rote

English: root
→ Irish: rúta

Scots: ruit, rute

From Late Old English rōt, rōte, from Old Norse rót, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of wort (“plant”). See more at English root.

A root used as food; a root vegetable or tuber.

A root employed for supposed curative or medical properties.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

The foundation or base of a protuberance or extension of the body:

The root of the hair; the part of the hair within the scalp.

The root of the tooth; the part of the tooth within the scalp.

The root of a nail; the part of a nail within the skin.

The base or attached part of an organ or bodily member.

The base or attached part of a swelling or boil.

foꝛ þe roote of alle yuelis is coueitiſe / whiche ſummen coueitynge .· erriden fro þe feiþ. / ⁊ biſettiden hem wiþ manye ſoꝛewis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Tymothe ·i· 6:10, page 84r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the root of all wrongs is covetousness, which some yearned for and strayed from the faith; they've unleashed many sorrows upon themselves.

Something which generates, creates, or emanates something:

The origin of an abstract quality; that which something originally came from.

A wellspring or exemplar of an abstract quality that which something comes from.

⁊ oon of the eldere men ſeide to me / wepe þou not / lo! a lioun of the lynage of iuda .· þe roote of dauiþ haþ ouercomen to opene þe book · ⁊ to vndoon þe ſeuene ſeelis of it

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 5:5, page 119r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And one of the elders said to me: "Don't weep. Look, a lion of the people of Judah and the stock of David has arrived to open the book and undo its seven seals."

The offspring of a certain individual or nation as a progenitor; a lineage or descent.

The foundation of a tall structure (e.g. a trunk, pole, turret)

The (or a key) foundational or core condition, essence or portion of something.

I iheſus ſente min aungel to witneſſe. to ȝou þeſe þingis in chirchis I am þe roote ⁊ þe kyn of Dauid .· ⁊ þe ſchynynge moꝛewe ſterre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 22:16, page 118v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

"I, Jesus, sent my angel to deliver all of you these things in churches. I'm the scion and descendant of David and (I'm) the shining morning star."

One who descends from another; a member of an individual's lineage or stock.

The base of a peak or mount; the beginning of an elevation.

A protuberance resembling or functioning like a root.

The most inner, central, or deepest part of something.

(rare, astronomy) Data used for astronomical purposes.

(rare, mathematics) A mathematical root.


rote

English: rote

Unknown. Sometimes connected to Old French route (“route”) or Latin rota (“wheel”), but OED rejects both comparisons.

Traditional, customary, usual, or habitual behaviour or procedure.


rote

English: rote

Scots: rote (rare, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French rote, from Latin chrotta, borrowed from a Germanic form such as Old High German hruoza, borrowed itself from a Celtic term deriving from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of crowde.

A musical instrument having strings and similar to a harp.


libel

Ultimately from Latin libellus (“little book”).

I haue ȹ he, of ſommõs of the here a byl / Up payne of curſyng loke that thou be / To moꝛowe befoꝛe our Archdeacons kne [...] Now loꝛde ȹ ſhe, Jeſu kyng of kynges / So wiſely helpe me, as I ne may [...] May I nat aſke a lybel ſyꝛ Sompnour / And anſwere there by my pꝛoctour / To ſuche thyng as men wolde appoſen me?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliiii, verso, column 1:

I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee … Now Lord (she said) Jesus king of kings / Help me, as I cannot … Could I ask for a copy of the charges, sir summoner, / And have my proctor appear for me / For whatever it is that I am accused of?

(law) A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges

And it hath be seyd, Who euere leeueth his wijf, ȝyue he to hir a libel of forsakying. But Y seie to ȝou, that euery man that leeueth his wijf, outtakun cause of fornycacion, makith hir to do letcherie, and he that weddith the forsaken wijf, doith auowtrye.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume IV, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Matthew V:31–32, page 12:

[ KJV ] It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.

Any written formal complaint, particularly in marital conflicts

A treatise; a division of a larger work.


brand

English: brand

Scots: brand

Yola: broan, brone

From Old English brand, brond, from Proto-West Germanic *brand, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.


mese

From Old English mēos (“moss”). Related to mos, from Old English mos.


bosom

English: bosom

Scots: bosum, bosome

From Old English bōsm, from Proto-West Germanic *bōsm, from Proto-Germanic *bōsmaz.

The enclosure formed by the breast and arms, embrace


nerve

English: nerve

Scots: nerve

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nervus, from Proto-Italic *snēuros, from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥; thus a doublet of synwe. Forms with /f/ reflect Middle French nerf.


aire

English: air

Scots: air

Yola: aare

From Old French air,aer, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).


impossible

From Old French impossible, from Latin impossibilis, from in- (“not”) + possibilis (“possible”).

Lo ſyꝛs (ȹ the loꝛde) with harde grace / Who euer hearde of ſuch a thynge oꝛ nowe? / To Euery man ylyke tell me howe? / It is an impoſſyble, it may not be

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xlvii, verso, column 2:

"Lo, sirs," said the lord, "what bad luck [he's had]! Who ever heard of such a thing before now? To every man equally? Tell me how! It is impossible, it may not be!

God forbyd that nyse unthrifty though shulde come in thy mynde thy wyttes to trouble, sythen everything in comyng is contyngent. Wherfore, make no more thy proposycion by an impossyble.

1381–1384, Thomas Usk, “Book II Chapter 4”, in Gary W. Shawver, editor, Testament of Love (Toronto Medieval Texts and Translations), number 13, University of Toronto Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 60:

A logical impossibility: a thing which cannot exist, or is a logical self-contradiction


atrament

English: atrament

Learned borrowing from Latin ātrāmentum.


piper

English: piper

Scots: piper

Yola: peepeare, pipere

From Old English pīpere; equivalent to pipe + -er; compare Old Norse pípari and Old High German pfīfari.


maker

English: maker

Scots: maker, macker, makar

→ English: makar

Yola: maakere, maakeare


gate

gates (plural)
gaten (plural)
gate (plural)

English: gate, yate

Scots: yett, yet, ȝett, ȝet

Yola: gaaute, gaat, yeat

→ Middle Irish: *geta

Irish: geata

Manx: giat

Scottish Gaelic: geata

→ Welsh: gât, giât, iet

From Old English ġeat, ġet, gat, from Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą.

An entryway or entrance to a settlement or building; a gateway.

If hungur riſiþ in þe lond and peſtilence and ruſt and wynd diſtriynge cornes and a locuste and bꝛuke comeþ and if enemyes biſegen þe ȝatis of þe citee aftir þat þe cuntreis ben diſtried and al veniaunce and ſikenesse oppꝛeſſiþ[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:28”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

If hunger rises in the land, and pestilence, rust, wind, destroying grain, and locusts and their young come, and if enemies besiege a city's gates after the city's surrounds are ruined, and when any destruction and disease oppresses (people) […]

A gate (door barring an entrance or gap in a fence)

(figurative) A method or way of doing something or getting somewhere.

(figurative) Any kind of entrance or entryway; e.g. a crossing through mountains.


gate

English: gate, gait

Scots: gate

From Old Norse gata, from Proto-Germanic *gatwǭ.

A way, path or avenue; a trail or route.

A voyage, adventure or leaving; one's course on the road.

The way which one acts; one's mode of behaviour:

A way or procedure for doing something; a method.

A moral or religious path; the course of one's life.

(Late Middle English) One's lifestyle or demeanour; the way one chooses to act.

(Late Middle English) Gait; the way one walks.


æ

(Early Middle English, Ormulum) Alternative form of ee


les

From Old English lēas (“false, void, loose”).
Cognate with Middle High German lōs (“loose”), Old Swedish lø̄s (“loose”); a doublet of loos.

He is so fayre, withoutten les, / he semys full well to sytt on des.

15th c., “[The Creation]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 5, lines 120–121:

He is so good, without falsehood; / (so) he's really suited to sit on a dais.

We held with hym ther he saide leasse / And therfor have we all unpeasse.

c. 1480, “The Creation”, in The Towneley Plays, lines 158–159:

We stayed with him when he uttered untruth, / and therefore we all feel discord.

Ye shall have joye and blis therin / Whils ye will kepe you out of syn, / I say withoutten lese.

c. 1480, “The Creation”, in The Towneley Plays, lines 193–195:

You'll have joy and tranquility within / if you keep yourself out of sin, / I say, without lies.


mace

English: mace

Scots: mace

From Old French mace, from Vulgar Latin *mattia, *mattea, probably from Latin mateola (“hoe”).

A club used for ceremonial purposes or as part of regalia.


bake

Alternative form of baken (“meal involving pastry”)


axle

A conflation of Old English eax and Old Norse ǫxull.


paste

From Old French paste, from Late Latin pasta, from Ancient Greek παστά (pastá).

a dough or paste used as a sealant, an adhesive, or a casing in which to cook medicinal substances


palate

English: palate

From Old French palat, from Latin palātum.

The palate; the top of the mouth (including the uvula).

One's sense of taste (the palate was believed to be the source of this).


story

English: story, storey

Borrowed from Old French estoree, past participle of estorer. Alternatively, the same word as storie.


aver

From Old French aver, aveir, avoir (“possession, property; (collectively) beasts of burden; domestic animals; cattle”) (modern French avoir (“asset, possession”)), from aveir, avoir (“to have”), from Latin habēre, the present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold; to have, own (possessions)”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-, *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”). Cognate with Middle French avoir, Norman aver, aveir.

der

Belongings, possessions, property, wealth.


godmother

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of godmoder


stepchild

enm-noun

stepchild (plural stepchildren or stepchildre)

stepchildren (plural)
stepchildre (plural)

English: stepchild

From Old English stēopċild (“stepchild”); equivalent to step- + child.


sirup

desctree

English: syrup
→ Hebrew: סירופ (siróp)
→ Japanese: シラップ (shirappu)
→ Korean: 시럽 (sireop)
→ Marshallese: jurub
→ Tsonga: sirapu
→ Welsh: surop, syrop, syrup
→ Zulu: isiraphu

Scots: seerup

From Old French sirop, from Medieval Latin siruppus, syrupus, from Arabic شَرَاب (šarāb).

(medicine) A syrup of herbs used for medicine.

