pleyn

English: plain

Yola: plaine

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman pleyn, one of the variants of Old French plain, from Latin planus.

plein (alternative)
pleine (alternative)
plene (alternative)
playne (alternative)
playn (alternative)
plaine (alternative)

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
This is the poynt, to speken short and pleyn
This is the point, to speak briefly and clearly


bilewit

From a conflation of Old English bilewit (“innocent, simple”) and bilehwīt (“simple, honest, sincere”).

inh

bilewitte (alternative)
bilehwit (alternative)
bilewhit (alternative)


schortly

From Old English sċortlīċ, equivalent to short + -ly.


dedly

English: deadly

Scots: deidly

From Old English dēadlīċ; equivalent to deed + -ly.

deadli (alternative)
dedli (alternative)
dedlich (alternative)
dedlych (alternative)
deedly (alternative)
dedeli (alternative)
dedelike (alternative)
dedely (alternative)
deadlic (alternative Early-Middle-English)
deadlich (alternative Early-Middle-English)
dyadlich (alternative Kent)
dyeadlich (alternative Kent)

And þei chaungiden þe gloꝛie of god vncoꝛruptible .· in to the licneſſe of an ymage of a dedli man · ⁊ of bꝛiddis · ⁊ of foure footid beeſtis · ⁊ of ſerpentis[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Romayns 1:23, page 55v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they replaced the glory of immortal God with idols of the form of a mortal man, of birds, of four-footed animals, and of snakes.

And whan he cam to the sacrament of the masse / and had done / anone he called Galahad and sayd to hym come forthe the seruaunt of Ihesu cryst and thou shalt see that thou hast moche desyred to see / & thenne he beganne to tremble ryght hard / whan the dedely flesshe beganne to beholde the spyrytuel thynges

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xxij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

And when he'd come to the sacrament of Mass and taken it, he called Galahad over immediately and said to him: "Come forward, servant of Jesus Christ, and you'll see what you've greatly desired to see". Then he began to tremble incredibly hard, as mortal flesh began to comprehend spiritual things.


wrecched

English: wretched

wrecchet (alternative)
wrecchid (alternative)
wreched (alternative)
wrechid (alternative)
wrechit (alternative)
wretched (alternative)
wricched (alternative)
wriched (alternative)
wroched (alternative)
wruchud (alternative)
vreched (alternative)


swich

English: such

Middle Scots: swilk

Scots: sic

Yola: zitch, zetch, zitchel, zichel

From Old English swilċ, late variant of swylc, swelċ. For the loss of /l/, compare ech, which.

such (alternative)
swilch (alternative)
sweche (alternative)
swuch (alternative)
swulch (alternative)
zuiche (alternative Kent)
zueche (alternative Kent)

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]


bittre

English: bitter

From Old English bitter, biter (“bitter”).

bitter (alternative)
biter (alternative)


allone

English: alone, lone

Geordie English: alyen

Scots: alane

Yola: alane

al-oone (alternative)
alane (alternative)

1395, Wycliffe Bible, Deuternomy 22:27

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


iunge

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yong


irous

From Old French iros, from ire. See English ire.

And right anon this irous, cursed wrecche / Leet this knyghtes sone bifore hym fecche...

1394, Chaucer, “v. 2063”, in The Summoner's Tale:


alienat

English: alienate

From Latin aliēnātus; equivalent to alienen + -at.

Mad, insane or crazed; showing lack or loss of mental sanity.

Separated, alienated; unconnected to the wider world.

Stored away for safeguarding; held securely.


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.

(uncommon, Late Middle English) undamaged, left alone


douteles

English: doubtless

doutelees (alternative)
dowteles (alternative)


pitous

English: piteous


fetis

English: featous

From Old French fetis, faitis, from Latin factīcius.

Ful fetis was hir cloke, as I was war.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


tecte

English: tect

From the Latin tectus (“covered”), the perfect passive participle of tegō (“I cover”).

circa''' 1440, Palladius [aut.], unknown tr., and M. Liddell [ed.], The Middle-English Translation of Palladius’ ‘De Re Rustica’ (1896; original Latin title: Opus Agriculturae; original Middle English title: Palladius on Husbondrie), vi:180⁽¹⁾ and viii:79⁽²⁾
⁽¹⁾ At Mayes eende a solar is to paue,
And rather not, lest frostis hit enfecte;
A double cours of boording first hit haue…
With chaf or fern this boordis do be tecte.
⁽²⁾ The tuppe is chosun fair of altitude, ywombe side, & tecte in whitest wolle.


secundarie

English: secondary

From Latin secundārius; equivalent to secunde + -arie.

secundary (alternative)
secundarye (alternative)
secondary (alternative)
secoundary (alternative)
secoundarie (alternative)

Secondary; lesser in import, meaning or relevance.

Of lesser finesse, craftsmanship, or build; not well-made or well-built.

(rare) Of lower ranking, or influence; deputy, subordinate.

(rare) Non-original; deriving from another thing or cause.

(rare) After the first and before the third; second.

(rare) Later; relating to a succeeding thing.


cirurgical

English: chirurgical

Borrowed from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin cirurgicālis.


ewage

From Old French ewage, from Latin aquāticus.


whyte

NOw rydeth Galahalt yet withouten shelde / and so rode four dayes without ony aduenture / And at the fourth day after euensonge / he came to a whyte Abbay / and there was he receyued with grete reuerence / and ledde vnto a chambre / and there was he vnarmed / And thenne was he ware of knyghtes of the table round

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter IX, in Le Morte Darthur, book XIII:


delitable

head

delitable (comparative delitabeler, superlative delitabylest)

delitabeler (comparative)
delitabylest (superlative)
deliteable (alternative)
delittable (alternative)
delittabyll (alternative)
delytabul (alternative)
delytable (alternative)
delytabul (alternative)
delyttabyl (alternative)
dilatable (alternative)
diletabile (alternative)
dilitable (alternative)

English: delightable, delitable

From Old French delitable; equivalent to delite + -able.

c. 1360-1400, Geoffrey Chaucer? (translator, in part?), The Romaunt of the Rose

Delightful, delectable, enjoyable; causing delight.

Causing spiritual elation or joy; religiously pleasing.

(rare) Decadent or indulgent; enjoying luxury.


neowe

(West Midlands or Early Middle English) Alternative form of newe


betst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beste


hereditarie

English: hereditary

Borrowed from Latin hērēditārius (“hereditary, inherited”); a doublet of heriter (“heir”).

bor+

(Late Middle English, rare) hereditary, inherited (of diseases or words)


hornen

English: hornen

From Old English hyrnen; equivalent to and remodeled after horn + -en (“made of”).


alkyns

Enhorilde with arborye and alkyns trees, / Erberis fulle honeste, and byrdez there undyre; […]

a. 1400? (transcribed c. 1440), James Orchard Halliwell, editor, Morte Arthure. The Alliterative Romance of the Death of King Arthur. Now First Printed from a Manuscript in Lincoln Cathedral., Brixton Hill [London]: […] [C. and J. Adlard] for private circulation only, published 1847, →OCLC, page 271, lines 3244–3245:

Surrounded with shrubbery and all kinds of trees, / Gardens ever so gorgeous, and birds beneath; […]

alkin: Of all or every kind; all kinds or sorts of; intermingled and various


populer

English: popular

Yola: poplare

Borrowed from Old French populaire and Latin populāris.

(Late Middle English, hapax legomenon) Commonly known.


hedus

Alternative form of hidous (“terrifying”)


goode

Alternative form of gode (weak singular and strong/weak plural of good)


ryght

And this maner a peple is figured and ought to be maad in the forme & shappe of a man holdynge in his ryght hande a spade or shouell

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

And [in] this manner a people is figured and ought to be made, in the form & shape of a man holding in his right hand a spade or shovel


yvory

English: ivory

From Anglo-Norman ivurie, from Latin eboreus.

ivorie (alternative)
yvor (alternative)
yvore (alternative)
ivery (alternative)
yvery (alternative)
yvori (alternative)
ivory (alternative)
yvoyre (alternative)
evurye (alternative)
evyry (alternative)
yvorie (alternative)
yver (alternative)
evour (alternative)
yverie (alternative)
ywory (alternative)


condigne

English: condign

Borrowed from Old French condigne, from Latin condignus; equivalent to con- + digne.


moiste

head

moiste (plural and weak singular moiste, comparative moister, superlative moistest)

moiste (plural)
moiste (singular weak)
moister (comparative)
moistest (superlative)
moist (alternative)
moyste (alternative)
moyst (alternative)
moste (alternative)
moost (alternative)

English: moist

From Old French moiste, of unknown origin.

made up of water or other fluids
made up of water or other fluids

(alchemy, medicine, physics) dominated by water as an element


axen

Alternative form of asshen (“ash-coloured”)


dref

From conflation between drof and dreven.

Ydolatrie, ðat was hem lef, ofte vt-wrogte hem sorges dref.


sanguinolent

English: sanguinolent

From Old French sanguinolent, borrowed itself from Latin sanguinolentus.

Emitting blood or having blood flow out; currently bleeding.

Forestalling or countering bloodflow or blood spurting.

Blood-coloured; having the same colour of blood.


obligatorie

English: obligatory

oblygatorye (alternative)
obligatory (alternative)

Making someone obligated to pay a charge.

(rare) Allowing the imposition of duties.


mensk

English: mense (dialectal)

Scots: mense

Borrowed from Old Norse mennskr (“human”), from Proto-Germanic *manniskaz (“human”). Cognate with Old English mennisċ (“human”); more at mennish.

bor+

menseke (alternative)
menske (alternative)

⁊ more menſk it is · manliche to deie / þan for to fle couwarli for ouȝt þat mai falle

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 62, recto, lines 3900-3901; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 126:

More honorable it is / manly to die / than to flee cowardly for aught that may fall [that is, for anything that may happen].

