werde

English: werd, weard (obsolete)

Middle Scots: weird, werd

Scots: weird

→ English: weird

Inherited from Old English wyrd, weord, from Proto-West Germanic *wurdi, from Proto-Germanic *wurdiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

Destiny, fate; the force that determines events:

A predetermined or predestined event; one's destiny.

(often in the plural) A (usually future) event or outcome.

(Greek mythology) One of the three Fates.


ure

English: ure

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman *ure (compare continental Old French uevre), from Latin opera.


maladie

English: malady

A malady, disease, or illness; that which makes one sick or ill.

Distress or anguish caused by love; the state of being lovesick.

Iniquity, immorality, wickedness; that which is wrong or against nature.

(rare) A lesion or wounding; the result of being hurt or injured.

(rare) Torment or agony; the experience of being harmed mentally.

(rare) A disturbance or sickness of the mind or brain.


delle

English: dell

Scots: dell

From Old English dell, from Proto-Germanic *daljō.


conseil

English: counsel

Borrowed from Old French conseil, from Latin consilium.


fotbal

English: football (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fitbaw

American football
American football#English

football (game played with a ball; ancestor of soccer, American football, and rugby)


poudre

English: powder (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pouder, pouther

→ Welsh: powdr, powdwr, pwdr

From Old French poudre, ultimately from Latin pulvis.

Dust; powder as a waste products or generated from the remains of something.

Ashes; the matter produced by combustion.

Earth, dirt; the particles that compose soil.

Various powders as used in medicine or alchemy.

Powders used for culinary purposes; spices.

powder (a collection of particles):
(rare) Gunpowder; black powder.

powder (a collection of particles):
Gunpowder; black powder.

The results of the decomposition of one's corpse.

(rare) A speckling; an stippled pattern.


sunna

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


scheu

Alternative form of skew (“gable stone”)


duk

English: duke

Scots: duik, duke

→ Breton: duk

→ Cornish: duk

→ Irish: diúc

→ Manx: duic

→ Scottish Gaelic: diùc

→ Welsh: dug

Borrowed from Old French duc, from Latin dux.

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.


thorp

English: thorp


mone

English: moan

Fingallian: mackillmone

Scots: mane

Yola: moan

From Old English mān, from Proto-West Germanic *mainu, from Proto-Germanic *mainō.


mone

desctree

English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun

Scots: muin

Yola: moone, mond

From Old English mōna. The sense of the word as silver is the result of its astrological association with the planet.

(astronomy) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.

Tak j quarter oz of the sone and di. of the mone purgyd, And mak of both thes sotyl powder lymal.

1500, Singer, Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain in Ireland:


salade

English: salad

Scots: sallet

Borrowed from Old French salade, from Italian salada, which some forms are directly from.

(Late Middle English, rare) salad (dish made of mixed vegetables)

(Late Middle English, rare) An ingredient in a salad.


ple

English: plea

Scots: plea

From Old French plait, plaid, from Medieval Latin placitum.

(law) A legal plea or allegation (from either party)


atter

enm-noun

atter (uncountable, dative attre, attere)

English: atter

Scots: atter, etter

From Old English āttor, ǣttor, variants of ātor, from Proto-West Germanic *aitr, from Proto-Germanic *aitrą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyd-.

(figurative) A malign or corrupting thing.


jument

English: jument

From Anglo-Norman jument or directly from Latin iūmentum.


dotard

English: dotard

14th C., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, "The Wife of Bath's Prologue," lines 285-92, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Wife_of_Bath%27s_Prologue_and_Tale
Thou seist, that oxen, asses, hors, and houndes, / They been assayed at diverse stoundes; / Bacins, lavours, er that men hem bye, / Spones and stoles, and al swich housbondrye, / And so been pottes, clothes, and array; / But folk of wyves maken noon assay / Til they be wedded; olde dotard shrewe! / And than, seistow, we wol oure vices shewe.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

A dotard; someone who displays senility.

A fool or simpleton; someone who displays stupidity.


tumb

(Northern) Alternative form of thombe (“thumb”)


calme

English: calm

Borrowed from Middle French calme, from Old Italian calma, of unclear further origin.


tombe

desctree

English: tomb
→ Irish: tuama
→ Maori: toma

Middle Scots: tumb, towm

From Anglo-Norman tumbe, toumbe, Old French tombe, from Late Latin tumba, from Ancient Greek τύμβος (túmbos, “funeral mound”).

der

barrow (hillock with a grave underneath)


mele

English: meal

Scots: meil, mele

Yola: mele, mell

From Old English melu, from Proto-West Germanic *melu, from Proto-Germanic *melwą.


mele

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


ministre

desctree

English: minister
Pijin: minista
→ Hausa: ministà

Scots: meenister

Borrowed from Old French ministre, from Latin minister.

A hireling or secretary; one who serves and assists another:

A person tasked with a duty or job; a deputy.

A metaphorical or unwitting pawn or puppet of another.

A member of the Christian clergy, especially when administering a sacrament.

One who administrates or leads a religious order.

A civil servant or member of government; an administrative official.

(rare) A member of a non-Christian religion's clergy.


hoo

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


muk

English: muck

Scots: muck

Borrowed from Old Norse myki, mykr, from Proto-Germanic *mukī, *mukaz. Alternatively, inherited from Old English *moc (in hlōsmoc (“pigsty dung”)); all from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg-, *mewk- (“slick, slippery”).


wor

English: ware

Fingallian: blob-wore

Scots: ware

Yola: wore

From Old English wār, from Proto-West Germanic *wair.

The seashore, beach; sand (on a seashore).


liberte

English: liberty

Yola: livertie

From Old French liberté, from Latin libertas.


wala

Alternative form of wale (“planking, welt”)


bede

English: bead (bede)

Scots: bead, bede, beid

From Old English ġebedu, plural of ġebed (“prayer”), from Proto-West Germanic *gabed; reinforced by Old English bedu (“request”).


paternoster

pater noster
pater noster#Middle_English


studie

English: study


hete

English: heat

Scots: hete, heit

Yola: het

Inherited from Old English hǣtu, from Proto-West Germanic *haitī, from Proto-Germanic *haitį̄.

Heat; thermal energy (and a medieval element).

The condition of being hot; a hot thing:

(physiology) Elevated bodily temperature; febrility.

Power, intensity, or fervor (e.g. of emotions):

(physiology) A state where the skin is inflamed or reddened.


hete

Inherited from Old English hete, from Proto-West Germanic *hati, from Proto-Germanic *hataz; compare hate.

The results of hate; enmity, discord, turmoil.


dreng

→ Medieval Latin: drengus

→ English: dreng, drenge

>? Scots: dring

Inherited from Old English drenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse drengr.

(poetic) A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.

A follower of a lord; a member of a host.


carpe

English: carp

Scots: cairp

Borrowed from Old French carpe, from Late Latin carpa, from Gothic *𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌰 (*karpa).


courte

and þus they cryed wyth a lowde voyce that all the courte myght hyre hit

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 451, verso, lines 10–12:

And thus they cried with a loud voice, that all the court might hear it;


molle

English: mole

From Proto-Germanic *mulaz, *mulhaz (which is perhaps related to *muldō (“loose earth, soil”)), either through an unattested Old English *mol or as a borrowing from Middle Dutch mol, molle.


molle

English: mull

From Middle French mol or its etymon Latin mollis.


potager

English: pottager, potager; pottinger; porringer

Scots: pottinger

Borrowed from Middle French potager; equivalent to potage + -er.

A dish for soups and puddings; a porringer.


marchant

Borrowed from Old French marcheant (modern French marchand).


boxe

Alternative form of box (“blow with the hand”)


conjurer

English: conjurer, conjuror

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conjurour; equivalent to conjuren + -er.


richesse

desc

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">rich</i>

English: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich); richesse

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">rich</i>

Scots: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich)

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="yol">reeche</i>

Yola: reeches (remodelled as a plural of reeche)

Borrowed from Old French richesce, richesse, from riche (“rich”). Some forms are reinterpreted as the plural of riche (“rich”).

(collective) Riches, valuables; precious goods.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Riches, valuables; precious goods.

(in the plural, religion) (Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
(Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Opulence, splendour; visible wealth.

Profusion, abundance; the state of being prosperous or plentiful.

(collective) Fine ornaments or adornments; ornamentation.


dotage

English: dotage

Behaviour that is stupid or ill-advised; ridiculousness or insanity:

Ill-thought or fatuitous love or romantic feelings.

Weakening of the mind due to age; dotage.


crede

English: creed

Scots: creed

Inherited from Old English crēda, crēdo, from Latin crēdō (“I believe”) in the Nicene Creed or Apostle's Creed. Doublet of credo; compare credence, credible, and creditour.


panne

desctree

English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン

Scots: pan

Inherited from Old English panne, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ, from Late Latin panna.

A pan, skillet, tin, or cookpot; any metal container used for cooking in.

The head, especially its top and its contents.


panne

Borrowed from Old French panne, from Late Latin panna.

A plank or board used to reinforce a wall.


panne

Alternative form of pane (“fabric, fur, portion”)


canone

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative law”)


heaved

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


pens

[...] ‘Yif me twelf pens, I may no lenger tarie.’

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Friar's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1603

… ‘Give me twelve pence, I can no longer tarry.’


cipres

English: cypress

Borrowed from Old French cipres, from Latin cupressus, from Ancient Greek κυπάρισσος (kupárissos).

Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens#Translingual

A cypress (the tree Cupressus sempervirens)


nappe

Alternative form of nap (“drinking bowl”)


thraldom

English: thraldom, thralldom

Scots: thirldom

From thral + -dom, possibly as a calque of Old Norse þrældómr.

Na he [þat] haß ay levyt fꝛe / May nocht knaw weill þe pꝛopyꝛte / Þe angyr na þe wꝛetchyt dome / [Þat] is couplyt to foule thyrldome

c. 1375, “Book I”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 2, recto, lines 233-236; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

No, one who's always lived free / won't really understand the feeling, / the suffering, or the painful fate / that's linked to foul slavery.

Slavery, domination; the subjection of a person or group into bondage.

Obedience, submissiveness; the following of another's orders.

(religion) Spiritual subjection or control.


fraude

English: fraud

From Old French fraude, itself borrowed from Latin fraus, fraudem.

