fæder

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fader


garter

English: garter

Yola: ghurteare, gurteare


thrift

Medleth na-more with that art, I mene,
For, if ye doon, your thrift is goon ful clene.


saucer

English: saucer

Scots: saucer

From Old French saussier (and feminine saussiere); equivalent to sauce + -er.

A small receptacle or bowl for storing sauce in.


calves

From calf (“calf (young cow)”) + -es (“plural affix”).


calves

From calf (“calf (anatomy)”) + -es (“plural affix”).


hache

Borrowed from Old French hache, from Frankish *happjā, from Proto-Germanic *hapjǭ.


hache

Borrowed from Old French haschiee, hachïe.


butte

English: butt

Yola: butts (plural)

From Old English byt, bytt (“small piece of land”) and *butt (attested in diminutive Old English buttuc (“end, small piece of land”) > English buttock), from Proto-West Germanic *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz (“end, piece”).


clod

English: clod

Scots: clod

A late by-form of clot of unclear provenance. Compare Old English *clod, a form of clot found in compounds and placenames.


wop

English: woop, whoop

Inherited from Old English wōp, from Proto-West Germanic *wōp, from Proto-Germanic *wōpaz.


fleam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flem


doublet

English: doublet

Borrowed from Old French doublet, from double, duble, doble + -et.


bak

English: back

Scots: back, bak, bake

From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:

(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself.

(rare) The parts of a person which aren't visible to themself.

c. 1300, Havelok, Havelok the Dane
Summe putten with gleyue in bac and side, And yeuen wundes longe and wide.

The back, of something more generally; the non-facing side.

The vertebrae or spine; the bone holding up the back.

(rare) The extremities, margin or boundary of something.

(rare) The fur or hide of an animal (removed from an animal)


thew

To tel al the tale a ryght / We ben ſhrewes euery wyght / And haue delyte in wickedneſſe / As good folke haue in goodneſſe / And ioye to be knowen ſhrewes / And ful of vyce and wicked thewes

c. 1374–1385 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The House of Fame. The Thyrde Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cccxiiii, verso, column 1:

To tell all the tale aright / We are shrews, every person / And have dealt in wickedness / As good folk have in goodness / And joy to be known as shrews / And full of vice and wicked traits


sunne

(West Midlands, Southern) Alternative form of synne


sunne

(West Midlands, Southern) Alternative form of synnen


aiel

English: ayel, ayle (obsolete)

From Old French aiol, from Vulgar Latin *aviolus, ultimately from Latin avus.

I am þyn aiel, redy at þy wille.


bobance

English: bobance

Late 14th century: For certeinly – I sey for no bobance –/ Yet was I nevere wiþouten purveiance / Of mariage, n’of oþere þynges eek.


caple

‘Herkne, my broþer, herkne, by þy feiþ! / Herestow nat how þat þe cartere seiþ? / Hent it anon, for he haþ yeve it þee,/ Boþe hey and cart, and eek his caples þre.’


ayenbite

English: agenbite

From ayen + bite, a calque of Latin remordeo (“I cause remorse”, literally “I bite back”).


bourdon

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


frangible

From Middle French frangible, or from Medieval Latin frangibilis, from Latin frangere, from frangō (“to break, shatter”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break”).


breme

He was war of Arcite and Palamon / Þat fouȝten breme as it were bores two.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

"So upon the morn there came Sir Gawaine as brim (breme) as any boar, with a great spear in his hand."

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], (please specify the book number), [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


coign

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


nought

English: nought, naught, nowt

Scots: nocht

From Old English nāwiht, nōwiht, from Proto-West Germanic *naiwwiht; equivalent to ne + ought.


cate

(hapax) Alternative form of gate (“gate”)


peper

English: pepper (see there for further descendants)

Scots: peper, pepar, pepir

Yola: pipper

Inherited from Old English pipor, piper, from West Germanic, from Latin piper, from Ancient Greek πέπερι (péperi), from Indo-Aryan.

pepper (a spice made from the fruit of the plant Piper nigrum)

(rare) The plant that produces the fruit required to make pepper; the pepper plant.


werk

English: work

Geordie English: wark

Scots: wark

Yola: woork

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom
Proto-Germanic *werką
Proto-West Germanic *werk
Old English weorc
Middle English werk
From Old English weorc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką. Compare werken.

etymon

1422, James Yonge (translator), Secretum Secretorum

The work of matremony may be ussit and don... without anny Syn


deel

Alternative form of del (“amount, part”)


gardener

English: gardener

Scots: gairdener, gairdner, gairner

From Old Northern French gardinier; equivalent to gardyn + -er.


franchise

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 27, line 452

Certainly, goods of body are health of body, strength, agility, beauty, gentle birth, freedom.

Certes, goodes of body been hele of body, as strengthe, delivernesse, beautee, gentrye, franchise.


hore

English: whore

Scots: hure, hoor

→ Welsh: hŵr

From Old English hōre, from Proto-West Germanic *hōrā, from Proto-Germanic *hōrǭ. Cognate to Middle Dutch hoere, Middle Low German hôre, Middle High German huore, and Old Swedish hōra.