(rare) honorable, praiseworthy; beautiful


forbled

Now torne we ageyne vnto syre Mordred / that whan he was escaped from the noble knyghte sire Launcelot he anone gat his hors and mounted vpon hym / and rode vnto Kynge Arthur / sore wounded and smyten / and alle forbled / and there he told the kynge alle how hit was / and how they were alle slayne sauf hym self al only

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum VII”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, pages 807–808:


attry

attrie (plural)
attrie (singular weak)
attery (alternative)
attri (alternative)
attriȝ (alternative Ormulum)

English: attery, attry

Scots: attery, attry, attrie, atry

From Old English ǣttriġ, ǣtriġ; equivalent to atter (“poison”) + -y.

Poisonous, toxic; containing poison or venom.

(figurative) Malign, harmful; causing damage.


twifold

English: twifold (archaic)

Inherited from Old English twifeald, from Proto-West Germanic *twifald, from Proto-Germanic *twifaldaz; compare twofold.

tuifald (alternative)
tuifold (alternative)
twifald (alternative)
twyfold (alternative)
twifeald (alternative Early-Middle-English)
twifeld (alternative Early-Middle-English)

Aboute the paytrel ſtode the fome ful hye
He [the hors] was of fome as flecked sa a pye
A male twyfolde on his croper lay
It ſemed that he caryed lytel aray

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologue of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxiii, recto:

The foam stood high on the poitrel
He [the horse] was as speckled as a pie with foam
A twofold satchel lay on his crupper
It seemed he was dressed lightly


unright

From Old English unriht (“wrong, unrighteous, wicked, false, unlawful”), from Proto-Germanic *unrehtaz (“unright”), equivalent to un- (“not”) + right. Cognate with Scots unricht (“unfair, unjust”), Dutch onrecht (“wrong”), German unrecht (“wrong”), Swedish orätt (“wrong”).

inh

My king, quod he, that were unright

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


elmen

English: elmen


yvel

head

yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)

yvele (plural)
yvele (singular weak)
worse (comparative)
worst (superlative)
ivel (alternative)
evel (alternative)
uvel (alternative)
ivil (alternative)
evil (alternative)
yvyl (alternative)
evyl (alternative)
yvyll (alternative)
ivyll (alternative)
evyll (alternative)
evill (alternative)
yvell (alternative)
evell (alternative)
eveyl (alternative)
yvle (alternative)
ifel (alternative Early-Middle-English)
yfel (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ufel (alternative Early-Middle-English)
eovel (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ifell (alternative Early-Middle-English)
uvel (alternative West-Midlands)

English: evil

Scots: evil

From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
(pathology) infected, abnormal

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
infected, abnormal

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
Causing trouble; tendentious, irascible

Having bad fortune; unlucky, unfortunate

Of poor design or manufacture; bad, shoddy


ywar

Be ywar, and his way shun.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “(please specify the passus number)”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:


ferse

inflection of fers (“fierce”):
weak singular

inflection of fers (“fierce”):
strong/weak plural


quade

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
But sooth play quade play, as the Fleming saith.


raggy

English: raggy

From Old English raggiġ; equivalent to ragge + -y.


fre

fre (plural and weak singular fre, comparative frerre, superlative freest)

fre (plural)
fre (singular weak)
frerre (comparative)
freest (superlative)
free (alternative)
freo (alternative)
vre (alternative)
vreo (alternative)
fri (alternative)
vri (alternative)
vry (alternative)

English: free

Scots: fre

Inherited from Old English frēo, from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz. Some forms are from friġ, an alternate Old English form.

Having the status of a freeman, not enslaved.

/ and ȝe ſchulen knowe þe treuþe .· ⁊ þe treuþe ſchal make ȝou fre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 8:32, page 38v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And you'll know the truth, and the truth will make you free.

free, independent, unrestricted:
Liberated from iniquity; redeemed.

free, independent, unrestricted:
Free from a duty, tax, or obligation.

free, independent, unrestricted:
Having free action or free will.


Duch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
From Middle Dutch duutsch and Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch, in turn from Old Saxon thiudisk. Doublet of thedisch.

Duche (alternative)
Deuche (alternative)
Dusche (alternative)
Dewche (alternative)
Dowche (alternative)
duch (alternative)
duche (alternative)
deuche (alternative)
dusche (alternative)

Duche tonge


forolded

Past participle of forolden, forealdien, from Old English forealdian (“to grow old, decay”). Cognate with Dutch verouderd (“outdated, obsolete, old-fashioned”), German veraltet (“outdated, obsolete, antiquated”), Swedish föråldrad (“outdated, antiquated, archaic”). More at for-, eld, old.


sotted

English: sotted

this sotted prest who was gladder than he

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


haselen

* From hasel (from Old English hæsl) + -en.

haselne (alternative)
heslyn (alternative)


unyolden

Chaucer

Ne to be lad by force unto a stake unyolden


mery

head

mery (comparative meriere, superlative meriest)

meriere (comparative)
meriest (superlative)
merie (alternative)
mirie (alternative)
myrie (alternative)
murie (alternative)
murȝe (alternative)
merye (alternative)
myrry (alternative)
myry (alternative)
miry (alternative)
mirye (alternative)
myriȝe (alternative)
myrye (alternative)
murye (alternative)
miri (alternative)
meri (alternative)
mury (alternative)

English: merry

Scots: mirry, mery

Inherited from Old English meriġe, miriġe, myriġe, myreġe, myrġe, from Proto-West Germanic *murgī, from Proto-Germanic *murguz, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of bref.

Happy, joyful, pleased; in a good mood or state of mind:

Tending to be happy; jovial, merry, good-natured, blissful.

Creating or pertaining to happiness; nice, good, delightful.

(of a time or place) Happy, nice, good, bounteous.

(of speech or sound) Useful, entertaining, appealing.

Attractive, good-looking; pleasing to one's eyes.

Having a good, nice or pleasing scent or smell.

Powerful, mighty, tough; having much strength.


qued

Scots: quad, quaid, queid

From Old English cwēad, *cwǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *kwād (“bad, evil”, adjective), *kwād (“dung; evilness”, noun).

inh

quede (alternative)
queed (alternative)
quaad (alternative)

The body that was heavy as lead, be the Jews never so qued, A-riseth from grave..

Young and old, good and qued.


wode

English: wode, wood

Scots: wod, wode, wud, wude, wuid

From Old English wōd, from Proto-West Germanic *wōd, from Proto-Germanic *wōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₂tós.

waxen wode

to become mad because of (sth.), be made mad by

mad, insane, possessed, furious, frantic, mentally deranged, of unsound mind, out of one's mind.


wemlesse

Thou pitouse lady and virgyne wemlesse

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Orisoune to the Holy Virgin:

Sythen the world first begane / knewe I never such a man / borne of a deadlych woman, / and hee yet wembles.

?a. 1425, “The Temptation”, in Chester Mystery Plays, lines 25–28:

Since the world first began, I never knew a man be born of a mortal woman and yet be without blemish.


heigh

head

heigh (plural and weak singular heye, comparative heigher or herre, superlative heighest or hext)

heye (plural)
heye (singular weak)
heigher (comparative)
herre (comparative)
heighest (superlative)
hext (superlative)
heighe (alternative)
heiȝ (alternative)
heiȝe (alternative)
heiȝh (alternative)
heih (alternative)
hei (alternative)
heie (alternative)
heij (alternative)
hegh (alternative)
heghe (alternative)
heg (alternative)
hege (alternative)
heȝ (alternative)
heȝe (alternative)
heȝhe (alternative)
heh (alternative)
hehe (alternative)
hehȝe (alternative)
egh (alternative)
eȝe (alternative)
he (alternative)
high (alternative)
highe (alternative)
hiȝ (alternative)
hiȝe (alternative)
hih (alternative)
hihe (alternative)
hiegh (alternative)
hieȝ (alternative)
hieȝe (alternative)
iȝe (alternative)
hi (alternative)
hie (alternative)
hij (alternative)
heygh (alternative)
heyghe (alternative)
heyȝ (alternative)
heyȝe (alternative)
heyh (alternative)
hey (alternative)
heye (alternative)
hygh (alternative)
hyghe (alternative)
hyȝ (alternative)
hyȝe (alternative)
hyh (alternative)
hyhe (alternative)
hyeȝ (alternative)
yȝe (alternative)
hy (alternative)
hye (alternative)
heah (alternative Early-Middle-English)
heahe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
heahȝæ (alternative Early-Middle-English)
heaȝe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
heaȝæ (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hæh (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hæhȝe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hæge (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hæȝe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hah (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hage (alternative Early-Middle-English)
haihe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
aȝe (alternative Early-Middle-English)
haie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
haye (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: high, heigh (dialectal)

Sranan Tongo: hei

→ German: high

→ Polish: haj

Scots: heich

Yola: heigh, heighe, heegh, hia, hie

From Old English hēah, hēh, from Proto-West Germanic *hauh (“high”), from Proto-Germanic *hauhaz (“high”).


unresty

I roos me up, for boote fond I noon
In myn unresty bed lenger to lye.

c. 1405, Thomas Hoccleve, The Regiment of Princes, 115-6:


femele

English: female

Scots: female

Borrowed from Old French femele, from Latin fēmella. Some forms are influenced by male (“male”).

femaille (alternative)
femal (alternative)
female (alternative)
femawle (alternative)
femayll (alternative)
femel (alternative)
femelle (alternative)
femmale (alternative)
ffemale (alternative)

Used in extended reference to supposedly "female" gems, trees, plants, or astrological portents.


undigne

Wondrẏnge upon this word / quakẏng foꝛ drede
she seẏde lord / undigne / or unwoꝛthẏ
I am

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio 178, verso:

Wondering at this, and quaking in fear, she said "lord, I am unworthy"


smiker

English: smicker

From Old English smicer (“beauteous, elegant, fair, tasteful”), from Proto-Germanic *smikraz (“fine, elegant”). More at English smicker.

inh

He..warrþ till atell defell þær Off shene & smikerr enngell. — The Ormulum

beautiful, beauteous, elegant, fair, tasteful


fonne

English: fun

Scots: fun

Unknown, perhaps of North Germanic origin; see modern fun. Potentially related to fonnen (“to be insane”).

fon (alternative)
ffonne (alternative)
fone (alternative)


swartish

English: swartish


narwe

head

narwe (plural and weak singular narwe, comparative narwere, superlative narwest)

narwe (plural)
narwe (singular weak)
narwere (comparative)
narwest (superlative)
narow (alternative)
narewe (alternative)
narowe (alternative)
narouȝ (alternative)
naru (alternative)
nare (alternative)
narw (alternative)
nargh (alternative)
nareuh (alternative)
nareu (alternative)
narough (alternative)
narwȝ (alternative)
narȝ (alternative)
nearew (alternative)
neruw (alternative)
nærew (alternative)
nearow (alternative)
nearuw (alternative)
nearwe (alternative)
narrwe (alternative)

English: narrow

Scots: naro, narow, narrow

Yola: narrowe

From nearw-, the oblique stem of Old English nearu.

