"and" meaning in Middle English

See and in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Conjunction

IPA: /and/, /an/ [unstressed], /ɛn/ [unstressed]
Etymology: From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti. Etymology templates: {{inh|enm|ang|and}} Old English and, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*andi}} Proto-West Germanic *andi, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*andi}} Proto-Germanic *andi, {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*h₂énti}} Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti Head templates: {{head|enm|conjunction}} and
  1. and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)
    Sense id: en-and-enm-conj-2p6yOVQk
  2. however, yet, but, though. while
    Sense id: en-and-enm-conj-~dScBbIr
  3. if, supposing that, whether.
    Sense id: en-and-enm-conj-T27QXyGW
  4. (rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-and-enm-conj-7NAd6UMB Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 11 13 6 69
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: annd, ant, an, en, , &

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "and"
          },
          "expansion": "English: and",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: and"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "an"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: an",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: an"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "an",
            "alts": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Yola: an, an', and",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yola: an, an', and"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "and"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English and",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*andi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *andi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*andi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *andi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂énti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "conjunction"
      },
      "expansion": "and",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "conj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]",
          "ref": "c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:",
          "text": "Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]",
          "ref": "c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:",
          "text": "Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "\"Lords\", said Richard, \"Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] \"",
          "ref": "c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:",
          "text": "\"Lordes\", quaþ Richard, \"Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]\"",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.",
          "ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
          "text": "ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]",
          "ref": "1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:",
          "text": "Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)"
      ],
      "id": "en-and-enm-conj-2p6yOVQk",
      "links": [
        [
          "and",
          "and#English"
        ],
        [
          "then",
          "then"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "however, yet, but, though. while"
      ],
      "id": "en-and-enm-conj-~dScBbIr",
      "links": [
        [
          "however",
          "however"
        ],
        [
          "yet",
          "yet"
        ],
        [
          "but",
          "but"
        ],
        [
          "though",
          "though"
        ],
        [
          "while",
          "while"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "if, supposing that, whether."
      ],
      "id": "en-and-enm-conj-T27QXyGW",
      "links": [
        [
          "if",
          "if"
        ],
        [
          "whether",
          "whether"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "11 13 6 69",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "As though, like, in a manner suggesting."
      ],
      "id": "en-and-enm-conj-7NAd6UMB",
      "links": [
        [
          "As",
          "as"
        ],
        [
          "though",
          "though"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/and/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/an/",
      "tags": [
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɛn/",
      "tags": [
        "unstressed"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "annd"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "ant"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "an"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "en"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "⁊"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "&"
    }
  ],
  "word": "and"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English conjunctions",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Pages with 18 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "en",
            "2": "and"
          },
          "expansion": "English: and",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "English: and"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "sco",
            "2": "an"
          },
          "expansion": "Scots: an",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Scots: an"
    },
    {
      "depth": 1,
      "templates": [
        {
          "args": {
            "1": "yol",
            "2": "an",
            "alts": "1"
          },
          "expansion": "Yola: an, an', and",
          "name": "desc"
        }
      ],
      "text": "Yola: an, an', and"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "and"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English and",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*andi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *andi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*andi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *andi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂énti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "conjunction"
      },
      "expansion": "and",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "conj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "english": "Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]",
          "ref": "c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:",
          "text": "Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]",
          "ref": "c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:",
          "text": "Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "\"Lords\", said Richard, \"Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] \"",
          "ref": "c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:",
          "text": "\"Lordes\", quaþ Richard, \"Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]\"",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.",
          "ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
          "text": "ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "english": "When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]",
          "ref": "1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:",
          "text": "Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "and",
          "and#English"
        ],
        [
          "then",
          "then"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "however, yet, but, though. while"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "however",
          "however"
        ],
        [
          "yet",
          "yet"
        ],
        [
          "but",
          "but"
        ],
        [
          "though",
          "though"
        ],
        [
          "while",
          "while"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "if, supposing that, whether."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "if",
          "if"
        ],
        [
          "whether",
          "whether"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "As though, like, in a manner suggesting."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "As",
          "as"
        ],
        [
          "though",
          "though"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/and/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/an/",
      "tags": [
        "unstressed"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ɛn/",
      "tags": [
        "unstressed"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "annd"
    },
    {
      "word": "ant"
    },
    {
      "word": "an"
    },
    {
      "word": "en"
    },
    {
      "word": "⁊"
    },
    {
      "word": "&"
    }
  ],
  "word": "and"
}

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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.