abandon

His ribbes and scholder fel adoun / Men might se the liver abandoun.

His ribs and shoulder fell down / Men might see the liver entirely.


on

English: on

Scots: an, on

Yola: on

From Old English on, an, from Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”).


today

English: today

Yola: to-die, to die

From Old English tōdæġ, equivalent to to- + day.


abstractly

English: abstractly

(rare) reclusively; while practising a monastic lifestyle.


in

English: in

Scots: in

From Old English inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.

in; with the following special senses:
in, inside; encircled or confined by.

in; with the following special senses:
inside, in, in the centre of.

in; with the following special senses:
in a quality or mode.


yesterday

From Old English ġiestrandæġ; equivalent to yester- + day.

At another preceding point in time; in the past


also

IN suche maner they kepte launcelot four and twenty dayes and also many nyghtes that euer he laye stylle as a dede man / and at the xxv daye byfelle hym after myddaye that he opened his eyen

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xvj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVII:

also: to the same degree or extent; so, as


worst

English: worst

Scots: warst, waurst

From Old English wierst, contraction of wierrest, from Proto-West Germanic *wirsist, from Proto-Germanic *wirsistaz.


noon

And up into his contour-hous gooth he / To rekene with hymself, wel may be, / Of thilke yeer how that it with hym stood, / And how that he despended hadde his good, / And if that he encresses were or noon.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shipman's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:


of

English: off

Scots: aff


to

English: to

Scots: tae

From Old English tō, ta, te, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta.


to

English: too

Scots: tae

Yola: too


her

English: here

Scots: here, her

Yola: here, haar

Inherited from Old English hēr, from Proto-West Germanic *hēr, from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r.


all

From Old English eall, from Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz.


almost

English: almost

⇒ Yola: almostly

From Old English eallmǣst (“nearly all, almost, for the most part”), equivalent to al- (“all”) + most.


north

English: north

Scots: north

Yola: nordh


south

English: south

Scots: sooth

From Old English sūþ, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *sunþr, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrą.


west

English: west

Scots: wast

From Old English west, from Proto-West Germanic *west, *westr, from Proto-Germanic *westrą, from *westraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wek(ʷ)speros (“evening”).


what

Yola: fad

From Old English hwæt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷód.

What shulde I tel the answere of the knyght?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Why should I tell the answer of the knight?

But what do I stand reckoning upon advantages and gains lost by the misrule and turbulency of the prelates?

1641 May, John Milton, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England: And the Cavvses that hitherto have Hindred it; republished as Will Taliaferro Hale, editor, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England (Yale Studies in English; LIV), New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1916, →OCLC:

And as for on C good knyghtes I haue my self / but I fawte / l / for so many haue ben slayne in my dayes / and so Ladegreans delyuerd his doughter Gweneuer vnto Merlyn / and the table round with the C knyghtes / and so they rode fresshly with grete royalte / what by water and what by land / tyl that they came nyghe vnto london

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “primum”, in Le Morte Darthur, book III:

Used to introduce each of two coordinate phrases or concepts; both...and...


other

From Old English ōþer. Compare German oder.

[…]it ſhal none other be.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xviii, recto, column 1, line 5:


not

English: not

Geordie English: nut

Scots: nat (obsolete)

Yola: nat

Reduction of nought (from Old English nāwiht, nōwiht).

Þei ne bileveden hire not.

Þou art not weyke.

foꝛ þis is þe charite of god .· þat we kepe hiſe comaundementis / ⁊ his maundementis ben not heuy.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:3, page 115v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Now this is the love of God: us keeping his commandments. And his commandments aren't onerous.


that

English: that

Scots: that

From Old English þæt, þat, þet (“the, that”), from Proto-Germanic *þat.


how

English: how

Geordie English: hoo

Scots: hoo, how, foo

Yola: fowe, how

From Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō.


al

And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue

And many little birds make melody
That sleep through all the night with open eye
(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)


so

English: so

Geordie English: se

Scots: sae

Yola: zo, zoo, sae

From Old English swā, from Proto-West Germanic *swā.


there

And spende hir good ther it is resonable;

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


er

English: ere

Scots: air

Yola: ear

From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.


bet

English: bet (obsolete)

From Old English bet, from Proto-West Germanic *bati, from Proto-Germanic *batiz. In adverbial senses, later supplemented by bettre.


ye

English: yea

Yola: yee, yea

From Old English gēa, from Proto-West Germanic *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja.


among

English: among

Geordie English: amang

Scots: amang

Yola: amang, mang (aphetic)

Etymology tree
Old English on
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English ġemang
Old English onġemang
Old English amang
Middle English among
From Old English amang, onġemang, equivalent to a- + mong.


dogged

English: dogged

Yola: dugged


won

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whon


won

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whanne


gain

From Old English ġeġn, gæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *gagin, from Proto-Germanic *gagin; also influenced by Old Norse gegn, from the same Proto-Germanic form. Doublet of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”).


yon

English: yon

Scots: yon, thon

Inherited from Old English ġeon, from Proto-West Germanic *jain, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz.

(rare) afterwards, next (chronologically)


than

English: then

Yola: than

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn,
Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn.
And when he had drunk all the wine
He would not speak a word other than Latin


fast

English: fast

→ Irish: feiste


ne

English: ne (obsolete)

Scots: ne (obsolete)

From Old English ne, from Proto-West Germanic *ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

Þei ne bileveden hire nought.

He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde.

13??, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Knight's Portrait" (line 70), The Canterbury Tales.

I ne entende but onely to reduce thauncyent ryme in to prose.

1481, William Caxton, Lyf of the Noble and Crysten Prynce, Charles the Grete:

I intend only to reduce the ancient rhyme into prose.

Þou ne art weyke.


se

From Old English swē, swǣ, variants of swā (“so”). More at so.


half

English: half (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hauf

Yola: halleef, halef, halluf

From Old English healf, half, from Proto-West Germanic *halb, from Proto-Germanic *halbaz.


lever

Comparative of leve (“dear”) of Germanic origin (compare German lieb) or lief.

For him was lever have at his bed's head
Twenty bookes, clad in black or red,
. . . Than robes rich, or fithel, or gay sawtrie. —The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer

But lever than this worldés good

She would have wist how that it stood —Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins, John Gower.


worldly

English: worldly

From Old English woroldlīċe, weoroldlīċe; equivalent to world + -ly (adverbial suffix).


fo

English: foe (obsolete as an adverb)

From Old English fā, a form of fāh, from Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz.

(rare) In a way showing unfriendliness or opposition.


yore

c. 1300, Anonymous, "Alison" (as printed in Oxford Dictionary of English Verse, 1900)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


est

English: east

Scots: aist, eist

From Old English ēast, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *austr.


rad

Scots: redd, red

Inherited from Old English hræd, from Proto-West Germanic *hrad, from Proto-Germanic *hradaz. Compare rathe.


up

English: up

Scots: up

Yola: ap, up

From Old English upp, from Proto-Germanic *upp.


afore

From Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.


nou

English: now

Geordie English: noo

Scots: nou, noo

Yola: neow, nowe, now

From Old English nū, from Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu.


angrily

English: angrily

Angrily, spitefully; in an angry, spiteful or annoyed way.

Ferociously, painfully; in a powerful and injurious way.


anon

English: anon

Scots: on-ane, one-ane, onan

From Old English on ān, equivalent to on + an.

So hadde I spoken with hem everichon / That I was of hir felaweshipe anon,

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, line LINES:

So had I spoken with them, every one, / That I was of their fellowship anon,


even

English: even

Yola: e'en

From Old English efn, from Proto-West Germanic *ebn, from Proto-Germanic *ebnaz.


ever

English: ever

Scots: evire, evir

Yola: eyver, e'er, ere


sad

English: sad (dialectal)

Scots: sad

From Old English sæd, from Proto-West Germanic *sad, from Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-.


wonder

From Old English wundor, from Proto-West Germanic *wundr, from Proto-Germanic *wundrą.

to a great degree; very, extraordinarily, extremely


ek

Scots: eik, ek

English: eke

⇒ Middle English: ekename

⇒ English: nickname (via rebracketing)

From Old English ēac, from Proto-Germanic *auk.


ergo

English: ergo

(Late Middle English) thus, consequently, ergo


royal

From Old French roial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of ryal.


accidently

English: accidently

Thinges that happen accidentlych. — Cato, 1475

He that hath goode vertues is substancially a noble man, and he that hath hem accydently maketh himself noble and is nat.

The Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers, 1460

It is made naturaly of defecte of materie or accidently of yuel sewing & consoldyng of þe palpebrez. — Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie, 1425


ay

English: aye

Yola: aye

Borrowed from Old Norse ei, ey, from Proto-Germanic *aiwa, *aiwō (“ever, always”).

always, constantly, unceasingly; eternally, forever


ayenward

My name shold I never ayeynwarde wynne.

1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde and selected short poems, page 219:


plat

But, ſir, ye lye, I tel you plat [...]

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio clxv, verso, column 1:

But, sir, you lie, I tell you plainly […]


store

From Old English stōr and Old Norse stórr, from Proto-Germanic *stōraz; some forms are also influenced by Middle Dutch stuur.


eek

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth


upon

English: upon

desc

Yola: apan, apaa, apa, upan, upa, pa (aphetic)

From Old English upon, uppon, uppan (“on, upon, up to, against, after, in addition to”), equivalent to up + on.


late

English: late

Yola: laate


worse

English: worse

Scots: warse

From Old English wiersa, from Proto-West Germanic *wirssō, variant of *wirsiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *wirsizô. Doublet of werre (“worse”).


often

English: often

Scots: aften, af'en, affen, oaffen, oaften

repeatedly, again and again, many times, frequently

Under many circumstances, in many instances


sure

English: sure

Scots: shuir

From Old French seür, from Latin sēcūrus. Doublet of siker.

sure, surely, with no doubt or uncertainty

While protecting something, with protection


generally

English: generally

exceptionlessly, always (without exception)


huge

Borrowed from Old French ahuge, a form of ahoge, of unknown origin.


rather

Alternative form of rathere (“more quickly”)


eft

English: eft

From Old English eft, æft. Compare after.

