myslyuyng

therfor sir Launcelot goo to thy royame & there take the a wyf & lyue with hir with Ioye & blysse / & I praye the hertelye praye for me to our lord that I may amended my myslyuyng / Now swete madam sayd syr Launcelot wold ye that I shold torne ageyn vnto my cuntreye & there to wedde a lady Nay Madam wyt you wel that shal I neuer do

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter IX, in Le Morte Darthur, book XXI (in Middle English):


departycyon

Kynge Arthur / that said to sir Launcelot had not ye ben / we had not lost syre Tristram for he was here dayly vnto the tyme ye mette with hym / and in an euylle tyme sayd Arthur ye encountred with hym / My lord Arthur said Launcelot ye putte vpon me that I shold ben cause of his departycyon / god knoweth hit was ageynste my wille

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxxvj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IX (in Middle English):


oldenes

So that I may reste bitwene thyn armes
 for thow arte a clene vyrgyn aboue all knyghtes as the floure of the lyly
 in whome vyrgynyte is sygnefyed
 and thou arte the rose the whiche is the floure of al good vertu
 & in coloure of fyre
 For the fyre of the holy ghoost is take so in the
 that my flesshe which was al dede of oldenes
 is become yonge ageyne

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xviij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVII (in Middle English):


creaunsour

English: creancer (historical)

Borrowed from Old French creanceor; equivalent to creaunce + -our.


myscreaunce

English: miscreance

Borrowed from Old French mescreance; equivalent to mys- + creaunce. Compare myscreaunt.

Belief in a false religion, especially paganism.

(rare) Religious disbelief or deviation.


cradel

English: cradle

Scots: cradle, craddle, creddle

From Old English cradol, from Proto-West Germanic *kradul, from Proto-Germanic *kradulaz. Compare cart.


myscreaunt

English: miscreant

Borrowed from Old French mescreant; possibly equivalent to mys- + creaunt. Compare myscreaunce.

A believer in a false religion: a pagan or heretic.


dongeoun

English: dungeon, donjon

Scots: dungeon

Borrowed from Old French donjon (“main residence of a castle, fortified tower”). The sense "underground cell below the keep of a castle", first attested in Anglo-Norman (13th c.) and not in other varieties of Old French, may have been influenced by the etymologically unrelated Old English dung (“underground prison cell”). An early manuscript (c1300) of the Middle English poem A disputacion bytwene þe bodi and þe soule uses the word "donge" in the same line, cited below, where the later Vernon manuscript (c. 1380-1400) uses the word "dungoun" ("Þe erþe hemsulf it lek aȝeyn, Anon þe donge it was fordit").

m+

The eorthe closede hit self aȝeyn, And the dungoun was for-dit.

c. 1325 – 1390, A disputacion bytwene þe bodi and þe soule, (Vernon manuscript)

(figurative) An abyssal prison, such as Hell or the world.


cressaunt

English: crescent

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cressaunt and continental Old French creissant, both from Latin crēscēns, crēscēntem; equivalent to cresen + -ant.


lumpe

lump


encresynge

English: increasing

Growth, enhancement; increase in number or magnitude.

An addition or augment; another part or portion.


quyrre

English: quarry

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quiree (continental Old French cuiriee), from Late Latin *corāta, from cor (“heart”), with influence from Old French cuir (“skin”).

The entrails given to hunting dogs as a reward; the quarry.

The animals killed in a hunt or the place where they are found.

(rare) The target given to a hawk by a falconer.


quyrre

Borrowed from Old French cuirie, from cuir (“skin”).

blake of lyre Queyers a-namelynges

with oute haberion or quyrre


discres

English: decrease

From Old French descreis, decreis, from descreistre. Compare discresen.


daungere

That euerych of yon ſhall go where him lyſt / Freely, wythout randſome or daungere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, column 1, lines 989-991:

That every one of you shall go where go where he desires / Freely, without randsome or difficulty


goslyng

English: gosling, gesling

Yola: gozleen

From Old Norse gæsling, géslingr; equivalent to goos + -ling. Some forms are altered due to the influence of goos.


thwitel

A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


wardecorps

Though thou praydest Argus with his hundrid yen To be my wardecorps

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

a guardian; one set to watch over another


roundell

And songen all the roundell lustely

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(music) roundel: a roundelay or rondelay


ceynt

[…]Girt with a ceynt of sylk[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 6, recto:


spousaille

Boweth ẏoure nekke / vnder that bliſful yok /[…]Which that men clepe / spouſaille / or wedlok /

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 175, recto, lines 8 and 10:


lokyng

Al drery was his chere, and his lokyng

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

the manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance


crystendome

And also sire Palomydes auowed neuer to take ful crystendome vnto the tyme that he had done seuen batails within the lystys

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “lxiij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X (in Middle English):


aduysyon

And whanne this old man had sayd thus he came to one of tho knyghtes and sayd I haue lost alle that I haue sette in the / For thou hast rulyd the ageynste me as a warryour and vsed wrong werres with vayne glory[…]/ therfor thow shalt be confounded withoute thow yelde me my tresour / Alle this aduysyon sawe sir Launcelot at the Crosse

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “Tercium”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XV (in Middle English):


rethore

And if a rethore coude faire endite

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


octogamie

Eek wel I woot, he seyde myn housbonde / Sholde lete fader and mooder, and take to me. / But of no nombre mencion made he, / Of bigamie, or of octogamie; / Why should men thanne speke of it vileynie?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 30-34:


semy cope

Of double worstede was hys semy cope / So rounded was as a bell out of presse

a short cope, or an inferior kind of cope.


walk-mylne

English: waulkmill, walkmill, waukmill

Scots: waulk-mill

From walken + mylne; compare parallel formations in other West Germanic languages such as Middle Dutch walcmōlen.


manquellere

English: manqueller

From man (“man, person”) + quellere (“killer”).

af

One entrusted with the duty of execution; a hangman.

A killer or murderer; one who illegally kills.

(Christianity, figurative) One who leads others towards eternal damnation.


walkere

English: walker


walkere

English: waulker, walker

Scots: waulker

From Old English wealcere, from Proto-West Germanic *walkārī; equivalent to walken + -er.


beodemon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bedeman


amerale

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amerale etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).

Alternative form of amiral, emir or admiral.


amerail

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amerail etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


ameral

From Anglo-Norman and Old French ameral etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


admiralle

English: admiralle

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral, admiralle, etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


admirail

English: admirail

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral, admirail, etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


admirall

English: admirall

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral, admirall, etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


ortographie

English: orthography

Borrowed from Middle French orthographie, Anglo-Norman ortographie, and their etymon Latin orthographia, from Ancient Greek ὀρθογραφία (orthographía).

bor+

(rare, Late Middle English) spelling, orthography


comparisoun

English: comparison

Scots: comparison

Borrowed from Old French comparison, comparaison, from Latin comparātiō, comparātiōnem; equivalent to comparen + -isoun.

The act of giving a thing similar or identical value to another; similitude in value.

(more generally) Similitude, relation; the state of being similar.

Comparison; the state of comparing or measuring.

(rhetoric) A figure of speech relying on comparison.

(grammar) Grammatical comparison (of adjectives and adverbs)

(rare) A distinction; the state of having a distinct feature.


assheler

English: ashlar, ashler

Scots: aislar, aisler, aishler, estler

From Old French esselier, from Medieval Latin ascelāris, assellāris (for *axillāris, which is in fact attested, but only from Renaissance Latin onwards).


leggeharnes

Lego prefato Willelmo Bowes[…]gloves de plaite et pannce [read: paunce] de plaite, cum le leggeharnes eisdem pertinente.

1437, Will York in Sur.Soc.30, section 70:


legge harneyse

Sir Thomas Keriel is take prisoner, and alle the legge harneyse, and abowte iij ml. Englishe men slayn.


leggharnes

Item lego predicto Will’o duas integras armaturas de optimis, viz. duas basynetlas, umbras, et rere brace, gloves de plaite, et paunce de alwite, cum le leggharnes eisdem pertin. et loricam de optimis, et optimum batleaxe, et unum gladium de Burdeux argento ornatum.

1439, Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, volume II, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, published 1835, pages 150 (written in a mix of Middle French, Latin and Middle English):


legharneis

English: legharness

Stelyn legharneis [WB(2): bootis of bras; L ocreas aereas] he [Goliath] hadde in the hipis.


legge herneys

There is in pypes[…]moo than CC legge herneys.

1442, Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2, section 247:


legharnoys

Legharnoys.

1386, Inquis.Miscel.(PRO), section 4.200:


eschete

English: escheat

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːt(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French escheoit m, escheoite f, past participle of escheoir (“to fall”). Compare escheten and achete.

The taking of property from a feudal subject due to extinction of their line or crimes committed; escheat.

Any property taken in this way (sometimes given to another subject)

(rare, law) A writ for the escheat of a given property.


eschetour

English: escheator, escheater

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛːˈtuːr/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschetour; corresponding to escheten + -our.

escheator (royal officer that records escheated property)


escheterie

→ English: escheatery (calque)

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛːtəˈriː(ə)/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːtəriː(ə)/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman escheterie; corresponding to escheten + -erie.

(rare) The medieval English governmental office that recorded escheated property; the escheatery.


sculke

a Sculke of foxes

c. 1450, Juliana Berners, “The companyes of bestys & foules”, in Book of Saint Albans, Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, published 1496:


two hand sword

c. 1490s, Henry Medwall, Nature, London, c. 1530s, Part 1,
Sometyme he serueth me at borde
sometyme he bereth my two hand sword

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


chetour

desc

English: cheater (obsolete in this sense)

/t͡ʃɛːˈtuːr/


achete

English: cheat

/ˈt͡ʃɛːt(ə)/

A modification of eschete paralleling the formation of acheten from escheten.

Escheat; the acquisition of property left without an inheritor.


costret

Borrowed from Old French costeret, ultimately from a suffixed form of Latin costa.


chyvachie

English: chevauchee (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Old French chevauchie, chevauchée, from Medieval Latin caballicāta.

A band of mounted warriors; a cavalcade.


cæȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of keye (“key”)


keyen

From Old English cǣġan, plural of cǣġe, variant of cǣġ; equivalent to keye + -en (plural suffix).


chivaler

English: chevalier (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chevaler and Middle French chevalier, from Late Latin caballārius.

(Late Middle English) knight (noble equestrian soldier)


chivalerie

English: chivalry (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French chevalerie; equivalent to chivaler + -ie.

A retinue of knights or mounted soldiers.

The state of being a knight; knighthood.

Prowess at making war; bravery or military training.

