reren

English: rear

From Old English hrēran, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōzijaną.

To rile; to cause a disturbance or commotion; to spread discontent or turmoil.

To inspire or motivate; to foment towards a cause.

To cause to wake up; to enliven, rejuvenate, or raise from slumber.

To revive or resurrect; to make the dead live again.


brasyng

English: bracing


mæin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mayn


monfulnesse

English: manfulness

(Late Middle English, rare) manfulness, male virtue


maynly

English: mainly

Scots: mainly

Bravely, mightily, daringly; with honor.

(Late Middle English) Strongly, with great haste or effort; persistently.

(rare) Noisily, loudly; with great volume.

(rare, Late Middle English) Visibly, noticeably; in a way that is easy to see.

(rare, Late Middle English) Damagingly, gravely, painfully.

(rare, Late Middle English) Very, to a great degree.


maynful

English: mainful

Ah leve ȝe, Ich reade oƿ, o þe liviende Godd, mihti ant meinful ant euch godes ful, þe hereð þeo þe Him cleopieð to, ant heovene-ȝetes openeð!

c. 1200, Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Margarete:

But believe, you, I advise you, in the living God, mighty and powerful and full of all good, who hears all who call to him, and the gates of heaven will open!

Potent, effective, tough; having much power.

Ryȝt as þe maynful mone con rys / Er þenne þe day-glem dryue al doun

c. 1375, the "Pearl Poet", Perle, lines 1093–1094:

Right as the shining moon is rising / Just as the day's gleam drives all down

(rare) Shining, light; having much brightness.


mayne londe

English: mainland

Scots: mayn-land

(rare, Late Middle English) A large swath of land or property.

(rare, Late Middle English) mainland; the largest landmass in a given region.


mayn

English: main

Scots: mayne, mayn, main, mane

Inherited from Old English mæġen, from Proto-West Germanic *magin, from Proto-Germanic *maginą; compare Proto-Germanic *maganą (Middle English mowen).

Governmental influence and legitimacy; political capability.

Military ability; power in combat or war.

Mental capability; mindpower or willpower.

Effectiveness, power, usefulness, or suitability.


mayn

English: main

Scots: main, mane

Yola: mhyne (adv)

From Old English mæġen- (prefix) and Old Norse megn, megenn (“strong, main”).

Extraordinarily large; gigantic or humongous.

(rare) Strange or uncommon; exceptional.


reysen

enm-verb

reysen (third-person singular simple present reyseth, present participle reysende, reysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reysed)

reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysende (participle present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
reysen (infinitive)
to reysen (infinitive)
reyse (infinitive)
reyse (first-person present singular)
reysed (first-person past singular)
reysest (present second-person singular)
reysedest (past second-person singular)
reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysed (past singular third-person)
reyse (present singular subjunctive)
reysed (past singular subjunctive)
reyse (imperative present singular)
reysen (plural present)
reyse (plural present)
reyseden (past plural)
reysede (past plural)
reyseth (imperative plural present)
reyse (imperative plural present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysende (participle present)
reysed (participle past)
yreysed (participle past)

English: reyse

Probably from Middle Dutch reisen, resen (compare Old English rāsian (“to explore”)), from Proto-West Germanic *raisōn; equivalent to reys (“journey”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

In Lettow hadde he reysed, and in Ruce...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales:

To enter into service for a foreign military campaign.


reysen

English: raise

Scots: rais, rase, raise

Borrowed from Old Norse reisa, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reren.

and iheſus reiſide him ſelf .· ⁊ ſeide to hir / womman where ben þei þat accuſiden þee .·? no man haþ dampned þee .·?

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 8:10, page 49r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And Jesus raised himself, and said to her: "Woman, where are those who ostracised you? Has nobody ostracised you?"

To raise; to hold up or suspend upwards:

To cause to stand up; to induce to rise.

(Late Middle English) To extract or pull out; to cause something to exit.

To ready or prepare; to activate or equip for use.

To create or ready something:
To start or cause; to endow or grant.