Were I vnbounde, also mote I the
I wolde neuer efte come in the ſnare

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Marchauntes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxx, recto, column 2:

If I were released,—so may I prosper,—
I would never again fall into the snare.

And eft he entride in to Cafarnaum, aftir eiyte daies.

1384, John Wycliffe, Bible (Wycliffe): Mark, ii, 1:

And he came back into Capernaum after eight days.


fro

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
That if I might skapen fro prisoun
That if I can escape from prison


mete

From Old English ġemǣte (“suitable, meet”), from Proto-Germanic *mētijaz, a variant of *mētiz. More at meet.


toward

From Old English tōweard, tōwærd; equivalent to to + -ward.

In a given direction, typically toward something specific.


chef

From Old French chief, from Latin caput.


diverse

English: diverse

From Old French divers, from Latin diversus.


fain

English: fain

Scots: fain

From Old English fæġen, from Proto-West Germanic *fagan (“glad”). The adverb is transferred from the adjective.


lowly

And there was none of these other knyghtes but they redde in bookes and holpe for to synge Masse, and range bellys, and dyd lowly al maner of servyce.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum x”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XXI, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

in a low manner; humbly; meekly; modestly


shortly

From Old English sċortlīċe, equivalent to short + -ly.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Now have I toold you shortly in a clause
Now that I have briefly told you above


tally

English: tally (obsolete)

Yola: taullee


twofold

English: twofold

A remodelling of twifold after two + -fold.


ones

English: once

Scots: ance, aince, eence, anes, anis, yance, yence, yince, yinst, wance, wanst

Yola: oanes

From Old English ānes, a modification of ǣnes (“once”) after ān (“one”, Middle English oon). Compare enes (“once”), from the unmodified Old English form.

At any time, ever:
one day (in the future)


lovely

English: lovely

Inherited from Old English luflīċe; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

af

Nicely, affectionately, lovingly (in a loving way)

Eagerly, fondly, enthusiastically; with great passion.

Lustfully, passionately; in a romantically or sexually charged way.

(rare) Courteously; in a well-mannered way.


cowardly

English: cowardie (obsolete)

In a cowardly or knavish way; cowardlily.


brotherly

English: brotherly

From Old English brōþorlīċ, from Proto-Germanic *brōþurlīkaz; equivalent to brother + -ly (adjectival suffix). The adverb was derived from the adjective in the Middle English period from brother + -ly (adverbial suffix).

In a brotherly way; in a way like a brother.


sore

head

sore (comparative sorer, sorrer, superlative sorest)

sorer (comparative)
sorrer (comparative)
sorest (superlative)

English: sore

Scots: sair

From Old English sār, from Proto-Germanic *sairą (noun), *sairaz (adjective).

Hurtfully, harmfully; in a way which creates wounds, painfulness, or anguish:

Strictly, mercilessly, remorselessly; without attention to kindness or mercy.

Expensively; in a way which creates a monetary or resource setback.

With intense effort, prowess, or capability:

Viciously, mightily, ruthlessly, strongly; using intense strength or prowess in battle.

Nimbly, powerfully, quickly; using intense dexterity or physical force.

Toilingly; backbreakingly, painstakingly; with much work.

With great patience and focus; diligently; patiently.

(Especially used with words relating to feelings or thought) Very, extremely, incredibly, a lot.

Taut, secure; held strongly and with security.

While suffering or experiencing an injury or pain.


wight

From Old Norse vígt. See vígr (“ready to fight”).


ashore

From a- (“on”) + shore (“a prop; support”).


fully

English: fully

Scots: fully

Inherited from Old English fullīċe; equivalent to ful (“full”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


muchel

English: much

Geordie English: mickle, muckle

desc

Scots: mickle, mikil, mekil, mukill, muckle

Yola: mucha, muche, much

“muchel, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

“muchel, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

“muchel, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Inherited from Old English myċel, miċel, from Proto-West Germanic *mikil, from Proto-Germanic *mikilaz.


ferme

English: firm (remodelled after Latin)

Scots: firm (remodelled after Latin)

From Old French ferm, ferme, from Latin firmus, from Proto-Italic *fermos.


outward

English: outward

Scots: outward

From Old English ūtweard; equivalent to out + -ward.

At the exterior; at a location away from one's home or homeland

From an external perspective; seemingly.


outwardly

English: outwardly

(rare) While seen at the exterior; seeming to be


properly

Now herkenyth how I bar me properly.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


wrongful

English: wrongful


surely

English: surely

Scots: shuirly


fervently

English: fervently


paramour

English: paramour (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French par amour (“for love's sake”); equivalent to par- + amour.

bor+

For paramour I loved her fyrst ere thou.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Is this trouthe said Palomydes / Thenne shall we hastely here of sire Tristram / And as for to say that I loue la Beale Isoud peramours I dare make good that I doo / and that she hath my seruyse aboue alle other ladyes / and shalle haue the terme of my lyf

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “liij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X:

In a loving or sexual way; amorously, passionately.

In a kind or caring way; affectionately.


afer

English: afar


elles

From Old English elles, from Proto-West Germanic *alljas.


sone

English: soon

Scots: sone, sune, schone

Yola: zoon, soon

From Old English sōna, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *sān(ō).


riche

English: rich

Scots: rich

From Old English rīċe (“mighty, rich”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”), from *rīks, an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.


inward

English: inward

Scots: inward

From Old English inweard; equivalent to in + -ward.

inwards, to the interior, especially referring to:

While located within the inside of an entity, especially referring to:


mo

English: mo

From Old English mā, from Proto-Germanic *maiz, from a comparative form of Proto-Indo-European *meh₂-.


argh

Inherited from Old English earg, from Proto-West Germanic *arg, from Proto-Germanic *argaz. eri is a dialectal variant of the same word.


nat

And at the laste, yif that any wight wene a thing to ben other weyes thanne it is, it is nat only unscience, but it is deceivable opinioun ful diverse and fer fro the sothe of science.

13??, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boethius and Troilus


slider

From Old English slidor, from Proto-West Germanic *slidr.


wurst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of worst


westen

From Old English westan, westane, from Proto-West Germanic *westanā (“westwards”), from Proto-Germanic *westanē (“westwards”). Compare west (“west”).

(rare, Early Middle English) westwards (from the west)


til

From Old English til (“to, until”), from Inherited from Proto-West Germanic *til and/or Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”), related to *tilą (“goal”). Cognate with Old Norse til, Old Frisian til.


sadly

English: sadly

Scots: sadly

steadily, firmly (with stability):
fixedly, steadfastly, undoubtedly

carefully (with due effort or consideration)

intensely, strongly (with vigour or force)


manly

From Old English manlīċe; equivalent to mon + -ly (adverbial suffix).

In a way befitting a man; courageously, resolutely, nobly.


violently

English: violently

In a religiously dangerous or harmful way.

In a powerful, effective, or mighty way:

In a way causing great damage, injury, or harm.

In a forceful way; in a way showing intense feelings.


wonderfully

English: wonderfully

Yola: wonderfullee


honestly

English: honestly

From honeste (“honourable, appropriate, excellent”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


universally

English: universally

en masse; impacting or influencing everything or everyone.


furiously

English: furiously


cruelly

English: cruelly

Scots: cruelly

Ruthlessly, cruelly; in a cruel or sadistic way.

Savagely, viciously; in a way displaying ferocity.

(rare) Deleteriously, injurious; conducive to suffering.

(rare) Strictly, unforgivingly, meanly, harshly.


sorely

English: sorely

From Old English sārlīċe; equivalent to sore + -ly (adverbial suffix).

strongly, forcefully; in a cruel manner.

(rare) unhappily, glumly, bitterly; in a sad manner.

(rare) lamentably, sorrily; in a miserable or sorry manner


lawfully

English: lawfully

Lawfully; in a way allowed by the law or legal system.

In a morally or religiously correct or approved way.

In an appropriate, justifiable or warrantable way.

(rare) In a way that remains true to one's superiors.


westward

English: westward

Scots: wastert

From Old English westweard; equivalent to west + -ward.


þis

English: this

Scots: this

Yola: this

From Old English þes, þæs, þēos, þis, þys, all ultimately from inflections of Proto-Germanic *sa (“that”).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


bak

English: back

Yola: bak


nought

English: nought, naught, nowt

From Old English nāwiht, nōwiht, from Proto-West Germanic *naiwwiht; equivalent to ne + ought.

Þei ne bileveden hire nought.

Þou art nought weyke.


compleet

Borrowed from Old French complet or Latin completus. More at complete.

Indicating completeness or entireness; completely, totally.


alles

From all + -es (genitive/adverbial ending).


revers

they three smote hym at onys with their spearys, and with fors of themselff they smote Sir Launcelottis horse revers to the erthe.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

In a reverse way or direction; upside-down.


differently

English: differently

Scots: differently


wrongfully

English: wrongfully


oon

English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)

Geordie English: yen

Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae

Yola: oan, ane, own

From Old English ān, from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos. Compare an, oo.


ful

English: full

Scots: fou, full

Yola: vull

From Old English full, from Proto-West Germanic *full, from Proto-Germanic *fullaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós.