And oon of þe ſeuene aungels cam· þat hadde ſeuene viols .· ⁊ ſpak wiþ me / ⁊ ſeide / come þou· I ſchal ſchewe to þee þe dampnacioun of þe greet hoꝛe· þat ſittiþ on manye watris.· wiþ which kyngis of erþe diden foꝛnicacioun

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 17:1, page 123r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And one of the seven angels (who had seven beakers) came and spoke with me, and said: "Come, I'll show you the damnation of the great whore, who sits by lots of water, and who the Earth's rulers engaged in adultery with."

A whore (lascivious or adulterous woman)

(rare) A people who are morally transgressive.

(rare, derogatory) An insult used towards women.


hore

From Old English horu, horh, from Proto-West Germanic *hurhu, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwą.

Muck, mud; that which is filthy or dirty.

Iniquity, evil, sin; that which is morally foul.


doucet

English: doucet

From Old French doucet; equivalent to douce + -et.

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of dessert.

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of musical instrument.


honderd

Alternative form of hundred (“administrative division”)


ster

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


dwale

English: dwale

>? Scots: dwall

From Old English dwala, dwola; reinforced and semantically influenced by Old Norse dvala.

Belladonna or a similar soporific plant.

To bedde gooth Aleyn / and alſo John / Ther nas namooꝛe / hem neded no dwale

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Reue”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 54, recto:

To bed went Alan, and John too / There was no more; they didn't need any sleeping draught.

A sleeping draught, especially if made from belladonna.


wollen

English: woollen, woolen

Scots: wollin, wolne, wowne

From Old English wyllen, with influence from wolle, from Proto-Germanic *wullīnaz; thus equalling wolle + -en (“made of”).

Woollen fabric; fabric made out of woollen thread.


hythe

English: hythe, hithe

Scots: hyth, hythe

From Old English hȳþ (“harbor, landing-place”).

inh

hythe (landing-place in a river; port, haven)


ethel

homeland, ancestral territory (especially of the Anglo-Saxons or other Germanic peoples)


inwit

English: inwit (archaic)

From Old English *inwitt; equivalent to in- + witt.


hert

English: hart

Scots: hert

A depiction of a hart, including in heraldry.


lyard

c. 1264, unknown author, Richard of Almaigne, quoted in 1856, Thomas Percy (editor), Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, page 172

Be the luef, be the loht, sue Edward, / Thou shalt ride sporeless o thy lyard,

Ac so soone so the Samaritan / Hadde sighte of this leode, / He lighte a-down of lyard,

c. 1370-1390, William Langdon, “The Vision of Piers Plowman”, in Thomas Wright, editor, The Vision and the Creed of Piers Ploughman, volume 2, published 1882, page 352:

a horse which is dappled and spotted in the aforementioned way


housel

English: housel (archaic)

Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

From Old English hūsl, hūsel, hūsul, from Proto-West Germanic *hunsl, from Proto-Germanic *hunslą.

The bread and wine utilised at Holy Communion.

(rare) The partaking in or consumption of said bread and wine.

(rare) The ritual or ceremony of Holy Communion.

(rare) Participation or presence at Holy Communion.


veel

English: veal

Scots: veal, veall, vale

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman veel, from Latin vitellus.

The ydolatiers of the golden veel.


helve

English: helve

Scots: helf

From Old English hielfe, from Proto-West Germanic *halbī.


frith

English: frith

From Old English friþ, friþu, from Proto-West Germanic *friþu, from Proto-Germanic *friþuz.

A state of general peace or tranquility.


frith

English: frith, firth

Scots: firth (poetic)

From Old English fyrhþe, fyrhþ, from Proto-West Germanic *furhiþi, from Proto-Germanic *furhiþją, *furhiþǭ.

(rare, Late Middle English) hedging (as a fence)


gree

Alternative form of gre (“step, degree”)


gree

Alternative form of gre (“goodwill, agreement”)


hough

English: hough, hoff, hock

Scots: hoch, houch

⇒ Yola: houghany

From Old English hōh (“heel”), from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz. Compare hele (“heel”).


hough

English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how

Scots: heuch

From Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).


herbage

English: herbage

Borrowed from Middle French herbage, and Old French erbage, from Early Medieval Latin herbāticum; equivalent to herbe + -age.

Herbage (herbaceous plants, especially grass)


revere

English: reaver

Scots: refar (obsolete)

⇒ Yola: rivery

Inherited from Old English rēafere; equivalent to reven + -er.

Gif tƿa men oþer ·iii· coman ridend to an tun · al þe tunſcipe flugæn foꝛ heom. ƿenden ð hi ƿæron ræuereſ.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

If two or three men came riding into a town, the whole town ran away from them, concluding that they were robbers.

A robber or burglar; one who steals or thieves.


heten

From Old English hǣtan, plural of hǣte, variant of hǣtu; equivalent to hete + -en (plural suffix).

