Monday

English: Monday (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Monanday

Yola: Mondei

Monenday (alternative)
Moneday (alternative)
moneday (alternative)

days of the week: weke-day: Sunnenday · Monday · Tewesday · Wednesday · Thursday · Friday · Saterday [edit]


Wednesday

English: Wednesday
→ Maori: Wenerei

Scots: Wadensday

Yola: Wennesdei

From Old English *wēdnesdæġ, a by-form of wōdnesdæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *Wōdanas dag.

Wednesdei (alternative)
Wodnesdai (alternative)
Wedonesday (alternative)
wednesday (alternative)


Thursday

English: Thursday

Scots: Forsday, Försday

Yola: Thorsdei

From Old English þuresdæġ, þursdæġ, late form of þunresdæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *Þunras dag. Possibly influenced by Old Norse þórsdagr, though compare the development of early Middle English are from ānre.

Thuresday (alternative)
Thurysday (alternative)
Þursday (alternative)
Thoresday (alternative)


Friday

desctree

English: Friday
Tok Pisin: Fraide
→ Maori: Paraire

Scots: Friday

Yola: Vreedie, Vridei, vreedei

From Old English frīġedæġ. Forms with -e- are possibly after Old Norse freadagr, frjádagr, but may also represent the regular phonological development of frīġedæġ in some dialects.

ffryday (alternative)
Freday (alternative)
fridai (alternative)
Fryda (alternative)
fryday (alternative)
Vriday (alternative)
vridei (alternative)
fridæi (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Fridæig (alternative Early-Middle-English)
friȝdæi (alternative Early-Middle-English)


Edward

English: Edward

Yola: Edweard

From Old English Ēadweard, from Proto-West Germanic *Audawardu, from Proto-Germanic *Audawarduz.

a male given name, equivalent to English Edward


Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

From Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -es.

Walis (alternative)
Walys (alternative)
Walez (alternative)

Wales (a medieval principality and region of the Kingdom of England)


England

Which armes I the seid Clarensewe King of Armes conferme unto the seid John and wᵗnesse here that nos ꝑsone wᵗin the Raume of England ought for to bere hem but the seid John and the heirs of his body lawfully begaten. In wᵗnesse wherof to thise ꝉres I have sette my seall of armes and my signe manuell.

1454, Roger Leigh, Clarenceux King of Arms, Confirmation of Arms to John Aleyn of Buckinghamshire

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


god

goddes (genitive)
God (alternative)
godd (alternative)
godde (alternative)

English: God, od (archaic, regional, euphemistic), god (as proper noun, often derogatory or in philosophy), gawd, Gawd, g-d, G-d
→ Pohnpeian: Koht

Scots: God

Yola: Gud, God

From Old English god, from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą.

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene lau[m]pıs bꝛe[n]nynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

a. 1450, The Creation and the Fall of Lucifer in The York Plays, as recorded c. 1463–1477 in British Museum MS. Additional 35290

I am gracious and great, God without beginning, / I am the unmade maker—all might is in me, / I am life and the way to the attainment of salvation, / I am foremost and first—as I command, it shall be.

I am gracyus and grete, god withoutyn begynnyng, / I am maker vnmade, all mighte es in me, / I am lyfe and way vnto welth-wynnyng, / I am formaste and fyrste, als I byd sall it be.

God (the deity of Abrahamic religions, especially the Christian God, considered to be Jesus Christ)


Scotland

Inherited from Old English Sċott (“Scot”) + land (“land”).

Scotland (a medieval kingdom in Northern Europe)


bible

English: Bible

Scots: Bible

From Old French bible, from Medieval Latin biblia, from biblia), from Ancient Greek βιβλία (biblía).

Bible (alternative)
bibel (alternative)
bibile (alternative)
byble (alternative)
bybill (alternative)
bibelle (alternative)
bybulle (alternative)
bibill (alternative)

The Bible (Christian holy book); a copy of the Bible.


Europe

English: Europe, Europa (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Europe

Learned borrowing from Latin Eurōpa, borrowed from Doric Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa).

etymon

Europe (a continent located west of Asia and north of Africa)

(Greek mythology) Europa (several characters, most notably a Phoenician princess abducted to Crete by Zeus)


Athens

English: Athens

From Old French Athenes, Atenes, from Latin Athēnae pl (acc. Athēnās), from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι pl (Athênai), the plural form of Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athena”), the goddess. More at Athena.

Atenes (alternative)
Atenys (alternative)
Athenes (alternative)

Þe grete worþi Dionisius, Whiche at Athens..Was called in scolis Aropagite [vr. the Ariapogite].


London

English: London

Norwegian Bokmål: London

Scots: Lunnon

From Old English Lunden, from Latin Londinium - see for details.

Lundon (alternative)
Londun (alternative)
Londoun (alternative)
Lunden (alternative)


Normandy

Alternative form of Normandie: Normandy (a historical province and medieval kingdom in northwest France)


Rome

English: Rome

Scots: Roum, Rome

From Old English Rōm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō, from Latin Rōma.

Roome (alternative)
Rombe (alternative)
Rume (alternative)
Room (alternative)
Rom (alternative)

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.

But now I am removed from the cyte of Rome almoſt .V.C.M. paas, I am wythoute defence dampned to pꝛoscrepcion and to deathe[…]

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie. The Fyrst Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxxv, recto, column 1:

But now I've been sent almost 500,000 paces from the city of Rome; I am without defence, sentenced to exile and death.

Ne never was ther king in Rome towne / Syns thilke day, ⁊ ſhe was holden there[…]

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Legende of Lucresse of Rome”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxv, verso, column 2:

There was never a king in Rome after that day, and she was seen there […]

Rome (a city, the capital of the Papacy; the ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


Nicholas

English: Nicholas

Scots: Nicholas

Yola: Niclase

From Old French Nicholas, from Latin Nīcolāus, from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos).

Nicolas (alternative)
Nicholaus (alternative)

a male given name associated with Saint Nicholas of Myra.


Egipt

desctree

English: Egypt, Ægypt (archaic), Ægipt, Aegipt, Egipt, Egipte (obsolete)
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Venus

English: Venus

The Roman goddess governing love and sexuality; Venus.

The planet closely associated with the evening: Venus.


Thomas

English: Thomas
→ Hawaiian: Kamaki
→ Maori: Tāmati
→ Scottish Gaelic: Tòmas

And here on þͤ othir ſyde folowyth the moſte pytevous tale of the morte Arthure ſaunz Gwerdon · Ꝑ le ſhyvalere ẜ Thomᷓs Malleorre knyȝt

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 18–21:

And here on the other side followeth the most piteous tale of the mort d’Arthur sans guerdon, par le chevalier Sir Thomas Malory, knight.


lord

From Old English hlāford, hlāfweard, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + weard (“ward, guardian, keeper”).

lorde (alternative)
lhord (alternative)
lourd (alternative)
lourde (alternative)
laverd (alternative)
lhoaverd (alternative Early-Middle-English)
laford (alternative Early-Middle-English)
laverd (alternative Early-Middle-English)
loverd (alternative Early-Middle-English)
louerd (alternative Early-Middle-English)
lowerd (alternative Early-Middle-English)

c. 1400, Lay Folks Mass, Bk. App. iii. 125

(Christianity) Lord: Jesus Christ, God the Son


Pluto

English: Pluto

From Latin Pluto, from Ancient Greek Πλούτων (Ploútōn).

Plute (alternative)
Poluto (alternative)

(mythology) The Roman god governing the underworld; Pluto.


Alpes

English: Alps
→ Hindi: ऐल्प्स (ailps)
→ Japanese: アルプス (Arupusu)
→ Urdu: الپس (alps)

Borrowed from Middle French Alpes, from Latin Alpēs.

Alps (a mountain range in Western Europe)


Peter

Petres (genitive)
petir (alternative)
Petir (alternative)
petur (alternative)
petre (alternative)
peiter (alternative)

English: Peter

Scots: Peter

Yola: Beedher, Peedher, Peether

From Old English Petrus, from Latin Petrus, from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros), from πέτρος (pétros, “stone, rock”).

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."


Adam

English: Adam, Adams, Adams, McAdam, McAdams, McCaw, MacAdam, MacAdams, MacCaw
Tok Pisin: Adam

Scots: Adam

From Old English Adam, from Latin Ādāmus, Ādām, from Ancient Greek Ἀδάμ (Adám), Ἄδαμος (Ádamos), from Biblical Hebrew אָדָם (adam).

Adam (Biblical progenitor of humankind).


James

⇒ English: James
⇒ English: Jim (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jimmy, Jimmie, Jimmi, Jimi (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jimbo (diminutive)
→ Hindi: जिम्बो (jimbo)
→ Hawaiian: Kimo
⇒ English: Jem (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jemmy (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jamie, Jamey (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jay (diminutive)
→ Chinese: 詹姆斯 (Zhānmǔsī) (transliteration)
→ Cornish: Jammes, Jamma
→ Danish: James
→ Fijian: Semesa
→ Icelandic: James
→ Irish: Séamas, Séamus, Seumas
→ English: Seamus, Shamus
→ Manx: Jayms
→ Maori: Hemi
→ Samoan: Semisi
→ Scottish Gaelic: Seumas
→ English: Hamish
→ Swedish: James
→ Welsh: Siâms

⇒ Scots: Jeams

⇒ Scots: Jeamie, Jeemie, Jamie, Jaimie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jeamock (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jamesie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jizer (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Peem, Pim (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Pimmie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Peemser (diminutive)

Yola: Jaames

From Old French James, from Vulgar Latin Iacomus, spoken and altered pronunciation of Latin Iacobus, from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ).

der

Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ)

Ȝame (alternative)
Gemes (alternative)
Iam (alternative)
Iames (alternative)
Iamys (alternative)
Iame (alternative)
Ieme (alternative)

James the Greater or James the Less (apostles)

James (a male given name from Old French)


Walter

English: Walter

Yola: Wathere

From Old Northern French Waltier, from Frankish *Waltheri (compare Old High German Waltheri, which see for more details), from Proto-Germanic *Waldaharjaz.


Lucifer

English: Lucifer

Scots: Lucifer

Lucyfer (alternative)
Lucyfere (alternative)

Satan; the Devil; the supreme Christian figure of evil.


Inde

English: Inde

Borrowed from Old French Ynde, from Classical Persian هِنْد (hind, “India”).


Howard

English: Howard

Borrowed from Old Norse Hávarðr, from hár (“high”) + varðr (“guard”).

