See calf in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "calf"
},
"expansion": "English: calf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: calf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cauf",
"3": "cawf",
"4": "caff",
"5": "calf"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "callef",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: callef, calef, calluf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: callef, calef, calluf"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "calf"
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English calf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kalb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kalb",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kalbaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kalbaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Anglian Old English calf, cælf (West Saxon ċealf), Proto-West Germanic *kalb, from Proto-Germanic *kalbaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calver",
"tags": [
"error-unknown-tag",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "calveren",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "calves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "calf",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"pl": "calver(e)",
"pl2": "calveren",
"pl3": "calves"
},
"expansion": "calf (plural calver(e) or calveren or calves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 37 16 32 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 28 19 34 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Bovines",
"orig": "enm:Bovines",
"parents": [
"Even-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 31 17 32 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Livestock",
"orig": "enm:Livestock",
"parents": [
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 28 22 33 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mammals",
"orig": "enm:Mammals",
"parents": [
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 33 20 29 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "enm:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"calf (cow that has not fully matured)"
],
"id": "en-calf-enm-noun-enm:calf__young_cow_",
"links": [
[
"calf",
"calf#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:calf (young cow)"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 37 16 32 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 28 19 34 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Bovines",
"orig": "enm:Bovines",
"parents": [
"Even-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 31 17 32 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Livestock",
"orig": "enm:Livestock",
"parents": [
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 28 22 33 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mammals",
"orig": "enm:Mammals",
"parents": [
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 33 20 29 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "enm:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A representation of a calf; something that looks like a calf."
],
"id": "en-calf-enm-noun-AOlDbZO2",
"links": [
[
"representation",
"representation"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 37 16 32 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 28 19 34 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Bovines",
"orig": "enm:Bovines",
"parents": [
"Even-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 31 17 32 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Livestock",
"orig": "enm:Livestock",
"parents": [
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 28 22 33 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mammals",
"orig": "enm:Mammals",
"parents": [
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 33 20 29 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "enm:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"fawn (deer that has not fully matured)"
],
"id": "en-calf-enm-noun-l1cugikA",
"links": [
[
"fawn",
"fawn"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 37 16 32 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 26 21 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 30 15 37 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Baby animals",
"orig": "enm:Baby animals",
"parents": [
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 28 19 34 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Bovines",
"orig": "enm:Bovines",
"parents": [
"Even-toed ungulates",
"Mammals",
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 31 17 32 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Livestock",
"orig": "enm:Livestock",
"parents": [
"Agriculture",
"Animals",
"Applied sciences",
"Lifeforms",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 28 22 33 2",
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Mammals",
"orig": "enm:Mammals",
"parents": [
"Vertebrates",
"Chordates",
"Animals",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Nature"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 33 20 29 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "enm:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 14 9 68 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Meats",
"orig": "enm:Meats",
"parents": [
"Foods",
"Eating",
"Food and drink",
"Human behaviour",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Veal; the meat of calves."
],
"id": "en-calf-enm-noun-DfbbVlGr",
"links": [
[
"Veal",
"veal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Veal; the meat of calves."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kalf/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃalf/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "calfe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "chalf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "chalve"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "chelve"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "kelf"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "kalf"
}
],
"word": "calf"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "calf"
},
"expansion": "English: calf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: calf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cauf"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cauf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cauf"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "kalfi"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse kalfi",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse kalfi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "calf",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"pl": "calves"
},
"expansion": "calf (plural calves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"calf (part of the leg)."
],
"id": "en-calf-enm-noun-enm:calf__anatomy_",
"links": [
[
"calf",
"calf#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:calf (anatomy)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkalf(ə)/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "calfe"
}
],
"word": "calf"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English links with redundant wikilinks",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Anglian Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Anatomy",
"enm:Baby animals",
"enm:Bovines",
"enm:Livestock",
"enm:Mammals",
"enm:Meats"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "calf"
},
"expansion": "English: calf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: calf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cauf",
"3": "cawf",
"4": "caff",
"5": "calf"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "callef",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Yola: callef, calef, calluf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Yola: callef, calef, calluf"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "calf"
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English calf",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kalb"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kalb",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kalbaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kalbaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Anglian Old English calf, cælf (West Saxon ċealf), Proto-West Germanic *kalb, from Proto-Germanic *kalbaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calver",
"tags": [
"error-unknown-tag",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "calveren",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "calves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "calf",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"pl": "calver(e)",
"pl2": "calveren",
"pl3": "calves"
},
"expansion": "calf (plural calver(e) or calveren or calves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.",
"ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
"text": "⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"calf (cow that has not fully matured)"
],
"links": [
[
"calf",
"calf#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:calf (young cow)"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A representation of a calf; something that looks like a calf."
],
"links": [
[
"representation",
"representation"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"fawn (deer that has not fully matured)"
],
"links": [
[
"fawn",
"fawn"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Veal; the meat of calves."
],
"links": [
[
"Veal",
"veal"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Veal; the meat of calves."
],
"tags": [
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kalf/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃalf/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "calfe"
},
{
"word": "chalf"
},
{
"word": "chalve"
},
{
"word": "chelve"
},
{
"word": "kelf"
},
{
"word": "kalf"
}
],
"word": "calf"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Norse",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Anatomy",
"enm:Baby animals",
"enm:Bovines",
"enm:Livestock",
"enm:Mammals",
"enm:Meats"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "calf"
},
"expansion": "English: calf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: calf"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cauf"
},
"expansion": "Scots: cauf",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: cauf"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "kalfi"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse kalfi",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse kalfi.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calves",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "nouns",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "calf",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"pl": "calves"
},
"expansion": "calf (plural calves)",
"name": "enm-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"calf (part of the leg)."
],
"links": [
[
"calf",
"calf#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"enm:calf (anatomy)"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkalf(ə)/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "calfe"
}
],
"word": "calf"
}
Download raw JSONL data for calf meaning in Middle English (5.1kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: e",
"path": [
"calf"
],
"section": "Middle English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "calf",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (ee63ee9 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.