magot

English: maggot

Yola: maghogès, maghoghes (plural)


bete

desctree

English: beet
→ Chickasaw: (from the plural) biits
→ Hawaiian: piki
→ Maori: pīti

Despite the gap in attestation, apparently inherited from Old English bēte, from Proto-West Germanic *bētā, from Latin bēta, of unknown origin.

beet (plant of the genus Beta or its root or leaves)


syoun

I am a verri vyne, and my fadir is an erthe tilier; Ech syoun, or braunche, not berynge fruit in me, he schal do a wey it.

1382, John Wycliffe, The Holy Bible, made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers, first edition, John 15:2:

Ȝe straied al awey as if it were wilde syouns.

ante''' 1415: John Wycliffe, Lantern…, page 70/3


sioun

English: scion

From Old French sion and cion, ciun, chion; ultimately of Germanic origin.

In þe praer is a tre … Þe rote is gingeuir and galingale, Þe siouns beþ al sedwale.

circa''' 1300–1305: Land Cokaygne, page 74

As a sioun mai not bere fruyt but if it stonde stable in þe vyne.

circa''' 1380: John Wycliffe, Select English works, book 1, page 166

Þe sed … is mad in to a vineȝerd & made frut in to siounes [L palmites].
Thei ȝeden til to the stronde of clustre and kittiden doun a sioun with his grape, which twei men baren in a barre.

1382–1388: John Wycliffe; The Holy Bible, made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers; first edition (1382), Ezekiel 17:6; second edition (1388), Numbers 13:24 and Jeremiah 5:10

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Do ȝe awei the siouns therof, for thei ben not seruauntis of the Lord.


syon

In þe vyneȝerde were syonys of the vyne plantede.

circa''' 1450: Gertrude Mechthild, The booke of gostlye grace of Mechtild of Hackeborn, page 330/2

ante''' 1475: Grafting; reprinted in:

1855, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, Early English miscellanies: in prose and verse, writ IX, page 72

Also, he that wylle have rosys tymely to blowe, dewe heme abowte the space of ij. hand-brede, and moyste her syons oft tymys with hoote water.

circa''' 1350–1390: [early poem], lines 25–28; reprinted in:

OÞer þou maiȝt wel diuise
Þe nome of Ambros in þis wyse :
Ambrum is to seye fadur of liht,
And syon a luytel child ful riht.

1878, Carl Horstmann, Altenglische Legenden, page 10:

Alternative spelling of sioun
descendant


secte

English: sect

Scots: sect, seck

Borrowed from Old French secte, from Late Latin secta.

A variety or sort; a category with a distinguishing feature.

A religion or religious organisation (usually not referring to Christianity)

A division within a religion (either doctrinal or administrative)

A sect; a smaller offshoot of a religion with unorthodox belief.

People who behave or think in a specified manner (either as a group or in general).

A school of philosophical or medical thought.

(rare) One's physical composition or existence.


stound

English: stound

Scots: stound

From Old English stund (“a period of time, while, hour, occasion”), from Proto-Germanic *stundō (“point in time, hour”).

inh

Time, especially the proper time for doing something:

A canonical hour: one of the 3-hour divisions of the day, (Christianity) its divine office.

An hour: one of the 24 divisions of the day.

And on a day it happed, in a stounde,
Sik lay the maunciple on a maladye;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reeve's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3992-3994

And on one day it happened, at a time,
The manciple lay sick with a malady;
People thought indeed that he should die.


weylawey

English: welaway, wellaway (archaic)

From Old English wā lā wā, weg-lā-weg, wei-lā-wei, wī-lā-wei.

Alas quoth Abſolon, and welaway / That trewe loue was euer ſo yuel byſette / Than kiſſe me, ſyn it may be no bette / For Jeſus loue, and for the loue of me.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xv, recto, column 2:

A general interjection expressing distress, regret, or sorrow: alack, alas, lackaday.


losse

English: losse, los, loz

Scots: los, loz

From Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs, from Proto-Germanic *luhsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *lewk-.


noteful

English: noteful


fers

English: fierce

Yola: fearse

Borrowed from Old French fers, fiers, nominative of fer, fier, from Latin ferus.


fers

→ English: fers, ferz

Borrowed from Old French fierce, from Medieval Latin ferzia, from Persian فرزین (farzin).


douve

English: dove

Scots: doo, dow

lo I ſende ȝou as ſcheep in þe myddil of wolues / þerfoꝛ be ȝe ſliȝ as ſerpentis .· and ſymple as dowues

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:16, page 4v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So I'm sending you out like sheep in amongst wolves, so be shrewd like snakes and harmless like doves.


rakel

Related to modern English rake (“a debauchee”).

Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde.
For every wight that has a house to found,
He renneth mat the work for to beginne
With rakel honde.


eie

English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai

Geordie English: ee, eye

Scots: ee

Yola: ieen, eein, eyen, eeen, een, ein (plural)

From Old English ēaġe, from Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

So mote I brouke wel myne eyen tweye / Saue ye I herde neuere man so synge.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Nun's Priest's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3168–3169:

So might I have used well my two eyes / But for you, I've heard no man sing like that.

(figuratively) A highly valued or regarded object.

A hole, spot, or other object resembling an eye.


manchet

English: manchet

Unknown; the second element may be chet.

(rare, Late Middle English) Bread of higher quality (than chet); manchet.


seldomly

English: seldomly

From seldom (“uncommon”, adjective) + -ly.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

Matter or stuff; that which things are composed of:

Primordial, crude or essential matter; matter without complication.

(rare) The real essence or body of something (as opposed to its form or permutations)

(rare, theology) The physical actions or part of a Christian ritual.

A material or substance; something which things are created or made from:

A thing or substance which forms part of a larger whole; a component.

An ingredient or part of a recipe; that which is used to make alongside other things.

The germ of something; something which other things are developed or grown from.

One of a human body's liquids or fluids; a biofluid:

A harmful, disease-bringing, or deleterious bodily fluid.

(rare) Partially digested food while sitting in the stomach.

A pursuit, occurrence, condition, or event, especially when problematic:

A debate, argument, or contestation between two sides.

(law) A lawsuit or litigation; legal action or activity.

A recounting, recollection, or narration of an event (whether written or verbal)

A topic or theme; an area of knowledge or discussion:

The primary area or topic discussed in a piece of literature.

The primary theme, point or thesis of a piece of literature.

A science; an discipline, branch, or area of formal knowledge.

The information or informants one draws upon for a work; the matter used as source.

The (usually intrinsic or innate) state or characteristics of something.

One's motivation, justification, or reasoning for an action.

Wood or timber, especially when used to stoke a fire.

(rare) A twig or bough; a portion of a plant or tree.

(rare) The internal liquids of a plant or tree.


matere

English: mater

At fourten yer sche conseyved Cryste in hire matere clere,
And in the fiftene yer sche chyldyd, this avowe dare I;
Here lyvyng wyth that swete sone thre and thretty yere,

ante''' 1475: Ludus Coventriæ, XLI: “The Assumption of the Virgin”, lines 5–8

And after his deth in erthe xij. yer dede sche tary.


forwhy

Forwhy? Yif thou enforcest thee to assemble money, thow must byreven him his money that hath it.

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:

for what reason, for what cause, why; the reason why, for the reason that

I ne finde no3t atte frume Þat þing for whi ihc am hider icume.

a. 1250, unknown author, Floris and Blancheflour:

That ye to him of hard now been ywonne Oughte he be glad..Forwhi men seith, "impressiounes light Ful lightly been ay redy to the flight."

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Me nedeth here noon other art to use; Forwhi to every lovere I me excuse, ...

In hyr hand A braunche newe, Forwhy that no man sholde her lette.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], (please specify the book number), [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

Thou shalt haue yiftis good, For-why þat thou wilte dwelle with me.

on the condition that, provided that, if


kerven

kerven (infinitive)
to kerven (infinitive)
kerve (infinitive)
kerve (first-person present singular)
carf (first-person past singular)
kervest (present second-person singular)
curve (past second-person singular)
corve (past second-person singular)
carf (past second-person singular)
kerveth (present singular third-person)
carf (past singular third-person)
kerve (present singular subjunctive)
curve (past singular subjunctive)
corve (past singular subjunctive)
kerve (imperative present singular)
kerven (plural present)
kerve (plural present)
curven (past plural)
curve (past plural)
corven (past plural)
corve (past plural)
kerveth (imperative plural present)
kerve (imperative plural present)
kervynge (participle present)
kervende (participle present)
corven (participle past)
corve (participle past)
ycorven (participle past)
ycorve (participle past)

English: carve

Scots: cairve, kerve, kerf, carf

From Old English ċeorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *kerban, from Proto-Germanic *kerbaną. The total depalatalization of most forms seems to have arisen from analogy to past plural curven and past participle corven.

To cut or stab; to slash as to cause cutting or stabbing:

To cut into; to slice (especially meat).

To make surgical incisions or perform surgical operations.

To remove or expel by cutting off or out.

To carve; to carve into or in the likeness of.


hoge

His winde-mille þat stondit vppon hoge
Wiþ-oute þe towne of doninton nyhe þe hy wei.

a. 1475, A. Clark, editor, The English Register of Godstow Nunnery:


herbergen

enm-verb

herbergen (third-person singular simple present herbergeth, present participle herbergende, herbergynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle herberged)

herbergeth (present singular third-person)
herbergende (participle present)
herbergynge (participle present)
herberged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
herbergen (infinitive)
to herbergen (infinitive)
herberge (first-person present singular)
herberged (first-person past singular)
herbergest (present second-person singular)
herbergedest (past second-person singular)
herbergeth (present singular third-person)
herberged (past singular third-person)
herberge (present singular subjunctive)
herberged (past singular subjunctive)
herberge (imperative present singular)
herbergen (plural present)
herberge (plural present)
herbergeden (past plural)
herbergede (past plural)
herbergeth (imperative plural present)
herberge (imperative plural present)
herbergynge (participle present)
herbergende (participle present)
herberged (participle past)
yherberged (participle past)

English: harbinge (obsolete)

Apparently a back-formation from herberjour.


herbergen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herberwen


fenny

English: fenny

Yola: venie

From Old English fenniġ; equivalent to fen + -y.


beote

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beten (“to fix”)


veir

English: vair

Scots: vair (obsolete)

Yola: vier, wyer, vierd

Borrowed from Old French vair, from Latin varius (“variegated”).


hoten

head

hoten (third-person sg present hatte or hot, present participle hotende or hotynge, third-person sg preterite hight or heet, past participle (y)hote(n))

hatte (present singular third-person)
hot (present singular third-person)
hotende (participle present)
hotynge (participle present)
hight (preterite singular third-person)
heet (preterite singular third-person)
(y)hote(n) (participle past)

English: hote, hight

Scots: hate, hait

From Old English hātan (“to command, call promise”). More at hight, hest, behest.

der

Therin wonneth a wyght that Wronge is Ihote / Father of falſhead, and founded it him ſelfe / Adam and Eue he egged to yll, / Councelled Cayne to kyll his brother

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus primus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio v, verso:

Therein dwells a creature that Wrong is named, / Father of falsehood, and founded it himself. / Adam and Eve he egged to ill, / Counselled Cain to kill his brother


alinen

enm-verb

alinen (third-person singular simple present alineth, present participle alinende, alinynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle alined)

alineth (present singular third-person)
alinende (participle present)
alinynge (participle present)
alined (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Middle French aligner, from Old French alignier.