þerfoꝛ the iewis ſeiden to hym / in fourti ⁊ ſixe ȝeer þis temple was bildid .· ⁊ ſchalt þou in þꝛe daies reiſe it .·?

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:20, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then the Jews said to him: "This temple was built in forty-six years, and you want to rebuild it in three days?"

To (re)build or construct; to make or create.

To create or ready something:
To summon a occult or demonic force.

To spiritually improve or wake; to draw spiritual attention.

Forr he ras o þehhtennde daȝȝ / To reȝȝsenn uss off sinne

For he rose on the eighth day / to cleanse us of sin

To release from negative emotions, thoughts, or beliefs; to banish iniquity.

foꝛ as þe fadir reiſiþ deed men ⁊ quykeneþ .· ſo þe ſone quykeneþ whom he wole

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 5:21, page 47r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Just like the father raises the dead and revives them, the son revives who he wants.

To resurrect; to cause to come back from the dead.

To encourage, popularise or spread; to enhance or extol:

To motivate; to spread inspiration or encouragement.

To improve someone's reputation or glory; to extol the virtues of someone.

To embolden; to instil pridefulness or boastfulness in someone.

To levy or request taxes; to charge fees or bills.

To request or requisition:
To levy men; to raise trops or forces.

To rile; to spread discontent or turmoil.


sterne of þe see

Calque of Latin Stella Maris, an epithet for the Virgin Mary. Arose as a scribal mistranscription of stilla maris (“drop of the sea”), which in turn was an interpretation of Mary's name in Aramaic, Maryam, as Hebrew מר (mar, “drop”) + ים (yam, “sea”).

(Christianity) The Virgin Mary, the mother of Christ.


sterre of þe see

English: Star of the Sea

Calque of Latin Stella Maris, an epithet for the Virgin Mary. Arose as a scribal mistranscription of stilla maris ("drop of the sea"), which in turn was an interpretation of Mary's name in Aramaic, Maryam, as Hebrew מר (mar, "drop") + ים (yam, "sea").


sterneleme

enm-noun

sterneleme (plural sternelemen or sternelemes)

sternelemen (plural)
sternelemes (plural)


sterre blasynge

blasynge sterre
blasynge sterre#Middle_English


sterne blasynge

blasynge sterne
blasynge sterne#Middle_English


blasynge sterne

blasynge sterne (plural blasynge sternes)

alternative forms at blasynge and sterne


morewetid sterre

morewetid sterre (plural morewetid sterres or morewetid sterren)

morewetid sterres (plural)
morewetid sterren (plural)

Morning star; a bright celestial body visible to the naked eye in the eastern sky near dawn; typically Venus, sometimes Mercury.

alternative forms at morewetid and sterre


day sterne

Scots: daystern

(figuratively) One who inspires hope or happiness in another.


morwynsterre

morwynsterre (plural morwynsterres or morwynsterren)

morwynsterres (plural)
morwynsterren (plural)

English: morning star

From Old English morgensteorra, equivalent to morwe + sterre.

(Christianity) The head of the fallen angels; Lucifer, Satan.


daysterre

daysterre (plural daysterres or daysterren)

English: daystar

From Old English dæġsteorra, equivalent to day + sterre.

further alternative forms at day and sterre


blasynge sterre

blasynge sterre (plural blasynge sterres or blasynge sterren)

blasynge sterres (plural)
blasynge sterren (plural)

English: blazing star

alternative forms at blasynge and sterre


tæȝel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tayl


toppyng

English: topping

Scots: tappin

(rare, Late Middle English) The hair on one's crown of the head.

(rare, Late Middle English) A attachment for the top of a candle.


botemles

English: bottomless

(Late Middle English) Lacking a bottom; bottomless.


taylarde

An insult implying that the person insulted has a tail.


taylende

English: tail end, tail-end, tailend

The hind-quarters; the back of one's body.


tayled

English: tailed

Scots: tailt

(rare) Having a part which drags on the floor.


botme

English: bottom
→ French: bottom

desc

Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome

Yola: bothom

From Old English botm, bodan, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

The lowest section of something; the bottom, especially of water:

The bottom portion of a ship's hull, or the line of wood running along it.

