and

English: and

Scots: an

Yola: an, an', and

From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

"Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]"

c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:

"Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "

ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)

(rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.


but

English: but

Scots: but

Yola: mot

From Old English būtan, from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, *biūtini, equivalent to be- + out.


of

An alteration of oth, from Old English oþ.


of

Apheresis of thof, a variation of though, from Old English þēah.


or

English: or

Yola: ar, or, o'


for

English: for

Scots: for

Yola: vor, var

From Old English for, from Proto-Germanic *fura, *furi.


to

From Old English tō, ta, te, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta.


as

English: as

Scots: as

Yola: az, as

Reduction of alswo, alswa, also, from Old English eallswā. The reduced form is more common in this sense from c. 1200.


other

From Old English ōþer. Compare German oder.

And if that I had nat had my prevy thoughtis to returne to youre love agayne as I do, I had sene as grete mysteryes as ever saw my sonne Sir Galahad other Percivale, other Sir Bors.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


that

English: that

Scots: that

Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

From Old English þæt, þat, þet (“the, that”), from Proto-Germanic *þat.


how

English: how

Geordie English: hoo

Scots: hoo, how, foo

From Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō.


won

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whanne


if

English: if, yif

Scots: gif, gyf, gin

Yola: yith, if

From Old English ġif, from Proto-West Germanic *jabē, *jabu, from Proto-Germanic *jabai.


than

English: than

Now is þ[er] ony ſeyde Marlyon that ye love more than a noþ[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 10–11:


bath

(Northern) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


ne

English: ne (obsolete)

Scots: ne (obsolete)

From Old English ne, from Proto-West Germanic *ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

than (introducing a basis of comparison)


ac

From Old English ac, from Proto-West Germanic *ak, from Proto-Germanic *ak.

Ich liuie, nout ich, auh crist liueð in me

louerd, for þi muchele grace / graunt vs in heouene one place; / Let vs neuer be forloren / for no sinne, crist ycoren / ah bring vs out of helle pyne […]

c. 1325, Harrowing of Hell, lines 241–245:

Lord, for your great grace / give us a place in heaven; / Don't let us ever be lost / to any sin, chosen Christ / but bring us out of Hell's torment. […]


afore

English: afore

Scots: afore

Yola: avar, avare

From Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.

before; afore: in advance of the time when


yiff

Yiff ther was lak, thou woldest crie & pleyne.
Remembre theron, and at me nat disdeyne

c. 1438, John Lydgate, edited by Henry Bergen, Fall of Princes, page 384, line 2020:

If there was lack, you would cry and complain,
Remember that, and do not me disdain.

And yiff that trust with pryncis wil nat tarie,
Litil merueile thouh the peeple varie[…]

c. 1438, John Lydgate, edited by Henry Bergen, Fall of Princes, page 339, line 384:

And if that trust with princes will not tarry,
Little marvel though the people vary […]

So yonge so lusty with hire eyen glade
That yiff that god that hevene and erthe made
Wolde haue a love For beaute and goodnesse
And womanhede and trouthe and semelynesse

1385-1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, Legend of Good Women, page 154, line 1039:

So young and lusty with her eyes glad,
that if that god that heaven and earth made,
would have a love for beauty and goodness,
and womanhood and truth and seemliness


elles

English: else

Yola: elles

From Old English elles, from Proto-West Germanic *alljas.


til

English: til, till

Scots: til

From Old English til (“to, until”), from Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *til and/or Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”), related to *tilą (“goal”). Cognate with Old Norse til, Old Frisian til.

[…]And pleſed hym in al that ever ſhe myghte.
 He drank, and wel his girdel underpighte;
 He ſlepeth, and he fnorteth in his gyſe
 Al nyght, til the ſonne gan aryſe.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Law's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 788–791:

[…] and she pleased him with everything she possibly could.
 He drank, and his belt became stuffed well;
 he slept, and snorted like he usually did
 throughout the night, until the sun arose.


nought

From Old English nāwiht, nōwiht, from Proto-West Germanic *naiwwiht; equivalent to ne + ought.


ake

Not of low on earth, ake of the high in heaven.

approx. 1225, Hali Meidenhad (Holy Maidenhood)

approx. 1225, Homilies in Lambeth

Those men.. have the name of Christians, ake though they are Christ's unwins (enemies).

He was still, ne spake no-more, ake he worth athirst well sore.

circa 1350, Midland Prose Psalter

Blessed be the man that.. ne set nowt in false judgement. Ake his will was in the will of our Lord.

circa 1390, Walter Hilton, On the Mixed Life

This thought is good.. ake if a man may not lightly have salvation ne devotion in it, I hold it not speedful.

approx. 1450, South English Legendary: Temporale
It ... rotted fast; ake that flesh and that blood rotteth never-more.


sauf

Borrowed from Old French sauf, from Latin salvus, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós.


hwænne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whanne


yliche

From Old English ġelīċe. Doublet of like. By surface analysis, ylich + -e.