War, fighting, conflict:
An exemplary martial deed or feat.


moddrie

Inherited from Old English mōdriġe, from Proto-West Germanic *mōdrijā.

(Early Middle English, rare) aunt (sister of one's parents)


eyme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of em


æm

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em


scuage

English: escuage (restored from the etymon)

Borrowed from Old French escuage; equivalent to Old French escu + -age.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


moonelight

His bridle as the sunne shone,
Or as the moonelight.

His bridle shone as the sun,
Or as the moonlight.


pencioun

English: pension

Scots: pension

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French pencion, pension, from Latin pēnsiō, pēnsiōnem.

A regularly (usually annually) paid stipend; an annuity.

A payment or stipend given from church finances.

A tax, charge, or expense; money due to another.


servauntesse

and he seide to hir, Who art thou? Sche answeride, Y am Ruth, thin handmayde; stretche forth thi cloth on thi seruauntesse, for thou art nyy of kyn.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume I, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ruth III:9, page 684, column 2:

and he said to her, Who are you? She answered, I am Ruth, your handmaid; stretch forth your cloth on your servantess, for you are nigh of kin.


selberles

he sente hem forth selberles, in a somer garnement

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “(please specify the passus number)”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:


hatunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hatynge


ffret

Alternative form of fret (“eating away”)


devourere

English: devourer

From devour + -er; compare Old French devoreor.

One who destroys or devastates; a destroyer.


sqwyne

Alle that euyr was his and myne,
Hors and naute, shepe and sqwyne,
A-way thay drafe and bare ;

Alle wrothe wex that sqwyne,
Blu, and brayd vppe his bryne,
As kylne other kechine ;
Thus rudely he rekes.

circa 14th-15th c., The Avowynge of King Arther, Sir Gawan, Sir Kaye, and Sir Bawdewyn of Bretan:


brunswyn

From broun (“brown, dark”) + swyn (“pig”).

(Late Middle English, hapax) porpoise (cetacean of family Phocoenidae)


porpeys

English: porpoise

Scots: porpoise

Borrowed from Old French porpeis, from Vulgar Latin *porcopiscis; compare pork.


swynherde

English: swineherd

Inherited from Old English swīnhierde; equivalent to swyn (“pig”) + herde (“herder”).


delphyn

English: dolphin

Scots: dowphin

→ Welsh: dolffin

Borrowed from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of Dauphin.
Forms with -o- are probably influenced by the pronunciation of Middle French dauphin (approximately /dɔˈfĩː/).

(Late Middle English, rare) dolphin (cetacean of family Delphinidae)


mereswyn

English: mereswine

Scots: mereswine

Inherited from Old English mereswīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mariswīn, from Proto-Germanic *mariswīną; equivalent to mere (“lake, sea”) + swyn (“pig”).


couherde

English: cowherd

Inherited from Old English cūhyrde; equivalent to cou (“cow”) + herde (“herder”).

Hit bi fel in þat foreſt · þere faſt by ſide / þer woned a wel old cherl · þat was a couherde

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 3-4; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

It so happened that right there in that forest / there was a very old peasant; a cowherd.


mensca

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of menske


menske

English: mense (dialectal)

Scots: mense

Borrowed from Old Norse mennska (“humanity”), a substantivisation of mennskr (“human”), ultimately reflecting the weak inflection of Proto-Germanic *manniskaz; compare the development of modern English mensch.

bor+

[…]ah aſe feole ſiðen aſ þu ouerkimeſt him · aſe feole crunen · þet iſ to ſeggen · aſe feole menſken of miſliche murhðen ·

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 64, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 30:

[…] but as many crowns as there are times you overcame him, that is to say, many honors in the form of various joys.

foꝛ ſoþe ſire quaþ aliſaundrine ⁊ · to ſaue ȝour mensk / i wol ȝou telle tiȝtly · what turn ſche as wꝛouȝt[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 34, recto, lines 2028-2029; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 70:

"Truthfully, sir" said Alexandrine, "to save your honour, I'll tell you all about the thing she's done […]

amid te menſke of þi neb þet iſ þe fehereſte deal · bitƿeonen muðeſ ſmech ⁊ neaſeſ ſmeal[…]

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 75, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 30:

Amidst the beauty of your face, which is the nicest part [of the body], between the mouth's taste and the nose's smell […]


barnteam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of barntem


hugenesse

English: hugeness


seym

English: seam, saim (dialectal, obsolete)

Scots: seam, saim, sawm

→ Welsh: saim

Borrowed from Old French saim (“fat”), from Vulgar Latin *sagīmen. See Modern English seam.

Ȝe ne ſchulen naƿt eoten fleſch ne ſeim · bute foꝛ muche ſecneſſe oðer hƿa ſe iſ ouer feble ·

c. 1225, “Eahtuðe dale: þe uttre riwle”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 112, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 30:

You shouldn't eat meat or fat, except in the case of extreme frailty or a strong illness.


lardener

English: lardiner (historical)

Scots: laidner (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lardiner, apparently an alteration of larder (“larder”) after gardiner (“gardener”).

Þ[ar]for þe men off þat countꝛe / ffor ſwa fele þar mellit wer / Callit it þe Dowglas laꝛdner

c. 1375, “Book V”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 17, verso, lines 408-410; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

So people from that region, / because so many [corpses] were jumbled there, / called it "the Douglas larder".


malard

English: mallard

Borrowed from Old French mallart, probably from masle (“male”) + -art, in which case equivalent to male (“male”) + -ard. Alternatively, the Old French term may be from Old High German Madelhart.

Anas platyrhynchos
Anas platyrhynchos#Translingual

A mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), especially the male.


mawmene

→ English: mawmenny

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman maumenee, an alteration of Arabic مأمونية (maʔmūniyya) after malmener, maumener (“to mistreat”).


launde

English: laund

And in a launde, vpon an hyl of floures
was sette this noble goddesse Nature

1343?–1400 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Assemble of Foules”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cclxxv, recto:

A grassy plain or pasture, especially surrounded by woodland; a glade.


houswyf

English: housewife, hussy

→ Latin: hūswīva

From hous (“house, home”) + wyf (“wife, woman”).

af

A housewife (chief woman of the household)


femynyte

English: feminity, femininity

Borrowed from Middle French feminite; sometimes remodelled as if femynyne + -ite.

Womanliness, femininity; the qualities that typify a woman.


mayle

English: mail

Scots: mail

Borrowed from Old French maille, from Latin macula. Doublet of macula.

(falconry, rare) The chest plumage of an adult hawk.


wyndmylne

English: windmill

Equivalent to wynd + mylne; compare parallel formations in other West Germanic languages such as Middle Dutch wintmōlen.


moleyne

English: mullein

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman moleine, of unclear origin.


malvesye

English: malvesey, malvoisie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman malvesie, malvesey, from Old Italian Malvasia, from Ancient Greek Μονεμβασία (Monembasía). Doublet of malmesye.


mylneston

English: millstone

Scots: millstane

Inherited from Old English mylnestān, mylenstān; equivalent to mylne + ston.


margyn

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">margent</i>

English: margin (obsolete margent)

Scots: margin (obsolete margent)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman margin, from Latin margō, marginem.

(specifically) The edge of a page; the margin.


malmesye

English: malmsey

Borrowed from Middle Dutch malemeseye, from Old Italian Malvasia, from Ancient Greek Μονεμβασία (Monembasía). Doublet of malvesye.


burdowne

Alternative form of burdoun (“accompaniment”)


bordun

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


burdoun

→ English: bourdon

Middle Scots: burdoun

Borrowed from Old French bordon, from Medieval Latin burdō, burdōnem (“pilgrim's staff”).


burdoun

English: burden, bourdon

→ Irish: burdún

Borrowed from Old French bordon, from Medieval Latin burdō, burdōnem (“drone”).

(music) An undersong or accompaniment (typically low in pitch).


mareys

English: marish

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareis, mereis or Middle French mares, marest, both from Late Latin mariscus, from Proto-West Germanic *marisk; forms ending in /iʃ/ may represent the influence of the suffix -yssh, though it reflects a regular tendency in the borrowing of Anglo-Norman and Middle French. Doublet of merssh.


merssh

English: marsh, merse

Scots: mersk, merse

From Old English merisċ, mersċ, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *marisk; equivalent to mere (“sea”) + -yssh. Doublet of mareys.

A region of marshland or damp meadowland.


marow

English: marrow

Scots: merch, mery, mairch

Yola: marrough

From Old English mearg, from Proto-West Germanic *maʀg, from Proto-Germanic *mazgą, from Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰós.

The marrow (internal substance of bones)

The spinal cord (nerve tissue running down the spine)

The inside of fruits, grains, nuts, or seeds.

The soft interior portion of something:
The interior of a loaf of bread.

(figurative) The most important or best part.

The soft interior portion of something:
The most important or best part.


myteyne

English: mitten

Scots: mitten

Borrowed from Old French mitaine, of unclear further etymology.


kuvele

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of coule


pilche

English: pilch (obsolete)

Scots: pilch, pilsh

Inherited from Old English pylċe, pyleċe, from Late Latin pellicia, from Latin pellis.


quilte

English: quilt

Scots: twilt, twult

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quilte and continental Old French coilte, from Latin culcita. For the variant cowlte, compare Middle French coulte, coute.


sclavyne

Borrowed from Old French esclavine, from Medieval Latin sclavīna; equivalent to either Sclave (“Slav”) or sclave (“slave”) + -ine.


surplys

English: surplice

Borrowed from Old French surpeliz, from Medieval Latin superpelliceum.

A surplice (clerical vestment, also referring to an ephod)


awbe

English: alb

From Old French and Old English albe, both from Latin alba, feminine of albus (“white”), in tunica alba (“white tunic”), vestis alba (“white garment”), etc.


þeȝn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of theyn


ðral

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thral


þreldom

(Early Middle English or Kent) Alternative form of thraldom


ðraldom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thraldom


thral

English: thrall

Scots: thirl

Inherited from Old English þrǣl, from Old Norse þræll, from Proto-Germanic *þragilaz. The short vowel is presumably from compounds such as thraldom.

A slave or serf; one in bondage or slavery.

A follower or servant of a deity or vice.

Thraldom, servitude; the state of being servile.


goderhele

Probably from an unrecorded Old English *gōdre hǣlu, calquing Old Norse góðu heilli (“fortunately”), thus equivalent to good + -er + hele (“health”). The last element is often replaced with its synonym heil in Northern Middle English.


garnyssh

English: garnish

Scots: gairnish

(collectively) Precious metal vessels for the table.


warnestore

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman warnesture, warniture, from warnir; compare warnysshen. Often remodelled as if warnen + store.

