chaudoun

desc

English: chawdron, chaldron, chaudron, chauldron (historical)

Borrowed from Middle French chaudun, from Old French chaudun, from Medieval Latin caldūmen, from caldus (“warm”) + -men (nominal suffix). Compare Middle Low German kaldūne.
In Middle English, the suffix has been remodelled after -oun. Some forms have undergone further remodelling; either /r/ has been inserted after caudroun or the suffix has been reinterpreted as wyn (“wine”).

(Late Middle English) A sauce made of sliced intestines (accompanying fowl and seafood)


caudel

English: caudle; coddle

Middle Scots: caudil

Borrowed from Old Northern French caudel (Parisien chaudel), from Medieval Latin caldellum, diminutive of Latin caldus (“warm”).


kuneriche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kineriche


kinrik

(Northern) Alternative form of kineriche


kingrike

(Northern) Alternative form of kingriche


king riche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kingriche


kingriche

English: kingric

Scots: kingrick, kingrik

From king + -riche, possibly as a calque of Old Norse konungríki or a modification of kineriche.

(rare) The duration of a ruler's rule; a reign.

(figurative, rare) A divinely-ruled realm.


hæfne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevene


-riche

head

-riche (plural -riches or (early) -richen)

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">-rick</i>

English: -ric (obsolete -rick)

Scots: -ric, -rick, -rik

Inherited from Old English -rīċe, from rīċe (see riche "realm"), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkiją, from Proto-Celtic *rīgyom.

Forms nouns denoting a realm or polity; -dom

Forms nouns denoting an office, domain, or jurisdiction; -ric


efne

(East Anglia) Alternative form of hevene


hevene

English: heaven, Heaven

Scots: heiven, Heiven

Yola: heaaven, heoven

Inherited from Old English heofon, from Proto-West Germanic *hebun.
Forms without a final vowel are from the Old English a-stem variant, while forms with one continue weak (n-stem) heofone or are generalised from the Old English ō-stem accusative or the genitive or dative of both variants.

Venus...Doun fro the heven gan descende.

c. 1379, Geoffrey Chaucer, The House of Fame, section 164:

Thei make sweete cakis to the quen of heuene [Astarte]

c. 1382, Wycliffe's Bible, Jeremiah 7:18

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Heaven; a divine realm or positive afterlife.


hevene

enm-noun

hevene (plural hevenes or (early) hevenen, genitive hevenes or hevene)

hevenes (plural)
hevenen (plural)
hevenes (genitive)
hevene (genitive)

English: Heaven

Scots: heiven

Yola: heaaven, heoven

The heavens; the cosmos surrounding the Earth, especially:

(in medieval cosmology) A layer of the cosmos; one of the celestial spheres.

c. 1382, Wycliffe's Bible, Job 35:11

The bestis of the erthe...the foulis of heuene

The entirety of the sky; the atmosphere.

It an heuene was hire voys to here.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, II l 826:

(figuratively) A serene or heavenly locale or experience.

(figuratively, rare) A serene or heavenly person.


hevin-rike

(Northern) Alternative form of heveneriche


heoveriche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heveneriche


heofennriche

(Ormulum) Alternative form of heveneriche


weorelldriche

(Ormulum) Alternative form of worlderiche


heveneriche

Inherited from Old English heofonrīċe, heofonerīċe; equivalent to hevene + -riche.


worlderiche

Inherited from Old English weoruldrīċe; equivalent to world + -riche. The medial vowel (perhaps reflecting Old English *weorulderīċe) is either epenthetic or (more likely) reflects Old English oblique weorolde.


hovenlich

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevenely


hevenely

English: heavenly

Scots: heivenly

Inherited from Old English heofonlīċ; equivalent to hevene + -ly (adjectival suffix). The adverb is from the adjective; compare Old English heofonlīċe.

Relating to heaven (as the divine dwelling)

(by extension) Godly, sacred, otherworldly

Celestial, aerial; belonging to the atmosphere or sky.

(specifically) Sky-coloured; clear blue, azure.

(figuratively) Heavenly; incredibly beautiful or pleasant.


hevenely

English: heavenly

In a godly, sacred, or otherworldly way.

(figuratively) In an incredibly beautiful or pleasant way.


cellyn

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sellen


sullan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sellen


sellour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sellere


crappe

English: crap

Yola: crap

Borrowed from Middle French crape, from Old French crappe, crapin (“chaff”) (compare Medieval Latin crappa pl), from Old Dutch krappen.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

James A. H. Murray
w:James Murray (lexicographer)

Oxford English Dictionary
w:Oxford English Dictionary

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


senuwe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of synwe


cynwe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synwe


synwy

English: sinewy

Tendonous; having tendons or a large amount of them.

(literary, rare) Possessing nerves; nerved.

(botany, rare, of leaves) Possessing veins; veined.


hoxen

enm-verb

hoxen (third-person singular simple present hoxeth, present participle hoxende, hoxynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hoxed)

hoxeth (present singular third-person)
hoxende (participle present)
hoxynge (participle present)
hoxed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hoxen (infinitive)
to hoxen (infinitive)
hoxe (infinitive)
hoxe (first-person present singular)
hoxed (first-person past singular)
hoxest (present second-person singular)
hoxedest (past second-person singular)
hoxeth (present singular third-person)
hoxed (past singular third-person)
hoxe (present singular subjunctive)
hoxed (past singular subjunctive)
hoxe (imperative present singular)
hoxen (plural present)
hoxe (plural present)
hoxeden (past plural)
hoxede (past plural)
hoxeth (imperative plural present)
hoxe (imperative plural present)
hoxynge (participle present)
hoxende (participle present)
hoxed (participle past)
yhoxed (participle past)

English: hox (obsolete)

From earlier hoxenen, from the noun *hoxene (only attested as hokschyne, with alteration after schyne), from Old English hōhsinu, from hōh (“heel”) + sinu (“sinew”) (compare hough, synwe).

(rare) To hamstring; to cut the hamstring of an animal.


synwe

English: sinew

Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon

From the oblique forms of Old English sinu, seonu, from Proto-West Germanic *sinu, from Proto-Germanic *senawō, from Proto-Indo-European *snḗh₁wr̥; thus a doublet of nerve.
Some forms are influenced by Old Norse sin.

(specifically) An animal sinew cooked as meat.


hokschyne

desc

English: huxen, huckson, huxon, huckshin, hucksheen (influenced by shin) (dialectal, obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hōhsinu, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hasinu, from Proto-Germanic *hanhasinwō; equivalent to hough (“heel”) + synwe (“sinew”).
In all attested forms, the second element has been remodelled after schyne (“shin”), though forms without this remodelling survived in Modern English dialects and the verb hoxen.


richenesse

English: richness

From riche (“rich”) + -nesse (abstract nominal suffix).

af

(rare) Wealthiness; the state of being wealthy.


richedom

desc

>? English: richdom (probably calqued from continental West Germanic)

Inherited from Old English rīċedom, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīdōm, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijadōmaz; equivalent to riche (“rich”) + -dom.


richely

English: richly

Scots: richly

Inherited from Old English rīċlīċe, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīlīkō, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijalīkô; equivalent to and often remodelled after riche (“rich”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Marvelously; in an attractive or majestic way:

With ceremony, rigour, and ritual; reverentially.

Luxuriously; in an extravagant or lavish way.

Copiously, profusely; in an abundant way.

(referring to marriage) Advantageously, to be wealthy.


whiderward

English: whitherward

And he salueth hyr / with glad entente
And aſked of hyr / whiderward she wente

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ffrankeleẏns Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 163, verso:

And he saluted her with good intentions and asked her whither she was going


lowke

(rare) A lock, bolt; a locker, locked chest.


lowke

Unknown. Possibly related to louk (“woodlouse”)

c. 1410, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Cook's Tale" in The Canterbury Tales, copied in the Hangwrt MS. Republished in 1870, Frederick James Furnivall (ed.), Chaucer's Canterbury Tales in Parallel Columns, Part II, London: The Chaucer Society. l. 4415-4416.
And for ther nys no theef / with-oute a lowke
That helpeth hym / to wasten and to sowke
Of that he brybe kan / or borwe may

(hapax) Uncertain. Suggestions include: a thief's accomplice, "a good for nothing fellow," "a receiver of stolen goods."


sapyencyall

English: sapiential

From Old French or Late Latin/Ecclesiastical Latin sapientiālis, from Latin sapientia (“wisdom”) + -ālis (“-al”).

Truly to me yt ys grett consolacion / To here thys report that ye do avauns / ffor your sapyencyałł wyttes I gyf commendacion, / Euer at my nede I haue founde yow constant; […]

c. 1485, “The Conversion of St Paul”, in F[rederick] J[ames] Furnivall, editor, The Digby Mysteries, London: […] for The New Shakspere Society by N. Trübner & Co., published 1882, pages 29–30 (leaf 38, back):


fithelen

enm-verb

fithelen (third-person singular simple present fitheleth, present participle fithelende, fithelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fitheled)

fitheleth (present singular third-person)
fithelende (participle present)
fithelynge (participle present)
fitheled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fithelen (infinitive)
to fithelen (infinitive)
fithele (first-person present singular)
fitheled (first-person past singular)
fithelest (present second-person singular)
fitheledest (past second-person singular)
fitheleth (present singular third-person)
fitheled (past singular third-person)
fithele (present singular subjunctive)
fitheled (past singular subjunctive)
fithele (imperative present singular)
fithelen (plural present)
fithele (plural present)
fitheleden (past plural)
fithelede (past plural)
fitheleth (imperative plural present)
fithele (imperative plural present)
fithelynge (participle present)
fithelende (participle present)
fitheled (participle past)
yfitheled (participle past)

English: fiddle

From fithele (“viol”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


richeisse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of richesse


ricchen

enm-verb

ricchen (third-person singular simple present riccheth, present participle ricchende, ricchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ricched)

riccheth (present singular third-person)
ricchende (participle present)
ricchynge (participle present)
ricched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
ricchen (infinitive)
to ricchen (infinitive)
ricche (first-person present singular)
ricched (first-person past singular)
ricchest (present second-person singular)
ricchedest (past second-person singular)
riccheth (present singular third-person)
ricched (past singular third-person)
ricche (present singular subjunctive)
ricched (past singular subjunctive)
ricche (imperative present singular)
ricchen (plural present)
ricche (plural present)
riccheden (past plural)
ricchede (past plural)
riccheth (imperative plural present)
ricche (imperative plural present)
ricchynge (participle present)
ricchende (participle present)
ricched (participle past)
yricched (participle past)

Apparently inherited from Old English *ryċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *rukkijan, from Proto-Germanic *rukkijaną. Compare rokken.