þat

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:

Do not even consider bringing together the two parts of the bone which is broken or dislocated until eight days (if it is Winter) or five days (if it is Summer) have passed; for if you do, it will seep puss and swell, worsening its condition. Then [After the time has passed] bring together the ends of the bones (or, if it is a dislocation, the disjointed bones themselves) in accordance with the technique that shall be detailed in the chapter on bone-setting.


withoute

And whanne this old man had sayd thus he came to one of tho knyghtes and sayd I haue lost alle that I haue sette in the / For thou hast rulyd the ageynste me as a warryour and vsed wrong werres with vayne glory more for the pleasyr of the world than to please me / therfor thow shalt be confounded withoute thow yelde me my tresour

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “iij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XV:


yit

English: yet

Scots: yet

From Old English ġīet, from Proto-Germanic *juta.


yif

"Wite thou wele his wille; / Know well what he intends / To wende with him thou say, / And yif he loveth the stille, / "Thou do Tristrem away" / Biseche him he se thertille, / Thi fo is Tristrem ay.

12??, Thomas of Erceldoune, Sir Tristrem

And at the laste, yif that any wight wene a thing to ben other weyes thanne it is, it is nat only unscience, but it is deceivable opinioun ful diverse and fer fro the sothe of science.

13??, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boethius and Troilus


tofore

From Old English tōforan; equivalent to to- + fore.

Never sith myght he be heled, ne nought shal tofore we come to hym.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], (please specify the book number), [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

Indicates that the antecedent clause occurred before the consequent clause in time.


thereas

1485 – Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, Book IV, Chapter xx, leaf 74r
And euery day of thre dayes he strake doune twenty knyghtes therfore they gaf hym the pryse & forthe with all he wente there as the lady Ettard was and gaf her the serklet
"and every day of three days he struck down twenty knights, therefore they gave him the prize, and forthwithal he went thereas the Lady Ettard was, and gave her the circlet"

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


þey

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þouȝ (“though”)


forthi

English: forthy

Scots: for-thy

From Old English forþȳ (“for that, because, therefore, consequently”), from for (“for”) + þȳ (“by that”), instrumental case of þæt (“that”). Cognate with Old Norse for þvī (“for this cause”). More at forthy.


whanne

English: when

Scots: whan

Yola: fan, van, phen

From Old English hwonne, from Proto-Germanic *hwannē (“when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís (“who, what, which”).

Bot often for defalte of bondes Al sodeinliche, er it be wist, A Tonne, whanne his lye arist, Tobrekth and renneth al aboute, Which elles scholde noght gon oute[…]

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

Master John Aston taught and wrote accordingly and really busily, where, when, and to whoever he wanted, and he used it himself, I take it, very well until the end of his life.


wherso

From Old English hwǣr + Old English sō; compare Old English phrase swā hwǣr swā.

Whereſo thou come, emong hie or lowe / Kepe well thy tong, and thinke on the crowe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “Manciple's Tale”, column 1, lines 360–362:

Wherever you come from, among high or low / Hold your tongue, and remember the crow

c. 1491, Anonymous, Croxton Play of the Sacrement, lines 336-337

Sir, almighty God be your guide, / And be glad wherever you rest!

Syr, almyghty God mott be yowr gyde, / And glad yow wheresoo ye rest!

(locative) wherever, in whatever place, wheresoever

2000, Walter Hilton, Thomas H. Bestul (Editor), The Scale of Perfection [published c. 1475], republished by Medival Institute Publications in Kalamazoo, Michigan, chapter 40, lines 1068-1069.
For oure Lord gyveth sundri giftes whereso He wole, not oon man al, ne alle men oon, outaken charité whiche is comyn to alle

For our Lord gives gifts however he wills, not on all men, nor all on men, except for charity which is common to all.

(non-locative) in whatever case, however


outher

[...] And shortly, outher he wolde lese his lyf,
Or winnen Emelye un-to his wyf; [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1485-1486

… And shortly, he would either lose his life,
Or win Emelye to be his wife; …


thei

(Early Middle English) Alternative spelling of þei (“though”)


whilis

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


bothe

English: both

Geordie English: byeth

Scots: baith

From Old English bā þā; possibly influenced by Old Norse báðir.


sithen

English: sithen; syne

Scots: syne (via shortened northern form sin)


towhile

For as long as; for the duration of; while


towhiles

For as long as; during the time that; while


baþe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


ȝwan

(Southwestern) Alternative form of whenne


ȝwan

(Southwestern) Alternative form of whanne


whone

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whenne


wherwith

English: wherewith

On bookes and on lernynge he it [his gold] spente / And biſily gan for the soules preye / Of hem that yaf hym wher-with to scoleye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 5, verso:

He spent it [his gold] on books and learning / And prayed fervently for the souls / Of those who gave him the means to study

And ſpecially abouen euery thyng / Exited he the people in hys prechyng / To trentals, and to yeuen for goddes ſake / wherwith men mightē holy houſes make

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folios xlvi, verso – xlvii, recto:

And above all else / He moved the people, by his preaching / To sing trentals, and to give for God's sake / The resources with which people might make churches

the means by which; the resources with which


nouther

English: nother, nauther, nor

Scots: nouther

Yola: noor, nore, nor, nar