Wyllyam Clopton..yaf and graunted, and be his chartre confermed, to John Howard..his maner of Newenham..be vertu of which dede the same Wyllyam..yaf me seisyn.

a surname originating as a patronymic, equivalent to English Howard


Elizabeth

English: Elizabeth

IN þe daies of eroude kyng of iudee · ẏ was a preſt ſacharie bi name : of þe ſorte of abia and his wijf was of þe douȝtris of aaron : ⁊ hir name was elizabeth /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 1:5, page 27r, column 1, lines 1–4; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a priest, Zechariah by name, of the sort of Abijah, and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.

1380s Wycliffe Bible: Exodus 6:23

[And] Aaron took a wife, Elisheba, the daughter of Amminadab, the sister of Nahshon.

Sotheli Aaron took a wijf, Elizabeth, the douytir of Amynadab, the sistr of Naason.


Simon

English: Simon

Yola: Zimoon, Zimaan

From Latin Simon, from Ancient Greek Σίμων (Símōn), from Biblical Hebrew שִׁמְעוֹן (šimʿōn, “hearkening”). Compare also sī̆mō̆n.


Kent

English: Kent

Inherited from Old English Cent, from Latin Cantium or its Brythonic source.


Suffolk

English: Suffolk

From Old English Sūþfolc; equivalent to south + folk.

Suthfolk (alternative)
suffolke (alternative)
Suthfok (alternative)
Southfolk (alternative)
Southfolc (alternative)
Suthfolke (alternative)
souþfolc (alternative)
suþfolk (alternative)


Chaucer

English: Chaucer

→ Armenian: Չոսեր (Čʻoser)

→ Japanese: チョーサー (Chōsā)

zh-l

喬叟／乔叟 (Qiáosǒu)

→ Mandarin: 喬叟／乔叟 (Qiáosǒu)

→ Russian: Чо́сер (Čóser)

Scots: Chaucer

from Old French chaucier (“hose-maker, hosier”), from chauces (“clothing for the legs, breeches, pantaloons, hose”).

bor

Chaucere (alternative)
Chauser (alternative)
Chawcer (alternative)

a medieval English surname from Old French

(rare) Geoffrey Chaucer (14th-century English poet)


William

> English: William (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Weelum, Willum

desc

> Yola: Wyllhaume, Willyaam, Wilyame (inherited)

⇒ Middle Irish: Uilliam

> Irish: Uilliam (inherited)

> Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam (inherited)

Here endeth the book named the dictes or sayengis of the philosophres enprynted. by me william Caxton at westmestre the yere of our lord .M.CCCC.Lxx vij.

1477, William Caxton, “Et sic est finis”, in The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, Westminster, London: William Caxton, folio 74, recto:

Here ends the book named "The Dictations or Sayings of the Philosophers" printed by me, William Caxton, at Westminster, the year of our Lord 1477.

a male given name, equivalent to English William


Arthur

English: Arthur

Arthour (alternative)
Arthure (alternative)

So hit felle on a tyme kyng Arthur ſeyde vnto Merlion My barownes woll let me haue no reſte but nedis I muſte take a wyff ⁊ I wolde none take but by thy counceile and advice //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 6–8:


Russel

English: Russell

Yola: Russel

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman Russel. Equivalent to russel.


Philip

English: Philip

Yola: Phielim

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Φίλιππος (Phílippos), name of ancient kings of Macedonia, from φίλιππος (phílippos, “fond of horses”), from φιλέω (philéō, “I love”) + ἵππος (híppos, “horse”).


Marie

English: Marie, Mary

Yola: Maree

From Old French Marie, from Latin Maria, from Ancient Greek Μαρία (María), Μαριάμ (Mariám).

Whãne marıe þe modır of ıhũ was ſpouſıd to ıoſeph .· bıfoꝛe þeı camen togıdere . ſche was founden hauynge of þe hoolı gooſt ın þe wombe /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:18, page 1r, column 2, lines 11–7 from the bottom; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


Patrick

English: Patrick

Yola: Parick

From Latin Patricius (“patrician”), the name of an early Irish saint.


Franklin

A Middle English name for an English freeman that owns land but is not of noble birth.


Constantinople

English: Constantinople

From Ancient Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις (Kōnstantinoúpolis).

der

Κωνσταντινούπολις

Constantinoble (alternative)
Constantinopole (alternative)
Constantinopolis (alternative)
Constantynoble (alternative)
Constantynople (alternative)

Ac seint Andreu was..heʒe ilad iwis To þe lond of Constantinople, þer as he ʒut is.

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire#English

Constantinople (the former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that)


Maurice

English: Maurice

From Late Latin Mauritius, derived from Maurus (“Moor; dark, swarthy”). Popularized by a 3rd-century Roman soldier martyr.


Margaret

English: Margaret

Yola: Margraate

Derived from Old French Margaret, from Latin Margarita, from Ancient Greek μαργαρίτης (margarítēs, “pearl”), ultimately from an Indo-Iranian source.


Marte

(mythology) The Roman god governing war; Mars.

(astronomy) The red-coloured planet visible to the naked eye: Mars.


Vesta

English: Vesta

(mythology) The Roman goddess of the hearth and home; Vesta.


Abraham

English: Abraham

desc

Scots: Abraham, Aubrahaum, Aubrahawm, Awbrahawm

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:1–2, page 1r, column 2, lines 1–5; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Abraham


Butler

English: Butler

Yola: Butleare


Englisch

English: English

Scots: Inglis

Inherited from Old English Englisc; equivalent to Engle + -isch.

englis (alternative)
Englysshe (alternative)
Englyssh (alternative)
Englysch (alternative)
Englysche (alternative)
Englissh (alternative)
English (alternative)
Inglisch (alternative)
Engliss (alternative)
Anglisch (alternative)
Ænglisce (alternative)
Ennꟑlissh (alternative Ormulum)


Ion

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister [Ion Aston] taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


Island

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Alternative form of Iseland: Iceland (an island and country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)


John

English: John

Scots: John

Yola: Jone, Joan, Joane

From Anglo-Norman Johan, Jehan, and also Old English Iohannes, both from Latin Iōhannēs, Iōannēs, from Koine Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān).

der

Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān)

Jhon (alternative)
Joan (alternative)
Johan (alternative)
Johannes (alternative)
Johne (alternative)
Jon (alternative)
Joon (alternative)

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English John

a patrynomic surname transferred from the given name

An appellation for a generic individual, especially of lower social standing.

John the Baptist or John the Apostle/John the Evangelist (biblical figures)


Lord

Lord God of Abraham, and of Ysaac, and Yrael [...]

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume 1 KINGS, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, 36:(please specify the verse(s)):

Lord: the Abrahamic deity of the Jewish and Christian faiths


March

English: March (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Mairch

From Anglo-Norman marche, from Old French mars. See English March for more.

Marche (alternative)
Mersh (alternative)
Mearch (alternative)
Marz (alternative)
Mars (alternative)
Marce (alternative)

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1-2.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
the droghte of March hath perced to the roote


Mars

English: Mars


Martin

English: Martin

Yola: Marteen

From Latin Mārtīnus (“of or like Mars” or “little Mars”), Mārs, Mārtis + -īnus (diminutive suffix). See Mārs for further etymology.


Pan

English: Pan

From Latin Pan, from Ancient Greek Πάν (Pán).


Robin

English: Robin

Yola: Rubbeen

Oure Hoste saugh that he was dronke of ale,
And seyde, "Abyd, Robin, my leve brother,
Som bettre man shal telle us first another:

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales

a male given name from the Romance languages or the Germanic languages, equivalent to English Robin


Smith

(rare) a surname, alternative form of Smyth.


White

English: White

Yola: Whit, Whitthe


York

English: York

From Old Norse Jórk, a form of Jórvík, from Old English Eoforwīċ. Compare Everwik, Everwich, directly from the Old English form.

Yorke (alternative)
Ȝork (alternative)
Ȝorke (alternative)
Ȝorc (alternative)
Ȝeorc (alternative)

York (a city in Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom).


Ypocras

13??: Olde Ypocras, Haly, and Galyen — Geoffrey Chaucer, Prologue, The Canterbury Tales


mande

Alternative form of maunde (“washing of feet”)


Derby

English: Derby

From late Old English Dēorbȳ, from Old Norse Djúrabý; equivalent to der (“animal, deer”) + by (“inhabited location”).


Neptunus

English: Neptune

(mythology) The Roman god governing the sea; Neptune.


Georgie

English: Georgie (obsolete)

/d͡ʒɛːˈɔːrd͡ʒiː(ə)/

/ˈd͡ʒɔːrd͡ʒiː(ə)/

From Middle French Georgie, from Medieval Latin Geōrgia, from Persian گرج (gorj) (with influence from (sanctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”)), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (Wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”), of unknown origin.

der

And þere ben .ij. kyngdomes in þat contree. Þat on is the kyngdom of GEORGIE & þat oþer is the kyngdom of ABCAZ. And allweys in þat contree ben .ij. kynges & þei ben bothe criſtene

a. 1357, John Maundevylle, chapter XXIX, in [The Travels of Sir John Mandeville] (Cotton Titus C.16.); republished as Paul Hamelius, Mandeville's travels : the Cotton version, 1919, page 172:

The gentyl ladyes of the contre Arme them and ride vpon good horſes rennyng and ſwyfte / and fyghte aſprely in the companye of the knyghtes of Georgie ayenſt the ſaraſyns.

1481, Gossuin of Metz, “Here foloweth of the contrees and Royammes of ynde”, in William Caxton, transl., L'Image du Monde [The myrrour of the worlde], William Caxton:

Georgia (a medieval country in the South Caucasus, approximately coextensive with modern Georgia)


Johannes

יוֹחָנָן יוחנן#Hebrew

a male given name from Late Latin Iōhannēs [in turn from Koine Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), in turn from Biblical Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yôḥānān, “God is gracious”)], variant of John, equivalent to English John or Jon


Jude

Borrowed from Latin Iūdaea, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαία (Ioudaía), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yehudá).


Michel

desc

English: Michael, Mitchell, Myall, Myell

Scots: Michael

From Old French Michel, Old English Michahel, and their source Latin Michaēl, Michahēl, from Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mîḵāʾēl, literally “who is like God?”).

der

Michal (alternative)
Michael (alternative)
Miȝhel (alternative)
Mihal (alternative)
Mihel (alternative)
Mychael (alternative)
Myghel (alternative)
Myghell (alternative)
Myȝhel (alternative)

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Michael


Diane

English: Diane

Dyane (alternative)
Dian (alternative)
Dyan (alternative)
Diana (alternative)
Dyana (alternative)

(mythology) The Roman goddess of the hunt; Diana.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.


Pompey

English: Pompey

Pompeie (alternative)
Pompeye (alternative)

Pompey and þe Senat[…]foriugged Cesar gilti[…]and fully executed þer venenis malice.