She [-wolf] shal not be alyned withe noon of þe wolfes safe with on ... Þan þei goo a grete waye thennes and ther he alyned hure.


alinen

c. 1350, William of Shoreham, Poems of William of Shoreham
Hi beeþe eke atte fount Mid oylle and creyme alyned.


roket

English: rochet

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 1241-5.
A womman wel more fetys is
In roket than in cote, y-wis.
The whyte roket, rideled faire,
Bitokened, that ful debonaire
And swete was she that it bere.


lenden

lenden (infinitive)
to lenden (infinitive)
lende (infinitive)
lende (first-person present singular)
lente (first-person past singular)
lende (first-person past singular)
lendest (present second-person singular)
lentest (past second-person singular)
lendest (past second-person singular)
lendeth (present singular third-person)
lente (past singular third-person)
lende (past singular third-person)
lende (present singular subjunctive)
lente (past singular subjunctive)
lende (past singular subjunctive)
lende (imperative present singular)
lenden (plural present)
lende (plural present)
lenten (past plural)
lente (past plural)
lenden (past plural)
lende (past plural)
lendeth (imperative plural present)
lende (imperative plural present)
lendynge (participle present)
lendende (participle present)
lent (participle past)
lend (participle past)
ylent (participle past)
ylend (participle past)

From Old English lendan, from Proto-West Germanic *landijan, from Proto-Germanic *landijaną; compare londen.

To come; to go near:
To arrive; to reach one's destination.

To come; to go near:
To arrive at shore; to land.

To come; to go near:
To come together; to come to another.

To come; to go near:
To come upon; to light upon.

To live (in a condition); to pursue (an occupation).

To dwell, stay; to make accommodation:
(usually negated) To wait; to stay put.

To dwell, stay; to make accommodation:
To wait; to stay put.

To settle; to house; to give accommodation.


lenden

From Old English lendenu, lendinu; equivalent to lende + -en (plural suffix).

(chiefly Early Middle English) plural of lende


bocstaff

English: bookstave, bookstaff

From Old English bōcstæf (“letter, written character”), from bōc (“book”) + stæf (“staff, character”), from Proto-Germanic *bōkastabaz. Compare Danish bogstav, Faroese bókstavur, German Buchstabe, Icelandic bókstafur, Norwegian bokstav, Swedish bokstav.


winge

English: wing

Scots: weeng

Yola: wing

From Old Norse vængr, from Proto-Germanic *wēngijaz.

⁊ þe foure beeſtis hadden euery of hem ſixe wyngis / ⁊ al aboute and wiþ inne þei weren ful of iȝen / ⁊ þei hadden not reſte · dai ⁊ nyȝt, ſeiynge · hooli · hooli · hooli .· þe loꝛd god almyȝti / þat was ⁊ þat is .· ⁊ þat is to comynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:8, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And all of the four beasts had six wings, and they were covered with eyes across all their body; and they didn't rest, day or night, in saying: "Holy, holy, holy, the almighty Lord God, who was, who is, and who will come".

A wing (arm enabling flight; used in cooking and medicine).

(figurative) A method or means of flight.

(figurative) A shelter or refuge (as a bird guards its young)

(rare) An artificial wing; a device enabling flight.

(rare, Late Middle English) A portion; a section.

(rare, Late Middle English) A projection; a spur.


bispel

bispels (plural)
bispeles (plural)
bispel (accusative nominative singular)
bispels (accusative nominative plural)
bispeles (accusative nominative plural)
bispeles (genitive singular)
bispele (genitive plural)
bispele (dative singular)
bispelen (dative plural)

From Old English bīspel (“parable, example”). Compare Middle High German bīspel (“example”) (German Beispiel). More at byspel.


-ern

From Old English -ern, from ærn (“place”).

Denotes a place related to the noun it attaches to


-ern

English: -ern


stoor

O stronge lady stoor, what doest thou?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


leoda

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lede (“people”)


-ræden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -rede


adamas

Learned borrowing from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Compare adamant.

(rare) adamant, adamantine (valuable gemstone)


fawcett

English: faucet

From Old French fausset, perhaps from Latin faux (“throat”).

1466: The Paston Letters; reprinted in:

For xxxiiii. lambys, xxviis. iid. For xxii. shep, xxxviis. vd. x. nete, iiiil. xvis. id. For ii. napronnes to Richard Lynstede, xd. For claretts and fawcetts, vid. MCCC. eggs, vis. vid. For xx. galons milk, xxd. For viii. galons creme, iis. viiid.

1904, James Gairdner, The Paston letters, A.D. 1422-1509, volume 4, Chatto & Windus, page 229:


bour

English: bower

Scots: bour

From Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.

fful sooty was hire bour / and eek hire halle / In which she eet / ful many a sklendre meel

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok / and Hen / Chaũtecler ⁊ Ꝑtelote”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 99, verso:

Her room was really sooty, and so was her hall; / there she ate plenty of lean meals

A bedroom or chamber (especially of a woman).

(figuratively) Something's resting place.


-rice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -riche


mases

plural of mase (“thing that causes bewilderment”)


masen

masen (infinitive)
to masen (infinitive)
mase (infinitive)
mase (first-person present singular)
mased (first-person past singular)
masest (present second-person singular)
masedest (past second-person singular)
maseth (present singular third-person)
mased (past singular third-person)
mase (present singular subjunctive)
mased (past singular subjunctive)
mase (imperative present singular)
masen (plural present)
mase (plural present)
maseden (past plural)
masede (past plural)
maseth (imperative plural present)
mase (imperative plural present)
masynge (participle present)
masende (participle present)
mased (participle past)
ymased (participle past)

English: maze

Scots: maze

Probably a back-formation from amased or a *amasen.

To bewilder, amaze, perplex, or mislead.

(rare) To be bewildered, amazed, perplexed, or misled.


foreward

From Old English foreward (“forward”), equivalent to fore + -warde.


foreward

English: forward

Scots: forrit


foreward

English: forward

Scots: forward

From Old English foreweard, foreward (“condition, bargain, agreement, contract, treaty, assurance”), equivalent to fore- + ward (“ward, keeping”). Compare Dutch voorwaarde (“condition, terms, proviso, stipulation”).

cog

c. 1390, Piers Plowman

Pers, I plihte þe my trouþe To folfulle þe Foreward.

c. 1475, John Wycliffe (attributed), An Apology for Lollard Doctrines

To tak or ȝef temporal þing for goostly þing of forþword or certeyn couenaunt, it is symonye.

agreement, contract, treaty, bargain, covenant; terms of an agreement; pledge or promise


yol

English: Yule

Scots: Yull

From Old English ġeōl, from Proto-Germanic *jeulō, plural of *jehwlą.

forþi þis ȝol ouerȝede and þe ȝere after / and vche ſeſoun ſerlepes ſued after oþer / after cryſtenmaſſe com þe crabbed lentoun /

a. 1375, Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, stanza 22, page 97r, lines 500–502:

And this Christmastide went, and the year with (it); / each season followed alone after the last. / After Christmas came spiteful Lent, […]


moun

Alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


moun

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


stie

English: sty (dialectal)

Scots: stay


hogh

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


hogh

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


forcoveren

forcoveren (infinitive)
to forcoveren (infinitive)
forcovere (infinitive)
forcovere (first-person present singular)
forcovered (first-person past singular)
forcoverest (present second-person singular)
forcoveredest (past second-person singular)
forcovereth (present singular third-person)
forcovered (past singular third-person)
forcovere (present singular subjunctive)
forcovered (past singular subjunctive)
forcovere (imperative present singular)
forcoveren (plural present)
forcovere (plural present)
forcovereden (past plural)
forcoverede (past plural)
forcovereth (imperative plural present)
forcovere (imperative plural present)
forcoverynge (participle present)
forcoverende (participle present)
forcovered (participle past)
yforcovered (participle past)

to cover completely, cover up, cover over; conceal


devel

enm-noun

devel (plural develes or defles or develen)

develes (plural)
defles (plural)
develen (plural)

English: devil (see there for further descendants)

Scots: deil, deel, deevil

Yola: deevil, deel (syncopated)

From Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul, from Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).

Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1693–1696:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...

Satan, Lucifer (in Early ME, without the definite article)

þou bileueſt þat o god is .· þou doiſt wel / ⁊ deuelis bileuen .· ⁊ tremblen

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 2:19, page 110r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You believe that there's one God; you're doing well. But devils believe, and tremble.

A devil; an evil creature that resides in the Christian hell.

A pagan or heretical god; a deity considered to be false or an idol.

(figurative) A malicious or sinful person; one who is evil.

(rare) A fantastic beast or monstrous creature.


livar

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


medkniche

The second element is akin to modern English knitch.

(historical) In medieval England, the amount of hay which could be lifted by the little finger up to the knee. This was a form of payment for haywards.


oule

English: owl

Scots: oul, ool

Inherited from Old English ūle, from Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ.

(derogatory) An insult, especially applied to the Devil.