A dell or valley; a indentation in the land.

The bottom of a depression or hole; the extreme reaches of an organ.


frount

English: front (see there for further descendants)

Scots: front

Borrowed from Old French front, from Latin frons.

The front; the forward side of something:

The front of the head; the face or forehead.


endedæȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ende-day


frounter

English: frontier

Scots: fronter (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fronter, ultimately from Latin frōns.

a tapestry over another tapestry over an altar


tayle

For whether he payde, or toke by tayle

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

a tally; an account scored on a piece of wood


frountel

English: frontal

From Old French frontel, from Medieval Latin frontālis; equivalent to frount + -el (diminutive suffix).

A decorative fabric drape hanging over an altar.

(rare) A facial decoration above the eyes.

(rare, Late Middle English) The front of something.


ȝiendunȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of endyng


ende-day

English: end-day (obsolete)

Scots: end-day (obsolete)

From Old English endedæġ; equivalent to ende + day.


endelesly

English: endlessly

From Old English endelēaslīce; equivalent to endeles + -ly.

For an infinite time; endlessly, timelessly, lasting without end.

Counting upwards endlessly; continuing forever.


endyng day

The day which one dies on; one's deathday.


endelesnesse

English: endlessness

From Old English endelēasnes; equivalent to endeles + -nesse.

(rare, Late Middle English) endlessness, eternalness


endely

English: endly

From ende + -ly (adverbial suffix). The adjective is from the adverb.


endely

English: endly


endyng

English: ending

Scots: endin

Yola: endeen

From Old English endung, ġeendung; equivalent to ende + -ing.

An ending, termination, or conclusion.
The end of one's life; death or dying.

(Christianity) The end of the current world; the biblical Apocalypse.

The ending point of a literary creation or work.

An ending, termination, or conclusion.
A grammatical ending; a suffix.

Accomplishment or successful completing of a duty or action.

The conclusion or aftermath of something; its repercussions.

The real meaning or worth of something; one's lot in life.


endeles

English: endless

Scots: endless

From Old English endelēas, from Proto-Germanic *andijalausaz; equivalent to ende + -les.

Unending in time; endless, timeless, lasting without end.

Unending in quantity; nonfinite, innumerable.

(rare) Unending in extent; stretching on forever, boundaryless.


endeles

Having an infinite quantity; nonfinitely, innumerably.


tayl

English: tail

Scots: tail, tale

Yola: tyel, taal

From Old English tæġl, from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, form Proto-Germanic *taglą, *taglaz.

The hindquarters of a human or animal (around the tailbone)

The feathers around a bird's hindquarters.

A train (portion of clothing which drags on the ground).

(military) The rearguard or train of an army.

The rear or back of something:
The rearguard or train of an army.

A line or array of stars in the night sky.

A line, row or array:
(botany) A shoot or branch.

A line, row or array:
A shoot or branch.

The end or point of something; the thinnest part of something.

(euphemistic) One's genitalia or nether regions.

(rare) The product or effect of something.

(rare) A drainage canal for a watermill.


casere

Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard

Inherited from Old English cāsere, alteration of earlier cāser, from Proto-West Germanic *kaisar, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of kayser.

Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire#English

(Northern or Early Middle English) An emperor (of Rome or the Holy Roman Empire)


hefelice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevyliche


hevyliche

English: heavily

From Old English hefiġlīċe, equivalent to hevy + -ly.


berkere

English: barker

(rare) One who makes fun of someone else.


berkyng

English: barking


dotynge

English: doting


barkyn

barken (infinitive)
to barken (infinitive)
barke (infinitive)
barke (first-person present singular)
barked (first-person past singular)
barkest (present second-person singular)
barkedest (past second-person singular)
barketh (present singular third-person)
barked (past singular third-person)
barke (present singular subjunctive)
barked (past singular subjunctive)
barke (imperative present singular)
barken (plural present)
barke (plural present)
barkeden (past plural)
barkede (past plural)
barketh (imperative plural present)
barke (imperative plural present)
barkynge (participle present)
barkende (participle present)
barked (participle past)
ybarked (participle past)

English: bark

(rare, Late Middle English) To form a hard layer.


birche

English: birch

Northumbrian: birk

Scots: birk

From Old English birċe, bierċe, from Proto-West Germanic *birkijā.