A stock of supplies and provisions for a fortress.

(specifically) Food, nutriments, nourishment.


thyrldome

(Early Scots) Alternative form of thraldom


dauncynge

English: dancing

Yola: danceen


sour dogh

English: sourdough

From sour (“sour”) + dogh (“dough”), paralleling similar formations in other Germanic languages such as Middle High German sūrteic and Old Swedish sūrdegher.


smech

(Early Middle English, Southern) Alternative form of smak


smacche

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of smak


savyne

English: savin

Borrowed from Old French savine, from Late Latin sabīna.

Juniperus sabina
Juniperus sabina#Translingual

Savin (Juniperus sabina) or a similar plant.


salvatour

English: salvator

Learned borrowing from Latin salvātor; equivalent to saven + -atour. Doublet of saveour.

(Christianity) Jesus or a depiction of him.

(rare) A saviour (one who rescues from harm).


saveour

English: savior, saviour; Savior, Saviour

Scots: saviour; Saviour

Borrowed from Old French sauveor, salveor, from Latin salvātor; equivalent to saven + -our. Doublet of salvatour.

A saviour or deliverer; one who rescues from harm.

(theology) A salvific religious figure, especially Jesus.

(by extension) A communion wafer; Eucharistic bread.


sapour

English: sapor, sapour

Borrowed from Latin sapor, sapōrem. Doublet of savour.


salvatiun

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of savacioun


savete

English: safety

Scots: safety, sauftie, safity

Borrowed from Old French sauvete, salvete, from Medieval Latin salvitās, salvitātem; equivalent to saven + -te.

Safety, security; being unharmed or unharmable.

Salvation; deliverance from eternal doom.


scarth

Borrowed from Old Norse skarð, from Proto-Germanic *skardą. Doublet of scherd.


savenape

From saven (“to save, protect”) + nape (“tablecloth”).


naperoun

English: apron

Scots: apern, aupron, awpron

Borrowed from Old French napperon (“tablecloth”); related to nape (“tablecloth”). The initial n was frequently reinterpreted as part of the preceding article in this word.

bor+

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

An apron or smock (garment worn over torso)


scealfe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of salve


savynge

English: saving

Saving, preservation; the act of making safe or functional.

(Religious) salvation; deliverance from eternal torment.


salow

English: sallow, sally, selly

Scots: sauch

Inherited from Old English sealh, from Proto-West Germanic *salh, from Proto-Germanic *salhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂lk-, *sh₂lik-.


wylow

English: willow

Scots: willy, willie

Inherited from Old English welig, from Proto-West Germanic *wilig, from Proto-Germanic *wiligaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welik-, *weliḱ-.


sealve

(Early Middle English or Kent) Alternative form of salve


olr

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of aldre


cipre

A back-formation from cipres, interpreted as a plural.

Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens#Translingual

(rare) A cypress (the tree Cupressus sempervirens)


cipre

Borrowed from Latin cyprus, from Ancient Greek κῠ́προς (kúpros); compare Cipre (“Cyprus”).

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual

(rare) henna (the shrub Lawsonia inermis)


sonnebeame

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sonnebeem


beume

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beme


dragoune

Therfor Daniel took pitch, and talow, and heeris, and sethide togidere; and he made gobetis, and yaf in to the mouth of the dragun; and the dragun was al to-brokun.

1380-1399 — Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson's Tale
For God seith thus by Moyses: they shul been wasted with hunger, and the briddes of helle shul devouren hem with bitter deeth, and the galle of the dragon shal been hire drynke, and the venym of the dragon hire morsels.


sonnebeem

English: sunbeam

Scots: sunbeam

Inherited from Old English sunnebēam, sunnbēam; equivalent to and often remodelled on sonne + beem.


saȝel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sowel (“staff, stake”)


sowayle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sowel (“food”)


bemere

Inherited from Old English bȳmere, bēmere, equivalent to bemen (“to trumpet”) + -er.


pallioun

Borrowed from Old French pallion, from Latin pallium. Compare pal.

(Christianity) A pallium or a similar vestment.


sawlæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of soule


saul-hele

(Northern) Alternative form of soule-hele


sawle hæle

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of soule-hele


soulen

(chiefly Southern or West Midlands) plural of soule


soule-hele

One's spiritual wellbeing; the health of one's soul.

That which provides spiritual wellbeing or healing.


soundre

English: sounder

Borrowed from Old Northern French sondre, from a Germanic language (compare Old English sunor).

(Late Middle English) sounder (herd of boars)


bemen

From Old English bīeman (“trumpets”); equivalent to beme + -en (plural suffix).


saudeour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of soudeour


soudeour

English: soldier (dialectal sodger, soger)

Scots: sodger

From a combination of two distinct Old French nouns:
* Old French soldeier, soudoier, from Medieval Latin soldātārius, extension of soldārius, soldārius; equivalent to soude (“wages”) + -er.
* Old French soldeior, from Medieval Latin solidātor, solidātōrem; equivalent to soude (“wages”) + -our.

A soldier; a member of an organised army.

(figurative) A fighter for God, Satan, etc.


flourynge

English: flowering


slykeston

English: sleekstone; slickstone

sleekstone, slickstone (stone for polishing)


gunneston

English: gunstone (obsolete)

Scots: gunstane (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) A cannonball; a missile used by a cannon.

(rare, Late Middle English) A missile used by a trebuchet or similar device.


corner ston

desc

English: cornerstone, corner-stone, corner stone

Scots: cornerstane

Compound of corner + ston; a calque of Latin lapis angularis.

foꝛ which þing þe ſcripture ſeiþ / lo I ſchal ſette in ſyon þe hiȝeſt coꝛner ſtoo[n] [translating lapidem angularem] choſen ⁊ [pꝛe]ciouſe / ⁊ he þat ſchal bileue in hi[m] ſchal not be confou[n]dide

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Petre ·i· 2:6, page 111v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because Scripture says the following: "I'll lay the topmost cornerstone, chosen and precious, in Zion; anyone who believes in him will not be troubled."

(figurative) A foundation on which something is built; an innovator.


ssip

(Southern or Kent) Alternative form of schip


sipman

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schipman


scyp

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of schip


schip bord

English: shipboard


schipman

English: shipman

Middle Scots: schipman

Inherited from Old English sċipmann, from Proto-West Germanic *skipamann, from Proto-Germanic *skipamann-; equivalent to schip (“ship”) + man (“man”).

sailor (individual working on or navigating a ship)


marinel

English: marinell (obsolete)

Middle Scots: marinell, marinall

→⇒ Middle Irish: mairnélach

Irish: mairnéalach

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman marinel; equivalent to marin + -el (diminutive suffix). Compare Medieval Latin marīnellus.


hastelet

English: haslet, acelet, harslet, hasslet

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman hastilet (compare continental Old French hastelet, modern Norman hâtelet), diminutive of haste (“spear, spit, roast meat”).

(hunting, in the plural) One of thirty-two choice parts of a boar for roasting.


anvelt

English: anvil

Inherited from Old English anfealt, anfilte, from Proto-West Germanic *anafalt, *anafaltī; some forms are apparently modified on the analogy of other words, such as feeld (“field”) or felde, past of fellen (“to fell”).


sæ-man

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seeman


sæm

(Ormulum) Alternative form of seem (“load”)


webbestere

English: webster

Scots: wabster

From Old English webbestre; equivalent to web + -estere.


seeman

English: seaman

Inherited from Old English sǣmann; equivalent to see (“sea”) + man (“man, person”).


brewynge

English: brewing

brewing (the manufacture of alcoholic beverages)


semestere

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">semster</i>

English: seamster, sempster (obsolete semster)

⇒ English: seamstress

Inherited from Old English sēamestre; equivalent to seem (“seam”) + -estere.

A seamster or seamstress; a person (often female) employed in sewing.


semlynesse

English: seemliness


semlyhede

English: seemlihead, seemlihed; seemlihood, seemlyhood


tappestere

English: tapster

⇒ English: tapstress

Inherited from Old English tæppestre; equivalent to tappe (“plug”) + -estere.

Ther to he stroong was / as a Champioun / He knew the tauernes wel in euery town / And euery hoſtiler / and Tappeſtere[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 5, recto, lines 239-241:

He also was as strong as a champion; / he knew the bars well in every town, / and every innkeeper and tavernkeeper […]

A tavernkeeper or tapster; a person (originally a woman) who sells ale.


maltestere

English: maltster


smiðnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smethenesse


smethenesse

From Old English smēþnes; equivalent to and remodelled on smethe + -nesse.


smothenesse

English: smoothness

(rare) Smoothness; the state of being smooth.


unstedefastnesse

English: unsteadfastness

From unstedefast + -nesse or un- + stedefastnesse.

The state of lacking strength or belief; unsteadfastness, inconstancy, indecisiveness.

(rare) Romantic or marital disloyalty or inconstancy.

(rare) Mutability, variation, inconsistency.


smethe

Inherited from Old English smēþe, from Proto-West Germanic *smanþī; compare smothe.


fostær

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of foster


pekille

Alternative form of pikel (“brine, spicy sauce for meat or fish”)


wodeward

English: woodward (archaic)

Inherited from Old English wuduweard; equivalent to wode (“wood”) + ward.


stucchen

(Early Middle English, rare) A piece or portion.


stiche

English: stitch

Scots: steek, stick

Inherited from Old English stiċe, from Proto-West Germanic *stiki, from Proto-Germanic *stikiz; compare stikke.

A stitch (pass of a needle or loop made by one).


pikel

English: pickle

From Middle Dutch pekel, Middle Low German pekel (“brine”). Of uncertain ultimate origin: Watkins suggests a connection with Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn (“to strike, peck”) (or perhaps the closely related Latin *picco (“I sting”)); Klein suggests derivation from a personal name of someone who perfected pickling.


woorstead

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of worstede


worstede

English: worsted

Scots: worset

From Worstede, a town in Norfolk; equivalent to Old English worϸ (“enclosure”) + stede (“place”).


stedevestnesse

(Kent) Alternative form of stedefastnesse


bareynnesse

English: barrenness

infertility, sterility (inability to give birth)


bareynte

Borrowed from Old French barainete (also brehaignete); equivalent to bareyne + -te.


stedefastnesse

English: steadfastness

Middle Scots: steidfastnes

Inherited from Old English stedefæstnes; equivalent to stedefast + -nesse.

Steadfastness, conviction; the state of lacking doubt.

Immutableness, inalterability; the state of being unalterable.

Perdurance; continual existence or endurance.

Bravery, might, durability; capacity to resist.