(cooking) A watery sauce based around wine.


favour

desc

English: favor, favour (Commonwealth, Ireland)

→ Welsh: ffafr

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman favour, favur, from Latin favor.


barge

English: barge

Scots: bairge (possibly)

Borrowed from Old French barge, from Vulgar Latin *barga, a variant of Late Latin barca, a regular syncope of Vulgar Latin *barica, from Classical Latin bāris, from Ancient Greek βᾶρις (bâris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic br, from Egyptian bꜣjrb-bA-A-y:r*Z1-P1 (“transport ship”).

der

A medium ship or boat, especially one protecting a larger ship.

A barge, especially one used for official or ceremonial purposes.


ange

⇒ English: agnail, hangnail

⇒ Yola: angish

From Old English ange, from Proto-West Germanic *angī, from Proto-Germanic *anguz.


wench

There is but litel difference truely / Betwyxt a wyfe, that is of hye degre / If of her body dishoneſt ſhe be / And a poore wenche, other than this / If it ſo be they werke bothe amys / But for the gentyl is in eſtate aboue / She ſhal be called his lady and his loue / And for that tother is a poore woman / She ſhal be called his wench, or his lemmã [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto:


fowl

And smale fowles maken melodye

That slepen all the night with open ye - Chaucer, General Prologue, Canterbury Tales, ll.9-10


park

English: park

Yola: park

Borrowed from Old French parc, from Medieval Latin parricus (“enclosure”).


pork

English: pork

Scots: pork, porc, porck

From Old French porc, from Latin porcus. Compare farowen.


stake

English: stake

Scots: stak, staik

→ Irish: staic

From Old English staca, from Proto-West Germanic *stakō, from Proto-Germanic *stakô.

A stake; wood put in the ground as a marker or support.

A fencepost; a stake used in concert to form a barrier.

A branch or bough; an extension of a tree.

A stave or stick; a cut (and often shaped) piece of wood.


vine

English: vine

Scots: vine

From Anglo-Norman vinne, vine (Old French vigne), from Vulgar Latin vinia, from Latin vīnea (“vineyard; vine”). Doublet of vyny.

I am a verrei vyne .· ⁊ my fadir is an erþetilier[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:1, page 51v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I am a true vine, and my father is a cultivator […]


vine

From Old French vigne (“siege engine”), from Latin vīnea.


page

A doghter hadde they bitwixe hem two / Of twenty yeer, with-outen any mo, / Savinge a child that was of half-yeer age; / In cradel it lay and was a propre page.

1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales:


herne

English: hern, hirn

Scots: hirn

Inherited from Old English hyrne, from Proto-West Germanic *hurnijā, from Proto-Germanic *hurnijǭ.

A refuge; a location of safety where one hides.

(rare) The lowest or deepest part of something; especially Hell.

(rare) A location or portion, especially one that is remote.


crane

English: crane (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cran

⇒ Yola: kraanberry, kraaneberry

Inherited from Old English cran, *crana.


crane

English: crane (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cran, from Medieval Latin crānium.


abece

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">absey</i>

English: ABC (obsolete absey)

Scots: ABC, aw-bay-say

From A + B + C, the first three letters of the Latin alphabet, standing for the whole alphabet.


fen

fennes (plural)
fen (accusative nominative singular)
fennes (accusative nominative plural)
fennes (genitive singular)
fenne (genitive plural)
fennes (genitive plural)
fenne (dative singular)
fennen (dative plural)

English: fen

Scots: fen

Yola: ven

From Old English fenn; from Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją. The "dung" sense is influenced by Old French fien.


twist

English: twist

Scots: twist

From Old English *twist (attested in compounds), from Proto-West Germanic *twist, from Proto-Germanic *twistaz.

The flat part of a hinge (less specifically the entire hinge)

As a-bowte a tre with many a twyste
Bytrent and wryþe the soote wode bynde.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book III, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, line 1181:

As about a tree with many a twig
Entwines and writhes the sweet woodbine.

A groin (juncture between the chest and thighs)


tame

(Northern) Alternative form of tome (“freetime”)


tey

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


part

English: part

Scots: pairt

From Old French part and Old English part, both from Latin partem, accusative singular of pars, from Proto-Italic *partis.


wey

English: way

Scots: wey

Yola: wye, waie

From Old English weġ, from Proto-West Germanic *weg, from Proto-Germanic *wegaz.


fother

English: fother

Scots: fother

From Old Norse fóðr, from Proto-Germanic *fōdrą. Doublet of fodder.

a wildly inconsistent measure of weight primarily used for lead.

a great quantity, especially a load or of people.


store

English: store

Scots: store

→ Welsh: stôr

From Anglo-Norman stor, estour, ultimately from Latin instaurare. Compare warnestore.


store

From Old English stōr; possibly from a Celtic language.


rye

English: rye

Scots: ry

Yola: ree

From Old English ryge, from Proto-West Germanic *rugi.

Secale cereale
Secale cereale#Translingual


place

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">pleace</i>

English: place (dialectal pleace)

Pijin: ples

Tok Pisin: ples

Scots: place, pleece

From Old English plæċe and Old French place, both from Latin platea, from Ancient Greek πλατεῖα (plateîa).

A place, area or spot; a part of the Earth or universe:

An inhabited place (such as a country, town etc.)

An estate or property; a house or building (often with its surrounds).

(rare) A city square, market square, or courtyard.

A location or position in or on a larger space (occupied by something or someone):

An area of the body (either of an organ or of the skin)

A location in or passage from a written document.

(mathematics) The place of a digit in a number written with Arabic numerals.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

The usual location or place of something (e.g. an animal's dwelling).

A position in a hierarchy; rank, status, or level.

A favourable or propitious occasion; an opportunity.

Extent, space (in two or three dimensions)


pote

From Middle Dutch pote, from Old Dutch *pota, related to Middle Low German pōte and Middle French pote (< Germanic) More at English paw.

Fur Potes de Calabr'.

1398, James Hamilton Wylie, “Appendix A: Duchy of Lancaster Records”, in History of England under Henry the Fourth, volume 4, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1898, page 173:

One gown of blue colour furred with potes of calabre, 28

1420, City of London (England). Corporation, Calendar of Plea and Memoranda Rolls Preserved Among the Archives of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guild-hall, volumes 1413-1437, The University Press, published 1943, page 75:

[…] the beeste […] embraced hym with his potes, or feet to fore, […]

1481, William Carton, “68: Godfrey is wounded by a Bear.”, in Mary Noyes Colvin, PhD., editor, Godeffroy of Boloyne; or, The siege and conqueste of Jerusalem, London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., translation of original by William of Tyre, published 1893, page 113:

My wife's blewe gowne engrayned furred with powtes.

1497, “Will of R. Burton”, in Susan Flood, editor, St. Albans Wills 1471-1500, Hertfordshire Record Society, published 1993, page 141:

An animal's paw's fur or the animal's paw itself.


crab

Of Germanic origin, plausibly from North Germanic.

Alternative form of crabbe (“crabapple”)


glove

English: glove

→ Zulu: igilavu

Scots: gluive, gluve

Inherited from Old English *glōfa (variant of glōf), from Proto-West Germanic *glōfō, from Proto-Germanic *galōfô; equivalent to y- + love (“palm”).

A glove as a token of feudal allegiance.

A glove or gauntlet in various symbolic uses:

Signifying assent, agreement, or the marital compact.

Signifying worthlessness or unimportance.


cave

English: cave

Scots: cave

Borrowed from Old French cave, from Latin cava.


fodder

English: fodder

Scots: foder, fodder, fother, fothir

From Old English fōdor. Doublet of fother.


pere

desctree

English: pear
→⇒ Chinese: 啤梨 (pílí)
→⇒ Khmer: ផ្លែភា (phlae phiə)
→ Sotho: pere
→ Thai: แพร์ (pɛɛ)
→ Tokelauan: pea
→ Xhosa: ipere

Scots: peer, peir

→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

From Old English pere, peru, from Proto-West Germanic *peru, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from Latin pirum.

Pyrus communis
Pyrus communis#Translingual


pere

English: pier

From Medieval Latin pera, from Old Northern French pira, from Vulgar Latin *petricus.


pere

English: peer

Scots: peer

From Old French per and Anglo-Norman peir, from Latin pār.

A peer; one who is equal to or like another.

A rival, enemy, or competitor; one who is in opposition.

An individual who is of the same social class or standing as another.

An associate or collaborator; one who works or associates with another.

A member of the nobility or ruling class of a country or settlement.

(anatomy, rare) A body part connected or concomitant with another.


barm

English: barm

Scots: berme, berm, barm

From Old English bearm, from Proto-West Germanic *barm, from Proto-Germanic *barmaz.

Late 14th century: And with that word this faucon gan to crie / And swowned eft in Canacees barm.

Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Squire's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

The lap (The portion of one's legs that lies flat while sitting)

Late 14th century: … kisse hire child er that it deyde / And in hir barm this litel child she leyde.

Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Clerk's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

(rare) A flat surface that serves as a resting-place.


nest

English: nest

Scots: nest

Yola: naesth

From Old English nest, from Proto-West Germanic *nest, from Proto-Germanic *nestą.


mat

English: mate

From Old French mat, a backformation from eschec mat (“checkmate”).

checkmate, mate (moment of the opponent's king's capture)


blast

English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist

Scots: blast

From Old English blǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *blāst(i), from Proto-Germanic *blēstuz; equivalent to blasen + -th.

A blast; a sudden and forceful motion of wind.

One's breathing or respiring; the act of respiration.

The blast produced by a musical instrument.

An emission or expulsion of fire or flames.

The sound produced by thunder or storms.

(rare) The making of a pronouncement or proclamation.

(rare) One's spiritual essence; the soul.

(rare) Flatulence; the making of a fart.


clout

English: clout

Scots: clout, cloot

From Old English clūt, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz. Compare cloud.

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
A patch (fabric for mending).

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
A bandage or dressing (for wounds)

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
rag, tatter (piece of clothing)

A (larger) piece of fabric; a cloth:
Threadbare or inferior clothing.

Cloth for wrapping babies; swaddling clothes.