And I seide, "Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. […]

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

And I said, "Sir, in his time master John Wycliffe was held by very many men the greatest clerk that they knew living upon earth. And with this he was named, as I believe worthily, an excellent ruly and innocent man in all his living. […]

and failynge he was deed in a good elde, and of greet age, and ful of dayes, and he was gaderyd to his puple.

ca. 1384, John Wycliffe, Wycliffe Bible (translation from the Vulgate), Genesis 25:8

and failing he was dead in a good old [age], and of great age, and full of days, and he was gathered to his people.


wel

head

wel (comparative bettre, bet, superlative best)

bettre (comparative)
bet (comparative)
best (superlative)

English: well

Geordie English: weel

Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill

desc

Yola: waal, wull, well, wel, vella (before consonant)

From Old English wel, from Proto-Germanic *wela.

Well, amazingly, expertly; in a good or excellent way:

Correctly, accurately; in an accurate way.

Stoutly, boldly, bravely; with courageousness.

In an easily discernible or understood manner.

(rare) In a way suggesting acute discernment or reasoning.

With no challenge, struggle, or hardship.

In a large quantity or amount; copiously or plenteously.

Ful wel she sange the service devine, / Entuned in hire nose ful swetely.

With care, attention, or fastidiousness:

Mindfully; with care taken to others' wishes or beliefs.

Painstakingly; with care taken to include or incorporate details.

Cautiously; with care taken to avoid mistakes.

In a way that is appealing or pleasing to someone or some standard:

Traditionally; in the prescribed or proper way.

Virtuously, morally, religiously; according to morals.

Healthily; in a way displaying good health and condition.

Beautifully; in a way pleasing to senses or sensibilities.

Kindly, approvingly; in a way causing respect.

To or with a great extent or depth: extensively, comprehensively:

In an intensifying sense; highly, greatly, very.

In a superlative sense; incredibly, really, extremely.

Totally, entirely; in a way that encompasses everything

With the right or required depth or efficacy; enough.

In a final or decisive manner; with finality.

Luckily, fortuitously; with good luck or fortune.

In a rigid or secure way; stably or fixedly.

For a suitable or fitting reason or cause; appropriately.

As much as; to the specified extent, not smaller than.

Around, about (a given quantity or measure)

(semi-interjectional) Probably, maybe, potentially.

(rare) Truthfully, honestly; in a heartfelt way.


eternally

English: eternally

Scots: eternally

In an eternal, endless, or permanent manner.

(rare) In a long-lasting way; non-ephemerally.


tus

(Early Middle English, before dentals) Alternative form of þus


hugely

English: hugely

Hugely; to a huge size, degree, or extent.

(by extension) In a large number; profusely.


siker

English: sicker (obsolete, dialectal)

Scots: sicker, siccar

Inherited from Old English sicor, from Proto-West Germanic *sikur, from Latin sēcūrus. Doublet of sure.


beste

English: best

Scots: best

From Old English betst, betest, from Proto-West Germanic *batist, from Proto-Germanic *batistaz (adjective), *batist (adverb).


sere

Borrowed from Old Norse sér, dative of sik, from Proto-Germanic *siz, dative and instrumental of *sek, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”).

Þe water I will set / to flowe bothe fare and nere, / And þhan þe firmament, / in mydis to set þame sere.

1430–1440, “II. Playsterers. The Creation, to the Fifth Day.”, in Lucy Toulmin Smith, editor, York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries: […] (overall work in Middle English), Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1885, →OCLC, page 9, lines 17–20:

The water I will set / to flow both far and near, / And then the firmament, / in their midst to set them separately.


juste

English: just

Scots: juist

Yola: gist, jist, jeist


sauf

Borrowed from Old French sauf, from Latin salvus, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós.


huru

especially, particularly; much less; ~ and ~, ~ thinge, especially

Ðe leᵹ wæs huru feowertiᵹ fæðmæ heh.


lordly

English: lordly

From Old English hlāfordlīċ; equivalent to lord + -ly (adjectival suffix). The adverb is from the adjective.

(by extension) mightily, richly, proudly


inwardly

English: inwardly

From Old English inweardlīc; equivalent to inward + -ly.

To oneself; to the mental or spiritual process


inly

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The Friar's Tale, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Friar's_Prologue_and_Tale
And they were inly glad to fill his purse,
And make him greate feastes at the nale.


hwænne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whanne


naht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nought


stille

English: still


þus

English: thus

Scots: thus

From Old English þus, from Proto-West Germanic *þus.

So, thus (in this way; in the described way)

In the previously mentioned way; the same (way)

Thus, therefore; due to this, as a result.


namo

Ther was also a Reve and a Millere, / A Somnour and a Pardoner also, / A Maunciple, and myself - ther were namo.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

No more (of discrete items, such as would be described by mo and fewer)


graciously

English: graciously

fortunately, successfully, well; with good results or fate.

kindly, nicely, respectfully; with good intentions

(Late Middle English) With the kindness and mercy of God.

(rare, Late Middle English) In a good-looking or desiring way.


weel

He thakked hire aboute the lendes weel

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


rathe

head

rathe (comparative rathere, superlative rathest)

rathere (comparative)
rathest (superlative)

English: rathe, rath (obsolete)

Middle Scots: rathe, rath

Inherited from Old English hræþe (“soon, quickly”), from Proto-West Germanic *hraþō, *hradō; compare rad (“quick”).


certes

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:


grisly

In Flanders whilom there was a company / Of yonge folke, that hau[n]ted foly / As haſard, riot, ſtewes, and tauernes / Where as with harpes, lutes, and geternes / Thei dauncen and plaien at dice night & day / And eten alſo, ouer that her^([sic – meaning their]) might may / Through which they don the devil ſacrifice / Within the devils temple, in curſed wiſe / By ſuperfluitie abhominable / Her^([sic – meaning their]) othes ben ſo great and ſo dampnable / That it is griſly for to here hem ſwere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “folio LXIII, verso”, column 2:

grisly: in a horrible or terrible manner; in a terrifying way


viciously

English: viciously


lude

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loude (“loudly”)


ofte

English: oft, often

Scots: aft, aften

From Old English oft, from Proto-Germanic *ufta.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


gamely

From Old English gamenlīċe; equivalent to game + -ly.

Mirthfully, gaily; joyfully; in a gamely way.


scars

English: scarce (archaic or dialectal)

Middle Scots: scarce, skarce

Scots: scarce

Borrowed from Old Northern French scars, escars, possibly from Late Latin *excarpsus; see scarce for more.


secunde

English: second

Yola: secun

From Old French second, from Latin secundus.

(rare) The second occurrence; after the first.


yliche

English: alike

Scots: ylike, ylyke, elike, elyke

Yola: alike

From Old English ġelīċe. Doublet of like. By surface analysis, ylich + -e.

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

Everything is equally good to me— / Joy or sorrow, however it might be— / For I feel nothing about anything, / But am like some dazed thing, / Always on the brink of falling down.

Al is ylyche goode to me / Ioy or sorowe wherso hyt be / For I haue felynge in no thynge / But as it were a mased thynge / Alway in poynt to falle a down

And ther to, he was hardy, wys, and riche / Pietous and juſt, and euermoore yliche / Sooth of his word, benigne and honurable / Of his corage, as any Centre Stable / yong, freſſh, and ſtrong, in armes deſirous / As any Bachiler, of al his hous

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Squiers Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 129, recto:

And, in addition, he was hardy, wise, and rich, / Compassionate and just, and always so without exception, / True to his word, gracious and honorable, / As stable of heart as any center of rotation, / Young, vigorous, and strong, as eager in arms / As any Knight Bachelor of his whole household.

(usually following an adverb meaning ‘always’) constantly, invariably, unchangingly, always so


gloriously

English: gloriously

In a glorious or wonderful way (especially in religious contexts)

(Late Middle English) In an attractive or pleasing way; in a way that displays beauty.


no

English: no

Scots: nae

Yola: no, na


pryvely

Ful riche he was astored pryvely: / His lord wel koude he plesen subtilly, / To yeve and lene hym of his owene good, / And have a thank, and yet a cote and hood.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 611-614:


behovely

English: behovely

According to what is fitting or accepted; properly.


manfully

English: manfully

Bravely, strongly, daringly, determinedly

(rare) In a way that displays nobility or manfulness.


streight

desctree

English: straight, streight (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ストレート

Scots: straucht, straicht

Past participle of strecchen. Corresponds to Old English ġestreaht, ġestreht, past participle of streċċan, streccan.


laste

English: last

Yola: lash (<*las)

From Old English latost, equivalent to late + -est.


snart

Borrowed from Old Norse snart, neuter of snarr (“quick, swift, sharp”).


commendably

English: commendably


speciali

Alternative form of specialli (“specially, especially”)


nere

English: near

Scots: nere, neir

From Old English nēar (“nearer”), from Proto-Germanic *nēhwiz.


originali

English: originally

Originally, primordially; in a way preceding everything else.

With respect to the origin or beginning of something..


bestially

English: bestially


demurely

English: demurely

From demure (“demure”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


dishonestly

English: dishonestly

From dishoneste (“disgraceful”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


nai

English: nay

Yola: naay, na


gracelessly

English: gracelessly

(Late Middle English, rare) Lacking God's beneficence.


hom

English: home, -ham (partially)

Geordie English: hyem

Scots: hame

Yola: hime, hyme, haime

From Old English hām, from Proto-West Germanic *haim, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz.


fraudulently

English: fraudulently


angerly

English: angerly

Ferociously, painfully; in a powerful and injurious way.

(rare) Angrily; in an angry or annoyed way.


ene

From Old English ǣne, originally the instrumental singular of ān (“one”).


humanly

English: humanely; see also humanly

Yt ıs sene dayly both ın borows and townys / Wheras the copuls han mad obȷurgacyon, / The gowd wyff ful humanly to hyr spowse gaue gownys, / Wych [th]yng ıs orygınal of so gret presumpcyon / That often tymys the good man ıs fal ın a consumpcyon, / Wherfor, as I seyd, suffer not to mych / Lest the most mayster weryth no brych.

a. 1500, Richard Leighton Greene, editor, The Early English Carols, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1935, page 272:


perilously

English: perilously, parlously

In a way that is full of peril; harmfully, hurtfully.


hundredfold

English: hundredfold


lesse

English: less

Yola: lhose, lass

From Old English lǣs, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”).


lef

English: lief; ⇒ livelong

Scots: lief, lee

⇒ Yola: liveer

From Old English lēof, līof, from Proto-West Germanic *leub, from Proto-Germanic *leubaz.


wones

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ones


ygo

A CLERK ther was of Oxenford also,

circa 1390: Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue, lines 287–288


moche

English: much


abak

English: aback

Scots: aback, a-back

From Old English onbæc, equivalent to a- + bak.