(rare) Security or that which provides it; a foundation.


oonnesse

English: oneness

Inherited from Old English ānnes, equivalent to oon + -nesse.


drowte

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of droghte


drugte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of droghte


druyenesse

(Southern) Alternative form of dryenesse


drynesch

(hypercorrect, Northern) Alternative form of dryenesse


dryenesse

English: dryness

Dryness; lack of moisture or an instance of it:

(rare) Thirstiness; a bodily need of water.

Inherent "dryness" (according to the medieval worldview).

(religion) A lack of motivation or inspiration.


thikkenesse

English: thickness

Inherited from Old English þicnes; equivalent to and often remodelled after thikke + -nesse.


rakente

desc

English: rackan, racon, rackin, racken, reckan, recon, reckin, reckon

From Old English racente and Old Norse rekendi, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rakintǭ. Compare rakke (“parrel”).


rachentege

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of raketeye


raketeye

Inherited from Old English racentēag; equivalent to rakente + teye. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

In mani of þe caſtleſ ƿæron lof ⁊ gri[n]. ð ƿæron rachentegeſ ð tƿa oþer thre men hadden onoh to bæron onne.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many of the castles had "collars and shackles", which were chains that two or three people could barely endure.

(especially Early Middle English) chain, fetter


dremynge

English: dreaming

Inherited from Old English drēaming; equivalent to dremen + -ing.

Dreaming; the condition of having a dream.


tyȝe

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


enhaunsynge

English: enhancing


teye

English: tie, tye

→ Swazi: thayi

Scots: tie, tee

Inherited from Old English tēag (“cord”), from Proto-West Germanic *taugu, from Proto-Germanic *taugō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

inh+

(nautical) A tye (rope for hoisting or lowering the yard).


teye

English: tye

Inherited from Old English tēag (“chest, enclosure”), of unclear origin; but possibly ultimately a semantic development of Etymology 1. A connection to Old Norse teigr (“plot of land”) is semantically attractive, though phonologically difficult.

(not directly attested) An enclosure (enclosed area)


wicche craftes

Wyffe to humfrey duke of glosester howe y⸌e⸍ sayd humfrey ungodly maryed, she beynge y⸌e⸍ lawfull wyffe of John duke of brabaunt, ⁊ besyde her he all so y⸌e⸍ company of othar amongste y⸌e⸍ whiche was one Elianor Chobham, who by sorsere ⁊ wicche craftes caused hym to leave y⸌e⸍ said Jaquyl of holand ⁊ to marie hem y⸌e⸍ sayd Elianore, who afftar was a traytoresse to kynge henry y⸌e⸍ vj

2005 (published), John Lydgate’s Fall of Princes: Narrative Tragedy in Its Literary and Political Contexts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 231:

plural of [[#Middle_English|]]wicche craft(e) (alternative form of wicchecraft)


traytouresse

English: traitoress, traitress

From Middle French traitresse, Anglo-Norman traiteresse, treiteresce; equivalent to traytour + -esse.

She was my wyf, & I hir lorde, and she helde this knyʒt in a-vowtrye vndir me, & falslye she caste my dethe..þe traytoure and þe traytouresse.

That false traytouresse vntrewe [Dame Abstinence] Was lyke that salowe horse..That signifyeth to folke beshrewed That ben al ful of trecherye And pale through hypocrisye.


crokynge

English: crooking

Fingallian: corkeen

Yola: crookeen, crooken


spryng

English: spring

Scots: spring

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English spring, from Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz (“watersource”).
* Old English spryng, from Proto-West Germanic *sprungi, from Proto-Germanic *sprungiz (“leap”), both nouns ultimately related to *springaną.

The emergence or flowing of water:
A spring or font; a natural fountain.

A tide (change in sea level caused by the moon).

New growth of plants or trees; a twig, shrub, or a mass of shrubs.

A source or origin; that which something originates from.

(rare) The growth or appearance of hair.

(rare) The season between winter and summer; spring.


traytoresse

And maynted hys son aryght / Bothe by day and by nyght, / And hys clerkys thre and fyve, / Tha[t] holpyn to save hys sone on lyve / With sevene talys that thay tolde, / The sevene clerkys that were so bolde, / Agayns the wyle traytoresse, / Hys stepmoder the emperesse.

end of the 14th century, The Seven Sages, in English Verse, London: […] for the Percy Society, by T. Richards, published 1845, lines 3426–3433:


threschynge

English: threshing, thrashing

Threshing (the process of separating wheat from chaff)

(rare) Whacking, slapping, pushing; the application of violent force.

(rare) Something which has been thrashed.


ryng

English: ring

Scots: ring

Yola: ring

From Old English hring, from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz.


vawenunge

(Southern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of fawnynge


soutere

English: souter

Scots: souter, sutter

Inherited from Old English sūtere, from Latin sūtor; compare Old Danish sutæræ, Old Swedish sūtare.

The devel made a reve for to preche,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reeve's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 3903-3904

The devil made a reeve to preach,
Or of a cobbler made a shipman or a physician.


bindunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of byndynge


blawing

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blowynge (“blowing”)


byndere

English: binder

(rare) A bookbinder (one who binds books).

(rare) A shipbuilder (a builder of ships).


kissynge

English: kissing


besm

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of besme


besmen

Inherited from Old English besman; equivalent to besme + -en (plural suffix).


besme

English: besom

Scots: besom, bisom

Inherited from Old English besma, from Proto-West Germanic *besmō.

(Early Middle English) A bundle of sticks; a faggot.


ploware

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of plover


beggere

English: beggar

Scots: beggar

Either borrowed from Old French begart (from Middle Dutch beggaert) or formed anew from beggen + -er.


nedlere

English: needler


playce

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">plaise</i>

English: plaice (obsolete plaise)

>? Scots: plash

Borrowed from Old French plaiz, plaise, from Late Latin platessa.

Pleuronectes platessa
Pleuronectes platessa#Translingual

The European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) or a similar flatfish.


reavinge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revynge


hurtour

English: hurter

Borrowed from Middle French hurtoir, from hurter; equivalent to hurten + -our.

A protective plate fitted to an axle or cart.


dauntynge

English: daunting

Scots: dauntin

Domestication or control (of animals or emotions)


læve

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“remainder”)


leove

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“love”)


welefulnesse

(Late Middle English, rare) Flourishing, joy, propitiousness, luck.


loverede

desc

Middle Scots: luferent, lufrent, luferand, lufferand, luifrent

Inherited from Old English lufrǣden; equivalent to love (“love”) + -rede.


lufer

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


lovere

English: lover

Scots: luver, lover

From loven (“to love”) + -er, replacing Old English lufiend.

A friend; one who is favorable towards someone or something:

A devout follower or worshipper of a deity.

A lover; a sexual or (less often) romantic companion.


lovere

(poetic, chiefly Northern) A praiser or eulogist; one who praises something.


bunne

English: bun

Scots: bun (possibly borrowed from English)

Borrowed from Old French bugne, from Vulgar Latin *būnia, from a Germanic language.


neahhebur

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of neyghebour


peþ

(Early Middle English, Southern) Alternative form of path


neyghebour

English: neighbour, neighbor

Scots: neibour, nebour, neebour, nichbour, nechbour, neichbour

Yola: nypore, nipore

Inherited from Old English nēahġebūr, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhwagabūrō, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwagabūrô. Corresponds to neygh + bour.
Notes on phonological development
In late Old English, nēahġebūr is regularly shortened to nĕhġebur (/ˈnex.je.bur/); this creates a pronunciation difference between nēah and nēahġebūr); this regularly develops into /ˈnɛi̯x(ə)bur/. forms with /iː/ are due to the influence of (some forms of) neygh, while forms with final-syllable /uː/ are due to the influence of bour (and possibly -our).
The last two forms discussed here are both attributable to a loss of /x/; forms with /nɛː/ is from an OE contracted form *nēahbur, *nēabur, where /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation ("breaking") of the preceding vowel and shortening was prevented due to the loss of a syllable, while forms with /p/ are apparently due to the mutual assimilation of /xb/.

A neighbour; an adjacent or nearby individual (or thing)

(by extension) A comrade; a fellow individual.


heyfre

English: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)

Scots: heifer

Yola: hiver

Inherited from Old English hēahfore, hēahfru, of disputed etymology; see that entry for discussion.
Notes on phonological development
Forms with /ɛː/ continue Late Old English hēafru, which develops from a syncopated hēahfru with simplification of the resulting consonant cluster /xfr/. In these forms, the first-syllable vowel /æ͜ɑː/ retained its length, regularly developing to /ɛː/ because the medial cluster /fr/ was identified as the onset of the second syllable (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑː.fre/). Forms with /ɛ/ and /a/ come in part from forms where the cluster was split between the two syllables, resulting in regular shortening of the initial-syllable vowel (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑf.re/), but as we will see, they also continue Old English trisyllabic hēahfore.
In trisyllabic forms of this word (hē̆ahfore, hē̆hfore), the first-syllabic vowel was regularly shortened due to trisyllabic shortening; the remaining forms with /ɛ/, /a/ develop when /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation ("breaking") of the preceding vowel, while those with /æi̯/ are the result of this breaking. In forms with /kf/, /x/ was subject to fortition instead of being lost (pace Liberman; compare sixt (“(thou) seest”), sikth (“(he) sees”)); forms with /fk/ are further developments of these forms due to metathesis.


lufing

(Northern) Alternative form of lovynge (“love”)


lovache

Levisticum officinale
Levisticum officinale#Translingual

Alternative form of loveache (lovage, Levisticum officinale)


loveache

English: lovage

→ Irish: luáiste

→ Korean: 러비지 (reobiji)

→ Middle Welsh: lwfaych

Welsh: lofatsh, lofaets, llwfach

A remodelling of Anglo-Norman luvasche (from Latin levisticum) as if love (“love”) + ache (“ache”) or -age (“-age”).

Lovage (Levisticum officinale) or a similar plant.


lovynge

English: loving

Scots: luvin

Inherited from Old English lufung; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ing.

(Christianity) Devotion to or adoration of God.

A feeling of love or care:
Devotion to or adoration of God.

A feeling of love or care:
Sexual or romantic love.


lovynge

Middle Scots: loving

Inherited from Old English lofung; equivalent to loven (“to praise”) + -ing.