-erne

English: -ern

From Old English -erne; see -ern for more.

northerne "northern", southerne "southern", esterne "eastern", westerne "western", nihterne "during the night"

(no longer productive) Suffix denoting belonging to or being in an area, cardinal direction, or ordinal direction.


-li

Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-li

Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


foreland

English: foreland

Yola: furloan


seien

English: say

Scots: say, sa

Yola: zey, zei

From Old English seċġan (“to say”), from Proto-West Germanic *saggjan, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaną.

To declare, to state in speech (and, by extension, in writing)

To say, that is:
To call, to name or define

To say, that is:
To describe; to narrate

To say, that is:
To mean, to intend to say

To say, that is:
(ecclesiastical) To recite, to sing

To say, that is:
(law) To affirm, to assert


seien

From Old English sǣġan, from Proto-Germanic *saigijaną.


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)

Inherited from Old English fela, felu, from Proto-West Germanic *felu, from Proto-Germanic *felu.

James off Dowglas þat wes ſyne / Þ[at] yheyt þan wes bot litill off my[ch]t / And oþir fele folk foꝛſye in fy[ch]t […]

c. 1375, “Book II”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 5, verso, lines 240-242; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

James of Douglas was next; / [he] was then only weak in power / and many other people, mighty in war […]

Many, much; an indefinite large number of or quantity.


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)


fele

English: feal

Scots: feal, feel, feil

Inherited from Old English fǣle, from Proto-West Germanic *failī, from Proto-Germanic *failijaz.


fele

English: feel

Scots: feel

A back-formation from felen (“to feel”).

The sense of touch; the capacity to feel.


wos

Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


weste

From Old English wēste, from Proto-West Germanic *wōstī, from Proto-Germanic *wōstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to desert”). Doublet of weste (“deserted”).

der

(chiefly Early Middle English) uncultivated, deserted, desolate


weste

(Early Middle English, rare) wasteland, wilderness


weste

Alternative form of westen (“to move west”)


weste

Alternative form of westen (“to devastate”)


wrenc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wrench


wrid

English: wride

(Northern) A cluster of plants growing together.

(Early Middle English) The main stem of a plant.


carpette

English: carpet

Scots: carpet

Borrowed from Old French carpite, from Medieval Latin carpita and Italian carpita, both from Middle Armenian կարպետ (karpet), կապերտ (kapert, “carpet, rug”).

(Late Middle English) A fabric cover for beds or furniture; a tablecloth or throw.


egre

English: eager

Scots: eager

Yola: aagar

From Old French egre, aigre, from Late Latin ācrus, from Latin ācer.

And ſklendꝛe wyves fieble as in bataille / Beth egꝛe as is a tygꝛe yond in Ynde / Ay clappeth as a mille I yow conſaille

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerk's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1198–1200:

And slender wives, powerless in battle: / Be as ruthless as a tiger over in India, / and always chatter like a mill, I advise you!


pacience

English: patience

Borrowed from Old French pacience, from Latin patientia.

I ioon ȝoure bꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:9, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I, John, your brother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.

patience, equanimity (especially under duress)

Rumex patientia
Rumex patientia#Translingual


cyne-

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kine-


demere

English: deemer

Middle Scots: demare

Inherited from Old English dēmere; equivalent to demen + -er.

A judge (person employed to preside over trials)

A person who discerns, discriminates, or judges.

(poetic) A ruler as the fount of justice.


-feald

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -fold


syce

Alternative form of syse (“size, assize”)


maris

Borrowed from Old French marris, marriz, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of matrice.


yowe

1440, Letter, in: 1841, Joseph Stevenson (editor), The Correspondence, Inventories, Account Rolls, and Law Proceedings of the Priory of Coldingham, page 116

Wirshipfull sir, I commend me to yowe; thankyng yowe of all tendirnesse and labour of lang time shewid to my brether and our cell of Coldyngham, prayand yowe of yowr goode continuance.


captif

English: captive

Probably from Middle French; definitely then from Latin captīvus. Doublet of caitif.


captif

English: captive


scutage

English: scutage

Borrowed from Medieval Latin scūtāgium, calquing Old French escuage. Compare scuage and scute.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


lome

From Old English lōme, from earlier ġelōme, from Proto-Germanic *galōma, from Proto-Germanic *galōmiz. Compare ilome.


lome

English: loom

Scots: luim

From Old English lōma, of unknown origin.

A loom; a frame used for weaving or other weaving implement.

A container or box where fluid is stored.

(rare) An instrument of war; an armament.


lome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of leme


serven

enm-verb

serven (third-person singular simple present serveth, present participle servende, servynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle served)

serveth (present singular third-person)
servende (participle present)
servynge (participle present)
served (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
serven (infinitive)
to serven (infinitive)
serve (infinitive)
serve (first-person present singular)
served (first-person past singular)
servest (present second-person singular)
servedest (past second-person singular)
serveth (present singular third-person)
served (past singular third-person)
serve (present singular subjunctive)
served (past singular subjunctive)
serve (imperative present singular)
serven (plural present)
serve (plural present)
serveden (past plural)
servede (past plural)
serveth (imperative plural present)
serve (imperative plural present)
servynge (participle present)
servende (participle present)
served (participle past)
yserved (participle past)

q

dialectal/obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sarve</i>

English: serve (dialectal/obsolete sarve)

Scots: sair, ser

Yola: zarve, zar

Borrowed from Old French servir, from Latin serviō.

to serve (be loyal and/or submissive to)


clerc

English: clerk

From Old English clerc, from Late Latin clēricus (“clergyman, priest”).


stremen

stremen (infinitive)
to stremen (infinitive)
streme (infinitive)
streme (first-person present singular)
stremed (first-person past singular)
stremest (present second-person singular)
stremedest (past second-person singular)
stremeth (present singular third-person)
stremed (past singular third-person)
streme (present singular subjunctive)
stremed (past singular subjunctive)
streme (imperative present singular)
stremen (plural present)
streme (plural present)
stremeden (past plural)
stremede (past plural)
stremeth (imperative plural present)
streme (imperative plural present)
stremynge (participle present)
stremende (participle present)
stremed (participle past)
ystremed (participle past)

English: stream

Scots: stream

To bleed; to experience bleeding or blood loss.

To shine; to stream out (of a light or glow)

(rare) To stream or gush; to flow profusely.


herren

From Old English heorran; equivalent to herre (“hinge”) + -en (plural suffix).


herren

From Old English hearran; equivalent to herre (“lord”) + -en (plural suffix).


benedicite

Borrowed from Latin benedīcite, a plural imperative of benedīcō (“I bless, I praise”), through an Old French form. Compare Modern English Benedicite.


benedicite

What Abſolon / what Criſtes swete tree / Why riſe ye ſo rathe / ey benedicitee / What eyleth yow / som gay gerl / god it woot[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Millerẏs Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 49, recto, lines 3767-3769:

What, Absolon, for Christ's sweet cross, / why do you rise so soon? Ay, bless me! / What hurts you? Some pretty girl, god knows […]


orthodoxe

English: orthodox

Borrowed from Middle French orthodoxe and Late Latin orthodoxus, form Ancient Greek ὀρθόδοξος (orthódoxos).

(rare, Late Middle English) orthodox (conforming to true and received religious doctrine)


tofore

English: tofore (obsolete)

From Old English tōforan; equivalent to to- + fore.

In front, ahead; in the first position in a sequence.

(in texts) Found above; found in a prior section.


tofore

English: tofore (obsolete)

Closer than something (with reference to the speaker).


tofore

Never sith myght he be heled, ne nought shal tofore we come to hym.

Indicates that the antecedent clause occurred before the consequent clause in time.


redresse

English: redress

Yola: redress

Borrowed from Old French redresse; compare redressen.


thereas

1485 – Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, Book IV, Chapter xx, leaf 74r
And euery day of thre dayes he strake doune twenty knyghtes therfore they gaf hym the pryse & forthe with all he wente there as the lady Ettard was and gaf her the serklet
"and every day of three days he struck down twenty knights, therefore they gave him the prize, and forthwithal he went thereas the Lady Ettard was, and gave her the circlet"


male engyne

English: malengine

for I dar ſaye / for good loue ſhe bad vs to dyner / and not for no male engyne /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum quintum”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 367, recto; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 733, lines 15–16:


meve

The sharpe shoures felle of armes preve,
That Ector or his othere bretheren diden,
Ne made him only ther-fore ones meve;
And yet was he, wher-so men wente or riden,
Founde oon the beste, and lengest tyme abiden
Ther peril was, and dide eek such travayle
In armes, that to thenke it was mervayle.

1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde:


huas

(Kent) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


hoche

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


brionie

English: bryony

Borrowed from Middle French brione and its source Latin bryōnia, itself from Ancient Greek βρυωνία (bruōnía).

Bryonia dioica
Bryonia dioica#Translingual


grith

English: grith

From Late Old English griþ, from Old Norse grið.

bot þis tree ys done in my friþe / for I. wil þat hit haue griþe[…]

c. 1300, “Of þe state of þingis be-fore adam synnid”, in Þe Cours of þe Werlde (Cursor Mundi, Fairfax Ms. 14), page 7b, lines 657–658:

But this tree was put in my forest, because I want it to have protection […]


wonderly

[A]nd in lyke wyse as she saide so they departed / that neyther the kynge nor none of his counceill were ware of their departyng / Also soone as kyng Vther knewe of theire departyng soo sodenly / he was wonderly wrothe / Thenne he called to hym his pryuy counceille / and told them of the sodeyne departyng of the duke and his wyf

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum I”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book I, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 35:

wonderly, to a wonderful degree, exceedingly.


cloute

And whan sche of this bille hath taken heede, / Sche rente it al to cloutes atte laste / And into the privy softely it caste.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 707-709:


tillen

tillen (infinitive)
to tillen (infinitive)
tille (infinitive)
tille (first-person present singular)
tilled (first-person past singular)
tillest (present second-person singular)
tilledest (past second-person singular)
tilleth (present singular third-person)
tilled (past singular third-person)
tille (present singular subjunctive)
tilled (past singular subjunctive)
tille (imperative present singular)
tillen (plural present)
tille (plural present)
tilleden (past plural)
tillede (past plural)
tilleth (imperative plural present)
tille (imperative plural present)
tillynge (participle present)
tillende (participle present)
tilled (participle past)
ytilled (participle past)

English: till (obsolete)

From Old English *tyllan. Compare tollen.