(reflexive) To ready oneself (especially by clothing oneself)

(rare) To (especially emotionally) fix or restore.


frayel

English: frail

Scots: frail

Borrowed from Old French frael, fraiel, of unknown origin; possibly a dissimilatory variant of flael, flaiel (“flail”); if so, a doublet of fleyl.

A rushen basket for picking dried fruit; a frail.


fleccher

English: fletcher

Borrowed from Old French flechier; equivalent to flecche + -er.

(chiefly Late Middle English) A fletcher; an arrowmaker.


flecche

Either borrowed from Anglo-Norman fleche or a back-formation from fleccher.


flegge

English: fledge

desc

modified after <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fletcher</i>

⇒ English: fletch (modified after fletcher)

>? Scots: fleg, flegg

>? Yola: fletch

From Old English *flyċġe, from Proto-West Germanic *flugi.

(of birds) Able to fly; feathered, fledged.


awne

English: awn; awns

Scots: yawin, yavin, yewn

From Old Norse ǫgn or Old English agnu, aeġne, both from Proto-Germanic *ahanō.


tedden

enm-verb

tedden (third-person singular simple present teddeth, present participle teddende, teddynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tedded)

teddeth (present singular third-person)
teddende (participle present)
teddynge (participle present)
tedded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tedden (infinitive)
to tedden (infinitive)
tedde (infinitive)
tedde (first-person present singular)
tedded (first-person past singular)
teddest (present second-person singular)
teddedest (past second-person singular)
teddeth (present singular third-person)
tedded (past singular third-person)
tedde (present singular subjunctive)
tedded (past singular subjunctive)
tedde (imperative present singular)
tedden (plural present)
tedde (plural present)
teddeden (past plural)
teddede (past plural)
teddeth (imperative plural present)
tedde (imperative plural present)
teddynge (participle present)
teddende (participle present)
tedded (participle past)
ytedded (participle past)

English: ted

Scots: ted

Apparently inherited from Old English *teddan, from Proto-West Germanic *taddjan, from Proto-Germanic *tadjaną.


wrænch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wrench


wrenchen

wrenchen (third-person singular simple present wrencheth, present participle wrenchende, wrenchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wrenched)

wrencheth (present singular third-person)
wrenchende (participle present)
wrenchynge (participle present)
wrenched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wrenchen (infinitive)
to wrenchen (infinitive)
wrenche (infinitive)
wrenche (first-person present singular)
wreynte (first-person past singular)
wrenched (first-person past singular)
wrenchest (present second-person singular)
wreyntest (past second-person singular)
wrenchedest (past second-person singular)
wrencheth (present singular third-person)
wreynte (past singular third-person)
wrenched (past singular third-person)
wrenche (present singular subjunctive)
wreynte (past singular subjunctive)
wrenched (past singular subjunctive)
wrenche (imperative present singular)
wrenchen (plural present)
wrenche (plural present)
wreynten (past plural)
wreynte (past plural)
wrencheden (past plural)
wrenchede (past plural)
wrencheth (imperative plural present)
wrenche (imperative plural present)
wrenchynge (participle present)
wrenchende (participle present)
wreynt (participle past)
wrenched (participle past)
ywreynt (participle past)
ywrenched (participle past)

English: wrench

Middle Scots: wrenk, wrink

>? Scots: renk

Inherited from Old English wrenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *wrankijan, from Proto-Germanic *wrankijaną; equivalent to wrench (“trick”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To contort or twist; to move out of shape.

To wrench away; to forcefully take or push.

(rare) To stray; to deviate or cause to deviate.

(figuratively, rare) To deflect or shed; to rid oneself of.

(figuratively, rare) To distort or contort; to make unrecognisable.

(figuratively, rare) To plot or plan; to devise a strategy.


chaunsse

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of chaunce


chauncen

enm-verb

chauncen (third-person singular simple present chaunceth, present participle chauncende, chauncynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaunced)

chaunceth (present singular third-person)
chauncende (participle present)
chauncynge (participle present)
chaunced (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chauncen (infinitive)
to chauncen (infinitive)
chaunce (first-person present singular)
chaunced (first-person past singular)
chauncest (present second-person singular)
chauncedest (past second-person singular)
chaunceth (present singular third-person)
chaunced (past singular third-person)
chaunce (present singular subjunctive)
chaunced (past singular subjunctive)
chaunce (imperative present singular)
chauncen (plural present)
chaunce (plural present)
chaunceden (past plural)
chauncede (past plural)
chaunceth (imperative plural present)
chaunce (imperative plural present)
chauncynge (participle present)
chauncende (participle present)
chaunced (participle past)

English: chance

From chaunce (“event”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


mysfeling

Possibly a participle of an unattested verb *mysfelen, from mys- + felen ("to think wrongly; to feel poorly"). By surface analysis, mys- + feling.

And in alle these thingus mys felende, `or unwittie, is the herte, and eche herte is understonden of hym.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ecclesiasticus XVI:20, page 153, column 1:

[KJV] No heart can think upon these things worthily: and who is able to conceive his ways?

In the myddell of mys felende men kep a wrd to tyme; in the myddel forsothe of men thenkende the lawe of God be thou besi.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ecclesiasticus XXVII:13, page 175, column 1:

[KJV] If thou be among the indiscreet, observe the time; but be continually among men of understanding.


mysfeling

As an hous set out of termes, so a wisdam to a fool; and the kunnynge of the mys felende untellable wrdis.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ecclesiasticus XXI:21, page 163, column 1:

[KJV] As is a house that is destroyed, so is wisdom to a fool: and the knowledge of the unwise is as talk without sense.

With a fool ne speke thou mych, and with a mys felende go thou not awey. Kep thee fro hym, that thou naue not greef;

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ecclesiasticus XXII:14-15, page 164, column 1:

[KJV] Talk not much with a fool, and go not to him that hath no understanding: beware of him, lest thou have trouble

a1475, Platearis Practica brevis [Cambridge University Library MS Dd.10.44] fol. 18v, quoted in 2016, Juhani Norri, Dictionary of Medical VOcabulary in English, 1375-1550: Body Parts, Sickness, Instruments, and Medical Preperations; under "misfeeling"
Ȝyf be in þe sinewis, þan þe stoppynge & mysfyllynge [L: stupor et insensibilitas (D5va)] is in þe ouereste partes, as in þe face.


oynoin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of onyoun


eyngnon

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of onyoun


onyoun

desctree

English: onion
Bislama: anian
Tok Pisin: anian
→ Maori: aniana

Scots: ingan, ingin

→ Cornish: onyon

→? Welsh: wynwyn

Borrowed from Old French oignon, from Latin ūniōnem (“onion”); the variation in pronunciation reflects differing adaptations of Old French /uˈɲun/. Compare unioun.


houslek

English: houseleek

Inherited from Old English *hūslēac, from Proto-West Germanic *hūsalauk; equivalent to hous (“house”) + lek (“leek”).

houseleek (plant of the genus Sempervivum) or a similar plant.


bature

English: batter

Scots: batter

→ Irish: batar

Borrowed from Middle French batture, from Old French bateure, possibly from Late Latin *battatūra; equivalent to baten (“to beat”) + -ure.

A runny fluid made of beat ingredients; batter, paste.

(specifically) A liquid medicinal paste; plaster.


scaloun

English: scallion

Scots: scallion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman scalun, from Latin ascalōnia (cēpa) (literally “onion of Ascalon”).

der

Allium cepa var. aggregatum
Allium cepa var. aggregatum#English

Allium oschaninii
Allium oschaninii#Translingual

The shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum or Allium oschaninii)

(figuratively, rare) A worthless or useless thing.


byete

(Kent) Alternative form of beten (“to beat”)


betenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of beten (“to fix”)


waxdom

From wax + -dom. Compare Old Frisian waxdom (Modern West Frisian waaksdom), Middle Dutch wasdoem (Modern Dutch wasdom), Middle Low German wasdôm (Modern German Low German Wassdoom), Middle High German wahstuom (Modern German Wachstum).


fulwen

Alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


fulhen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


fuleht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fulloght


folghþe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of fulloght


fulloght

Inherited from Old English fulluht, fulwiht; equivalent to fullen + -th.

baptism (Christian sacrament involving dipping or sprinkling with water)


volliche

(Kent, Southern) Alternative form of fully


fulsom

English: fulsome; foulsome

Scots: fousome, fowsum


fulsomly

English: fulsomely

From fulsom (“abundant”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


fulhede

From ful + -hede. Compare Middle Dutch, Middle High German volheit.


fulthe

English: fulth

Scots: fouth

From ful (“full”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

(rare, Northern, Late Middle English) plenty, profusion


fulsomnesse

English: fulsomeness

The state of being plentiful; abundance, copiousness.

(rare) Satiation; the state of being satiated.


fulnesse

English: fullness, fulness

Inherited from Old English fulnes, fylnes; equivalent to ful (“full”) + -nesse.

Plenty, profusion; the state of being abundant.

Satiation, quenching (of hunger or desire)

(especially theology) Totality, entirety; the whole of something.

(rare) Completeness; the state of being full.

(rare) The summation or apex (of a quality)


volvulle

(Southern) Alternative form of fulfillen


outfous

Inherited from Old English ūtfūs; equivalent to out- + fous (“eager”).

(rare, poetic) eager to leave; ready to depart


synfle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synful


seonne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of synne


cynne

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synne


senne-leas

(Early Middle English, East Anglia) Alternative form of synneles


synfulle

inflection of synful:
strong/weak plural


synnere

English: sinner

Scots: sinner

From synnen + -er, replacing earlier synful (“sinner”).

A sinner; one who commits sins, especially sexual ones.