(Early Middle English) plural of hete (“heat”)


crome

English: crumb

Scots: crum

From Old English cruma, from Proto-Germanic *krumô.

a crumb; a small piece or portion of food, especially bread

the lighter-coloured part of a loaf of bread inside the crust; the interior of a loaf of bread

(rare) a diminutive portion or section; a mote


marin

English: marine

Borrowed from Middle French marin, from Old French marin, from Latin marīnus. Compare mere (“sea, lake”).


steven

From Old English stefn, stemn (“voice, sound”). More at steven.

Soo wythin syx wekye after syr Launcelot fyl seek and laye in his bedde & thenne he sente for the bysshop that there was heremyte and al his trewe felowes / Than Syr Launcelot sayd wyth drery steuen / syr bysshop I praye you gyue to me al my ryghtes that longeth to a chrysten man.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XXI (in Middle English):


steven

From Old English stefn (“appointed time”).

It is ful fair a man to bere hym euene, / For al day meeten men at vnset steuene.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:

1398, John Trevisa, trans. Bartholomaeus, De Proprietatibus Rerum:

Suche stenche is continual and comeþ nouȝt by stemnes.


consul

English: consul

Scots: consul

From Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.


chapman

English: chapman

desctree

⇒ English: chap
Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)

Scots: chapman

From Old English ċēapmann, from Proto-West Germanic *kaupamann; equivalent to chep (“price”) + man (“man”).
Forms in /i/ may be from the Old English variant ċȳpman, presumably influenced by the verb ċīepan.


offertory

But alderbest he sang an offertory: / For well he wiste, when that song was sung, / He muste preach […].


tribune

English: tribune

From Old French tribun, tribune, from Latin tribūnus.

A Roman military tribune or similar leader of a thousand soldiers.

A Roman plebeian tribune or similar leader of a thousand civilians.


skene

English: skean, skene, skeyn

Borrowed from Middle Irish scian, from Old Irish scían, from Proto-Celtic *skiyenā; compare Middle Welsh ysgien. This word was borrowed late enough for the orthographic final vowel to be illusory.

(Late Middle English, rare) skean (kind of dagger)


spurn

English: spurn

(rare) A strike or blow using one's feet.


coronal

English: coronal (coronel, cronel)

From Anglo-Norman coronal, from Latin corōnālis; equivalent to coroune + -al.

A tiara; a crown lacking arches or covering.


swathing

English: swathing


compte

Alternative form of counte (“computation”)


Hyades

English: Hyades

From Latin Hyades, from Ancient Greek Ὑάδες (Huádes), nominative and vocative plural of Ὑ̄̆ᾰ́ς (Hūás, “one of the Hyades”).


hor

English: hoar

Scots: hare, hair

From Old English hār, from Proto-Germanic *hairaz.


organum

Borrowed from Latin organum. Doublet of organe.

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

A keyboard instrument that produces sound by air moved through pipes; an organ.


hame

English: hame, heam

From Old English hama, homa, from Proto-West Germanic *hamō, from Proto-Germanic *hamô (“cover, skin”).


hame

English: hame

Scots: hame

Yola: hamas (plural)

From Middle Dutch hame (“horse collar, harness; fishnet”), from Old Dutch *hamo, from Proto-Germanic *hamô (“fishnet; collar for a horse”).


hame

(Northern) Alternative form of hom (“home”)


hame

Alternative form of hamme (“enclosure; meadow”)


hame

Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


dower

English: dower

Scots: dower

Borrowed from Old French doeire, from Medieval Latin dōtārium; equivalent to dowen + -er. Doublet of dowarye.

A dower; a life estate of a male spouse's property.

(rare) A gift given by the bride's family to the groom or his relatives; dowry.

(rare, figurative) An intrinsic or inherent property or attribute.

(rare, astrology) A portion of the world under the domination of a particular star sign.


boon

English: boon

Scots: boon

Borrowed from Old Norse bón, from Proto-Germanic *bōniz.


lusk

English: los, loz

From Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs.


pissemyre

English: pismire

Scots: pismire, pishmire

He is as angry as a pissemyre, / Þogh þat he have al þat he kan desire […]

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

He is as angry as an ant / Though he has all that he could ever desire […]


gon

From Lady Gunilda; a name for a crossbow. More at English gun.


blowing

Alternative form of blowynge (“blowing”)


sid

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schyd


sacre

Borrowed from Old French sacree and sacre. Probably influenced by Old French sacré, past participle of Old French sacrer.

A consecration, especially the coronation of a monarch


rother

English: rudder, rother

Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder

A rudder or till; a steering implement for a ship.

An oar; a long stick used for a boat's propulsion.

(rare) One who steers a boat (i.e. using a rudder)

(rare) A stick for mixing malt during brewing.

(rare, figurative) An administrator or director.


rother

English: rother


fantasie

English: fantasy, fancy (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Old French fantasie, from Latin phantasia (“an idea, notion, fancy, phantasm”), from Ancient Greek φαντασία (phantasía). More at fantasy.