A (larger) piece of fabric; a cloth:
A burial shroud.


yelm

English: yelm, yealm

Inherited from Old English ġilm, ġelm (“handful”), from Proto-West Germanic *galmi, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish”).

der

(hapax) yelm, yealm (sheaf of straw for thatching)


wrist

English: wrist

Scots: wrist

Yola: wrasth, wraste

From Old English wrist, wyrst, from Proto-Germanic *wristuz.

wrist (joint attaching the arm to the hand)


hauberk

English: hauberk

From Old French hauberc, from Early Medieval Latin (h)alsbergum, from Frankish *halsaberg.


aketon

desc

English: aketon, acton, hacqueton, haqueton, haketon

From Old French aqueton, alqueton, auqueton, from Old Spanish alcoton (modern algodón), from Arabic الْقُطْن (al-quṭn), definite of قُطْن (quṭn, “cotton”). Compare coton.

A jacket with padding put underneath armour.

A jacket worn on top of armour as adornment.


ease

So that the clerkes be nat with me wroth
I ſaye that they were maked for bothe
This is to ſeyn, for offyce and for ease
Of engendrure, there we nat god diſpleaſe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxxvii, recto:

So that the clerks be not with me wrathful
I say that they [genitals] were made for both
This is to say, for duty and for ease
Of reproduction, that we not God displease


burel

English: burel

Borrowed from Old French burel, diminutive of *bure.


cure

Of studie took he moost cure and moost heede.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


garbage

English: garbage

Yola: graabache, graapish (influenced by garbage)


vambrace

English: vambrace, vanbrace, vantbrace, vantbrass

From Anglo-Norman vambras, avantbras; equivalent to avant + brace.


hope

English: hope

Yola: hopes (plural)

trust, confidence; wishful desire; expectation


spay

From Middle Dutch speye; compare Middle Dutch spoye.


bracer

English: bracer

Borrowed from Old French braceure; equivalent to brace + -er.

(rare) A protective sleeve or guard for the forearm.


ȝere

1431: A rem' that William Baker, Pewtrer, & John Hetheman [made] the first day of May, þe ȝere of kynge herry þe vjᵉ, after þe conquest xᵉ.

Henry Littlehales (editor), The Medieval Records of a London City Church, page 26.


flavour

English: flavour, flavor

Borrowed from Old French flaor, flaour, from Vulgar Latin *flātor. Medial -v- is due to the influence of savour (“taste”).


grave

English: grave

Scots: grave, grawe, graive, graiwe, greawe

From the dative of Old English græf, from Proto-West Germanic *grab, from Proto-Germanic *grabą.


grave

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of greyve


grave

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of grove


pilgrimage

English: pilgrimage

Scots: pilgrimag, pilgrimage, pilgramage

From Old French peligrinage, pelrimage, variants of pelerinage (“pilgrimage”); equivalent to pilegrim + -age.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 12-14.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


col

English: cole, kale, kail

Scots: cale, caill, kail

Yola: kaayle ⇒ Coolpeach

→ Irish: cál

From Old English cāl, variant of cawel, borrowed from Latin caulis.


porter

English: porter

Yola: porther

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman porter, portour, from a combination of Late Latin portārius and portātor, portātōrem; equivalent to port + -er.


clove

English: clove

Scots: clow

Inherited from Old English clufu, from Proto-West Germanic *klubu, from Proto-Germanic *klubō, related to cleven.


clove

From Old English clofen, past participle of clēofan.


bever

English: beaver

Scots: bever, baiver

→ Irish: béabhar

Inherited from Old English befer, from Proto-West Germanic *bebru, from Proto-Germanic *bebruz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus.

Beaver fur, skin, or pelt, or a similar cloth.


bever

English: bever

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bever (modern French boire), from Latin bibō.


odour

English: odour, odor

Scots: odour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman odour, from Latin odor.

A smell or scent; a nasal sensation (often intrinsic):

The scent of living matter or substances.

(figurative) A sensation or quality; the feeling produced by something.


wast

English: waste

Scots: waste

Yola: wauste

Borrowed from Old Northern French wast (noun), from the adjective. Doublet of weste (“wilderness”).

bor+

Uncultivated or deserted land; wilderness.

(property law) Damage to property or that which causes it.

The utilisation or expenditure of resources:

Useless or ineffectual behaviour; futility.


wast

desctree

English: waist
→ Japanese: ウエスト (uesuto)

Scots: waist

Yola: wauscoat

Apparently inherited from Old English *wæst, *wæxt, *weahst, from Proto-West Germanic *wahstu, from Proto-Germanic *wahstuz; compare waxen (“to grow”).
Forms with /aː/ may be due to the analogy of the variation between /aː/ and /a/ in Etymologies 1 and 2.

(rare) waist (middle portion of a ship's hull)


gad

English: gad

Borrowed from Old Norse gaddr, from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”).


these

Alternative spelling of þese (plural of þe (“thigh”))


musket

English: musket

Borrowed from Old Northern French mousket, borrowed itself from Italian moschetto.


strand

English: strand

Scots: strand

desc

Yola: sthroane, sthroan, sthrone, stronde

From Old English strand, from Proto-Germanic *strandō.


plough

English: plough, plow (US) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pleuch, plou

Yola: pleough, plowe, plou

From Old English plōh, from Proto-West Germanic *plōg, from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz.


toll

English: tool

Scots: towl

From Old English toll, from Proto-Germanic *tullō.


Norman

English: Norman

From Old English Norþman (“northerner”) and Old French Normant.

A member of the mixed Scandinavian and Frankish peoples who, in the 11th century, were a major military power in Western Europe and who conquered the English in 1066.


fervour

English: fervor, fervour

Scots: fervour

Borrowed from Old French fervor, from Latin fervor, fervōrem; compare fervent.

fervour (emotional passion or enthusiasm)


straw

English: straw

Scots: strae

Yola: stre, strew

From Old English strēaw. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse strá.

The remaining plant material after cultivation; halm, straw.

An individual piece or section of straw.

(figurative) Anything slight or worthless; the least possible thing.

(rare) A measure of weight for candlewax.


hemp

English: hemp

Scots: hemp, hempt

From Old English henep, hænep (“hemp”), from Proto-West Germanic *hanapi, from Proto-Germanic *hanapiz; cognate to Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa#Translingual


ark

English: arc

Borrowed from Old French arc, from Latin arcus (“a bow, arc, arch”).


beryl

English: beryl

Borrowed from Old French beril, from Latin bērillus, bēryllus (“beryl”), from Ancient Greek βήρυλλος (bḗrullos).

(figuratively, rare) Jesus or the Virgin Mary.


sight

A nombre of twenty sterres bright,
Which is to sene a wonder sight

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


worse

English: worse

Scots: warse

From Old English wiersa, from Proto-West Germanic *wirssō, variant of *wirsiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *wirsizô. Doublet of werre (“worse”).

Something or someone which is more yvel or ille (i.e. worse).


hire

English: hire

Scots: hire

From Old English hȳr, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀiju. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

[…]þat foꝛſaken þe riȝt weie .· ⁊ erriden ſuynge þe weie of balaam of boſoꝛ / which louyde þe hire of wickidneſſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Petre ·ii· 2:15, page 113v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[…] who've abandoned the right way and strayed, following the way of Balaam of Bosor, who loved the fruits of wrongdoing.


helmet

English: helmet

Scots: hoomet

From Old French helmet; equivalent to helm + -et.

A helmet; an armoured piece of headgear.


panel

English: panel, pannel

Scots: panel

From Old French panel, from pan, from Latin pannus; equivalent to pane + -el (diminutive suffix).

A swatch or portion of textiles or cloth.

A cushion or cloth acting as cushioning under a saddle.

The people due to sit at a jury; a panel acting as jury

(rare) A pane or slab of a transparent material.

(rare) A hawk's innards or digestive organs; the pannel.


late

From Old Norse lát (“conduct, demeanour, voice, sound”, literally “let, letting, loss”) (from Proto-Germanic *lētiją (“behaviour”), from Proto-Indo-European *lēid-, *lēy- (“to leave, let”). Cognate with Middle Low German lāt (“outward appearance, gesture, manner”), Old English lǣtan (“to let”). More at let.

cog

Manner; behaviour; outward appearance or aspect.

c 1275-1499, King Alexander

Than have we liking to lithe the lates of the foules.


conquest

English: conquest

A conquest or invasion; a forcible takeover.

The act of attaining victory or winning.

The spoils of war; the fruit of victory.

William the Conqueror's invasion of England.


sax

English: sax; zax

Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)

From Old English seax, from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą.


hals

English: halse, hawse

Scots: hause

From Old English heals, from Proto-West Germanic *hals, from Proto-Germanic *halsaz (“neck, throat”). The nautical sense is influenced by Old Norse hals (“neck”).

1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parliament of Fowles

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

I dar eek seye, if she me finde fals, / Unkinde, Iangler, or rebel in any wyse, / Or Ialous, do me hongen by the hals!


peril

English: peril

Scots: peril

From Old French peril, from Latin perīculum.

Danger, risk, peril; something that is potentially harmful or risky:

A location where danger, risk, or peril is present or likely.

A thing or enterprise which creates peril; anything which creates or which is of peril.

(Late Middle English) Bad fortune; unluckiness or mischance.


barre

English: bar (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Yola: baaree, baree

Borrowed from Old French barre, from Vulgar Latin *barra.


culver

English: culver

From Old English culufre, culfre, culfer, borrowed from Vulgar Latin *columbra, from Latin columbula.

And he ſeide to hem þat ſelden culueris / take ȝe awei from hennes þeſe þingis .· ⁊ nyle ȝe make þe hous of my fadir an hows of marchaundiſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:16, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he said to those who sold doves: "Take those things out of here; you won't make my father's house a place of business!"


curlew

English: curlew


gauger

English: gauger

Scots: gauger

Yola: gagee

From Old Northern French gaugeur; equivalent to gauge + -er.