(rare) A pagan or unbeliever; a believer in a false religion.


sunegi

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of synnen


cynnyn

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of synnen


orelese

inflection of oreles:
strong/weak plural


waterles

English: waterless

From Old English wæterlēas, from Proto-Germanic *watōrlausaz. Equivalent to water + -les.


wyve

A version of wyf with the voiced consonant analogically brought in from the plural forms.


wyve

From Old English wīfa, nominative plural of wīf.


kingles

English: kingless

From king + -les, possibly as a calque of Old Norse konunglauss.

(uncommon, especially Northern) Without a king; kingless.


synneles

English: sinless

Inherited from Old English synlēas; equivalent and often remodelled after synne + -les.


fruytles

English: fruitless


synnen

enm-verb

synnen (third-person singular simple present synneth, present participle synnende, synnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle synned)

synneth (present singular third-person)
synnende (participle present)
synnynge (participle present)
synned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
synnen (infinitive)
to synnen (infinitive)
synne (infinitive)
synne (first-person present singular)
synned (first-person past singular)
synnest (present second-person singular)
synnedest (past second-person singular)
synneth (present singular third-person)
synned (past singular third-person)
synne (present singular subjunctive)
synned (past singular subjunctive)
synne (imperative present singular)
synnen (plural present)
synne (plural present)
synneden (past plural)
synnede (past plural)
synneth (imperative plural present)
synne (imperative plural present)
synnynge (participle present)
synnende (participle present)
synned (participle past)
ysynned (participle past)

English: sin

Scots: sin

From Old English syngian; by the late ME period, usually remodelled on synne + -en (infinitival suffix).

To sin; to commit sins, especially of a sexual nature.


housles

English: houseless

Possibly from an Old English *hūslēas, from Proto-West Germanic *hūsalaus, from Proto-Germanic *hūsalausaz.
Alternatively, but less likely, this word may have been formed anew, possibly as a calque of Old Norse húslauss or Middle Dutch huusloos; in any case, equivalent to hous + -les.


goodles

English: goodless

Scots: guidless

Inherited from Old English gōdlēas; by surface analysis, good + -les.


oreles

head

oreles (plural and weak singular orelese)

orelese (plural)
orelese (singular weak)

Inherited from Old English ārlēas; by surface analysis, ore (“honour”) + -les.


frouncen

enm-verb

frouncen (third-person singular simple present frounceth, present participle frouncende, frouncynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle frounced)

frounceth (present singular third-person)
frouncende (participle present)
frouncynge (participle present)
frounced (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
frouncen (infinitive)
to frouncen (infinitive)
frounce (infinitive)
frounce (first-person present singular)
frounced (first-person past singular)
frouncest (present second-person singular)
frouncedest (past second-person singular)
frounceth (present singular third-person)
frounced (past singular third-person)
frounce (present singular subjunctive)
frounced (past singular subjunctive)
frounce (imperative present singular)
frouncen (plural present)
frounce (plural present)
frounceden (past plural)
frouncede (past plural)
frounceth (imperative plural present)
frounce (imperative plural present)
frouncynge (participle present)
frouncende (participle present)
frounced (participle past)
yfrounced (participle past)

English: frounce

Borrowed from Middle French froncer, froncir, from Old French froncir, from fronce; by surface analysis, frounce + -en (infinitival suffix).


berdles

English: beardless

Scots: beardless

Inherited from Old English beardlēas; by surface analysis, berd + -les.


lyfles

English: lifeless

Inherited from Old English līflēas; by surface analysis, lyf + -les.

(uncommon) Lacking life; lifeless, dead.


wyfles

English: wifeless, wiveless

Yola: wooveless

Either from Old English wīflēas or a new formation from wyf (“wife”) + -les.

[…] ye that ar a knyght wyveles · that ye woll nat love ſom mayden oþ̀[er] jantylwoman […]

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot du Lake]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 104, verso, lines 25–26:


þifþorn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thevethorn


thevethorn

/ˈθɛːv(ə)ˌθɔrn/

/ˈθɛu̯ˌθɔrn/

Inherited from Old English þefanþorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þebōnþorn; equivalent to *theve (“burning”) + thorn (“thorn”).

Rhamnus cathartica
Rhamnus cathartica#Translingual

One of several thorny shrubs, especially:

The European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica)

Crataegus monogyna
Crataegus monogyna#Translingual

The common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)


theve

desc

⇒ English: feaberry, faeberry, faiberry, fayberry

Apparently a back-formation from thevethorn.

(rare) A copse; a group of shrubs (probably referring to the thevethorn)


theve

English: theave, thaive, thave

Inherited from Old English *þeofu, from Proto-West Germanic *þebu.


nuð

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nith


nyðful

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nithful


nithful

Inherited from Old English nīþfull; by surface analysis, nith + -ful.

(poetic) Hateful, malign, jealous; showing envy or hate.


garite

English: garret

Middle Scots: garret

Borrowed from Old French garite, guerite (“watchtower”).

A watchtower or turret; a fortified tower.

An attic or garret; a room below the roof.


temsen

enm-verb

temsen (third-person singular simple present temseth, present participle temsende, temsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle temsed)

temseth (present singular third-person)
temsende (participle present)
temsynge (participle present)
temsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
temsen (infinitive)
to temsen (infinitive)
temse (infinitive)
temse (first-person present singular)
temsed (first-person past singular)
temsest (present second-person singular)
temsedest (past second-person singular)
temseth (present singular third-person)
temsed (past singular third-person)
temse (present singular subjunctive)
temsed (past singular subjunctive)
temse (imperative present singular)
temsen (plural present)
temse (plural present)
temseden (past plural)
temsede (past plural)
temseth (imperative plural present)
temse (imperative plural present)
temsynge (participle present)
temsende (participle present)
temsed (participle past)
ytemsed (participle past)

English: temse, tems, tempse

Scots: teemse, timse

From Old English temesian, temsian, from Proto-West Germanic *tamisōn; by surface analysis, temse (“sieve”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

surface analysis

To sift, strain, or percolate; to pass through a riddle.


flæm

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flem


fleome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flemen


flemæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fleme (“exile”)


selm

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of salm


psalteer

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sauter


sauterry

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sauterie


skewen

enm-verb

skewen (third-person singular simple present skeweth, present participle skewende, skewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle skewed)

skeweth (present singular third-person)
skewende (participle present)
skewynge (participle present)
skewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
skewen (infinitive)
to skewen (infinitive)
skewe (infinitive)
skewe (first-person present singular)
skewed (first-person past singular)
skewest (present second-person singular)
skewedest (past second-person singular)
skeweth (present singular third-person)
skewed (past singular third-person)
skewe (present singular subjunctive)
skewed (past singular subjunctive)
skewe (imperative present singular)
skewen (plural present)
skewe (plural present)
skeweden (past plural)
skewede (past plural)
skeweth (imperative plural present)
skewe (imperative plural present)
skewynge (participle present)
skewende (participle present)
skewed (participle past)
yskewed (participle past)

English: skew

Scots: skew, skyow

Borrowed from Old Northern French escuer, from Frankish *skiuhijan; a doublet of eschewen.


skewen

From skew (“sky”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(hapax, of a waterbody) To darken due to cloud cover.


gærsum

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gersom


ðus

(Early Middle English) Alternative spelling of þus


þuss

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þus


pallour

From Old French palor, from Latin pallor.


flesshe

"Yf she haue whyte the flesshe" (If she have white the flesh)

1530?, Robert Wyer, This boke is named the beaulte of women : translated out of Frenche in to Englysshe., Robert Wyer, page 8

"But yf she haue whyte the flesshe, and blacke plumage"


propinquite

English: propinquity

Borrowed from Middle French propinquité or its etymon, Latin propinquitās.


gersom

English: gersum, grassum

Scots: grassum (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English gærsum, gersum, gærsuma, from Old Norse gersemi, gørsemi (“treasure”), from gerr, gǫrr (“ready”) + -semi (“-ness”), with the ending assimilated to native -sum. Compare garisoun.

(specifically) A rent paid to one's manorial lord.


genge

English: ging (obsolete)

Middle Scots: ging

Inherited from Old English genge (“band”), from Proto-Germanic *gangiją, possibly through Old Norse gengi.

inh+

A group or crowd of people.
A host or band (of armed men)

A group or crowd of people.
A retinue; one's attendants.

(biblical) The pagan nations; the Gentiles.


genge

/ˈɡɛnd͡ʒ(ə)/

Inherited from Old English genġe (“current”), from Proto-West Germanic *gangī, from Proto-Germanic *gangiz.

(Early Middle English, poetic, rare) prevailing, thriving


bochere

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bocher


bocher

desctree

English: butcher
→ Hindi: बूचड़ (būcaṛ)
→ Swahili: bucha
→ Urdu: بُوچَڑ (būcaṛ)

Scots: butcher

Borrowed from Old French bochier, bouchier, from bouc (“buck”); compare bukke.

A butcher (meat slaughterer and retailer)


feute

And as he rode he saw a black brachet, seeking in manner as it had been in the feute of a hurt deer, and therewith he rode after the brachet; and he saw lie on the ground a large feute of blood.

Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur VI.14


feute

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


feaute

desc

English: fealty (/l/ restored due to learned influence)

Middle Scots: fewte

⇒ Scots: feauto

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman fëauté, fëalté, earlier fedeilted, from Latin fidelitātem. A doublet of fidelite; also compare feal, feith.

Fealty; feudal allegiance, fidelity, or loyalty.


shineux

From shine (“shin”), probably by analogy with quisseux (see modern English cuisse).