For sorweful ymagynacioun / Is alway hooly in my mynde […] / Such fantasies ben in myn hede / So I not what is best too doo

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

For sorrowful imagination / Is always wholly in my mind […] / Such fantasies are in my head / That I don’t know what is best to do.

something imagined; mental image, conception, notion

particularly, a deluded or false mental notion, fantasy

(Late Middle English) product of imagination, creative or artistic work

inclination, desire, liking, especially as born of whim rather than reason


quern

English: quern, kern, curn, quirn

Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern

Yola: querne

From Old English cweorn, from Proto-Germanic *kwernō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”).

inh

A quern or quirn; a device for grinding grains.


lære

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lore


spurge

English: spurge

Borrowed from Old French espurge, from espurgier, from Latin expurgo. Compare purgen.


dol

English: dole

Yola: dole

From Old English dāl (“portion, share, division, allotment”), from Proto-Germanic *dailą (“part, deal”).


sele

English: sele, seel

Scots: seil

From Old English sǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *sālī, in turn from Proto-Germanic *sēliz.


mede

English: mead

Scots: meid, mede

From Old English medu, from Proto-West Germanic *medu, from Proto-Germanic *meduz, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr.


mede

English: mead (poetic)

Yola: mead

From Old English mǣd, mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *mādu, from Proto-Germanic *mēdwō; the form is from the Old English oblique cases, but with the nominative's lack of -w- leveled in. Doublet of medwe, which retains the -w-.


mede

English: meed

Scots: meed

From the oblique forms of Old English mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdu.

A monetary reward; earnings:
gift, present

A monetary reward; earnings:
salary, payment

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.


ivi

English: ivy

Scots: eevy

From Old English īfiġ, īfeġn, from Proto-Germanic *ibahs.


heil

From Old Norse heill, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole; entire; healthy”). Doublet of hole.


credo

English: credo

Borrowed from Old French credo, from Latin crēdō (“I believe”) in the Nicene Creed or Apostle's Creed. Doublet of crede.


flote

English: float

Scots: flote, flot

Inherited from Old English flota (“fleet”), from Proto-Germanic *flutô, with influence from Old English flot (from Proto-Germanic *flutą) and Old French flote (from the same Germanic root as the two Old English terms).

A fleet; a collection or grouping of vessels.

A group, band or mass of soldiers or fighters.


coucher

English: coucher

Scots: coocher

From Anglo-Norman; equivalent to couche + -er.

A book containing prayers; a prayer-book.

(rare) One who lies in bed (either due to necessity or laziness).


sauter

English: psalter

Borrowed from Old French sautier, saltier, from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion), replacing Old English psalter. Doublet of sauterie.

The Biblical book of Psalms; the section of the Bible containing psalms.

A psalter; a book containing psalms and related material.

string instrument
string instrument#English

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


chasten

Alternative form of chesteyne (“chestnut”)


tuwel

And whan þis sike man felte þis frere
Aboute his tuwel grope þere and heere,

late 1300s, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Summoner's Tale’, in The Canterbury Tales

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


halk

Inherited from Old English healc, healoc, from Proto-West Germanic *halhuk; equivalent to hale (“nook”) + -ok.

[…] Seken / in eu[er]y halke / and euery herne / Particuler Sciences / foꝛ to lerne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Wordes of the Worthẏ Hoost to the Ffrankeleẏn”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 159, recto:

[They] look in every nook and corner / for specific topics to learn.

(figuratively, rare) An esoteric signification.


baston

English: baston

Scots: baston

A staff, or baton; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object.

Commuting or ending of one's imprisonment by a warden.

A line or group of lines in a poetic composition.


sor

English: sore (obsolete)

From Old French sor, from Frankish *saur, from Proto-Germanic *sauzaz. Doublet of sere (“dry”).


telt

From Old English teld (“tent”), Danish telt.
Became tilt in Late Middle English.


vavasour

English: vavasour

From Old French vavasour, from Medieval Latin vavassor, perhaps from vassus vassōrum (“vassal of vassals”).

A shirreve hadde he been, and a contour. / Was nowher swich a worthy vavasour.

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales


fal

English: fall

Yola: vall

From Old English feall, from Proto-Germanic *fallaz.


plunket

English: blunket (obsolete)

Potentially from Old Northern French blanket; though this etymology is disputed; more at English blunket.


stund

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


auripigment

English: auripigment

orpiment (as used in alchemy and medicine)


volk

(Southern, Kent) Alternative form of folk


hak

Probably shortened form of hakeneie (“hackney horse”).


mak

Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


meten

From mete (“food”) + -en (plural suffix).


wanhope

Wel oughte I sterve in wanhope and distresse. / Farwel my lif, my lust, and my gladnesse!

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Knight's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

Thenne he ouertoke a man clothed in a Relygyous clothynge /[…]/ and sayd syre knyȝte what seke yow / Syre sayd he I seke my broder that I sawe within a whyle beten with two knyghtes / A Bors discomforte yow not / ne falle in to no wanhope / for I shall telle you tydynges suche as they ben / for truly he is dede

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter X, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVI (in Middle English):

Then he overtook a man clothed in a Religious clothing / […] / and said sir knight what seek you / Sir said he I seek my brother that I saw within a while beaten with two knights / Ah Bors discomfort you not / nay fall into no wanhope / for I shall tell you tidings such as they been / for truly he is dead.


jupe

English: jupe

⇒ English: jump

⇒ English: jumper (see there for further descendants)

Scots: juip

From Middle French jupe, from Old Italian giubba, from Arabic جُبَّة (jubba, “long garment”).


gourde

English: gourd

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gourde, gurde, from Latin cucurbita.