Narrow, small: narw, narwe, narwest. For saucefleem he was, with eyen narwe.

2003, Akio Oizumi, A Complete Concordance to the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer: A lexical concordance to the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, supplement series, III. v. 1. A-D, →ISBN:

A povre widwe, somdel stope in age,
Was whylom dwelling in a narwe cotage, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4011-4012

A poor widow, somewhat advanced in age,
Was once dwelling in a small cottage, …

Forth goth hir ship thurgh-out the narwe mouth [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 946

Forth goes her ship throughout the narrow mouth …

Tight, constricting; not allowing for much space.

(rare, Early Middle English) Severe, rigorous, unforgiving.


doubtuouse

English: (obsolete) doubtous

Borrowed from Old French dotos, douteus. Compare French douteux.


ernestful

English: earnestful

For which heere for the wyues love of Bathe / Whos lyf and al hir secte god mayntene / In heigh maistre or ellis were it scathe / I wol with luſty herte freſſh and grene / Seye yow a song to glade yow I wene / And lat us stynte of erneſtful matere / Herkneth my song that seith in this manere

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 190, verso:

But now hear: for the love of the Wife of Bath / Whose life, and the lives of all of her sex, may God keep / In high mastery, (for it would be a great pity otherwise) / I will with joyous, fresh, and green heart / Sing you a song to gladden you, / And let us cease talking of such serious things: Listen to my song, which goes as follows.


holwe

holewe (alternative)
holow (alternative)
holowe (alternative)
holo (alternative)
holu (alternative)
holuo (alternative)
holw (alternative)
holgh (alternative)
holȝ (alternative)
holȝe (alternative)
holh (alternative)
holeh (alternative)
holeuh (alternative)
hologh (alternative)
hologhe (alternative)
holoȝe (alternative)
holough (alternative)
holouȝ (alternative)
holouȝe (alternative)
holowh (alternative)
holugh (alternative)
holuȝ (alternative)
holuȝe (alternative)
holwgh (alternative)
holwȝ (alternative)
holwh (alternative)

English: hollow

Scots: hallae

From holgh (“hollow”, noun), influenced by the meaning of hol, hole (“hollow, concave”, adjective).

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer. The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue: The Clerk's Tale, ll. 290–291

And he too was not fat, that I take, But he looked hollow, moreover, abstemiously.

And he nas nat right fat, I undertake, but looked holwe, and therto sobrely...


undwellable

Be taȝt, Jerusalem, lest par auenture go awey my soule fro thee; lest par auenture I sette thee desert, a lond vndwellable.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Jeremiah VI:8, page 357, column 1:

uninhabitable; unsuitable for dwelling in


knarry

First, on the wal was peynted a forest,
In which ther dwelleth neither man nor best,
With knotty, knarry, bareyne trees olde
Of stubbes sharpe and hidouse to biholde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 1117-20:


orped

English: orped (archaic)

Scots: orpit (obsolete)

orpede (alternative)
orpud (alternative)


unobedient

(anatomy, of a limb or muscle) unresponsive, inflexible

(pathology, of an abscess, tumor, or diseased tissue) resistant to treatment

tumor; or diseased tissue; tumor; or diseased tissue

(of a food) not amenable to digestion; indigestible

(anatomy, of a humor) unresponsive, obstructive


rewful

[...] And, passing othere of weping, Emelye,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2885-2886

… And, excelling others in weeping, Emelye,
The most pitiful of all the company.


gulty

But though myself be gulty in the synne,
Yit can I make othere folk to twynne [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

But though myself be guilty of that sin,
Yet I can make other folk to turn away …


storial

English: storial (obsolete)

Either from storie + -al or a shortening of historial.

And this is storial sooth, hit is no fable. Now, er I finde a man thus trewe and stable...

1386, Chaucer, “v. 702”, in The Legend of Good Women:

Related to history or historical events.


kirked

English: kirked

Probably a Northern dialectal form of kroked (“crooked”), or perhaps a miswritten form. More at English crooked.

c. 1370s. Unknown. The Romaunt of the Rose. 3135-8.
Like sharp urchouns his here was growe,
His eyes rede as the fire-glow;
His nose frounced ful kirked stood,
He com criand as he were woor,

The Clarendon Press
Walter William Skeat


haveles

As povere as Job, and loveles,
 Outaken on, for haveles

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


knopped

English: knopped

c. 1370s. Unknown. The Romaunt of the Rose. 7258-60.
And greye clothis not ful clene,
But fretted ful of tatarwagges,
And highe shoes, knopped with dagges,
And gray clothes not fully clean,
But adorned with ragged shreds,

Knopped; having knops or knobs; fastened as with buttons.


kempe

English: kemp (obsolete)

From Old Norse kampr, kanpr, from Proto-Germanic *kanipaz.


vileyns

Vileyns synful dedes make a churl.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


squaimous

But sooth to seyn, he was somdel squaymous

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Miller's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3337-3338

But to say the truth, he was somewhat squeamish
About farting, and fastidious in his speech.


unobedience

For if the ilke word that was seid bi aungels, was maad sad, and ech brekyng of the lawe and vnobedience took iust retribucioun of meede, hou schulen we ascape, if we despisen so greet an heelthe?

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume IV, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Hebrews II:2-3, page 482, column 2:

For if that word that was said by angels, was made firm, and each breaking of the law and unobedience took just retribution of meed, how shall we escape, if we despise so great a health?


wikke

wicker (comparative)
wicke (alternative)
wike (alternative)
wick (alternative)
wik (alternative)
wyk (alternative)
wykke (alternative)
wycke (alternative)
wyke (alternative)
wikked (alternative)

English: wicke (obsolete)

Scots: wick

Perhaps from an adjectival use of Old English wicca.

‘Iesu Crist, and seynt Benedight,
Blesse this hous from every wikked wight,
For nightes verye, the white pater-noster!

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Miller's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3483-3486

‘Jesus Christ and Saint Benedict,
Bless this house from every wicked creature,
For evil spirits of the nights, the white pater-noster!
Where went thou, Saint Peter's sister?’

‘Alle the dayes of povre men ben wikke;’

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 118-119

‘All the days of poor men are painful;’
Beware, therefore, before thou come to that point!

Be war therfor, er thou come in that prikke!


malgracious

his figure
Bothe of visage and of stature
Is lothly and malgracious


hippe-halt

He had a courbe upon the back,
And therto he was hippe-halt


wrawful

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, in The Canterbury Tales. Ellesmere Manuscript, folio 221, verso (§53)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

After the synnes of Enuye and of Ire, now wol I speken of the synne of Accidie. for Enuye blyndeth the herte of a man and Ire troubleth a man; and Accidie maketh hym heuy, thoghtful, and wrawful.


noyful

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Tale of Melibee, The Canterbury Tales, section 11, line 2222

For although it be so that all tarrying is bothersome, it is not always to be reproved in giving of judgment nor in vengeance taking, when it is sufficient and reasonable.

For al-be-it so that alle tarying be anoyful, algates it is nat to repreve in yevynge of Iugement, ne in vengeance-taking, whan it is suffisant and resonable.


falwe

English: fallow

Scots: fauch

Yola: falloo

From Old English fealg, from Proto-West Germanic *falgu.

falow (alternative)
falugh (alternative)
falghe (alternative)


weleful

English: wealful (obsolete)

welefull (alternative)
welful (alternative)
welfull (alternative)
wilful (alternative)
weoleful (alternative Early-Middle-English)

Blessed, well-off, lucky; having prosperity or happiness.

[...] ‘O clere, o welful auter, holy croys,
Reed of the lambes blood full of pitee,
That wesh the world fro the olde iniquitee,
Me fro the feend, and fro his clawes kepe,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 451-455

… ‘O clear, O blessed altar, holy cross,
Red with the blood of the Lamb full of pity,
That washed the world from the old iniquity,
Keep me from the fiend and from his claws,
That day that I shall drown in the deep.’

That day that I shal drenchen in the depe.’

Bestowing prosperity or happiness; benevolent, kind.

(rare) Indicative of or signifying prosperity.


tweyfold

tweyfold (plural and weak singular tweyfolde)

tweyfolde (plural)
tweyfolde (singular weak)
twaifold (alternative)
tweyfoold (alternative)

A remodelling of twifold after twei + -fold.


unbehovely

That I am unbehovely
Your court fro this day for to serve.


wayk

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Prioress's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 1671-1672

For to declare thy grete worthinesse, [...]
My ability is so weak, O blissful Queen,
To declare thy great worthiness, …


goundy

English: goundy, gundy, gunny (dialectal)

From Old English gundiġ; equivalent to gounde + -y.

gondye (alternative)
goundi (alternative)
gowndy (alternative)
gundy (alternative)

(relating to the eyes) Covered in phlegm or gum.


dronkelewe

Thou shalt also eschue the conseiling of folk that been dronkelewe, for they ne kan no conseil hyde.

1387, Chaucer, “v. 382”, in The Tale of Melibee:


giltif

For gilti, by confusion with -if, -ive, in French forms. See guilty.