To convince, tempt, or captivate; to enthrall.

To draw towards, attract, or persuade to come.

(rare) To acquire by illegal or immoral means.


tillen

English: till

To expand or distend lengthwise; to extend away.

(rare) To stretch as to make contact with; to extend towards.


forfoughten

Now what is best to doo sayd kyng Lot of Orkeney whether is me better to treate with kynge Arthur or to fyghte / for the gretter party of oure peple are slayne / and destroyed / Syr said a knyght set on arthur for they are wery and forfoughten and we be fresshe

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter X, in Le Morte Darthur, book II:

Now what is best to do? said King Lot of Orkney; whether is me better to treat with King Arthur or to fight, for the greater part of our people are slain and destroyed? Sir, said a knight, set on Arthur for they are weary and forfoughten and we be fresh.


smert

head

smert (plural and weak singular smerte, comparative smerter, superlative smertest)

smerte (plural)
smerte (singular weak)
smerter (comparative)
smertest (superlative)

English: smart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: smert

Inherited from Old English smeart, from Proto-West Germanic *smart, from Proto-Germanic *smartaz. Forms in -e- reflect the usual development of OE -ea- in some dialects, but are probably largely due to the influence of smerten.

damaging, violent, powerful, intense, raging

(Late Middle English) quick, speedy, alert


smerten

smerten (infinitive)
to smerten (infinitive)
smerte (infinitive)
smerte (first-person present singular)
smart (first-person past singular)
smertest (present second-person singular)
smorte (past second-person singular)
smart (past second-person singular)
smerteth (present singular third-person)
smart (past singular third-person)
smerte (present singular subjunctive)
smorte (past singular subjunctive)
smerte (imperative present singular)
smerten (plural present)
smerte (plural present)
smorten (past plural)
smorte (past plural)
smerteth (imperative plural present)
smerte (imperative plural present)
smertynge (participle present)
smertende (participle present)
smorten (participle past)
smorte (participle past)

English: smart

Scots: smert

From Old English *smeortan, from Proto-West Germanic *smertan, from Proto-Germanic *smertaną.


smerte

English: smart

Scots: smert

From smerten, as if Old English *smiertu, *smeortu.


knol

English: knoll

From Old English cnoll (“summit”), from Proto-Germanic *knudan-, *knudla-, *knulla- (“lump”), possibly related to cnotta.
Related to Old Norse knollr (found only in names of places), Dutch knol (“tuber”), Swedish knöl (“tuber”), Danish knold (“hillock, clod, tuber”) and German Knolle (“bulb”).


cronk

English: crank

Scots: crank

From Old English cranc, from Proto-Germanic *krankaz.

(rare) crank (handle for moving a crankshaft).


trome

From Old English truma, possibly from trum (“firm, strong; stable, steadfast”).


geylere

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayoler


hene

English: hean

From Old English hēan, from Proto-Germanic *hauniz.


pouse

English: pulse

Yola: poulee (misspelled)


folt

Borrowed from Old French folet (“fool”).


seductor

English: seductor

From Middle French seducteur, from Latin sēductor.

The whiche seductor of ladies, as parys that enwedded yᵉ fayr heleyne, kepeth himself in maner as a woman, in their companye, wyth his longe heres that he maketh to be enoynted & kemed […]

1490, “Capitulo xvj”, in William Caxton, transl., edited by M[athew] T[ewart] Culley and F[rederick] J[ames] Furnivall, Caxton’s Eneydos, 1490, Englisht from the French Liure des Eneydes, 1483, London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., […] , published 1890, page 60, lines 30–33:

[…] one namyd Phylemon. whyche was moche amyable & debonayr to ye peple. & called hỹſelf ſeductour & deceyour of the peple / […]

a. 1492, “Of saynt Apolonyon Religyous & martyr. begynnyng in latyn ¶ Trade hant ergo / Caplm xix.”, in Wyllyam Caxton, transl., Vitas Patrum, Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, published 1495, folio xxii, recto:


myssease

From Old French mesaise, from mes- (“mis-”) + aise (“ease”). Equivalent to mys- + ease, ese.

I ded to hym no displesure – and God knowith I am full sory for hys maledye and hys myssease.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xix”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

I did to him no displeasure - and God knows I am full sorry for his maledy and his misease.


myssease

English: misease


mynte

English: mint

Scots: mint

→ Welsh: mint

From Old English minte, from Proto-West Germanic *mintā, from Latin menta, from or related to Ancient Greek μίνθη (mínthē), μίνθα (míntha).


mynte

Alternative form of mynt (“mint (money)”)


fleme

Inherited from Old English flīema (“fugitive, exile, outlaw”), from flīeman (“to escape”). Compare flem.

inh+

(poetic) One who is banished; an exile, outcast, or fugitive.


fleme

English: fleam

Borrowed from Old French flieme, from Vulgar Latin *fletoma, from Late Latin phlebotomus, from Ancient Greek φλεβότομος (phlebótomos), φλεβοτόμον (phlebotómon).

(Late Middle English, rare) A lancet or fleam.


dwere

From Middle Dutch dwers, dwars or Middle Low German dwēr, akin to Middle High German twer, twerhe, Old English þweorh.

Than Kynge Marke rode tyll he com to a fountayne; and there he rested hym by that fountayne, and stoode in a dwere whether he myght ryde to Kynge Arthurs courte other none[…].

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum viij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book X, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


burton

Alternative form of bourden (“to conflict”)


cheve

From chef + -e (adjective inflected form suffix).


halfe

head

halfe (plural halves or halfes or halven)

halves (plural)
halfes (plural)
halven (plural)


abashen

abashen (infinitive)
to abashen (infinitive)
abashe (infinitive)
abashe (first-person present singular)
abashed (first-person past singular)
abashest (present second-person singular)
abashedest (past second-person singular)
abasheth (present singular third-person)
abashed (past singular third-person)
abashe (present singular subjunctive)
abashed (past singular subjunctive)
abashe (imperative present singular)
abashen (plural present)
abashe (plural present)
abasheden (past plural)
abashede (past plural)
abasheth (imperative plural present)
abashe (imperative plural present)
abashynge (participle present)
abashende (participle present)
abashed (participle past)
yabashed (participle past)

English: abash

From Old French esbahir (“to astonish”).


hym

Bot though that he such power have, And that his myghtes ben so large, He hath hem nought withouten charge, To which that every kyng ys swore: So were it good that he ther fore First un to rightwisnesse entende, Wherof that he hym self amende Toward his god and leve vice, Which is the chief of his office; And aftir al the remenant He schal uppon his covenant Governe and lede in such a wise, So that ther be no tirandise, Wherof that he his poeple grieve, Or ellis may he nought achieve That longith to his regalie.


ȹ

I haue ȹ he, of ſommõs of the here a byl / Up payne of curſyng loke that thou be / To moꝛowe befoꝛe our Archdeacons kne

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliiii, verso, column 1:

I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee

1554-1561, Unknown author, An A,B,C. for chyldren, folio B2, verso. London: in Poules churchyarde in the signe of the Swane : Ihon Kyng. Now in Oxford, Queen's College Library, Sel.d.81 (5)S117765.
Here folow certain bꝛeuitatours yᵗ may be ſpelled alone, ⁊ ſome that cā not be ſpelled, but in other woꝛdes, and examples foꝛ the ſame.
ā, am, an, ē, em, en, ī, im, in, ō, om, on, ū, um, un, ē. eēe, p̄, pꝛe, ꝓ, pꝛo, q̄, que, qⁱ, qui, qȝ. que, ȹ̄, quam, ȹ, quod, 4, rum, ṫ, ter, t̄, tur, ⁹c, con. m̄, n̄, ⁹.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


ẏ

In þe bıgỹnẏng wsᷓ þe word ⁊ þe word was at god / ⁊ god wsᷓ þe word

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffe’s Bible, MS Hunter 191.), published late 14th century, Joon 1:1, page 2v:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (New International Version)

Whan that Auerẏl wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euerẏ veẏne in sweich lẏcour

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When in April, with his sweet showers / which have pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vine in sweet liquor


gre

English: gree (obsolete)

Scots: gree

From Old French gré (“step”), from Latin gradus. The senses related to success are potentially from Scottish Gaelic gré.

A step, gree or rung; a part of a staircase or ladder.

A stage or level as part of a scale; a level of a discontinuous scale.

A degree or extent; a level of a continuous scale.

Social or professional standing or status; one's position in society or a subset of it.

A degree or generation of ancestry; a stage in one's family history.

Success, winning or achievement in battle or sport.

(geometry) An angular measurement amounting to 1/360 of a circle.

(rare) A degree (educational qualification handed out by tertiary institutions)


gre

English: gree (archaic)

Scots: gree (obsolete)

From Old French gré (“goodwill”), from Latin grātum, a noun from Latin grātus.

And notified is þurȝout þe toun / Þat every wiȝt, wiþ greet devocioun, / Sholde preyen Crist þat he þis mariage / Recyve in gree and spede þis viage.

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale

A favourable or good attitude; goodwill, kindness.


hyl

Probably from Old English *hygel (“hillock”), from or related to Proto-West Germanic *haug (“mound”). Compare German Hügel.


gyn

[…]The hole wyth waxe, to kepe the limayle in / And vnderſtandeth that thys falſe gyn / was not made there[…]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxvi, verso:

[…] the hole with wax to keep the filings in—and understand, this fake device wasn’t made there […] .


ech

English: each

Scots: ilk, elk

Yola: earch

From Old English ǣlċ, a contraction of ǣġhwylċ (compare ewilch). For the loss of /l/, compare which, swich.

each (all of a group, seen individually)


ech

English: each

Scots: ilk, elk


tollen

tollen (infinitive)
to tollen (infinitive)
tolle (infinitive)
tolle (first-person present singular)
tolled (first-person past singular)
tollest (present second-person singular)
tolledest (past second-person singular)
tolleth (present singular third-person)
tolled (past singular third-person)
tolle (present singular subjunctive)
tolled (past singular subjunctive)
tolle (imperative present singular)
tollen (plural present)
tolle (plural present)
tolleden (past plural)
tollede (past plural)
tolleth (imperative plural present)
tolle (imperative plural present)
tollynge (participle present)
tollende (participle present)
tolled (participle past)
ytolled (participle past)

English: tole, toll

Probably from Old English *tollian, related to Old English *tyllan (as in Old English betyllan, fortyllan). Compare tillen.

