are

(chiefly Kent and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


on

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of a (indefinite article)


your

From Old English ēower, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz. Initial /j/ is by analogy with ye.

Second-person plural genitive determiner: your (plural)

(formal) Second-person singular genitive determiner: your (singular).


noon

English: none

Scots: nane

14th Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Ther was noon auditour koude on him wynne.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


here

From Old English heora, hira, genitive of hīe (“they”).

Third-person plural genitive determiner: their


here

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


here

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


his

head

his (nominative masculine pronoun he, nominative neuter pronoun hit)

he (masculine nominative pronoun)
hit (neuter nominative pronoun)

English: his

Scots: his

Yola: his, hys, hays

From Old English his, from Proto-Germanic *hes (“of this”), genitive of Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this”).

Third-person singular masculine possessive determiner: his, of him.

Third-person singular neuter possessive determiner: its, of it.

And Claudas his knyghts brake theire spearis

Used in place of the possessive suffix -es to denote possession by an antecedent noun.


or

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midland) Alternative form of here (“their”)


mi

English: my

Geordie English: my, maw

Scots: my, ma, me

Yola: mee

An apocopic form of min, myn, from Old English mīn (“my, mine”), from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my, mine”, pron.).

inh

And he ſeide to hem þat ſelden culueris / take ȝe awei from hennes þeſe þingis .· ⁊ nyle ȝe make þe hous of my fadir an hows of marchaundiſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:16, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he said to those who sold doves: "Take those things out of here; you won't make my father's house a place of business!"

First-person singular genitive determiner: my.


yes

(East Anglia) Alternative form of þes (“these”)


them

Alternative spelling of þem (“the, that, this”)


al

And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

And with this he was named, as I believe worthily, an excellent ruly and innocent man in all his living.


tin

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þin (“thy”)


that

English: that

Scots: that

From Old English þæt, þat, þet (“the, that”), from Proto-Germanic *þat.


all

English: all

Geordie English: a'

Scots: a', a, aw, aa, aal (Shetland)

Yola: aul, aal, all, al

From Old English eall, from Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz.

⁊ whanne I was a mong ȝou ⁊ hadde nede .· I was chargeouſe to no man / foꝛ bꝛiþeren þat camen fro macedonye fulfilliden þat þat failide to me / ⁊ in alle þingis I haue kept and ſchal kepe me wiþouten charge to ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·ii· 11:9, page 72r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when I was amongst you and felt need, I wasn't burdensome to anybody, because brothers who came from Macedonia provided whatever I didn't have. So in everything, I've kept, and will keep, myself from burdening you.


hit

From Old English hit, from Proto-West Germanic *hit, from Proto-Germanic *hit (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”).

Third-person singular neuter possessive determiner: it


hare

(chiefly West Midland and Kent) Alternative form of here (“their”)


yon

English: yon

desc

⇒ English: thon (under the influence of this, that)

Scots: yon, thon

Inherited from Old English ġeon, from Proto-West Germanic *jain, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz.

(somewhat uncommon) that (over there), yon


ore

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


bath

(Northern) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


universal

From Old French universel, from Latin ūniversālis; equivalent to universe + -al.

(Late Middle English) The whole, all of, every portion of, all parts of.

(Late Middle English, rare) Every kind of; all sorts of


tar

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of þeir


ti

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


yi

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


ty

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


more

English: more

Geordie English: mair

Scots: mair

Yola: mo', more

Inherited from Old English māra, from Proto-West Germanic *maiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *maizô.

Now is þ[er] ony ſeyde Marlyon that ye love more than a noþ[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 10–11:


ani

English: any

Geordie English: ony

Scots: ony, onie

Yola: aany, any

From Old English ǣniġ, āniġ (“any”), from Proto-Germanic *ainagaz.


either

English: either

Scots: aither

From Old English ǣġþer, a contraction of ǣġhwæþer.


such

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


hire

English: her

Scots: her

Yola: her

From Old English hire (“her”), from Proto-West Germanic *heʀā, *hiʀā, from Proto-Germanic *hezōz, genitive feminine singular of *hiz (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here; this”).

Third-person singular feminine genitive determiner: her, of her.

Here begynnyt the wyf of bathe hir tale.