Deceptiveness, fraudulence; a tendency to be fraudulent or deceptive.

A lie or untruth; an instance or example of fraudulence or deception.

A motivation or purpose that one is being deceptive or misleading about.

Fraud as a legal act; the usage of deception or fraudulence.


lanterne

English: lantern, lanthorn (archaic)
→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)
Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)
→ Irish: laindéar
→ Malay: lentera
Indonesian: lentera
→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)

Scots: lantern

From Old French lanterne, from Latin lanterna, from Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr).


couchant

English: couchant

From Middle French couchant, from Old French couchant.

(rare) Displaying deference and humility.


hele

English: heal

Scots: heal, hele

Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

From Old English hǣlu, hǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *hailī. Compare helen and hol (“whole”).

[...] ‘I shal my-self to herbes techen yow,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4139-4140

That shul ben for your hele, and for your prow;’ [...]
… ‘I shall myself guide you to herbs,
That shall be for your health and for your benefit;’ …

Health or wellbeing; one's mental or physical condition.

That which heals or cures; healing:
(medicine) A curative medicine.

That which heals or cures; healing:
A curative medicine.

(Christianity) Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

That which heals or cures; healing:
Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

Help or assistance; that which is beneficial:

Security, solace; that which protects one or one's mind:

(Christianity) Salvation, deliverance (from Hell)


hele

English: heel

Scots: heel

Yola: heel

From Old English hēla, hǣla, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō. Compare hough (“hough, hock”).


pees

English: peace

Yola: pace


tarte

English: tart

Scots: tairt

From Old French tarte, variant of torte, tourte, from Late Latin torta.

A tart or pie (pastry dish with filling surrounded by pastry shell)


sak

English: sack
→ Japanese: サック (sakku)

Scots: seck

Inherited from Old English sacc, sæcc, from Proto-West Germanic *sakku, from Proto-Germanic *sakkuz, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos), from a Semitic language.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A wallet or moneybag.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A sack (unit of measure)

(by extension) Cloth used for sacks; sackcloth.

(figuratively) The body; the human form.


sistren

Alternative form of sustren (plural of suster)


stane

From Old English stān, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.


broder

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book Two Capitulum ix
Anone after cam the knyght with the two swerdes and balan his broder / and brought with hem kynge Ryons of Northwalys and there delyuerd hym to the porters and charged hem with hym / & soo they two retorned ageyne in the daunyng of the day

Anon after came the knight with the two swords and Balan his brother / and brought with them King Ryons of North Wales and there delivered him to the porters and charged them with him / and so the two of them returned again in the dawning of the day.


faders

From Old English fæderas; equivalent to fader + -es (“plural ending”).


moders

From Old English mōderes; equivalent to moder + -es (“plural ending”).


bodi

English: body

Scots: body

Yola: buthee, bothige, bodhee

From Old English bodiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *bodag.


cote

English: coat

Scots: coat

Yola: cooat, coat

From Old French cote, cotte, from Latin cotta, from Proto-Germanic *kuttô.

A coat, especially one worn as an undergarment or a base layer.

A coat or gown bearing somebody's heraldic symbols.

A coating or external layer; that which surrounds the outside of something.


cote

English: coot

Scots: cuit

Unknown; probably related to Dutch koet.


duchesse

English: duchess

Scots: duches


lude

English: loude (obsolete)

Scots: lood, luid

From Old English hlȳd (“noise, sound, tumult, disturbance, dissension”), from Proto-Germanic *hlūdijō (“sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Influenced by Old Norse hljóð (from Proto-Germanic *hleuþą). The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

der

Þa hunten wenden æfter mid muchelen heora lude. — Layamon's Brut

Þa luden heo iherden of þan Rom-leoden. — Layamon's Brut


mægen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mayn


versifier

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of versifiour


hæle

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hele (“health”)


kide

English: kid

Scots: kid

From Old Norse kið, from Proto-Germanic *kidją.


laf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lof (“loaf, bread”)


nep

Alternative form of nap (“drinking bowl”)


admirad

From addition of an excrescent /d/ to forms of Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).

Alternative form of amiral, an emir or Muslim prince.


yem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em (“uncle”)


yem

Alternative form of yeme (“attention, care”)


elven

English: elven, elfe (obsolete)

From Old English elfen, ælfen (“nymph, spirit, fairy”), feminine of elf, ælf (“elf”); by surface analysis, elf + en (feminine suffix). Compare Middle High German elbinne (“fairy, nymph”).

cog

Ofte in fourme of wommane In many derne weye grete compaygnie men i-seoth of heom boþe hoppie and pleiᵹe, þat Eluene beoth i-cleopede

(Oft in the form of women, in very stealthy ways, great numbers of men see fallen angels both happy and playful, that Elvene are embraced,)

& ofte in wimmen fourme hii comeþ to men al so, Þat men clupeþ eluene. —

1300, The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester:

(& oft in women form come hither to men, so that men lay with the elvene.)

A (especially female) elf, a fairy, nymph


bales

From bale (“evil”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


bales

From bale (“bale”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


botes

From Old English bātas, plural of bāt; equivalent to bote (“boot”) + -es.


boten

From bote (“help”) + -en (plural suffix).

Lo, her aᵹeines wreaððe monie remedies ... & misliche boten. — The Ancren Riwle, 1230

Heo lufeden bi wurten, bi moren, and bi rote; nas þer nan oðer boten. — Layamon's Brut, 1275


capacite

English: capacity

From Old French capacite, from Latin capācitās.

Ability, competence, capableness; the degree to which something is capable.

The degree to which something is capable of holding; capacity, volume.

Authorisation given by a government or legal authority or a bill granting it.


casare

(Early Scots) Alternative form of casere


chape

English: chape

Borrowed from Old French chape, from Latin cappa. Doublet of cappe and cope.

A metal cover or mounting, especially the chape of a scabbard.


colee

Yola: cowlee


comande

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


cunde

English: kind

From Old English cynd, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, *kundiz.


deserte

Alternative form of desert (“wilderness”)


bypath

English: bypath, by-path


byword

English: byword

From Old English bīword, modified from earlier bīwyrde, from Proto-West Germanic *bīwurdī; equivalent to by- + word.


dicte

English: dict

Here endeth the book named the dictes or sayengis of the philosophres enprynted. by me william Caxton at westmestre the yere of our lord .M.CCCC.Lxx vij.

1477, William Caxton, “Et sic est finis”, in The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, Westminster, London: William Caxton, folio 74, recto:


duche

English: duchy


dore

English: door

Sranan Tongo: doro

Scots: dure, dur

Yola: dher

From Old English duru, from Proto-West Germanic *dur, from Proto-Germanic *durz.


hares

Alternative form of haras (“stud farm; herd of studs”)


gores

plural of gore (“patch (of land, fabric), clothes”)


faculte

English: faculty

Scots: faculty

Borrowed from Old French faculte, from Latin facultās, a variant of facilitās.

Power, skill, capability, capacity; the amount which someone is capable of.

A domain or area of learning or study; a science or art.

Goods or effects; that which one owns or holds to be of value.

(rare) A division or department of a tertiary institution or the people working within it.

(rare) Softness or lack of firmness while touching.


filme

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fillum</i>

English: film (dialectal fillum)

Scots: flim, fillum

From Old English filmen, from Proto-Germanic *filminją.


flete

English: fleet

Scots: fleet

Inherited from Old English flēot (“fleet”), from Proto-Germanic *fleutaz, related to *flutōną (“to float”).

A fleet; a collection or grouping of vessels.


flete

English: fleet

Scots: fleet

Inherited from Old English flēot (“bay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fleut, from Proto-Germanic *fleutą.


halle

English: hall (see there for further descendants)

Scots: haw

Yola: haul

From Old English heall, from Proto-West Germanic *hallu, from Proto-Germanic *hallō (“hall”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.


halle

Alternative form of hale (“hale (temporary structure for housing, entertaining, eating meals, etc.)”)


hurte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herte


leef

English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip

Scots: leaf, lefe, leif

Yola: laafe

From Old English lēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *laub, from Proto-Germanic *laubą.


hauls

Alternative form of hals (“neck, throat”)


jure

English: jury (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta.

(Late Middle English) jury; panel of jurors


jale

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


ingang

From Old English ingang (“ingress, entry, entrance”), from Proto-Germanic *inngangaz. Cognate with Old High German ingang (“entrance”) (German Eingang).


courser

English: courser

Scots: couser, cusser, cuisser

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cursier, corser, from Medieval Latin cursārius; equivalent to cours + -er.


sellar

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sellere


pende

(East Anglia) Alternative form of pynden


loare

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lore


pisen

Yola: pizzen, pizzeen

From Old English pisan, *peosan; equivalent to pise + -en (plural suffix).


pese

pesen (plural)
peses (plural)
pisen (plural)

English: pease; pea

Scots: pease

Yola: piz

From Old English pise, piose, *peose, from Late Latin pisa, from Latin pisum, from Ancient Greek πίσον (píson), πῐ́σος (písos), πισός (pisós).

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual

Something equivalent to or like a pea (usually in size)

Something of next to no worth or importance.


pesen

Yola: pizzen, pizzeen

From Old English pisan, *peosan; equivalent to pese + -en (plural suffix).


pite

English: pity

Yola: pitheye, pethy

From Old French pité, from Latin pietas, pietatem.


pisan

a pisane (armor collar of mail or plate, or by extension an ornamental collar)


prestes

Then entred Satan into Judas, whose syr name was iscariot (which was of the nombre off the twelve) and he went his waye, and commened with the hye prestes and officers, how he wolde betraye hym vnto them.

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Luke:


quede

From Old English cwidu, variant of cudu (→ the usual form code).


mesure

English: measure

Borrowed from Old French mesure, from Latin mēnsūra.


moderes

From Old English mōderes; equivalent to moder + -es (“plural ending”).

Alternative form of modres (“mothers”): plural of moder


moderes

Alternative form of modres (“mother's”): genitive of moder


reme

English: ream

Scots: ream, reme, reim

Yola: reem, rhyme

Inherited from Old English rēam, from Proto-West Germanic *raum, from Proto-Germanic *raumaz.


reme

English: ream

Borrowed from Old French raime, rayme, from Arabic رِزْمَة (rizma, “bundle”).


secundes

From secunde (“sixtieth part of a minute”) + -es.

af

plural of secunde (“sixtieth part of a minute”)


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

From Old French second, from Latin secundus.