Turkeis

[...] Another his spere up in his hondes heeld;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2894-2895

The thridde bar with him his bowe Turkeys, [...]
… Another held his spear upright in his hands;
The third carried with him his Turkish bow, …


unfestlich

[...] Hir liste nat appalled for to be,
Nor on the morwe unfestlich for to see;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 365-367

… She did not wish to be grown pale,
Nor in the morning to appear unfestive;
And slept her first sleep, and then awoke.

And slepte hir firste sleep, and thanne awook.


wel bigon

From Old English wel-begon. See English well and begone.

And faire, and riche, and yong, and wel bigon

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Surrounded with happiness or prosperity.


lighty

From light (noun) + -y, -i (suffix forming an adjective).

bright, illuminated, spiritually enlightened


monstruous

English: monstrous, monstruous

Scots: monsterous

Borrowed from Old French monstrueus, borrowed itself from Latin mōnstruōsus, mōnstrōsus; equivalent to monstre + -ous.

moustruous (alternative)
monstrous (alternative)
monstruows (alternative)
monstrows (alternative)

Misshapen, grotesque; of unnatural form or appearance.

(rare) Monstrous, terrifying, fear-inducing.


vertual

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertual</i>

English: virtual (obsolete vertual)

From Medieval Latin virtuālis; equivalent to vertu + -al.

Having an inherent attribute useful as an effect.

Having sufficient energy as means to an end.

In effect or essence (but not in reality).


ryal

head

ryal (plural and weak singular ryalle, comparative ryallere, superlative ryaleste)

ryalle (plural)
ryalle (singular weak)
ryallere (comparative)
ryaleste (superlative)
real (alternative)
rial (alternative)
reall (alternative)
riol (alternative)
ryol (alternative)
riel (alternative)

English: rial, ryal

Scots: rial, ryal

From Anglo-Norman reial, rial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of royal.

(Late Middle English) royal, kingly, of a king

(Late Middle English) majestic, befitting a king, worthy

(Late Middle English) amazing, effective, fine

(Late Middle English) noble, good, honourable


tyraunt

English: tyrant

From Old French tirant, tyrant, tiran, from Latin tyrannus, from Ancient Greek τύραννος (túrannos).

tyraunte (alternative)
tiraunt (alternative)
tirant (alternative)
tyrant (alternative)
tyrante (alternative)
teraunt (alternative)
tyran (alternative)
terant (alternative)
terraunte (alternative)
tyrand (alternative)
tyranne (alternative)


hatel

English: hattle, hettle

Scots: hettle

Inherited from Old English hatol, hetol, from Proto-West Germanic *hatul; equivalent to hate + -el (adjectival suffix).

heatel (alternative)
hetel (alternative)


drovy

From Old English drōfig, equivalent to drof + -y.

drouy (alternative)
drovi (alternative)
droui (alternative)
drovye (alternative)
drouye (alternative)

He fand drovy watyr & stynkand, & drank þeroff.

(of water) having sediment stirred up; murky, turbid.


forein

[N]e / forein causes necesseden þe neuer to compoune werke / of floterynge mater.

14th c. Chaucer (Translator); Boethius; Consolatione Philosophiae; Book 3, Metur 9; lines 2419–2421

No external causes impelled thee to mix [thy essence] with floating matter


werre

English: war, waur, wor (dialectal)

Middle Scots: wer

Scots: waur

Borrowed from Old Norse verri, from Proto-Germanic *wirsizô. Doublet of worse.

war (alternative)
ware (alternative)
warr (alternative)
warre (alternative)
wer (alternative)
were (alternative)
werr (alternative)
worre (alternative)


hery

English: hairy

Scots: hairy

hary (alternative)
heery (alternative)
herye (alternative)

hairy, furry; covered with hair, fur or wool.

(rare) Resembling hair; thin and minuscule.


holsom

holsom (plural and weak singular holsome)

holsome (plural)
holsome (singular weak)
holsum (alternative)
halsum (alternative Early-Middle-English)
halsumm (alternative Early-Middle-English)
holsome (alternative Late-Middle-English)
holsomme (alternative Late-Middle-English)
hoolsom (alternative Late-Middle-English)
hoolsome (alternative Late-Middle-English)
halesome (alternative Northern)
halesum (alternative Northern)
halsom (alternative Northern)

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">holesome</i>

English: wholesome (obsolete holesome)

Middle Scots: halsum, hailsum

Scots: hailsome, halesome

Likely either inherited from Old English *hālsum or a calque of Old Norse heilsamr; in either case, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hailasamaz and equivalent to hol (“whole, healthy”) + -som (“-some”).

Healthful, salubrious; providing health.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Tale of Melibee, The Canterbury Tales, section 15, line 2285

‘And whereas you blame all women and their reasons, I shall show you by many examples that many a woman has been very good, and yet are, and their advices very wholesome and beneficial.’

‘And ther-as ye blamen alle wommen and hir resouns, I shal shewe yow by manye ensamples that many a womman hath ben ful good, and yet been; and hir conseils ful hoolsome and profitable.’

Beneficial, advantageous; bestowing gain.


goosish

For to be war of goosish peples speche, That dremen thinges whiche that never were...

1386, Chaucer, “III.584”, in Troilus and Criseyde:


perfit

That yf I might scape fro prison / Then had I bene in ioye and perfyt hele / There nowe I am exiled fro my wele.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, column 2, lines 412–414:

That if I might escape from prison I would be in joy and perfect health, whereas now I am exiled from my happiness.


blosmy

English: blossomy (possibly)

From Old English blōstmig, equivalent to blosme + -y.

Blosmy tree nys neither drye ne deed.

1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Clerk-Merchant Link; Merchant's Tale, End-link”, in Canterbury Tales:

Covered with or full of blossoms; blossomy.


goodlich

English: goodly

Scots: guidlie

From Old English gōdlīċ (“good, goodly”), from Proto-Germanic *gōdalīkaz (“good, goodly”), equivalent to good + -lich.

inh

And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

goodly (gracious, kind, kindly-disposed)


whilwende

English: whilend

From Old English hwilwende (“temporary, transitory”), also hwilende.

der

Þe castel ... bi-tacnet þeos world, is whilende and ontful and swiðe lewe and swincful.

temporary, transitory, not permanent, lasting a short time.


mightand

mightand to fight

Being mighty or capable (of); mighty; powerful; able.


toght

Thanne shal this cherl with baly stif and toght / As any tabour hider been ybroght.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


fawe

I governed hem so wel after my lawe
That eche of hem ful blisful was and fawe
To bringen me gay thinges fro the feyre

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales:

I governed them so well by my rules that each was blissful and happy to bring me gay things from the fair


fawe

Alternative form of fou (“multicolored”)


rody

The vapour, which that fro the erthe glood,
Made the sonne to seme rody and brood; [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 393-394

The vapor that glided up from the earth,
Made the sun seem ruddy and broad; …


felefold

From Old English felafeald (“manifold, many times over”), equivalent to fele (“many”) + -fold. Compare Dutch veelvoud, German Vielfalt.

inh

feelefold (alternative)
felefolde (alternative)

Mum and the Sothsegger

The grapes grovid a-grete in gardyns aboute, And oþer fruytz felefold in feldes and closes.

Manifold; multiple, various; varied, diverse.


brasen

English: brazen, brasen

Yola: brazon, brason

From Old English bræsen (“made of copper, bronze”); equivalent to bras (“brass”) + -en (“made of”).

brasene (alternative)
brasyn (alternative)
brasin (alternative)
brasun (alternative)
brassen (alternative)
bracen (alternative)


auntrous

English: adventurous

aventurous (alternative)
aunterous (alternative)

And for he was a knyght auntrous,
He nolde slepen in noon hous,
But liggen in his hoode.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 219-21:


sorweful

English: sorrowful

This sorweful prisoner, this Palamoun,
Goth in the chambre, roming to and fro,
And to him-self compleyning of his wo;
That he was born, ful ofte he seyde, ‘alas!’

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1070-1073

Goes in the chamber roaming to and fro,
And to himself lamenting his woe;
That he was born, full often he said, ‘alas!’


ruggy

Tho cam this woful Theban Palamoun,
With flotery berd, and ruggy asshy heres, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2882-2883

With waving beard and rough hair sprinkled with ashes, …


godelich

goodly (alternative)
goodlich (alternative)
gōdlich (alternative)

[...] ‘Swich thing is gladsom, as it thinketh me,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 3968-3969

… ‘Such a thing is pleasing, as it seems to me,
And of such a thing it would be good to tell.’

And of swich thing were goodly for to telle.’


gameful

English: gameful

gamful (alternative)
gomeful (alternative)
gomenfull (alternative)


mody

modyere (comparative)
modiȝ (alternative Early-Middle-English)
modi (alternative)
modye (alternative)

English: moody

Scots: muidie

From Old English mōdiġ, from Proto-Germanic *mōdagaz; equivalent to mode + -y.

Boastful, conceited, arrogant, or vain; displaying pride.

Furious; causing conflict, war, or strife.

Courageous, mighty, glorious; praiseworthy.

(rare) Showing sadness; mournful, upset, crying, dreary.


shildy

From Old English sċyldiġ (“guilty, sinful, criminal”), from Proto-Germanic *skuldīgaz, equivalent to shild + -y. Cognate with West Frisian skildich (“guilty”), Dutch schuldig (“guilty”), German schuldig (“guilty”), Swedish skyldig (“guilty”).


flotery

with flotery berd

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


undepartable

no wys man ne may doute of undepartable peyne of the shrewes

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:


inobedient

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 24, line 392

Disobedient is he that disobeys for spite to the commandments of God, and to his superiors, and to his spiritual father.

Inobedient, is he that disobeyeth for despyt to the comandements of god and to hise sovereyns, and to his goostly fader.


inventif

English: inventive

From Old French inventif, from Medieval Latin inventivus, from Latin inventum.


thornen

English: thornen (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English þyrnen, from Proto-West Germanic *þurnīn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnīnaz (“of thorns”), equivalent to thorn + -en (“made of”).

thornnen (alternative)
þeornen (alternative)
þornen (alternative)

Composed of thorns or thorny plants; made of or consisting of thorns.


wrecche

O Troilus, what may men now thee calle
But wrecche of wrecches, out of honour falle
Into miserie, in which I wol biwayle

Mid-1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, Book IV, lines 270-273

Criseyde, allas! Til that the breeth me fayle?


adrad

English: adread

Past participle of adreden, from Old English ondrǣdan.