Praise, commendation; the act or practice of glorifying:

Words for reverencing a deity; a hymn or prayer.


welðhe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of welthe


wrengðe

>? English: wrength

>? Scots: wrength

From wrong (“wrong, crooked”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix), probably by analogy with strengthe and lengthe.

af

ðanne goð he to a ſton. / ⁊ he billeð ðer on. / billeð til his bec bifoꝛn. / haueð ðe ƿꝛengðe foꝛloren.

c. 1275, “Natura aquile”, in Bestiary 85 (British Library MS. Arundel 292), Norwich, archived from the original on 2022-09-22, folio 4, verso, lines 66–69; republished at London: British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts, c. 2010:

Then he goes up to a stone / and he scrapes [his beak] on it; / he scratches it until / his beak has lost its crookedness.

(rare, hapax) The state or quality of being crooked; crookedness; distortion.


rymthe

desc

remodelled after <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">room</i>

English: roomth (remodelled after room)

>? Middle Scots: rind

Apparently inherited from Old English rȳmþ (despite the gap in attestation), from Proto-West Germanic *rūmiþu; equivalent to roum + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

(Late Middle English, rare) room (space or opportunity to do something)


gleyve

English: glaive

Scots: glaive

Borrowed from Old French glaive, from Late Latin glā̆vus, of unclear origin.

A lance or spear; a polearm with a blade attached to the head.

Such a polearm set at the finish line of a race and sometimes given as an award.

A glaive or bill; a polearm with a blade attached to the side.


frelete

English: frailty


glovere

English: glover


gloveres

English: gloveress

Matilda le Gloveres

1327, G. Wrottesley, editor, The Exchequer Subsidy Roll of A.D. 1327 (in Middle English), William Salt Archaeological Society, published 1886, page 219:


gloven

Inherited from Old English glōfan, equivalent to glove + -en (plural suffix).


porcioun

English: portion

Yola: portion

From Old French porcion, from Latin portio.


weallstaðel

From Old English wealhstod, with the second element influenced by staþol.

Early English Homilies: From the Twelfth Century Ms. Vesp. D. XIV
He is se fyremeste weallstaðel betwux Ebreiscen, Grecan, Ledenwaren

He is the foremost translator between Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans.

(Early Middle English) translator, interpreter


spekynge

English: speaking

Yola: spakeen


dissimulacioun

English: dissimulation

Borrowed from Old French dissimulacion, from Latin dissimulātiō; equivalent to dissimulen + -acioun.


laverd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lord


nygardie

head

nygardie (countable and uncountable, plural not attested)

From nygard (“miser”) + -ie, from nig (“niggardly person”). See niggard.

But yet me greueth moſte his nygardye

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxxv, verso, column 1, line 172:

(colloquial) A niggard, a stingy person, a miser.


beralle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


schyve

English: shive

Scots: shive

Inherited from Old English *sċīfe, from Proto-West Germanic *skībā, from Proto-Germanic *skībǭ.


riator

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riotour


symulacre

English: simulacre (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French simulacre, from Old French simulacre, simulachre, from Latin simulacrum; compare simulen.


symulacioun

English: simulation

Borrowed from Middle French simulation, from Old French simulacion, simulation, from Latin simulātiō; equivalent to symulen + -acioun.


ryat

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riot


yifte

English: gift, yift

Scots: gyft, gift

Yola: giftes (plural)

From Old English ġift, and Old Norse gipt, both from Proto-Germanic *giftiz.


halvendel

Because that man is the most noble creature in earth, and also for he hath lordship above all beasts, therefore make they the halvendel of idol of a man upwards; and the tother half of an ox downwards, and of serpents, and of other beasts and diverse things, that they worship, that they meet first at morrow.

1357, John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, modernized spelling edition:


Irisshman

English: Irishman

Yola: Irishmen (plural)


ilond

English: island

Scots: iland, yland, island

desc

Yola: eeeloan, eeloan, eelone, iloan, ilone

From Old English īeġland, from Proto-West Germanic *auwjuland, from Proto-Germanic *awjōlandą.


hauht

From Old Norse hætta, from Proto-Germanic *hanhitǭ, *hanhtijǭ, *hanhatjǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to waver, be suspended”).


colar bane

English: collarbone

The scherand suerd glaid to the colar bane.

c. 1475, Blind Harry, edited by James Moir, The Acts and Deidis of the Illustere and Vailȝeand Campioun Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie, Edinburgh, London: Printed for the Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1889, page 15, line 414:


prechynge

English: preaching

Yola: praachin


beyle

English: bail

Yola: bailes (plural)

ring, bracelet; handle; support (of roof)


somþyng

English: something

Yola: zumthin'


jawe bone

English: jawbone

And whan aymonet saw hym so wounded he gaff constans soo grete a stroke vpon the ere, that he bare it awaye wyth all the iawe bone /[…]

c. 1489, William Caxton, transl., The Right Plesaunt and Goodly Historie of the Foure Sonnes of Aymon (The English Charlemagne Romances; part XI), London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., published 1885, page 562:


parfourmaunce

For the parfourmaunce of the rest or other dele of the same, I here with al humblenesse salute her with the. iiii. Ioye of the forenamed. vii. Ioyes, yͤ whiche begynneth.

1494, Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles of England and France, in Two Parts, London: […] F. C. and J. Rivington; T. Payne; Wilkie and Robinson; Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Co.; Cadell and Davies; J. Mawman; and J. Johnson and Co., published 1811, page 54:


reversall

English: reversal

[…]the Acte of Reſtitution or Reverſall, made in the ſaid Parliament,[…]

1488, Rotuli Parliamentorum; ut et Petitiones, et Placita in Parliamento. Ab Anno Duodecimo R. Edwardi IV. ad Finem ejusdem Regni., volume the sixth, published 1777, page 413:


Stoycis

English: stoic

From Latin stōicus, from Ancient Greek Στωϊκός (Stōïkós).

While Poul abood hem at Atenys[…]summe Epeicureis and Stoisens [WB(1): Stoycis] and filosofris disputiden with hym.


vermyn

English: vermin, varmint

Scots: vermin, vermil

Borrowed from Old French vermin, vermine, from Vulgar Latin *verminum.

(collective) Dangerous or foul animals; beasts or pests.

(collective) Pestilent or odious insects or other invertebrates.

(hunting, often collective) Worthless or unwanted quarry.


revelynge

English: reveling

revelry, celebration (in general or a specific example)


revelynge

English: revealing


giltines

English: guiltiness

& til ȝou I say þat ruttinge com of þe flesch lechery, þat oysit is al commonly; of rottinge pollucione Is generit, in oure flesche þar done; & of pollucionê of flesche grovis, as ve vat, giltiness; & of giltines þe schame Is generit, & of It þe blame.

c. 1375, “Thomas”, in Legends of the Saints in the Scottish Dialect of the Fourteenth Century; Edited from the Unique Manuscript in the University Library, Cambridge with Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index by W[illiam] M[usham] Metcalfe, D.D., volumes I (Introduction and Text), Edinburgh, London: Printed for the [Scottish Text] Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1896, pages 133–134, lines 166–174:


harsknes

English: harshness

& quhen faire spek cuth nocht awalȝe, with harsknes he can hir assalȝe, & manesit hire to bet & bynd & put hir al turment he mycht fynd & pyne hire, til scho granttit do his sonnis ȝarnyng.

c. 1375, “Agnes”, in Legends of the Saints in the Scottish Dialect of the Fourteenth Century; Edited from the Unique Manuscript in the University Library, Cambridge with Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index by W[illiam] M[usham] Metcalfe, D.D., volumes I (Introduction and Text), Edinburgh, London: Printed for the [Scottish Text] Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1896, pages 121–126, line 349:


petite jury

If it be founden by the graunde Iurie in the same Atteynt that the petite Iury haven geven a true Verdite, that then the graunde Iurie shall have auctoritie and power to enquire if any of the petit Iury toke or perceyved any Somme of Money, or other rewarde [etc.].

1495, Act, Henry VII, c. 21; quoted in “Jury 2. b. Grand jury”, in James A. H. Murray [et al.], editors, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volumes V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, 1884–1928, →OCLC, page 637, column 1:


graunde jurie

English: grand jury


godnæsse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of goodnesse


goddnes

(Northern) Alternative form of goodnesse


schite

English: shit, shite

Scots: shit

Inherited from Old English sċitte, *sċite, from Proto-West Germanic *skittjā, *skiti, from Proto-Germanic *skitiz.
Forms with /iː/ are influenced by schiten; for a similar phenomenon, compare chyne (“crack”).


ofvet

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ovet


wacst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wast (“waist”)


waest

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


schyd

English: shide (obsolete)

Middle Scots: schide, schyde

From Old English sċīd, from Proto-West Germanic *skīd, from Proto-Germanic *skīdą.


moneye worth

English: moneyworth

(rare) That which is equivalent or superior to money in value; money's worth.


alegiaunce

English: allegiance

Scots: allegiance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman alegaunce (“loyalty of a liege-servant to one's lord”), a modification of legaunce influenced by other words starting with the prefix a-. Equivalent to a- + legiaunce.

bor+

Allegiance, loyalty (including duty and responsibility to one's feudal superior).

The power exercised or available to a feudal liege or superior.


nombrynge

English: numbering

Scots: nummerin

(rare) A listing, catalogue, or enumeration.

(rare) Counting; the measurement of a quantity.

(rare) An orthography; a set of conventions for writing a language.


signifiaunce

English: signifiance (obsolete)

Middle Scots: signifiance

Borrowed from Old French signifiance, a learned alteration of senefiance, a semi-learned borrowing of Latin significantia; equivalent to signifien + -aunce. Doublet of significaunce.

The meaning or significance of an omen or event.

(rare) The definition or meaning of a word.

(rare) A sign or emblem; a distinguishing symbol.

(rare) An indication; a distinguishing behaviour.


significaunce

English: significance

Scots: signeeficance

Borrowed from Middle French significance, from Old French significance, a borrowing from Latin significantia. Doublet of signifiaunce (the more usual Middle English term).


caisoure

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of kayser


housynge

English: housing

Scots: housin, housing

From either hous (“house”) or housen (“to shelter, house”) + -ing.


nek-bane

(Northern) Alternative form of nekke bon


nekke bon

English: neckbone

Scots: neckbane

(by extension) The neck (connection between head and trunk)


ryngbon

English: ringbone

Middle Scots: ringbane

From ryng (“ring”) + bon (“bone”). Old English hringbān is probably unrelated, as it means "eye socket" and there is a long gap in attestation.

ringbone (equine osteoarthritis in the foot)


liggere

English: ledger, ligger

From liggen, leggen (variant of leyen "to lie") + -er.

af

variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">leyen</i> "to lie"

A large breviary (as a book that "lies" in situ)

A support, base, or foundation:
A particular sort of saddletree.

A support, base, or foundation:
A particular sort of mattress.