To bring, take with, send towards, or cause to follow.

To convince, attract, tempt, or captivate.


tollen

English: toll

From toll (“toll”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


spytte

English: spit

Yola: speate


sæt

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)


-lei

Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-lei

Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


stikke

English: stick

Scots: stick, stikk

Inherited from Old English sticca, from Proto-West Germanic *stikkō, from Proto-Germanic *stikkô, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”).

der

A number of eels, usually approaching around 25.


winne

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


tuenti

c. 1215, Layamon's Brut


bihaten

English: behight, behote

Scots: behecht

From Old English behatan, equivalent to bi- + haten.


manscipe

English: manship

From Old English manscipe (“humanity, courtesy”), equivalent to man + -scipe.

Ac fourti winter Madan mid mansipe held his riche.

position of honor or respect; dignity, worthiness

Si ego pater ubi est honor meus..gif ic fader ham, wer his mi manscipe.

honor shown to a person; homage, respect; courtesy

And how that ever ye do, hold up your manship.

manly spirit or conduct; courage, valor, gallantry; chivalry

Bot he was ferliful to call if þou it sagh..þat in a man all manscip war.


perced

simple past and past participle of perce


brike

From Old English brice, from Proto-West Germanic *bruki.

[...] Genilon Oliver, corrupt for mede,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3579-3580

… Ganelon-Oliver, corrupt for a bribe,
Brought this worthy king into such a plight.

Broghte this worthy king in swich a brike.


redere

English: reader

Scots: redar

Yola: readeare

From Old English rǣdere, from Proto-West Germanic *rādāri, equivalent to reden + -er.


overhelen

enm-verb

overhelen (third-person singular simple present overheleth, present participle overhelende, overhelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle overheled)

overheleth (present singular third-person)
overhelende (participle present)
overhelynge (participle present)
overheled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

And whan Sir Palomydes behylde his felowys swerde overheled with his blood, hit greved hym sore.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xix”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book X, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


yle

From Medieval Latin hȳlē (“matter, the fundamental matter of all things; the matter of the body”) (whence English hyle), a transliteration of Ancient Greek ὕλη (húlē, “wood; material, substance; matter”) or πρώτη ὕλη (prṓtē húlē, “fundamental matter”). The concept of “fundamental matter” was propounded by the Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384–322 BCE).

der

For yet withouten any forme
Was that matere univerſal,
Which hight Ylem in ſpeciall.
Of Ylem as I am enformed,
Theſe elements ben made and formed,
Of Ylem elements they hote
After the ſcole of Ariſtote,
Of which if more I ſhall reherce,

1390, John Gower, Confessio Amantis [The Lover's Confession]; published as Reinhold Pauli, editor, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts by Dr. Reinhold Pauli, volume III, London: Bell and Daldy Fleet Street, 1857, OCLC 162886391, liber septimus [book 7], pages 91–92


yle

English: isle

From Old French isle, from Latin īnsula.

The bareyne ile stondynge in the see.

1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Man of Law's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:


opake

head

opake (comparative opaker, superlative opakest)

opaker (comparative)
opakest (superlative)

From Latin opacus (“shaded, shady, dark”) (of unknown origin), later reinforced from Middle French opaque.

c 1440, Palladius
Summe haue hem grene ypuld, and stoon & all They honge hem vp in place opake and drie.


wolcne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of welken


unweder

English: unweather, unweathered


figer

From Old French figier, fiier, from Latin fīcārius (modern French figuier is remodelled after French figue).


tille

Either from tillen or Anglo-Norman tylle.


tille

Alternative form of tillen (“to stretch”)


selden

English: seldom

Scots: seldin, seendil, seendle

From Old English seldan, from Proto-Germanic *seldanē.


selden

English: seldom (archaic as an adjective)

From Old English selden, from Proto-Germanic *seldanaz.


snaren

snaren (infinitive)
to snaren (infinitive)
snare (infinitive)
snare (first-person present singular)
snared (first-person past singular)
snarest (present second-person singular)
snaredest (past second-person singular)
snareth (present singular third-person)
snared (past singular third-person)
snare (present singular subjunctive)
snared (past singular subjunctive)
snare (imperative present singular)
snaren (plural present)
snare (plural present)
snareden (past plural)
snarede (past plural)
snareth (imperative plural present)
snare (imperative plural present)
snarynge (participle present)
snarende (participle present)
snared (participle past)

English: snare

From snare (“snare”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(surgery, rare) To remove a wound with a snare.


mysterie

English: mystery

Scots: meestery

From Anglo-Norman misterie, from Latin mysterium, from Ancient Greek μυστήριον (mustḗrion).

Obscure or esoteric religious teachings or beliefs

The obscure significance of generally known religious teachings of beliefs.

A spiritual ceremony or event; especially the Eucharist.

A mystery or unknown; something that is unexplained.


mysterie

English: mystery

From Old French mistere, from Latin misterium, a variant of ministerium influenced by mysterium.

A ceremony or duty, especially a Christian one.

A craft or trade; an organisation regulating such a trade.


huske

English: husk

Probably borrowed from Middle Low German hūske(n) or Middle Dutch hūskijn, diminutive of hūs (“house”).

A husk (protective covering of fruits, nuts or vegetables)

(anatomy) A covering (of a wound or the foreskin)


buter

English: butter (see there for further descendants)

Scots: butter, buter

Yola: buthther, buththere

From Old English butere, from Proto-West Germanic *buterā, from Latin būtȳrum, from Ancient Greek βούτῡρον (boútūron).

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.


tæm

(Ormulum) Alternative form of tem (“group”)


loggen

loggen (infinitive)
to loggen (infinitive)
logge (infinitive)
logge (first-person present singular)
logged (first-person past singular)
loggest (present second-person singular)
loggedest (past second-person singular)
loggeth (present singular third-person)
logged (past singular third-person)
logge (present singular subjunctive)
logged (past singular subjunctive)
logge (imperative present singular)
loggen (plural present)
logge (plural present)
loggeden (past plural)
loggede (past plural)
loggeth (imperative plural present)
logge (imperative plural present)
loggynge (participle present)
loggende (participle present)
logged (participle past)
ylogged (participle past)

English: lodge

Borrowed from Old French logier, loigier.


butera

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of buter


wernen

wernen (infinitive)
to wernen (infinitive)
werne (infinitive)
werne (first-person present singular)
werned (first-person past singular)
wernest (present second-person singular)
wernedest (past second-person singular)
werneth (present singular third-person)
werned (past singular third-person)
werne (present singular subjunctive)
werned (past singular subjunctive)
werne (imperative present singular)
wernen (plural present)
werne (plural present)
werneden (past plural)
wernede (past plural)
werneth (imperative plural present)
werne (imperative plural present)
wernynge (participle present)
wernende (participle present)
werned (participle past)
ywerned (participle past)

Inherited from Old English wyrnan, weornan, wiernan (“to refuse, deny, withhold”), from Proto-West Germanic *warnijan. Doublet of garnysshen and warnysshen; also compare warnen.

To deny or refuse; to reject a request or demand:

To refuse to relinquish or surrender something.

To close off; to prevent from passing or entering.

He is to greet a nygard / that wil werne / A man to lighte a candle / at his lanterne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 62, recto, lines 333-334:

He is so much of a miser that he'll stop / a man from lighting a candle in his lantern.

To prevent or disallow (from happening):

To challenge or obstruct; to be an impediment.


fige

desctree

English: fig
Tok Pisin: fik
→ Chuukese: fik
→ Maori: piki

Scots: feg

→ Welsh: ffigys (from the plural form)

Borrowed from Old French figue, from Old Occitan figa, from Vulgar Latin *fīca, from Latin fīcus. Doublet of fyke.


tonge

English: tongue
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang

Scots: tung, tongue, tong

From Old English tunge (“tongue, language”).

he ðe is godes wisdom, ðurh hwam bieð alle wittes and ælle wisdomes and alle tungen spekinde, he lai alswa ðat child ðe nan god ne cann, ne speken ne mai, ne isien, ne him seluen wealden, ðurh hwam alle earen ȝehiereð, and alle menn hem seluen welden, and alle eiȝene isieð.

He that is God’s wisdom, through whom be all wits and all wisdoms and all speaking languages, he lay as the child that knows no good, nor can speak, nor see, nor control himself, through whom all ears hear, and all men control themselves, and all eyes see.

The title of the hundrid and eiȝtthe ſalm. To victorye, the ſalm of Dauid. / God, holde thou not ſtille my preiſyng; for the mouth of the ſynner, and the mouth of the gileful man is openyd on me. / Thei ſpaken ayens me with a gileful tunge, and thei cumpaſſiden me with wordis of hatrede; and fouȝten ayens me with out cauſe.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 108:1-3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David". / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.


tonge

English: tong (tongs); tang

Scots: tang, taing

From Old English tang, tange, from Proto-West Germanic *tangu, from Proto-Germanic *tangō. Reinforced by Old Norse tangi.