They were adrad of him as of death.

1387–1400, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, Line 607:


unaquit

For it was nevere knowe yit
That charite goth unaquit.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


sloggy

sloggi (alternative)
sluggi (alternative)
sluggy (alternative)

Thanne comth Sompnolence, that is, sloggy slombrynge..and this synne comth of slouthe.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


ferthe

English: fourth

Scots: fourt

Yola: vourthe

From Old English fēorþa, fēowerþa; equivalent to and often remodelled after four + -the (ordinal suffix).

fourthe (alternative)
ferþe (alternative)
fourþe (alternative)
feurþe (alternative)
fourte (alternative)
ferth (alternative)
fferth (alternative)
fourth (alternative)
fourt (alternative)
verþe (alternative)
firþe (alternative)
firthe (alternative)
fuyrthe (alternative)
feorþe (alternative)
veorðe (alternative)
feorðe (alternative)
forðe (alternative)
IIIIᵗʰ (alternative)

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

Swiche manere wordes hadde we on honde / Now wol I ſpeken of my fourthe houſbonde.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 451–452:

Those kinds of words we had on hand / Now I'll speak of my fourth husband.


payen

payene (plural)
payene (singular weak)
paien (alternative)
paen (alternative)
paigien (alternative)
payn (alternative)
pain (alternative)

English: payen (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman paien, paen, from Latin pāgānus.

[...] With alle the rytes of his payen wyse.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2370

… With all the rites of his pagan manner (of worship).


unsad

From Old English unsæd (“unsated, insatiable”). See un-, and sad.

onsad (alternative)
onsadde (alternative)
unsadde (alternative)

O ſterne people,vnſad and vntrewe[…]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio liiii, recto, column 1:


barbre

Allas / vn to the Barbre nacion / I moste anon / syn þat it is youre wille

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Mannes] Tale [of Lawe]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 115, verso, lines 281–282:


streit

desc

English: strait, streit (obsolete), streight (obsolete) (obsolete)

Yola: streigkt, streyght

Borrowed from Old French estreit (modern form étroit), from Latin strictus, perfect passive participle of stringō (“compress, tighten”).

strayte (alternative)
strete (alternative)
stryte (alternative)
stratte (alternative)
strate (alternative)
streighte (alternative)
streihte (alternative)
straight (alternative)


resemblable

For man of Soule resonable
Is to an Angel resemblable


attern

English: attern

From Old English ǣtren, ættern, from Proto-West Germanic *aittrīn.

atterne (alternative)
hatterne (alternative)


sleighty

English: sleighty (obsolete)

slegti (alternative)
sleiȝti (alternative)
sleiȝty (alternative)
sleihti (alternative)
sleyghty (alternative)
sleythi (alternative)
sliȝty (alternative)


infortuned

I, woful wrecche and infortuned wight / And born in corsed constellacioun, / Mot goon, and thus departen fro my knight […]


plentevous

English: plenteous

From Old French plentiveus (“fertile, rich”), from plentif (“abundant”), from plenté (“abundance”), from Latin plenitatem, accusative of plenitas (“fullness”), from plenus (“complete, full”), from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós (“full”).

Chaucer
Withoute bake mete was nevere his hous,
Of fissh and flessh, and that so plentevous
It snewed in his hous of mete and drynke.


firren

head

firren (plural and weak singular firrene)

firrene (plural)
firrene (singular weak)
ferren (alternative)

Scots: firren


blewe

English: blue

Scots: blew, blue

Yola: blue

From Anglo-Norman blew; from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz. See also blo.

blew (alternative)
bleu (alternative)
blue (alternative)
blwe (alternative)
blw (alternative)
blyu (alternative)


welfaring

Chaucer


latered

Then cometh the sinne that men clepen Tarditas, as when a man is latered, or taryed or [ere] he wol tourne to God: and certes that is a grete folie.


remuable

where honour is remuable,
It oghte wel to ben avised


textuel

But, for I am a man noght textuel,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Manciple's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 235-237

I wol go to my tale, as I bigan.
But because I am not a learned man,
I will tell nothing of texts, never a bit;
I will go to my tale, as I began.

I wol noght telle of textes never a del;


smeart

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smert


dreye

The brode rẏuer / som tẏme wexeth dreẏe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Knẏghtes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 40, recto:


stronge

English: strong

inflection of strong:
strong/weak plural


thridde

English: third

Scots: thrid

From Old English þridda, from Proto-West Germanic *þriddjō, from Proto-Germanic *þridjô.

thrid (alternative)
third (alternative)
þridde (alternative)
IIIᵈᵉ (alternative)


profulgent

profulgent in preciousness

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Nine Ladies Worthie:


ledish

From Old English lēodisċ (“to or of the people, national”) (as in þiderlēodisċ), equivalent to lede + -isch.

inh

leodisc (alternative)
leodiss (alternative)
ludych (alternative)
ludisch (alternative)
ledisch (alternative)
lediss (alternative)

Pertaining to the people; popular; national.


stibborn

‘Stiborn I was as is a leonesse,
And of my tonge a verray Iangleresse,
And walke I wolde, as I had doon biforn,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 637-640

‘I was as stubborn as is a lioness,
And of my tongue a true chatterbox,
And I would walk, as I had done before,
From house to house, although he had sworn the contrary.’

From hous to hous, al-though he had it sworn.’


brotel

desc

English: brottle, bruttle, brattle (dialectal)

brotil (alternative)
brutil (alternative)
brotyl (alternative)
brutel (alternative)
brutyll (alternative)
bruttle (alternative)
brotle (alternative)

[...] On brotel ground they builde, and brotelnesse

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1279-1280

… On brittle ground they build, and insecurity
They find when they expect security.

Changeable, mutable; precarious, uncertain.

Morally weak, fickle, vacillating, untrustworthy.


muche

An apocopic form of muchel, from Old English myċel, miċel.


fayr

English: fair

Scots: fair, fare, fayr

fager (alternative)
fæȝer (alternative)
feir (alternative)
fayer (alternative)


Frensch

English: French


grete

head

grete (comparative gretter or greter, superlative grettest or gretest)

gretter (comparative)
greter (comparative)
grettest (superlative)
gretest (superlative)
greet (alternative)
girt (alternative dialectal)
gert (alternative dialectal)

English: great, (dialectal) gert

→ Welsh: grêt

desc

Scots: great, greet, grete, greit, graat (Shetland)

Yola: graat

From Old English grēat (“big”), from Proto-West Germanic *graut, from Proto-Germanic *grautaz.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir […]”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


destinal

the order destinal


pured

bread of pured wheat

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

pured gold


fremful

From Old English fremful (“useful, profitable, beneficial, generous; effective”); equivalent to freme + -ful.

der

(The herb mandragon is effective.)

Þeos wyrt mandragora hys fremful. — Herbarium and Medicina de Quadrupedibus, circa 1150

useful, profitable, beneficial, effective


hertely

erteli (alternative)
arteli (alternative)
hartele (alternative)


reccheles

Inherited from Old English rēċċelēas, rēċelēas, from Proto-West Germanic *rōkulaus; equivalent to recchen (“to care”) + -les.

recchelees (alternative)
rechless (alternative)

‘O trouble wit, o ire recchelees,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Manciple's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 279-280

‘O troubled wit, O reckless anger,
That recklessly smites the guiltless!’


tretable

by nature debonaire and tretable


furial

From Old French furial, from Latin furiālis (“furious, frenzied”).

What is the cause, if it be for to telle, that ye been in this furial pyne of helle.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Squyers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


compaignable

[...] A wyf he hadde of excellent beautee,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Shipman's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1193-1194

And compaignable and revelous was she, [...]
… He had a wife of excellent beauty,
And she was sociable and fond of revelry, …


clergial

Oure termes been so clergial and so queynte; I blowe the fir till that myn herte feynte

1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “v. 752”, in The Canon's Yeoman's Tale:

Our terms are so scholarly and so strange. I blow the fire until my heart faints.


southren

But trusteth wel, I am a Southren man,
I can nat geste—rum, ram, ruf—by lettre,
Ne, god wot, rym holde I but litel bettre;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 42-45

But trust well, I am a Southern man,
I can not recite ‘rum, ram, ruf,’ letter by letter,
And, God knows, rime I consider but little better;
And therefore, if you wish, I will not deceive you.

And therfor, if yow list, I wol nat glose.


travailous

From Anglo-Norman travaillous, Old French travaillos.

travaylous (alternative)
travaylouse (alternative)
travyliouse (alternative)
travailouse (alternative)
travaillous (alternative)
traveilous (alternative)
traveilouse (alternative)
traveillous (alternative)
travalous (alternative)
travelous (alternative)
travelouse (alternative)
travelos (alternative)
travelyous (alternative)
travellous (alternative)
travylus (alternative)

As an hert desireth shadewe, and as an hirid man abideth the ende of his werc; so and I hadde voide monethis, and trauailous nyʒtis I noumbride out to me.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume II, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Job VII:3–4, page 682, column 1:

Like a servant desireth the shade, and like a hired man waiteth for the end of his work day; so I have had empty months, and I have numbered travailous nights to me.


testif

Testif they were and lusty for to play.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


wraw

wrawe (plural)
wrawe (singular weak)
wrow (alternative)
wrah (alternative)
wraȝ (alternative)
wroȝ (alternative)
wragh (alternative)
wrogh (alternative)
wrau (alternative)

From Old English *wrāh, from Proto-Germanic *wraihaz (“crooked”). Compare Swedish dialect vrå (“wilful, disobedient”), from Proto-Germanic *wranhō.