A resident or lurker; one who frequents something.

A sort of cape (perhaps as it "lies" on the back).


sponeful

English: spoonful

Scots: spuinfu, speenfu, spinfu


aore

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)


gosherde

desc

English: gosherd, gooseherd (dialectal gozzard, obsolete gissard)

Inherited from Old English gōshierde; equivalent to gos (“goose”) + herde (“herder”).


merlioun

English: merlin, marlin, marlion, marlyon, merline, merlion, merlon

Scots: maalin (Shetland)

→ Dutch: merlijn

From earlier *emerlioun, emerlyoun, borrowed from Old French esmerillon, diminutive of esmeril, from Frankish *smiril, from Proto-Germanic *smirilaz.
The borrowing of monosyllabic Old French /ʎun/ as disyllabic /liˈuːn/ and the tendency for it to reduce to /lin/ rather than /ljun/ is probably to avoid the creation of a cluster /rlj/, though influence from lioun (“lion”) is also possible.

Falco columbarius
Falco columbarius#Translingual


bread-lepe

Quað ðis bred-wrigte, 'liðeð nu me, me drempte ic bar bread-lepes ðre, and ðor-in bread and oðer meten, Quilke ben wune ðe kinges to eten;


guweðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


ȝoweþe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


yhouth

(Northern, Late Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


guheþehad

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of youthhede


doughtynesse

English: doughtiness

Bravery, fearlessness, doughtiness, valiance.

Potence, might, ability (physical or of belief)


youthhede

English: youthhood, youthhead

Scots: youthheid, youtheid, youthit

From the oblique cases of Old English ġeoguþhād, *ġeoguþhǣd; equivalent to youthe + -hede.

Youthhood (part of life following childhood)


youthe

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yought</i>

English: youth (obsolete yought)

desc

Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth

Scots: youth

From the oblique forms of Old English ġeoguþ ([ˈju.ɣuθ]), from Proto-West Germanic *jugunþi, from Proto-Germanic *jugunþiz; loosely equivalent to yong + -the (abstract nominal suffix). Compare yongthe.
Notes on phonological development (compare droghte and douthe, which this word's development closely parallels)
Forms with /ð/ continue the consonantism of the Old English oblique forms (from Old English [ɣð]), while forms in /θ/ mostly represent final devoicing of /ð/. Unlike in droghte, these two form types predominate in Middle English; the forms with /xt/ and /xθ/ (from early syncope in the Old English nominative singular ġeoguþ, then levelling of the resulting consonantism to the oblique forms) are much rarer.
Shortening of the long vowel was regular in all variants of this word in Late Old English, either due to the trisyllabicity of inflected forms or because of the following consonant cluster; in forms with /ð/, /θ/, the long vowel reflects a regular change from /uɣ/ to /uː/, while in those with /xt/, /xθ/, it is due to lengthening before /x/. Some Middle English varieties apparently underwent a change of /juː/ to /jiu̯/; Modern English (and Scots) /juːθ/ can reflect either the changed or unchanged form. In Early Modern English, forms with a short vowel (/jʊθ/) are recorded; these may originate from shortening in youthhede. However, there is no evidence that such forms existed in Middle English.

Youth (part of life following childhood):

(rare) The youth or childhood of an animal.

(rare) The early stage of an institution or phenomenon.


markette

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


hæse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heste (“directive”)


behese

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of biheste


biheste

English: behest

Middle Scots: behest, beheist

From Old English behǣs (“vow”), from Proto-West Germanic *bihaisi; equivalent to bi- + heste (“directive”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms, while forms with final /t/ are influenced by the suffix -the.

A pact or agreement; that which is agreed upon.

(uncommon) A directive; a command or request.


cynedom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kinedom


hwate

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whate


ȝwate

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whate


whate

From Old English hwatu (“omen”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwatu (“warning”), from Proto-Germanic *hwatō (“incitement”); compare Icelandic hvöt (“urge, encouragement”).


sawsiche

English: sausage

→ Scots: sausage

⇒ Scots: sasser, sassinger

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sausiche (Central Old French saucice), from Late Latin [farta] salsīcia, ultimately derived from Latin sāl (“salt”).


podynge

English: pudding (see there for further descendants)

Scots: puddin, pudding

Yola: puddeen

Probably borrowed from Old French bodin, boudin, of disputed origin; the ending has apparently been remodelled after -ing.

(by extension) Any animal part stuffed as food.


sawcistre

Scots: sauster, saster

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sauscistre (“sausage”), of unclear origin; compare Medieval Latin salsīstrum, salsīstra.


fryture

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">flitter</i>

English: fritter (dialectal flitter)

Borrowed from Middle French friture, from Old French friture, from Late Latin *frīctūra, from Latin frīgō (“to fry”); compare fryen. Forms with /u/ in the first syllable are influenced by fruyt.

(chiefly Late Middle English) fritter (deep fried batter dish)


boffet

Alternative form of buffet (“blow, strike”)


foirtennist

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fourtenyght


fourtenyght

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fortnith</i>

English: fortnight (dialectal fortnith)

Scots: fortnicht, fornicht

Inherited from Old English fēowertīene niht (“fourteen nights”); equivalent to fourtene (“fourteen”) + nyght (“nights”).


wastful

English: wasteful


wastite

From wast (“desolate”) + -ite, calquing Latin vāstitās.


wæsten

Alternative form of westen (“wasteland”)


wastyne

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman wastine, from Medieval Latin wastīna, from Proto-West Germanic *wōstini; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -ine. Doublet of westen (“wasteland”).


stomakere

English: stomacher

From stomak + -er, possibly after Anglo-Norman *estomachier.


garisoun

English: garrison

Scots: gairison

Borrowed from Old French garison, from garir, guarir (“to protect”); Doublet of warisoun. Senses 1 and 2 are probably due to the influence of gersom, while senses 3 and 4 are probably due to the influence of garnisoun.

Security, safety; defense or protection from harm.

A fortress or castle; a military redoubt.


warisoun

Middle Scots: warisoun, warisone

→ English: warison, warrison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman warison, from warir (“to protect”); equivalent to warysshen + -isoun. Doublet of garisoun.

A monetary transaction; the act of paying for a service:

(rare) Compensation or recompense for wrong.

whanne sire Tristram was in the see / he said / Grete wel kyng Marke and all myn enemyes / and saye hem I wille come ageyne whan I maye / And wel am I rewarded for the fyghtynge with sire Marhaus[…]and wel I am rewarded for[…]many other dedes haue I done for hym / and now haue I my waryson

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IX (in Middle English):

A reward, recompense; what one deserves.

Wealth, possessions; a treasure (literal or figurative).

Benefit, advantage; the gain accrued from some act.

(rare) Ownership; the state of owning or possessing.

(rare) Security, safety; protection from harm.


garnisoun

English: garnison (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French garnison, from Old French garnison, from garnir, guarnir (“to protect, provision”); equivalent to garnysshen + -isoun and a doublet of warnisoun. Compare garnement.

A garrison (troops stationed at a military post)


conjurisoun

Borrowed from Old French conjureison, conjurison, from Latin coniūrātiō; equivalent to conjuren + -isoun. Doublet of conjuracioun.

(uncommon) Conjuration; the magical arts.


warnisoun

Borrowed from Old Northern French warnison, from warnir (“to protect, provision”); equivalent to warnysshen + -isoun. Doublet of garnisoun.

bor+

And quhen þai off his warniſoun / Saw þe Sege ſet [þair] ſa ſtythly / Þai myſtrow[it] him off tratouꝛy […]

c. 1375, “Book X”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 34, recto, lines 325-327; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

When those in his troops / saw the siege launched strongly there, / they mistrusted him as a traitor […]


chaudoun

desc

English: chawdron, chaldron, chaudron, chauldron (historical)

Borrowed from Middle French chaudun, from Old French chaudun, from Medieval Latin caldūmen, from caldus (“warm”) + -men (nominal suffix). Compare Middle Low German kaldūne.
In Middle English, the suffix has been remodelled after -oun. Some forms have undergone further remodelling; either /r/ has been inserted after caudroun or the suffix has been reinterpreted as wyn (“wine”).

(Late Middle English) A sauce made of sliced intestines (accompanying fowl and seafood)


caudroun

English: cauldron (obsolete caldron, caudron); chaldron

Scots: caudron, cauthron

Borrowed from Old Northern French cauderon (Parisien chauderon), ultimately from Late Latin caldāria (“cooking-pot”).


caudel

English: caudle; coddle

Middle Scots: caudil

Borrowed from Old Northern French caudel (Parisien chaudel), from Medieval Latin caldellum, diminutive of Latin caldus (“warm”).


kuneriche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kineriche


kunerike

(Northern) Alternative form of kineriche


kugriche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kingriche


kingerik

(Northern) Alternative form of kingriche


kingriche

English: kingric, kingrick, kingrik

Scots: kingrick, kingrik

From king + -riche, possibly as a calque of Old Norse konungríki or a modification of kineriche.

(rare) The duration of a ruler's rule; a reign.

(figurative, rare) A divinely-ruled realm.


heofen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevene


hevene

enm-noun

hevene (plural hevenes or (early) hevenen, genitive hevenes or hevene)

hevenes (plural)
hevenen (plural)
hevenes (genitive)
hevene (genitive)

English: Heaven

Scots: heiven

Yola: heaaven, heoven

Inherited from Old English heofon, from Proto-West Germanic *hebun.
Forms without a final vowel are from the Old English a-stem variant, while forms with one continue weak (n-stem) heofone or are generalised from the Old English ō-stem accusative or the genitive or dative of both variants.

The heavens; the cosmos surrounding the Earth, especially:

(in medieval cosmology) A layer of the cosmos; one of the celestial spheres.

c. 1382, Wycliffe's Bible, Job 35:11

The bestis of the erthe...the foulis of heuene

The entirety of the sky; the atmosphere.

It an heuene was hire voys to here.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, II l 826:

(figuratively) A serene or heavenly locale or experience.

(figuratively, rare) A serene or heavenly person.


weorelldriche

(Ormulum) Alternative form of worlderiche


worlderiche

Inherited from Old English weoruldrīċe; equivalent to world + -riche. The medial vowel (perhaps reflecting Old English *weorulderīċe) is either epenthetic or (more likely) reflects Old English oblique weorolde.


sellour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sellere


crappe

English: crap

Yola: crap

Borrowed from Middle French crape, from Old French crappe, crapin (“chaff”) (compare Medieval Latin crappa pl), from Old Dutch krappen.