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual


kokerel

English: cockerel


dotacion

English: dotation

(Late Middle English) dotation, endowing


lordlyng

English: lordling, lording

A noble or lord; a minor or petty ruler.

A way a noble addresses inferiors or peers

(rare, Late Middle English) A way a writer addresses their audience


dælf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of delf


thele

English: theal (dialectal)

From Old English þel, from Proto-Germanic *þelą.


dokkyn

dokkyn (infinitive)
to dokkyn (infinitive)
dokke (infinitive)
dokke (first-person present singular)
dokked (first-person past singular)
dokkest (present second-person singular)
dokkedest (past second-person singular)
dokketh (present singular third-person)
dokked (past singular third-person)
dokke (present singular subjunctive)
dokked (past singular subjunctive)
dokke (imperative present singular)
dokken (plural present)
dokke (plural present)
dokkeden (past plural)
dokkede (past plural)
dokketh (imperative plural present)
dokke (imperative plural present)
dokkynge (participle present)
dokkende (participle present)
dokked (participle past)
ydokked (participle past)

English: dock

Scots: dock

(Late Middle English) To lessen or shorten; to ruin or adulterate.

(rare) To dock (slice hair of an animal's tail)

(rare, Late Middle English) To lessen one's rights or capabilities.


thylle

English: thill

Scots: thill

From Old English þille, from Proto-Germanic *þiljǭ. Doublet of dele (“plank”).


dalke

English: dalk

From Old English dalc, from Proto-West Germanic *dalk, from Proto-Germanic *dalkaz.


dalke

English: dalk, delk

From Old English *daluc, from Proto-West Germanic *daluk, from Proto-Germanic *dalukaz.

(rare) A small valley, depression, or dalk.


dokke

English: dock

From Old English docce, from Proto-West Germanic *dokkā.


contre of þe sterren

contre of þe sterres
contre of þe sterres#Middle_English

Alternative form of contre of þe sterres


contre of þe sterres

The domain that the stars occupy; the sky, the heavens, the upper air.


cold sterre

enm-noun

cold sterre (plural cold sterres or cold sterren)

cold sterres (plural)
cold sterren (plural)

The stars of the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor.

Any stars found in the northernmost sky.


berded sterre

berded sterre (plural berded sterres or berded sterren)

berded sterres (plural)
berded sterren (plural)

sterre berded
sterre berded#Middle_English


hered sterre

hered sterre (plural hered sterres or hered sterren)

hered sterres (plural)
hered sterren (plural)

sterre hered
sterre hered#Middle_English


dælen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of delen


sterre berded

sterre berded (plural sterres berded or sterren berded)

sterres berded (plural)
sterren berded (plural)


sterre hered

sterre hered (plural sterres hered or sterren hered)

sterres hered (plural)
sterren hered (plural)


deele

Alternative form of del (“amount, part”)


delare

English: dealer

From Old English dǣlere; equivalent to delen + -er.

A distributor or splitter; one who parts or gives out.


delynge

English: dealing

From Old English dǣlung; equivalent to delen + -ing.

(rare) Splitting; taking apart; practicing separation.

(rare) One's course of action; the way one behaves.

(rare) Intercourse; copulation; having sex.

(rare) A section or portion of something.

(rare) Injuring; hurting; inflicting wounds on someone.

(rare) Engaging; involvement in a procedure or activity.


develissh

English: devilish

Scots: deevilish, deilish


develiche

From Old English dēofollīc; equivalent to devel + -liche.