A plant of the family Cucurbitaceae; a gourd or similar plant.


schilling

English: shilling

Yola: shilleen

A shilling or other silver coin (including ancient coins), the value of that coin, or the weight equivalent to that coin.


tær

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of teer (“tear”)


molde

English: mold, mould, mool

Scots: muild, moud

From Old English molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldu, from Proto-Germanic *muldō.

dirt (loose soil):
ground (surface of the Earth)

dirt (loose soil):
(figuratively) grave, deathbed


molde

English: mold, mould

From Old English molda, molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldō, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥Hdʰṓ; exactly parallel to Sanskrit मूर्धन् (mūrdhan).

(mistakenly) The uvula (as remedies applied to the crown supposedly affected it)

(anatomy, rare) The divide between the cranial bones.


molde

English: mold, mould

Scots: muild

From Old French modle, mole, from Latin modulus.


reif

English: reif, reaf, rief

Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref

From Old English rēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *raub, from Proto-Germanic *raubaz, *raubą, *raubō. Doublet of robe.

A piece of clothing or gear, especially priestly.

(rare) pillaging, looting; intense destruction.

(rare) loot, spoils; the fruit of success.

(rare) destructiveness; the quality of being damaging.


laver

English: laver

Yola: levers (plural)


pak

English: pack

Scots: pak, pack

→ Irish: paca

From Old English *pæcca and/or Middle Dutch pak, packe (from Old Dutch *pakko); both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *pakkō, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô.

A bundle or package; a group of items packaged together.

A case or pack; a soft container for goods storage.

A group, pack, or lot (of people or animals).


bryd

From Old English brȳd, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).


lemman

English: leman, leaman, lemman

There is but litel difference truely
Betwyxt a wyfe, that is of hye degre
If of her body dishoneſt ſhe be
And a poore wenche, other than this
If it ſo be they werke bothe amys
But for the gentyl is in eſtate aboue
She ſhal be called his lady and his loue
And for that tother is a poore woman
She ſhal be called his wench, or his lemmã [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto:

There truly is very little difference between a wife of honourable rank if she is faithless in how she deals with her body,
and a penniless woman without rank, except that if they both behave badly then, because of the gentlewoman's rank,
people call her his lady love, but call the poor woman his slut or his leman.

Thenne within an houre there came the knyghte to whome the pauelione ought
And he wende that his lemā had layne in that bedde
and soo he laid hym doune besyde syr Launcelot
and toke hym in his armes and beganne to kysse hym
And whanne syre launcelot felte a rough berd kyssyng hym
he starte oute of the bedde lyghtely
and the other knyȝt after hym
and eyther of hem gate their swerdes in theire handes

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter V, in Le Morte Darthur, book VI (in Middle English):

leman (a lover or sweetheart, especially a secret lover or mistress; a paramour)


bonde

English: bond

Scots: bund, bond

From Old English bōnda, from Old Norse bóndi, from Proto-Germanic *būwandz.


pele

English: peel

Yola: peel


suster

enm-noun

suster (plural sustren or sustres or (rare) suster, genitive sustres or suster)

sustren (plural)
sustres (plural)
suster (plural rare)
sustres (genitive)
suster (genitive)

desctree

English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)

Scots: sister, syster

Yola: zister

From Old English sweostor, swustor, sweoster, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse systir.

A sister or step-sister; a female sibling.

A (Christian) woman (i.e. as a "sister in life/Christ")

Ant ȝe mine leoue ſuſtren habbeð moni dei icrauet on me efter riƿle

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 1, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 29:

And you, my beloved sisters, have asked me for a rule many times.

A nun, anchoress; a woman living a religious lifestyle.

(nautical) A catch to secure cords at sea.


sar

Scots: sare, sair

English: sore


annu

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of anoy


hawe

English: haw

Scots: haw

Yola: haeve

Inherited from Old English haga, from Proto-West Germanic *hagō, from Proto-Germanic *hagô.

A field surrounded by fences or other barriers.

A haw, hawthorn berry; the fruit of a hawthorn tree or shrub.

(figuratively) Something of very little or no worth.


chapitre

English: chapter; chapiter

Scots: chaipter

Borrowed from Old French chapitre, from Latin capitulum.

A chapter, passage, or section of a book.

A portion of the Bible read aloud in church.

A chapterhouse; a building hosting such a group.

Such an assembly convoked to decide cases of canon law.


weder

weder (accusative nominative singular)
wedir (accusative nominative plural)
wederes (genitive singular)
wedere (genitive plural)
wedere (dative singular)
wederen (dative plural)

English: weather

Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir

From Old English weder, from Proto-Germanic *wedrą, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰrom.


gor

Inherited from Old English gār, from Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz.