[…]And that is whan men pleyen with a ſtraw / And with this ſpeche the Cook wax wrooth and wraw[…]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciple's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 43–44:

And that's when men play with a straw." / And after that speech the Cook became furious and angry, […]


chaped

Ful fresh and newe hir gere apyked was;
Hir knyves were y-chaped noght with bras, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 365-366

Their equipment was adorned all freshly and new;
Their knives were not mounted with brass, …


costlewe

Allas, may man nat seen, as in oure dayes, the synful costlewe array of clothynge

1394, Chaucer, “v. 415”, in The Parson's Tale:


heuenly

…of moost holi lyuynge, and best taught and moost wyse of heuenly wysdom…

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 37:


reuli

From Old English hrēowlīc, from hrēow (“grief”, “repentance”).

reueli (alternative)
ruli (alternative)
reouli (alternative)
reouliche (alternative)
reoliche (alternative)
rouliche (alternative)

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


hydes

Alternative form of hidous (“terrifying”)


fore-said

fōre-said (canonical)
fōr-said (alternative)
fōr-sad (alternative)
fōre-sad (alternative)
fōr-sed (alternative)
fōre-sed (alternative)
fōr-sid (alternative)
fōre-sid (alternative)
fōr-sain (alternative)
fōre-sain (alternative)
fōrseide (alternative)

Calque of Latin prae-fātum and prae-dictum.


gayne

Alternative form of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”)


viciate

English: vitiate

Borrowed from Latin vitiātus, the past participle of vitiō; equivalent to vice + -at.

vycyate (alternative)
vyciate (alternative)
viciat (alternative)

Spoiled, injured, or ruined; made corrupt or base.


quemely

From Old English *cwēmlīċ, ġecwēmlīċ, equivalent to queme + -ly.


hyndreste

Equivalent to Modern English hinderest. See hinder.

Of Northfolk was this reve, of which I telle,
Bisyde a toun men clepen Baldeswelle.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 619-622

And ever he rood the hindreste of our route.
Of Northfolk was this Reeve of whom I tell,
Near to a town men call Bawdeswelle.
He had his coat hitched up and belted, like a friar,
And ever he rode as the last of our company.


purpre

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 80, line 933

Saint Jerome says that wives that are appareled in silk and in precious purple can not clothe themselves in Jesus Christ.

Seint Ierome seith, that wyves that been apparailled in silk and in precious purpre ne mowe nat clothen hem in Iesu Crist.


smoterlich

"And eke for she was somdel smoterlich"


unbuxom

English: unbowsome (dialectal)

Middle Scots: *unbowsum, *unbousum

Scots: unbowsome

onbuxom (alternative)
onbuxum (alternative)
umbuxom (alternative)
unboxhum (alternative)
unboxom (alternative)
unbuxham (alternative)
unbuxhum (alternative)
unbuxsom (alternative)
unbuxome (alternative)
unbuxum (alternative)
unbuhsum (alternative Early-Middle-English)
un-buxsum (alternative Early-Middle-English)
onboȝsam (alternative Kent)
on-bouxam (alternative Kent)
onbouȝsum (alternative Southern)
un-bouȝhsom (alternative Southern)
unbowsom (alternative Northern)
unbowsome (alternative Northern)
un-bowsum (alternative Northern)

Uncontrollable, ornery; difficult to manage.

Disloyal, uncompliant; disobeying orders.


drasty

From Old English dræstig, equivalent to drast + -y. Noun component from Old English dærstan, dresten (“dregs”).

Thy drasty rymynge is not worth a torde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxxix, recto, column 1, line 12:


brouded

alle his clothes brouded up and down

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dischevele

Him thoughte, he rood al of the newe Iet;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 682-683

It seemed to him that he rode in the very latest style;
With hair unbound, save for his cap, he rode all bare-headed.

Dischevele, save his cappe, he rood al bare.


sclender

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 587-588

His berd was shave as ny as ever he can.
The Reeve was a slender choleric man,
His beard was shaved as close as ever he can.

‘This maketh that our heires been so sclendre

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 3147-3148

‘This makes our heirs to be so scrawny
And feeble that they can not well beget children.’

And feble, that they may nat wel engendre.’


hautein

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 40, line 614

For truly, Solomon says that ‘Flattery is worse than detraction.’ For sometimes detraction makes a haughty man be the more humble, for he dreads detraction; but certainly flattery, that makes a man to make his heart and his behavior grow proud.

For sothe, Salomon seith, that ‘flaterie is wors than detraccioun.’ For som-tyme detraccion maketh an hautein man be the more humble, for he dredeth detraccion; but certes flaterye, that maketh a man to enhauncen his herte and his contenaunce.


courb

Her necke is short, her shoulders courb.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


wough

English: wough

From Old English wōh; from Proto-Germanic *wanhaz.

wouȝ (alternative)
woughe (alternative)
woȝe (alternative)
wouȝh (alternative)
woh (alternative)


forfered

forfered of his deth


envyned

From Old French enviner (“to store with wine”), from en- + vin (“wine”). See vine.

A better envyned man was no wher non.

p. 1387, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue:

(nonce word) stored or furnished with wine


deignous

Then Troilus right wonder well withal / 'Gan for to like her meaning and her cheer, / Which somedeal deignous was […]

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


vey

Alternative form of fey (“marked for death”)


gerful

Compare Old French girer (“to twirl”), English gyrate.

[...] Right so can gery Venus overcaste
The hertes of hir folk; right as hir day

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1536-1538

… Just so can fickle Venus sadden
The hearts of her folk; just as her day
Is changeable, just so she changes her array.

Is gerful, right so chaungeth she array.


bretful

From brerd + -ful, calquing Old Norse *breddfullr.

bratful (alternative)
bredful (alternative)
bredfull (alternative)
bred full (alternative)
brede-ful (alternative)
brerdfull (alternative)
breteful (alternative)
bret ful (alternative)
bret-ful (alternative)
bret full (alternative)
bret-full (alternative)
brett-full (alternative)
brurdful (alternative)

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 688-9.
His walet lay biforn hym in his lappe
Bretful of pardoun come from Rome al hoot.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


unsely

English: unsilly

From Old English unsǣliġ, equivalent to un- + sely.

unsæliȝ (alternative)
unsali (alternative)
unnseliȝ (alternative)
unzeely (alternative)
onsely (alternative)
hounseli (alternative)
unselih (alternative)

Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde; Book I, lines 34-35

Switch pain and woe as love's folk endure/ In Troilus' unsely adventure

Swich peyne and wo as loues folk endure/In Troilus vnsely auenture

Not blessed or happy; wretched; unfortunate.


despitous

And though he hooly were and vertuous, He was to synful men nat despitous

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


gery

geri (alternative)
geery (alternative)
gere (alternative)
guery (alternative)
guerry (alternative)
gire (alternative)
guyry (alternative)

Subject to frequent and sudden changes; variable, unpredictable.

Right so kan gery Venus ouercaste The hertes of hir folk.

1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Knight's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:

How þe while turneth With gyuleris, joyffull for here gery jaces.


secund

Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)


sote

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote [...]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When April, with its sweet showers, / has pierced the drought of March to the root, …

The height was greene with herbes and flowrets ſout, [...].

1600, [Torquato Tasso], “The Fifteenth Booke of Godfrey of Bulloigne”, in Edward Fairefax [i.e., Edward Fairfax], transl., Godfrey of Bulloigne, or The Recouerie of Ierusalem. […], London: […] Ar[nold] Hatfield, for I[saac] Iaggard and M[atthew] Lownes, →OCLC, stanza 46, page 276:


ayry

English: airy

Yola: iree

eyry (alternative)
ayery (alternative)
aery (alternative)
hery (alternative)


wombed

English: wombed

wombede (alternative)
wambed (alternative)
wambyd (alternative)

(Late Middle English) Possessing a stomach.

(in compounds with other adjective) Having a stomach with the respective qualiry.


slombry

thanne wexeth he slough and slombry and soone wol be wrooth […]


revelous

A wyf he hadde of excellent beautee; / And compaignable and revelous was she.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Fond of festivity; given to merrymaking or revel.


opposit

Procede in the same litel cercle to ward lettere E opposit to D.

contrary or opposed in location or direction; on the opposite side from


faie

English: fey, fae, fay

Borrowed from Middle French feie, fee, from Old French fae, from Vulgar Latin Fāta.

fei (alternative)
ffey (alternative)
faye (alternative)

Magical, enchanted, or otherworldly; fey or fae.


serviable

Borrowed from Middle French serviable; equivalent to serven + -able.

serveabul (alternative)
serviabyll (alternative)
servyable (alternative)
servyabull (alternative)


wery

English: weary

Yola: weery

From Old English wēriġ, from Proto-Germanic *wōrīgaz.


derne

English: dern, dearn, darn

Scots: dern, darn

For derne love of thee, lemman, I spill.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


pomely

From Old French pomelé. Compare Modern English pome and French pommelé.