Evil, malign; morally and spiritually wrong.


devely

English: devilly (obsolete)

From Old English dēofollīce; equivalent to devel + -ly.


dewyn

dewyn (infinitive)
to dewyn (infinitive)
dewe (infinitive)
dewe (first-person present singular)
dewed (first-person past singular)
dewest (present second-person singular)
dewedest (past second-person singular)
deweth (present singular third-person)
dewed (past singular third-person)
dewe (present singular subjunctive)
dewed (past singular subjunctive)
dewe (imperative present singular)
dewen (plural present)
dewe (plural present)
deweden (past plural)
dewede (past plural)
deweth (imperative plural present)
dewe (imperative plural present)
dewynge (participle present)
dewende (participle present)
dewed (participle past)
ydewed (participle past)

English: dew

From Old English *dēawian, from Proto-West Germanic *dauwēn. By surface analysis, dew + -en (infinitival suffix).

surf

(rare) To replenish; to relieve, assuage or calm.


develrye

English: devilry, deviltry

Scots: deilry, deeviltry


noricerie

English: nursery

Scots: norsery

Borrowed from Middle French nourricerie; equivalent to norice + -erie.

(rare) A nursery (place where children are cared for)

(rare) The rearing or nursing of a child.


norischaunt

Borrowed from Old French norrissant; equivalent to norischen + -ant.


norisshyng

The provision of sustenance or nourishment.

Comestibles and beverages; things that are eaten and drunk.

Nutritional substances or nutriments; foods that are useful nutritionally.

Child-raising; the education and preparation of young for the world (usually referring to humans)

Inciting into behaviour; promotion of a belief.

(rare) Reproduction; giving birth or producing offspring.

(rare) The provision of living requirements or goods.

(rare) The consumption of nourishment or other living requirements.

(rare) Luxuries, indulgences; goods that are not necessary.


norisshement

English: nourishment

Borrowed from Middle French, from Old French norrissement; equivalent to norischen + -ment.


norture

English: nurture

Scots: norter, nortar

Borrowed from Old French norriture, from Late Latin nūtrītūra.

The bringing up of a child; nurture or raising.

Formal training of the young; educating.

Courteousness, etiquette, customs, politeness.


norturen

norturen (infinitive)
to norturen (infinitive)
norture (infinitive)
norture (first-person present singular)
nortured (first-person past singular)
norturest (present second-person singular)
norturedest (past second-person singular)
nortureth (present singular third-person)
nortured (past singular third-person)
norture (present singular subjunctive)
nortured (past singular subjunctive)
norture (imperative present singular)
norturen (plural present)
norture (plural present)
nortureden (past plural)
norturede (past plural)
nortureth (imperative plural present)
norture (imperative plural present)
norturynge (participle present)
norturende (participle present)
nortured (participle past)
ynortured (participle past)

English: nurture

Scots: norter

From norture + -en (infinitival suffix).


chymeney

English: chimney

Scots: chimley, chimlie

Yola: gimlie

→ Welsh: simnai

Borrowed from Old French chimenee~cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta. Forms starting with k- are from Old Northern French; forms ending in -th are from early Old French *cheminethe.

bor+

Þerfor þei ſchulen be as a morewtid cloude and as þe deew of morewtid, þat paſſiþ forþ as duſt rauyſchide bi whirlewynd fro þe corn floor and as ſmoke of a chymenei

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 13:3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And so they will be like the morning cloud, and the dew of the morning which dissipates, as dust lifted by whirlwind from the corn floor, and like the smoke of a chimney.

A chimney; a ventilation chamber for smoke.

A device for heating; a stove or furnace.

(rare, figurative) Something which heats or forges.

(rare, figurative) Any ventilation chamber.


deol

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of del


norischer

English: nourisher

Borrowed from Old French norrisseor; equivalent to norischen + -er.

(Late Middle English) A promoter or advocator of ideas or practices.

(rare) A person who educates and fosters a child.