(poetic, chiefly Early Middle English) A weapon (especially one with a sharp point, such as a spear or sword)


fom

English: foam

→ Faroese: fómur

Scots: fame, faim, faem

From Old English fām, from Proto-West Germanic *faim, from Proto-Germanic *faimaz.

foam (layer of bubbles associated with the sea)

Upward-floating detritus; dregs, residue.

(rare) spit, slobber (liquid emitted from the mouth, used in medieval medicine)


middel

English: middle

Scots: middil, midle

Yola: mithel, methel

From Old English middel, from Proto-Germanic *midilą, a form of *midlą.

⁊ bifoꝛe þe ſeete as a ſee of glas liyk a criſtal ¶ and in þe myddil of þe ſeete ⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſete .· foure beeſtis ful of iȝen bifoꝛe ⁊ bihynde

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, 4:6, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And in front of the throne [there was] a sea of glass, like a crystal. And in the middle of the throne and all around it, [there were] four beasts covered in eyes on the front and back.

The intermediate, middle-ranking (member of a group).


sliding

English: sliding

Scots: slidin, sliding

The act of making a slip or losing one's traction.

(rare) Dragging; moving something alongside oneself.


lif

Sche preide unto the goddes so, / That sche receyveth al the wo / And deide hirself to give him lif.


yel

English: yell

Scots: yell


gost

English: ghost

Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist

Yola: gaast

From Old English gāst, from Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz.

This nyght my faderes gost Hath in my slep so sore me tormented.

This night my father's ghost has in my sore sleep, so tormented me

The gost went to hell a pase / whils the cors lay slayn,
And broght the sawles from sathanas / for which he suffred payn

15th c., “Thomas Indie [Thomas of India]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 346, lines 212–213:

The spirit went to hell while the body lay slain and brought the souls from Satan, for which he suffered pain.

The dede to areren, yuel gostes to quethen.

The deed being counteracted, evil spirits being banished.

a spiritual being; angel, devil, spirit; soul of a dead person

Goddes gost is þe geven. — Cleanness, c1400

In þat doynge Paternus the monk semeþ a lewed goost. — Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, 1387

A villain, scoundrel; a devil incarnate; a wicked-looking creature

Ȝe cursed gostes, goþ in-to þe pyne of helle! — Seint Ieremie telleþ, c1400

Lyfe is none quen gost is lede.

A haþel in þy holde..hatz þe gostes of God þat gyes alle soþes. — Cleanness, c1400

A spiritual force or insight, a gift of prophecy

Gost-wynd nedefull is to recouer monnes gost þat greued is.

A breath, blowing, wind; God's breath, a spiritual wind; the blowing of storm


lof

English: lofe

Scots: lof, loif, lowe, loff

From Old English lof (“praise, glory, song of praise, hymn”).

inh

Drihten, þu dest þe lof of milc drinkende childre muðe.

a. 1225, “In Dominica Palmarum”, in Richard Morris, editor, Old English Homilies and Homiletic Treatises, published 1868, page 7:

Lord, out of milk-drinking children's mouths thou bringest forth praise.

For evyll workys may noght be y-hyde anente the Pepill: for the wyche thynge lese he moste his lof, his roialme shall fall, the crovne of his honnoure and of his reuerence he moste faille.

1422, “The Gouvernaunce of Prynces, or Pryvete of Pryveteis”, in James Yonge, transl., edited by Robert Steele and T Henderson, Three Prose Versions of the Secreta Secretorum, translation of Secretum Secretorum by Anonymous (in Arabic), published 1898, page 136, lines 15–18:


lof

desctree

English: loaf
→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)
→ Marshallese: ļoob
→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff
→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa

Scots: laif

From Old English hlāf (“bread, loaf, morsel”).


lep

English: leap

From Old English leap; see further there.

My ded to se then myght be noght; / A lytyll lep he gart be wroght, / & ther I was in bed [i-]brought / & bondon faste; / To the salt se then thay soght, / & In me Caste.

c. 1500, “Suspencio Iude [The Hanging of Judas]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 395, lines 55–60:

So as not to see my death, he bade a basket be made, and I was brought there from my bed, and bound fast. They went to the salt sea, and cast me in.


mistel

English: mistle

Scots: misle

Inherited from Old English mistel, from Proto-West Germanic *mistil, from Proto-Germanic *mistilaz.


lym

English: lime

From Old English līm, from Proto-West Germanic *līm, from Proto-Germanic *līmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).


bren

The moore queynte crekes that they make,
The moore wol I stele whan I take.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Reeve's Tale: 197-9

In stide of flour yet wol I yeve hem bren.


lende

enm-noun

lende (plural lendes or lenden or lende)

lendes (plural)
lenden (plural)
lende (plural)

English: lend

Scots: lend, leynd

From Old English lendenu, lendinu pl, from Proto-Germanic *landijō, *landį̄, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-.
Cognate with Dutch lendenen pl (“loins”), German Lende (“haunch, loin”), Swedish länd (“haunch, loin”), Icelandic lend (“loin”). More at loin.