?a. 1450 (1422), John Lydgate, edited by H. N. MacCracken, The Serpent of Division (Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, McClean 182), published 1911, 52/33:


helle

helles (genitive)
helle (genitive)
hel (alternative)
hell (alternative)
hælle (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: hell, Hell

Scots: hell, Hell

From Old English hell, from Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

and nyle ȝe dꝛede hem þat moun ſle þe bodi .· foꝛ þei moun not ſle þe ſoule / but raþere dꝛede ȝe hym þat mai leeſe boþe bodi and ſoule in to helle

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:28, page 4v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But don't fear those who can kill the body, because they can't kill the soul. Instead, fear the one who can destroy both the body and soul in Hell.

(by extension) The underworld in Greco-Roman legend.


Pentecoste

English: Pentecost

Scots: Penthicost

Inherited from Old English Pentecosten, from Latin Pentecoste, from Ancient Greek πεντηκοστή (pentēkostḗ).

Pentcost (alternative)
Pentecost (alternative)
pentecoste (alternative)
pentecostes (alternative)
Pentecostes (alternative)
pentycost (alternative)
pentycoste (alternative)
Pentecosten (alternative)

Pentecost (specific day 49 days after Jesus' resurrection)


heofon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevene


Bethleem

English: Bethlehem; bedlam

From Old French Betleem, from Latin Bēthlehēmum, Bēthleëm, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bet léchem).

Beðleem (alternative)
Beþþleæm (alternative)
Bedlem (alternative)
Bedleem (alternative)
Bedleme (alternative)
Bethlehem (alternative)
Betheleem (alternative)


Normandie

English: Normandy

From Old English Normandiġ, borrowed from Old French Normendie, from normant, from a Germanic language; equivalent to Normand + -ie.

Normande (alternative)
Normandy (alternative)
Normandye (alternative)
Normaundye (alternative)
Normundie (alternative)

administrative region
administrative region

Normandy (an administrative region, historical province, and medieval kingdom in northwest France, on the English Channel)


graal

English: grail

Borrowed from Old French graal, greal, from Medieval Latin gradālis (“dish”), of unknown origin.

greal (alternative)
grayle (alternative)


Juno

English: Juno

Iono (alternative)
Jono (alternative)
Iune (alternative)
Iuno (alternative)
June (alternative)

(Roman mythology) Juno (the queen of the Roman pantheon)


Carlyle

Alternative form of Carlele (“Carlisle”)


Filip

And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir […] Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also [Filip of Repintoun] whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto.


Hereford

English: Hereford

From Old English Hereford; equivalent to here (“army”) + ford (“ford”).

herford (alternative)
Herford (alternative)
Herforde (alternative)
Herforþ (alternative)

Hereford (a city in Herefordshire, England)


Galilee

and Iḣc ȝede aboute al galilee techynge in þe ſynagogıs of hem · ⁊ pꝛechynge þe goſpel of þe kyngdom ⁊ heelynge eùy langoꝛe ⁊ ech ſıkeneſſe among þe puple /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:23, page 1v, column 1, lines 13–17; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in the synagogues of them, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every languor and each sickness among the people.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A23&version=WYC

Galilee (a mountainous geographic region in northern Israel)


Humber

English: Humber

East Riding of Yorkshire
East Riding of Yorkshire#English

the Humber, a tidal estuary in East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, England


Hertford

English: Hertford; Hartford

→ Old French: Herteford

Inherited from Old English Heorotford, Heortford; equivalent to hert (“hart”) + ford (“ford, crossing”).

Hartford (alternative)
Hertforde (alternative)
Hurtford (alternative)

Hertford (a town in Hertfordshire, England)


Denis

English: Dennis

Yola: Deenees

From Old French saint's name Denis, brought to England by Normans; from Latin Dionysius.

a male given name, equivalent to English Dennis


Saturne

English: Saturn

Borrowed from Old French Saturne, from Latin Sāturnus.

Satourne (alternative)
Satourn (alternative)
Satorne (alternative)
Satorn (alternative)
Saturnus (alternative)
Saturnes (alternative)
Satournus (alternative)

(mythology) The Roman god governing agriculture and fertility; Saturn.

(astronomy) The planet once believed to be furthest from the earth: Saturn.


Charlemagne

English: Charlemagne

From Middle French Charlemagne, from Old French Carles li magnes. Compare earlier Charlemayn.

And also that my sayd Lorde / desyreth to have other Hystories of olde tyme / passed of vertues chyvalry, reduced in lykewyse into our Englishe tongue: he late sent to me a booke in Frenche, conteynyng thactes / and faytes of warre / doone and made agaynst yᵉ great Emperour and king of Fraunce, Charlemagne, by yᵉ .iiii. sonnes of Aymon, otherwyse named in Frenche, ‘Les quatre fylz Aymon.’

1490, William Caxton, transl., The Right Plesaunt and Goodly Historie of the Foure Sonnes of Aymon. […] (The English Charlemagne Romances; parts X, XI), London: […] [F]or the Early English Text Society by N[icholas] Trübner & Co., […], published 1885, page 4:


Vesper

English: Vesper

Borrowed from Latin vesper (“evening, evening star”).

(astronomy) The planet closely associated with the evening: Venus.


Phebe

From Latin Phoebē, from Ancient Greek Φοίβη (Phoíbē).

(mythology) The Greek Titan and goddess of the Moon; Phoebe.


Stafford

Anglo-Norman: de Stafford

Norman: de Stafford

English: Stafford

Yola: Staffort, Staafforthe


Damian

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1380s-1390s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: The Merchant's Prologue and Tale O January, drunken in pleasance / Of marriage, see how thy Damian, / Thine owen squier and thy boren man, / Intendeth for to do thee villainy


Simeon

English: Simeon

Ones I rede that Simeon, / A qvile bifore that Crist was born, / Isaias boke he loket opon […] When Simeon segh þis ilk thing, / Merueilet wonderly he was, / And hopide hit hade ben fals wrytyng

a. 1500 [a. 1400?], Stanzaic Life of Christ; quoted in “In the Long Run: Practical Time in the Chester Plays”, in Matthew Sergi, Practical Cues and Social Spectacle in the Chester Plays, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2020, →ISBN, page 174:


Cesare

Men amed þem & wel hit sowe, Two so many Bretons þare As hadde þer Iulius Cesare.

Þere was the temple of Iovis, Temple Ercules and temple Olfilis. The senatours of Rome thare Thei quelleden Iulius Cesare. And in that same place þerefore Ys nowe seinte Maries church þe more.

Whan Julius Cesare sent his legyouns of knyghtes to subiugatyn Irelonde, yn þis Cyte þei were wyntryd [Higd.(2): tariede…in wynter].


Poul

Poul (accusative nominative singular)
Pouls (accusative nominative plural)
Poules (accusative nominative plural)
Poules (genitive singular)
Poule (genitive plural)
Poule (dative singular)
Poulen (dative plural)

English: Paul

From Old French Paul, brought to England by the Normans, itself from Latin Paulus.

And ran to Londoun unto Seinte Poules

Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales: Prologue


Sampson

English: Samson, Sampson

From Latin Samson, from Ancient Greek Σαμψών (Sampsṓn), from Hebrew שִׁמְשׁוֹן.

Hebrew שִׁמְשׁוֹן

Samson (alternative)
Sampsoun (alternative)

a patrynomic surname transferred from the given name


Crist

English: Christ

Scots: Christ

Yola: Cresst

From Old English Crist, from Latin Christus, from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós).

Cryst (alternative)
Criste (alternative)
Cryste (alternative)
Kryst (alternative)
Christ (alternative)
Crest (alternative)

Ich liuie, nout ich, auh crist liueð in me

louerd, for þi muchele grace / graunt vs in heouene one place; / Let vs neuer be forloren / for no sinne, crist ycoren / ah bring vs out of helle pyne […]

c. 1325, Harrowing of Hell, lines 241–245:

Lord, for your great grace / give us a place in heaven; / Don't let us ever be lost / to any sin, chosen Christ, / but bring us out of Hell's torment. […]

Apocalips of iheſu criſt · which · god ȝaf to hym to make open to hiſe ſeruauntis .· whiche þingis it bihoueþ to be maad ſoone / ⁊ he ſignefiede ſending bi his aungel to his ſeruaunt ioon

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:1, page 117rre, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

The apocalypse of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him to make clear to his servants what will necessarily happen soon. And he gave notice, sending [it] through his angel to John, his servant.


Chichevache

From Old French chicheface (“Chichevache”), from chiche (“miserly”) + face (“face”). The second element was assimilated to vache (“cow”) in English, probably by Chaucer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale

"O noble wives, full of high prudence, / Let no humility your tongues nail: / Nor let no clerk have cause or diligence / To write of you a story of such marvail, / As of Griselda patient and kind, / Lest Chichevache you swallow in her entrail.

A legendary cow of enormous size, whose food was patient and obedient wives, and which was therefore in very lean condition.


Aprill

English: April (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Apryle

Relatinized from Averil, from Old French avrill, from Latin Aprīlis. See English April for more.

Aprille (alternative)
April (alternative)
Apprille (alternative)
Aperil (alternative)
Aprel (alternative)

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote


Geffrey

English: Geoffrey

Scots: Geoffrey

/d͡ʒɛˈfræi̯/

from Old French Geoffroi, Geoffrei, Gefrei, from Medieval Latin Jotfredus, Jozsfredus, Josfredus; from Proto-West Germanic *Gautafriþu.

Geoffrey (alternative)
Jeffrey (alternative)
Geffray (alternative)
Gefray (alternative)
Gefrey (alternative)
Geffrei (alternative)
Gefrei (alternative)
Gaffrey (alternative)
Jaffrey (alternative)

a male given name from the Germanic languages; Geoffrey

a male surname from the Germanic languages


yol

English: Yule

Middle Scots: Yule, Ȝule, Yuill, Ȝuill

Scots: Yule

From Old English ġeōl, from Proto-Germanic *jeulō, plural of *jehwlą.

yole (alternative)
ȝeolue (alternative)
yiol (alternative)
ȝol (alternative)
ȝole (alternative)
Yoil (alternative)
yolde (alternative)
ȝoul (alternative)
ȝowl (alternative)
ȝoule (alternative)
Yhole (alternative)
youle (alternative)

forþi þis ȝol ouerȝede and þe ȝere after / and vche ſeſoun ſerlepes ſued after oþer / after cryſtenmaſſe com þe crabbed lentoun /

a. 1375, Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, stanza 22, page 97r, lines 500–502:

And this Christmastide went, and the year with (it); / each season followed alone after the last. / After Christmas came spiteful Lent, […]


Pask

English: Pasch (archaic)

Scots: Pace

Borrowed from Old French pasches, from Ecclesiastical Latin pascha, from Ancient Greek πάσχα (páskha), from Aramaic פַּסְחָא (pasḥā), from Hebrew פֶּסַח (pésaḥ).