(rare, Late Middle English) A dispenser of religious wisdom and advice.


norischen

norischen (infinitive)
to norischen (infinitive)
norische (infinitive)
norische (first-person present singular)
norisched (first-person past singular)
norischest (present second-person singular)
norischedest (past second-person singular)
norischeth (present singular third-person)
norisched (past singular third-person)
norische (present singular subjunctive)
norisched (past singular subjunctive)
norische (imperative present singular)
norischen (plural present)
norische (plural present)
norischeden (past plural)
norischede (past plural)
norischeth (imperative plural present)
norische (imperative plural present)
norischynge (participle present)
norischende (participle present)
norisched (participle past)
ynorisched (participle past)

English: nourish

Scots: nourish

From Old French nouriss-, stem of norrir, from Latin nūtriō.

To nourish; to provide with food or nourishment.

To breastfeed; to provide with breastmilk.

To provide with healthy and fulfilling food.

To provide sustenance and necessities for something; to support:

To religiously nourish; to provide with religious sustenance.

To foster; to assist something's growth or development:

To bring up or rear animals; to help raise.

To tend to crops; to perform agricultural labour.

To spread or encourage an idea or belief.

To care about; to like or be affected by.

To give birth; to reproduce or create offspring.

(physiology) To supply bodily organs with vital substances.

To heat; to keep at an active temperature.


nalyng

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of naylynge


næil

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nayl


nayled

English: nailed

Having (finger- or toe-)nails (usually referring to a certain type)


nayler

English: nailer

Yola: neileare


naylen

naylen (infinitive)
to naylen (infinitive)
nayle (infinitive)
nayle (first-person present singular)
nayled (first-person past singular)
naylest (present second-person singular)
nayledest (past second-person singular)
nayleth (present singular third-person)
nayled (past singular third-person)
nayle (present singular subjunctive)
nayled (past singular subjunctive)
nayle (imperative present singular)
naylen (plural present)
nayle (plural present)
nayleden (past plural)
naylede (past plural)
nayleth (imperative plural present)
nayle (imperative plural present)
naylynge (participle present)
naylende (participle present)
nayled (participle past)
ynayled (participle past)

English: nail

Scots: nail

From Old English næġlian, næġlan; equivalent to nayl + -en (infinitival suffix).

To nail; to drive a nail (almost always into something)

To affix something using a nail (usually for attachment)

To insert a nail into something to secure it; to rivet or fasten.

To halt; to secure or immobilise something.


nayl

English: nail

Scots: nail, nale

Yola: niel

Thou schalt brynge hir in to thin hows; which womman schal schaue the heer, and schal kitte the nailes aboute...

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Deuteronomy 21:12”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

You should bring her into your house; that woman should shave her hair and cut her nails...

(biblical) One of nails used to nail Jesus to the cross.

(figurative) A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

A nail (metal fastening pin):
A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

(figurative) A decisive point in a debate or disagreement.

The nayl ydryven in the shode anyght; / The colde deeth, with mouth gapyng upright...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2007–2008:

The nail driven in the head's crown at night; / The cold death, with mouth gaping upright...

The equivalent to a human nail in animals (e.g. a claw)

(rare) An ocular malady present in humans and animals.


crepynge

English: creeping

Scots: creepin

Creeping; slithering, moving stealthily or low to the ground.

(rare) Drifting or distraction of the mind.

(rare) The feeling a false feeling of movement inside oneself.


fynger

English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga

Scots: finger

Yola: vinger

Inherited from Old English finger, from Proto-West Germanic *fingr, from Proto-Germanic *fingraz, from Proto-Indo-European *penkʷrós.

A finger (mobile extensions of the hand):

The fingers as a representation of divine craftsmanship.

A digit or finger (unit of length around as long or wide as a finger).

Blessid be my Lord God, that techith myn hondis to werre and my fyngris to batel.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 143:1”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Blessed be my Lord God, who teaches my hands to war and my fingers to battle.

And with hir fynger signes made she / That Damyan sholde clymbe upon a tree

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Merchant's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2209–2210:

And with her finger she made signs / That Damian should climb onto a tree

(rare) Something unimportant, small, or meagre.


crepel

English: cripple

desc

Scots: crepill, cripill, crippill, crupple, cripple

From Old English crypel, from Proto-Germanic *krupilaz; equivalent to crepen + -el (agentive suffix).


crepel

English: cripple


brayle

English: brail

Borrowed from Old French braiel, from Medieval Latin bracale.