A quality control official for wine; a gauger.


cite

English: city (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ceety, ceetie

And it was doon aftirward · ⁊ [iheſus] made iourneis bi citees ⁊ caſtelis, [pꝛe]ch[in]ge ⁊ euangelizynge þe rewme of god / ⁊ twelue wiþ h[im] ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 8:1, page 32r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

After that happened, Jesus made visits to cities and fortresses, preaching about and disseminating the kingdom of God with the Twelve alongside him.


eyer

Alternative form of eyrer (“female swan”)


dint

English: dent, dint, dunt

Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

From Old English dynt, from Proto-West Germanic *dunti, from Proto-Germanic *duntiz.

Forþy I ſay þe, as ſoþe as ȝe in ſadel ſitte, / Com ȝe þere, ȝe be kylled, may þe knyȝt rede, / Trawe ȝe me þat trwely, þaȝ ȝe had twenty lyues / to ſpende. / He hatz wonyd here ful ȝore / On bent much baret bende / Aȝayn his dyntez ſore / Ȝe may not yow defende

a. 1375, Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, page 118r, lines 2110–2117:

So I say to you, as sure as you sit in your saddle: / If you come there, you'll be killed if he wills, / trust me about that truly, like you had twenty lives / to spend. / He has lived here a long time; / when he pulls his bow, much conflict begins. / Against his powerful blows, / you won't be able to defend yourself.

The landing of a weapon; a blow or stroke.

(by extension) Warfare, battle; the use of weaponry.

The strike, landing or force of a tool or other item hitting something.

The striking or noise of thunder; a thunderclap.

(rare) A strike with one's limbs or body.

(rare) An injury resulting from a weapon's impact.


team

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tem (“group”)


ewer

English: ewer

Borrowed from Old French ewer, from Latin aquārium.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


bole

English: bull

Scots: bul, bull

From a mixture of Old English bula, *bulla, and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô.


bole

English: bole


assay

English: assay, say

Scots: assay, say, sey

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assai, from Late Latin exagium.

Examining; investigation, looking into, research:

Trialling, assaying; the ensuring of quality (usually of a substance, but also of a document)

The trial or testing of one's personality or personal qualities.

An attack (as a trial of one's mettle or ability on the battlefield)

The trialling of comestibles or nourishments (mostly in ceremony)

(rare) Facts in support in assertion; evidence.

(rare) One's personality; the nature of something or someone.

(rare) A deed, action or doing; an endeavour or business.


doer

English: doer

doer, agent (someone who does, performs, or executes)

offender (criminal who commits a specified crime)


bor

English: boar

Scots: bair

Yola: boar

From Old English bār, from Proto-West Germanic *bair.

(figurative) A rough and tough individual.

(rare, heraldic) A heraldic image of a boar.


baste

Alternative form of bast (“illegitimacy”)


dote

English: dote

A senile individual; an elderly person lacking sound mind.


penner

English: penner

Borrowed from Latin pennārium; equivalent to penne + -er.


clot

English: clot

From Old English clot, clott, from Proto-West Germanic *klott; compare clod.


grippe

English: grip, gripe

From Old English grēp, grēpe, from Proto-Germanic *grōpiz. Some forms are influenced by Old English grype.


meed

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


hod

English: hade, hede (obsolete)

Scots: hade (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hād, from Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz.

One's rank level, or, office; one's position in relation to others

A religious or clerical office, position, or calling.

One's state or condition; one's position in relation to their previous position.

(Christianity) The Trinity; the three hypostases making up the Godhead.


hap

English: hap

Yola: hap


popper

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reves Tale, The Canterbury Tales, 2003, Walter W. Skeat (editor) Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, Part 2, The Reeve's Prologue ,
A joly popper baar he in his pouche ; / Ther was no man for peril dorste him touche.


macer

English: macer

Scots: macer

From Anglo-Norman macer; equivalent to mace (“mace”) + -er (“agentive suffix”).

Meires and maceres · that menes ben bitwene / Þe kynge and þe comune.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:


coward

English: coward

Scots: cooart, coort

Borrowed from Old French coart; equivalent to Old French coe (“tail”) + -ard. Compare taylarde.


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.

Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum#Translingual

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) or its fibers

Flax or straw used as a firestarter; tinder


hone

English: hone

→ Scots: hone, whoon

From Old English hān, from Proto-West Germanic *hainu, from Proto-Germanic *hainō (“whetstone”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


bode

English: bode

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parliament of Fowles
The oule eek, that of dethe the bode bringeth.


gage

English: gage

From Old French gage, from Medieval Latin wadium, from Frankish *waddī. Doublet of wage and wed.

(rare) Money for the release of a hostage .


tercel

desc

English: tiercel, tercel, terzel, tassel, tassell, tarcel, tarsel, tarsell, tyercel, tyercle

→ Old Norse: tersél

Borrowed from Old French tercel, terçuel, from Medieval Latin tertiolus.


mull

That other cofre of straw and mull


swage

English: swage

Borrowed from Old French souage, from soue (“rope”).

An adornment surrounding the edge of a vessel.


cog

From Old French cogue, itself from Middle Dutch kogge.

As the Kynge was in his cog and lay in his caban, he felle in a slumberyng[…].

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iv”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

a ship of burden, or war with a round, bulky hull


wiver

Yola: wiveare

Unknown; compare Medieval Latin wyvra (“beam”), or from Old English wifer, wivere (“arrow, javelin”).


spigot

English: spigot, spicket


lien

English: lien

From Middle French lien (“tie, strap”), from Latin ligāmen (“bandage, band, tie”).


ibis

Alle thingis in watris that han not fynnes and scalis, schulen be pollutid, These thingis ben of foulis whiche ȝe schulen not ete, and schulen be eschewid of ȝou; an egle, and a grippe, aliete, and a kyte, and a vultur by his kynde; and al of `rauyns kynde bi his licnesse; a strucioun, and nyȝt crowe, a lare, and an hauke bi his kinde; an owle, and dippere, and ibis*; a swan and cormoraunt, and a pellican; a fawcun, a iay bi his kynde; a leepwynke, and a reremows.[…]* ibis, that is, a ciconye, that etith paddokis and serpentis. bcgknqx. ibis, that is, an vnclene watir foule, that with his bille puttynge water into his ers, purgith himsilf. s.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume I, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Leviticus XI:12–19, pages 315–316, columns 2 and margin:

ibis: any of various long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, having long downcurved bills used to probe the mud for prey such as crustaceans


mete

English: meat

Scots: mete, met, meit, mait

Yola: maate, met

From Old English mete (“food”) (also met, mett, whence the forms with a short vowel). More at meat.

Food, nourishment or comestibles; that which is eaten:

An individual serving of food, especially when cooked.

Meat; the (usually cooked) flesh of animals as (an item of) food.

Food that animals eat (including prey or lures)

Iudaſ þou moſt to iurſelem oure mete foꝛ to bugge / þritti platen of ſelu[er] þou bere up oþi rugge […]

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 3-4; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Judas, you must go to Jerusalem to buy our food; / You'll have thirty pieces of silver on your back […]

And thenne he blewe his horne that the maronners had yeuen hym / And whanne they within the Castel herd that horne / they put forthe many knyghtes and there they stode vpon the walles / and said with one voys / welcome be ye to this castel /[…]/ and sire Palomydes entred in to the castel / And within a whyle he was serued with many dyuerse metes

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “lxj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X (in Middle English):

And then he blew his horn that the mariners had given him / And when they that were within the castle heard that horn / they put forth many knights and there they stood upon walls / and said with one voice: / “be welcome to this castle” / […] / and Sir Palamedes entered into the castle / And after a while he was served with many diverse meats


mete

English: mete

From Old French mete (“boundary, mere”), from Latin mēta. More at mete.


lave

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“remainder”)


wold

English: wold, weald, wald

Scots: wald

From Old English weald, wald (“high land covered with wood, woods, forest”), from Proto-West Germanic *walþu, from Proto-Germanic *walþuz.

Þe wurmes & te wilde deor ... o þis wald wunieð.

Beliagog in þat nede Fond him riche wald To fine.

Was nouthire waldis in þar walke ne watir to fynde.

Ȝif æi mon hine mihte ifinden uppe þissere wælden, ...


spume

English: spume

Borrowed from Old French espume, from Latin spūma.


whit

English: white

Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white

Inherited from Old English hwīt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīt, from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz.


mod

Alternative form of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)


sop

c. 1370-1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman
And if he soupeth, eteth but a sop


sire

English: sir; sire

Scots: sir; sire

From Old French sire, nominative singular of seignor, from Latin senior. Doublet of senyour.

Used preceding the name or title of a knight, noble, or cleric.

A respectful term of address for a noble or gentleman.


nape

English: nape

The nape of a fish; the part below a fish's head.


nape

English: nape (obsolete)

From Old French nape, nappe, from Medieval Latin nappa, modification of mappa.

(rare except in compound words) tablecloth


holt

English: holt, hoult (obsolete)

Scots: holt

From Old English holt, from Proto-West Germanic *holt, from Proto-Germanic *hultą.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

A small piece of woodland; a wooded hill.


tome

English: toom

Middle Scots: tume, toym, toyme, toume

From Old Norse tom (“leisure, ease”). Compare Icelandic tóm (“empty space; leisure”).


wile

English: wile

From Old English wīl, wiġle (“wile, trick”), cognate with Old Norse vél (“artifice, craft”).


ere

English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia

Scots: ear

From Old English ēare, from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws.

The ear (organ that receives sound):
The auricle; the outside of the ear.

The ear canal; the inside channel of the ear.

If ony man haþ eeris of herynge .· here he

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Mark 7:16, page 19v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If anyone has ears for hearing, make him hear.

The sense of hearing; the ability to hear.

The level of attention given to someone speaking.

A portion of the heart with an earlike shape.


ere

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


nave

English: nave

Scots: naff

From Old English nafu, from Proto-West Germanic *nabu, from Proto-Germanic *nabō.


mere

English: mere

⇒ Yola: pulmere

From Old English mǣre, ġemǣre (“boundary; limit”), from Proto-Germanic *mairiją (“boundary”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to fence”).


mire

English: mire (“swamp”)

Scots: mire

Borrowed from Old Norse mýrr, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *miuzijō.

(figuratively) Iniquity, sinfulness; immoral behaviour.