(often in the plural) The (human) loins or their muscles.


dele

English: deal

Scots: deal

From Middle Low German dele, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þiljǭ. Doublet of thylle (“thill”).


dele

And so they alle bare hym vnto the hermytage
and vnarmed hym
and layd hym in his bedde
& euer more his wound bledde pytously
but he stered no lymme of hym
Thenne the knyghte heremyte put a thynge in his nose and a lytel dele of water in his mouthe
And thenne sir launcelot waked of his swoune
and thenne the heremyte staunched his bledynge

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xvij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVIII (in Middle English):

Alternative form of del (“amount, part”)


carvi

Scots: carvy, carvie, carvey

From Old French carvi, from Arabic كَرَاوِيَّا (karāwiyyā), from Ancient Greek καρώ (karṓ). Doublet of caraway.


ærn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ern (“eagle”)


gare

Alternative form of gore (“patch (of land, fabric), clothes”)


modes

plural of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)


yerd

English: yard

Scots: yerd, yaird, yird

Inherited from Old English ġeard, from Proto-West Germanic *gard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos; cognate with Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ) and a doublet of garth.

The property of a manor or other large rural dwelling.

A churchyard; a piece of land around a church.

A paddock; a field that has been fenced in.

A plot of land; a piece of property, especially agricultural.


styes

From sty (“pigsty”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


styes

From sty (“path”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


sceaft

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schaft (“creation”)


wlite

i

English: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

Scots: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

From Old English wlite, from Proto-West Germanic *wliti, from Proto-Germanic *wlitiz, *wlituz.


stepchildren

From stepchildre (“stepchildren”) with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en.


noblesse

English: noblesse

From Anglo-Norman noblesse, noblesce et al., Old French noblace, nobleche et al., from noble (“noble”).

I woll never take more payne uppon me – and that ys grete pite, for he was a good knyght and of grete nobeles.

I yow took/ out of youre pouere array / And putte yow / in estaat of heigh noblesse.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

That is to me ſeyde kyng lodegreaūs the beſte tydyngꝭ that eu[er] I herde · that ſo worthy a kyng of proveſſe ⁊ nobleſſe wol wedde my dought[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 30–32:


broche

English: broach, brooch

desc

Scots: broach, brutch, bruch, broche, brotch

Borrowed from Old French broche, from Vulgar Latin *brocca, from Latin broccus.

A spear or pike; a weapon for impalement.

(rare, figurative) Something very valuable.


oxe

English: ox (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ox

From Old English oxa, from Proto-West Germanic *ohsō, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn.


muke

15th c. Robert Henryson, The Cock and the Jasp http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0862418208&id=kOoJ0j65n1YC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=muke&sig=9vnHskwc6W9l2RtJxvZNGSG-T4w
Pietie it wer thow suld ly in this mydding,
Be buryit thus amang this muke and mold,
And thow so fair and warth sa mekill gold.


sive

English: sieve

Scots: sieve, siffe, syffe, sif, syf

sieve, riddle, sile (a device for sifting)


puf

English: puff

Yola: piff


ketel

English: kettle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: kettle, kittle

From Old English ċietel, ċetel and possibly reinforced by cognate Old Norse ketill, both from Proto-Germanic *katilaz, from Late Latin catīllus.


hernes

English: harns

Scots: harns

Inherited from Old English hærnes, plural of hærn, from Proto-West Germanic *hirʀnī, from Proto-Germanic *hirzniją.

brains; the mental organ of a living being.


spet

English: spet

Yola: speate


charmer

English: charmer

Scots: chairmer

From Old French charmier; equivalent to charmen + -er.

A mage or spellcaster; an individual who uses magic.

(rare) One who intrigues or interests others.


flæsc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flesh


hæte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hete (“heat”)


heofon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevene


þeof

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of thef


palfrey

English: palfrey

From Anglo-Norman palefrei (“steed”), from Old French palefroi, from Late Latin paraverēdus (“post horse, spare horse”), from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) + Latin verēdus (“post horse”), from Gaulish *werēdos (“horse”), from Proto-Celtic *uɸoreidos (“horse”).


smak

English: smack

Scots: smack

⇒? Scots: smick

Inherited from Old English smæc, smæċċ, from Proto-West Germanic *smakk, *smakku, from Proto-Germanic *smakkuz. Some forms are influenced by smacchen.


swete

English: sweat; swot

→ Esperanto: ŝvito

desc

Scots: sweet, swate, swait, swete, sweit

From Old English swāt, from Proto-Germanic *swait-. The vocalism was sometimes influenced by swǣtan.


Achab

English: Ahab, Achab

From Latin Achab, from Ancient Greek Ἀχαάβ (Akhaáb), from Hebrew אַחְאָב.

der

Hebrew אַחְאָב


breost

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brest (“breast”)


serge

English: cierge

Scots: serge, sarge (obsolete)

From Old French cierge, cerge, cirge, from Latin cereus (“waxy”).


candel

English: candle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: candil, candel, candle

Yola: condale, candale, condel

From Old English candel, from Latin candēla.


butere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of buter


bridel

English: bridle

Scots: bridle

Inherited from Old English brīdel, from Proto-West Germanic *brigdil, from Proto-Germanic *brigdilaz; equivalent to breiden + -el (agentive suffix).