A pair of tongs:
(surgery) A forceps (surgical tongs)

A pair of tongs:
A forceps (surgical tongs)

A pair of tongs:
A device for extinguishing candles.


diȝel

From Old English dygol, digol. Compare Icelandic dylja, Swedish dölja.


elde

English: eld

Scots: eild

From Old English ieldu, eldo, ieldo (“age”). More at eld.


wlappen

English: lap

From Old English *wlappan, *wlæppan, *wlappian, *wlæppian from Proto-Germanic *wrappan-, *wlappan- (“to wrap, fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to bend, turn”). Akin to Middle English wrappen (“to wrap”), Danish vravle (“to wind”), Old Italian goluppare (“to wrap”) (from Germanic). More at envelop, develop.


takken

enm-verb

takken (third-person singular simple present takketh, present participle takkende, takkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle takked)

takketh (present singular third-person)
takkende (participle present)
takkynge (participle present)
takked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: tack

Scots: tack

From tak (“clasp, nail”) + en (infinitival suffix).


lappen

English: lap

Alteration of earlier Middle English wlappen (“to wrap, fold”), from Old English *wlappan, *wlæppan, *wlappian, *wlæppian, from Proto-Germanic *wrappan-, *wlappan- (“to wrap, fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to bend, turn”). Akin to Middle English wrappen (“to wrap”), Danish vravle (“to wind”), Old Italian goluppare (“to wrap”) (from Germanic). More at envelop, develop.


umbe

From Old English ymbe (“around, about”).


umbe

Scots: umbe-


wrappen

English: wrap

Scots: wrap

From Old English *wrappan, *wræppan, from Proto-Germanic *wrappaną (“to wrap”), from Proto-Indo-European *werb- (“to bend, turn”).
Akin to Danish vravle (“to wind, wrap”), Middle Low German wrempen (“to scrunch the face”). Compare also Middle English wlappen (“to wrap, fold”). More at lap, envelop, develop.


enes

From Old English ǣnes, from ǣne (“once”) + -es (genitival suffix). Compare ene and ones.


overheled

first/third-person singular past indicative of overhelen


knokel

English: knuckle

Scots: knockle

Yola: noughel

From Old English cnucel, from Proto-West Germanic *knukil, from Proto-Germanic *knukilaz.

(rare) A fist (hand with fingers curled in)


encens

English: incense

From Old French encens, from Late Latin incēnsum.


hurnen

From Old English hyrnan; equivalent to hurne + -en (plural suffix).


unhold

From Old English unhold, from Proto-Germanic *unhulþaz.


wrað

English wrath, wroth


creper

English: creeper

Scots: creeper

A device for securing ships; a small anchor.


flasket

English: flasket (dated)

From Old French flaschet; equivalent to flask + -et.


cundelich

English kindly

From Old English cydelic, compound of Old English cynde + -lic.


papirus

English: papyrus

From Latin papȳrus, from Ancient Greek πάπυρος (pápuros).

(rare, Late Middle English) papyrus (plant).


-elle

Alternative form of -el (diminutive suffix)


synger

English: singer

Scots: singar

A singer (one who makes song of any gender)

A musician (one who plays a musical instrument)


siȝe

From Old English siġe (“victory, success, triumph”), from Proto-Germanic *segaz (oblique stem *sigi-), from Proto-Indo-European *segʰ- (“to hold”).

inh

He sige hælde.

Aelfric's Treatise on the Old Testament, 1175


gein

Alternative form of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”)


gein

Alternative form of gayn (“gain, reward, advantage”)


heore

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


heore

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


heore

(chiefly early and West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of here (“their”)


hammes

From Old English hammas, plural of hamm (“enclosure”); equivalent to ham (“pasture”) + -es.


vilein

English: villain

Yola: villent

From Old French vilein, from Late Latin villanus.


knappe

English: knap

Scots: knap (in part)

→ Welsh: cnap

From Old English cnæp; derived from Proto-Germanic *knappô; related to knape.

but ȝyf he haue a tent of xv enche wyt letheryn knappes

But if he has a dick with fifteen-inch white leather balls


knappe

English: knap

onomatopoeic

onomatopoeic


caitif

English: caitiff

Scots: catif (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman caitif, from Latin captīvus. Doublet of captif.

For, certes, lord, þer is noon of us alle / Þat she ne haþ been a duchesse or a queene. / Now be we caytyves, as it is wel seene, / Þanked be Fortune and hire false wheel

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Knight's Tale", The Canterbury Tales

A miser, wretch, pauper or beggar; a miserable person


caitif

head

caitif (comparative caitiver, superlative catifest)

caitiver (comparative)
catifest (superlative)

English: caitiff


dyse

Alternative form of dees: plural of dee (“die”)


blasfemen

blasfemen (infinitive)
to blasfemen (infinitive)
blasfeme (infinitive)
blasfeme (first-person present singular)
blasfemed (first-person past singular)
blasfemest (present second-person singular)
blasfemedest (past second-person singular)
blasfemeth (present singular third-person)
blasfemed (past singular third-person)
blasfeme (present singular subjunctive)
blasfemed (past singular subjunctive)
blasfeme (imperative present singular)
blasfemen (plural present)
blasfeme (plural present)
blasfemeden (past plural)
blasfemede (past plural)
blasfemeth (imperative plural present)
blasfeme (imperative plural present)
blasfemynge (participle present)
blasfemende (participle present)
blasfemed (participle past)
yblasfemed (participle past)

English: blaspheme

Borrowed from Old French blasfemer, a learned borrowing from Late Latin blasphēmāre. Doublet of blamen.

(transitive, intransitive) to blaspheme; to speak against a deity

(transitive, intransitive) to act insultingly towards a deity

(rare, transitive) to slander; to defame


chalenge

English: challenge

Scots: challenge

Borrowed from Old French chalenge, chalange, chalonge, from Latin calumnia, from Proto-Italic *kalwomniā.

A slanderous or defamatory claim or allegation.

A claim; the assertion of a privilege or right.

(rare) A summons for a duel, especially for a trial by combat.

(rare) The challenging or countering of an assertion.


cornerwise

English: cornerwise

It is persed diagonaly i. thwertly, & þe holez ar closed diagonaly [*Ch.(2): cornerwise; L dyagonaliter].

Som men makeþ þe first inscisioun vnto þe cifac..In aiþer [method of operating] it is persed diagonaly, i. twhertly [Ch.(2): on cornerwise], & þe holez ar closed diagonaly.


jewise

From Old French juise, from Latin judicium.


charmen

charmen (infinitive)
to charmen (infinitive)
charme (infinitive)
charme (first-person present singular)
charmed (first-person past singular)
charmest (present second-person singular)
charmedest (past second-person singular)
charmeth (present singular third-person)
charmed (past singular third-person)
charme (present singular subjunctive)
charmed (past singular subjunctive)
charme (imperative present singular)
charmen (plural present)
charme (plural present)
charmeden (past plural)
charmede (past plural)
charmeth (imperative plural present)
charme (imperative plural present)
charmynge (participle present)
charmende (participle present)
charmed (participle past)
ycharmed (participle past)

English: charm

Scots: chairm

Borrowed from Old French charmer; equivalent to charme + -en (infinitival suffix).

To cast a magical charm; to use a spell.


yeven

enm-verb

yeven (third-person singular simple present yifth or yeveth, present participle yevende or yevinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative yaf, past participle iyeven)

yifth (present singular third-person)
yeveth (present singular third-person)
yevende (participle present)
yevinge (participle present)
yaf (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
iyeven (participle past)


plater

English: platter

Scots: plaeter

Yola: plathearès, platheares (plural)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman plater, dissimilatory variant of platel; equivalent to plate + -el.


usant

Chaucer


corage

English: courage

→ Irish: coráiste

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 20-22.
In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage
To Caunterbury with ful devout corage,
In Southwark, at the Tabard, as I lay
Ready to go on pilgrimage and start


þolien

Scots: thole

English: thole

to suffer, to be made to undergo punishments


trukien

English: truck

Scots: troke, troak

→ English: troak, troke

⇒ Scots: troke, troch (“barter”, noun)

⇒ Scots: troker (“bargainer”)

⇒ Scots: trokery (“wares”)

⇒ Scots: trokie (“worthless”)

⇒ Scots: trokin (“trading”)

From Old French troquier, trochier (“to barter”), and Medieval Latin trocō (“to barter”).


trukien

English: truck (dialectal)

Scots: truk


leofmon

English: leman


rightwise

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


draken

From Old English dracan; equivalent to drake (“dragon”) + -en (plural suffix).


prest

English: prest


prest

English: priest

Scots: preest, priest

Yola: priesth, vrieste

From Old English prēost, from Late Latin presbyter, from Ancient Greek πρεσβύτερος (presbúteros).

A non-Christian priest or religious head.


prest

English: prest (obsolete)

From Old French prest, a form of prés, from Latin pressus.

c. 13th century, Robert of Gloucester, Chronicles
He sende word , þat al prest to such batayle he was


Pask

English: Pasch (archaic)

Scots: Pace

Borrowed from Old French pasches, from Ecclesiastical Latin pascha, from Ancient Greek πάσχα (páskha), from Aramaic פַּסְחָא (pasḥā), from Hebrew פֶּסַח (pésaḥ).

Passover (Jewish feast, festival or holiday)

A lamb eaten at Passover or Easter; a Paschal Lamb.

(rare) The pain endured by Jesus Christ.


seli

English: silly, sely

Scots: seelie

From Old English sǣliġ. Cognate to Middle High German sælic.


mader

English: madder

desc

Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)

→ Irish: madra, madar

From Old English mædere, mædre, from Proto-Germanic *madarǭ.

Rubia tinctorum
Rubia tinctorum#Translingual

Madder (Rubia tinctorum) or a similar plant.

The dye obtained from madder (alizarin) or a similar dye.


haras

English: haras, harras

Scots: haryage

From Old French haraz, itself possibly from Old Norse.

stud farm (establishment for breeding horses)


cunte

English: cunt

Scots: cunt

From Old English *cunte, from Proto-West Germanic *kuntā, from Proto-Germanic *kuntǭ.