That was al pomely grey and highte scot

Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, General Prologue

His hakeney that was al pomely grys

Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Canon's Yeoman's Tale


stonen

English: stonen

From earlier stenen, from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston + -en (“made of”).

stanene (alternative)
stonene (alternative)
stonon (alternative)
stonun (alternative)
stonyn (alternative)
stoonen (alternative)


lufsum

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lovesom


contubernial

Humble folk ben Christes friends: they ben contubernial with the Lord, thy King.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


spumous

English: spumous

Borrowed from Latin spūmōsus; equivalent to spume + -ous.

spumouse (alternative)
spumose (alternative)

(pathology, Late Middle English, rare) spumous, foamy


sory

head

sory (plural and weak singular sorye, comparative sorier, superlative soriest)

sorye (plural)
sorye (singular weak)
sorier (comparative)
soriest (superlative)
sari (alternative)
sary (alternative)
soory (alternative)
sori (alternative)
sorry (alternative)
sariȝ (alternative Early-Middle-English)
særi (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: sorry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: sairy

⇒ Yola: ingsaury

Inherited from Old English sāriġ, from Proto-West Germanic *sairag, from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz. Equivalent to sore + -y.

sad, sorrowful
sorry, remorseful, regretful

pitiful, downtrodden, dismal:
cheap, low-quality

pitiful, downtrodden, dismal:
luckless; cheated by fate

iniquitous, malicious; having bad intentions


scalled

As hoot he was and lecherous as a sparwe, With scalled browes blake and piled berd

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


surquedous

thou be not surquedous Amans

Ther great conquestys, ther surquedous rydynges

a. 1451, John Lydgate, Measure is Treasure:


selly

English: selly

Scots: selly

From Old English sellīċ, seldlīċ, syllīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *seldalīk, from Proto-Germanic *seldalīkaz; equivalent to selde (“uncommon”) + -ly.

selli (alternative)
sellich (alternative)
selliche (alternative)
sillich (alternative)
sullich (alternative)
seollich (alternative)
sælliche (alternative)
sellic (alternative)
solly (alternative)
sællic (alternative)
selle (alternative)
celly (alternative)


lawly

From Old English lahlīċ (“lawful, legal”), from Old Norse lǫgligr (“lawful, legal”), equivalent to law + -ly. Cognate with Icelandic löglegur (“legal”), Swedish laglig (“legal”), Danish lovlig (“legal”).

laȝelich (alternative)
laȝelic (alternative)
louyly (alternative)
lawelych (alternative)
laulyche (alternative)

Proscribed by, pertaining to, or adhering to the law; lawful; legal.


ferne

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 13-14.
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


peregal

From Old French par egal (“in the same way”).


likerous

sikerly she hadde a likerous ye

c. 1387-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, "The Miller's Tale"


sondry

Scots: sindry

English: sundry

From Old English syndriġ (“separate, single; sundry, various, distinct; special, private, peculiar, exceptional, particular; characteristic; (distributive) one each”), from sundor (“asunder, apart, separately””).

inh

sundry (alternative)
sindry (alternative)

Than longen folke to go on pylgrymage / And palmers to ſeken ſtraunge ſtrondes / To ſerue halowes couth in sondry londes

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, column 1, lines 12–13:

Then folk long to go on pilgrimage, / And palmers to seek strange strands, / To serve shrines well known in sundry lands.


wlank

wlanke (plural)
wlanke (singular weak)
wlanck (alternative)
wlonc (alternative West-Midlands especially)
wlonk (alternative West-Midlands especially)
wlong (alternative West-Midlands especially)

Middle Scots: wlonk (poetic)

From Old English wlanc, from Proto-West Germanic *wlank.


westerne

English: western

Scots: wastren

From Old English westerne, from Proto-Germanic *westrōnijaz. Equivalent to west + -erne.

western (alternative)
westeren (alternative)
westrene (alternative)
westryn (alternative)
westeryn (alternative)


dusi

(West Midlands) Alternative form of dysy


dewe

English: due

Scots: due

Borrowed from Old French deu (“due”), past participle of devoir (“to owe”), from Latin debere (“to owe”), from de (“from”) + habere (“to have”).

dew (alternative)
dieu (alternative)
diewe (alternative)
diwe (alternative)
du (alternative)
due (alternative)
duewe (alternative)
duhe (alternative)
duwe (alternative)
dwe (alternative)
dywe (alternative)

Fitting, correct, suitable; enough for some end:

Expected or promoted by legislation or tradition.

Required, obligated or necessary (especially as custom)

Required or obligated to pay; owed or indebted.

Morally correct or justified; moral, ethical.

Worthy of (a given) penalty, acclamation, or reward.

Done with care; meticulously or cautiously done.


lytyll

‘Be God,’ sayde Sir Gawayne, ‘his grevys me but lytyll;

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, Book V:

Sir Launcelot saw thys, as he hoved in the lytyll leved wood [...].

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XVIII:


depe

head

depe (plural and weak singular depe, comparative depper, deper, superlative deppest, depest)

depe (plural)
depe (singular weak)
depper (comparative)
deper (comparative)
deppest (superlative)
depest (superlative)
deep (alternative)
deepe (alternative)
deop (alternative)
dep (alternative)
deope (alternative)

English: deep

Scots: depe, deep, deip

deep (extending or being greatly below the ground; being of deepness)

deep (extending or being greatly in the interior)

(with another adjective) Located at a certain deepness.

Meaningful, significant; having a lot of importance.

Heartfelt, passionate; having a lot of feeling.

Weightily, significantly; with a lot of portentousness.

Esoteric, incomprehensible, difficult to interpret or learn.

Powerful, profuse, excessive, prominent.

(rare) far (extending or being greatly in any measurement)


heyl

Alternative form of heil (“healthy, sound”)


thakked

1551, York House Book, quoted in: A. G. Dickens, Reformation Studies, →ISBN.
within this citie have ben alate pulled downe by the parochians of the same cherches and melted and the same cherches thakked ageyne with tyle to the great defacyng of the hole citie and slaunder of my Lord Maiour and his brederne.

1538-43, Leland, Itinerary, quoted in Thomas Allen, The History of the County of England, p.163 →OCLC.
The towne is all thakked and redid, and a broke cumeth by it.

Leland, Itinerary, quoted in George Gordon Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion', vol. 2, page 218 →OCLC
A Preste of Alhalowes shot a shaft with fier into the Toppe of that Part of St Marye the Townes-men usid; and this Partiition chauncing at that Tyme to be thakked yn, the Rofe was sette a fier and consequently al the hole Chirch


duhti

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of doughty


rosene

inflection of rosen (“rosy”):
weak singular

inflection of rosen (“rosy”):
strong/weak plural


fonned

English: fond

Scots: fond

From the past participle of fonnen; equivalent to fonnen + -ed.

fond (alternative)
fonnid (alternative)
fonnyd (alternative)


soote

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote


forcouth

From Old English forcūþ, from Proto-West Germanic *frakunþ, from Proto-Germanic *frakunþaz, the past participle of *frakunnaną, equivalent to for- + couth. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (frakunþs, “despised”). Compare also Old English fracoþ (“vile”), which may have also sprung from the same original source.

c. 1200, Laȝamon, Brut, line 28240, MS. Cotton Caligula A IX
Nu was sum for-cuð kempe / in Arðures ferde.

Now there was some infamous knight / in Arthur’s army.


almyghty

English: almighty

Scots: awmichtie

From Old English ælmihtiġ, from Proto-Germanic *alamahtīgaz. Equivalent to all + myght + -y.

almihti (alternative)
almihtiȝ (alternative)


sored

sorde (alternative)
sorede (alternative)
soired (alternative)


nexter

From next + -er (comparative adjectival suffix).

suffix

In the nexter night.


mansed

And now worth þis Mede ymaried · to a mansed schrewe.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:


hundreth

Alternative form of hundred (“hundredth”)


selde

English: seld (archaic)

Scots: seld

A back-formation from seldere, from Old English seldor.

sealde (alternative)
seeld (alternative)
sielde (alternative)
seelde (alternative)
seilde (alternative)
silde (alternative)


reke

(Northern) Alternative form of riche (“rich”)


horsen

English: horsen


scharp

English: sharp

Scots: sharp, scharp

From Old English sċearp, from Proto-West Germanic *skarp, from Proto-Germanic *skarpaz.


delite

From Old French delit, from the verb deliter.

delijt (alternative)
delit (alternative)
delyt (alternative)
delyte (alternative)
deliȝt (alternative)
deliht (alternative)
delyght (alternative)

(rare) Delightful; causing delight, joy, or mirth.


tydy

English: tidy

Scots: tidy

tide (alternative)
tidi (alternative)
tyde (alternative)
tydee (alternative)
tyedy (alternative)


lewed

head

lewed (comparative lewder, superlative lewedeste)

lewder (comparative)
lewedeste (superlative)
lewd (alternative)
leud (alternative)
leued (alternative)
lewde (alternative)
leude (alternative)
lewede (alternative)
lewide (alternative)
lewyd (alternative)
lewid (alternative)
lewide (alternative)
lowed (alternative)
læwede (alternative Early-Middle-English)
leawede (alternative Early-Middle-English)
læuued (alternative Early-Middle-English)
læwedd (alternative Early-Middle-English)
læwæde (alternative Early-Middle-English)
leawde (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: lewd

desc

Scots: lewde, lowde, leude, leud, leaud, lawid, lawit, layit, lawd, lewd

From Old English lǣwede. According to the OED, of uncertain origin, but probably from Vulgar Latin *laigo-, from Late Latin laicus (“of the people”) + Old English -ede.
Otherwise, formally resembling a derivative of the past participle of Old English lǣwan (“to reveal, betray”) in the sense of "exposed as being unlearned" or "easily betrayed, clueless", from Proto-West Germanic *lāwijan (“to betray”), influenced in meaning by Latin laicus. If so, related to Middle English lewe (“treacherous”), belewen (“to hand over, betray”).

der

Unrelated to the church; non-priestly; lay.

Although men made bokes, God was the maister,
And Seint Spirit the samplarie, and seide what men sholde write.
And right as sight serveth a man to se the heighe strete,
Right so lereth scripture lewed men to reason.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Passus 12]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:

Although men made books, God was the master,
And the Holy Spirit the example, and said what men should write.
And just as sight serves a man to see the high street,
So unschooled men learn scripture to reason.

Unschooled, not learned or educated; lacking in knowledge.

Simple-minded, dumb, or unintelligent; lacking in brainpower.

Low-quality; crude, feeble; of meagre workmanship.

Ordinary, unsophisticated or simple; typifying one of non-noble lineage.

(Late Middle English) Lewd, immoral, sinful, or malicious.


rown

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of round


glæsen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of glasen


songly

English: songly

songelich (alternative)
sanglic (alternative)
songlic (alternative)
songely (alternative)
songli (alternative)


egleche

Compare Old English ǣglǣċa (“a miserable being; wretch; monster; fiend; warrior; hero”).


frounceles

(hapax legomenon) Without fold, wrinkle, or crease; smooth.


dayly

English: daily

Yola: daaily

From Old English dæġlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *dagalīk. Equivalent to day + -ly.

dayli (alternative)
daily (alternative)
dailie (alternative)
daly (alternative)


thester

For it is alle thester thing, Nil ich make therof no telling.