Al blody, and therwith-al a-bak she sterte

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Legend of Good Women/The Legend of Thisbe:


compas

English: compass (obsolete as an adverb)

Borrowed from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus.

Following or having a circular boundary.


agayn

English: again

Geordie English: agyen

desc

Scots: again, agen, agin, agane, agayne, agyen, agean (southern)

Yola: agyne

From Old English āġēan, onġēan, onġeġn, equivalent to a- + gayn.


aboute

English: about

Geordie English: aboot

Scots: aboot

Yola: abut, abouten

Therfor, my sone, do thou that that Y seie, and delyuere thi silf; for thou hast fallun in to the hond of thi neiybore. Renne thou aboute, haste thou, reise thi freend;
yyue thou not sleep to thin iyen, nether thin iyeliddis nappe.

1384, John Wycliffe, Bible (Wycliffe): Proverbs, vi, 3-4:


aline

c. 1400, Chaucer
Drawe a strike euene a lyne fro the pyn vnto the myddel pricke.

Draw a strike even aline from the pin unto the middle prick.


gayn

English: gain (obsolete, dialectal)

From Old Norse gegn; derived from Proto-Germanic *gagin. Doublet of gain.


bæt

(Early Middle English, rare) Alternative form of bet


childly

From Old English ċildlīċ; equivalent to child + -ly.


hure

From Old English huru (“at least, especially”).

inh

hure and hure

la hure

And ðo þe on annesse wuniᵹen ne muᵹen, hure and hure, ðanne hie willeð here ibede to godde bidden, swa derneliche swa hie muᵹen, swa don hie.

at intervals, frequent, at least, in any case

Ne kepeð he wið na mon, & hure wið his famon, nan half dale.

(Can we date this quote?), Hali Meidenhad:

Nis nefre no stede to strene bicumeliche bute hie ben bispused rihtliche to-gedere, ne hure riht time þenne men fasten shal oðer halgen.

Ne mihte þer nan wiðstonden, ne prophete, ne patriarche ne hure Sancte iohannes baptiste.


twie

From Old English tweowa, from Proto-West Germanic *twiwō; compare thrie.


nother

English: nor

Yola: noor, nore, nor, nar

Than the quene seyde, ‘Syr, as Jesu be my helpe!’ She wyst nat how, nother in what manere.

1485, Thomas Malory, edited by Eugène Vinaver, Le Morte d'Arthur, 1947, book XVIII:

Then the Queen said, ‘Sir, for Jesus help me!’ She knew not how, nor in what manner.

Syre he ſayd / ther of be as it be may I haue aſked that I wylle aſke / wel ſayd the kynge ye ſhal have mete & drynke ynouȝ / I neuer deffended ƿᵗ none / nother my frende ne my foo

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ii”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 214:

Sire, he said, that is it; I have asked what I would ask. Well, said the king, you shall have meat and drink enough. I never took vengence with any, neither my friend nor my foe.


agre

From Old French a gré (“favorably”); from a (“on”) and gré (“goodwill”); equivalent to a- + gre).


odde

Scots: odd, od, ode

Borrowed from Old Norse oddi, from oddr; compare ord.

Exceptionally, really, outstandingly; to a great degree.


towardly

In a manner that displays willingness to act favourably or pleasingly for others; obligingly.


stound

From Old English stund (“a period of time, while, hour, occasion”), from Proto-Germanic *stundō (“point in time, hour”).


seldomly

English: seldomly

From seldom (“uncommon”, adjective) + -ly.


forwhy

Forwhy? Yif thou enforcest thee to assemble money, thow must byreven him his money that hath it.

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:

for what reason, for what cause, why; the reason why, for the reason that

I ne finde no3t atte frume Þat þing for whi ihc am hider icume.

a. 1250, unknown author, Floris and Blancheflour:

That ye to him of hard now been ywonne Oughte he be glad..Forwhi men seith, "impressiounes light Ful lightly been ay redy to the flight."

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Me nedeth here noon other art to use; Forwhi to every lovere I me excuse, ...

In hyr hand A braunche newe, Forwhy that no man sholde her lette.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], (please specify the book number), [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

Thou shalt haue yiftis good, For-why þat thou wilte dwelle with me.

on the condition that, provided that, if


foreward

English: forward

Scots: forrit

From Old English foreward (“forward”), equivalent to fore + -warde.


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)

Inherited from Old English fela, felu, from Proto-West Germanic *felu, from Proto-Germanic *felu.


lome

From Old English lōme, from earlier ġelōme, from Proto-Germanic *galōma, from Proto-Germanic *galōmiz. Compare ilome.


tofore

English: tofore (obsolete)

From Old English tōforan; equivalent to to- + fore.

In front, ahead; in the first position in a sequence.

(in texts) Found above; found in a prior section.


wonderly

[A]nd in lyke wyse as she saide so they departed / that neyther the kynge nor none of his counceill were ware of their departyng / Also soone as kyng Vther knewe of theire departyng soo sodenly / he was wonderly wrothe / Thenne he called to hym his pryuy counceille / and told them of the sodeyne departyng of the duke and his wyf

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum I”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book I, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 35:

wonderly, to a wonderful degree, exceedingly.


selden

English: seldom

Scots: seldin, seendil, seendle

From Old English seldan, from Proto-Germanic *seldanē.


umbe

From Old English ymbe (“around, about”).


enes

From Old English ǣnes, from ǣne (“once”) + -es (genitival suffix). Compare ene and ones.


cornerwise

English: cornerwise

It is persed diagonaly i. thwertly, & þe holez ar closed diagonaly [*Ch.(2): cornerwise; L dyagonaliter].

Som men makeþ þe first inscisioun vnto þe cifac..In aiþer [method of operating] it is persed diagonaly, i. twhertly [Ch.(2): on cornerwise], & þe holez ar closed diagonaly.


prest

From Old French prest, a form of prés, from Latin pressus.


ageyne

but Merlyn warned the kynge couertly that gweneuer was not holsome for hym to take to wyf / for he warned hym that launcelot shold loue her and she hym ageyne

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter I, in Le Morte Darthur, book III:

but Merlyn warned the king covertly that Gwenevere was not wholesome for him to take to wife / for he warned him that Lancelot should love her and she him, again

again: in return, as a reciprocal action; back


rere

⇒ Yola: raree (<*rare)

Not at all, neither in front nor behind;


algate

But ſens I se there is no better way
And that to late is nowe for me to rewe
To Diomede I woll algate be trewe

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book V, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio ccviii, recto, column 1:

But since I see there is no better way
And that it is too late now for me to rue
To Diomede I will algate be true

Algates he that hath with love to done / Hath ofter wo than changed ys the mone.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Complaint of Mars, l. 234:


nerehonde

Than Sir Trystram and Sir Dynadan rode forthe their way tylle they cam to shyperdis and to herdemen; and there they asked them if they knew ony lodgyng there nerehonde.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xxiiij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


thenne

If harme agree me, wher-to pleyne I thenne?

(Can we date this quote?), Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde:

So slihly cam it noght aboute That thei ne ben descoevered oute, 2630 So that it thoghte hem for the beste To fle, for there was no reste: And thus the tresor of the king Thei trusse and mochel other thing, And with a certein felaschipe Thei fledde and wente awey be schipe, And hielde here rihte cours fro thenne, Til that thei come to Ravenne, Wher thei the Dukes helpe soghte.


þey

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þouȝ (“though”)


nathelees

English: natheless, nevertheless


nevere

English: never

Northumbrian: nivver

Scots: nivver

desc

Yola: near, naar, neer, n'eer, ne'er, ne're, neveare

From Old English nǣfre, equivalent to ne + ever.


bitwixe

In the position that separates (two things); in the middle.


esy

English: easy

Scots: aisy

From ese + -y, with influence from Old French aaisé, aisé. Doublet of eise.


verray

English: very

Scots: verra, vera

accurately, precisely, closely, faithfully


somdel

From som (“some”) + del (“deal, part, portion”).

compound

A povre wydwe, somdel stape in age”

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Þer gooþ to waast þerof somdel. — Sidrak and Bokkus, 1500

We hafe sent...oure breþere as of what maner I seyde, þai be redy, lest of þat þat we hafe ioyed, it be voyded in sumdele.

in ~: in this instance, in this case (transl. of Latin in hac parte)


trewely

English: truly

Scots: truly

From Old English trēowlīċe, from Proto-Germanic *triwwilīkaz; equivalent to trewe + -ly.


bettre

English: better

Scots: better

From Old English betera, from Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *batizô. In adverbial senses, supplements earlier bet.


schortly

English: shortly


biforn

English: before


poverly

English: poorly

povre + -ly, with an inversion of the r and e

poorly (in a way showing poorness, lack of resources)


loude

English: loud

Scots: loud, lood

Inherited from Old English hlūde, from Proto-West Germanic *hlūdō, from Proto-Germanic *hlūdô; compare loud.