(rare) A puddle or pond; a watery hollow.


mire

English: mire (“ant”) (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English *mȳre, *mīere, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *miurijǭ.


pith

English: pith

Scots: pith

From Old English piþa, from Proto-Germanic *piþô.

The soft interior portion of something, especially:

(botany) pith (soft substance in the center of a plant's stem)

(figuratively) The essential or vital part; importance.


wale

From Old English wealh. For the phonological development, compare hale.

(rare) An outsider; a guest; one from an unfamiliar land.


wale

English: wale, weal

Scots: wale, wail

From Old English walu, from Proto-West Germanic *walu, from Proto-Germanic *waluz.

A wooden board used for creating the exterior of a vessel; planking.

(rare) A welt; an injury created by use of a whip or a similar weapon.


wale

English: wale

Scots: wale, Scots: wail

Borrowed from Old Norse *valu, earlier form of vǫl, variant of val, from Proto-Germanic *walą.

(rare) A preference; something chosen due to its quality.


disparage

English: disparage

From Old French desparage; equivalent to dis- + parage.

Inequality in marriage; marriage with an inferior.

Ignominy, shame; the state of lacking respect.


fend

Thanne ıḣc was lad of a ſpirit in to deſert .· to be temptid of þe fend /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:1, page 2r, column 2, lines 3–4; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then Jesus was led of a Spirit into desert, to be tempted of the fiend.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A1&version=WYC

and hıs fame .· wente in to al ſirie / ⁊ þei bꝛouȝten to hĩ alle þat weren at male eeſe · ⁊ þat weren take wiþ dyīiſe langoꝛes ⁊ turmentis / and hem þat haddẽ fendis · ⁊ lunatik men · ⁊ men in þe paleſie .· ⁊ he heelide hem /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:24, page 1v, column 1, lines 18–23; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his fame went into all Syria; and they brought to him all that were at mal-ease, and that were taken with diverse languors and torments, and them that had fiends, and lunatic men, and men in palsy, and he healed them.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A24&version=WYC


brace

English: brace

Scots: brace

From Old French brace, from Latin bracchia, plural of bracchium.

Vambrace; armour which protects the arm.

A cord or brace for fastening or attaching things to something.

Wood used as a buttress or support for building.

(rare) A support or buttress used in other applications.

(rare) A kind of riding equipment or horse tack.

(rare) A peninsula; a cape or slice of land jutting into the sea.


crisp

English: crisp

From Old English crisp, cirps and Old French cresp, crespe, from Latin crispus.


bale

English: bale (dated)

From Old English bealu, from Proto-West Germanic *balu, from Proto-Germanic *balwą.

Devastation and doom; the causing of lifelessness.


bale

English: bale (archaic)

Scots: bale

Either from Old English bǣl, Old Norse bál, or a conflation of both; in any case, from Proto-Germanic *bēlą.


bale

English: bale

Probably borrowed from Old French bale, balle, from Medieval Latin balla, from Frankish or Old High German balla (“ball”), from Proto-Germanic *balluz.


fright

English: fright

Scots: fricht

From Old English fryhtu, from earlier fyrhtu, from Proto-Germanic *furhtį̄.


glade

English: glade

Yola: gladès

Possibly from Old English *glǣd, *glād (“bright place”), compare Old English glæd.


glade

Yola: glaade, glade


hater

enm-noun

hater (plural hateren or hatres or hater)

hateren (plural)
hatres (plural)
hater (plural)

A back-formed singular from Old English hæteru, a plurale tantum.


beam

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of beem


jape

Perhaps combining Old French japer (“to bark, howl, scream; chatter, gossip”) with gaber (“to mock, deride”).

trick, deception, fraud, disastrous event

delusion, magical or diabolical illusion

Thow pardoner[…]Tel vs som myrthe or iapes right anon.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


sage

English: sage

Scots: sage

Borrowed from Old French sage, from Vulgar Latin *sapium, from sapiō. Some forms have been altered on the basis of other words with forms in -a- and -au-.

A sage; a person who serves as a fount of wisdom and knowledge.


chef

English: chief (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chief

From Old French chief, from Latin caput.

A leader, boss, or director; a chief official; one in charge.

An authority or source of power; something which controls.

The main, important or foundational part of something.

The upper or topmost portion of something.


gauge

English: gauge

Scots: gauge

/ˈɡaːd͡ʒ(ə)/

From Old Northern French gauge, from Frankish *galga, from Proto-Germanic *galgô. Doublet of galwes.


fader

fader (plural faders or fadres, genitive fader or faders or fadres)

faders (plural)
fadres (plural)
fader (genitive)
faders (genitive)
fadres (genitive)

English: father

→ Marshallese: bata

Gullah: farruh

desc

Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither

Yola: vather

Inherited from Old English fæder, from Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

A father (male direct ancestor of someone or some creature)

An indirect male ancestor (of some being)

The inventor or originator of an idea, nation or lineage.

A spiritual superordinate, teacher, or leader:

A confessor (individual who one offers confessions to);

One of the Church Fathers; an author of patristic writings.

God/Jesus as father (of Jesus, as inventor, or as leader).

An appellation signifying the speaker's inferiority.

(rare) A secular superordinate or leader.


hake

English: hake


heed

desctree

English: head, heed, hed (obsolete), 'ead (UK, eye dialect)
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi

Geordie English: heed

Scots: heid

Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Old English hēafod, from Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”).

The head (top portion of an animal):
A headrest; a place for the head.

The head (top portion of an animal):
A head-covering; headwear or hair.

The head as the origin of thought; intellect or one's brain.

The head (top portion of an animal):
The horns or antlers of a cervid.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

The top of a waterbody or geographical feature.

One of the lengthwise ends of a geographical feature.

A start or origin:
The source of a river; the headwater.

The uppermost point of something; the top.

A start or origin:
The outermost extremity of something.

Lack of consideration; impetuousness, rashness.

(by extension) An individual; someone or somebody


knave

English: knave

Scots: knave, knafe, knaif

From Old English cnafa, from Proto-Germanic *knabô. Compare knape.


node

English: node
→ Irish: nód

Borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knotte.

(medicine, Late Middle English) lump, swelling


hale

English: hale (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English hē̆al-, hā̆l-, oblique stem of healh, from Proto-West Germanic *halh.
Doublet of *halgh (attested only in placenames), whence English haugh.


hale

English: hale

From Anglo-Norman hale, halle, from Latin halla (“house, dwelling; court; palace; market hall”), from Frankish *hallu, from Proto-Germanic *hallō (“hall”). Doublet of halle (“hall”).

der

hale (temporary structure for housing, entertaining, eating meals, etc.)


lard

English: lard

Scots: lair, laird (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French lard, from Latin lāridum, lārdum.


harm

English: harm

Scots: herm, hairm

Yola: harrm

From Old English hearm, from Proto-West Germanic *harm.


core

English: core

Yola: core

Unknown; derivation from either Old French cuer (“heart”) or cors (“body”) has been suggested, though both possibilities pose serious problems.

(rare, by extension) The middle of something.


spectacle

English: spectacle

Pouert a spectacle is, as thynketh me / Through which one may his very frendes se

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


stang

English: stang, stong

Scots: stang, stong

Borrowed from Old Norse stǫng, from Proto-Germanic *stangō; some senses are from the related verb stangen. Compare steng.


swathe

English: swaðe

A strip or wrap, especially for wrapping babies in.


swathe

English: swath, swathe

Scots: swa, swarth

From Old English swaþu, from Proto-Germanic *swaþō, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)- (“to bend, turn, swing”).

(rare) A strip of land as a unit of measure.

(rare) A trace left behind by something.


snarl

English: snarl

Scots: snarl

Either from snare + -el or a back-formation from snarlen.


riot

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riot, riote, of unknown origin.

A riot or uprising; a disturbance of the peace.

Riotousness, disturbance; lack of peaceableness.

Debauched living; dissipation or decadence:

Venus loveth riot and dispense

Excessive and wild feasting or festivity; revelry.

(hunting) A situation where a hound is misled by scents other than the quarry.


ypocras

13??: He dranke hippocras, clarre, and vernage / Of spices hot, to increase his courage

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales

1593: Christopher Marlowe, I can make thee drunk with hippocras at any tavern in / Europe for nothing. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus

2003: At this hour of the morning she drank either ypocras or claree

Peter Ackroyd, The Clerkenwell Tales, 2003, page


couple

English: couple

Scots: couple, kipple

Borrowed from Old French couple, from Latin cōpula.

A group of two (especially living beings; never three or more as in modern English):

A couple; two people joined in marriage.

A breeding pair; two animals to be bred with each other.

A lead or tie linked to two dogs to restrain them.

A unit of measure for (especially dried) fruits.

(architecture) One of two opposing roof beams (or the two as a pair)

(rare) Sexual intercourse; the act of sex.


official

English: official

Scots: offeecial

From Old French official, from Latin officiālis; equivalent to office + -al.

An underling of a member of the clergy, often heading a clerical court.

A hireling or subordinate; one employed to serve, especially at an estate.


claree

He dranke hippocras, clarre, and vernage / Of spices hot, to increase his courage.

c. 1300, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Merchant's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

Of a clarree maad of a certeyn wyn, / With nercotikes and opie of Thebes fyn.

c. 1300, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:


tripe

English: tripe

Scots: tripe

Borrowed from Old French tripe; further etymology is uncertain (compare Italian trippa, Spanish tripa).

A portion of a creature's entrails or organs (often as food).


sanguine

English: sanguine

From Old French sanguin (and feminine sanguine), from Latin sanguineus.

A bloody red colour; sanguine or blood red.

A kind of fabric that is sanguine-coloured or the colour of blood.

Blood as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

(rare) A swollen region or edema attributed to an excess of blood.

(rare) A person primarily under the influence of blood as a cardinal humour.


fret

English: fret

Either inherited from Old English *frǣt (compare ǣt) or a back-formation from freten.


fret

English: fret

Borrowed from Old French fret, past participle of fraindre; compare freten (“to decorate”).


fret

English: fret

Borrowed from Old French frette (“ring, loop”), of unclear origin; compare freten (“to bind”).


fret

Borrowed from Old French fret, frait, from Latin fractum.