Nile ye be maad as an hors and mule; to whiche is noon vndurstondyng. Lord, constreyne thou the chekis of hem with a bernacle and bridil; that neiȝen not to thee.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 32:9”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Don't behave like a horse or mule, who don't understand anything. Lord, you constrain the cheeks of them with a bit and a bridle, or they won't go to you.

A bridle, reins, or bit; equipment for directing a horse.

(figurative) Supervision, monitoring, constraint, direction.

(figurative) Something that constrains or directs; a guideline.


helle

enm-noun

helle (plural helles, genitive helles or helle)

helles (plural)
helles (genitive)
helle (genitive)

English: hell, Hell

Scots: hell, Hell

From Old English hell, from Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


hierde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herde (“herd”)


hwæte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whete


hungor

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hunger


houe

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


forester

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">foster</i>

English: forester (obsolete foster)

Scots: forester

Borrowed from Old French forestier; equivalent to forest + -er.


mæsse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of messe


heorþ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herth


idel

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of ydole


toiling

English: toiling

(rare) A fight; strife (deadly discord between two parties)

(rare) The manufacture of leather using a person's teeth to draw on it.

(rare, law) The initiation of a lawsuit.


hyd

Alternative form of hide (“concealment, hiding”)


slæp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of slepe


sæ

English: sea


stræt

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of strete


scur

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schour


matrice

English: matrice, matrix

Borrowed from Old French matrice, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of maris.


steor

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)-


spere

English: spear

Scots: spere, speir

Inherited from Old English spere, from Proto-West Germanic *speru, from Proto-Germanic *speru.

A spearman; a soldier who wields a spear.


spere

English: sphere

Scots: sphere, spere

Borrowed from Old French sphere, from Latin sphaera, from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra).

A globe or sphere representing outer space.

(astronomy) The supposed outer sphere of the cosmos, the primum mobile.


spere

English: spere


sæd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)


ferm

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


herbe

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yerb</i>

English: herb (dialectal yerb)

Scots: herb, yerb

A herbaceous plant:
A plant as an ingredient.

A plant as used in alchemy, magic or medicine.


stede

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

Inherited from Old English stede, steode, styd, from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz.

A place, area or spot; a part of the Earth or universe:

An enclosed place (such as a container, room etc.)

An inhabited place (such as a country, town etc.)

Thus they fought two houres[…]& in many stedys they were wounded.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

An area of the body (either of an organ or of the skin)

All men o rome sal cum ... Tak vr folk and sted wit-all ...

... broght hym fro hys strenkyþfull stedd To grete Rome agayne.

An estate or property; a house or building (often with its surrounds).

helpeth vp þat adoun was y-broȝthe; to hys kynd sted

A location or position in space (occupied by someone)

Paradis is a priue stedd, þar mani mirthes er e-medd.

The kyng in þat Roche had non sted / Where that he Myhte hyden In his hed.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

(rare) A successor or heir; that replacing another.

more sche hath decerved to be ded / thanne evere dyde my modyr jn ony sted.

It..shul stand me in gret ste [read: sted] her if it mygth be do closly and suerly.

A state of being; a circumstance, condition, or situation.

A location or position in time; time, moment.

Strength, effect; capacity for achievement.


stede

English: steed

Scots: steed

Inherited from Old English stēda, from Proto-West Germanic *stōdijō; compare stod (“stud”).

A steed; a fine stallion (especially if suited for war)


webb

Alternative form of web (“woven fabric, web”)


stille

English: still

Yola: sthill


blæst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blast


ende

English: end

Scots: end, ende, hend

Yola: een, eene

From Old English ende, from Proto-West Germanic *andī, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíos. Cognate to Middle Dutch ende, einde.

ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

The end or finishing of a thing; the terminal point of something:

The end of something'e presence; disappearance.

And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 41:

The end of one's life; death or passing away.

The conclusion or aftermath of something.

The irrevocable or last destiny of something.

(rare) A successful conclusion or finishing.

The marginal or outlying part of something:

The extreme terminus or point of an object or thing (including something that was formerly one)

The margins or surrounds of a nation or settlement; the border.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,
And specially from every shire's end

A part of a settlement, province, or nation.

The limitations or boundaries of something.

One's ends, aims, goals, or purpose; the direction one chooses.

(rare) A section or portion of something.

(rare) The deeper facts or realness of something.

(rare) What makes something important, purposeful or meaningful.

(rare) One of the four cardinal directions.


ende

Scots: ennet, annet, annot

English: ende, annet, annot

From Old English ened, enid, æned, from Proto-West Germanic *anad, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts. Compare drake (“drake (male duck)”).

A duck (usually referring to the female)


streng

English: string (see there for further descendants)

From Old English strenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *strangiz.
Variants with /ɡ/ are unexpected, in contrast to henge, and probably show influence from Old Norse strengr.