1439, Calendar of Plea and Memoranda Rolls … of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guild-hall (1437-1457)

[one pair of] shineux [with] quisseux, [3 s.].
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


fidelite

English: fidelity

From Latin fidelitātem, possibly through Middle French fidelité; doublet of feaute.


uniten

enm-verb

uniten (third-person singular simple present uniteth, present participle unitende, unitynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle united)

uniteth (present singular third-person)
unitende (participle present)
unitynge (participle present)
united (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
uniten (infinitive)
to uniten (infinitive)
unite (infinitive)
unite (first-person present singular)
united (first-person past singular)
unitest (present second-person singular)
unitedest (past second-person singular)
uniteth (present singular third-person)
united (past singular third-person)
unite (present singular subjunctive)
united (past singular subjunctive)
unite (imperative present singular)
uniten (plural present)
unite (plural present)
uniteden (past plural)
unitede (past plural)
uniteth (imperative plural present)
unite (imperative plural present)
unitynge (participle present)
unitende (participle present)
united (participle past)
yunited (participle past)

English: unite

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *éy?
Proto-Indo-European *-nós?
Proto-Indo-European *h₁óynos
Proto-Italic *oinos
Old Latin oinos
Latin ūnus
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Latin -iō
Latin ūniō
Proto-Indo-European *-tós
Proto-Italic *-tos
Latin -tus
Latin ūnītuslbor.
Middle English uniten
Learned borrowing from Latin ūnītus, perfect passive participle of ūniō.


pouke

English: puck, Puck

>? English: pug

From Old English pūca, from Proto-West Germanic *pūkō, from Proto-Germanic *pūkô. The shortening of /uː/ before /k/ is possibly regular; compare souken.


thurrok

English: thurrock (obsolete)

From Old English þurruc, from Proto-West Germanic *þurruk.


vntil

English: until


sechnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seknesse


þringe

English: thring

Yola: drine


eventyde

English: eventide, evetide

Yola: eatheet, eatheit

From Old English ǣfentīd; by surface analysis, even + tyde.
The form enetid may be a scribal error for evetide, though compare the development of modern English Hallowe'en.


seknesse

English: sickness

Scots: seekness

Inherited from Old English sēocnes, sēocness; by surface analysis, sek + -nesse.

Illness, sickness; the state of being (physically or mentally) unwell.

A disease or sickness; a medical condition.

(by extension) Infirmity, weakness; a lack of strength.


liþen

liþen (infinitive)
to liþen (infinitive)
liþe (infinitive)
liþe (first-person present singular)
laþ (first-person past singular)
liþest (present second-person singular)
liþe (past second-person singular)
laþ (past second-person singular)
liþeth (present singular third-person)
laþ (past singular third-person)
liþe (present singular subjunctive)
liþe (past singular subjunctive)
liþe (imperative present singular)
liþen (plural present)
liþe (plural present)
liþen (past plural)
liþe (past plural)
liþeth (imperative plural present)
liþe (imperative plural present)
liþynge (participle present)
liþende (participle present)
liþen (participle past)
liþe (participle past)
yliþen (participle past)
yliþe (participle past)
liþen (infinitive)
to liþen (infinitive)
liþ (first-person present singular)
liþede (first-person past singular)
liþest (present second-person singular)
liþedest (past second-person singular)
liþeþ (present singular third-person)
liþeth (present singular third-person)
liþede (past singular third-person)
liþen (plural present)
liþeden (past plural)
liþe (present singular)
liþede (past singular)
liþeþ (plural present)
liþeth (plural present)
liþende (participle present)
liþinge (participle present)
liþed (participle past)
yliþed (participle past)

From Old English līþan (“to go, travel, sail, be bereft of”), from Proto-West Germanic *līþan, from Proto-Germanic *līþaną (“to go, leave, suffer”), from Proto-Indo-European *leyt- (“to go, depart, die”).
Cognate with North Frisian lyen, lije (“to suffer”), Dutch lijden (“to suffer, dree, abide”), German leiden (“to suffer, brook, permit”). See also lode, lead.

cog

(intransitive, Early Middle English, of a ship) to sail, travel by sea

(intransitive, Early Middle English) to journey, travel, depart

(intransitive, Early Middle English) to go, come, walk

(intransitive, Early Middle English, of projectiles) to fly

(intransitive, Early Middle English, of love) to come about, develop, exist


avourie

English: avowry, advowry

Borrowed from Old French avoerie, avouerie, from avoer (“avow”), from Latin advocō (“call, console”).

(law) acknowledgment (as of a child, of property)

(law) avowry (act of justifying distraint)

Y telle ou for sothe, for al huere bobaunce, / Ne for the avowerie of the Kyng of France / Tuenti score ant fyve haden their meschaunce by day ant eke by nyht.

c. 1302, “Song on the Flemish Insurrection”, in Thomas Wright, editor, The Political Songs of England, from the Reign of John to that of Edward II., published 1839, page 189:

I tell you for truth, for all their boasting, / and despite the patronage of the King of France, / twenty score and five had their mischance, by day and also by night.


schiterow

Yola: shederow

From schite (“diarrhoea”) or schiten (“to defecate”).

(Late Middle English, hapax) The European heron.


smattrynge

English: smattering

Yola: smaddereen


Ermenie

I rede hou whilom that Pompeie,
To whom that Rome moste obeie,
A werre hadde in jeupartie
Ayein the king of Ermenie,

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


eymynge

English: aiming

Yola: ameing

(Late Middle English) evaluation; appraised value; beyond calculation, without number.


yelte

English: yelt

From Old English ġilte, *ġielte, from Proto-West Germanic *galtijā, from *galtō + *-jā, from Proto-Germanic *galtô (whence Old Norse gylta, gyltr (“young sow”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to cut”).


scolden

scolden (infinitive)
to scolden (infinitive)
scolde (infinitive)
scolde (first-person present singular)
scolded (first-person past singular)
scoldest (present second-person singular)
scoldedest (past second-person singular)
scoldeth (present singular third-person)
scolded (past singular third-person)
scolde (present singular subjunctive)
scolded (past singular subjunctive)
scolde (imperative present singular)
scolden (plural present)
scolde (plural present)
scoldeden (past plural)
scoldede (past plural)
scoldeth (imperative plural present)
scolde (imperative plural present)
scoldynge (participle present)
scoldende (participle present)
scolded (participle past)
yscolded (participle past)

English: scold

Yola: cowdealeen (ppl.)


schoderen

schoderen (infinitive)
to schoderen (infinitive)
schodere (infinitive)
schodere (first-person present singular)
schodered (first-person past singular)
schoderest (present second-person singular)
schoderedest (past second-person singular)
schodereth (present singular third-person)
schodered (past singular third-person)
schodere (present singular subjunctive)
schodered (past singular subjunctive)
schodere (imperative present singular)
schoderen (plural present)
schodere (plural present)
schodereden (past plural)
schoderede (past plural)
schodereth (imperative plural present)
schodere (imperative plural present)
schoderynge (participle present)
schoderende (participle present)
schodered (participle past)
yschodered (participle past)

English: shudder

Yola: shudled (preterite)

Borrowed from Middle Dutch schudderen or Middle Low German schodderen.


unbegunne

English: unbegun

The myhti god, which unbegunne / Stant of himself and hath begunne / Alle othre thinges at his wille […].

1390, John Gower, Confessio Amantis, book 8, lines 1–2:

unbegun: that had no beginning, always existent


kith and kynne

First she made hym the flees to wynne:
And after that from kith and kynne,
With great treasore with hym she stale:

late 14th century, John Gower, Confessio Amantis, Book V:


acros

English: across

Scots: acroass

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman an croiz, with ME variants on ~.


ðole

Loke ðat ðu god oðer ne make, / Ne oðer ðhan me ðat ðu ne take. / for ic am god, gelus and ſtrong, / Min wreche iſ hard, min ðole iſ long.

c. 1250, Richard Morris, editor, The Story of Genesis and Exodus, an Early English Song, about A.D. 1250. Now First Edited, from a Unique Ms. in the Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, with Introduction, Notes, and Glossary (Original Series; no. 7), London: Published for the Early English Text Society, by Trübner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row, published 1865, →OCLC, page 99, lines 3493–3496:

Look that thou other god not make, / Not other than me that thou not take. / For I am god, jealous and strong, / Mine vengeance is hard, mine patience is long.

the ability to bear or endure something; endurance, patience


enuyron

He ladde me wyth right good chere / All enuyron the vergere

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cxlv, verso, column 1:


youghede

Elde was paynted after this / That ſhorter was a fote iwys / Than ſhe was wont in her youghede […]

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cxxix, verso, column 1:

Old was painted after this, / That shorter was a foot indeed / Than she was wont in her youth; […]


ther aboute

Now mayſter (ꝙ the wyfe) er that I go / What wol ye dyne? I wol go ther aboute.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xlvi, recto:

"Now master," (quod the wife), "ere that I go, / What will ye dine? I will go thereabout."


wylere

[B]y god ye be to blame / Helpeth me nowe, as I dyd you wylere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxvii, recto, column 2:

[B]y God, you are to blame; / Help me now, as I did you a while ago.

whilere: a while ago; a time before; formerly, previously


well nyght

Sir ſayde Strayned Abſtinaunce / We for to drye our penaunce / With hertis pytous deuoute / Are cõmen, as pylgrimes gon aboute / Well nyght on fote alway we go / Ful doughty ben our heeles two […]

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio clxv, verso, column 1:

Sir, said Strained Abstinence, / We, to dry our penance / With hearts piteous [and] devout / Are coming, as pilgrims gone about; / Well nigh on foot always we go, / Full doughty are our heels two […]


maidenchild

maiden child
maiden child#Middle_English


seduct

From Latin sēduct-, past-participle stem of sēdūcō.

[…] the false & euyl man eneas, that tratoursly hath mocked me, & fraudulently seducted / […]

1490, “How Eneas encyted the patrons & maysters of his shippes for to depart. Capitulum xxvijᵒ.”, in William Caxton, transl., edited by M[athew] T[ewart] Culley and F[rederick] J[ames] Furnivall, Caxton’s Eneydos, 1490, Englisht from the French Liure des Eneydes, 1483, London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., […] , published 1890, page 97, lines 12–14:


seductour

[…] one namyd Phylemon. whyche was moche amyable & debonayr to ye peple. & called hỹſelf ſeductour & deceyour of the peple / […]

a. 1492, “Of saynt Apolonyon Religyous & martyr. begynnyng in latyn ¶ Trade hant ergo / Caplm xix.”, in Wyllyam Caxton, transl., Vitas Patrum, Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, published 1495, folio xxii, recto:


Atlantyke

English: Atlantic

occean Atlantyke
occean Atlantyke#Middle_English


Athlant

occean of Athlant
occean of Athlant#Middle_English


occean of Athlant

Thanne þe grete see of myddel erþe bygynneþ in þe west at Hercules pilers; þere þe see of occean of Athlant [translating oceanus Atlanticus] brekeþ out, and makeþ the see Gaditan.