(rare) A brail; a rope for trussing up sails.


snayle

English: snail

Scots: snail

Inherited from Old English sneġel, from Proto-Germanic *snagilaz, *snigilaz.

A turtle or other similar shelled animal.

(rare, Late Middle English) A kind of contraption used for both offence and defence during a siege.

(rare) A diseased mass of protruding fleshiness.


seællen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of assailen


assaynge

English: assaying


assayour

English: assayer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assaiour; equivalent to assayen + -our.


tongen

From Old English tungan (“tongues”); equivalent to tonge + -en (plural suffix).


tongen

From Old English tangan (“tongs”); equivalent to tonge + -en (plural suffix).


assailour

English: assailer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assaillour, assaillur; equivalent to assailen + -our.


assayen

assayen (infinitive)
to assayen (infinitive)
assaye (infinitive)
assaye (first-person present singular)
assayed (first-person past singular)
assayest (present second-person singular)
assayedest (past second-person singular)
assayeth (present singular third-person)
assayed (past singular third-person)
assaye (present singular subjunctive)
assayed (past singular subjunctive)
assaye (imperative present singular)
assayen (plural present)
assaye (plural present)
assayeden (past plural)
assayede (past plural)
assayeth (imperative plural present)
assaye (imperative plural present)
assayynge (participle present)
assayende (participle present)
assayed (participle past)
yassayed (participle past)

English: assay, say

Scots: say, sey

From Anglo-Norman assaier; equivalent to assay + -en (infinitival suffix).

To trial something in order to ascertain its efficacy.

To ascertain something's efficacy or usefulness.

To examine or test a person's nature or intrinsic qualities.

To taste comestibles (often in order to test them)

To test something's or someone's battle-readiness

To launch an attempt or effort at something.

To look at; to research or launch an examination or inquiry.

To attain knowledge via deduction, inquiry, or investigating.

To query or ask one for assistance or help.

To lure or draw into; to seduce or utilise temptation.

To copulate, have sexual relations with, or have coitus.


saillen

saillen (infinitive)
to saillen (infinitive)
saille (infinitive)
saille (first-person present singular)
sailled (first-person past singular)
saillest (present second-person singular)
sailledest (past second-person singular)
sailleth (present singular third-person)
sailled (past singular third-person)
saille (present singular subjunctive)
sailled (past singular subjunctive)
saille (imperative present singular)
saillen (plural present)
saille (plural present)
sailleden (past plural)
saillede (past plural)
sailleth (imperative plural present)
saille (imperative plural present)
saillynge (participle present)
saillende (participle present)
sailled (participle past)
ysailled (participle past)

From Old French saillir, salir, from Latin saliō.

To dance; to jump around; to do gymnastics.


assailen

assailen (infinitive)
to assailen (infinitive)
assaile (infinitive)
assaile (first-person present singular)
assailed (first-person past singular)
assailest (present second-person singular)
assailedest (past second-person singular)
assaileth (present singular third-person)
assailed (past singular third-person)
assaile (present singular subjunctive)
assailed (past singular subjunctive)
assaile (imperative present singular)
assailen (plural present)
assaile (plural present)
assaileden (past plural)
assailede (past plural)
assaileth (imperative plural present)
assaile (imperative plural present)
assailynge (participle present)
assailende (participle present)
assailed (participle past)
yassailed (participle past)

English: assail

Scots: assail, assailzie

From Old French assaillir, assalir, from Late Latin assalīre; equivalent to assaile + -en (infinitival suffix).

Forsothe men of Geth borun in the lond killiden hem, for thei ȝeden doun to assaile her possessiouns.

c. 1390, John Wycliffe, transl., edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal Books, in the Earliest English Versions (Wycliffe's Bible), volume II, Oxford UP, published 1850, I. Paralipomenon VII.21, page 334, column 2:

Forsooth, men of Gath born in the land killed him, for they went down to assail her possessions.

To assail or assault; to loot or attack.

To begin or launch an assault or military operation.