Something that is second in an order, grouping or array.

(rare) The amniotic sac or afterbirth; that which protects a embryo or fetus.

(rare) A deputy; someone with immediate secondary authority.

(rare) Something that is non-primary or less important.

(rare) Expressing similarity to a famous figure.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

From Old French seconde, from Medieval Latin secunda.

An angular unit equal to a sixtieth of an angular minute.

A unit of time equal to a sixtieth of a (horological) minute.


roten

From rote (“root”) + -en (plural ending).


hasard

English: hazard

From Old French hasart, from Arabic اَلزَّهْر (az-zahr, “the dice”).


vire

a vire,
Which flieth out of a mighty bowe

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:

an arrow, having a rotary motion, formerly used with the crossbow


geste

English: gest, jest

Scots: jeest

Borrowed from Middle French geste, from Old French geste, from Medieval Latin gesta.

An important or memorable action; an epic act.


geste

English: gest


enchesoun

From Anglo-Norman, related to Old French achoison, from Latin occasionem.

late 1300s, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Squire’s Tale’, Canterbury Tales

Which proveth wel that outher ire or drede / Moot been enchesoun of youre cruel dede.


bagage

English: baggage

Scots: baggage

→ Irish: bagáiste

Borrowing from Old French bagage, compare Old French bague. Equivalent to bagge + -age.


tercelet

English: tercelet

Borrowed from Old French tercelet; equivalent to tercel + -et.

Tho dwelte a tercelet / me faſte by /That semed welle / of alle gentilleſſe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Squiers Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 135, recto:

There flew a tercelet close by me / which seemed full of graciousness.


charme

English: charm

Scots: chairm

Borrowed from Old French charme, from Latin carmen.

A phrase believed to have magical efficacy; a charm.


potful

English: potful

Scots: patfu


tissu

English: tissue

Scots: tishie

Borrowed from Old French tissu, past participle of tistre.
Forms with /ʃ/ do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.


canne

English: can

Scots: can

→ Scottish Gaelic: cana

Yola: cooan, koan, kon

From Old English canne, from Proto-West Germanic *kannā, from Proto-Germanic *kannǭ.

A pitcher or cup; a container for liquid.


mesel

English: measle, measles, mesel

From Old French mesel, from Late Latin misellus (“leper”), from Latin miser (“wretched”).

For she is […] As comune as a cartwey · to eche a knaue þat walketh / To monkes to mynstralles · to meseles in hegges.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:

Verily he suffride oure sikenesses, and he bar oure sorewis; and we arettiden him as a mysel and smytun of God and maad low.

1395, John Wycliffe, Bible, Isaiah LIII:

So hit befelle many yerys agone there happened on her a malodye, and whan she had lyene a grete whyle she felle unto a mesell, and no leche cowde remedye her [...].

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XVII:


masse

English: mass

Scots: mass

Yola: messe

From Anglo-Norman masse, from Latin massa, from Ancient Greek μᾶζα (mâza).

A collection or mass of small objects that are fused together.

(anatomy) blood (believed in medieval times to be a mixture of the four humours)


masse

Alternative form of messe (“mass, religious service”)


masse

Alternative form of mase (“a bewildering thought or thing”)


wive

A version of wyf with the voiced consonant analogically brought in from the plural forms.


wive

From Old English wīfa, nominative plural of wīf.


spile

From spilen. Alternatively from an Old English *spil, from Proto-West Germanic *spil.

(rare) amusement, entertainment, celebration


handy dandy

To maken his pees with his pens, handy dandy payed.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “(please specify the passus number)”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:

A children's game in which one child guesses in which closed hand the other holds some small object, winning the object if right and forfeiting an equivalent if wrong.


betel

English: beetle

⇒ Yola: balbeedhel

From Old English bȳtel, bīetel (“hammer”), from Proto-West Germanic *bautil (“hammer, mallet”), equivalent to beten + -le.


sursanure

From Old French sursaneüre, from a contraction of Latin sursum sānātum (“upwardly healed”).

der

And wel ye knowe that of a sursanure / In surgerye is perilous the cure

Late C14, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Franklin's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

A scab, or wound which has superficially healed over.


mansioun

English: mansion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mansion, mansiun, from Latin mansiō.

A place where one makes their home or dwells; a home:

A house, hostel, palace, etc; a purpose-built dwelling or habitation.

(figurative) The abode of a human behaviour.

(rare) A temporary waypoint on a journey.

The action of living somewhere; residence.


breyde

From a conflation of Old English brægd, Old English gebregd, and Old Norse bragð.


herberwe

English: harbor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: harbery, harbory, hairbour

From Old English herebeorg, from Proto-West Germanic *harjabergu; equivalent to here (“army”) + bergh. The final vowel is levelled in from the Old English oblique cases; forms ending in /iː/ may be from the Old English dative singular.

Accommodation, shelter; a temporary residence.

A place of residence; habitations:
A military base or camp.

A place of residence; habitations:
(figurative) The womb; the uterus.

A place of residence; habitations:
The womb; the uterus.

To ech of hem his tyme and his seson, / As thyn herberwe chaungeth lowe or heighe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(rare) Providing for guests; hospitality.


rewe

English: rue (archaic)

Scots: rew, rue

From the oblique forms of Old English hrēow, from Proto-West Germanic *hreuwu.


rewe

English: row

Scots: raw

Yola: reoue, rooe

From the oblique forms of Old English rǣw, rāw; from Proto-Germanic *raiwō, *raih- (“row”).


roper

English: roper

They could not by their conscience accorden in truthe, / Tyll Robyn the roper arose by the south

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Passus 5]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio xxv, verso:


merk

Which mankynde is so fair part of thy werk / That thou it madest lyk to thyn owene merk.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


hempen

English: hempen

Scots: hempen

Possibly from an Old English *hænepen; however this word is attested relatively late and was probably formed anew in Middle English. Equivalent to hemp + -en (“made of”).


aches

From ache (“aching”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


aches

From ache (“celery”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


sapience

English: sapience

From Old French sapience, from Latin sapientia.

Povert is hateful good, and, as I gesse, / A ful greet bringer out of bisinesse; / A greet amender eek of sapience / To him that taketh it in pacience.

1478, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, 1195-8:

wisdom, discernment (especially religious)


balene

From Latin balaena, from Ancient Greek φάλαινα (phálaina), probably cognate with Old English hwæl.


bref

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

Borrowed from Old French brief, and its feminine form brieve, from Latin brevis, form Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of mery.

A message, especially one that gives approval or authorises.

A written text or part of one acting as a record.


breid

English: braid

Scots: braid

From a conflation of Old English brægd, Old English gebregd, and Old Norse bragð; influenced by breiden.

An action done passionately and impulsively:

A hasty movement; especially without forewarning.

An quickly-made and ill-thought action or decision.

A passionate or heartfelt cry or protest.

An action of conflict; assailment or attack:

A physical attack; a strike with a weapon.

An injury or torture; something that wounds.


feste

English: feast

Borrowed from Old French feste, from Late Latin festa < Latin festum.


blench

c. 1210, MS. Cotton Caligula A IX f.246.
Feir weder turneð ofte into reine;
An wunderliche hit makeð his blench.


taxe

English: tax (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tax

Either a back-formation from taxen or borrowed from Middle French taxe. Doublet of taske.


spikenard

English: spikenard

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman spicanarde, from Medieval Latin spīca nardī.

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.


flees

English: fleece

→ Finnish: fliisi

→ German: Fleece

Scots: fleis

Yola: flaase

From Old English flēos, from Proto-West Germanic *fleus, from Proto-Germanic *fleusaz.

A sheepskin or fleece; the skin of a sheep.


pye

English: pie

Scots: pie

Yola: pee

From Medieval Latin pīca (“pie”), from Latin pīca (“magpie”).


pye

English: pie ⇒ magpie, piebald, pied

Scots: pie ⇒ pyat
→ Scottish Gaelic: pitheid

Yola: pee

→ Welsh: pi, pia ⇒ piod

From Old French pie, from Latin pīca (“magpie”).


cresset

English: cresset

Borrowed from Old French crasset, cresset, possibly from a West Germanic language.


reaving

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revynge


storie

enm-noun

storie (plural stories or (rare, Early ME) storien)

stories (plural)
storien (Early-Middle-English plural rare)

desctree

English: story
Sranan Tongo: tori
Aukan: toli
→ Dutch: tori
→ Welsh: stori
→ Persian: استوری (estori)
→ Portuguese: estória

Scots: story

Borrowed from Old French estorie, estoire, from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía). Doublet of historie.

The spoken or textual recounting of historic events or happenings as a story.

The visual portrayal of historic events or happenings as a story.

The spoken or textual recounting of mythic or fictional events taken as real as a story.

A work used as a basis or to source (often another work etc.)

History; the discipline of studying the past or the knowledge produced by it.

(rare) Past happenings or occurrences (including mythic or purported events)

(rare) A situation or scenario; a series of factors.

(rare) The signification (especially literal) of something.


sorelle

Alternative form of sorel (“sorrel (plant)”)


fede

English: feud

Scots: fede, feid

Borrowed from Old French faide, from Medieval Latin faida, from Proto-West Germanic *faihiþu; compare fo.


ensurance

Borrowed from Old French enseurance, from enseurer


tost

English: toast

Scots: toast


thirl

English: thirl

Yola: thorelucke

From Old English þyrel, from Proto-West Germanic *þurhil, from Proto-Germanic *þurhilą.


theologie

Alternative form of theologi (“theology”)


tunne

English: ton, tun


modder

Putte: f. A wench, laſſe, girle, modder; (eſpecially one that is no better than ſhe ſhould be.)

1611, Randle Cotgrave, A Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues, Adam Islip:


heer

English: hair


sixte

English: sixth (confer obsolete sixt)

Scots: sixt, sext, saxt

From Old English sixta, from Proto-West Germanic *sehstō, from Proto-Germanic *sehstô.
Equivalent to six + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on; though this is rare in Middle English, unlike than in fifte. Forms with -st- are from the Old English variant sesta.