Paske (alternative)
Paskes (alternative)
Pasche (alternative)
Pasch (alternative)
Pasque (alternative)

Passover (Jewish feast, festival or holiday)

A lamb eaten at Passover or Easter; a Paschal Lamb.

(rare) The pain endured by Jesus Christ.


Sirie

English: Syria

(historical) Syria (an ancient region in the Levant in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern country of Syria)

and hıs fame .· wente in to al ſirie / ⁊ þei bꝛouȝten to hĩ alle þat weren at male eeſe · ⁊ þat weren take wiþ dyīiſe langoꝛes ⁊ turmentis / and hem þat haddẽ fendis · ⁊ lunatik men · ⁊ men in þe paleſie .· ⁊ he heelide hem /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:24, page 1v, column 1, lines 18–23; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his fame went into all Syria; and they brought to him all that were at mal-ease, and that were taken with diverse languors and torments, and them that had fiends, and lunatic men, and men in palsy, and he healed them.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A24&version=WYC

(historical) Syria (an ancient Roman province between 64 BCE and 135 CE)


Jhesu

Jhesus (nominative singular)
Jhesu (accusative singular)
Jhesum (accusative singular)
Jhesuses (genitive singular)
Jhesuse (genitive singular)
Jhesu (dative singular)
Jhesum (dative singular)
Iesu (alternative)
Ihesu (alternative)
Jesu (alternative)

English: Jesu

From Latin Iēsū, the genitive, dative, ablative and vocative of Iēsūs, as well as Latin Iēsūm, accusative of Iēsūs.


Potter

English: Potter

Yola: Potteran


Dench

From Densc (“Danish”), from Old English Denisc, from Proto-Germanic *daniskaz.

De Thoma [sic] Dench . . xijd.

1327, F. J. Eld, editor, Lay Subsidy Roll for the County of Worcester, 1 Edward I[II]., Oxford: James Parker and Co., published 1895:


Frenssh

English: French


Latyn

Latyns (plural)
Latin (alternative)
Latyne (alternative)
latyne (alternative)
latyn (alternative)
latin (alternative)
Laty (alternative)
laten (alternative)
lateyn (alternative)

English: Latin

Scots: Latin

From a confluence of Old English Latin and Old French latin, latyn, both from Latin Latīnus.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn,
Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn.
And when he had drunk all the wine
He would not speak a word other than Latin

The Latin language or speech/text in it.

A Roman; one who (natively) speaks Latin.


goddes

From Old English godes, genitive singular of god (“god, God”); equivalent to god + -es (“genitive suffix”).


Crowe

English: Crow

Yola: Croue


Sathan

English: Satan

Scots: Sautan

From Old English Satan, from Latin Satan, from Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Hebrew שָׂטָן (Sātān).

Satan (alternative)
sattan (alternative)
saton (alternative)
sathon (alternative)
sathane (alternative)
sathone (alternative)
satone (alternative)


mandee

Alternative form of maunde (“washing of feet”)


Sodome

English: Sodom

Middle Scots: Sodom

Scots: Sodom

From Old French Sodome and Old English Sodoma, from Late Latin Sodoma, from Ancient Greek Σόδομα (Sódoma).

sodom (alternative)
sodome (alternative)

Sodom (ancient Biblical city in Canaan, destroyed due to its sinfulness)


Hobb

English: Hobb


Robb

English: Robb


Iudas

English: Judas, Jude


Caunterbury

English: Canterbury

desc

→ Old French: Canterbiri, Cantorebiri, Cantuorbiri

French: Cantorbéry

→ Middle Welsh: Kawntlberi

From Old English Cantwarbyriġ, late form of Cantwara byriġ, dative and genitive of Cantwara burg.
The pronunciation with /au̯/ could just be analogy with variation between /au̯/ and /a/ in other words, but the influence of the lost /w/ in Old English Cantwara byriġ is also possible. Such a development is also seen in aunswere, variant of answere (“answer”); this is not a mere backspelling, as orthoepists commonly give pronunciations of answer with reflexes of /au̯/ in the Early Modern English period.

Canterbiri (alternative)
Canterburi (alternative)
Canterbury (alternative)
Canturbery (alternative)
Caunterbery (alternative)
Caunterbiri (alternative)
Caunterbiry (alternative)
Caunterburi (alternative)
Cawnterbery (alternative)
Kanterburi (alternative)
Kaunterburi (alternative)

[…] and specıallẏ from euerẏ shire' ende / Of Engelond to Caunterburẏ theẏ wende / The holẏ blıſful martır foꝛ to seke / That hem hath holpen whan þᵗ theẏ weere seeke […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

[…] and specially from every county's end / of England to Canterbury they went / to seek the holy blessed martyr / that had helped them when they were sick […]

Canterbury (a cathedral city in modern Kent, England)


Vther

King Uther, a legendary King of the Britons and father of King Arthur


Wynchester

English: Winchester

Inherited from Old English Wintanceastre, Winteceaster.

Winchestre (alternative)
Wynchestre (alternative)
Winceastre (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Wincestre (alternative Early-Middle-English)

Winchester (the county town of Hampshire, England, United Kingdom).


Cipre

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


Merlyn

English: Merlin

From Medieval Latin Merlinus and Old French Merlin. Forms ending in -ion, -yon are hypercorrections due to the change of merlioun to merlyn.

Marlyon (alternative)
Merlion (alternative)
Merlyon (alternative)


Arthour

1380s–1390s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale
In th' olde dayes of the king Arthour, / Of which that Britons speken greet honour, / All was this land fulfild of fayerye.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


Breteyn

English: Britain

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman Bretaigne, Bretaine, from Latin Britannia; reinforced by native Old English Breten.

Britaine (alternative)
Britane (alternative)
Britayne (alternative)


Norwey

From Old English Norþweg; influenced also by Old French Norvege and Medieval Latin Norvegia.

Norweye (alternative)
Norwei (alternative)
Norweie (alternative)
Norwai (alternative)
Norewey (alternative)
Noreweie (alternative)
Norweiȝe (alternative)
Noreweiȝe (alternative)
Norweȝe (alternative)
Norwæge (alternative)
Norwegan (alternative)
Norweæiȝe (alternative)
Northweiȝe (alternative)

Norway (a former kingdom in Northern Europe, approximately coincident with modern Norway and Iceland)


Oxenford

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">Oxeford</i>

English: Oxford (obsolete Oxeford)

Middle Scots: Oxinfurd, Oxinfurde, Oxinfuird

Scots: Oxford

→ Old French: Ocsenefort, Oxeford, Oxeneforde, Oxenefort

From Old English Oxnaford, Oxenaford; equivalent to oxen (“oxen”) + ford (“ford”).

Oxeford (alternative)
Oxenfoord (alternative)
Oxenforde (alternative)
Oxenforthe (alternative)
Oxforde (alternative)
Oxineford (alternative)
Oxinford (alternative)
Oxneford (alternative)
Oxynford (alternative)
Ocsenford (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Oxeneford (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Oxenevord (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Oxnefort (alternative Early-Middle-English)

Þa þe kıng S[tephne] to engla[land] co[m] þa macod he hıſ gaderıng æt Oxenefoꝛd. ⁊ þar he na[m] þe b[ıſcop] Roger of Sereb[er]ı ⁊ Alex[ander] b[ıſcop] of lıncol ⁊ te canceler Rog[er] hıſe neueſ. ⁊ dıde ælle ın p[ꝛı]ſun. tıl hı ıafen up here caſtleſ.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, recto; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

When King Stephen came to England, he held his assembly at Oxford; there he arrested Roger, the Bishop of Salisbury, and Alexander, the Bishop of Lincoln and Roger the Chancellor, his nephews, and put them all in prison until they gave up their castles.

Sıre clerk of Oxenfoꝛd our hooſt saẏde / ẏe rıde as coy and ſtille as dooth a maẏde / Were newe spouſed sittẏng at the boꝛd / This day ne herde I of youre tonge a word […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ꝑhemie of the Clerkys Tale of Oxenford”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 173, verso:

"Sir Clerk of Oxford", our host said, / "You ride as demure and quiet as a maid does / when just married, sitting at the table; / today I haven't heard a word from your tongue […] "


Warwyk

Old English Wǣringwīċ (literally “dwellings by the weir”), from wer (“weir”) + -ing (“of the”, used with masculine nouns) + wīċ (“dwelling place, village”).


Dauid

English: David

From Old English Dauid, from Latin David, from Koine Greek Δαυίδ (Dauíd), from Biblical Hebrew דּוד (Dāwîḏ).


Ioon

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister [Ioon Wiclef] was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and [Ioon Purueye], and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


Wiclef

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


Leycetre

Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto.


Nycol

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, [Nycol Herforde], dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


Purueye

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and [Ioon Purueye], and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


Atenes

Þire athils of Atenes þir augard [?read: angard] clerkis.


Caxton

English: Caxton

Possibly from Caxton, Cambridgeshire, from Old English Caustone (Domesday Book, 1086), from Cah (name of an Anglo-Saxon settler), Kakkr (Scandinavian personal name), or ker (“umbelliferous plants”) + tūn.

Here endeth the book named the dictes or sayengis of the philosophres enprynted. by me william Caxton at westmestre the yere of our lord .M.CCCC.Lxx vij.

1477, William Caxton, “Et sic est finis”, in The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, Westminster, London: William Caxton, folio 74, recto:


Porter

English: Porter

Yola: Portheare


Rowe

English: Rowe

Yola: Roue


Moris

English: Morris

Yola: Mureesh


Joves

English: Jove

Jove (alternative)
Joue (alternative)
Iove (alternative)
Ioue (alternative)
Jovys (alternative)
Jouys (alternative)
Iovys (alternative)
Iouys (alternative)

The Roman god governing the sky; Jove, Jupiter.

The largest of the moving planets; Jupiter.


Engelond

English: England (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Ingland, England

Yola: Engelhoan

→ Latin: Angliterra (calque) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Middle High German: Engellant, Engelant, Engenlant (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Welsh: Englont, Inglont

/ˈɛnɡəlɔːnd/

From Old English Engla land (“land of the Angles”) by haplology.

inh

Engeland (alternative)
Englelond (alternative)
England (alternative)
Engle lond (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Englene lond (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Ingelond (alternative Late-Middle-English)
Inglond (alternative Late-Middle-English)
Ingland (alternative Late-Middle-English)

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.