James A. H. Murray
w:James Murray (lexicographer)

Oxford English Dictionary
w:Oxford English Dictionary

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


seonuwe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of synwe


synneu

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synwe


hokschyne

desc

English: huxen, huckson, huxon, huckshin, hucksheen (influenced by shin) (dialectal, obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hōhsinu, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hasinu, from Proto-Germanic *hanhasinwō; equivalent to hough (“heel”) + synwe (“sinew”).
In all attested forms, the second element has been remodelled after schyne (“shin”), though forms without this remodelling survived in Modern English dialects and the verb hoxen.


synwe

English: sinew

Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon

From the oblique forms of Old English sinu, seonu, from Proto-West Germanic *sinu, from Proto-Germanic *senawō, from Proto-Indo-European *snḗh₁wr̥; thus a doublet of nerve.
Some forms are influenced by Old Norse sin.

(specifically) An animal sinew cooked as meat.


richenesse

English: richness

From riche (“rich”) + -nesse (abstract nominal suffix).

af

(rare) Wealthiness; the state of being wealthy.


richedom

desc

>? English: richdom (probably calqued from continental West Germanic)

Inherited from Old English rīċedom, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīdōm, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijadōmaz; equivalent to riche (“rich”) + -dom.


lowke

(rare) A lock, bolt; a locker, locked chest.


lowke

Unknown. Possibly related to louk (“woodlouse”)

(hapax) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:

c. 1410, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Cook's Tale" in The Canterbury Tales, copied in the Hangwrt MS. Republished in 1870, Frederick James Furnivall (ed.), Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in Parallel Columns, Part II, London: The Chaucer Society. l. 4415-4416.
And for ther nys no theef / with-oute a lowke
That helpeth hym / to wasten and to sowke
Of that he brybe kan / or borwe may


richeisse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of richesse


frayel

English: frail

Scots: frail

Borrowed from Old French frael, fraiel, of unknown origin; possibly a dissimilatory variant of flael, flaiel (“flail”); if so, a doublet of fleyl.

A rushen basket for picking dried fruit; a frail.


flecche

Either borrowed from Anglo-Norman fleche or a back-formation from fleccher.


fleccher

English: fletcher

Borrowed from Old French flechier; equivalent to flecche + -er.

(chiefly Late Middle English) A fletcher; an arrowmaker.


awne

English: awn; awns

Scots: yawin, yavin, yewn

From Old Norse ǫgn or Old English agnu, aeġne, both from Proto-Germanic *ahanō.


wreinch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wrench


chaunsse

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of chaunce


mysfeling

Possibly a participle of an unattested verb *mysfelen, from mys- + felen ("to think wrongly; to feel poorly"). By surface analysis, mys- + feling.

As an hous set out of termes, so a wisdam to a fool; and the kunnynge of the mys felende untellable wrdis.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ecclesiasticus XXI:21, page 163, column 1:

[KJV] As is a house that is destroyed, so is wisdom to a fool: and the knowledge of the unwise is as talk without sense.

With a fool ne speke thou mych, and with a mys felende go thou not awey. Kep thee fro hym, that thou naue not greef;

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ecclesiasticus XXII:14-15, page 164, column 1:

[KJV] Talk not much with a fool, and go not to him that hath no understanding: beware of him, lest thou have trouble

a1475, Platearis Practica brevis [Cambridge University Library MS Dd.10.44] fol. 18v, quoted in 2016, Juhani Norri, Dictionary of Medical VOcabulary in English, 1375-1550: Body Parts, Sickness, Instruments, and Medical Preperations; under "misfeeling"
Ȝyf be in þe sinewis, þan þe stoppynge & mysfyllynge [L: stupor et insensibilitas (D5va)] is in þe ouereste partes, as in þe face.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


eyngnon

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of onyoun


ungeon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of onyoun


onyoun

desctree

English: onion
Bislama: anian
Tok Pisin: anian
→ Maori: aniana

Scots: ingan, ingin

→ Cornish: onyon

→? Welsh: wynwyn

Borrowed from Old French oignon, from Latin ūniōnem (“onion”); the variation in pronunciation reflects differing adaptations of Old French /uˈɲun/. Compare unioun.


houslek

English: houseleek

Inherited from Old English *hūslēac, from Proto-West Germanic *hūsalauk; equivalent to hous (“house”) + lek (“leek”).

houseleek (plant of the genus Sempervivum) or a similar plant.


bature

English: batter

Scots: batter

→ Irish: batar

Borrowed from Middle French batture, from Old French bateure, possibly from Late Latin *battatūra; equivalent to baten (“to beat”) + -ure.

A runny fluid made of beat ingredients; batter, paste.

(specifically) A liquid medicinal paste; plaster.


scaloun

English: scallion

Scots: scallion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman scalun, from Latin ascalōnia (cēpa) (literally “onion of Ascalon”).

der

Allium cepa var. aggregatum
Allium cepa var. aggregatum#English

Allium oschaninii
Allium oschaninii#Translingual

The shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum or Allium oschaninii)

(figuratively, rare) A worthless or useless thing.


waxdom

From wax + -dom. Compare Old Frisian waxdom (Modern West Frisian waaksdom), Middle Dutch wasdoem (Modern Dutch wasdom), Middle Low German wasdôm (Modern German Low German Wassdoom), Middle High German wahstuom (Modern German Wachstum).


fuleht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fulloght


foluþe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of fulloght


fulloght

Inherited from Old English fulluht, fulwiht; equivalent to fullen + -th.

baptism (Christian sacrament involving dipping or sprinkling with water)


fulhede

From ful + -hede. Compare Middle Dutch, Middle High German volheit.


fulsomnesse

English: fulsomeness

The state of being plentiful; abundance, copiousness.

(rare) Satiation; the state of being satiated.


fulthe

English: fulth

Scots: fouth

From ful (“full”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

af

(rare, Northern, Late Middle English) plenty, profusion


fulnesse

English: fullness, fulness

Inherited from Old English fulnes, fylnes; equivalent to ful (“full”) + -nesse.

Plenty, profusion; the state of being abundant.

Satiation, quenching (of hunger or desire)

(especially theology) Totality, entirety; the whole of something.

(rare) Completeness; the state of being full.

(rare) The summation or apex (of a quality)


seonne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of synne


symful

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synful


cynne

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synne


synnere

English: sinner

Scots: sinner

From synnen + -er, replacing earlier synful (“sinner”).

A sinner; one who commits sins, especially sexual ones.

(rare) A pagan or unbeliever; a believer in a false religion.


wyve

A version of wyf with the voiced consonant analogically brought in from the plural forms.


wyve

From Old English wīfa, nominative plural of wīf.


þifþorn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thevethorn


theve

desc

⇒ English: feaberry, faeberry, faiberry, fayberry

Apparently a back-formation from thevethorn.

(rare) A copse; a group of shrubs (probably referring to the thevethorn)


theve

English: theave, thaive, thave

Inherited from Old English *þeofu, from Proto-West Germanic *þebu.


thevethorn

/ˈθɛːv(ə)ˌθɔrn/

/ˈθɛu̯ˌθɔrn/

Inherited from Old English þefanþorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þebōnþorn; equivalent to *theve (“burning”) + thorn (“thorn”).

Rhamnus cathartica
Rhamnus cathartica#Translingual

One of several thorny shrubs, especially:

The European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)

Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus monogyna#Translingual

The common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)


nuð

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nith


garite

English: garret

Middle Scots: garret

Borrowed from Old French garite, guerite (“watchtower”).

A watchtower or turret; a fortified tower.

An attic or garret; a room below the roof.


vlem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flem


flemæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fleme (“exile”)


selm

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of salm


psaultier

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sauter


sawtrey

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sauterie


gærsum

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gersom


pallour

From Old French palor, from Latin pallor.


flesshe

"Yf she haue whyte the flesshe" (If she have white the flesh)

1530?, Robert Wyer, This boke is named the beaulte of women : translated out of Frenche in to Englysshe., Robert Wyer, page 8

"But yf she haue whyte the flesshe, and blacke plumage"


propinquite

English: propinquity

Borrowed from Middle French propinquité or its etymon, Latin propinquitās.


gersom

English: gersum, grassum

Scots: grassum (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English gærsum, gersum, gærsuma, from Old Norse gersemi, gørsemi (“treasure”), from gerr, gǫrr (“ready”) + -semi (“-ness”), with the ending assimilated to native -sum. Compare garisoun.

(specifically) A rent paid to one's manorial lord.


genge

English: ging (obsolete)

Middle Scots: ging

Inherited from Old English genge (“band”), from Proto-Germanic *gangiją, possibly through Old Norse gengi.

inh+

A group or crowd of people.
A host or band (of armed men)

A group or crowd of people.
A retinue; one's attendants.

(biblical) The pagan nations; the Gentiles.


genge

/ˈɡɛnd͡ʒ(ə)/

Inherited from Old English genġe (“current”), from Proto-West Germanic *gangī, from Proto-Germanic *gangiz.

(Early Middle English, poetic, rare) prevailing, thriving


bochere

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bocher


bocher

desctree

English: butcher
→ Hindi: बूचड़ (būcaṛ)
→ Swahili: bucha
→ Urdu: بُوچَڑ (būcaṛ)

Scots: butcher

Borrowed from Old French bochier, bouchier, from bouc (“buck”); compare bukke.

A butcher (meat slaughterer and retailer)


feute

And as he rode he saw a black brachet, seeking in manner as it had been in the feute of a hurt deer, and therewith he rode after the brachet; and he saw lie on the ground a large feute of blood.

Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur VI.14


feute

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


feaute

desc

English: fealty (/l/ restored due to learned influence)

Middle Scots: fewte

⇒ Scots: feauto

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman fëauté, fëalté, earlier fedeilted, from Latin fidelitātem. A doublet of fidelite; also compare feal, feith.

Fealty; feudal allegiance, fidelity, or loyalty.


shineux

From shine (“shin”), probably by analogy with quisseux (see modern English cuisse).

1439, Calendar of Plea and Memoranda Rolls … of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guild-hall (1437-1457)

[one pair of] shineux [with] quisseux, [3 s.].
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


fidelite

English: fidelity

From Latin fidelitātem, possibly through Middle French fidelité; doublet of feaute.


pouke

English: puck, Puck

>? English: pug

From Old English pūca, from Proto-West Germanic *pūkō, from Proto-Germanic *pūkô. The shortening of /uː/ before /k/ is possibly regular; compare souken.


thurrok

English: thurrock (obsolete)

From Old English þurruc, from Proto-West Germanic *þurruk.


seocnysse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seknesse


þringe

English: thring, dring (dialectal)

Yola: drine


eventyde

English: eventide, evetide

Yola: eatheet, eatheit

From Old English ǣfentīd; by surface analysis, even + tyde.
The form enetid may be a scribal error for evetide, though compare the development of modern English Hallowe'en.


seknesse

English: sickness

Scots: seekness

Inherited from Old English sēocnes, sēocness; by surface analysis, sek + -nesse.