(rare) Hearably, audibly; able to be heard

(rare) Obviously, in an easily detectable or discernable way.


doun

From Old English dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from ofdūne (“off the hill”).


hidously

The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale:

The bright swords went to and fro
So hideously that with the least stroke
That it seems that it would fell an oak


estward

English: eastward

Scots: eastart

From Old English ēastweard, ēasteweard; equivalent to est + -ward.


betst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beste


swithe

That thou doest, do thou swithe.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, III, or IV), Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, John XIII:27:

c. 1360, John Mandeville (accredited), The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
And he yede and opened the tomb, and there flew out an adder right hideous to see; the which as swithe flew about the city and the country, and soon after the city sank down.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


thanne

Thanne ıḣc was lad of a ſpirit in to deſert .· to be temptid of þe fend /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:1, page 2r, column 2, lines 3–4; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then Jesus was led of a Spirit into desert, to be tempted of the fiend.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A1&version=WYC


forthi

From Old English forþȳ (“for that, because, therefore, consequently”), from for (“for”) + þȳ (“by that”), instrumental case of þæt (“that”). Cognate with Old Norse for þvī (“for this cause”). More at forthy.

der

For this reason; because of this; therefore; consequently.


whanne

From Old English hwonne, from Proto-Germanic *hwannē (“when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís (“who, what, which”).


hwon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whon


yis

English: yes

Middle Scots: ȝis, ȝes, ȝeis

From Old English ġīse, ġēse; equivalent to Old English ġēa + sīe.


ysame

From y- + samen, or perhaps from Old English *ġesaman, variant of Old English saman (“together”).

and in a bag all sorts of seeds ysame

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Canto 7”, in The Faerie Queen, book 6:

In a group; together; in each other's company


yvel

head

yvel (comparative worse, superlative worst)

English: evil (obsolete)

From Old English yfele, yfle (“evilly, badly”).

Up ſtod him iudaſ lord am I þat [frec]. / I naſ neuer o þe ſtude þer me þe evel ſpec.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 30-31; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

Judas stood up: "Lord, am I that bold? / I was never anywhere where people spoke ill about you."

injuriously, harmfully; in a damaging way.

hurtfully; in a way causing physical injury.


fre

Inherited from Old English frēo, from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz. Some forms are from friġ, an alternate Old English form.


evenlong

From Old English efenlang (“along”, adverb), equivalent to even + long.

Along; along the same line; lengthwise of.


mery

Inherited from Old English meriġe, miriġe, myriġe, myreġe, myrġe, from Proto-West Germanic *murgī, from Proto-Germanic *murguz, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of bref.

Merrily, gladly, jovially; in a happy or merry way.

Pleasingly, delightfully; in a way causing happiness.


mididone

From mid (“with”, preposition) + idone, past participle of don (“to do”), used as a noun.


aunciently

English: anciently

That aunciently it was accustumed atte coronacion of the Emperour of Constantinoble.

1479 March 24, Cordyal, Westminster: William Caxton:

There were wõte aunciently thermytes for to dwelle / thurgh this valeye renneth the Ryuer that I spak of to fore

1481 November 20, The Boke Intituled Eracles / and Also of Godefrey of Boloyne / the Whiche Speketh of the Conquest of the Holy Londe of Iherusalem, Westminster: William Caxton:

For that causeth to asche we synne. of whyche cometh all seruitude. and aunciently & of olde tyme whã themperours were crowned it was demaũded of them in what place they wolde be buryed & thẽne they assygned the place of theyr buryeng / & this custome was ordyned to thẽde that they sholde remembre theyr deth for tesche we pryde / as it is recounted in the lyf of saynt Iohũ the Amener.[…]Aunciently also many men wolde that theyr bodyes shold be eten

1487, The Book of Good Maners, Westminster: William Caxton:


wode

From Old English wōd, from Proto-West Germanic *wōd, from Proto-Germanic *wōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂tós.

Lat us to the peple seme Suche as the world may of us deme That wommen loven us for wod.

c. 1374–1385 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The House of Fame”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:

He was wod wroth and wold do Thomas ... to deth. — Mirk's Festial: A Collection of Homilies by

When þe wale kyng wist, he wex wode wroth.


oute

oute (comparative uttre, superlative utmost)

uttre (comparative)
utmost (superlative)

English: out

Geordie English: oot

Scots: out, oot

Yola: udh, uth, ut, out, outh

From a conflation of two separate adverbs:
* Old English ūt, from Proto-West Germanic *ūt, from Proto-Germanic *ūt.
* Old English ūte, from Proto-West Germanic *ūtē, from Proto-Germanic *ūtai.


wherso

From Old English hwǣr + Old English sō; compare Old English phrase swā hwǣr swā.

1897, Anonymous, George England (Editor), Alfred W. Pollard (Editor); The Towneley Plays, [published c. 1460], republished by Kegan paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, The Resurection of the Lord, XXVI, page 393, section (93), lines 558-561.
In ilk contree where so we lende / By nyght or day, / where so we go, where so we weynd, / Thus shall we say.

In those same countries where we dwell / By night or day, / wherever we go, wherever we turn, / thus shall we say.


narwe

English: narrow

From nearw-, the oblique stem of Old English nearu.

Tightly; in a confined or restrictive way.

Firmly; in a well-secured or well-attached way.

Close, near; without allowing for much space.

Uncomfortably; in a threadbare or poor way.

Judiciously, attentively, with care, attention and heed.

Readily, enthusiastically; with much purpose and dedication.

(rare) Compactly, crowdedly; in a packed or non-diffuse way.

(rare) In an accurate or meticulous way.

(rare) Clingily; in a possessive manner.


amorwe

English: amorrow (dialectal)

That whan I sawgh hir first amorwe, I was warished of al my sorwe

1372, Chaucer, “v. 1102”, in The Boke of the Duchesse:


whennes

If love be good, from whennes comth my wo?

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


upsodown

And ye shall understonde that in mannes sinne is every manere of ordre or ordinaunce turned up-so-doun.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, line 259:


thider

For whan ther any ryding was in Chepe,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Cook's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4377-4378

For when there was any procession in Cheapside,
Out of the shop thither would he leap.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1690-1692

For thider was the hert wont have his flight,
And over a brook, and so forth on his weye.
And directly to the glade he rides,
For through there the hart was accustomed to take his escape,
And (flee) over a brook, and so forth on his way.

And to the launde he rydeth him ful right,


whider

English: whither (archaic)

Yola: fidi, vidy, vidie

From Old English hwider, alteration of hwæder, from Proto-Germanic *hwadrê.

Thiſe olde wommen / þᵗ been gladlẏ wẏſe
As is hir maẏſtreſſe . anſwerde hir anon
And seẏde madame / whider wolde ẏe gon
Thus erly / for the folk been alle on reste

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Squiers Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 133, verso:

These old women are, hapilly, as wise as their mistress, who now answered her, saying "Madame, whither are you going so early in the morning, while everyone is at rest?


wikke

Perhaps from an adjectival use of Old English wicca.


poureliche

But for to speke of vertuous beautee,
Than was she oon the faireste under sonne;
For povreliche y-fostred up was she,
No likerous lust was thurgh hir herte y-ronne; [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 211-214

But to speak of virtuous beauty,
Then was she the fairest of all under sun;
Because she was raised in poverty,
No sensual desire had run through her heart; …

And right anon he chaunged his array,
And cladde him as a povre laborer,
And al allone, save oonly a squyer,
That knew his privetee and al his cas,
Which was disgysed povrely, as he was,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1408-1413

And right away he changed his clothing,
And clad himself as a poor laborer,
And all alone, except only a squire,
Who knew his private affairs and all his situation,
Who was disguised as poorly as he was,
To Athens he is gone the nearest way.


woodly

Ther-with the fyr of Ielousye up-sterte
With-inne his brest, and hente him by the herte

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1299-1302

The box-tree, or the asshen dede and colde.
With that the fire of jealousy started up
Within his breast, and seized him by the heart
So madly that he was to look upon like
The box tree or the ash dead and cold.


unthriftily

From un- + thriftily, or unthrifty + -ly.

Lo, thus by ſmellyng, & by thred bare aray / yf that men lyſt, thys folke knowe they may / And yf a man wol aſke hem priuely / Why they be clothed ſo unthryftely / Ryght anone they wol rowne in hys ere / And ſayne, yf that they aſpyed were / Then wolde hem ſlee, bycauſe of her ſcience / Lo thus theſe folke bytrayen innocence

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxv, verso, column 1:

Thus by their smell and their threadbare dress / these folks may be identified, if men wish to do so. / And if some man were to ask them privately / Why they are dressed so poorly / They would instantly whisper in his ear / And say that, should they be noticed, / they would be slain on account of their [secret] knowledge. / Lo, thus these folks betray others' innoscence!


vertuously

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertuously</i>

English: virtuously (obsolete vertuously)

Virtuously; displaying virtue or righteousness.

(rare) Mightily, strongly; in a way displaying strength and power.

(rare) Bravely, fearlessly; in a way displaying courageousness or mettle.


ryal

From Anglo-Norman reial, rial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of royal.


outerly

Scots: outerly

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 638-639

‘I wolde live in pees, if that I mighte;
Wherfor I am disposed outerly,’ [...]
‘I would live in peace, if I could;
Therefore I am firmly resolved,’ …


werre

English: war, waur, wor (dialectal)

Middle Scots: wer

Scots: waur

Borrowed from Old Norse verri, from Proto-Germanic *wirsizô. Doublet of worse.

comparative degree of yvel (adverb); worse

comparative degree of ille (adverb); worse


aftirward

And it was doon aftirward · ⁊ [iheſus] made iourneis bi citees ⁊ caſtelis, [pꝛe]ch[in]ge ⁊ euangelizynge þe rewme of god / ⁊ twelue wiþ h[im] ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 8:1, page 32r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

After that happened, Jesus made visits to cities and fortresses, preaching about and disseminating the kingdom of God with the Twelve alongside him.


folily

...for thynges that been folily doon, and that been in hope of Fortune, shullen nevere come to good ende.

1387, Chaucer, “v. 7061”, in The Tale of Melibee:

Foolishly, idiotically, in an ill-advised or knowledgeless way.