[…] and specıallẏ from euerẏ shire' ende / Of Engelond to Caunterburẏ theẏ wende / The holẏ blıſful martır foꝛ to seke / That hem hath holpen whan þᵗ theẏ weere seeke […]

England (a medieval kingdom in Northern Europe)

A yeer and moore laﬅed this bliſful lyf, / Til that the knyght of which I ſpeke of thus, / That of Kayrrud was cleped Arveragus, / Shoop hym to goon and dwelle a yeer or twayne / In Engelond, that cleped was ek Britayne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ffrankeleẏns Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 155, recto:

A year and more lasted this blissful life, / Until the knight of whom I thus speak, / That was called Arveragus of Kayrrud, / Prepared himself to go and dwell a year or two / In England, which was also called Britain

The wᶜʰ blason I the foresayd Gwyon Kinge of Armes witnesse: not then borne of any other ꝑson whatsoever he bee wᵗʰin the Realme of England (otherwyse called the Ile of Great Brittaigne)

1461, John Wrexworth, Guyan King-of-Arms, Grant of Arms to William Swayne of Somerset (Add. MS. 14295, fo. 5b)

Britain (a large island in Northern Europe)


Zephirus

English: Zephyrus

From Latin zephyrus (“Zephyrus; the west wind”), from Ancient Greek Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros).

bor

Zeferus (alternative)
Zepherus (alternative)
Zephyrus (alternative)

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue

Zephyrus, the Ancient Greek god of the west wind.


Pruce

desc

English: Pruce (obsolete); pruce, spruce

Borrowed from Middle French Prusse or its etymon Middle Low German Prǖssen, Prǖsen, from a Baltic (Old Prussian, or perhaps Lithuanian or Latvian) autonym. For more, see Prussia.

Prus (alternative)
Pruse (alternative)
Pruys (alternative)
Pruyse (alternative)
Pruyss (alternative)
Pruysse (alternative)
sprewse (alternative)
Spruce (alternative)

Northeast Europe
Northeast Europe#English

(chiefly historical) Prussia (a geographical area on the Baltic coast of Northeast Europe)

State of the Teutonic Order
w:State of the Teutonic Order

Prussia, State of the Teutonic Order (a medieval theocracy in Northeast Europe, located along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea)


Germanie

Germanyes (plural)
Germanye (alternative)
germaynie (alternative)
germaniȝe (alternative)
germaine (alternative)
Germayne (alternative)
Germayn (alternative)
Germenie (alternative)
Germania (alternative)

English: Germany

Scots: Germany

From Old French Germanie and Old English Germania, both from Latin Germānia.

a geographic region of Europe, comprising the lands occupied by those who speak Germanic languages, or the part of this portion in Continental Europe.


purgatorie

English: Purgatory

Borrowed from Old French purgatore, purgatoire, from Medieval Latin purgātōrium; equivalent to purgen + -atorie.

pulcatorie (alternative)
purcatorie (alternative)
purgatoire (alternative)
purgatore (alternative)
purgatori (alternative)
purgatory (alternative)
purgatorye (alternative)

Purgatory (place of cleansing before entry to Heaven)

St Patrick's Purgatory (cave in Ireland)


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒂗𒈗𒋀 (bēl-šarra-uṣṣur, literally “May Bel protect the king”).

der

בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar)

(biblical, historical) Balthazar, a Babylonian king mentioned in the Book of Daniel.


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒊩𒆪𒈗𒋀 (beltu-šar-uṣur).

בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar)

(biblical) Belteshazzar, the Babylonian name of the biblical prophet Daniel.


Ely

English: Ely

From Old English Ēlīg, of unknown origin.


Dauphin

English: dauphin, Dauphin

Borrowed from Middle French dauphin, from Old French dalphin, from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of delphyn, which some forms are influenced by.

Daufyn (alternative)
Dawlfyn (alternative)
Delfyn (alternative)
Dolfyn (alternative)
Dolphyn (alternative)
Dolphyne (alternative)
Dolfynne (alternative)
dolphin (alternative)

(Late Middle English) The Dauphin (French crown prince)


Alis

That Iankin clerk, and my gossib dame Alis, / And I my-self, in-to the feldes wente.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


Egyp

Agayne the sowtht to thir ar knyt All Egyp hale.

c. 1420, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland:

(Early Scots) Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


Vyrgyle

English: Virgil

1490 June 22nd, William Caxton, The boke yf Eneydos, colophon

Here finishes the book of Aeneid, compiled by Virgil, which has been translated out of Latin into French, and out of French reduced into English, by me William Caxton, the 22nd day of June, in the year of our Lord 1490, the fifth year of the reign of King Henry the Seventh.

Here fynyssheth the boke yf Eneydos, compyled by Vyrgyle, whiche hathe be translated oute of latyne in to frenshe, And oute of frenshe reduced in to Englysshe, by me wyỻm Caxton, the xxij. daye of Iuyn. the yere of our lorde .M. iiij C ꝉxxxx. The fythe yere of the Regne of kynge Henry the seuenth.


Pompeie

[…] whan the werre dreedful & despitous / Gan atween Pompeie & Cesar Iulius.

(?a. 1439), Henry Bergen, editor, Lydgate’s Fall of Princes, part III, London: […] for the Early English Text Society by Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, […], published 1924, page 692, lines 643–644:

For I mi ladi love so,
That thogh i were as was Pompeie,
That al the world me wolde obei,
…
I rede hou whilom that Pompeie,
To whom that Rome moste obeie,
…
Pompeie sih his pacience
And tok pite with conscience,
So that upon his hihe deis
…


Launcelot

English: Lancelot

Than cam In ẜ Aſcamour and ẜ Grūmor ⁊ Grūmorſon ẜ Croſſeleme ẜ Seuerauſe le brewſe that was called a paſſynge ſtronge knyght for as the booke ſeyth the chyff lady of the lady off the lake feſted ẜ Launcelot and ẜ Seu[er]auſe le brewſe And whan ſhe had feſted them both at ſundry tymes ſhe þ[ra]yde hem to gyff her a done

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 446, verso, lines 1–6:

Then came in Sir Astamor, and Sir Gromere, Grummor’s son, Sir Crosselm, Sir Servause le Breuse, that was called a passing strong knight, for as the book saith, the chief Lady of the Lake feasted Sir Launcelot and Servause le Breuse, and when she had feasted them both at sundry times she prayed them to give her a boon.


Fenton

English: Fenton, Finton

Yola: Vinteen

From Old English fenn (“fen, marsh”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).

(hapax legomenon) a habitutional surname


Newgate

English: Newgate

Neugate (alternative)
Newegate (alternative)


Uther

English: Uther

ye ſeyde kyng Arthure I love Gwenyvere the kyngꝭ doughtir of lodegrean of þᵉ londe of Camelerde the whyche holdyth In his houſe the table rounde that ye tolde me he had hit of my fadir Vther · And this dameſell is the moſte valyaunte and fayryſt that I know lyvyng, or yet that eu[er] I coude fynde

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 11–16:


Furie

Furies (plural)
furie (alternative)
furye (alternative)

English: Fury

Borrowed from Latin Furia; compare furie.


Constantinopolis

Constantinopolis..was somtyme þe cheef citee of þe Est, riʒt as Rome was of þe West.

Alternative form of Constantinople: Constantinople (the former name, from 330–1930 C.E., of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey; the former capital of the Ottoman Empire and of the Byzantine Empire before that)


Burgoyne

→? Irish: Burgúin

→ Middle Welsh: Bwrgwyn, Byrgwyn

Welsh: Bwrgwyn

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman Borgoigne, from Late Latin Burgundia. For the phonological development, compare caroyne.

borgoyne (alternative)
burgayn (alternative)
Burgone (alternative)
Burgoyn (alternative)
Burgun (alternative)
Burguyn (alternative)

Burgundy (a historical region, medieval kingdom, and former duchy in France)


Constantinoble

That aunciently it was accustumed atte coronacion of the Emperour of Constantinoble.

1479 March 24, Cordyal, Westminster: William Caxton:

About þis tyme þe Cite of Constantinoble[…]was taken bi þe Turkes infideles.

That bolde borou Byzance, þat buyld was to-rihtus, Was called syn[…]Constantinoble.


Wyrale

Ouer at þe Holy-Hede, til he hade eft bonk
In þe wyldrenesse of Wyrale; wonde þer bot lyte

c. 1400, "Pearl Poet", Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, fit II, verse IX, lines 700-702

Þat auþer God oþer gome wyth goud hert louied.


Jhesus

Jhesu (genitive)
Jhesus (nominative singular)
Jhesu (accusative singular)
Jhesum (accusative singular)
Jhesuses (genitive singular)
Jhesuse (genitive singular)
Jhesu (dative singular)
Jhesum (dative singular)
Iesus (alternative)
Ihesus (alternative)
Jesus (alternative)

English: Jesus

Scots: Jesus


Hay

English: Hay

Yola: Haay, Haaye


Cesar

English: Cesar (obsolete)

Casare (alternative)
Cesare (alternative)

Þa com Julius Cesar & hær æf næs na wiht war.


Kinges

Use as a proper noun of the plural of king.

Kingus (alternative)
Kynges (alternative)
Kyngis (alternative)

(biblical, usually in full as book of Kinges vel sim.) [Book of] Kings (each of 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 3 Kings, and 4 Kings)


Kingpleie

king (“each of the Three Kings”) + pleie (“play”)

compound

King-play (a play that centres on the Biblical Magi of Matthew 2:1–12)


kinges of Coloin

So called from the popular belief that Archbishop Rainald of Cologne brought the Magi’s bones to Cologne Cathedral (wherein they are still housed in the reliquary of the Shrine of the Three Kings) from Milan in 1164, after they were presented to him as a gift by Frederick Barbarossa, who had obtained the relics after capturing the city in 1158.

kynges of Coloyne (alternative)
kyngis of Coleyn (alternative)

kings of Cologne
kings of Cologne#English

the kings of Cologne (the Biblical Magi: Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar)

Cologne Cathedral
Shrine of the Three Kings


Ioseph

English: Joseph

Yola: Josef

Whãne marıe þe modır of ıhũ was ſpouſıd to ıoſeph .· bıfoꝛe þeı camen togıdere . ſche was founden hauynge of þe hoolı gooſt ın þe wombe /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:18, page 1r, column 2, lines 11–7 from the bottom; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


Iacob

⇒ English: Jacob

⇒ English: Jakob, Jaycob, Jaykob

⇒ English: Jake, Jack, Jay (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jeb (diminutive)

⇒ English: Coby, Koby, Kobe (diminutive)

desc

→ Hawaiian: Iakobo, Iakoba, Iakopo, Iakopa

→ Maori: Hakopa

From Old English Iācōb, from Ancient Greek Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Biblical Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (yaʿaqóv, “he will/shall heel”).

der

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:1–2, page 1r, column 2, lines 1–5; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


Irlond

desctree

English: Ireland
→ Japanese: アイルランド (Airurando)

Scots: Irland

Yola: Erelhoan, Irelonde

→ Old French: Irlande, Yrlande
French: Irlande
Haitian Creole: Ilann
→ Greek: Ιρλανδία (Irlandía)
→ Persian: ایرلند (irland)
Norman: Irlande
Walloon: Irlande

Irelond (alternative)
Irland (alternative)
Yrland (alternative)
Yrloand (alternative)

Ireland (an island and country in northwestern Europe)


Alisoun

English: Alison

From Old French Alison, brought to England by the Normans (from Anglo-Norman Alison, from Norman Alison), diminutive of Aliz.

gloss

And seyde, 'Deere suster Alisoun,
As help me God, I shal thee nevere smyte.

Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Prologue

That I have doon, it is thyself to wyte,


Iohn

'Now dame,' quod he, 'by God and by seint Iohn,"


Carlile

Alternative form of Carlele (“Carlisle”)


Rone

From Anglo-Norman Ron, from Latin Rotomagus. Frankish *Rodomo represents an early Old French form.


Rochford

English: Rochford

Yola: Rochfort


Prest

English: Priest

Yola: Preest


Lyde

English: Lide (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hlȳda, from hlȳdan (“to make noise”).

lude (alternative Southern)
Lude (alternative Southern)
luyde (alternative Southern)
lyde (alternative)


Merlion

So hit felle on a tyme kyng Arthur ſeyde vnto Merlion My barownes woll let me haue no reſte but nedis I muſte take a wyff ⁊ I wolde none take but by thy counceile and advice //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 6–8:

(hypercorrect) Alternative form of Merlyn


Dene lawe

English: Danelaw

Denelage (alternative)
Danelage (alternative)


Parys

English: Paris

Scots: Paris, Pairis

Parez (alternative)
Paris (alternative)
parise (alternative)
Parissh (alternative)
Paryss (alternative)
Parysch (alternative)
Perase (alternative)

Paris (the capital and largest city of modern France)


Norrene

From Old English Norren. Doublet of Norenissce.

Norene (alternative)
Noreine (alternative)
Norreine (alternative)

Norway (a former kingdom in Northern Europe, approximately coincident with modern Norway and Iceland)


Everwik

→ Old French: Everwich

→ Old Italian: Verrvicche

From Old English Eoforwīċ, from Latin Eborācum. Doublet of York.

Eborwike (alternative)
Eoverwic (alternative)
Everwic (alternative)
Everwich (alternative)
Everwike (alternative)
Everwyk (alternative)


Everwich schire

From Old English Eoforwīcsċīr, a compound of Eoforwīċ (“York”) + sċīr (“county”); equivalent to Everwik + shire.

Everwichescyre (alternative)
Evirwikescire (alternative)


Everwichescyre

Everwich schire
Everwich schire#Middle_English


Yorkschire

English: Yorkshire

From York (“York”) + schire (“shire, county”).

af

Ȝorkschire (alternative)
Yorkescher (alternative)
Yorkeschir (alternative)
Yorke schyre (alternative)
Yorkshir (alternative)
Yorkshire (alternative)


Rychemund

English: Richmond

From a name cognate to French Richemont (“town in Normandy”). Equivalent to riche + mund.

Rychemond (alternative)
Richemonde (alternative)


Charlewayn

English: Charles' Wain

From Old English carles wǣġn, an alternative form of Old English carles wǣn; modified under influence of Old French Carles li magnes.

Carlewayn (alternative)
Charelwayn (alternative)
carle wen (alternative)
charleswen (alternative)
charlewayne (alternative)


Carlele

English: Carlisle, Carlyle

From Carleol, from Old Welsh Caer Lualid.

Carlile (alternative)
Carlyle (alternative)
Carlel (alternative)

Carlisle (a city in modern Cumberland, England)


Carlele axe

Carlele ax (alternative)
carlel ax (alternative)

A sort of axe associated with the city of Carlisle.


Cristemasse

English: Christmas (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Christenmas

From Old English Cristes mæsse; equivalent to Criste + messe.

Cristesmessa (alternative)
Xp̄es mæssa (alternative)
Cristemesse (alternative)
Crystemasse (alternative)
krystmasse (alternative)
Crystemesse (alternative)
Cristynmesse (alternative)
Cristesmasse (alternative)
Cristmes (alternative)


Antecrist

Antecristes (plural)
Anticrist (alternative)
auntecrist (alternative)
onticrist (alternative)
Anntecrist (alternative)
antcrist (alternative)
ancrist (alternative)
Anntecrist (alternative)

English: Antichrist

Scots: Antichrist

From Middle French antecrist, antichrist, from Medieval Latin Antichristus, from Ancient Greek Ἀντίχριστος (Antíkhristos). Compare Old English Antecrist.


Cristiente

English: Christianity

Scots: Christendie

From Old French crestienté, from Medieval Latin Christiānitās; equivalent to Cristien + -te. Some forms are influenced by Cristen.

Cristente (alternative)
crystyanyte (alternative)
Cristyante (alternative)
Cristiante (alternative)
cristianite (alternative)
Christianyte (alternative)
cristianytee (alternative)
cristeante (alternative)
crystianyte (alternative)
Cristiantee (alternative)
cristientee (alternative)
Crystiante (alternative)
Cristeantie (alternative)
Crystyante (alternative)

Christianity; belief or faith in Christ.


Cristen

Cristenes (plural)
Cristene (alternative)
Xp̄isten (alternative)
Xp̄en (alternative)
Crisstene (alternative)
Cristine (alternative)
cristin (alternative)
Cristyn (alternative)
crysten (alternative)
crystone (alternative)
crystyne (alternative)
cristeyn (alternative)

From Old English cristen, from Latin Christiānus, from Ancient Greek Χριστιανός (Khristianós). Compare Cristien.

(rare) The whole of Christianity; the Christian peoples of the world.


Cristendom

English: Christendom

Scots: Christendom

From Old English crīstendōm; equivalent to Cristen + -dom.

Crisstenndom (alternative)
cristendam (alternative)
cristendome (alternative)
cristenedom (alternative)
cristindome (alternative)
Crystendam (alternative)
crystendome (alternative)
Crystendome (alternative)
crystyndom (alternative)
Crystyndome (alternative)
Xp̄endome (alternative)

Christian belief; faith in Jesus Christ.

baptism; the induction of someone into the Christian faith.

The nations of the world that have a Christian ruler or government.

The whole of the Christian people; Christendom.

Christianity; the practice of believing in Christ.

The customs and habits of Christians and Christianity.


Crisstenndom

(Ormulum) Alternative form of Cristendom


Cristenhode

English: Christianhood

Cristened (alternative)
chrystenhede (alternative)
christenhede (alternative)
cristenhode (alternative)

The condition of believing in Christianity; Christian belief.

(rare) Christianity as an organised faith.


Messyas

English: Messiah, messiah, Messias

Scots: Messiah

From Latin Messias, from Ancient Greek Μεσσίας (Messías), from Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā), from Biblical Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (māšîaḥ).

Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā)

Messie (alternative)
Messy (alternative)
Messye (alternative)
Messias (alternative)

The Messiah as mentioned in the Old Testament.


Nowel

English: Noel, noel

From Middle French noel or Anglo-Norman noel, from Latin nātālis [diēs Dominī] (“birthday of the Lord”).

nowel (alternative)
Noel (alternative)
Nowell (alternative)
Newell (alternative)


Temese

English: Thames

From Old English Temese, from Latin Tamesis, potentially from Proto-Celtic *tamesās.

Tamis (alternative)
Tamise (alternative)
Thamyse (alternative)
Tæmese (alternative)
Tames (alternative)
Tamese (alternative)
Temes (alternative)
Tammes (alternative)
Tempse (alternative)
Temse (alternative)
Themse (alternative)
Themese (alternative)
Themise (alternative)
Temze (alternative)
Temeze (alternative)

The Thames (river in SE England, notably having London on its bank)


Schyre Thursday

English: Sheer Thursday (dated, with shire replaced by sheer)

Scots: Skyre Thuirsday (with schyre replaced by skyre)

Shir Þursdaie (alternative)
Schire Þorisday (alternative)
schyre þursday (alternative)
Schireþorsday (alternative)
schirþursday (alternative)
schyrthorsday (alternative)
schire Thursday (alternative)
Schirthursday (alternative)
Shorthursday (alternative)

The celebrations that occur at Maundy Thursday.


Shir Þursdaie

Schyre Thursday
Schyre Thursday#Middle_English


Paske day

Scots: Pace Day

Pach day (alternative)
Passh day (alternative)
Pasche day (alternative)
Pask Day (alternative)
Pasch day (alternative)
Passkedaȝȝ (alternative)


Walsch

English: Welsh, Walsh, Walshe

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh

From Old English wīelisċ, wēlisċ, from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -isch. Some forms have been remodelled by analogy with other etymologically related words.

Walesche (alternative)
wallysshe (alternative)
Walse (alternative)
Walshe (alternative)
Walssh (alternative)
Walysche (alternative)
Welische (alternative)
Wylisc (alternative)

A person of Welsh ethnicity; a Welshman.

(Middle) Welsh (the Insular Celtic language spoken in Wales)

A kind of woollen cloth originating from Wales.


Wylisc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Walsch


Northumberlond

English: Northumberland

→ Old French: Northonblonde

→ Middle Welsh: Nordhwmbyrlont

Northhumberlond (alternative)
Norð-humberlond (alternative)
Norðhumberlonde (alternative)
Northehumberlond (alternative)
Norþ-humberlond (alternative)
Northumbirlond (alternative)


Northhumbre

English: Northumber (obsolete)

From Old English Norþhymbre, variant of Norþanhymbre.

Norðhumbre (alternative)
Norþhumber (alternative)
Norþhumbre (alternative)
Northumbre (alternative)

(rare) The people of Northumbria; Northumbrians


Ostrich

Borrowed from Old French Ostriche, from Old High German Ostarrîchi; equivalent to east + riche.

Austrige (alternative)
Austrice (alternative)
Osterike (alternative)
Ostrych (alternative)


Venyse

English: Venice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Venis, Venise, Veneis, Venice

Borrowed from Old French Venise, from Medieval Latin Venetia.

Venys (alternative)
Venyce (alternative)
Venice (alternative)
Venise (alternative)
Venecia (alternative)

Venice (the capital city of Veneto, in modern Italy)

Venice (a metropolitan city of Veneto, in modern Italy)


Caleys

English: Calais

From Anglo-Norman Caleis, from Latin Caletum.