Illness, sickness; the state of being (physically or mentally) unwell.

A disease or sickness; a medical condition.

(by extension) Infirmity, weakness; a lack of strength.


avourie

English: avowry, advowry

Borrowed from Old French avoerie, avouerie, from avoer (“avow”), from Latin advocō (“call, console”).

(law) acknowledgment (as of a child, of property)

(law) avowry (act of justifying distraint)

Y telle ou for sothe, for al huere bobaunce, / Ne for the avowerie of the Kyng of France / Tuenti score ant fyve haden their meschaunce by day ant eke by nyht.

c. 1302, “Song on the Flemish Insurrection”, in Thomas Wright, editor, The Political Songs of England, from the Reign of John to that of Edward II., published 1839, page 189:

I tell you for truth, for all their boasting, / and despite the patronage of the King of France, / twenty score and five had their mischance, by day and also by night.


schiterow

Yola: shederow

From schite (“diarrhoea”) or schiten (“to defecate”).

(Late Middle English, hapax) The European heron.


smattrynge

English: smattering

Yola: smaddereen


eymynge

English: aiming

Yola: ameing

(Late Middle English) evaluation; appraised value; beyond calculation, without number.


yelte

English: yelt

From Old English ġilte, *ġielte, from Proto-West Germanic *galtijā, from *galtō + *-jā, from Proto-Germanic *galtô (whence Old Norse gylta, gyltr (“young sow”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to cut”).


kith and kynne

First she made hym the flees to wynne:
And after that from kith and kynne,
With great treasore with hym she stale:

late 14th century, John Gower, Confessio Amantis, Book V:


youghede

Elde was paynted after this / That ſhorter was a fote iwys / Than ſhe was wont in her youghede […]

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cxxix, verso, column 1:

Old was painted after this, / That shorter was a foot indeed / Than she was wont in her youth; […]


ðole

Loke ðat ðu god oðer ne make, / Ne oðer ðhan me ðat ðu ne take. / for ic am god, gelus and ſtrong, / Min wreche iſ hard, min ðole iſ long.

c. 1250, Richard Morris, editor, The Story of Genesis and Exodus, an Early English Song, about A.D. 1250. Now First Edited, from a Unique Ms. in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary (Original Series; no. 7) (in Middle English), London: Published for the Early English Text Society, by Trübner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row, published 1865, →OCLC, page 99, lines 3493–3496:

Look that thou other god not make, / Not other than me that thou not take. / For I am god, jealous and strong, / Mine vengeance is hard, mine patience is long.

the ability to bear or endure something; endurance, patience


maidenchild

maiden child
maiden child#Middle_English


seductour

[…] one namyd Phylemon. whyche was moche amyable & debonayr to ye peple. & called hỹſelf ſeductour & deceyour of the peple / […]

a. 1492, “Of saynt Apolonyon Religyous & martyr. begynnyng in latyn ¶ Trade hant ergo / Caplm xix.”, in Wyllyam Caxton, transl., Vitas Patrum, Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, published 1495, folio xxii, recto:


alehous

English: alehouse

Scots: alehous, ailhous, helehous

Yola: aalhouse

From Old English ealuhūs, equivalent to ale + hous.


tynkere

English: tinker

Scots: tinker

Uncertain, but perhaps from Old English *tincere, from tin (“tin”) + *cere, as in bēocere (“beekeeper”).

tinker (itinerant repairer of metal kitchenware)


triasandri

Borrowed from Medieval Latin triasandrī, variant of triasandalī, from trias (“triad”) + sandalī (“sandalwood's”).

af

A liquid medicine made of three kinds of sandalwood.


mistelto

English: mistletoe

Inherited from Old English misteltān (literally “mistletoe twig”), possibly a calque of Old Norse mistilteinn; often reanalysed as mistel (“mistletoe”) + to (“toe”). For the form mystyldene, compare Early Modern English misseldine.

inh+

The dried berries of this plant used as beads.


maunciple

English: manciple

And to the maunciple thanne spak our host, / 'By-cause drink hath dominacioun / Upon this man, by my savacioun / I trowe he lewedly wolde telle his tale.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Maunciples Tale”, in Tales of Caunterbury, lines 56–59:

manciple (person in charge of storing food)


kyllyng

English: killing

⇒ Yola: to-killin'

(Late Middle English, rare) The action of killing somebody, slaying.


sophim

English: sophism

Borrowed from Old French soffime, sophisme, from Latin sophisma, from Ancient Greek σόφῐσμᾰ (sóphisma).

a logical question or ambiguous proposition


pewe

English: pew

Scots: pew

Borrowed from Middle French puie, from Old Northern French puie, from Latin podia, plural of podium.

(Late Middle English) pew (bench seat in a church)


smorðrinde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smorþering


smorþering

English: smothering

⇒ Yola: to-smotherin'


wantynge

English: wanting

⇒ Yola: to-wantin'


callynge

English: calling

⇒ Yola: to-callin'


dispendour

English: dispender

Borrowed from Old French despendour, despendeor, from despendre (“spend”) + -our.


parietory

This herbe is profitable for all thyng that parietory is good for.

1551, Turner, William I., A New Herball, Wherein are Conteyned the Names of Herbes in Greke, Latin, Englijsh, Duch, Frenche, and in the Potecaries and Herbaries Latin (etc.), United Kingdom: Steven Mierdman:

This herb is beneficial for anything that pellitory is good for.


janglerie

And as to youre fourthe resoun, ther ye seyn that the janglerie of wommen kan hyde thynges that they wot noght, as who seith that a womman kan nat hyde that she woot

1387, Chaucer, “v. 2273”, in The Tale of Melibee:


newfangelnesse

...thus seyn men, as I gesse. Men loven of propre kynde newefangelnesse

1387, Chaucer, “v. 609”, in The Squire's Tale:


swinkere

With him ther was a plowman, was his brother, / That hadde ylad of donge ful many a fother. / A trewe swinkere and a good was he, / Livinge in pees and a parfit charitee. […]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


traitorie

O Donegild, I ne have noon English digne
Un-to thy malice and thy tirannye!
And therfor to the feend I thee resigne,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 778-781

O Donegild, I do not have any English suitable (to describe)
Unto thy malice and thy tyranny!
And therefore to the fiend I thee consign,
Let him write about thy treachery!


vigilye

And goon to vigilyes al bifore, And have a mantel royalliche y-bore.

1387, Chaucer, “v. 377”, in General Prologue:


vn-manhode

Sothe hym seyde pandarus, Þat for to slen hym self myghte he nat wynne But bothe doon vn-manhode and a synne.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


tregetoure

Men make diverse apparences, / Swiche as thise subtile tregetoures pleye.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


haynselyns

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 27, line 422

Upon that other side, to speak of the horrible excessive scantiness of clothing, as are these coats cut short, or short jackets, that through their shortness do not cover the shameful members of man, to wicked intent.

Upon that other syde, to speken of the horrible disordinat scantnesse of clothing, as been thise cutted sloppes or hainselins, that thurgh hir shortnesse ne covere nat the shameful membres of man, to wikked entente.


sothnesse

Tiburce answerde, ‘seistow this to me
In soothnesse, or in dreem I herkne this?’

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Second Nun's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 260-261

In actuality, or do I hear this in dream?’

Tiburce answered, ‘Sayest thou this to me


cawcewey

English: causeway


rodok

The tame rodok & the coward kyte.

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parlement of Foules:


arke

English: ark

Yola: yark

A large box or bin for storing meal or grain.


iambeux

Hise iambeux were of quyrboily, His swerdes shethe of yuory.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


keythong

English: keythong

peyr keythongs

1475, manuscript in the College of Arms collection describing Edward IV’s French Expedition of 1475 (Coll. Arms ms. 2nd M.16, f. xvi):


hurdis

Yola: hardishe, hardïshe

From Old French hordëiz, hourdeis, hurdis, from Medieval Latin hurdicium, hurdicia.


barmclooth

A ceynt she werde, barred al of sylk,
A barmclooth as whit as morne mylk
Up on hir lendes, ful of many a goore.

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Millerẏs Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 42, verso:


doublenesse

Al to symple is my tonge to pronounce,
As ministre of my wit, the doublenesse
Of this chanoun, roote of alle cursednesse!
He semed freendly to hem that knewe hym noght,
But he was feendly bothe in werk and thoght.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 746-750:


coltes tooth

He was, I trowe, a twenty wynter oold,
 And I was fourty, if I shal seye sooth,
 But yet I hadde alwey a coltes tooth.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


gayl

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


gaylour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayoler


gayler

His yonge sone, that three yeer was of age,
Un-to him seyde, ‘fader, why do ye wepe?

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3621-3624

Is ther no morsel breed that ye do kepe?’
His young son, who was three years of age,
Unto him said, ‘Father, why do you weep?
When will the jailer bring our soup,
Is there no morsel of bread that you do keep?’


gayole

English: jail, gaol

Scots: jile, jyle

/ɡæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

/ɡaːˈɔːl(ə)/

/d͡ʒæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiole, gaiole, from Latin caveola. Forms with /v/ probably reflect Old French forms that retain the medial labial of Latin caveola.

jail, prison (place for confining prisoners)


gayoler

English: jailer, gaoler

Scots: jiler

→ Middle Irish: seigléir

Irish: séiléir, séileoir

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiolier, gaiolier; equivalent to gayole + -er. For forms with /v/, see gayole.


assailynge

The tempting, assault or luring of malign forces.

(rare) Insults, harsh words, verbal assault.

(rare) Assailing, striking; entering into combat.


peynde

(East Anglia) Alternative form of pynden


arayne

desc

English: arran, arrand (dialectal, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French araigne, aragne, iraigne, from Latin arānea, related to or derived from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē).


bareh

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of barow


whelbarwe

English: wheelbarrow

Scots: whirlbarrae (with replacement of first element)

From whel (“wheel”) + barwe (“handbarrow”).


gramer scole

gramere scole
gramere scole#Middle_English


gramarien

enm-noun

gramarien (plural gramariens or gramarienes)

gramariens (plural)
gramarienes (plural)

English: grammarian

From Middle French gramarien, gramairien; equivalent to gramere (“grammar”) + -ien (“-ian”).

A grammarian; a student or researcher of grammar.

(by extension) An individual who knows Latin.