1250-1300, Arthour and Merlin,, page 64:

15th c., The Chester Mystery Playsː
He may go no thester way.

c. 1500, Vegetius, De Re Militariː
Thick is the mist, and thester is the moon.


obnubilous

English: obnubilous

Attendenge the intricacion inextricable of this labor presente as of the mase of Dedalinus [y] am preyede to attempte hit withowte drede; aduertenge ofte tymes slawthe to mete men thenkenge grete thynges, and the insufficience of my wytte, and the obnubilous and clowdy processe of this mater y-desirede, perauenture men in these dayes attendenge but litelle the obsequy of deuocion as thei be wonte, scholde take disdeyne of this liȝhte meyte.

1432–50, an anonymous translator, Ranulphus, Monke of Chestre, compilede this presente Werke and Cronicle. in Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden monachi Cestrensis, volume I (1865), ed. Churchill Babington, book i: “The Firste Prolog bigynnethe here in to þis Story of mony Cronicles.”, § 7 (page 9)


appayed

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, 1.649


lateste

English: latest

Yola: lauthest


torhte

From Old English torht, from Proto-Germanic *turhtaz, from pre-Germanic *dr̥ḱtos, originally a past participle from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


hory

horie (plural)
horie (singular weak)
hoory (alternative)
hori (alternative)
horry (alternative)
hoori (alternative)

English: hory, horry

From Old English horiġ, horhiġ, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwīgaz; equivalent to hore (“muck”) + -y.

Dirty, foul, horry; lacking cleanliness.

Iniquitous, malicious, immoral; against morality.

(rare) Muddy, mucky; of the earth or its ground.


traitourfull

English: traitorful


hounden

From Old English hunden, equivalent to hound + -en (“pertaining to”).

Of or relating to hounds or dogs; canine


grindel

Unknown. Compare Old English Grendel, Old Norse grindill (“storm; wind”).


to-gloried

2011 (original: Everyman 1518-1519; Mankind: 1470), Douglas Bruster, Eric Rasmussen, Everyman and Mankind

My prepotent father, when ye sup, sup out your mess. Ye are all to-gloried in your terms; ye make many a lease.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


oten

English: oaten

Scots: aiten

oton (alternative)
otene (alternative)
otyn (alternative)


aschen

Alternative form of asshen (“made of ashwood”)


unweld

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Reeve's Prologue and Tale
Our olde limbes well may be unweld
But will shall never fail us, that is sooth


mewe

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

mue (alternative)
mwe (alternative)
muwe (alternative)
mew (alternative)

(rare, Late Middle English) Currently shedding its feathers.


folehardy

English: foolhardy

From Old French fol hardi (“foolishly bold”), from Old French fol (“foolish, silly; insane, mad”) (from Latin follis (“bellows; purse, sack; inflated ball; belly, paunch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”)) + Old French hardi (“durable, hardy, tough”) (past tense of hardir (“to harden”), from the unattested Frankish *hardijan, from Proto-Germanic *harduz (“hard; brave”)). Equivalent to fole + hardy.

der

fole-hardy (alternative)
fole hardy (alternative)
folehardye (alternative)
fole-hardye (alternative)
fole hardye (alternative)
folehardi (alternative)
fole-hardi (alternative)
fole hardi (alternative)
foolhardy (alternative)
fool-hardy (alternative)
fool hardy (alternative)
foolhardi (alternative)
fool-hardi (alternative)
fool hardi (alternative)
foole hardi (alternative)
folherdi (alternative)
fulhardy (alternative)
ffoul hardy (alternative)
foule hardy (alternative)
fuyll hardy (alternative)

Y no fond neuer so folehardi man, Þat hider to ous durst wende.

This is my lyfe, but yf that I wold fight / And out at dore, anon I mote me dight / And els I am loſt, but yf that I / Belyke a wylde lyon, fole hardy

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Monkes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxxxix, verso, column 1:

Marked by unthinking recklessness with disregard for danger; boldly rash; hotheaded, foolhardy.


disch

disches (plural)
dish (alternative)
disc (alternative)

English: dish
Tok Pisin: dis

Scots: dish

Yola: dishe

From Old English disċ, from Proto-West Germanic *disk, from Proto-Germanic *diskuz, from Latin discus. Doublet of deis and deske.


badde

head

badde (plural and weak singular badde, comparative badder, superlative baddest)

badde (plural)
badde (singular weak)
badder (comparative)
baddest (superlative)
bad (alternative)

English: bad

Scots: bad

Unknown. Conventionally compared to Old English bæddel. See English bad for more.

wicked, evil, vicious; ill-behaved; disloyal, unfaithful; dishonorable, bad

inferior or poor in quality; unattractive, distasteful; wretched, foul; decayed, rotten; debased, counterfeit

inadequate, unsatisfactory, worthless; inadequately provided, bad off


folye

From Old French folie; equivalent to fole (“fool”) + -ie.

foly (alternative)
folie (alternative)
foli (alternative)
foolie (alternative)
fooli (alternative)
fooly (alternative)
ffoly (alternative)
ffolye (alternative)


abstractif

English: abstractive

From Latin abstractivus, from abstractus (“drawn away”) + -īvus; equivalent to abstract + -if.

(grammar, of nouns) Denoting a quality or state that is not concrete; abstract.


drof

English: droff

From Old English drōf, from Proto-West Germanic *drōbī (“disturbed, cloudy, troubled”).

inh

Troubled, disturbed; afflicted by sorrow.

(of water) having sediment stirred up; murky, turbid.


synful

head

synful (plural and weak singular synfulle)

synfulle (plural)
synfulle (singular weak)
senful (alternative)
sinful (alternative)
sunfol (alternative)
sunful (alternative)
sunvol (alternative)
sunvul (alternative)
synffol (alternative)
synfull (alternative)
cynfulle (alternative Late-Middle-English)
sinfull (alternative Late-Middle-English)
symful (alternative Late-Middle-English)
synfle (alternative Late-Middle-English)
synneful (alternative Late-Middle-English)
senvul (alternative Kent)
zenvol (alternative Kent)

English: sinful

Scots: sinfu

Inherited from Old English synful; equivalent to and sometimes remodelled after synne + -ful, though the disyllabic form remains predominant.

(Early Middle English, rare) Unbaptised; lacking a baptism.


fæderlic

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of faderly


lifleas

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lyfles


twifeald

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twifold


neygh

neygh (comparative neigher, superlative neighest)

neigher (comparative)
neighest (superlative)
nygh (alternative)
nye (alternative)
nyȝ (alternative)
nighe (alternative)

English: nigh

Scots: ne, ney

Yola: neeghe, nich

From Old English nēah, nēh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.

Figuratively near; e.g. in time, relation, or in a list.


certeyn

English: certain

Scots: certain

From Old French certain, from Latin *certānus.

certain (alternative)
certein (alternative)
certayn (alternative)
sertene (alternative)

Certain, particular (of a quantity or amount).

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 131r

Send me grace to sleep and dream / Some trustworthy dream in my sleep / Through which I might know exactly / Whether my lord is alive or dead.

Sende me grace to slepe and mete / In my slepe some certeyn sweven / Wher thorgh that I may knowe even / Whethir my lorde be quyke or ded

Real, true, verified, credulous, reliable.

Definite, probable (of an event or action).


emty

English: empty

Scots: empy

From Old English ēmtiġ, ǣmtiġ, a by-form of ǣmettiġ.

empty (alternative)
amty (alternative)
ampty (alternative)


sotil

sotil (comparative sotiler, superlative sotilest)

sotiler (comparative)
sotilest (superlative)
subtile (alternative)
subtyl (alternative)
sutile (alternative)
subtil (alternative)
sotell (alternative)
sutille (alternative)
subtille (alternative)
sutyll (alternative)
sutil (alternative)
sotell (alternative)
suptyl (alternative)
sutill (alternative)

desc

English: subtle, subtil, subtile, suttle (all obsolete)

Scots: suttle

Borrowed from Old French sotil, soutil, subtil, from Latin subtīlis.

Discerning, perceptive, effective, intelligent.

Wily, tricky, creative; using sleight-of-hand successfully.

Deceptive, misleading; causing insidiousness or treachery.

Light; of low density or chopped into small bits.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
Little, diminutive; having a low size.

Low in width or breadth; slender or skinny.

Lacking coarseness; made with refinement.

(foods) Bland; having little taste or flavour.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
Bland; having little taste or flavour.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
(rare) Quiet, hard to hear or detect.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
Quiet, hard to hear or detect.

Displaying refinement; well-mannered, exquisite, or cultured.

Made well or enjoyably; artisanal or delightful.

Having a high viscosity; fluidic or runny.

Airy, gaseous; lacking impurities or defects.

(rare) Challenging, unexplainable; causing difficulty.


thedisch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
From Old English þēodisċ, from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz; equivalent to thede + -isch. Doublet of Duch.

þedisch (alternative)
þeodisc (alternative)


northerne

English: northern

Scots: northern, nordern, northren

From Old English norþerne, from Proto-Germanic *nurþrōnijaz. Equivalent to north + -erne.

northern (alternative)
northren (alternative)
norþern (alternative)
norþrene (alternative)
northeren (alternative)
northrene (alternative)


southerne

English: southern, southron

Scots: soothren

From Old English sūþerne, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrōnijaz. Equivalent to south + -erne.

southern (alternative)
southorn (alternative)
souþerne (alternative)
souþþerne (alternative)
suðerne (alternative)
souþrene (alternative)
sotheren (alternative)
southren (alternative)
sotherin (alternative)
sowþirne (alternative)


bisne

English: bisson

Yola: besom

bysne (alternative)
bisen (alternative)
bysen (alternative)
bysom (alternative)


leukwarm

English: lukewarm

leukwarme (alternative)
lukewarm (alternative)
lewk warm (alternative)
lukewarme (alternative)
leuke warme (alternative)


wlak

From Old English wlæc, wlacu, from Proto-West Germanic *wlaku, from Proto-Germanic *wlakwaz.

vlake (alternative)
wlæc (alternative)
wlake (alternative)
wlakke (alternative)
wleche (alternative)