Þe maide þat ȝeuit hirſilf alle. / Oþir to fre man, oþir to þralle. / Ar ringe be ſet an honde. / And pleiit with þe croke and wiþ þe balle. / And mekit gret þat erſt was ſmalle. / Þe wedding got to ſconde. / Ȝeue þi cunte to cunni[n]g / and craue affetir weddin[g] quod hendi[ng].

a. 1300, Hending, The Proverbs of Hending, stanza 42, page 479v-r:

The woman that gives herself totally / either to a freeman or a serf / before a ring is set on her hand / and who plays with the twig and berries / and makes great that once was small / [Her] wedding becomes shameful. / "Give your vagina with cunning / and make your requests after the wedding" said Hending.


godmoder

English: godmother

From Old English godmōdor; equivalent to god + moder.


forholden

forholdeþ (present singular third-person)
forholdende (participle present)
forheld (past)
forholden (participle past)
forholden (infinitive)
to forholden (infinitive)
forholde (infinitive)
forholde (first-person present singular)
forheld (first-person past singular)
forholdest (present second-person singular)
forhelde (past second-person singular)
forheld (past second-person singular)
forholdeth (present singular third-person)
forholt (present singular third-person)
forheld (past singular third-person)
forholde (present singular subjunctive)
forhelde (past singular subjunctive)
forholde (imperative present singular)
forholden (plural present)
forholde (plural present)
forhelden (past plural)
forhelde (past plural)
forholdeth (imperative plural present)
forholde (imperative plural present)
forholdynge (participle present)
forholdende (participle present)
forholden (participle past)
forholde (participle past)
yforholden (participle past)
yforholde (participle past)

English: forhold

From Old English forhealdan. Akin to Middle Low German vorholden (“to detain”); equivalent to for- + holden.


glorien

glorien (infinitive)
to glorien (infinitive)
glorie (infinitive)
glorie (first-person present singular)
gloried (first-person past singular)
gloriest (present second-person singular)
gloriedest (past second-person singular)
glorieth (present singular third-person)
gloried (past singular third-person)
glorie (present singular subjunctive)
gloried (past singular subjunctive)
glorie (imperative present singular)
glorien (plural present)
glorie (plural present)
glorieden (past plural)
gloriede (past plural)
glorieth (imperative plural present)
glorie (imperative plural present)
gloriynge (participle present)
gloriende (participle present)
gloried (participle past)
ygloried (participle past)

English: glory

Scots: glore (obsolete)

/ˈɡlɔːriːən/

Borrowed from Old French gloriier, from Latin glōrior; equivalent to glorie + -en (infinitival suffix).

To brag; to engage in self-aggrandisement.

(rare) To experience recognition or fame.


cler

a. 1450, John Lydgate

Thy place is bygged above the sterres clere


ageyne

but Merlyn warned the kynge couertly that gweneuer was not holsome for hym to take to wyf / for he warned hym that launcelot shold loue her and she hym ageyne

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter I, in Le Morte Darthur, book III:

but Merlyn warned the king covertly that Gwenevere was not wholesome for him to take to wife / for he warned him that Lancelot should love her and she him, again

again: in return, as a reciprocal action; back


helme

English: helm

From Old English helma, from Proto-Germanic *helmô.


helme

c. 1450-1460, unknown author, Merlin : or, the early history of King Arthur
The kynge Ban be-gan to laugh vndir his helme.


mugen

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


curteis

q

remodelled after <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">-ous</i>

English: courteous (remodelled after -ous)

→ Scots: courteous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman curteis and continental Old French corteis, cortois; compare court.

Appropriate for a court; cultured, elegant, refined.

Showing due deference; respectful, humble.


Sirie

English: Syria

(historical) Syria (an ancient region in the Levant in Western Asia, roughly coextensive with the modern country of Syria)

(historical) Syria (an ancient Roman province between 64 BCE and 135 CE)

and hıs fame .· wente in to al ſirie / ⁊ þei bꝛouȝten to hĩ alle þat weren at male eeſe · ⁊ þat weren take wiþ dyīiſe langoꝛes ⁊ turmentis / and hem þat haddẽ fendis · ⁊ lunatik men · ⁊ men in þe paleſie .· ⁊ he heelide hem /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:24, page 1v, column 1, lines 18–23; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his fame went into all Syria; and they brought to him all that were at mal-ease, and that were taken with diverse languors and torments, and them that had fiends, and lunatic men, and men in palsy, and he healed them.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A24&version=WYC


rotynge

English: rotting

From Old English rotung; equivalent to roten (“to rot”) + -ing.

Rotting or decomposition; the situation where something rots.

The state of being rotten, decayed or decomposed.

Necrosis or putrefaction; The state of being gangrenous, infected or festering.

Pussy matter; the results of suppuration.


rotynge

English: rooting

A situation where something is well-settled.


carole

English: carol

Yola: carolès (plural)

carol (round dance accompanied by singing)


baptisterie

English: baptistry, baptistery

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin baptistērium, baptizātōrium, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστήριον (baptistḗrion); equivalent to baptiste + -erie.

der

βαπτιστήριον

A baptistry (the facility where baptism occurs)

The church service held in conjunction with baptism.


blome

English: bloom

Scots: blume, blum, bluim, bleem, blome

From Old Norse blóm, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô. The final vowel is from the Old Norse oblique cases or Etymology 2.

Blooming; blossoming; the process where flowers appear.

The state of being first-ranked or of first priority.

(rare) An appellation for Jesus Christ, among other religious figures


blome

English: bloom

From Old English blōma (“lump of metal, mass”), possibly a specialised sense of blōma (“flower”); in that case, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô.

inh

Mony fyndes...casten blomes of brennynge yerne ynto þe see. — A Collection of Homilies by Johannes Mirkus, 1500

... a contract for supplying wood and ore for iron "blomes" at Kirskill near Otley, ...

Samuel Smile, "Industrial Biography, Iron Workers and Tool Makers", 1863

A lump of metal; a squared mass of metal (especially smelted or wrought iron) of roughly standard weight; a bloomery


forbusne

From Old English fōrebȳsn (“example, exemplar, model”). More at Old English bȳsn.

a model of perfect or appropriate behaviour, role model


botel

English: bottle

Borrowed from Old French boteille, botele.


botel

English: bottle (obsolete)

Al thogh it be nat worth a botel hey.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio 107, verso:


botel

English: bottle (dialectal)

From Old English botl, boþl, from Proto-West Germanic *bōþl, from Proto-Germanic *bōþlą.


weke

English: week

Scots: wouk

Yola: wick, wik

From Old English wiċe, wucu; from Proto-West Germanic *wikā, from Proto-Germanic *wikǭ.

week (a duration of seven days from Sunday to Saturday; a calendar week)

week (any duration of (around) seven days)

(six-day) workweek (a duration of six days from Monday to Saturday)


weke

English: wick

Scots: week

From Old English wēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *weukā (“flax bundle, wick”), from Proto-Indo-European *weg- (“to weave”), see also West Frisian wjok, wjuk (“wing”), Dutch wiek (“wing; propeller, blade; wick”), German Wieche (“wisp; wick”).

cog

The cord or rope used to create wicks; wicking.

Wicking used in medical contexts (e.g. as a bandage).


weke

Borrowed from Old Norse vǫkva (“moisture”), from vǫkr (“wet”).


knowen

knowen (infinitive)
to knowen (infinitive)
knowe (infinitive)
knowe (first-person present singular)
knew (first-person past singular)
knowest (present second-person singular)
knewe (past second-person singular)
knew (past second-person singular)
knoweth (present singular third-person)
knew (past singular third-person)
knowe (present singular subjunctive)
knewe (past singular subjunctive)
knowe (imperative present singular)
knowen (plural present)
knowe (plural present)
knewen (past plural)
knewe (past plural)
knoweth (imperative plural present)
knowe (imperative plural present)
knowynge (participle present)
knowende (participle present)
knowen (participle past)
knowe (participle past)
yknowen (participle past)
yknowe (participle past)

English: know

Geordie English: knaw

Scots: knaw

Yola: knouth, know

From Old English cnāwan (“to know, recognise, perceive”), from Proto-West Germanic *knāan.

inh

[…]þou ſchalt heꝛe fro heuene: þat is fro þin hiȝe dwellyng place and do þou meꝛcy and ȝelde þou to ech man aftir hiſe weies whiche þou knowiſt þat he haþ in his heꝛte for þou aloone knowiſt þe heꝛtis of þe ſones of men

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:30”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

, then you should hear from heaven, i.e. from your lofty place of residence. Forgive, and treat any individual according to their actions, which you know what their hearts contain, because only you know the hearts of humanity.

[…]for as to me I ded to hym no displeaſyre / and god knoweth I am ful ſory for hys diſeaſe and malady / Soo when the king had excuſed him / they were frendes[…]

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xix”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, lines 28-31:

Because about myself, I didn't do any attacks on him, and God knows that I'm totally distressed about his disease and malady. So when the king had excused him (they were friends) […]


bordeller

Thaise out of his barge he hente,
And to this bordeller hir solde.
And he, that be hire body wolde Take

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


honeste

head

honeste (plural and weak singular honeste, comparative honestere)

honeste (plural)
honeste (singular weak)
honestere (comparative)

English: honest

Scots: honest

From Old French honeste, oneste, from Latin honestus.

appropriate, suitable:
righteous, moral, ethical

fine, good (of superior quality):
magnificent, splendid

fine, good (of superior quality):
gorgeous, attractive


honeste

English: honesty

Scots: honesty

From Old French honeste, honestete, oneste, from Latin honestās, honestātem; equivalent to honeste (“good”) + -te.

respect, decency, honour:
integrity, virtue

respect, decency, honour:
propriety, seemliness, respectableness

respectability (honourable position or status)


cauce

⇒ English: causeway

Yola: caushe

→ Irish: cabhsa

From Anglo-Norman caucié, from Vulgar Latin *calciāta, from either Latin calx (“limestone”) or calciō (“to stamp with the heels, tread”), from calx (“heel”).

A raised and surfaced road; highway or causeway.


stucche

Inherited from Old English styċċe (“piece, fragment”), from Proto-West Germanic *stukkī, from Proto-Germanic *stukkiją (“piece”). Akin to Old Saxon stukki, Dutch stuk, Old High German stukki, stucchi (“a crust, fragment, piece”), German Stück, Icelandic stykki (“a piece”).

inh+

I þis deſtinctiun aren chapitreſ fiue · as fif ſtuchen efter fif ƿitteſ þe ƿiteð þe heoꝛte aſ ƿakemen[…]

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 4, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

In this part there are five chapters or sections, corresponding to the five senses that monitor the heart like watchmen […]


circe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chirche


servise

English: service (see there for further descendants)

Scots: service

Borrowed from Old French servise, from Latin servitium. By surface analysis, serven + -ise.

Service (performance of required tasks):

The state of being employed; employment (often as a servant or attendant):

Service or membership in a retinue or army.

The labour or money required by one's feudal lord.

Loyalty or allegiance:
Religious devotion or worship.

Loyalty or allegiance:
Romantic or sexual devotion or aid.

Loyalty or allegiance:
Feudal homage or allegiance; vassalage.

A particular function or task:
Payment for service; wages.

A religious service or the directions for one.

A particular function or task:
The provision of food at the table.