(rare) A musical sixth; a note a sixth away from another given note.


merce

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of merche


wrt

Alternative form of wort (“brewing wort”)


pyes

From pye (“pie”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


pyes

From pye (“magpie”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


fanon

English: fanon

Borrowed from Old French fanon, from Medieval Latin fanō, from Frankish *fano, from Proto-Germanic *fanô. Doublet of fane (“flag, vane”).


vaste

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


pan

Alternative form of pane (“fabric, fur; a portion”)


miserie

English: misery

Yola: miseree

From Old French miserie, from Latin miseria.


hede

English: heed

Yola: heed


hede

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:


jousts

And also Sir Bors told me that there should be at Hallowmas a great jousts betwixt King Arthur and the King of Northgales; [...].

Thomas Malory, Le Morte D'Arthur XVIII.17

a tournament, an event which displays jousting and other sorts of knightly sports


goos

English: goose

Scots: guse

From Old English gōs, from Proto-West Germanic *gans, from Proto-Germanic *gans; compare gandre.

The meat or corpse of a goose; a dead goose.


murrey

English: murrey

From Middle French moré, from Latin moratum.

A dish containing mulberries for flavour


jupon

English: jupon

English: gipoun (obsolete)

From Middle French jupon; equivalent to jupe + -oun.

A jupon (an overcoat for armour, usually bearing heraldic symbols)


nol

English: noll

Yola: noll


magnete

English: magnet
→ Cebuano: magnet
→? Indonesian: magnet
→? Malay: magnet
→ Tagalog: magnet
→ Welsh: magnet

From Old French magnete or Latin magnēs, magnētem, from Ancient Greek μαγνήτης λίθος (magnḗtēs líthos, “Magnesian stone”). Doublet of magnes.

der

μαγνήτης λίθος

lodestone (a magnetic stone that is an ore of iron)


collegian

English: collegian

/kɔˌlɛːd͡ʒiˈaːn/

From Medieval Latin collēgiānus; equivalent to college + -ien.

(rare) One who is part of a college (ecclesiastical or educational).


hyve

English: hive

Scots: hyve

Yola: heeve

From the oblique cases of Old English hȳf, from Proto-West Germanic *hūfi.

Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]


pryde

English: pride

Scots: pride

Inherited from Old English prȳde, prȳte; compare proud.

Pride (the state of being proud):
Arrogance, self-aggrandisement.

Pride (the state of being proud):
Pompousness; excessive display.

Pride (the state of being proud):
(rare) That which one is proud of.

Pride (the state of being proud):
That which one is proud of.


pryde

English: pride, prid

Clipping of *lampride, from Middle Low German lampride, from Medieval Latin lampreda.

(rare) Petromyzon branchialis or a similar lamprey.


nonne

English: nun

Scots: nun

From Old English nunne, from Late Latin nonna.


sparke

enm-noun

sparke (plural sparkes or (early) sparken)

English: spark (see there for further descendants)

Scots: spark, sperk

From Old English spearca, from Proto-West Germanic *sparkō, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz.


twyndyllyng

Alternative form of twynlynge (“twinling or twin”)


nere

Scots: neer, nere, neir

From Old English *nēora, from Proto-Germanic *neurô, from Proto-Indo-European *negʷʰrós. Cognates include Middle Low German nēre, Old High German nioro, and Old Norse nýra.


loos

So that within a daye, two or thre / She knewe by the folke yͭ in his ſhyppes be / That it was Jaſon full of ronomee / And Hercules that had the grete loos […]

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Legend of Hypsiphile and Medea”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxiiii, recto:

So that within a day, [or] two or three, / She knew by the folk that in his ships be / That it was Jason, full of renomee [renown], / And Hercules that had the great fame, […]


messe

English: Mass, mass

Scots: mess

Yola: Messe

From a mixture of Anglo-Norman messe and Old English mæsse, both from Late Latin missa.

Mass (service where the Eucharist is performed)

The Eucharist; Holy Communion (sacrament involving bread and wine).

The act of going to Mass and participating.


pegge

English: peg

From Middle Dutch pegge; see more at English peg.


quene

English: queen (see there for further descendants)

Scots: queen, wheen

Yola: queen

From Old English cwēn (“woman, wife, queen”) (the final schwa is by analogy with other Old English feminine nouns, such as Etymology 2), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from a derivative of *gʷḗn (“woman, wife”). Cognates include:
* Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Greek γυναίκα (gynaíka)
* Old Prussian genna
* Persian زَن (zan)
* Sanskrit जनि (jani)
* Proto-Slavic *žena

A queen (consort to a king or similar ruler; queen consort)

Any powerful woman noble (e.g. a former queen consort, a duchess, etc.)

A female divine or holy figure; a female divinity or the Virgin Mary.

A female embodiment, exemplar, or representation of a moral ideal.

(familiar) An affectionate or loving way to refer to a woman one loves.

(rare) A female follower of Christianity in heaven.

(rare, Late Middle English) The queen (chess piece introduced towards the end of the ME era)


quene

English: quean

desc

Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin, queynie

From Old English cwene (“woman, wife, prostitute”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from the same Indo-European source as above. Cognate to Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō), Middle High German kone, kan, kun, quëne, Old Norse kona, and Middle Low German quene.


wegge

English: wedge

Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige

From Old English wecg, from Proto-Germanic *wagjaz; cognate with Old High German weggi, Old Norse veggr, Dutch wig, German Weck, Lithuanian vagis, perhaps Latin vagina and Old English wecgan.


blo

English: blow

Scots: blae, blaw, bla, blea, ble

From Old Norse blá, from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz.


coni

English: cony, coney, cunny, connie

Scots: kinnen, kyunnen, connie

→ Middle Welsh: cwning

Welsh: cwning, cwnig

From Old French conis, accusative plural of conil, connil, from Latin cuniculus.


bakke

English: bat

Scots: bat

Probably a corruption of Old Swedish nattbakka, likely related to Old English nihtwacu (“night watch”), from niht + wacu, replacing Old English hrēremūs (see reremouse), perhaps later rhymed with rat or cat, two other animals with good night vision.


balke

English: balk

Scots: bauk

Yola: balke

From Old English balca. Cognate with Old High German balko, German Balken (“beam”), Italian balcone (“balcony”).


balke

Probably cognate with Old Swedish nattbakka, Old English nihtwacu (“night watch”).


bakestere

English: baxter

Inherited from Old English bæcestre; equivalent to baken + -estere.


bakere

English: baker

Scots: bakar, baikar

From Old English bæcere, from Proto-Germanic *bakārijaz (“baker”); equivalent to baken + -er.

Loke of Egipt the king, daun Pharao,
His bakere and his boteler also,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4323-4325

Consider the king of Egypt, lord Pharaoh,
His baker and his butler also,
Whether or not they felt any effect in dreams.

Wher they ne felte noon effect in dremes.


nagge

English: nag


baken

English: bake

Scots: bake, baik

From baken, past participle of the verb baken (“to bake”).


bagge

English: bag

Scots: bag

→ Medieval Latin: baga

Borrowed from Old Norse baggi; compare Old French bague.

A fabric container; a bag, sack, pouch, purse, or wallet.

A bagpipe; a musical instrument consisting of a bag and a pipe.


stere

English: steer

Scots: steer

From the oblique ō-stem forms of Old English stēor (“rudder, control”), from Proto-West Germanic *stiurī, from Proto-Germanic *stiuriją.


rys

English: rice

Scots: rice


vertu

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertue</i>

English: virtue (obsolete vertue)

Scots: virtue

Yola: vartue

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman vertu, from Latin virtūtem, accusative of virtūs.

Medical or pharmaceutical ability (either generally or specifically)

A mechanism that causes a bodily function to work.

Youre vertu is ſo greet / in heuene aboue / That if yow liſt / I shal wel haue my loue[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Knẏghtes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 30, recto, lines 2249-2250:

Your power is so great in the heavens above / That if you want, I'm going to have my love […]

if ȝe ben diſpiſid foꝛ þe name of criſt .· ȝe ſchulen be bleſſid / foꝛ þat þat is of þe onour ⁊ of þe gloꝛie ⁊ of þe vertu of god · ⁊ þe ſpirit þat is his .· ſchal reſte on ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Petre ·i· 4:14, page 112v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If you are despised because of the name of Christ, you will be blessed, because of that which is the honour, glory, and power of God, and his spirit will rest on you.

Power, competence, ability; ability to effect behaviour or action:

Divine power or beneficence (sometimes inherent in an object)

Political or legislative power or jurisdiction.

Astrological or occult power or influence.

Importance or desirability; the property of having value.

The means or method that something is done with or through.

(rare) The property of causing power, effects or results.

⁊ he hadde in his riȝthond ſeuene ſterris .· ⁊ a ſwerd ſcharp on euer eþir ſide wente out of his mouþ / ⁊ his face .· as þe ſunne ſchyneþ in his vertu.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:16, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he had in his right hand seven stars, a sharp sword came out both sides of his mouth, and his face [was] like the sun shining with its power.

Fortitude, strength, or might; power innate to a living being:

Willpower or mental fibre; one's ability to fulfill one's will.

Sapience, wisdom, higher functioning or that which causes it.

Raw physical strength, endurance, or health.

Glory, honourableness, or knightliness; that expected by chivalry.

[…]we sholde dyȝe for vicis / and liffe with vertuus,[…]

c. 1460, Turpines story: a Middle English translation of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle, published 2004, →ISBN, Capitulum viii, page 13:

[…] we should die for vices / and live with virtues, […]

A particular virtue believed to be morally beneficial or good.

A moral directive or instruction or the body of them; morals.

One of several ranks of angels (being above "powers" and below "dominions").

(by extension) A military troop or band; a group of combatants.

(rare) A title or appellation granted or bestowed upon a divinity.


cheri

English: cherry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chirry, chery, cherrie, cherry

→ Middle Irish: silín, sirín

Irish: silín

Manx: shillish

Scottish Gaelic: sirist

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cheri, from Old Northern French cherise (“cherry”), from Vulgar Latin ceresia, a reinterpretation of the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from Latin cerasium (cerasum, cerasus (“cherry tree”)), from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry fruit”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly derived from a language of Asia Minor.
Displaced Old English ciris (also from Vulgar Latin ceresia), which died out after the Norman invasion and was replaced by the French-derived word.

der

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


assise

English: assize

Scots: assize (now rare)

From Old French assises, from Latin assideō. Compare syse.