Immorally; in a sinful, immoral or evil way.


felefold

From Old English felafeald (“manifold, many times over”), equivalent to fele (“many”) + -fold. Compare Dutch veelvoud, German Vielfalt.

inh

many times over; in many ways; in various ways or places


widewhere

Thus I wente wide-wher, Dowel to seche

14ᵗʰ Century, Langland, Piers Plowman (A-Text), Passus 9

In Surrie whylom dwelte a companye
Of chapmen riche, and therto sadde and trewe,
That wyde-wher senten her spycerye,
Clothes of gold, and satins riche of hewe;
Her chaffar was so thrifty and so newe,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 134-140

With hem, and eek to sellen hem hir ware.
In Syria once dwelt a company
Of rich merchants, and moreover trustworthy and true,
That wherever they sent their oriental goods,
Cloth of gold, and satins rich in color;
Their merchandise was so serviceable and so novel,
That every person has desire to trade
With them, and also to sell them their goods.

That every wight hath deyntee to chaffare


snapli

Hell hint þan þat gerard grim And selcuth snapli snybbid him, "þu prince of tinsel and þu duke Of wastful werk ..." — Cursor Mundi, 1400


henen

And yet ik have alwey a coltes tooth,
As many a yeer as it is passed henne

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reeve's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 3888-3890

And yet I have always a young man's desires,
As many years as have passed hence
Since my tap of life began to run.

Sin that my tappe of lyf bigan to renne.


samod

Inherited from Old English samod, from Proto-West Germanic *samaþ, from Proto-Germanic *samaþa (“together”). Akin to Old High German samit (“together”), German samt, sammt (“together with”).

Þenne faræþ þa haliᵹe men ... ant samod siþiæð mid englæ werod. — Bodley Homilies, c1175

[…]ah bi þe teileſ ha beoð ſomet · ⁊ beoreð ðes deofleſ bleaſen þe bꝛune of galneſſe ·

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 78, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January:

[…] both are bound together at their extremities, and they have the Devil's flames with them: the fire of lasciviousness.


ferforthly

As swooꝛ his ooth / as he was trewe knẏght /
he wolde doon / ſo ferfoꝛthlẏ his mẏght
Up on the tiraint Creon / hem to wreke
That al the peple of Grece sholde speke[...]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Knẏghtes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 14, recto:

And swore an oath that as he was a true knight he would unleash his strength on Creon so completely, with the aim of destroying him, that all the people of Grece should speak...

1516, Robert Fabyan, Cronicle, Pynson; Reprinted in 1811, Henry Ellis (ed.), The New Chronicles of England and France, London:. "Quinta Pars Cadwalader", p. 127.
& therewith great hūger & famyne ouer sprad the lande, ẏ by occasyon of one & other, the people of this realme was wonderfully mynysshed, & lassyd so ferforthlye, that, as witnessith Galfryde, & also the Englisshe Cronycle, the quicke bodyes suffysed not to bury the ded.

And thereupon great hunger and famine spread over the land, and thus by several means the people of this land were greatly diminished, and were lessened so completely that, as Galfyde and the English Chronicle witness, the living were not enough to bury the dead.


sumdel

From sum (“some”) + del (“deal, part, portion”).

compound

Thow hast the so wel born In lokynge of myn olde bok totorn..That sumdel of thy labour wolde I quyte.

c'''. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parliament of Fowls:

Sumdel of tyme passide, and thei weren hooldun in kepyng.

We hafe sent...oure breþere as of what maner I seyde, þai be redy, lest of þat þat we hafe ioyed, it be voyded in sumdele.

1425, “The Pauline Epistles”, in Wycliffe Bible, 2 Cor 9:3:

in ~: in this instance, in this case (transl. of Latin in hac parte)


saufly

Wommen may go saufly up and doun,
In every bush, or under every tree;
Ther is noon other incubus but he,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 878-881

Women may go safely up and down,
In every bush or under every tree;
There is no other evil spirit but he,
And he will not do them any harm except dishonor.

God woot that worldly Ioye is sone ago;
And if a rethor coude faire endyte,
He in a cronique saufly mighte it wryte,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4396-4399

God knows that worldly joy is soon gone;
And if a rhetorician could fairly compose,
He in a chronicle confidently could write it,
As a supremely important fact.


spitously

‘They were ful glad whan I spak to hem fayre;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 222-223

‘They were very glad when I spoke to them pleasantly;
For, God knows it, I cruelly scolded them.’

For god it woot, I chidde hem spitously.’


gentilly

English: gently

From gentil + -ly; see further at gentle.

15th c., Anonymous, Sir Gowther, in 1995, Anne Laskaya, Eve Salisbury (eds.), "The Middle English Breton lays", Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications pp. 263-307, ll. 39-45.
A mangere con thei make;
Knyghtus of honowr tho furst dey
Justyd gently hom to pley
Here shaftes gan thei shake.
On the morow the lordes gente
Made a riall tournement
For that lady sake;

They made a feast. That first day, honorable knights jousted like gentlemen homeward to the contest, and began to shatter their lances. The next day the gentle lords made a royal tournament for the lady's sake.

Like a member of the gentry: in the manner of someone of gentle birth.

And Emelye hym loueth so tenderly
And he her ſerueth ſo gentelly
That neuer was ther no woꝛde hē bytwene
Of ielouſye, oꝛ of any other tene

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xii, recto, column 1:

And Emily loved him so tenderly
And he served her so nobly and faithfully
That between them, there was never a single word
Of jealousy, or any other trouble.

(by extension) In a manner that reflects the virtues or customs associated with those of gentle birth: generously, courteously, gracefully, nobly, etc.


muche

An apocopic form of muchel, from Old English myċel, miċel.


tentifly

From tentif, from Old French tentif, possibly a form of atentif.

And in the chambre whil they were aboute / hir tretys whith as ye shal after heere / The peple cam un to the hous with oute / And wondred hem in how honeste manere / And tentifly she kepte her fader deere

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 178, recto:

And, in the chamber, while they were about / Their business (which you will hear about after) / The people came into the house / And wondered by what honest means / She'd so attentively cared for and protected her father.


flockmel

English: flockmeal

that flockmel on a day they to him went


covenably

well and covenably taught

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


owher

From Old English āhwǣr (“everywhere; somewhere; anywhere”).

inh

And if he foond owher a good felawe,
He wolde techen him to have noon awe
In swich caas of the ercedekenes curs

And if he found anywhere a good fellow,
He would teach him to have no awe
Of the archdeacon's curse [of excommunication] in such a case,


atwo

From on + two, already a phrase in Old English as on twā.

Fordronke, as he sat on his bench upright.
Ther cam a privee theef men clepeth Deeth,
That in this contree al the peple sleeth,
And with his spere he smoot his herte atwo

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 388-91:


fetisely

Ful wel she song the service divyne,
Entuned in hir nose ful semely;
And Frensh she spak ful faire and fetisly,
After the scole of Stratford atte Bowe,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 122-126

She sang the divine service very well,
Intoned in her nose in a very polite manner;
And she spoke French very well and elegantly,
In the manner of Stratford at the Bow,
For French of Paris was to her unknown.


hertely

English: heartily

Yola: hearthilee, hearthillee, hartille

[...] ‘Sin ye so muchel knowen of that art,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1241-1242

… ‘Since you know so much of that art,
Full heartily I pray you tell us part.’


agrief

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Nun's Priest's Tale: 126-8.
And he answerde and seyde thus, 'Madame,
I pray yow that ye take it nat agrief.
By God, me thoughte I was in swich meschief [...]'

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


alength

Þen gone forthe the grekes, graithet engynes,
Batold hom all abrode vmbe the bare walles;
Layn ladders alenght & oloft wonnen.

13th c., Guido delle Colonne, Historia destructionis Troiae, Page 154

For lost she had bothe myght and strengthe,

14th c., John Lydgate, Troy Book: Book 3, 5115-6

And plat she fil to the grounde alengthe

1550, Thomas Nicolls (Translator), Thucydides, The hystory writtone by Thucidides the Athenyan of the warre, whiche was betwene the Peloponesians and the Athenyans, Book 4, pg. Cxviii
[They] fa∣stened yt wyth yrone at bothe endes. And also alengthe [...] and to one of the endes they fastened wyth chaynes of yronne a greate cawdrone of brasse

Ne be he ner so stout,
ȝet he bith y-soht out

c. September 1306, Unknown composer, Song on the Execution of Sir Simon Fraser, (as given in 1885, Thomas Wright, The Political Songs of England: From the Reign of John to that of Edward II, pg. 65) 46-8

Be he never so stout
Yet he is sought out
Wide and far

1884, Richard Rolle, Rev. H. R. Baramley (Editor), The Paslter or Psalms of David and Certain Canticles With a Translation and Exposition in English, pg. 140, 12.
And thai that ware biside me stode olenght: and fors thai made that sought my sale


moost

…of moost holi lyuynge, and best taught and moost wyse of heuenly wysdom…

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 37:


thei

(Early Middle English) Alternative spelling of þei (“though”)


therwith

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


worthili

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


her-for

English: herefore, herefor


bisili

English: busily


acordingli

English: accordingly


ther-to

From Old English þǣr-tō; compare the Middle English ther (adverb), to (adverb), and to (preposition).

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

c. 1430, Thomas Austin, editor, Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 (Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91), volume I, London: N[icholas] Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, published 1888, →OCLC, page 11:


gayne

Alternative form of gayn (“quickly, near”)


quemely

From Old English *cwēmlīċe, ġecwēmlīċe (“acceptably, agreeably”), equivalent to queme + -ly. Cognate with Swedish kvämelika.


savely

English: safely

Scots: safely

Lacking danger; safely, harmlessly or in a dangerless manner.

Avoiding sin; in a morally sound or safe manner.

With no risk to one's health or fitness; healthily.

