gruf in Middle English

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{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grovel"
      },
      "expansion": "English grovel",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Compare English grovel.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "adverb"
      },
      "expansion": "gruf",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 1 entry",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:",
          "text": "They fellen gruf, and criden piteously.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "forwards; with one's face to the ground"
      ],
      "id": "en-gruf-enm-adv-MaFwjgoC",
      "links": [
        [
          "forwards",
          "forwards"
        ],
        [
          "face",
          "face"
        ],
        [
          "ground",
          "ground"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "gruf"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "grovel"
      },
      "expansion": "English grovel",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Compare English grovel.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "adverb"
      },
      "expansion": "gruf",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adv",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English adverbs",
        "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle English lemmas",
        "Middle English terms with quotations",
        "Pages with 1 entry",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:",
          "text": "They fellen gruf, and criden piteously.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "forwards; with one's face to the ground"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "forwards",
          "forwards"
        ],
        [
          "face",
          "face"
        ],
        [
          "ground",
          "ground"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "gruf"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (ee63ee9 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"gruf" meaning in Middle English

Adverb