(rare) A fee (usually paid to secure peace).


sty

English: sty

Inherited from Old English stiġ, stī, from Proto-West Germanic *stij, from Proto-Germanic *stiją, related to *stīganą (“to climb, ascend”).

(rare) Any other crude dwelling or abode.


sty

Inherited from Old English stīġ, from Proto-West Germanic *stīgu, from Proto-Germanic *stīgō, related to Etymology 1 above.

(figurative) One's chosen pathway or choices in life.


route

English: route

Whan that the Knight hadde thus his tale ytold
In all the route nas ther yong ne old

'14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Miller's Prologue, 1-3

throng; gang, with connotation of illicit activity


vassal

English: vassal

Yola: vassale

A feudal retainer, who is obliged to render military service.

A servant to one’s beloved, professed lover.


taper

English: taper

From Old English tapor, possibly from Latin papȳrus (if so, a doublet of papirus).


tithe

English: tithe

Scots: teith (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English tēoþa, teogoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *tehundō, *tegundō, from Proto-Germanic *tehundô, *tegundô; equivalent to ten + -the (ordinal suffix); compare tenthe.

One of ten equal parts of a whole; a tenth.

A tithe; a tenth of one's income given to clergy.


honour

English: honour, honor


jalousie

English: jealousy

Scots: jealousy

From Old French jalousie, derived from jalous, from Late Latin zelosus (“full of love and sympathy”), derived from Latin zelus (“zealous”), from Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos, “envy, lust, rivalry”).

noncog

Jealousness or jealousy in a relationship or marriage.


faucet

English: faucet

From Old French fausset, perhaps from Latin faux (“throat”).


ordure

English: ordure

Borrowed from Middle French ordure and Anglo-Norman ordure, ordeur(e), ordor(e), ordour.

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:

Of the hinder part of her buttocks it is very horrible to see, as certainly in that part of her body there as they purge her stinking ordure, that foul part they show to the people proudly in spite of honesty, the honesty that Jesus Christ and his companions observed to show in her life.


youth

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


teth

English: teeth

Scots: teeth

From Old English tēþ, nominative plural of tōþ, from earlier *tœ̄þ, from Proto-Germanic *tanþiz, nominative plural of *tanþs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dóntes, nominative plural of *h₃dónts.


larder

English: larder

Middle Scots: lairder

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman larder and continental Old French lardier, both from Latin lardārium. By surface analysis, lard + -er.

The place where such a stock is made and stored.


wane

English: wane

Scots: wane, waine

From Old English wana, wona (noun) and wan, won (noun), related to wanian (“to diminish”).


wane

English: wane

Probably from Old English wēan or wēana, oblique cases of wēa (“woe, grief, misery”).

woeful, miserable state; adversity; misfortune


wane

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of wone (“dwelling”)


wane

(Northern) Alternative form of wone (“course”)


stature

English: stature

Borrowed from Old French stature, from Latin statūra.


fern

English: fern

Scots: farne, fairn

Yola: vearne, fearn

From Old English fearn, from Proto-West Germanic *farn.


court

English: court (see there for further descendants)

Scots: court, coort

Borrowed from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrs, contraction of cohors, cohortem.

A grand residence, especially that of a ruler or noble.

The household or retinue of a ruler; a ruler's court.

A (royal) assembly; a deliberative body.

A court of law; the body which administers justice:

A court building; the place where justice is administered.


dogge

English: dog (see there for further descendants)

Scots: dug

Yola: dug

From Old English dogga, variant of docga, of unknown origin. See dog for more.

an ordinary dog, especially a hunting dog

(derogatory) a worthless or detestable person; wretch


douce

Borrowed from Old French dous, dolz, douce, from Latin dulcem.


horen

From Old English hōran, from Proto-Germanic *hōrōniz; equivalent to hore (“whore”) + -en (plural suffix).


tay

From Middle French taye, and its source, Latin tēca, thēca, from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “covering, sheath”).

der

ryght so he smote hys fadir, Kynge Arthure, with hys swerde holdynge in both hys hondys, uppon the syde of the hede, that the swerde perced the helmet and the tay of the brayne.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum 4”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XXI, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


bush

English: bush

Scots: bus

Yola: bushe

From Old English busċ, *bysċ, from Proto-West Germanic *busk. Cognates include Middle Dutch bosch, busch, Middle High German busch, bosch, and also Old French bois, buisson.


mente

Alternative form of mynte (“mint (plant)”)


intelligence

English: intelligence

Yola: tellgence, talligence

From Old French intelligence, from Latin intellegentia.


trip

English: trip

Scots: trip

An action that leads to a trip, fall or a bump; that which causes a misstep.

(rare, Late Middle English) A voyage; an excursion.


gat

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of goot


dialog

English: dialog, dialogue

Borrowed from Old French dialogue, from Latin dialogus, from Ancient Greek διάλογος (diálogos).

A literary discussion or a work written as one.

(rare) An organised talk between two people.


ley

English: ley, lea

From Old English lēah, lēaġe (“a clearing in the woods”).


creme

English: cream (see there for further descendants)

From Old French cresme, creme, craime, a blend of Late Latin crisma (from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma)) and crāmum. Doublet of crisme.


item

English: item

Scots: eetem


woo

English: woe

Scots: wa, wae

From Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wai.


rebel

English: rebel

Scots: rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebelle, from Latin rebellis.

A sinner (as one who rebels against a deity)

A rebel (combatant against the extant government)

One who refuses to follow directives or regulations; a rulebreaker.

(rare) An uprising or revolt against one's authorities.

(rare) One's opponent; an enemy individual.


constable

English: constable

Scots: constable

Borrowed from Old French conestable; compare counte (“count”), stable (“stable”).

constable (high commander or officer of a medieval realm)


carpenter

English: carpenter

Scots: carpenter

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius.


flask

desctree

English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg

Scots: flask, flas

From Anglo-Norman flascon, from Frankish *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ. Reinforced by existing Old English flasce, from the same source.

A container for the storage of garments.


fore

Scots: fore

English: fore


besom

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of besme


flod

English: flood

Scots: fluid, flude

Inherited from Old English flōd, from Proto-Germanic *flōduz.

A waterbody or water in general (opposed to land):

A river; a waterbody that moves in one direction.

A lake or ocean; a large open body of water.

A flood; a massive or momentous flooding.

The rise or peak of the tide; rising tide.

The movement of the sea (e.g. tide or flow)

(figurative) Something that flows or issues in abundance.

(figurative) A rise, growing or increasing.


hood

English: hood

Scots: hude, huid

From Old English hōd, from Proto-Germanic *hōdaz.

A hood as a symbol of rank (of the church and of guilds).

A hood made of chain mail used as head armour.

(rare, Late Middle English) Any sort of protective cloaking or covering.


ponder

From Middle English ponderen, from Old French ponderer (“to weigh, balance, ponder”) from Latin ponderare (“to weigh, ponder”), from pondus (“weight”), from pendere (“to weigh”).

der

(glassblowing, obsolete) A fourteenth-century unit of glass.


sorcery

English: sorcery

Scots: sorcery

From Middle French sorcerie, from Old French sorcerie.


halibut

halibutt (canonical)
halibuttes (plural)
halibutt (accusative nominative singular)
hallibutes (accusative nominative plural)
hallibuttes (genitive singular)
hallibute (genitive plural)
hallibutte (dative singular)
hallibutten (dative plural)

desc

English: halibut, hallibut, holibut, halibutt, holibutt

Scots: halibutte, halybutt

From hali + butt, as the fish was often traditionally consumed on holy days.


obeisaunce

English: obeisance


ounce

English: ounce, unce

Scots: ounce

From Middle French once, from Old French once, unce, from Latin uncia. Doublet of ynche.

An ounce (unit with much variation, but generally equivalent to 1/12 or 1/16 of a pound)

(rare) A shekel (ancient measure of weight)

By ounces henge his lokkes that he hadde / And therwith he his shuldres overspradde

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, archived from the original on 2019-02-22, lines 677–678:

By very little hung the locks that he had; / He draped them over his shoulders

(rare) A minuscule or insignificant amount or quantity.

(rare) An eight-minute unit for measuring time.

(rare) A three-inch unit for measuring length.


mount

English: mount

Scots: munt

From Old English munt and Anglo-Norman mount, both from Latin mōns.

A mountain; a mount or peak, especially the Alps.


chisel

English: chisel

Yola: chisool

Any of several cutting tools used by stone masons.


clamour

Anglo-Norman clamour, from an earlier clamur, from Latin clamor

Ffor which oppression was swich clamour


ester

To a stede ȝe schulle hunne wende : þurf oure louerdes grace, / Þat is foweles parays : a wel ioyful place : / Þer ȝe schulle þis ester beo : & þis wit-sonedai also.

c. 1280, “Vita sancti Brendani, Abbatis de Hybernia”, in Carl Horstmann, editor, The Early South English Legendary or Lives of Saints, London: N. Trübner & Co., published 1887, page 224:

Þre siþe he ber croune aȝer · to midewinter at gloucestre · / To witesonetid at westmunstre · to ester at wincestre ·

c. 1300, Robert of Gloucester, edited by William Aldis Wright, The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, published 1887, page 556:

Mysbyleued men mysdede neuere þat chirche ; and þat is, as me troweþ, for euery ȝere an Ester eue comeþ fire from heuene, and tendeþ and liȝteþ þe lamps þerynne ; but whan þat miracle bygan first, hit is vncertayne and vnknowe.

a. 1402, “De regione lodœœ”, in John Trevisa, transl., edited by Joseph Rawson Lumby, Polychronicon, page 111:


foster

English: foster

Scots: foster

Inherited from Old English fōster, from Proto-West Germanic *fōstr, from Proto-Germanic *fōstrą; reinforced by Old English fōstre (“fosterer”). The vocalism is due to regular shortening before a three-consonant cluster (in the Old English oblique stem fōstr-).

(chiefly Early Middle English) Food or other care.


stench

English: stench

Scots: stench, stinch

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English stenċ, from Proto-West Germanic *stankwi, from Proto-Germanic *stankwiz.
* Old English stynċ, from Proto-West Germanic *stunkwi, from Proto-Germanic *stunkwiz.

