"heyfre" meaning in Middle English

See heyfre in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈhæi̯frə/, /ˈhɛːfrə/, /ˈhɛfrə/, /ˈhafrə/, /-ər(ə)/, /ˈhɛkfrə/, /ˈhɛfkrə/ Forms: heyfres [plural]
Etymology: Inherited from Old English hēahfore, hēahfru, of disputed etymology; see that entry for discussion. Notes on phonological development Forms with /ɛː/ continue Late Old English hēafru, which develops from a syncopated hēahfru with simplification of the resulting consonant cluster /xfr/. In these forms, the first-syllable vowel /æ͜ɑː/ retained its length, regularly developing to /ɛː/ because the medial cluster /fr/ was identified as the onset of the second syllable (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑː.fre/). Forms with /ɛ/ and /a/ come in part from forms where the cluster was split between the two syllables, resulting in regular shortening of the initial-syllable vowel (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑf.re/), but as we will see, they also continue Old English trisyllabic hēahfore. In trisyllabic forms of this word (hē̆ahfore, hē̆hfore), the first-syllabic vowel was regularly shortened due to trisyllabic shortening; the remaining forms with /ɛ/, /a/ develop when /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation ("breaking") of the preceding vowel, while those with /æi̯/ are the result of this breaking. In forms with /kf/, /x/ was subject to fortition instead of being lost (pace Liberman; compare sixt (“(thou) seest”), sikth (“(he) sees”)); forms with /fk/ are further developments of these forms due to metathesis. Etymology templates: {{glossary|Inherited}} Inherited, {{inh|enm|ang|hēahfore|||g=|g2=|g3=|id=|lit=|nocat=|pos=|sc=|sort=|tr=|ts=}} Old English hēahfore, {{inh+|enm|ang|hēahfore}} Inherited from Old English hēahfore, {{col-top|2|Notes on phonological development}} Notes on phonological development, {{glossary|metathesis}} metathesis Head templates: {{head|enm|nouns|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} heyfre, {{enm-noun}} heyfre (plural heyfres)
  1. A heifer (young female cow). Categories (lifeform): Bovines, Female animals
    Sense id: en-heyfre-enm-noun-mKgNedxi Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 1 entry, Pages with entries Synonyms: haffer, hayfare, hayfre, hefere, heffere, heffre, heyfer, heyfor, heyfur, heekfar, hefker, hekfare, hekfere, hekfore (english: with fortition)