Guardedly; ensuring security and lack of loss.

For defensive purposes; in order to preempt harm.

God woot that worldly Ioye is sone ago;
And if a rethor coude faire endyte,
He in a cronique saufly mighte it wryte,

Without doubt or unsureness; with certainness.


gruf

They fellen gruf, and criden piteously.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


onethe

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parliament of Fowles
That erthe and eyr and tre and euery lake
So ful was, that onethe was there space
For me to stonde, so ful was al the place.


paraventure

par aventure
par aventure#Middle_English


parfitly

[...] This wol be doon at leyser parfitly.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1834

… This will be done at leisure perfectly.


secrely

Another clerk sayth, that scarsly shalt thou finden any persone that may kepe thy conseil secrely.


hwanne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whanne


ferforth

English: farforth

Far, forth; to a (great) degree or extent; advanced.

as ferforth; so ferforth: so far (as); as much or to as great a degree (as)

as ferforth as; as ferforth þat: insofar as, to the same degree or extent as.

so ferforth þat: to such an extent that

thus ferforth: so far


thryes

In listes thryes, and ay slayn his foo. 1400 , Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Oxford (2007), line 63


sarre

Alternative form of sore (“harmfully, very”)


abrest

English: abreast

Scots: abreist

Owt they Comen Al On Abrest.

The History of the Holy Grail, Henry Lovelich, 1450


paraunter

"Paraunter she may be your purgatorie":Chaucer


sory

Inherited from Old English sāriġ, from Proto-West Germanic *sairag, from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz. Equivalent to sore + -y.

(rare) harshly, intensely; with extreme force


selly

English: selly

Scots: selly

From Old English sellīċ, seldlīċ, syllīċ, from Proto-Germanic *seldalīkaz; equivalent to selde (“uncommon”) + -ly.

weirdly, wondrously, oddly, surprisingly

In a agile manner; speedily; with power and force.

(By) a lot; extremely, to a great degree.


umbestounde

From Old English ymbe stunde, from ymbe (“around, about, by, upon, at”) + stunde, accusative of stund (“time, while, hour”).


inwardes

English: inwards

From inward + -es (“adverb-forming ending”).


swoote

English: sweet


thrie

From Old English þreowa, from Proto-West Germanic *þriwō; compare twie.

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien. ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."


depe

head

depe (comparative depper, superlative depperst)

depper (comparative)
depperst (superlative)

English: deep

deep (extending or being greatly below the ground; being of deepness)

deep (extending or being greatly in the interior)

Meaningfully, significantly; with a lot of importance.

Emotionally, passionately; with a lot of feeling.

Weightily, significantly; with a lot of portentousness.

(rare) far (extending or being greatly in any measurement)


awey

English: away

Scots: awa

Yola: awye, awi, away, awaa

From Old English onweġ, aweġ; equivalent to a- + wey.


alwey

English: always

Scots: alwayis

From Old English ealneġ, ealneweġ (“always, perpetually”, literally “all the way, all the while, continuously”).


selde

English: seld (obsolete)

Scots: seld

A back-formation from seldere, from Old English seldor.


tidely

From Old English tīdlīċe (“for a time; temporarily; conveniently; seasonably; in time; early; soon; quickly”), equivalent to tide + -ly.

inh

seasonably; opportunely; suitably; fitly


todæg

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of today


honen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of henne


doutelees

Oon of us two moste bowen, doutelees.


plentevously

In a plentevous way; plenteously; abundantly.


over-thwartly

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, printed by William Caxton, leaf 169 verso

AT the Courte of kynge Arthur there cam a yonge man and bygly made, and he was rychely bysene, and he desyred to be made knyghte of the kyng but his ouer garmẽt sat ouerthwartly, how be hit, hit was ryche clothe of gold,


dayly

English: daily

Yola: daaily

From Old English dæġlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *dagalīk. Equivalent to day + -ly.


bygly

1485 July 31, Thomas Malory, [Le Morte Darthur], [London]: Enprynted and fynysshed in thabbey Westmestre [by William Caxton], OCLC 71490786, leaf 193 verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le morte darthur by Syr Thomas Malory; the Original Edition of William Caxton Now Reprinted and Edited with an Introduction and Glossary by H. Oskar Sommer, Ph.D.; with an Essay on Malory's Prose Style by Andrew Lang, London: Published by David Nutt, in the Strand, 1889–1891 (reproduced Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative, 1997), OCLC 890162034, page 386

Thenne sir Tristram came in and beganne so roughly and soo bygly that there was none myght withstande hym / and thus sire Tristram dured longe


whidir

English: whither

Scots: whither

Yola: fidi, vidie


hidir

English: hither

Scots: hither


synnes

English: since

Yola: zince


abenche

Þou... Þat þus fale maistres of clergie bringest and sest a-benche.


iliche

The scorpiun is ones cunnes wurm thet haueth neb, ase me seith, sumdel iliche ase wummon, and is neddre bihinden

c. 1225, Ancrene Ƿiſſe (Cotton MS. Cleopatra C. VI), Herefordshire, published c. 1230; republished at London: British Library Digitised Manuscripts, 2013 March 29:

The scorpion is a kind of crawling animal that, as they tell me, has a face a bit alike to a woman’s, and is a snake in the rear.


tuwa

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twie


subtely

[...] Þis ilke storie subtely to endyte [...]

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Frederick J. Furnivall (editor), The Lansdowne MS (No. 851) of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, page 530 (section: "The second nun's tale. Lansdowne MS. [The Poem.]")


madli

English: madly


togidere

English: together

Scots: thegither, togidder

Two or more gathered in one place; sharing each other's company.

In a state of being an assembled whole or single entity. (of parts)

In such a way as to draw nearer; towards each other.

(by extension) Joined by marriage, friendship or other bonds.


certeyn

From Old French certain, from Latin *certānus.


nihterne

From Old English nihterne. Equivalent to nyght + -erne.

(hapax, Early Middle English) Of or by the night.


gostly

English: ghostly

Scots: gaistly, ghaistly

From Old English gāstlīċe, gǣstlīċe. Equivalent to gost + -ly (adverbial suffix).


gastli

(Northern) Alternative form of gostly (adverb)


reulily

English: rulily (obsolete)


rewly

English: ruly (dated)

From Old English hrēowlīc; equivalent to rewe + -ly.


prestly

From prest (“eager, alert, ready”) + -ly.


nyce

From Old French nice, from Latin nescius.


frightilike

English: frightily (obsolete)


wisliche

English: wisely, wiselike

With discretion or reflection; prudently.

With understanding, especially of spiritual matters.


disrewlily

English: disrulily

c. 1370s. Unknown, The Romaunt of the Rose. 4897-901.
It ledith man now up, now doun,
In mochel dissolucioun,
And makith him love yvel company,
And lede his lyf disrewlily,
And halt him payed with noon estate.


thinne

From Old English þynne.
Akin to Middle High German dünne, Middle Low German dünne, Middle Dutch dunne, and Old Danish thun.


thikke

From Old English þicce. Akin to Middle High German dick, Middle Low German dicke, Middle Dutch dicke, and Old Danish thyk.


thikly

English: thickly


inderly

English: innerly

From innere + -ly (adverbial suffix); the adjective is from the adverb.


quyk

Inherited from Old English cwic, from Proto-West Germanic *kwiku, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós.


yesternyght

English: yesternight

From Old English ġiestranniht; equivalent to yester- + nighte.


wekely

English: weekly


homly

From Old English *hāmlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *haimalīk. Equivalent to home + -ly.

Familiarly, in a way denoting a close relationship.

With consideration, kindness, and humility.

Without grandeur; in a simple and direct way.


homward

English: homeward

Scots: hameward

From Old English hāmweard; equivalent to home + -ward.

To the town or nation a person inhabits; to a homeland.

During the return (portion of a journey).


homwardes

English: homewards

Scots: hamewards

From Old English hāmweardes; equivalent to homward + -es (“adverb-forming ending”).


outwardes

English: outwards

From Old English ūtweardes; equivalent to outward + -es (“adverb-forming ending”).


tomiddes

From Old English tō-middes, equivalent to to- + middes.


tomorwe

English: tomorrow; tomorn

From Old English tōmorgen, tō morgenne (“tomorrow”), from tō (“at, on”) + morgene, mergen (dative of morgen (“morning”)), from Proto-Germanic *murganaz (“morning”), perhaps, from Proto-Indo-European *mergʰ- (“to blink, to twinkle”). Equivalent to to- + morwe.


tonyght

From Old English tō niht, equivalent to to- + nyght.

On the night that will follow the current day.

On the night preceding the current day; last night.


tosamen

(by extension) Joined by spiritual or mental union.

With everything taken into account; all told.


towhiles

English: to-whiles


toyenes

As part of an exchange; in reply, in return.


towardes

English: towards

Yola: toowards


toyere

English: toyear, to-year

Yola: t'year


toþeþur

Unknown; possibly a combination of þider and togidere.


schyre

English: shire (obsolete, dialectal)

From Old English sċīr (“bright”, adjective) and sċīre (adverb), from Proto-West Germanic *skīr, from Proto-Germanic *skīriz. Doublet of skyr.


gaynly

English: gainly

From gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”) + -ly (adverbial suffix). The adjective is from the adverb.


tymely

English: timely (archaic as an adverb)

Scots: tymely (obsolete)

From Old English tīmlīce; equivalent to and reinforced by tyme (“time”) + -ly.


masedliche

English: mazedly


hethen

English: hethen (obsolete)

away, outwards, not here (referring to movement)

away, far off, not around (referring to location)

Outside or away from this world or realm.

Starting or beginning from this time; from now.


hethens

From hethen (“away”) + -es (“adverbial suffix”).


heþennwarrd

(Ormulum) Alternative form of hethen-ward


hethenli

English: heathenly

/ˈhɛːðənliː/

(biblical) In the manner of the Gentiles.


lewedly

English: lewdly

With ignorance or a lack of knowledge; in an ignorant way.