(law) A holding of the court of assize (a regularly-scheduled regional court); an assizes.

(law) A legal case for a court of assize.

(law) A legal document or text enforcing a standard for an item.

(law) An enforced standard measurement of a product's nature (e.g. mass, standard, dimensions, etc.)

Established or standard practice; customary action.

(law) Any legal text or document; a law.

The correct or normal position in a sequential group.

(rare) A point of difference; that which makes something distinct.


goot

English: goat (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gait, gayt

Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth


reredos

English: reredos

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reredos, areredos; equivalent to rere (“rear, following”) + Old French dos (“back”).

A reredos or retable; a panel at the back of an altar.

A dorsal; a hanging or tapestry at the back of an altar.

(rare) The back of a fireplace or hearth.

(rare) A wood screen against the back of a chair or wall.

(rare) A panel of armour for protecting the rear.


stok

English: stock

Yola: stouck, stouk

From Old English stocc, from Proto-West Germanic *stokk.


galoche

Nor were worthy [to] unbuckle his galoche.


hakken

hakken (infinitive)
to hakken (infinitive)
hakke (infinitive)
hakke (first-person present singular)
hakked (first-person past singular)
hakkest (present second-person singular)
hakkedest (past second-person singular)
hakketh (present singular third-person)
hakked (past singular third-person)
hakke (present singular subjunctive)
hakked (past singular subjunctive)
hakke (imperative present singular)
hakken (plural present)
hakke (plural present)
hakkeden (past plural)
hakkede (past plural)
hakketh (imperative plural present)
hakke (imperative plural present)
hakkynge (participle present)
hakkende (participle present)
hakked (participle past)
yhakked (participle past)

English: hack

Scots: hack, hawk

Inherited from Old English *haccian, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkōn, from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną.

To hack; to cut up or slice up coarsely.

To make a movement as to hack; to make a coarse strike.


oure

From Old English ūr (“aurochs”), from Proto-West Germanic *ūr, from Proto-Germanic *ūraz.


menet

(Kent) Alternative form of mynt (“mint (money)”)


philosophie

→ English: philosophy

Anglo-Norman and Old French philosophie < Latin philosophia, from Ancient Greek.


palme

English: palm
→ Malay: palma, ڤلما

Scots: paum

Yola: polm

From Old English palm, palma, from Latin palma.


musicien

Borrowed from Middle French musicien; equivalent to musike + -ien.


apocalips

English: apocalypse, Apocalypse (spelling remodelled after Latin)

From Latin apocalypsis, from Ancient Greek ἀποκάλυψις (apokálupsis).

The book of Revelation (the last book of the New Testament)

(rare) The biblical Apocalypse; the events of the book of Revelation.


memorie

English: memory


anatomie

English: anatomy

Borrowed from Old French anatomie, from Latin anatomia, from Ancient Greek *ἀνατομία (*anatomía), from ἀνατομή (anatomḗ, “dissection”, literally “cutting up”), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + τέμνω (témnō, “to cut, incise”).


brede

Scots: brede

From Old English brǣde, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *brādō, from Proto-Germanic *brēdô (“meat, roast”). Doublet of brawne.

(collectively) (Pieces of) roasted meat.

(hunting) One of thirty-two choice parts of a boar for roasting.


brede

Scots: bred

From the oblique cases of Old English bred, from Proto-West Germanic *bred, from Proto-Germanic *bredą.


brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

From Old English brǣdu, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *braidī, from Proto-Germanic *braidį̄.

breadth (measure of how wide something is):

extent (space to which something extends):

The total extent of a surface or object.

(figurative) The extent or totality of one's feelings.


hom

From Old English hām, from Proto-West Germanic *haim, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz.

(figuratively) seat, headquarters, centre


hom

Alternative form of hamme (“enclosure, meadow”)


lond

londes (plural)
lond (accusative nominative singular)
londes (accusative nominative plural)
londes (genitive singular)
londe (genitive plural)
londe (dative singular)
londen (dative plural)

English: land

Scots: laund, land

Yola: lhoan, lloan, loan, lone, londe

From Old English land, from Proto-West Germanic *land, from Proto-Germanic *landą.

An independent nation, country or realm.

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]

Agricultural land; land that is suitable for growing crops.

The earth, ground, or soil (also as one of the medieval elements)


pot-sherd

English: potsherd

From pot + sherd, from pot, pote, potte (“a container, pot, vessel; especially an earthenware vessel”) (from late Old English pot, pott (“a pot”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *budn- (“a type of vessel”)) + sherd (“piece of fired clay or broken earthenware; potsherd”) (from Old English sceard (“a shard, sherd”), from Proto-Germanic *skardą (“a nick, notch”)).


trest

Scots: trest

From Old French treste, variant of trestre, trastre, from Latin trānstrum; doublet of traunsom.


flouter

English: fluter

A musician who plays a flute; a flutist.


rokke

English: rock

Scots: rok

Yola: ruck

from Old English *rocc (“rock”), as in Old English stānrocc (“high stone rock, peak, obelisk”), and also later from Anglo-Norman roque, from Early Medieval Latin rocca (attested 767 CE).


asse

English: ass

Yola: ess


brom

English: broom

Scots: brume, bruim

Inherited from Old English brōm, from Proto-West Germanic *brām, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-.


erwigge

English: earwig


hous

hous (plural)
houses (plural)
housen (plural)

English: house (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: hoose

Scots: hoose

Yola: heouse, houze, howze

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-?
Proto-Indo-European *-s?
Proto-Germanic *hūsą
Proto-West Germanic *hūs
Old English hūs
Middle English hous
From Old English hūs, from Proto-West Germanic *hūs, from Proto-Germanic *hūsą.
Cognate with Dutch huis, German Low German Huus, German Haus, Danish hus, Faroese hús, Icelandic hús, Norwegian Bokmål hus, Norwegian Nynorsk hus, Swedish hus.

etymon

[…]if ony of þi puple Iſrael biſechiþ, and knowiþ his veniaunce and ſikenesse, and if he ſpꝛediþ abꝛood hiſe hondis in þis hows[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:29”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

[…] If any of your people Israel prays, and knows their destruction and disease, and spreads his hands to this temple […]


keler

English: keeler

Yola: keeler


dragun

Therfor Daniel took pitch, and talow, and heeris, and sethide togidere; and he made gobetis, and yaf in to the mouth of the dragun; and the dragun was al to-brokun.


repere

English: reaper

Yola: ruppere

From Old English rīpere, equivalent to repen + -er.


bordure

English: border; bordure

Scots: border, bordour

Borrowed from Old French bordeure; equivalent to bord (“board”) + -ure.

(heraldry) A heraldic border; a bordure.

An edge, boundary, or demarcation:
A heraldic border; a bordure.

An edge, boundary, or demarcation:
A decorative border or edge.


osel

English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)

Scots: osil

Inherited from Old English ōsle, from Proto-West Germanic *amslā.


culter

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">culter</i>

English: colter, coulter (obsolete culter)

Scots: couter, cooter

Inherited from Old English culter, from Latin culter, of unclear origin. Forms with final /ə/ may be due to influence from Old French coutre or due to an Old English ō-stem by-form.


palmestrie

English: palmistry


hyrde

Alternative form of herde (“piece of hards”)


spray

English: spray

Yola: spraay

From Old English *spræġ, sprei (found in place names such as that of Spreyton, England), of unknown origin.


sauge

English: sage

Scots: sage

Borrowed from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia.

Salvia officinalis
Salvia officinalis#Translingual

sage (Salvia officinalis or its product)


glorie

English: glory

Scots: glore

Borrowed from Old French glorie, gloire, borrowed itself from Latin glōria.

Distinction or recognition; the state of being considered glorious.

Acclamation, admiration, or glory; the state of being lauded or congratulated.

Congratulation or glorifying; the offering of thanks.

A person or (rarely) a thing worthy of glory or honour.

Beauty, marvel, overwhelming pleasure to one's senses.


usure

From Old French usure, from Latin ūsūra.

foul vsure and lucre of vileynye Hateful to Crist.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prioresses Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To lend money in order to make interest; usury.


rotte

Alternative form of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”)


tragedie

Borrowed from Old French tragedie and Latin tragoedia.


flot

Alternative form of flote (“float, fleet”)


pece

desctree

English: piece, peece (obsolete)
Belizean Creole: pees
Sranan Tongo: pisi
→ Finnish: biisi
→ Irish: píosa
→ Japanese: ピース (pīsu)
→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos

Yola: peece

→ Middle Irish: pissa

Irish: píosa

→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos

Borrowed from Old French piece, from Late Latin pettia, from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (“piece, portion”).


cappe

English: cap

Scots: kep

From Old English cæppe, from Proto-West Germanic *kappā, from Late Latin cappa.

cap; hat (covering for the head, especially a tight-fitting undercover):

A piece of clerical headgear or headwear, especially a coif.

(rare) A chainmail layer underneath a helm.

(medicine, rare) A bandage or other covering to protect a wound.

A ring reinforcing the tip of a flail, morningstar, or similar weapon.

(rare) A covering or lid over a container.


nebule

c. 1415-1430, John Lydgate, Ballade in Commendation of Our Lady
O light without nebule.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


trippe

a trippe of cheese

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


macula

English: macula

Borrowed from Latin macula. Doublet of mayle.

(Late Middle English, rare) A lesion on the eye or skin.


furie

English: fury

Borrowed from Old French furie, from Latin fūria; compare Furie.


polle

English: poll

Yola: pul, poul

Probably borrowed from Middle Dutch pol.


sterne

English: starn (dialectal)

Scots: starn

Borrowed from Old Norse stjarna, from Proto-Germanic *sternǭ (“star”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Doublet of sterre.

a luminous body visible in the sky; a star or planet


gite

Inherited from Old English gyte, from Proto-West Germanic *guti, from Proto-Germanic *gutiz.


periferie

(rare) one of three layers of atmosphere (lower, middle, and upper) believed to surround the Earth


pantere

Alternative form of panter (“noose for fowl”)


diete

Old French diete, from Medieval Latin dieta, from Ancient Greek δίαιτα (díaita)


tappe

English: tap

Scots: tap, tapp

From Old English tæppa, from Proto-West Germanic *tappō, from Proto-Germanic *tappô.