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "heifer"
          },
          "expansion": "English: heifer",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "obsolete dialectal <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">hefker</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">hekfer</i>"
          },
          "expansion": "(obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "heifer"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: heifer",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: heifer"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "hiver"
          },
          "expansion": "Yola: hiver",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yola: hiver"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hēahfore",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hēahfore",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hēahfore"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English hēahfore",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "Notes on phonological development"
      },
      "expansion": "Notes on phonological development",
      "name": "col-top"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "metathesis"
      },
      "expansion": "metathesis",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English hēahfore, hēahfru, of disputed etymology; see that entry for discussion.\nNotes on phonological development\nForms with /ɛː/ continue Late Old English hēafru, which develops from a syncopated hēahfru with simplification of the resulting consonant cluster /xfr/. In these forms, the first-syllable vowel /æ͜ɑː/ retained its length, regularly developing to /ɛː/ because the medial cluster /fr/ was identified as the onset of the second syllable (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑː.fre/). Forms with /ɛ/ and /a/ come in part from forms where the cluster was split between the two syllables, resulting in regular shortening of the initial-syllable vowel (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑf.re/), but as we will see, they also continue Old English trisyllabic hēahfore.\nIn trisyllabic forms of this word (hē̆ahfore, hē̆hfore), the first-syllabic vowel was regularly shortened due to trisyllabic shortening; the remaining forms with /ɛ/, /a/ develop when /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation (\"breaking\") of the preceding vowel, while those with /æi̯/ are the result of this breaking. In forms with /kf/, /x/ was subject to fortition instead of being lost (pace Liberman; compare sixt (“(thou) seest”), sikth (“(he) sees”)); forms with /fk/ are further developments of these forms due to metathesis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "heyfres",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "heyfre",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "heyfre (plural heyfres)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Bovines",
          "orig": "enm:Bovines",
          "parents": [
            "Even-toed ungulates",
            "Mammals",
            "Vertebrates",
            "Chordates",
            "Animals",
            "Lifeforms",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "lifeform",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Female animals",
          "orig": "enm:Female animals",
          "parents": [
            "Animals",
            "Female",
            "Lifeforms",
            "Gender",
            "All topics",
            "Life",
            "Biology",
            "Psychology",
            "Sociology",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nature",
            "Sciences",
            "Social sciences",
            "Society"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A heifer (young female cow)."
      ],
      "id": "en-heyfre-enm-noun-mKgNedxi",
      "links": [
        [
          "heifer",
          "heifer"
        ],
        [
          "young",
          "young#English"
        ],
        [
          "female",
          "female#English"
        ],
        [
          "cow",
          "cow#English"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "haffer"
        },
        {
          "word": "hayfare"
        },
        {
          "word": "hayfre"
        },
        {
          "word": "hefere"
        },
        {
          "word": "heffere"
        },
        {
          "word": "heffre"
        },
        {
          "word": "heyfer"
        },
        {
          "word": "heyfor"
        },
        {
          "word": "heyfur"
        },
        {
          "word": "heekfar"
        },
        {
          "word": "hefker"
        },
        {
          "word": "hekfare"
        },
        {
          "word": "hekfere"
        },
        {
          "english": "with fortition",
          "word": "hekfore"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhæi̯frə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛːfrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛfrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhafrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-ər(ə)/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛkfrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛfkrə/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heyfre"
}
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "heifer"
          },
          "expansion": "English: heifer",
          "name": "desc"
        },
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "obsolete dialectal <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">hefker</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"en\">hekfer</i>"
          },
          "expansion": "(obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)",
          "name": "q"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "heifer"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: heifer",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: heifer"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "hiver"
          },
          "expansion": "Yola: hiver",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yola: hiver"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "Inherited"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hēahfore",
        "4": "",
        "5": "",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "id": "",
        "lit": "",
        "nocat": "",
        "pos": "",
        "sc": "",
        "sort": "",
        "tr": "",
        "ts": ""
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hēahfore",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hēahfore"
      },
      "expansion": "Inherited from Old English hēahfore",
      "name": "inh+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "Notes on phonological development"
      },
      "expansion": "Notes on phonological development",
      "name": "col-top"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "metathesis"
      },
      "expansion": "metathesis",
      "name": "glossary"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English hēahfore, hēahfru, of disputed etymology; see that entry for discussion.\nNotes on phonological development\nForms with /ɛː/ continue Late Old English hēafru, which develops from a syncopated hēahfru with simplification of the resulting consonant cluster /xfr/. In these forms, the first-syllable vowel /æ͜ɑː/ retained its length, regularly developing to /ɛː/ because the medial cluster /fr/ was identified as the onset of the second syllable (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑː.fre/). Forms with /ɛ/ and /a/ come in part from forms where the cluster was split between the two syllables, resulting in regular shortening of the initial-syllable vowel (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑf.re/), but as we will see, they also continue Old English trisyllabic hēahfore.\nIn trisyllabic forms of this word (hē̆ahfore, hē̆hfore), the first-syllabic vowel was regularly shortened due to trisyllabic shortening; the remaining forms with /ɛ/, /a/ develop when /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation (\"breaking\") of the preceding vowel, while those with /æi̯/ are the result of this breaking. In forms with /kf/, /x/ was subject to fortition instead of being lost (pace Liberman; compare sixt (“(thou) seest”), sikth (“(he) sees”)); forms with /fk/ are further developments of these forms due to metathesis.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "heyfres",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "nouns",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "heyfre",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "heyfre (plural heyfres)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle English lemmas",
        "Middle English nouns",
        "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "enm:Bovines",
        "enm:Female animals"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A heifer (young female cow)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "heifer",
          "heifer"
        ],
        [
          "young",
          "young#English"
        ],
        [
          "female",
          "female#English"
        ],
        [
          "cow",
          "cow#English"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhæi̯frə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛːfrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛfrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhafrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/-ər(ə)/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛkfrə/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛfkrə/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "haffer"
    },
    {
      "word": "hayfare"
    },
    {
      "word": "hayfre"
    },
    {
      "word": "hefere"
    },
    {
      "word": "heffere"
    },
    {
      "word": "heffre"
    },
    {
      "word": "heyfer"
    },
    {
      "word": "heyfor"
    },
    {
      "word": "heyfur"
    },
    {
      "word": "heekfar"
    },
    {
      "word": "hefker"
    },
    {
      "word": "hekfare"
    },
    {
      "word": "hekfere"
    },
    {
      "english": "with fortition",
      "word": "hekfore"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heyfre"
}

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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.