A stench; an unpleasant or repulsive smell:

Something that causes or has such a smell.

(rare, Early Middle English) A smell or scent (good or bad).


tusk

English: tusk

Scots: tusk

From Old English tūx, from earlier tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusshe.


fist

English: fist

Scots: fist, fyst

Yola: hist, fest

From Old English fȳst, from Proto-West Germanic *fūsti.


blase

English: blaze

Scots: bleize, blase, blese, bleise, bleis, bleeze

Yola: blaze, bleaze, blease

From Old English blæse, blase, from Proto-West Germanic *blasā, from Proto-Germanic *blasǭ.

(rare) A lamp or beacon (fire used as lighting).


swarm

English: swarm

Scots: swairm

From Old English swearm, from Proto-Germanic *swarmaz.


sore

English: sore

Scots: sair

From Old English sār, from Proto-Germanic *sairą (noun), *sairaz (adjective).

The condition of bodily painfulness or hurting.

A condition of anguish or affliction of the thought; injury of the mind:

An issue or difficulty, especially one that causes great distress or evil.

Regret; remorsefulness; anguish over one's past actions.

(rare) The state of being scared or frightened.

A medical or pathological affliction or condition; a malady.

A physical affliction or condition; a sore or wound.


helm

English: helm

Scots: helm

→ Welsh: helm

From Old English helm, from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz.

Luken sweord longe, leiden o þe helmen.

They drew their long swords and put on their helms.

1475, An Apology for Lollard Doctrines, Attributed to Wycliffe, quoting Ephesians 6:17

The helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit.

Þe helm of hel and þe swerd of þe Spirit.

(figurative) Any kind of protection or safeguarding.

(figurative, rare) A soldier; a fighting-man.

(rare, biblical) The crown of thorns that Jesus wore.


poll

A head, particularly the scalp or pate upon which the hair (normally) grows


yarn

English: yarn

Scots: yairn

From Old English ġearn, from Proto-West Germanic *garn, from Proto-Germanic *garną. Doublet of garn.


bye

And Kynge Arthure gaff hir a ryche bye of golde; and so she departed.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:


issue

English: issue

Borrowed from Old French issue (“exit”), from issu, past participle of issir, eissir. Compare issen.
Forms with /ʃ/ mostly do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.

Exit, departure; the act of leaving or going out:

(especially pathology) An outwards flow or discharge.

(rare) A sortie (movement of soldiers towards the enemy)

(anatomy) A passage or channel out of the body.

An exit; a way out of a place.
A passage or channel out of the body.

(medicine) An issue; (incision for draining liquid in medieval medicine)

A result or outcome arising from something.

Offspring, family; one's children or descendants.

(finance) Income, revenue, especially from a tax.

The resolution of a dispute or conflict.

(rare) One's (non-biological) successors or inheritors.

(rare) An issue; a matter of dispute or controversy.

The entrails and other waste products of a slaughtered animal.

An display of frustration or annoyance; a vent.


mystery

Alternative form of mysterie (“mystery”)


dresser

English: dresser

(Late Middle English, rare) leader, guide


officer

English: officer

Scots: offisher

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman officer, officier, from Latin officiārius; equivalent to office + -er.

A hireling or subordinate; one employed to serve, especially at an estate.

An official or officeholder; the holder of a prominent office or position.

A municipal, local or societal official or officeholder.

A religious or ecclesiastical official or officeholder.

(religion) A deputy or subordinate of the forces of good or evil.

(rare) One who supervises or organises jousting.

(rare) A member or leader of a military force.


unhappy

So thys ſeaſon hit be felle in the moneth : of may a grete angur and vnhappy that ſtynted nat tylle þͤ floure of chyvalry of the worlde was deſtroyed and ſlayne

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 27–29:

So in this season, as in the month of May, it befell a great anger and unhap that stinted not till the flower of chivalry of all the world was destroyed and slain;


stable

English: stable

Scots: stable

→ Middle Irish: stábla

Irish: stábla

Scottish Gaelic: stàball

From Anglo-Norman stable, singular derived from the plural Latin stab(u)la (“dwellings, stables”).

The chambres and the stables weren wyde, / And wel we weren esed atte beste;

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 28–29:

The rooms and stables spacious were and wide, / And well we there were eased, and of the best.


corner

English: corner

Scots: corner

Yola: curneale, kurneal

→ Irish: coirnéal

→ Welsh: cornel

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman corner, cornere (and its dissimilatory variant cornel), from corne (“horn”); compare Medieval Latin cornārius.

A corner or angle; a terminal intersection of two objects.

The inside of a corner; the space inside a corner.

A refuge or redoubt; a location of safety.

A place or locale, especially a distant one.


hal

Alternative form of hale (“nook, cranny”)


caraway

English: caraway

Scots: carvy

From Medieval Latin carui, from Arabic كَرَاوِيَّا (karāwiyyā), via Aramaic from Ancient Greek καρώ (karṓ), κάρον (káron, “caraway”). Doublet of carvi.


mold

Alternative form of molde (“top of the head”)


este

English: est, este (obsolete)

From Old English ēst, from Proto-West Germanic *ansti, from Proto-Germanic *anstiz.


mister

English: mister (obsolete)

Scots: mister

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mester, from Medieval Latin misterium, a variant of ministerium influenced by mysterium. Doublet of mysterie (“duty”).

A station or position in an organisation:

An association of tradespeople; a guild.

And thenne the grene knyghte kneled doune
and dyd hym homage with his swerd
thenne said the damoisel me repenteth grene knyghte of your dommage
and of youre broders dethe the black knyghte
for of your helpe I had grete myster
For I drede me sore to passe this forest
Nay drede you not sayd the grene knyghte
for ye shal lodge with me this nyghte
and to morne I shalle helpe you thorou this forest

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “viij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book VII (in Middle English):

It was by Merlyns auyse said the knyghte
As for hym sayd kynge Carados
I wylle encountre with kynge bors
and ye wil rescowe me whan myster is
go on said they al
we wil do all that we may

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter XV, in Le Morte Darthur, book I (in Middle English):

A situation of great want or need; penury.


soot

English: soot

Scots: suit, sute

Yola: zoot

Inherited from Old English sōt, from Proto-West Germanic *sōt, from Proto-Germanic *sōtą.


prisoner

enm-noun

prisoner (plural prisoners or prisoneres)

English: prisoner

Borrowed from Old French prisonier; equivalent to prisoun + -er.


forge

English: forge

Scots: forge

From Old French forge, from earlier faverge, from Latin fabrica.


hunger

English: hunger

Scots: hounger, hunger

From Old English hungor, from Proto-West Germanic *hungr, from Proto-Germanic *hungruz.

Hungriness; the feeling of being hungry or requiring satiation.

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.

Hunger; a great lack or death of food or nutrition.

If hungur riſiþ in þe lond and peſtilence and ruſt and wynd diſtriynge cornes and a locuste and bꝛuke comeþ and if enemyes biſegen þe ȝatis of þe citee aftir þat þe cuntreis ben diſtried and al veniaunce and ſikenesse oppꝛeſſiþ[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:28”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

If hunger rises in the land, and pestilence, rust, wind, destroying grain, and locusts and their young come, and if enemies besiege a city's gates after the city's surrounds are ruined, and when any destruction and disease oppresses (people) […]

A shortage of food in a region or country; widespread hunger.

Hunger as a metaphorical individual; the force of hunger.


baban

→ Welsh: baban

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of babe (“baby”)


garth

English: garth

Scots: garthe (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse garðr, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos; cognate with Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ) and a doublet of yerd.


roster

English: roaster

(rare, Late Middle English) A roaster (a person who roasts).


ze

English: sea


velvet

English: velvet

Scots: velvet

Borrowed from Old Occitan veluet, from Late Latin villutittus.


mariner

English: mariner

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mariner; equivalent to marin + -er. Compare marinel and Medieval Latin marīnārius.

sailor (individual working on or navigating a ship)


wight

English: wight, whit

Scots: wicht, wycht

Therin wonneth a wyght that Wronge is Ihote / Father of falſhead, and founded it him ſelfe / Adam and Eue he egged to yll, / Councelled Cayne to kyll his brother

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus primus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio v, verso:

Therein dwells a creature that Wrong is named, / Father of falsehood, and founded it himself. / Adam and Eve he egged to ill, / Counselled Cain to kill his brother

1368-1372, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, line 579

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

"We ben shrewes, every wight,

1379-1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, The House of Fame, line 1830-1831

A small amount (of a quantity, length, distance or time); a whit.


folk

English: folk

Scots: fowk

From Old English folk, from Proto-West Germanic *folk, from Proto-Germanic *fulką.

At nyght was come / in to that hoſtelrye / Wel ·xxix· in a compaignye / Of sondry folk / by auenture yfalle / In felaweſhipe / and pilgrymes weere they alle

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 23-26:

There came at nightfall to that hostelry / Some nine and twenty in a company / Of sundry folk who had chanced to fall / In fellowship, and pilgrims were they all

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.

group, band, troop (of people):
subjects, followers, comitatus

group, band, troop (of people):
army, retinue (group of armed people)

group, band, troop (of people):
gathering, parliament


demure

English: demur


suture

English: suture

A suture; a seam made in surgical operations:

(rare, anatomy) A slight bodily indentation.


torment

English: torment

Borrowed from Old French torment, from Latin tormentum.


fagot

English: faggot, fagot

Scots: faggot

Yola: fagoghes (plural)

Borrowed from Old French fagot; further etymology is disputed.

A faggot or bavin (bundled sticks of wood)


bagpipe

English: bagpipe, bagpipes

Yola: big-peeps (misspelled)


forger

English: forger

From Old French forgiere; equivalent to forgen + -er.


rem

Inherited from Old English hrēam, from Proto-West Germanic *hraum, from Proto-Germanic *hraumaz.

(mainly Early ME) A shout or yell; a loud, aggressive, noise.

(Early Middle English) A moan; a call of sadness or sorrow.


wharf

English: wharf

Scots: wharf


mor

English: moor

Scots: muir

Yola: mor

From Old English mōr, from Proto-West Germanic *mōr.


oblivion

English: oblivion

From Anglo-Norman oblivion, from Latin oblīviō.

oblivion (state of forgetting completely)


fume

English: fume

Scots: fume

Borrowed from Old French fum, from Latin fūmus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós.