A hole or spout for the emission of liquid.


tappe

English: tap


prede

(Kent) Alternative form of pryde (“proudness”)


richen

(Early Middle English) plural of riche (“realm”)


chete

Inherited from Old English ċēte, Anglian form of *ċīete, ċȳte.


unicorne

English: unicorn

Scots: unicorn

From Anglo-Norman unicorne, from Latin ūnicornis.

Any one-horned beast (e.g. a rhinoceros)

(figuratively) anger, rage, fury, especially that of God.


bost

English: boast

Scots: boast, bost

Yola: boust

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bost, probably of North Germanic origin, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bausuz (“inflated, swollen, puffed up, proud, arrogant, bad”).


tranquille

Borrowed from Latin tranquillum. Compare tranquillite.


ovet

English: ovest (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English ofett, from Proto-West Germanic *obaet; compare ete (“food”).

(rare, Kent or Early Middle English) fruit


flye

English: fly

Scots: flee, fle, flei

From Old English flēoge, flīeġe, from Proto-West Germanic *fleugā, from Proto-Germanic *fleugǭ.


voide

Ther nys no more, but here-after soone, / The voide dronke, and trauers drawe anon, / Gan euery wight that hadde nought to done / More in the place out of the chaumbre gon [...].

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, Book III:

1400, JN. Shirley, Dethe of James Stewarde, Kyng of Scotys, page 13, ed. 1818

Within an owre the Kyng askid the voidee, and drank, the travers yn the chambure edraw, and every man depairtid and went to rist.

drink taken before leaving or before bed; one for the road; nightcap


meden

From mede (“reward”) + -en (plural ending).

(Early Middle English) plural of mede (“reward”)


mette

From Old English ġemetta, from Proto-West Germanic *gamatjō. Doublet of mate.


toden

From Old English *tādan; equivalent to tode + -en (plural suffix).


lough

English: lough, loch

Scots: loch


heals

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hals (“neck, throat”)


annesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of oonnesse


apen

From Old English apan; equivalent to ape + -en (plural suffix).


minte

Alternative form of mynte (“mint (plant)”)


snede

English: snead

Yola: sned

(Early Middle English, hapax) A long scythe.


knop

English: knop

Scots: knap (in part)

From Middle Low German and Middle Dutch knoppe, from Proto-Germanic *knuppô, *knuppaz, *knappô, one of many kn- words related to *knuttô (“a knot”).


wynd

English: wind

Scots: wind, win

Yola: weend, wyeene

From Old English wind, from Proto-West Germanic *wind, from Proto-Germanic *windaz.


leofman

English: leman


trouse

English: trouse

Fingallian: trouses (plural)


grees

Alternative form of grece (“step, steps”)


clouting

English: clouting


caverne

English: cavern

Scots: cavern

Borrowed from Middle French caverne, from Old French caverne, from Latin caverna.


loppe

English: lop (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English loppe, lobbe, from a conflation of Proto-Germanic *lubbō, *lubbǭ and Proto-Germanic *luppǭ.


loppe

English: lop

An individual bough, branch, or cutting.


menage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman meinage, menage; equivalent to Old French manoir + -age. Compare modern English ménage.


wyn

English: wine (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wyne

From Old English wīn, from Proto-West Germanic *wīn, from Latin vīnum.

wine (in food, cooking, medicine, the Eucharist, etc.)


wone

From Old English wuna (“custom, habit, practise, ritual”).


wone

English: wone

It is not good to be alone, / to walk here in this worthely wone

15th c., “[The Creation]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 6, lines 184–185:

It is not good to be alone, to walk here in this noble world

(poetic) Dwelling-place, home. By extension A country, realm. Especially with worthly, the world.


schilder

English: shielder

(rare) Something who shields or safeguards.


oost

English: host

Borrowed from Old French ost, oste, from Latin hostis.


kanon

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative law”)


pacient

English: pacient

Borrowed from Middle French patient, from Old French pacient, from Latin patiens, present participle of patior (“to suffer, endure”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate, hurt”).

(pathology) patient (individual under care)

(alchemy, rare) That which is subjected to action.


cyromancy

Thales Mylesyes..fyrst dyd wryte the syens off cyromancy in the langage of Parce.


ciromanci

1440 Palmistry
This lytill tretis draw owt of the sciens of Ciromanci.


clubber

(rare) Somebody who makes clubs; a club-maker.


bulle

And who ſo fyndeth hym out of ſuche blame / Commeth up and offre in goddes name / And I assoyle hym by the auctorite / Such as by bulle was graunted to me.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxx, recto, column 2:


mages

English: mage

From Latin magī (often assimilated to the native ME plural ending), plural of magus, from Ancient Greek μάγος (mágos).

Wizards, occult scholars; those with great esoteric skill.


tolling

English: tolling

From tollen (“to bring”) + -ing (“gerund ending”).

af

(rare) convincing; attraction or captivation


tolling

Alternative form of tollynge (“tax collection”)


gemensye

Geometrie & geomesie [vrr. gemensye, gemessie, geemessye] is gynful of speche.


geomance

1392 Gower CA 6.1295-8

The craft which that Saturnus fond, To make prickes in the Sond, That Geomance cleped is, Fulofte he useth it amis; And of the flod his Ydromance, And of the fyr the Piromance, With questions echon of tho He tempteth ofte.


cule

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of coule


sowel

English: sowl (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English sufel, sufol, from Proto-West Germanic *sufl, from Proto-Germanic *suflą. For the loss of /v/ between /u/ and /l/, compare coule and forms of schovel.

Food, especially that served with bread as a side or condiment; sowl.


sowel

English: sole (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English sāgol, sāgel, from Proto-West Germanic *saigul.

A staff or club; a sturdy stick used as a weapon.

A stake with a sharp end (used for fence-building)


rioter

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riotour


deis

English: dais

Scots: deas, deece

From Anglo-Norman deis, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos). Doublet of deske and disch.

(figuratively) An office or position and the authority it gives.


deis

Alternative form of dees: plural of dee (“die”)


sute

English: suit

Scots: suit, soot

→ Welsh: siwt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suite, from Vulgar Latin *sequita, from Latin sequor.

Clothes or clothing; especially those that match:

A group of clothes for wearing as a set; a suit.

A uniform; a set of similar clothes worn by multiple people.

A group or collection; multiple things treated as one:

A mass of allied people; a team or troop.

An array or line of things; multiple things lined up.

A group of multiple similar items that form a natural group.

The undertaking of an attempt; attempting, trying, actioning:

A request, especially a formal one directed at government.

A pursuing or chasing; the action of following with haste.

Legal activity, especially a case or suit.

An offensive or charge; an action of combat.

(rare) Romancing, courting; entering into love.

Duty; actions that one is duty-bound or beholden to perform:

The requirement for a dweller or occupant to attend court.

The requirement for a dweller to provide corn for a mill.

A variety or type; something defined by its differences.

(rare) A circumstance that is causing an issue.

(rare) An immediate descendant; a child.


sclave

English: slave

Scots: slave, sclave

Yola: zlaves (plural)

Borrowed from Old French esclave, from Medieval Latin sclavus (“slave”), from Late Latin Sclavus̄ (“Slav”). Doublet of Sclave.


stalle

English: stall

Scots: stal, staw

Yola: sthole

From Old English steall, from Proto-West Germanic *stall.


wharfage

English: wharfage


rosen

From Old English rōsan; equivalent to rose + -en (plural suffix).


asker

English: asker

Scots: askar (obsolete)

One who prays towards or supplicates a divinity.

One who criticises, reviews, or examines; a checker.

A litigant; one who begins legal action or one hired by such a person.

(rare) An extortionist; one who requires excessive charges.

(rare) One who asks or questions; an asker.


kex

English: kex, kix

Scots: kex

Unknown. Possibly from a Celtic and/or substrate language.

Any dried stem of a plant with a hollow interior.

(rare) A plant having a hollow stem; a member of the family Umbelliferae.


herber

English: herber, arbour

Scots: herber (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman herber, erber (“garden”), from erbe (“grass, herb”); equivalent to herbe + -er.

c. 1300, The Thrush and the Nightingale [Digby], line 98

'Ich habbe leue to ben here, In orchard and in erbere Mine songes for to singe.

c. 1400, William Langland, Piers Plowman [Laud Misc.], line 16.15

c. 1400, Kyng Alisaunder [Laud Misc.], line 331

Herbes he took in on herbere And stamped hem in a mortere.

Also loke þyn gardynes and orchardes & erberes with-ynne þe citee be wel I-tyled, as wel for profite & nede as for honest disport.

c. 1450, The Book of Vegecye of Dedes of Knyghthode [Douce], (trans. of Vegetius, De re militari), line 98b

c. 1330, The Seven Sages of Rome [Auchinleck], line 76

Þe louerd had o gardin; A wel fair ympe is þar in; A fair herber hit ouer spredez.

c. 1425, The Seven Sages of Rome [Cotton Galba], line 628

He had ordaynd..A faire gardine..Þare stode a faire pine-appel tre..And vnder it was an herber grene.


ambre

From Old English amber (“a bucket”), probably from Latin amphora. Cognate with Dutch emmer (“a bucket”), Low German Ammel (“a bucket”), Middle High German eim(b)er (“a bucket”), German Eimer (“a bucket”), Luxembourgish Eemer (“a bucket”), Norwegian ambar (“a bucket”), Swedish ämbar (“a bucket”), West Frisian amer (“a bucket”).


frere

English: friar

Scots: freer (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French frere, from Latin frater, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of brother.

Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]

friar (male member of a mendicant order)

(rare) monk (male member of a monastic order)


-ien

English: -ian

Scots: -ian

Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.

Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian.


torche

English: torch

From Old French torche, from Vulgar Latin *torca.


aron

>? Fingallian: arroon

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄρον (áron).


stomak

English: stomach

Scots: stamack

Borrowed from Old French estomac, from Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

The stomach or guts:
(figurative) Hunger, starvation.

The stomach or guts:
Hunger, starvation.