(a. 1387), Ranulph Higden, edited by Churchill Babington, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; Together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century, volume I, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, page 53:


occean Atlantyke

English: Atlantic Ocean

The begynnenge of the grete see is in the weste, at the pyllers of Hercules, where the occean Atlantyke [translating oceanus Atlanticus] brekenge vp to londes makethe the see Gaditan.

?a. 1475 (?a. 1425), Ranulph Higden, edited by Churchill Babington, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; Together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century, volume I, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, published 1865, page 53:


alehous

English: alehouse

Yola: aalhouse

From Old English ealuhūs, equivalent to ale + hous.


tynkere

English: tinker

Scots: tinker

Uncertain, but perhaps from Old English *tincere, from tin (“tin”) + *cere, as in bēocere (“beekeeper”).

tinker (itinerant repairer of metal kitchenware)


issuen

enm-verb

issuen (third-person singular simple present issueth, present participle issuende, issuynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle issued)

issueth (present singular third-person)
issuende (participle present)
issuynge (participle present)
issued (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
issuen (infinitive)
to issuen (infinitive)
issue (infinitive)
issue (first-person present singular)
issued (first-person past singular)
issuest (present second-person singular)
issuedest (past second-person singular)
issueth (present singular third-person)
issued (past singular third-person)
issue (present singular subjunctive)
issued (past singular subjunctive)
issue (imperative present singular)
issuen (plural present)
issue (plural present)
issueden (past plural)
issuede (past plural)
issueth (imperative plural present)
issue (imperative plural present)
issuynge (participle present)
issuende (participle present)
issued (participle past)
yissued (participle past)

English: issue

From issue (“exit, result”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare issen.


triasandri

Borrowed from Medieval Latin triasandrī, variant of triasandalī, from trias (“triad”) + sandalī (“sandalwood's”).

A liquid medicine made of three kinds of sandalwood.


mistelto

English: mistletoe

Inherited from Old English misteltān (literally “mistletoe twig”), possibly a calque of Old Norse mistilteinn; often reanalysed as mistel (“mistletoe”) + to (“toe”). For the form mystyldene, compare Early Modern English misseldine.

inh+

The dried berries of this plant used as beads.


maunciple

English: manciple

And to the maunciple thanne spak our host, / 'By-cause drink hath dominacioun / Upon this man, by my savacioun / I trowe he lewedly wolde telle his tale.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Maunciples Tale”, in Tales of Caunterbury, lines 56–59:

manciple (person in charge of storing food)


underyeten

enm-verb

underyeten (third-person singular simple present underyeteth, present participle underyetende, first-/third-person singular past indicative underyat, past participle underyeten)

underyeteth (present singular third-person)
underyetende (participle present)
underyat (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
underyeten (participle past)

From Old English underġitan, underġytan (“to understand, perceive, know”), equivalent to under- + yeten.

to learn about, find out, discover; realise, perceive, recognise

to observe, take note of, watch closely, study, notice


kyllyng

English: killing

⇒ Yola: to-killin'

(Late Middle English, rare) The action of killing somebody, slaying.


sophim

English: sophism

Borrowed from Old French soffime, sophisme, from Latin sophisma, from Ancient Greek σόφῐσμᾰ (sóphisma).

a logical question or ambiguous proposition


smorðrinde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smorþering


pewe

English: pew

Scots: pew

Borrowed from Middle French puie, from Old Northern French puie, from Latin podia, plural of podium.

(Late Middle English) pew (bench seat in a church)


smorþering

English: smothering

⇒ Yola: to-smotherin'


callynge

English: calling

⇒ Yola: to-callin'


wantynge

English: wanting

⇒ Yola: to-wantin'


brayen

brayen (third-person singular simple present brayeth, present participle brayinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle brayed)

brayeth (present singular third-person)
brayinge (participle present)
brayed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
brayen (infinitive)
to brayen (infinitive)
braye (infinitive)
braye (first-person present singular)
brayed (first-person past singular)
brayest (present second-person singular)
brayedest (past second-person singular)
brayeth (present singular third-person)
brayed (past singular third-person)
braye (present singular subjunctive)
brayed (past singular subjunctive)
braye (imperative present singular)
brayen (plural present)
braye (plural present)
brayeden (past plural)
brayede (past plural)
brayeth (imperative plural present)
braye (imperative plural present)
brayinge (participle present)
brayende (participle present)
brayed (participle past)
ybrayed (participle past)

English: bray

Middle Scots: bray

Borrowed from Old French braire (“to cry”), from Vulgar Latin *bragiāre, from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *bragyeti (“to fart”).


brayen

English: bray

Scots: brie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman breier, possibly from Frankish *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną; thus a doublet of breken.


abuggen

þe boye hit scholde abugge
Horn þreu him ouer þe brigge.

The boy should pay for it; Horn threw him over the bridge.


parietory

This herbe is profitable for all thyng that parietory is good for.

1551, Turner, William I., A New Herball, Wherein are Conteyned the Names of Herbes in Greke, Latin, Englijsh, Duch, Frenche, and in the Potecaries and Herbaries Latin (etc.), United Kingdom: Steven Mierdman:

This herb is beneficial for anything that pellitory is good for.


in the stede

The ſhyphyrdes vſe it in the ſtede of a ſtrayner

Modern English:

Turner, William I. A New Herball, Wherein are Conteyned the Names of Herbes in Greke, Latin, Englijsh, Duch, Frenche, and in the Potecaries and Herbaries Latin (etc.). United Kingdom, Steven Mierdman, 1551.

"The shepherds use it instead of a strainer"


dispendour

English: dispender

Borrowed from Old French despendour, despendeor, from despendre (“spend”) + -our.


trowen

trowenen (infinitive)
to trowenen (infinitive)
trowene (infinitive)
trowene (first-person present singular)
trowened (first-person past singular)
trowenest (present second-person singular)
trowenedest (past second-person singular)
troweneth (present singular third-person)
trowened (past singular third-person)
trowene (present singular subjunctive)
trowened (past singular subjunctive)
trowene (imperative present singular)
trowenen (plural present)
trowene (plural present)
troweneden (past plural)
trowenede (past plural)
troweneth (imperative plural present)
trowene (imperative plural present)
trowenynge (participle present)
trowenende (participle present)
trowened (participle past)
ytrowened (participle past)

From Old English trūwian (“to trust, confide”), from Proto-Germanic *trewwāną (“to trust”) and Proto-Germanic *trūwāną (“to trust”); both from Proto-Indo-European *drew- (“faithful, true”).


trystefull

Hayll! talker trystefull of trew tales.

a. 1450, Lucy Toulmin Smith, editor, York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries; Now First Printed from the Unique Manuscript in the Library of Lord Ashburnham, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1885, page 217, line 514:


trystefull

English: tristful

And entryng in his hermytage he founde hym tryſtefull and ſore to the deth.

1495, Wyllyam Caxton, transl., Vitas Patrum, Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, folio clxxx, verso:


withouteforth

English: withoutforth

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 10, line 172

‘And within the hearts of folk shall be the biting conscience, and outside shall be the world all burning.’

‘And with-inne the hertes of folk shal be the bytinge conscience, and with-oute-forth shal be the world al brenninge.’


newfangelnesse

...thus seyn men, as I gesse. Men loven of propre kynde newefangelnesse

1387, Chaucer, “v. 609”, in The Squire's Tale:


janglerie

And as to youre fourthe resoun, ther ye seyn that the janglerie of wommen kan hyde thynges that they wot noght, as who seith that a womman kan nat hyde that she woot

1387, Chaucer, “v. 2273”, in The Tale of Melibee:


weldy

So freſhe, ſo yonge, ſo weldy ſemed he / It was an heuen upon him for to ſe

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book II, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio clxxvi, verso, column 1, lines 412–413:

So fresh, so young, so nimble seemed he / It was a heaven upon him for to see


swinkere

With him ther was a plowman, was his brother, / That hadde ylad of donge ful many a fother. / A trewe swinkere and a good was he, / Livinge in pees and a parfit charitee. […]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


refreynen

his reson aperceyueth it wel that it is synne / agayns the lawe of god / and yet his reson / refreyneth nat his foul delit or talent.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


tuggen

English: tug

Scots: tug

⇒ Yola: thugerleen

From Old English togian, from Proto-West Germanic *togōn.


traitorie

O Donegild, I ne have noon English digne
Un-to thy malice and thy tirannye!
And therfor to the feend I thee resigne,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 778-781

O Donegild, I do not have any English suitable (to describe)
Unto thy malice and thy tyranny!
And therefore to the fiend I thee consign,
Let him write about thy treachery!


tobreken

And in the floor, with nose and mouth tobroke, They walwe as doon two pigges in a poke


disslaundre

We, that weren in prosperitee,
Be now disslaundred, and in swich degre,
No lenger for to liven I ne kepe

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: (please specify the subtitle)”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:


dearen

And of Achilles with his queynte spere, / For he koude with it bothe heele and dere[…].

Thenne herd he a voyse say / Galahad I see there enuyronne aboute the so many angels that my power may not dere the /
"Then heard he a voice say Galahad, I see there environ about thee so many angels that my power may not dere thee"

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XIII:

Than herde he a voyce sey, ‘Sir Galahad, I se there envyrowne aboute the so many angels that my power may nat deare the!’

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


vigilye

And goon to vigilyes al bifore, And have a mantel royalliche y-bore.

1387, Chaucer, “v. 377”, in General Prologue:


tregetoure

Men make diverse apparences, / Swiche as thise subtile tregetoures pleye.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


vn-manhode

Sothe hym seyde pandarus, Þat for to slen hym self myghte he nat wynne But bothe doon vn-manhode and a synne.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


stynten

enm-verb

stynten (third-person singular simple present stynteth, present participle styntende, styntynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stynted)

stynteth (present singular third-person)
styntende (participle present)
styntynge (participle present)
stynted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Now wol I stynten of this Arveragus, / And speken I wole of Dorigen his wyf

to stop speaking or talking (of a subject)


wrastlen

English: wrestle

who wrastleth best naked, with oille enoynt

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


haynselyns

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 27, line 422

Upon that other side, to speak of the horrible excessive scantiness of clothing, as are these coats cut short, or short jackets, that through their shortness do not cover the shameful members of man, to wicked intent.