Caleis (alternative)
Calais (alternative)
Calays (alternative)
Cales (alternative)

Calais (a city in the modern department of Pas-de-Calais, France)


Mercurie

English: mercury, Mercury

Scots: marcury

Mercurye (alternative)
Mercury (alternative)
Mercure (alternative)
Marcurie (alternative)
Marcury (alternative)
Marcure (alternative)
Mercurius (alternative)
Mercurious (alternative)
Mercurii (alternative)
Mercurij (alternative)
Merchurius (alternative)


Jovyne

The largest of the moving planets; Jupiter.


Jubiter

English: Jupiter

Iubiter (alternative)
Jubyter (alternative)
Iubyter (alternative)
Jupiter (alternative)
Iupiter (alternative)
Jupyter (alternative)
Iupyter (alternative)
Juppiter (alternative)
Iuppiter (alternative)
Jubiterus (alternative)

The Roman god governing the sky; Jove, Jupiter.


Iseland

desctree

> English: Iceland (inherited)
→ Japanese: アイスランド (Aisurando)

Calque of Old Norse Ísland; equivalent to is + land.

Island (alternative)
Islond (alternative)
Yselond (alternative)
Yslond (alternative)
Yslonde (alternative)

Iceland (an island and country in the North Atlantic Ocean in Europe)


Lucyna

English: Lucina

Lucina (alternative)
Lucyne (alternative)

(mythology) The Roman goddess of childbirth; Lucina.


Phebus

English: Phoebus

From Latin Phoebus, from Ancient Greek Φοῖβος (Phoîbos, “[the] Radiant [One]”).

der

(mythology) In Greek mythology, the god governing the sun; Phoebus, Apollo.

(astronomy, sometimes uncapitalised) The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun.


Febus

(sometimes uncapitalised) Alternative form of Phebus


Appolyn

From inflected forms of Latin Apollo, from Ancient Greek Ἀπόλλων (Apóllōn).

Appolyne (alternative)
Appollyn (alternative)
Appollyne (alternative)
Apollyn (alternative)
Apollyne (alternative)
Apolyn (alternative)
Apolyne (alternative)
Appollo (alternative)
Apollo (alternative)

(Greek mythology, Roman mythology) In Greek and Roman mythology, the god governing the sun; Phoebus, Apollo.


Spayne

Spaynes (plural)
Speyne (alternative)
Spaigne (alternative)
Spayn (alternative)
Spaine (alternative)

English: Spain (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Spaingie

From Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia, from Ancient Greek Ἱσπανία (Hispanía).

Spain; the Iberian Peninsula, especially Castile.


Bathe

English: Bath

From Old English baþum, dative plural of bæþ.

Baþe (alternative)
Baðen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Baþun (alternative Early-Middle-English)


Aschewednysday

English: Ash Wednesday

Scots: Ess-Wadensday

From asche (“burnt matter”) + Wednesday.

axwednesdai (alternative)
Askwednesday (alternative)
aske Wenesday (alternative)
As Wedynsday (alternative)
Hasse Wednysday (alternative)


sterne of þe see

Calque of Latin Stella Maris, an epithet for the Virgin Mary. Arose as a scribal mistranscription of stilla maris (“drop of the sea”), which in turn was an interpretation of Mary's name in Aramaic, Maryam, as Hebrew מר (mar, “drop”) + ים (yam, “sea”).

(Christianity) The Virgin Mary, the mother of Christ.


sterre of þe see

English: Star of the Sea

Calque of Latin Stella Maris, an epithet for the Virgin Mary. Arose as a scribal mistranscription of stilla maris ("drop of the sea"), which in turn was an interpretation of Mary's name in Aramaic, Maryam, as Hebrew מר (mar, "drop") + ים (yam, "sea").


Rede See

English: Red Sea

From Old English Rēad Sǣ; equivalent to red + see.

reade sea (alternative)
ræden sæ (alternative)
rede se (alternative)
Red See (alternative)
Reede See (alternative)
rede See (alternative)

the Red Sea (especially in a biblical context)


reade sea

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Rede See


Termagaunt

English: Termagant

⇒ English: termagant

Borrowed from Old French Tervagant (most early forms reflect the original consonantism in -v-), from Old Italian Trivagante.

tirmagaunt (alternative)
termagaunt (alternative)
Tervagaunt (alternative)
Tervagant (alternative)
tervagaunt (alternative)


Jafeth

desc

English: Japheth, Jafeth, Japhet, Iapheth, Iapetus, Japetus

From Latin Iaphet, from Koine Greek Ἰάφεθ (Iápheth), from Hebrew יֶפֶת (yépheth).

And ſotheli Sem and Jafeth puttiden a mentil on her ſchuldris, and thei ȝeden bacward, and hileden the ſchameful membris of her fadir, and her faces weren turned awei, and thei ſien not the priuy membris of her fadir.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 9:23”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Due to that, Shem and Japheth put a mantle on their shoulders, and they went backwards and covered their father's nether regions, so that they didn't see their father's privates.


Beðleem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Bethleem


Chestre

English: Chester

→ Old French: Cestre

From Old English Ċeaster, from ċeaster, a borrowing from Latin castrum (“camp”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

Chester (alternative)
Chestere (alternative)
Chestir (alternative)
Chestr (alternative)
Chestur (alternative)
Chestyre (alternative)
Cæstre (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Cestre (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Chæstre (alternative Early-Middle-English)

Chester (a city in modern Cheshire, England)


Chæstre

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Chestre


Portesmuða

English: Portsmouth


Sym

English: Sim

“Parkyn the potter hase iij that wyll not fayll, / Short schonkes and neuer a tayll; / No kalfe so greyt, as Y wene. / So has Dykon and Jac Gryme, / So has yonge Raynall and Sym, / And all thè schall hom sene.”— […] Sym, that was balyd lyke a kow, / He seyd: “Syrres, Y arest yow now.”

c. 1475, “The Hunttyng of the Hare”, in Henry Weber, editor, Metrical Romances of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries: Published from Ancient Manuscripts. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] George Ramsay and Company, for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; and John Murray, and Constable, Hunter, Park, and Hunter, […], published 1810, pages 281 (lines 49–54) and 287 (lines 187–188):

a diminutive of the male given names Simeon or Simon, equivalent to English Sim


hæven

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevene


Childermasse day

English: Childermas (day)

Chyldermesse Day (alternative)
Chyldermasse day (alternative)
Chyldyrmas-day (alternative)
children masse day (alternative)
childer masse day (alternative)
Childerne masse dai (alternative)
childre masse dai (alternative)


Chyldermesse Day

Childermasse day
Childermasse day#Middle_English


Southwerk

English: Southwark

From Old English Sudweca, from sūþ (“south”) + weorc (“work”).

In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, line LINES:

In Southwark, at the Tabard, as I lay
Ready to go on pilgrimage and start

Southwark (a borough of London, England)


de Stafford

From Anglo-Norman de Stafford, from Middle English Stafford.

a habitational surname from Anglo-Norman, variant of Stafford


de la Pole

From Norman de la Pole, from Middle English Pole.


Frea

c. 1200, Layamon's Brut, MS. Cott. Otho, C. XIII. line 6946

she is named Frea (Translation by Sir Frederick Madden)

(Early Middle English) a female given name, the Goddess Frigg


Blomer

English: Bloomer

Yola: Bloomere, Bloomer


Ysaac

English: Isaac

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /


Northfolk

English: Norfolk

From Old English Norþfolc; equivalent to north + folk.

norfolke (alternative)
Norþfolc (alternative)
Norfolk (alternative)


Gwenyver

English: Guinevere

Bᵘᵗ Marlyon warned the kyng covertly that Gwenyuer was nat holſom for hym to take to wyff · For he warned hym that launcelot ſcholde love hir and ſche hym agayne · And ſo he turned his tale to the aventures of the Sankegreal ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 22–25:

Alas ſeyde quene Gwenyu[er] now ar we myſcheved bothe //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 451, verso, lines 13–14:

“Alas!” said Queen Guinevere, “now are we mischieved both!”


Gwenyvere

ye ſeyde kyng Arthure I love Gwenyvere the kyngꝭ doughtir of lodegrean of þᵉ londe of Camelerde the whyche holdyth In his houſe the table rounde that ye tolde me he had hit of my fadir Vther · And this dameſell is the moſte valyaunte and fayryſt that I know lyvyng, or yet that eu[er] I coude fynde


Camelerde

(Arthurian legend) Cameliard (the estate of the young Guinevere and her father, King Leodegrance)


Lodegrean

Lodegean (alternative)
Lodegreauns (alternative)
Lodgreaunce (alternative)

(Arthurian legend) Leodegrance (the father of Queen Guinevere)


Camylerde

and ſo Merlyon wente forthe vnto kyng lodegean of Camylerde and tolde hym of the deſire of the kyng that þᵗ he wolde haue vnto his wyff Gwenyu[er] his douȝt[er]

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 27–29:


Merlyon

(hypercorrect) Alternative form of Merlyn


Marlyon

Now is þ[er] ony ſeyde Marlyon that ye love more than a noþ[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 10–11:


Lodgreaunce

And ſo kynge lodgreaunce delyu[er]d hys doughtir Gwenyu[er] vnto M[erlion] and the table rounde with the C [100] knyghtꝭ

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, verso, lines 6–7:


Lodegreauns

That is to me ſeyde kyng lodegreaūs the beſte tydyngꝭ that eu[er] I herde · that ſo worthy a kyng of proveſſe ⁊ nobleſſe wol wedde my dought[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 30–32:


Balyne

God thanke youre hyghneſſe ſeyde Balyne youre bounte may no man prayſe halff vnto the valew butt at thys tyme I muſte nedis dep[ar]te beſechynge you all way of youre good grace //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 23, verso, lines 19–21:


Balen

god thanke your hyhenes ſaid Balen / your bounte and hyhenes may no man preyſe half to the valewe / but at this tyme I muſt nedes departe / byſechyng yow alwey of your good grace /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 39, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 78, lines 32–35:


rounde table

the rounde table (canonical)
table rounde (alternative)

English: Round Table

Than the moſte p[ar]ty of þe knyghtꝭ of the rounde table ſeyde that Balyne dud nat þis aduenture ony by myght but by wycche crauffte //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 23, verso, lines 26–28:

Then the majority of the knights of the Round Table said that Balin didn't do that adventure only with might, but with witchcraft as well.


table rounde

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 11–16:

rounde table
rounde table#Middle_English


Balyn

And as the dameſell toke þer [or her] leve of Arthure and of all the barownes ſo dep[ar]tynge thys knyght Balyn called vnto her and ſeyde dameſell, I p[ra]y you of youre curteyſy ſuffir me as well to aſſay as thes oþ[er] lordis

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 23, recto, lines 11–13:


Westmestre

English: Westminster

→ Latin: Westmonastērium (partial calque)

→ Old French: Westmostier (partial calque)

From Old English Wæst minstre, West mynstre; equivalent to west + menstre.