Visible gaseous emanations; fumes or smoke.

Any sort of vapour or gaseous emanation.

(physiology) Fumes as the supposed cause of feelings.


hondel

English: handle

handle (device designed to be gripped or held in the hand)


devoir

English: devoir

Borrowed from Middle French devoir, from Old French devoir, deveir, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to be duty bound to do something”).

derived

I William Caxton have done my devoir to enprint it

1479, William Caxton, De Consolatione Philosophiæ, translated into English by Geoffrey Chaucer:


aide

English: aid

Scots: aid


cope

English: cope

Scots: caip, cape, cap

From earlier cape, from Latin cāpa; possibly through an Old English *cāpe.

A cape or cloak; a loose-fitting outer layer.

A cope; a clerical cape, especially that worn by monastics.


ligament

English: ligament

A ligament or similar connecting tissue (e.g. a tendon)


oracle

English: oracle

Scots: oracle

Borrowed from Middle French oracle m, from Old French oracle m, from Latin ōrāculum n.

(Late Middle English) A shrine where hidden religious knowledge is imparted.

(Late Middle English, rare) A heavenly or godly message.


axel

English: axle (obsolete)

Scots: aixle, exle

From Old English eaxl, from Proto-West Germanic *ahslu, from Proto-Germanic *ahslō.


ferme

desctree

English: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme, farma
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)

Scots: ferm

→ Welsh: fferm

From Medieval Latin ferma, Old French ferme, and their etymon Old English feorm, from Proto-West Germanic *fermu, from Proto-Germanic *fermō.

(by extension) A tax mandated by the realm.

(chiefly Early Middle English) A feast or meal.


parage

English: parage

From Old French parage; equivalent to pere (“peer”) + -age.

One's bloodline or ancestry, especially in terms of relative social status.

A great or noble bloodline; an ancestry of high social status.

(rare) Common social status or position; societal equalness.

(rare) The right to hold land due to one's societal equivalence to other tenants.


convent

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


outward

From Old English ūtweard; equivalent to out + -ward.


elm

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">ellum</i>

English: elm (dialectal ellum)

Scots: elm

Inherited from Old English elm, from Proto-West Germanic *elm, from Proto-Germanic *elmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”). For the variant ulme, compare Old English ulmtrēow.


garget

[...] And by the gargat hente Chauntecleer,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4525-4526

And on his bak toward the wode him beer, [...]
… And grabbed Chauntecleer by the throat,
And carried him on his back toward the woods, …


fille

English: fill

Yola: vill

From Old English fyll, fyllu, from Proto-West Germanic *fullī, from Proto-Germanic *fullį̄. For forms with /u/, see fulle.

A sufficient amount; the state of satiation.

A desired amount; the state of satisfaction.


fille

From Old English fille, an aphetic form of ċerfille.

Anthriscus cerefolium
Anthriscus cerefolium#Translingual


wer

English: wer, were

From Old English wer, from Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós; compare Old Norse verr, Latin vir, Old Prussian wijrs, Sanskrit वीर (vīra).


stunt

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


sward

English: sward

Scots: swaird

From Old English sweard, from Proto-Germanic *swarduz; compare Old Norse svǫrðr.

(Late Middle English) Skin, especially that on meat.

Swarde or sworde of flesche (swad or swarde, s.) Coriana.

[c. 1440, Galfrido Grammatico [i.e., Geoffrey the Grammarian], “Swarde”, in edited by Albert Way, Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, dictionarius Anglo–Latinus princeps, […] [Storehouse for Children or Clerics, the First English–Latin Dictionary, […]] (Camden Society; LXXXIX), London: […] Societatis Camdenensis [Camden Society], published 1865, →OCLC, page 482, column 1:

Sward: The rind of bacon or pork; also, the outer covering or skin of something.


bolster

English: bolster

Scots: bowster, bouster, boster

From Old English bolster, from Proto-Germanic *bulstraz.

A soft stuffed bag to lie or lean on; a cushion or pillow.


fultum

From Old English fultum (“help, support, protection, reinforcements; army, forces”), see below.

Of me sal fultum ben ðe brogt.

The Middle English Genesis and Exodus, 1325

help, aid, succour, support, reinforcements

Nis hit naht ᵹedanfenlic þat þes man ane beo and nab nenne fultume, ac uton wircan him ᵹemace him to fultume and to froure. — Homilies, 1225


gore

English: gore

Scots: gair

Inherited from Old English gāra, from Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *gaizô.

A triangle-shaped piece or patch of fabric.

A piece of clothing (especially a loose-fitting one, such as a coat or dress)

(rare) A triangle-shaped piece of armor.


gore

English: gore

Scots: goor, gure

Inherited from Old English gor, from Proto-West Germanic *gor, from Proto-Germanic *gurą.

Muck, filth, dirt; that which causes dirtiness


steden

Inherited from Old English stēdan, equivalent to stede (“steed”) + -en (plural suffix).


cubicle

English: cubicle

Learned borrowing from Latin cubiculum (“bedroom”).


pancake

English: pancake (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pancake

From panne (“pan”) + cake. Perhaps adapted from Middle Low German pankôke, pannekôke; see pancake.


stile

English: stile

Scots: style

Inherited from Old English stiġel, from Proto-West Germanic *stigilu.

stile (set of stairs over a bank or wall)


stile

English: style, stile (obsolete) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: style

Borrowed from Medieval Latin stylus and Old French estile, style, from Latin stilus.

style (the personal way something is written)

style (the way one acts or presents oneself)

style (the mode of reference towards someone with a title)


nocturne

English: nocturn

From Medieval Latin nocturna, noun use of the feminine form of Latin nocturnus (“nocturnal, of the night”), derived from nox (“night”).


corde

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

A long, thick length of fibre (often intertwined):

One of the strings of a string instrument.

A sinew or the muscular material one is made out of.

A division of inherited property or goods.

(rare) A nerve; a cable of bundled neurons.

(rare) A method to torment captives using a cord.


shire

English: shire
→ Icelandic: skíri

Scots: shire

From Old English sċīr (“shire”), from Proto-West Germanic *skīru. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,
And specially from every shire's end


ro

English: roe

Scots: ra, rae

From Old English rā, rāha, from Proto-West Germanic *raihō, *raih, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, *raihą (“deer”).


ro

English: roo

Scots: ro, ruve

From Old English rō, rōw, from Proto-West Germanic *rōu (“calm, rest”).


robe

desctree

English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb

Scots: robe

From Old French robe, from Frankish *rouba, *rauba, from Proto-West Germanic *raub, from Proto-Germanic *raubō, *raubaz, *raubą. Doublet of reif.

robe (long loose garment):
A robe as a symbol of rank or office.

A robe as a spoil or booty of war; a robe given as a gift.

(as a plural) The garments an individual is wearing.


verbe

English: verb

Borrowed from Old French verbe, from Latin verbum, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om. Doublet of word.


tens

English: tense

From Old French tens, tans, from Latin tempus.


walker

Alternative form of walkere (“traveller”)


doute

English: doubt

→ Welsh: dowt


shaft

His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft, / That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft.


vespers

English: vespers

From Old French vespres, from Ecclesiastical Latin vesperae (“vespers”); see English vespers.

der

(Christianity) The sixth of the seven canonical hours.

(Christianity) The liturgical service celebrated at this time.


lek

English: leek
→ Maori: riki

Scots: leke, leik

Inherited from Old English lēac, lēc, from Proto-West Germanic *lauk, from Proto-Germanic *laukaz.

Allium sativum
Allium sativum#Translingual

A plant in the genus Allium (often used as vegetables):

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual

(in expressions) Something of little value.


amour

English: amour, amor

Middle Scots: amour

Borrowed from Middle French amour, from Old French amor, from Latin amor.
Sense 3 could be due to the influence of Middle French ameur (“lover”), from Old French ameor, from Latin amātor, but may instead be a semantic development from the first two senses; compare love (“love, lover”).


tablet

English: tablet

Scots: taiblet

From Old French tablete; equivalent to table + -et.

A tablet, especially an easily carried one for writing on.

(biblical) The Ten Commandments in physical form handed down from heaven.

A level surface for painting or working upon.

A piece of jewellery with a level portion.

(rare) A marble slab utilised as tiling.


peche

English: peach

Scots: peach

/ˈpɛːt͡ʃ(ə)/

Borrowed from Middle French pesche, from Old French pesche, from Late Latin persica, for Classical mālum persicum (literally “Persian apple”).

Prunus persica
Prunus persica#Translingual

A peach (fruit of the tree Prunus persica)


mugwort

English: mugwort

Scots: muggart

⇒ Scots: muggins

From Old English mucgwyrt; possibly equivalent to mydge + wort.

Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris#Translingual


morwenyng

English: morning

Scots: morning, mornin


fane

Yola: fane

(rare) A particular kind of white-coloured iris.


fane

English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

Inherited from Old English fana, from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô; doublet of fanon.

A flag or gonfalon; a piece of fabric or other visible structure used for identification on the field.

A flag borne on sea-going vessels, especially a long triangular one.

A weathervane or weathercock (used to indicate changeableness)


fane

English: fane

Borrowed from Latin fānum, from Proto-Italic *faznom.

(rare) A temple, especially that used to worship Roman gods.


sith

English: sith

one's conduct, behavior, way of life, custom

one's lot in life, fortune, experience, lifetime

a particular span of time, period, age, era

repeated instances, occurrences of an event, occasions

multiplication sign
multiplication sign#English

(mathematics, in the plural) units of multiplication, multiples, groupings equivalent to a multiplication sign between multiplier and multiplicand


brig

desctree

Scots: brig, brigg, breeg
→ English: brig, brigg

Borrowed from Old Norse bryggja. Doublet of brigge.


paramour

English: paramour

Borrowed from Old French par amour (“for love's sake”); equivalent to par- + amour.

bor+

A paramour; an illicit sexual or romantic partner.

A term of address for someone that one loves.

Sexual, romantic or (less often) spiritual passion.

(rare, figurative) Used of Jesus or Mary