Upon that other syde, to speken of the horrible disordinat scantnesse of clothing, as been thise cutted sloppes or hainselins, that thurgh hir shortnesse ne covere nat the shameful membres of man, to wikked entente.


sothnesse

Tiburce answerde, ‘seistow this to me
In soothnesse, or in dreem I herkne this?’

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Second Nun's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 260-261

In actuality, or do I hear this in dream?’

Tiburce answered, ‘Sayest thou this to me


lyfly

Wel couthe he peynten lyfly that it wroghte, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2087

He who made it well knew how to paint in a life-like manner, …


afterblismed

From blismen, an alternative form of blesmen, meaning when a ram mates with a ewe. Equivalent to after- + blesmen.


cawcewey

English: causeway


Devereux

English: Devereux

Yola: Derouze, Deroos, Deruse, Deweros

Derived from Anglo-Norman. From d' + Evreux (meaning from Évreux, a city in Normandy).


ꟓ

A scribal abbreviation of double thorn ⟨þþ⟩ in the Ormulum.


ꟑ

For instance, ᵹiff /jif/ 'if' and seggen /ˈsɛd͡ʒən/ (Old English secgen) 'to say', but ꟑoddspell /ˈɡɔdspɛl/ 'gospel'.

A letter created by Orm for the sound /ɡ/ in the Ormulum, where insular ᵹ was used for /j/ and Carolingian g was used for /d͡ʒ/.


ꟕ

A scribal abbreviation of double wynn ⟨ƿƿ⟩ in the Ormulum.


ꟃ

Apparently formed from stacked Welsh ⟨ỽỽ⟩ vv, similar to how w developed from vv in Secretary hand.

⟨ow⟩, ⟨oỽ⟩, ⟨ov⟩ and ⟨oꟃ⟩ may all be found for modern ow in a single text.

The letter w in medieval Anglicana hand.


yexen

yexen (infinitive)
to yexen (infinitive)
yexe (infinitive)
yexe (first-person present singular)
yexed (first-person past singular)
yexest (present second-person singular)
yexedest (past second-person singular)
yexeth (present singular third-person)
yexed (past singular third-person)
yexe (present singular subjunctive)
yexed (past singular subjunctive)
yexe (imperative present singular)
yexen (plural present)
yexe (plural present)
yexeden (past plural)
yexede (past plural)
yexeth (imperative plural present)
yexe (imperative plural present)
yexynge (participle present)
yexende (participle present)
yexed (participle past)
yyexed (participle past)

English: yex

Scots: ȝesk, ȝisk, yesk

Yola: yux

From Old English ġeocsian, ġiscian (“to hiccup”), from Proto-West Germanic *giskōn.

to yawn, gulp, or swallow convulsively; gasp.


pruden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of pryden


pryden

pryden (third-person singular simple present prydeth, present participle prydende, prydynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pryded)

prydeth (present singular third-person)
prydende (participle present)
prydynge (participle present)
pryded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
pryden (infinitive)
to pryden (infinitive)
pryde (infinitive)
pryde (first-person present singular)
pryded (first-person past singular)
prydde (first-person past singular)
prydest (present second-person singular)
prydedest (past second-person singular)
pryddest (past second-person singular)
prydeth (present singular third-person)
pryded (past singular third-person)
prydde (past singular third-person)
pryde (present singular subjunctive)
pryded (past singular subjunctive)
prydde (past singular subjunctive)
pryde (imperative present singular)
pryden (plural present)
pryde (plural present)
prydeden (past plural)
prydede (past plural)
prydden (past plural)
prydde (past plural)
prydeth (imperative plural present)
pryde (imperative plural present)
prydynge (participle present)
prydende (participle present)
pryded (participle past)
pryd (participle past)
ypryded (participle past)
ypryd (participle past)

English: pride

From pryde (“pride”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(reflexive) To take pride or glory in oneself.


English: ◌̃

[…]ne floodis ſchul not prowẽ it doũ.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffe’s Bible, MS Egerton 617.), published c. 1390–1397, 8:7, page 20r, column 2:

Written on a letter, usually a vowel, in place of an omitted n or m.


fessely

1486, Boke of Seynt Albans (Book of Saint Albans)

and so the iiij. quadrat Royall is to bere a beest Raunpande: bebaly. lentally. and fessely.


rodok

The tame rodok & the coward kyte.

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parlement of Foules:


quappen

enm-verb

quappen (third-person singular simple present quappeth, present participle quappende, quappynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quapped)

quappeth (present singular third-person)
quappende (participle present)
quappynge (participle present)
quapped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
quappen (infinitive)
to quappen (infinitive)
quappe (infinitive)
quappe (first-person present singular)
quapped (first-person past singular)
quappest (present second-person singular)
quappedest (past second-person singular)
quappeth (present singular third-person)
quapped (past singular third-person)
quappe (present singular subjunctive)
quapped (past singular subjunctive)
quappe (imperative present singular)
quappen (plural present)
quappe (plural present)
quappeden (past plural)
quappede (past plural)
quappeth (imperative plural present)
quappe (imperative plural present)
quappynge (participle present)
quappende (participle present)
quapped (participle past)
yquapped (participle past)

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">quap</i>

English: quop (obsolete quap)


arke

English: ark

Yola: yark

A large box or bin for storing meal or grain.


missitten

(transitive) To sit badly on; to misbecome.


forpinen

14th Century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Complaynt of Phylomene
But I which spend, the darke and dreadful night,
In watch and ward, when those birds take their rest,
Forpine my selfe, that Louers might delight,
To heare the notes, which breake out of my breste.


dirken

The beaute the whiche clothes a derknesse of a forleten and despised elde hadde duskid and dirked, as it is wont to dirken besmokede ymages


iambeux

Hise iambeux were of quyrboily, His swerdes shethe of yuory.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


janglen

Nay (qƿ [quoth] yͤ foxe) but god yeue him miſchãce / That is ſo indiſcrete of gouernance / That iangleth, whã that he ſhuld haue pees

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcvii, verso, column 1:

Nay (said the fox) but God gives him misfortune / That is so indiscreet of governance / That jangles when he should hold his peace


endelong

Looke what day that endelong Britayne / Ye remove alle the rokkes, stoon by stoon

So sir launcelot lete his hors drynke / and sythen he bete on the bacyn with the butte of his spere so hard with al his myȝt tyl the bottom felle oute / and longe he dyd soo but he sawe noo thynge Thenne he rode endlong the gates of that manoyre nyghe half an houre
So Sir Launcelot let his horse drink, and then he beat on the basin with the butt of his spear so hard with all his might till the bottom fell out, and long he did so, but he saw nothing. Then he rode endlong the gates of that manor nigh half-an-hour.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “vij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book VI:

Than he rode endlonge the gatys of that maner nyghe halfe an howre.


keythong

English: keythong

peyr keythongs

1475, manuscript in the College of Arms collection describing Edward IV’s French Expedition of 1475 (Coll. Arms ms. 2nd M.16, f. xvi):


hurdis

Yola: hardishe, hardïshe

From Old French hordëiz, hourdeis, hurdis, from Medieval Latin hurdicium, hurdicia.


frenetik

English: frantic; frenetic; phrenitic

Borrowed from Middle French frenetique, from Latin phrenēticus, from Ancient Greek φρενητικός (phrenētikós). Compare frenesie; see there for pronunciations with /a/.


filchen

enm-verb

filchen (third-person singular simple present filcheth, present participle filchende, filchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle filched)

filcheth (present singular third-person)
filchende (participle present)
filchynge (participle present)
filched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
filchen (infinitive)
to filchen (infinitive)
filche (infinitive)
filche (first-person present singular)
filched (first-person past singular)
filchest (present second-person singular)
filchedest (past second-person singular)
filcheth (present singular third-person)
filched (past singular third-person)
filche (present singular subjunctive)
filched (past singular subjunctive)
filche (imperative present singular)
filchen (plural present)
filche (plural present)
filcheden (past plural)
filchede (past plural)
filcheth (imperative plural present)
filche (imperative plural present)
filchynge (participle present)
filchende (participle present)
filched (participle past)
yfilched (participle past)

English: filch

Scots: filsh

Probably from Old English fylċian (“to gather troops”), presumably with an intermediate sense of "raid, loot, lay waste to".


forgrowen

c. 1470, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Floure and the Leafe, lines 43-46,
And at the last a path of litle breade
I found, that greatly had not used be,
For it forgrowen was with grasse and weede
That well unneth a wight might it se.


barmclooth

A ceynt she werde, barred al of sylk,
A barmclooth as whit as morne mylk
Up on hir lendes, ful of many a goore.

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Millerẏs Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 42, verso:


nouther

English: nother, nauther, nor

Scots: nouther

Yola: noor, nore, nor, nar


how farest thow

"How farest thow now?", quod he to me. "Wel," quod I.

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, House of Fame:


penyble

English: penible

The moore trewe if þat it were possible She was to hym in loue and moore penyble.


doublenesse

Al to symple is my tonge to pronounce,
As ministre of my wit, the doublenesse
Of this chanoun, roote of alle cursednesse!
He semed freendly to hem that knewe hym noght,
But he was feendly bothe in werk and thoght.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 746-750:


miswandryinge

The couetise of euery good is naturalli planted in the hertes of men: but the miswandryinge errour, misledeth him into fals goodes.


columbyne

English: columbine

Com forþ now, wiþ þyne eyen columbyn! / How fairer been þy brestes þan is wyn!

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


coltes tooth

He was, I trowe, a twenty wynter oold,
 And I was fourty, if I shal seye sooth,
 But yet I hadde alwey a coltes tooth.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


leten sliden

But nathelees she moste a tyme abyde,
And with good hope lete her sorrow slyde.


gayel

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


chayler

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayoler


gayler

His yonge sone, that three yeer was of age,
Un-to him seyde, ‘fader, why do ye wepe?