1430, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale.”, in Canterbury Tales:


min

English: mine (determiner)

Scots: mine (determiner)

From Old English mīn (“my, mine”), from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my, mine”, pron.) (genitive of *ek (“I”)), from Proto-Indo-European *méynos (“my; mine”).

inh

First-person singular genitive determiner: my


har

(chiefly West Midlands, Kent) Alternative form of here (“their”)


þeir

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


þeos

(Southwestern, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of þes (“these”)


þeos

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þas (“the, that, this”)


þy

(Northern) Alternative form of þe (“the”)


þis

head

þis (feminine þeos, accusative þisne, dative þissum, genitive þisses)

þeos (feminine)
þisne (accusative)
þissum (dative)
þisses (genitive)

From Old English þes, þæs, þēos, þis, þys, all ultimately from inflections of Proto-Germanic *sa (“that”).


elch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ech


yar

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þeir


hor

(chiefly early and West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of here (“their”)


hur

(chiefly southern West Midland and Southern dialectal) Alternative form of here (“their”)


eower

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


þin

English: thine (determiner)

Second-person singular genitive determiner: thine, your.


heor

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midland) Alternative form of here (“their”)


myne

1380-1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, "Prologue to the Reves Tale", Canterbury Tales
Myn herte is also mowled as myne heris


fela

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fele (“many”)


vele

(Kent) Alternative form of fele (“many”)


oure

From Old English ūre, from Proto-West Germanic *unsar, from Proto-Germanic *unseraz. Compare Middle Dutch onse and Middle High German unser.

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]

First-person plural genitive determiner: our

my, mine (This is equivalent to Modern English "royal we", but is also used informally).


hure

(chiefly Southern and southern West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


maner

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman manere, from Vulgar Latin, Late Latin manuāria, from manuarius.

(in Wycliffe) some specifically, certain, these


inker

From Old English incer, genitive form of ġit, from Proto-Germanic *inkweraz, possessive form of *jut. Initial /j/ is due to the influence of ȝit.

(Early Middle English) Second-person dual possessive determiner: both of your.


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)

Inherited from Old English fela, felu, from Proto-West Germanic *felu, from Proto-Germanic *felu.

James off Dowglas þat wes ſyne / Þ[at] yheyt þan wes bot litill off my[ch]t / And oþir fele folk foꝛſye in fy[ch]t […]

c. 1375, “Book II”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 5, verso, lines 240-242; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

James of Douglas was next; / [he] was then only weak in power / and many other people, mighty in war […]

Many, much; an indefinite large number of or quantity.


ech

English: each

Scots: ilk, elk

Yola: earch

From Old English ǣlċ, a contraction of ǣġhwylċ (compare ewilch). For the loss of /l/, compare which, swich.

each (all of a group, seen individually)


heore

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


fewe

fewe (comparative fewere, superlative fewest)

fewere (comparative)
fewest (superlative)

English: few

Scots: feu, fyow

Yola: vew, vewe

(when accompanying plural nouns) few, little, not many

(when accompanying collective nouns) small, little


thilke

English: thilk

Thilke that unbrende were.

c. 1374–1385 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The House of Fame”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:


yis

(East Anglia) Alternative form of þes (“these”)


yis

(chiefly Northern, East Anglia) Alternative form of þis (“this”)


whos

English: whose

Scots: whase

Yola: fose

From Old English hwæs, hwes (genitive of hwā), from Proto-West Germanic *hwes (genitive of *hwaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *hwes (dative of *hwaz), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷésyo (genitive of *kʷís).
The usual vocalism is due to influence from who and whom; forms with the expected vocalism are found sporadically in Early Middle English.


bothe

English: both

Scots: baith

From Old English bā þā; possibly influenced by Old Norse báðir.

and nyle ȝe dꝛede hem þat moun ſle þe bodi .· foꝛ þei moun not ſle þe ſoule / but raþere dꝛede ȝe hym þat mai leeſe boþe bodi and ſoule in to helle

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:28, page 4v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But don't fear those who can kill the body, because they can't kill the soul. Instead, fear the one who can destroy both the body and soul in Hell.

both; both of (each or both of two things or groups of things)


eiþer

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:


theos

Alternative spelling of þeos (“the, that, this”)


tham

Alternative spelling of þam (“the, those, these”)


tham

Alternative spelling of þam (“the, that, this”)


hoere

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


baðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


þhi

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


þi

English: thy

Yola: thee, th'

An apocopic form of þin, þine, thyn, from Old English þīn, from Proto-West Germanic *þīn, from Proto-Germanic *þīnaz.

second-person singular possessive determiner: thy, your


þi

(Northern) Alternative form of þe (“the”)


unker

From Old English uncer, genitive form of wit, from Proto-Germanic *unkeraz, possessive of *wet.

(Early Middle English) First-person dual possessive determiner: both of our.


yhour

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of your


ȝhoure

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of your


ȝiwer

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


ȝaure

(chiefly Northwestern Midland dialectal) Alternative form of your


æure

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


þam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þan (“the, those, these”)


þam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þan (“the, that, this”)


þem

(Southwest) Alternative form of þan (“the, that, this”)


þur

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of þeir


yaire

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þeir


yhi

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


ȝare

(chiefly Kent and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


heoræ

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midland) Alternative form of here (“their”)


æch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ech


æȝhwylc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ewilch


veole

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fele (“many”)