Wesminster (alternative)
Westemester (alternative)
Westeminster (alternative)
Westemynster (alternative)
Westemynstre (alternative)
Westemyster (alternative)
Westmenster (alternative)
Westmenstre (alternative)
Westmester (alternative)
Westminstre (alternative)
Westmunster (alternative)
Westmunstre (alternative)
Westmustre (alternative)
West-mynster (alternative)
Westmynster (alternative)
Westmynstere (alternative)
Westmynstre (alternative)
Westmynstur (alternative)
Westmyster (alternative)

Here endeth the book named the dictes or sayengis of the philosophres enprynted. by me william Caxton at westmestre the yere of our lord .M.CCCC.Lxx vij.

1477, William Caxton, “Et sic est finis”, in The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, Westminster, London: William Caxton, folio 74, recto:

Here ends the book named 'The Dict[ations] or Sayings of the Philosophers Enprinted. By me, William Caxton at Westminster, the Year of Our Lord .M.CCCC.LXX VIJ.'


Broun

English: Brown

Yola: Broune, Brewne, Brune

Originally a nickname for someone with brown hair or a dark complexion.


Sicilie

English: Sicily

From Old English Sicilia, from Latin Sicilia, from Ancient Greek Σικελία (Sikelía).

Sicily (an island and former kingdom in Europe)


Macomet

English: Mahomet

Borrowed from Latin Machometus, Mahometus; deriving from Andalusian Arabic مَحُمَّدْ (“Maḥummad”), ultimately derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad). Doublet of Mahown and mawmet.

der

macamethe (alternative)
Machamete (alternative)
Machomete (alternative)
Machomett (alternative)
Macomete (alternative)
makamed (alternative)
Makamete (alternative)
Makomete (alternative)
Makometh (alternative)


Michelmasse

English: Michaelmas

Scots: Michaelmas

Yola: Michaulmas

Mialmas (alternative)
Michelmes (alternative)
Michelmesse (alternative)
mielmesse (alternative)
Migelmasse (alternative)
Miȝhel-masse (alternative)
Mihelmesse (alternative)
Misselmasse (alternative)
Mychaelmas (alternative)
mychelmas (alternative)
Myelmasse (alternative)
Myghelmas (alternative)
Myghelmes (alternative)
Myghelmesse (alternative)
Myȝhylmasse (alternative)
myhel-masse (alternative)
Myhilmesse (alternative)
Mykylmes (alternative)
Michaeles mæsse (alternative)
Michaeles messe (alternative)


Michaeles mæsse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Michelmasse


hewen

(Northern or East Anglia) Alternative form of hevene


trinite

English: Trinity

Scots: treenity, Tarnty

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trinite and Old French ternite, from Latin trīnitās, trīnitātem; equivalent to trine + -ite.

ternyte (alternative)
trenyte (alternative)
trinete (alternative)
trinitee (alternative)
trinitie (alternative)
trinte (alternative)
trinyte (alternative)
trynite (alternative)
trynitie (alternative)
trynyte (alternative)
trynytie (alternative)


Seynt Graal

English: Sangrail

Borrowed from Old French saint graal, saint greal (“Holy Grail”); equivalent to seynt + graal.

sangrayle (alternative)
Sankegreal (alternative)
Sankgreall (alternative)
sengreal (alternative)
Seint Graal (alternative)
Seyn Greall (alternative)


Casare

Men..fyndoon meche olde Coyne Ingrauid wt the Image of Julius casare.


Howarde

Likith it unto youre wurshipful estat to accepte my symple relacion as of a mater..touchyng certayne travace hangyng betwixe seigneur John Howarde & Seigneur Thomas Kerdeston knyghtis.

I tolde hyr all the processe off the Lorde Howarde and off yowr grewnds as I kowde.


Edynburgh

English: Edinburgh

From Old English *Edyn burg, from Old Welsh Eidyn + Old English burg (“stronghold”), calque of Old Welsh Din Eidyn. More at Eidyn and Etymology of Edinburgh.

af

Kyng Edward toke the Castell off Edynburgh, And ther Inne he ffonde the Regalles off Skotland, that ys to wytte his Crovne off Golde and his Septre.

The hongman..havyng in his handis a paire sharpe tangis, with the which he twitched and all to tare thare skynne and flessh..thus wer thay ladd, pynched and payned..thorowe oute Edynburgh.

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland).


Edynburghe

The Qwene did suche diligence and pursuet ayanst the said felonouce traitours, that withyne a moneth..thay were all takyn and byhedid at Edynburghe.


Athenes

Athenes…sometyme was the most worshipfull Cyte of Grece.

(a. 1475), Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593) 150:


Portyngale

English: Portingal, Portingale

From Middle French Portingal, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of excrescence, from Latin Portucale.

Portingal (alternative)
Portingale (alternative)
Portingalle (alternative)
Portyngal (alternative)
Portyngall (alternative)
Portynggale (alternative)

He sowppes all þis seson with seuen knaue childre, Choppid in a chargour..With pekill & powdyre of precious spycez And pyment full plenteuous of Portyngale wynes.

He sips all this season with seven mischievous children, chopped in a charger, with a mix of precious spices and plenty of Portugal wines.


Constantinopole

At the laste an implacable [L inplacabili] dissencion exorte and movede betwene the Romanes and the Saracenys, Heraclius toke the crosse of Criste from Ierusalem to Constantinopole.


hælle

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of helle


Furse

English: Furse, Furze

Topographic surname for someone who lived in a piece of land abundant with gorse, from Old English fyrs (“gorse”).


maunde

English: maundy (Maundy Thursday)

Borrowed from Old French mande, from Latin mandātum.

mande (alternative)
mandee (alternative)
maunday (alternative)
maundee (alternative)
maundie (alternative)
maundye (alternative)
mawnde (alternative)
mondee (alternative)

A washing of feet (by Christ or at Maundy Thursday).


mawnde

Alternative form of maunde (“washing of feet”)


Pentecosten

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Pentecoste


Petres peny

English: Peter's pence

From Petres (genitive of Peter (“Peter”)) + peny (“penny”) or pens (“pence”) or other similar formations.

genitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">Peter</i> (“Peter”)

Peires panes (alternative)
Peter pens (alternative)
Peteres peni (alternative)
Peterespeny (alternative)
peters pans (alternative)
Peter his peny (alternative)
Petir Pens (alternative)
Petir peny (alternative)
Petres panes (alternative)
Petres peni (alternative)
Petris pens (alternative)

Peter's pence, alms-fee (tax due to Rome collected from English homes)


Petres

Peteres (alternative)
peters (alternative)
Petris (alternative)


Lauerd

Lauerd god we biddeð þus
(please add an English translation of this quotation)
ante''' 1300, Cursor Mundi, 601 f.
Als oure lauerd has heuen in hand


Wyrcestreschire

English: Worcestershire

From Old English Weogornaċeastresċīr, from Weogornaċeastre (“Worcester's”, literally “Fort of the Weogoran”) + sċīr (“office; district”).

Weogornaċeaster<alt:Weogornaċeastre><t:Worcester's><lit:Fort of the Weogoran>


Cales

From West Flemish Kales, from Latin Caletum.

Caleis (alternative)
Calais (alternative)
Calays (alternative)

Calais (a city in the modern department of Pas-de-Calais, France)


Constantynoble

Alysawndre & egipt[…]preysen auctour eusichy; constantynoble vn to Antioche approueþ þe sawmpleris of martir Lucian.

(a1382), WBible(1) Prols.1 Par.(Bod 959), section 13:

This Ile is nygh viijc myle long from Constantynoble.[…]At Constantynoble is the hynder partye of the heed, And the forpartie of the heed til vnder the chyn is at Rome in the chirche of seynt Siluestre.


Constantynople

At Constantynople es þe spounge and þe rede of whilk þe Iewes gafe oure Lord to drynke.[…]Þe emperour of Constantynople[…]giffes all þe digniteez of haly kirk in þat cuntree, and he pryues þaim þat him think vnworthy.

To Constantynople he hasted hym[…]Be Cecile the weie was almost [?read: most] meete.

Þis lettre he garte hafe privalie vnto Constantynople & caste it in þe Emperours pales.[…]He delyverd þe Holie Lande oute of Saracens handis, and come fro thens-ward be Constantynople.[…]Hym happend for to dye at Constantynople, &[…]when þai wold hafe opynd hym & sesond hym with spycis at he myght hafe bene carid [read: curid], he rase vpp & was whikk.


Armorik

From Transalpine Gaulish *Aremorika (“(place) by the sea”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”) + *mori (“sea”).

der

In Armorik, that called is Britayne, / Ther was a knyght that loved and dide his payne.

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Franklin's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales, Oxford, published 1988, page 178:


Britayne

English: Britain

From Anglo-Norman Britaine, Bretaine, Bretagne, variants of Old French Bretaigne, Bretannie via Medieval Latin Britānia, Bretannia from Latin Britannia; whence a doublet of Bretene via Old English Breoton, Breten.

Britaine (alternative)
Britane (alternative)
Britaigne (alternative)
Brittaigne (alternative)
Briteyne (alternative)
Brytayn (alternative)
Bretain (alternative)
Bretaine (alternative)
Bretaigne (alternative)
Bretainne (alternative)
Bretaygne (alternative)
Breteigne (alternative)
Breteine (alternative)
Breteyn (alternative)
Brutaigne (alternative)
Brutaine (alternative)
Bruteine (alternative)
Breotene (alternative Early-Middle-English)
Bretene (alternative Early-Middle-English)

A yeer and moore laﬅed this bliſful lyf, / Til that the knyght of which I ſpeke of thus, / That of Kayrrud was cleped Arveragus, / Shoop hym to goon and dwelle a yeer or twayne / In Engelond, that cleped was ek Britayne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ffrankeleẏns Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 155, recto:

The wᶜʰ blason I the foresayd Gwyon Kinge of Armes witnesse: not then borne of any other ꝑson whatsoever he bee wᵗʰin the Realme of England (otherwyse called the Ile of Great Brittaigne)

1461, John Wrexworth, Guyan King-of-Arms, Grant of Arms to William Swayne of Somerset (Add. MS. 14295, fo. 5b)


Atenys

While Poul abood hem at Atenys[…]summe Epeicureis and Stoisens [WB(1): Stoycis] and filosofris disputiden with hym.