(figurative) One's emotional or sexual drive (supposedly coming from the stomach)


ridership

(Late Middle English, rare) The position of a ranger who travels on horse.


tye

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


tye

Alternative form of teye (“chest, enclosure”)


aker

desctree

English: acre, aker (archaic), acer (-er form, chiefly UK)
→ Irish: acra
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)

Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker, yicker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire, acair

Yola: aager

→ Welsh: acer

From Old English æcer, from Proto-West Germanic *akr.

acre (land measure of 160 rods square (though actually varying in size, both regionally and in time), usually described as 40 rods/1 furlong long and 4 rods wide.)


markat

(Kent or Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


perche

English: perch

Borrowed from Old French perche, from Latin perca, from Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē).


perche

English: perch

Borrowed from Old French perche, from Latin pertica.

A stake, bar or pole, usually running lengthwise.


brid

briddes (plural)
brid (accusative nominative singular)
briddes (accusative nominative plural)
briddes (genitive singular)
briddes (genitive plural)
bridde (dative singular)
bridde (dative plural)

English: bird

Scots: bird

Yola: burdès (plural)

From Old English bridd, of disputed origin.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


demaunde

English: demand

Scots: demand

From Old French demande, from the verb demander.


cifre

English: cipher, cypher

Borrowed from Old French cyfre, cyffre, from Medieval Latin cifra, from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr).

The mathematical symbol or figure 0, representing the number zero.

(rare) Any symbol or figure used in mathematics.

(figurative, rare) Something that improves something else's worth despite being without worth alone.


feith

English: faith

Scots: faith

Yola: faaighe, faighe, faigh, fythe

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman feid (early form of foi), from Latin fidem.


rubriche

English: rubric

Borrowed from Middle French rubrique, rubriche, rubrice, from borrowed itself from Latin rubrīca.

A heading, header, rubric (a title of a section of text, especially one written in red).

(rare) A certain part or portion of a text.

(rare) A rubric (instruction for the ritual actions of a liturgy).


limbus

English: limbus

Scots: lymbus (obsolete)

(Late Middle English, rare) limbo (waiting place for souls)


ferie

English: ferry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ferry

Partially from Old Norse ferja; partially a back-formation from ferien.


ferie

English: ferie (obsolete)

From Old French ferie, from Medieval Latin fēria; compare feyre.


panade

Ay by his belt he baar a long panade

1478, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Bantam Classics, The Reves Tale, line 9:


pacche

English: patch

Yola: patch (figuratively)

Possibly borrowed from Old French *pache, a variant of Old French pieche, dialectal variant of piece (“piece”).


gunner

English: gunner

Scots: gunner

→ Medieval Latin: gunnārius

From gunne + -er; compare Medieval Latin gunnārius.

An operator of a cannon; an artilleryman.


envie

English: envy

Borrowed from Old French envie, from Latin invidia.

ȝit þey haveþ so grete envie to þe Latyns þat þey haveþ wiþ drawe hem out of [þe] subieccioun and obedience of þe chirche of Rome

1378, John of Trevisa, transl., Polychronicon, translation of original by Ranulf Higden, published 1876, page 287:

ill-will, hatred, enmity, hostility; spite, malice; an instance of enmity

envy, grudge; hostility; an instance of this feeling


harras

Alternative form of haras (“stud farm; herd of studs”)


soudan

English: soldan

Scots: sowdian

From Old French soudan, from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).

A sultan (especially one of the rulers of major Muslim states in the Middle Ages).

(by extension) A Muslim soldier or noble.


lilie

English: lily

Scots: lily

From Old English lilie, from Latin līlia, plural of līlium, from Ancient Greek λείριον (leírion), from Fayyumic Coptic ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ (hlēri) (compare Sahidic Coptic ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ (hrēre)), from Demotic (ḥrry, “flower”), from Egyptian ḥrrt (“flower”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egx-dem">ḥrry</i>

Lilium candidum, its flower, or a similar plant (often used medicinally)

A pure, good, and holy individual (e.g. Jesus, the Virgin Mary)

(rare) A representation of a lily; a fleur-de-lis.


yok

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yock</i>

English: yoke (obsolete yock)

Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke

Scots: yoke, yock

Inherited from Old English ġeoc, from Proto-West Germanic *juk, *jok, from Proto-Germanic *juką, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
Forms with a long vowel are either leveled from inflected forms or influenced by the verb yoken, where open-syllable lengthening took place.

yoke (attachment connecting animals to a farm implement).

(figuratively) Regulation; limits or their imposition:

A restriction or limit; that which restrains.

Regulation; limits or their imposition:
Bondage, subjection; lack of freedom.

Regulation; limits or their imposition:
Marriage; the marital bond.


exen

From Anglian Old English exen, œxen; equivalent to oxe + -en (plural suffix); compare oxen.


compas

English: compass

Borrowed from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus.

Guile, craft or an instance of it; the use of skill or sleight-of hand.

A scheme or plan, especially one formulated in secrecy or with malicious intent.

A circular shape (i.e. a circle, curve or sphere) or a region bounded by one.

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

The boundary or totality of the margins or edges of a region or zone; that which surrounds.

An area, region or zone; space or coverage with fixed or demarcated boundaries.

The size, extent, or magnitude of something (usually in area or dimension)

A compass (device or tool for drawing or demarcating a circle)

(rare) The appearance, visage or design of a piece of craftsmanship.


teren

From tere (“tear”) + -en (“plural suffix”).


hengel

Borrowed from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch hengel; compare henge.


blasfeme

From Old French blasfeme, a semi-learned form from Latin blasphēmus.


gome

English: gome

Scots: gome

Inherited from Old English guma, from Proto-West Germanic *gumō, from Proto-Germanic *gumô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ.

And þus bigynneth þes gomes · to greden ful heiȝ.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:

And thus began these men · to cry out full high.^(Verification Needed)

Some towns wex near toom, In the which woned many a gome.

Some towns wax near empty, In which lived many a man.^(Verification Needed)

To the, ihesu, I make my mone; / ffarwell! comly, of cors so cleyn! / ffarwel! gracyouse gome! where so thou gone, / fful mekill grace is to the geyn;

15th c., “Iohannes baptista [John the Baptist]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 203, lines 267–270:

To thee, Jesus, I make my lamentation: farewell, pleasing [man], so clean of body! Farewell, gracious man! Wheresoever thou goest, you will gain much grace

A fighter or combatant; one who engages in battle.

(rare) A male hireling, assistant or underling


gome

English: gum (dialectal goom)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

Inherited from Old English gōma, from Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.

(often in the plural) The flesh around the teeth; the gum.

The interior of one's mouth; the palate or roof of the mouth.

(rare, Late Middle English) One's teeth or jaws.


gome

English: gaum, gorm (dialectal)

Scots: goam

→ English: gumption

Borrowed from Old Norse gaumr, from Proto-Germanic *gaumaz.


saule

Borrowed from Middle French saoulee, soûlée, past participle of saouler, soûler; compare sauled.

One's fill; a sufficient amount of food.


saule

Alternative form of sowel (“staff, stake”)


saule

(chiefly Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of soule


castel

English: castle
→ Tongan: kāsolo

Scots: castle

→ Scottish Gaelic: caisteal

From late Old English castel, castell, borrowed from Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman/Old Northern French castel, itself also from castellum.


coriandre

English: coriander

Scots: corrydander

Borrowed from Old French coriandre, itself borrowed from Latin coriandrum, from Ancient Greek κορίαννον (koríannon).

Coriandrum sativum
Coriandrum sativum#Translingual

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) or its seed.


crucche

English: crutch

Scots: crutch

From Old English cryċċ (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krukkju, from Proto-Germanic *krukjō (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewg- (“wrinkle, bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, bend”).
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

der

c. 1215 Layamon's Brut, l.9722

he wænde mid his crucche; us a-dun þrucche.

he caste awei his crucche


freme

From Old English freme, fremu (“advantage, gain, benefit”).

Ðe man..erneð after his soule freme.


greve

Yola: greve

thicket, copse, bush; shrubbery, undergrowth


lacche

English: latch

From lacchen (“to seize, catch”), from Old English læċċan (“to grasp, take hold of, catch, seize””).

inh

Love wil noon other bridde cacche,

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer. The Romaunt of the Rose. 1623-4


corne

English: corn

Borrowed from Old French corne, corn; from Latin cornū.


cofre

English: coffer

Scots: coffer

Yola: koaver

Borrowed from Old French cofre, coffre, from Latin cophinus, from Ancient Greek κόφινος (kóphinos). Doublet of coffyn.


squame

English: squame

From Old French esquame, from Latin squāma.

yron squames

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Metal that flakes; a flake of such metal.

not squames to wasche them, and wype them, nor auoyde them, not angry nor hasty, or un pacient thof one haue the vomet, another the fluxe, another the frensy, which nowe syngethe, now wel apayde, ffor ther be some sekenesses vexynge the seke so gretly and prouokynge them to ire, that the mater drawen up to the brayne alyenthe the mendes.

c. 1450, “Additions to the Rule or Saint Saviour”, in George James Aungier, editor, History and Antiquities of Syon Monastery, published 1840, page 395:


hosen

English: hosen

From Old English hosan, from Proto-Germanic *husōniz; equivalent to hose + -en (plural suffix).


reveling

Alternative form of revelynge (“reveling”)


reveling

Alternative form of revelynge (“revelation”)


houre

English: hour (see there for further descendants)

Northumbrian: oor

Scots: oor

From Anglo-Norman houre, from Latin hōra, from Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra).

hour (a 60-minute period which the day has 24 of)


tach

Unknown. Perhaps related to trasch or Modern English tatch (“to set grass on fire”).


tach

English: tache, tatch (“stain”)

Scots: tache

⇒? English: tetchy

From Old French tache (“stain, spot”), of uncertain origin; perhaps a native derivation, or borrowed from Gothic.


gendre

English: gender (see there for further descendants)


aske

English: ask, askard

Scots: ask, esk, awsk

From earlier *athske, from Old English *āþesce, metathetic form of āþexe.


aske

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


haire

She, ful devout and humble in hir corage, / Under hir robe of gold, that sat ful faire, / Hadde next hir flessh yclad hir in an haire.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Second Nun's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:


soule

enm-noun

soule (plural soules or soulen or (early) soule)

soules (plural)
soulen (plural)
soule (plural)

English: soul (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saul

Inherited from Old English sāwol, sāwel, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

The human soul (seen as granting sapience and surviving after death).