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3621-3624

Is ther no morsel breed that ye do kepe?’
His young son, who was three years of age,
Unto him said, ‘Father, why do you weep?
When will the jailer bring our soup,
Is there no morsel of bread that you do keep?’


gayole

English: jail, gaol

Scots: jile, jyle

/ɡæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

/ɡaːˈɔːl(ə)/

/d͡ʒæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiole, gaiole, from Latin caveola. Forms with /v/ probably reflect Old French forms that retain the medial labial of Latin caveola.

jail, prison (place for confining prisoners)


shoten

shoten (infinitive)
to shoten (infinitive)
shote (infinitive)
shote (first-person present singular)
shoted (first-person past singular)
shotest (present second-person singular)
shotedest (past second-person singular)
shoteth (present singular third-person)
shoted (past singular third-person)
shote (present singular subjunctive)
shoted (past singular subjunctive)
shote (imperative present singular)
shoten (plural present)
shote (plural present)
shoteden (past plural)
shotede (past plural)
shoteth (imperative plural present)
shote (imperative plural present)
shotynge (participle present)
shotende (participle present)
shoted (participle past)
yshoted (participle past)

English: shoot, skeet

desc

Scots: schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete

Yola: zhoult

From Old English sċēotan, from Proto-West Germanic *skeutan, from Proto-Germanic *skeutaną.


gayoler

English: jailer, gaoler

Scots: jiler

→ Middle Irish: seigléir

Irish: séiléir, séileoir

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiolier, gaiolier; equivalent to gayole + -er. For forms with /v/, see gayole.


assailynge

The tempting, assault or luring of malign forces.

(rare) Insults, harsh words, verbal assault.

(rare) Assailing, striking; entering into combat.


peynde

(East Anglia) Alternative form of pynden


pynden

enm-verb

pynden (third-person singular simple present pyndeth, present participle pyndynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative pynde, past participle pynd)

pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pyndynge (participle present)
pynde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
pynd (participle past)
pynden (infinitive)
to pynden (infinitive)
pynde (infinitive)
pynde (first-person present singular)
pynde (first-person past singular)
pynded (first-person past singular)
pyndest (present second-person singular)
pyndest (past second-person singular)
pyndedest (past second-person singular)
pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pynde (past singular third-person)
pynded (past singular third-person)
pynde (present singular subjunctive)
pynde (past singular subjunctive)
pynded (past singular subjunctive)
pynde (imperative present singular)
pynden (plural present)
pynde (plural present)
pynden (past plural)
pynde (past plural)
pyndeden (past plural)
pyndede (past plural)
pyndeth (imperative plural present)
pynde (imperative plural present)
pyndynge (participle present)
pyndende (participle present)
pynd (participle past)
pynded (participle past)
ypynd (participle past)
ypynded (participle past)

English: pind (dialectal)

Middle Scots: poynd, puynd

Scots: pund, puind, poind, pynd, pind

→ English: poind

Inherited from Old English *pyndan (and derived ġepyndan), from Proto-West Germanic *pundijan; compare pound.

To enclose or confine; to set up boundaries:

(of animals) To shut up in a pound; to impound.

(figuratively, rare) To check or restrain oneself.


arayne

desc

English: arran, arrand (dialectal, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French araigne, aragne, iraigne, from Latin arānea, related to or derived from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē).


bareh

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of barow


whelbarwe

English: wheelbarrow

Scots: whirlbarrae (with replacement of first element)

From whel (“wheel”) + barwe (“handbarrow”).


gramer scole

gramere scole
gramere scole#Middle_English


gramarien

enm-noun

gramarien (plural gramariens or gramarienes)

gramariens (plural)
gramarienes (plural)

English: grammarian

From Middle French gramarien, gramairien; equivalent to gramere (“grammar”) + -ien (“-ian”).

A grammarian; a student or researcher of grammar.

(by extension) An individual who knows Latin.


tasel

desc

English: teasel, teazle, teasle, teazel, tazel

Scots: taisle, taissle, tassle

From Old English tǣsl, tǣsel, from Proto-West Germanic *taisilu; equivalent to tesen + -el (agentive suffix).
Forms with /a/, /aː/ are presumably from trisyllabic shortening in Old English inflected forms.

Dipsacus sativus
Wikispecies:Dipsacus sativus

teasel (Dipsacus sativus) or a similar plant.


pakkere

English: packer


nonnerie

English: nunnery

Scots: nunnery

From nonne (“nun”) + -erie (“-ery, -ry”).


schroud

English: shroud

Yola: shrude

From Old English sċrūd, from Proto-Germanic *skrūdą.


forglopned

To beldenn ⁊ to frofrenn þe, Ȝiff he þe seþ forrgloppnedd.

c. 1180, Orm, edited by Robert Meadows White, The Ormulum, page 20, lines 669–670:

To bolden and to comfort thee, if he sees thee distressed.

Saul him quok, sua was he rad, For-glopind in his mod all madd.

c. 1350, anonymous author, edited by Richard Morris, Cursor Mundi, Göttingen edition, page 1124, lines 19633–19634:

Saul quaked, so afraid was he, overwhelmed in his mind, completely mad.


hirplen

hirplen (infinitive)
to hirplen (infinitive)
hirple (infinitive)
hirple (first-person present singular)
hirpled (first-person past singular)
hirplest (present second-person singular)
hirpledest (past second-person singular)
hirpleth (present singular third-person)
hirpled (past singular third-person)
hirple (present singular subjunctive)
hirpled (past singular subjunctive)
hirple (imperative present singular)
hirplen (plural present)
hirple (plural present)
hirpleden (past plural)
hirplede (past plural)
hirpleth (imperative plural present)
hirple (imperative plural present)
hirplynge (participle present)
hirplende (participle present)
hirpled (participle past)
yhirpled (participle past)

⇒ Yola: harpleat

to walk with difficulty, hobble; to be wrinkled


coket

Yola: pocket, pucket (misread)


rubbynge

English: rubbing

Yola: rebine


scough

Yola: robunkshough


plicchen

enm-verb

plicchen (third-person singular simple present pliccheth, present participle plicchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative plyghte, past participle plyght)

pliccheth (present singular third-person)
plicchynge (participle present)
plyghte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
plyght (participle past)
plicchen (infinitive)
to plicchen (infinitive)
plicche (first-person present singular)
plyghte (first-person past singular)
plicchest (present second-person singular)
plyghtest (past second-person singular)
pliccheth (present singular third-person)
plyghte (past singular third-person)
plicche (present singular subjunctive)
plyghte (past singular subjunctive)
plicche (imperative present singular)
plicchen (plural present)
plicche (plural present)
plyghten (past plural)
plyghte (past plural)
pliccheth (imperative plural present)
plicche (imperative plural present)
plicchynge (participle present)
plicchende (participle present)
plyght (participle past)
yplyght (participle past)

From Old English plyċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *plukkijan, from Proto-Germanic *plukkijaną. Compare plukken.


hirste

desc

mostly in placenames; obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">hirst</i>

English: hurst (mostly in placenames; obsolete hirst)

Scots: hirst, hist

From the oblique forms of Old English hyrst, from Proto-West Germanic *hursti.


phisonomie

English: physiognomy, physiognomonics, physiognomist, physiognomize

From Anglo-Norman phisonomie, Old French fisonomie, Medieval Latin physonomia, via Late Latin physiognōmia from Koine Greek φυσιογνωμίᾱ (phusiognōmíā, “physiology”), from φύσις (phúsis, “form, appearance; character, nature”) + γνώμη (gnṓmē, “means of knowing”).

af

physiognomy; the study of a person's physical attributes, particularly facial features, to discern a person's nature or character

the human face; facial expression, countenance


contemplaunce

[…] er he hadde any speche / With hye god, that is oure lyues leche / He fasted longe, and was in contemplaunce[.] / Aaron, that hadde the temple in gouernaunce […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 81, verso:

[…] before he spoke / With God on high, who is physician of our lives, / He spent a long time in fasting and contemplation. / Aaron, who governed the temple […]


maltode

English: maletote

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman maltolt, from Medieval Latin malatolta. See English maletote for more.


setewale

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman zedwal, from Old French citoval, zedeail, etc., ultimately from Arabic جَدْوَار (jadwār). See zedoary.

(botany) Any plant or root of a plant of the genus Curcuma, especially zedoary.


priuilege

He is worthy to lesen his priuilege that mysvseth the myght and the power that is yeuen hym.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of Chaucer”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

He is worthy to lose his privilege that abuses the might and the power that is given to him.


dissipaten

dissipaten (infinitive)
to dissipaten (infinitive)
dissipate (infinitive)
dissipate (first-person present singular)
dissipated (first-person past singular)
dissipatte (first-person past singular)
dissipatest (present second-person singular)
dissipatedest (past second-person singular)
dissipattest (past second-person singular)
dissipateth (present singular third-person)
dissipated (past singular third-person)
dissipatte (past singular third-person)
dissipate (present singular subjunctive)
dissipated (past singular subjunctive)
dissipatte (past singular subjunctive)
dissipate (imperative present singular)
dissipaten (plural present)
dissipate (plural present)
dissipateden (past plural)
dissipatede (past plural)
dissipatten (past plural)
dissipatte (past plural)
dissipateth (imperative plural present)
dissipate (imperative plural present)
dissipatynge (participle present)
dissipatende (participle present)
dissipated (participle past)
dissipat (participle past)

English: dissipate

From Latin dissipātus, past participle of dissipāre.


Capitolie

English: Capitol, capitol

From Anglo-Norman capitolie, Old French capitoile, from Latin Capitōlium.