A particular function or task:
(law, rare) The delivery of summons.

A particular function or task:
The delivery of summons.

Help; that which assists or grants advantage.


amblen

amblen (infinitive)
to amblen (infinitive)
amble (infinitive)
amble (first-person present singular)
ambled (first-person past singular)
amblest (present second-person singular)
ambledest (past second-person singular)
ambleth (present singular third-person)
ambled (past singular third-person)
amble (present singular subjunctive)
ambled (past singular subjunctive)
amble (imperative present singular)
amblen (plural present)
amble (plural present)
ambleden (past plural)
amblede (past plural)
ambleth (imperative plural present)
amble (imperative plural present)
amblynge (participle present)
amblende (participle present)
ambled (participle past)
yambled (participle past)

English: amble

From Old French ambler, from Latin ambulō.


carre

English: car

Yola: car

From Anglo-Norman carre, from Latin carra.


marle

English: marl

Scots: marl

Yola: maarl

→ Irish: marla
→ English: marla

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman marle, from Late Latin margila.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


glenten

enm-verb

glenten (third-person singular simple present glenteth, present participle glentende, glentynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle glented)

glenteth (present singular third-person)
glentende (participle present)
glentynge (participle present)
glented (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: glint

Borrowed from Old Norse *glenta, *gletta, from Proto-Germanic *glentaną (“to slide; glide”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰlend- (“to shine; sparkle; look”).
Compare Danish glente; Norwegian glanta (“to glide, slip”), gletta (“to glide, slip; to peep, look”); Swedish glänta (“to slip, slide (obsolete); gleam, shine (archaic); peer (dated); slightly open a door”).

cog

(Of a weapon) To strike a glancing blow.

To shine, gleam; flash, glitter; glisten, glint.


feble

head

feble (plural and weak singular feble, comparative feblere, superlative feblest)

feble (plural)
feble (singular weak)
feblere (comparative)
feblest (superlative)

English: feeble

Scots: feeble

Etymology tree
Anglo-Norman feblebor.
Middle English feble
From Anglo-Norman feble, from Latin flēbilis.

etymon

Infirm, weak, or frail; lacking physical strength or capability.

Cowardly, nervous, overcautious; lacking willpower.

Unfaithful, unbelieving; lacking religious confidence.

Unthinking, unwise; lacking mental acuity.

Ineffective, weak; lacking power, strength, or magnitude.

Easily damaged, broken, or bent; lacking sturdiness or robustness.

Insidious, iniquitous; morally wrong or erroneous.

Of bad quality, design, or keeping; shoddily constructed or maintained.

Sad, grieving (because of misfortune or bad luck)

(rare, money) Having a low precious metal content.


latyn

From Old English latin and Old French latin.


latyn

From Old English Latin and Old French latin.


misten

misten (infinitive)
to misten (infinitive)
miste (infinitive)
miste (first-person present singular)
misted (first-person past singular)
mistest (present second-person singular)
mistedest (past second-person singular)
misteth (present singular third-person)
misted (past singular third-person)
miste (present singular subjunctive)
misted (past singular subjunctive)
miste (imperative present singular)
misten (plural present)
miste (plural present)
misteden (past plural)
mistede (past plural)
misteth (imperative plural present)
miste (imperative plural present)
mistynge (participle present)
mistende (participle present)
misted (participle past)
ymisted (participle past)

English: mist

Yola: mistern (ppl.)

From Old English mistian; equivalent to mist + -en.


surgien

English: surgeon

Scots: surgeon

Borrowed Old French surgien, itself inherited from Vulgar Latin *chīrurgiānus, from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of cirurgien.

A surgeon; one who practices the art of surgery.


mouin

Feom Old English magan (“to use, to win, to be able to”).

inh

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


writhen

writhen (infinitive)
to writhen (infinitive)
writhe (infinitive)
writhe (first-person present singular)
wroth (first-person past singular)
writhest (present second-person singular)
writhe (past second-person singular)
wroth (past second-person singular)
writheth (present singular third-person)
wroth (past singular third-person)
writhe (present singular subjunctive)
writhe (past singular subjunctive)
writhe (imperative present singular)
writhen (plural present)
writhe (plural present)
writhen (past plural)
writhe (past plural)
writheth (imperative plural present)
writhe (imperative plural present)
writhynge (participle present)
writhende (participle present)
writhen (participle past)
writhe (participle past)
wrethen (participle past)
wrethe (participle past)
ywrithen (participle past)
ywrithe (participle past)

English: writhe

Scots: wryth, writhe

From Old English wrīþan. Cognates include Old Swedish vrīþa and Middle High German rīden.

To form or make into a curve or bend; to make bent:

To bend or twist into a circular shape (as a wreath)

To bend or twist as to distort; to writhe or wring.

To bend or twist as to snap or split; to twist out of position.

To writhe; to make a twisting motion (often while in pain)

To move in a twisted or distorted way; to squirm.

To force someone to fall over; to knock over.

To connect two things or enclose one thing in another.

To go or look away; to avoid involvement in an activity or matter.

(rare) To start a behaviour or acquire attributes.

(rare) To be intertwined or twined together.

(rare, surgery) To drill a hole by a twisting motion.


hekele

From Middle Dutch hekelen (to prickle, irritate).


hekelen

From hekele (“a comb for flax or hemp”).


schamel

English: shamble; shambles

Scots: shammel, shammle

From Old English sċeamol, scamol, from Proto-Germanic *skamulaz, *skamilaz, from Latin scamellum, variant of scabellum (“footstool”).


porknell

Polidarius, the porknell, and his pere Machaon, / Suet with the xvij, sad men & noble.

c. 1300s, unknown poet (possibly Sir Hugh Eglintoun), The 'Gest hystoriale' of the destruction of Troy, Early English Text Society (1869, 1874), page 206

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


wardenship

English: wardenship


gaiole

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


chantur

Alternative form of chauntour (“chanter”)


ymage

English: image

Scots: eemage, emage

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman ymage, from Latin imāgō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (“similarity, resemblance”).

der

image, depiction (visual representation):

idol, icon (an image as a religious focus)

(rare) A sculpture or effigy used in occult arts.

Likeness, closeness; the state of being similar.

A likeness; something that is similar or akin.

The (real or mental) appearance or form of something.

(rare) A scarecrow (effigy for scaring animals away)


-our

English: -or (-er)

Scots: -or (-er)

From Old French -eor, from Latin -ātor; reinforced by Old French -or and its source, Latin -or, -ōrem.

Forms agent nouns from other nouns or verbs, usually of Romance origin.

(non-productive) Reflects a variety of other Old French deverbal formations.


troble

English: trouble


bigge

English: big

Yola: big

Unknown, possibly from a dialect of Old Norse, from a derivative of Proto-Germanic *bugja- (“swollen up, thick”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”). Compare dialectal Norwegian bugge (“great man”).


yf

And attorneyes of court to the comyn peple of y'e royame as well in the spirituell lawe as in the temporall/ how torne they the lawe and statutes at their pleasir/ how ete they the peple/ how enpouere they the comynte/ I suppose that in alle Cristendom ar not so many pletars attorneys and men of the lawe as ben in englond onely/ for yf they were nombrid all that lange to the courtes of the channcery kinges benche. comyn place. cheker. ressayt and helle And the bagge berars of the same/ hit shold amounte to a grete multitude And how alle thyse lyue & of whome. yf hit shold be vttrid & told/ hit shold not be beleuyd.

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

Blessed are you, yf you supporte suche as preache the Gospell.

1545, Desiderius Erasmus, A Very Pleasaunt & Fruitful Diologe Called the Epicure:

Ne do I wish (for wishing were but vaine) To be acquit fro my continual smart, But ioy her thrall for ever to remayne, And yield for pledge my poor and captyved hart, The which, that it from her may never start, Let her, yf please her, bynd with adamant chayne, And from all wandring loves, which mote pervart His safe assurance, strongly it restrayne.

1591, Edmund Spenser, The Poetical Works of Edmund Spenser, Volume 5:


egle

English: eagle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aigle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman egle, from Old French aigle, from Latin aquila. Displaced native ern.


Jhesu

Jhesus (nominative singular)
Jhesu (accusative singular)
Jhesum (accusative singular)
Jhesuses (genitive singular)
Jhesuse (genitive singular)
Jhesu (dative singular)
Jhesum (dative singular)

English: Jesu

From Latin Iēsū, dative and vocative of Iēsus, as well as Latin Iēsum, accusative of Iēsus.


Potter

English: Potter

Yola: Potteran


aboven

English: above, aboon

⇒? English: bove

desc

Scots: abuin, abune, abane, abeen, abine, abin, abeun, abön (Northern Isles), aboon (literary)

Yola: aboo

Inherited from Old English abūfan, onbufan; equivalent to a- + boven.

Division, the gospell seith, On hous upon another leith, Til that the Regne al overthrowe: And thus may every man wel knowe, 970 Division aboven alle Is thing which makth the world to falle, And evere hath do sith it began.


morter

English: mortar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mortar

→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Borrowed from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium.

A mortar (bowl which a pestle is used in)

Grout or mortar (that which holds bricks together)

A bowl with fuel inside used for a light source.

Any kind of bowl, vessel, or indentation.

(rare) A bowl that wrongdoers are forced to carry.


Normand

English: Normand

From Old French Normant, from a Germanic language.


rere

English: rear, rare (of meat)

⇒ Yola: raree

From Old English hrēr, from hrēran (see reren (“to rile”)).

Referring to eggs: underdone, undercooked; soft-boiled


rere

English: rear

Scots: rear

From Anglo-Norman rere, from Latin retro.

(rare outside of compounds) Succeeding, successive, next, following.

(rare) Located at the rear, hind, or back.


rere

⇒ Yola: raree (<*rare)

Not at all, neither in front nor behind;


rere

Alternative form of rare (“thin, airy, rare”)


caboche

desctree

English: cabbage
Sranan Tongo: kabisi
→ Abenaki: kabij
→ Swahili: kabichi
→ Yoruba: kábéèjì

Scots: cabbitch

Yola: gaubbach, gubbauch, gubbach

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman caboche; further origin is disputed.


taverner

English: taverner (archaic)

From Old French tavernier; equivalent to tavern + -er.