The (characteristic) soul of animals or plants.

(alchemy) A refined animating substance akin to the soul.

The mind or heart; one's capacity for thought or emotion.

One's intent or goal; that which one wants.


brest

English: brest, breast

Scots: brest, breist, breest

From Old English brēost, from Proto-West Germanic *breust, from Proto-Germanic *breustą.

breast (protrusion on the front of the chest)

The breast in several contexts:
female breast (for nursing)

The breast in several contexts:
breast (cut of meat)

breast, heart (centre of emotional functioning)


brest

English: bryst (obsolete)

From Old Norse brestr, from Proto-Germanic *brestuz; influenced by the cognate Old English byrst. Doublet of burst.


kalf

Alternative form of calf (“calf (young cow)”)


skift

Old Norse skipta (verb) and Old Norse skipti (noun), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną.

There be many knyghtes that hath envy to us; Therefore whan we shall mete at the day of justis there woll be harde skyffte for us. — Malory

Make ye as good skyffte as ye can, ye shall bere this lady with you on horsebak unto the Pope of Rome. — Malory


lafe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“remainder”)


simplicite

English: simplicity

Scots: simplicitie

Borrowed from Old French simplicite, borrowed itself from Latin simplicitās, simplicitātem.

The nature of being made of one part or being simplex.

(rare) stupidity, dumbness, unlearnedness


vewe

English: view

Scots: view

An inspection, checkup, or examination, especially a legally ordained one.

(Late Middle English) A scheduled minor court held in a local administrative district.

(rare, Late Middle English) oversight, overseeing, direction, instruction

(rare, Late Middle English) One's focus; what one is concentrating on.


organe

desctree

English: organ
→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)
→ Maori: ōkana
→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

Scots: organ

From Old French organe, orgene, from Latin organum (“implement; musical instrument”). Doublet of organum.

der

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

(music) A keyboard instrument that produces sound by air moved through pipes; an organ.

(music) A melody sung in counterpoint or descant; organum.

A body part which performs a certain function; an organ.


baptiste

English: baptist, Baptist

Scots: baptist, Baptist

Borrowed from Old French baptiste, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptista, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστής (baptistḗs).


kinde

And with that word he caughte a greet mirour,
And saugh that chaunged was al his colour,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1399-1401

And with that word he picked up a large mirror,
And saw that all his color was changed,
And saw his visage all (changed) to another sort.

And saugh his visage al in another kinde.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, I:


tyme

English: time (see there for further descendants)

Scots: time, teime, tim

Yola: deemes (plural)

From Old English tīma, from Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô. Doublet of demon.

An occasion, event, or occurrence; a specific time.

A reign; the duration of a ruler's office.

A lifetime; the duration of a person's life.

Part of a period of time (especially a season or yeartide).

A specific duration; a period of time:
Part of a process or event.

A brief or ephemeral point in time; an instance.

And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

A generic reference to some vaguely-specified or unspecified duration.

Times; multiplied by (usually in the plural)

Specifies the ratio of comparison in a comparative sentence.

(grammar) Verbal tense; the way time is morphologically marked on a verb.


tyme

English: thyme

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman time (continental Old French thym), from Latin thymum, from Ancient Greek θύμον (thúmon).


emperour

English: emperor

Scots: emperor

Borrowed from Old French empereor, from Latin imperātorem.

A supreme ruler; an individual with total control.


moneth

English: month

Scots: moneth

From Old English mōnaþ. Equivalent to mone + -th.


lawe

lawes (plural)
lawen (Early-Middle-English plural)

English: law

Scots: law

Yola: laas (plural)

From Old English lagu, in turn borrowed from Old Norse *lagu, a plural of lag.

A law, regulation, or a group of them:
Ecclesiastical, canon or church law.

The regulations followed by a job or group of people.

Directives, obligations, or tasks set to someone.

Legality; what is legally (and often seen as morally) right.

Morality, natural law (either instinctual or taught):

The Bible or one of the two books which it is composed of.

The Torah or the moral strictures contained within it.

One of the Ten Commandments or their totality.

The regulating and obligating nature of marriage.

(rare) Morality revealed or given from the heavens.

A law or the totality of laws active in a community; the law.

The practicing of law; litigation, legal action, or part of it.

The legal profession; law or the legal system as a job or occupation.

A legal ruling or decision; penalisation or compensation.

A legal community; the area under the aegis of a given legal system.

(rare) Getting one's acquaintances to attest one's innocence.

(rare) The law as an individual; those working in law.

One's behaviour, acts, practices, or mode of living:

The usual behaviour of a group or class of things.

The usual behaviour of a people, nation, or community.

The method, technique, or way in which something is accomplished.

Caution from violence due to law; the effects of law and order.

(rare) A trapping, ceremony, or ritual that forms part of a religion.

(rare) Customs, behaviours, or actions which are regarded as right; manners.

The administrative or governmental system present in a community.

A scientific or natural law; a statement of truth.

A dispensation (one of the periods of Christian history)

Information or wisdom from a trustworthy or reliable source.

A snide or pithy axiom or statement of a general truth.

(rare) Something which effects or changes; a force.

(rare) Might or potency; the ability to effect one's will.

(rare) The state or situation one is in.


cisterne

English: cistern

From Old French cisterne, from Latin cisterna.


petit jury

English: petit jury

If it be founden by the graunde Iurie in the same Atteynt that the petite Iury haven geven a true Verdite, that then the graunde Iurie shall have auctoritie and power to enquire if any of the petit Iury toke or perceyved any Somme of Money, or other rewarde [etc.].

1495, Act, Henry VII, c. 21; quoted in “Jury 2. b. Grand jury”, in James A. H. Murray [et al.], editors, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volumes V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, 1884–1928, →OCLC, page 637, column 1:


biscop

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bischop


lere

A loueli ladi of lere · in lynnen yclothed / Come down fram a castel.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Passus I]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:


sanguinarie

English: sanguinary

From Anglo-Norman sanguinarie, borrowed itself from Latin (herba) sanguināria; equivalent to sanguine + -arie.

Capsella bursa-pastoris
Capsella bursa-pastoris#Translingual

shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)


gladder

From Old English *gladere (“gladder”), from gladian (“to make glad”).

[...] Thou glader of the mount of Citheroun,
For thilke love thou haddest to Adoun, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2223-2224

… Thou maker of joy of the mount of Citheron,
For that same love thou haddest to Adonis, …


dragoun

English: dragon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: draigon

Borrowed from Old French dragon, from Latin dracō, dracōnem, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of drake (“dragon”).

An dragon, drake, wyrm (mythological creature)

(biblical) A serpent or reptilian monster


mys

Wiþ þat ran þere a route · of ratones at ones / And smale mys with hem · mo þen a þousande

c. 1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman, Prologue:

With that a rout of rats ran at once, / and small mice with them; more than a thousand.


starne

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of sterne


spone

English: spoon

Geordie English: spuin, speun

desc

Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune

Yola: spone

From Old English spōn, from Proto-West Germanic *spānu, form Proto-Germanic *spēnuz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A spoon or scoop; especially a spoon used as a measure.

A spoonful; the amount that fits in a spoon


segg

Gladly I wolde / Se þat segg in sy3t, and with hymself speke


reven

Inherited from Old English ġerēfan, plural of ġerēfa; equivalent to reve + -en (plural suffix).


blamer

English: blamer


hoste

English: host


stithy

English: stithy

Scots: studdy, stiddy

Either borrowed from Old Norse steðja, oblique singular of steði, or a remodelling of stith on the analogy of smythy. Doublet of stith.


hochepoche

A variant of hochepot, from Old French hochepot.

Ȝe haue cast alle here wordes in an hochepoche.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of Chaucer”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

hotchpotch (soup; (figuratively) jumble)


welken

English: welkin

From Old English wolcnu, plural of wolcen, wolcn, from Proto-West Germanic *wolkn, from Proto-Germanic *wulkaną.

The atmosphere; the area where weather happens.

Thus hath this pytous day a blyſful ende / For euery man & woman doth hys myght / Thys daye in myrth and reuel to dyſpende / Tyl on the welken ſhone the ſterres bryght / For more ſolempne in euery mannes ſyght / Thys feeſt was, and greater of coſtage / Then was the reuel of her mariage

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio liiii, verso, part 6:

Thus hath this piteous day a blissful end / For every man & woman doth his might / This day in mirth and revel to dispend / Till on the welkin shone the stars bright / For more solemn in every man's sight / This feast was, and greater of costage / Than was the revel of her marriage

The space or air surrounding the Earth or; the heavens or welkin.

A division or layer of this space; an atmospheric region.

(Early Middle English) A cloud (mass of water droplets)


grys

English: gris (obsolete)

From Old French gris, from Vulgar Latin *grīsus, from Proto-Germanic *grīsaz.


shryne

English: shrine


hirs

Alternative form of hereos (“love-sickness”)


schep

English: sheep (see there for further descendants)

Scots: sheep

Yola: zheep, sheep

From Old English sċēap, sċēp, from Proto-West Germanic *skāp, from Proto-Germanic *skēpą, of unknown origin.


welk

English: whelk, welk, whilk, wilk

Scots: wulk, wilk, welk

→ Old French: welke

From Old English weoloc, wiloc, wioloc, weluc, from Proto-West Germanic *weluk.


materas

English: mattress

Scots: mattrass

Borrowed from Old French matras, from Arabic مَطْرَح (maṭraḥ).

A mattress; a pad or cushioning for sleeping upon.

(anatomy, rare) A pad or cushion in one's body.


wys

From Old English wīs, from Proto-Germanic *wīsaz.


goddesse

English: goddess


anys

English: anise

Scots: anis (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French anis, from Latin anīsum, from Ancient Greek ἄνισον (ánison), from Egyptian jnst.


beaute

English: beauty

Scots: beauty

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman beauté, from Vulgar Latin *bellitātem; equivalent to beau + -te.

The quality of being physically appealing; attractiveness, prettiness.

Something that is beautiful (usually a characteristic)

(rare) Righteousness, virtue; morally correct behaviour.

(rare) Generosity, politeness; being respectful.

(rare) Beauty or attractiveness personified (as a woman)

(rare) Honourableness; glorious behaviour.