The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus atop the Capitoline Hill in Ancient Rome

This Iulius, to the Capitolie wente / Upon a day, as he was wont to goon / And in the Capitolie, anon hym hente / This falſe Brutus, and hyse othere foon / And ﬆiked hym, with boydekyns anon / With many a wounde, and thus they lete hym lye / But neuere gronte he, at no ﬆroke but oon / Or elles at two, but if his ﬆorie lye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 97, recto:

This Julius to the Capitol went / Upon one day, as he was accustomed to go / And in the Capitol at once seized him / This false Brutus and his other foes / And stuck him with daggers straightaway / With many a wound, and thus they let him lie / But never groaned he at no stroke but one / Or else at two, unless his history lies

The fortified citadel of Rome in the Capitoline area surrounding Jupiter's temple


gilty

For Catoun seith, that he that gilty is

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 688-689

For Cato says that he who is guilty
Believes every thing is spoken about him, indeed.


squirten

enm-verb

squirten (third-person singular simple present squirteth, present participle squirtende, squirtynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle squirted)

squirteth (present singular third-person)
squirtende (participle present)
squirtynge (participle present)
squirted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: squirt

Of uncertain origin; probably onomatopoeic.


fraisten

head

fraisten (third-person singular simple present fraistes, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fraisted)

fraistes (present singular third-person)
fraisted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Early 14th c. Anonymous, "Ywain and Gawain", in MS Cotton Galba E ix. Transcribed and reprinted in 1995, Braswell, Mary Flowers (ed.), Sir Perceval of Galles and Ywain and Gawain, Medieval Institute Publications, →ISBN, p. 167, l. 3253–3254.

His friend tried with all his might to raise him quickly up again

His felow fraisted with al his mayn / To raise him smertly up ogayn;

lord, homward will I hast / as fast as that I may; / My [wife] will I frast / what she will say, / And I am agast / that we get som fray / Betwixt vs both

15th c., “Processus Noe cum filiis [Noah and the Ark]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 28, lines 182–185:

Lord, I will go home as fast as I can; I will ask my wife what she has to say, and I would be shocked if some quarrel wouldn't arise between us.


pursif

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of pursyf


affraien

Smale foules a great heap / That had afrayed me out of my sleep.

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parlement of Foules:


brustlien

Right as a ship ayein the streme
He routeth with a ſlepy noiſe
And bruſtleth as a monkes froiſe

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


almicanteras

VPon thys forſayde plate ben compaſed certayne cercles, that hyghten almicanteras : of whyche ſome of hem ſemen parfyte cercles, and ſome ſemen imparfyte.

[a. 1401, Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The conclusions of the Astrolabie”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxciii, verso:

Upon this aforementioned plate are compassed certain circles that are called almucantars, of which some seem like perfect circles and some seem imperfect.


chynchy

The rich chinchy grede

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:


castellen

...Bake metes and dish metes... peynted and castelled with papir...


chamberere

I ne heeld me never digne in no manere
To be your wyf, no, ne your chamberere.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 818-819:

I considered myself never worthy in any way
To be your wife, no, nor your chambermaid.


distempre

This ſynne hath manie ſpeces: […] The fourth is, whan through the greate abundaunce of hys meete, the humours in hys body ben diſtempred.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cxiii, verso, Sequitur de Gula, column 2:

This sin [gluttony] has many species: […] The fourth is, when through the great abundance of his meat, the humours in his body be distempered.


crowes feet

So longe mote ye live, and alle proude,/Til crowes feet be growe under your eye

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, volume two:

crow's feet, small wrinkles in the corner of an eye, emblematic of aging.


by proces

By proces, as ye knowen everichoon,
Men may so longe graven in a stoon,
Til som figure therinne emprented be.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


ellern

Yola: ellena


allswa

Middle Scots: alswa, alswa

Scots: alsae

From alswo, from Old English eallswā, from Proto-West Germanic *allswā.


scald hoot

English: scalding hot

Yola: scaul hoate


humaynly

From humayne + -ly. Modelled on Middle Dutch. Compare Modern English humanly.

And euery man that stondeth here wolde wel bethynke hym what he hath doon and bydryuen in his dayes he shold the better haue pacience and pyte on Reynart / late euery man knowe hym self / that is my coūseyl / ther is none that stōdeth so surely, but otherwhyle he falleth or slydeth / who that ne∣uer mysdede ne synned, is holy and good and hath no ne∣de to amende hym / whan a man doth amys, and thenne by coūseyl amendeth it / that is humaynly / and so ought he to doo / but alway to mys do & trespace / and not to amē∣de hym / that ys euyl and a deuely lyf / Merke thenne what is wreton in the gospel Estote misericordes / be ye mer∣cyful yet standeth ther more

[1481], The Historye of Reynart the Foxe, [Westminster]: [William Caxton]; republished in Early English Books Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Text Creation Partnership, p. 2011:


gambon

English: gammon

From Anglo-Norman gambon, from Norman gambon, from Old French jambon (“ham”), from jambe (“leg”)+-on (gambe in Norman, gamb in Middle English), from Late Latin gamba (“hock, animal leg”), from Ancient Greek καμπή (kampḗ). Analysable as gamb + -on


Cosyn

English: Cousin

Yola: Cuzzeen


englishman

Now wel maister another manere awaie I wil spek telle me thēne / & a frenshmen had taken a litell childe of an englishman / might he aske by ryght any raūson for hym for it shulde seme ye / seen that he that may wel make the mo¦re grete a thinge / may wel make the smallest / as what to saye he myght wel take prysoner the fader yf the cas befell why not the childe aswell / […]

[1484], The Boke of the Fayt of Armes and of Chyualrye […], [Westminster]: [William Caxton]; republished in Early English Books Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Text Creation Partnership, p. 2011:


ȝalownes

c. 1390s, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Complaint of Chaucer to his Purse,” lines 8-11,
Now voucheth sauf this day or hyt be nyght
That I of yow the blisful soun may here
Or see your colour lyk the sonne bryght
That of yelownesse hadde never pere.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


wityng

for his wyf was at a someres game, / Wiþouten his wityng, he forsook hire eke.

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Wife of Bath's Prologue’ ll. 648-9, Canterbury Tales, Oxford 1988, p. 113


aroume

Yola: arum


shrenchen

enm-verb

shrenchen (third-person singular simple present shrencheth, present participle shrenchende, shrenchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle shrenched)

shrencheth (present singular third-person)
shrenchende (participle present)
shrenchynge (participle present)
shrenched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English screncan, causitive of scrincan. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.


congregacioun

English: congregation

⇒ Yola: contrishelagh

Borrowed from Old French congregacion, from Latin congregātiō, itself from congregō (“to herd into a flock”).


Gawayne

English: Gawain

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agravain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


Aggravayne

English: Agravain


isweven

isweven (infinitive)
to isweven (infinitive)
isweve (infinitive)
isweve (first-person present singular)
isweved (first-person past singular)
iswevest (present second-person singular)
iswevedest (past second-person singular)
isweveth (present singular third-person)
isweved (past singular third-person)
isweve (present singular subjunctive)
isweved (past singular subjunctive)
isweve (imperative present singular)
isweven (plural present)
isweve (plural present)
isweveden (past plural)
iswevede (past plural)
isweveth (imperative plural present)
isweve (imperative plural present)
iswevynge (participle present)
iswevende (participle present)
isweved (participle past)

From Old English geswebban, geswefian; equivalent to i- + sweven.


ȝeswefede

first/third-person singular past indicative of ȝeswefen


leye

English: leigh, lea

Scots: le, ley, lei

>? Yola: kotlieough, cotleough

From Old English lēah, from Proto-West Germanic *lauh, from Proto-Germanic *lauhaz.

A piece of open land; field, meadow, lawn


waiten

waiten (infinitive)
to waiten (infinitive)
waite (infinitive)
waite (first-person present singular)
waited (first-person past singular)
waitest (present second-person singular)
waitedest (past second-person singular)
waiteth (present singular third-person)
waited (past singular third-person)
waite (present singular subjunctive)
waited (past singular subjunctive)
waite (imperative present singular)
waiten (plural present)
waite (plural present)
waiteden (past plural)
waitede (past plural)
waiteth (imperative plural present)
waite (imperative plural present)
waitynge (participle present)
waitende (participle present)
waited (participle past)
ywaited (participle past)

English: wait

Yola: waaite; wiethe, weithe, waithe; ⇒ dwyth, dwithe


jolily

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer (translator), The Romaunt of the Rose, lines 2245-2249,
ffor pride is founde, in every part,
Contrarie unto loves Art.
And he that loveth, trewly
Shulde hym contene iolily,
Without pride in sondry wise,
And hym disgysen in queyntise.


jurdone

And eek thyne urynals and thy jurdones,
Thyn ypocras, and eek thy galiones

1387, Chaucer, “v. 9379”, in The Pardoner's Tale:

Iurdone, pyssepotte, iurdanus.


undermele

In vndermeles, and in mornynges

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

morning, noontime and/or early afternoon


lengeren

lengeren (infinitive)
to lengeren (infinitive)
lengere (infinitive)
lengere (first-person present singular)
lengered (first-person past singular)
lengerest (present second-person singular)
lengeredest (past second-person singular)
lengereth (present singular third-person)
lengered (past singular third-person)
lengere (present singular subjunctive)
lengered (past singular subjunctive)
lengere (imperative present singular)
lengeren (plural present)
lengere (plural present)
lengereden (past plural)
lengerede (past plural)
lengereth (imperative plural present)
lengere (imperative plural present)
lengerynge (participle present)
lengerende (participle present)
lengered (participle past)
ylengered (participle past)

English: linger

Yola: lhaungher

From lengere (“extended”). Compare also lē̆nǧen (“to lengthen”).


roughe

English: rough

Scots: roch

Yola: rugh

From Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.


geldyng

English: gelding

Scots: gelding

From Old Norse geldingr (“wether, eunuch”), from gelda (“to castrate”). Equivalent to gelden + -ing.

& thei wenten doun bothe into the water, Philip & the geldyng, & Philip baptiside hym.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 8:38, page 96v, column 2, line 19; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. (KJV)


non-tyde

English: noontide

Yola: nonteet

From Old English nōntīd (“noontide”), equivalent to non + tyde.


audacite

From Medieval Latin audacitas, from Latin audax (“bold”), from audeō (“I am bold, I dare”).


gelice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yliche


ylich

English: alike

Scots: ylike, ylyke, elike, elyke

From Old English ġelīċ. Doublet of lik. More at alike.

alike, similar (+ dative or to: similar to, like)

equalling; matching up in status, power, etc. (+ dative or to: to)

(usually following an adverb meaning ‘always’) constant, unvarying, unchanging