(Late Middle English) In a way showing a lack of mental acuity; idiotically.

(rare, Late Middle English) Unsophisticatedly; in a way befitting a simpleton.

(rare, Late Middle English) In a morally unsanctioned manner; evilly, maliciously.


venymously

English: venomously


ilome

From Old English ġelōme, from Proto-Germanic *galōma, from Proto-Germanic *galōmiz. Compare lome (“often”).


seldere

From Old English seldor (“more infrequent”); also see selde (“seldom”).


seldscene

From Old English seldsīene, seldsēne; equivalent to selde (“uncommon”) + seen.


arveðliche

From Old English earfoþlīc (adjective), earfoþlīce (adverb); equivalent to arveð + -liche (adverbial suffix).


tryppingly

English: trippingly


fot hot

English: foothot


balfulli

English: balefully


arghly

Scots: arghly (obsolete)

From Old English earhlīce, earglīce; equivalent to argh + -ly.

(rare) While panicking or scared; scaredly.


efte

1485 – Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, Book X, Chapter xli, leaf 240r
Thenne sir launcelot was wrothe / and smote sir Bleoberys so sore vpon the helme that his hede bowed doune backward / And he smote efte another buffet that he auoyded his sadel

"Then Sir Launcelot was wrothy and smote Sir Bleoberis so sore upon the helm that his head bowed down backward. And he smote eft another buffet, that he avoided his saddle"

Than syr bedwere retorned ageyn & took the swerde in hys hande / and than hym thought synne and shame to throwe awaye that nobyl swerde / and so efte he hydde the swerde and retorned ageyn and tolde to the kyng that he had ben at the water and done his commaundemente

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter V, in Le Morte Darthur, book XXI (in Middle English):

Then Sir Bedivere returned again and took the sword in his hand, and then it seemed a sin and a shame to him to throw away that noble sword, and so he hid the sword back again and returned again and told the king that he had been at the water and done what he commanded.

back (to a previous place or state); Alternative form of eft


depely

English: deeply

Scots: deeply

From Old English dēoplīċe; equivalent to depe + -ly.

Deeply, insightfully, thoroughly, completely.

Gravely; with sincere and reasoned thought and opinion.


ufele

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yvel (“evilly”)


oddely

English: oddly


orpedliche

English: orpedly (archaic)

Inherited from Old English orpedlīċe; equivalent to orped + -ly.


rewthfully

English: ruthfully

Scots: reuthfully (obsolete)


soryly

English: sorrily

From Old English sāriġlīċ; equivalent to sory + -ly.

unhappily, glumly, bitterly; in a sad manner.

lamentably, sorrily; in a miserable or sorry manner

strongly, forcefully; in a cruel manner.


symply

English: simply

Scots: semply

guiltlessly, frankly, truthfully; in a blameless way

unconditionally, exceptionlessly; without complication


hevy

From Old English hefiġ, from Proto-Germanic *habīgaz, equivalent to heven + -y.


stif

head

stif (plural and weak singular stiffer, comparative stiffest)

stiffer (plural)
stiffer (singular weak)
stiffest (comparative)

From Old English stīf, from Proto-West Germanic *stīf. The variant with a short vowel is probably from the comparative.

Stiffly, firmly, unmoveably; in a way that is difficult to move or manipulate.

With strong resolve; unyieldingly or strong-mindedly.

Bloodily, injuriously, woundingly; in a way causing injury or challenge.

(rare) Daringly, bravely, forcefully, totally.


stifly

English: stiffly

Scots: stiffly

Stiffly, firmly, unmoveably; in a way that makes something or is difficult or to move or manipulate.

Bravely, heroically, daringly; in a commendable way.

Repeatedly, obstinately; adamantly; without giving up.

Profoundly, meaningfully, in an in-depth way.

(rare) Speedily; in a fast or rushed manner.


crabbidly

English: crabbedly

Scots: crabbitly

(rare) spitefully; in an ill-tempered way.


egerly

English: eagerly

/ˈɛːɡərliːtʃ(ə)/


wathely

Perilously, riskily; in a dangerous way.


folliche

Scots: foolich, fuilitch


hatfully

English: hatefully


manerly

English: mannerly

Scots: mainerly

From maner (“characteristics, manner”) + -ly.

Courteously, urbanely; with good manners.


tuss

(Ormulum, before dentals) Alternative form of þus


esiliche

English: easily

With or in comfort or luxury; comfortably.

At a leisurely pace; gradually, slowly, unhurried.


but esiliche

Some [servants] wihtoute any lifelode or guerdon,..and some but esily guerdonned.

To a low or insufficient degree; hardly, scarcely, poorly.

Some peple endowed with worldly goodes..can not depart but easily withe finaunce.

With little care or concern; indifferently.


stafflike

From Old English stæflīc; equivalent to staf + -ly.

(Ormulum, rare) In a literal or non-figurative manner.


twygge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twie


maynly

English: mainly

Scots: mainly

Bravely, mightily, daringly; with honor.

(Late Middle English) Strongly, with great haste or effort; persistently.

(rare) Noisily, loudly; with great volume.

(rare, Late Middle English) Visibly, noticeably; in a way that is easy to see.

(rare, Late Middle English) Damagingly, gravely, painfully.

(rare, Late Middle English) Very, to a great degree.


endeles

From Old English endelēas, from Proto-Germanic *andijalausaz; equivalent to ende + -les.

For an infinite time; endlessly, timelessly, lasting without end.

Having an infinite quantity; nonfinitely, innumerably.


endelesly

English: endlessly

From Old English endelēaslīce; equivalent to endeles + -ly.

Counting upwards endlessly; continuing forever.


endely

English: endly

From ende + -ly (adverbial suffix). The adjective is from the adverb.


hevyliche

English: heavily

From Old English hefiġlīċe, equivalent to hevy + -ly.


heafalice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevyliche


devely

English: devilly (obsolete)

From Old English dēofollīce; equivalent to devel + -ly.


merveilous

Borrowed from Old French merveillus, merveillos; equivalent to merveil + -ous.


merveilously

English: marvellously

Astoundingly, breathtakingly, unexpectedly; in a way resulting in awe and marvel.

In a miraculous way; done or accomplished using divine forces.

In a horrific or painful manner; tortuously or brutally.

To a great or large degree or extent; totally, very.

(rare) In a way that is out of the ordinary, unusual, or odd.

(rare) With wonderment or confusion; in a puzzled way.


chefly

English: chiefly

Almost always, often, usually; most of the time.

With great haste or speed; in a quick or expedited manner.


æne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ene


myschevously

English: mischievously

Harmfully, destructively, injuriously, hurtfully.

In a morally wrong way; iniquitously, maliciously, unfairly.

(rare) Erroneously, wrongly, mistakenly.


agreablely

English: agreeably


gredyly

English: greedily

Scots: greedily

From Old English grǣdiglīce, grǣdelīce; equivalent to gredy + -ly.

Voraciously, insatiably, with a tendency to overeat or excessively eat (used of people and beasts)

Enviously, greedily; in a way that displays avarice or greed.

Overexcitedly or impulsively; in an excessively eager or willing way.


hungrylych

English: hungrily


nakidly

English: nakedly

Nakedly, openly; without any attempt to obfuscate.

(rare) Purely, without additional detail or conditions.


nycely

English: nicely

Scots: nicely

idiotically, ridiculously (in a way indicating idiocy)

(rare) lazily, slothfully (in a way indicative of laziness)

And the women moꝛe nyſely yet paſſed the men ın aray and coꝛıouſloker foꝛ they weꝛe ſo ſtꝛeẏt clothed that they let hang fox taılles ſowed byneth wythyn hır clothes foꝛ to hele and hıde heꝛ arſez the whıch dıſgnyſynges and pꝛıde ꝑauentuꝛe aftırwaꝛd brought foꝛth and encauſed meny myſhappes and meſchıefs ın the Reame of Englond

[1480], [William Caxton], [Chronicles of England], [folio 118, verso]:


drerily

English: drearily

From Old English drēoriġlīċe; equivalent to drery + -ly.


modilich

English: moodily

(Early Middle English) Boastfully, conceitedly, arrogantly, or vainly; in a way displaying pride.

Furiously; in a way causing conflict, war, or strife.


gastlice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gostly (adverb)


lhoude

(Kent) Alternative form of loude (“loudly”)


rether

Alternative form of rathere (“more quickly, rather”)


dafftelike

(Ormulum) Mildly, politely, respectfully, modestly.


sodeynly

English: suddenly

q

Scots: suddenly, suddently (modified to match the Middle Scots past participle -and, -ant)

He felte a coold swerd sodeynliche glyde / For ire he quook; no lenger wolde he byde

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1575–1576:

He sensed a cold sword suddenly move / He quaked due to rage; he wouldn't keep still any longer

Suddenly, non-gradually; without buildup or warning, in an abrupt way.

Unanticipatedly; without warning or prior notice.

With immediate or quick effect; instantaneously or with great haste.

Impulsively; in a poorly-thought or ill-conceived way.


thefly

English: thiefly (now rare)

In a way resembling a thief; thievishly (especially referring to deception or sleight-of-hand)


brevely

English: briefly


merily

English: merrily

Inherited from Old English myriġlīċe; equivalent to mery + -ly.

Merrily, happily; with joy, gladness, and happiness.

In a way displaying or expressing happiness or merriness.

(rare) Appropriately, fittingly, rightly.

(rare) In a shining, attractive or gleaming way.


sotilly

English: subtly, subtlely

Smartly, wisely, judiciously; in an intelligent way.

Convincingly, effectively; in a clear way.

Covertly; while concealing what one is doing.

(rare) Without adulteration or weakening.


weykly

English: weakly