To bother, hurt, or injure (used often of malign forces)

To affect; to induce towards (used of feelings)

To lure or draw into sin, perfidy, or iniquity.

To insult; to launch into a tirade or rant against.

To try or undertake (an endeavour or behaviour)

(rare) To have intercourse; to mate (used of animals).

(rare) To assay; to investigate something.


crepen

crepen (infinitive)
to crepen (infinitive)
crepe (infinitive)
crepe (first-person present singular)
crep (first-person past singular)
crop (first-person past singular)
crepte (first-person past singular)
creped (first-person past singular)
crepest (present second-person singular)
crope (past second-person singular)
crepe (past second-person singular)
crep (past second-person singular)
crop (past second-person singular)
creptest (past second-person singular)
crepedest (past second-person singular)
crepeth (present singular third-person)
crep (past singular third-person)
crop (past singular third-person)
crepte (past singular third-person)
creped (past singular third-person)
crepe (present singular subjunctive)
crope (past singular subjunctive)
crepe (past singular subjunctive)
crepte (past singular subjunctive)
creped (past singular subjunctive)
crepe (imperative present singular)
crepen (plural present)
crepe (plural present)
cropen (past plural)
crope (past plural)
crepen (past plural)
crepe (past plural)
crepten (past plural)
crepte (past plural)
crepeden (past plural)
crepede (past plural)
crepeth (imperative plural present)
crepe (imperative plural present)
crepynge (participle present)
crepende (participle present)
cropen (participle past)
crope (participle past)
crept (participle past)
creped (participle past)
ycrope (participle past)

English: creep

Scots: crepe, creip

From Old English crēopan, from Proto-Germanic *kreupaną.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ-der.
Proto-Germanic *kreupaną
Proto-West Germanic *kreupan
Old English crēopan
Middle English crepen

etymon

To creep close to the ground; to slither or crawl.

To move in a subtle or secretive way:
To move or walk on all four limbs.

To clamber; to scale or ascend a vertical surface.

To move in a subtle or secretive way:
To walk or move secretly and carefully.

To enter or depart; to experience the start or end of life.

To appear or disappear; to arrive or leave.

To burgle or rob; to loot a house or property.

(pathology) To become more dire or severe; to grow.

To kneel or bow down; to visibly humble oneself.

(rare) To feel a false feeling of movement inside oneself.


lihȝen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of laughen


lehter

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of laughter


lawghynge

English: laughing

Scots: lauchin

Yola: leeigheen, leigheen, leighen (from laghyng) ⇒ lacheny

And Sare seide, The Lord made leiȝynge to me, and who euer schal here schal leiȝe with me.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 21:6”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And Sarah said: "The Lord made laughing for me, and anyone who will hear will laugh with me".

Laughing, the production of a laugh or snicker.

Fun, entertainment, enjoyment, revelling.


hoal

Alternative form of hole (“healthy, whole”)


euetid sterre

Evening star; the planet Venus visible to the naked eye in the western sky near dusk.

further alternative forms at euentyde and sterre


euensterre

From Old English ǣfensteorra, equivalent to euen + sterre.


migga

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mygge


mygge

From Old English micga, micge; related to miȝen (“to produce urine”).


mydge

English: midge

Scots: mige, midge

From Old English mycg, mygg, from Proto-Germanic *mugjō.


miȝen

miȝen (infinitive)
to miȝen (infinitive)
miȝe (infinitive)
miȝe (first-person present singular)
mæh (first-person past singular)
meh (first-person past singular)
myhst (present second-person singular)
miȝe (past second-person singular)
mæh (past second-person singular)
meh (past second-person singular)
myhþ (present singular third-person)
mæh (past singular third-person)
meh (past singular third-person)
miȝe (present singular subjunctive)
miȝe (past singular subjunctive)
miȝe (imperative present singular)
miȝen (plural present)
miȝe (plural present)
miȝen (past plural)
miȝe (past plural)
miȝeþ (imperative plural present)
miȝe (imperative plural present)
miȝende (participle present)
miȝen (participle past)
ȝemiȝen (participle past)
imiȝen (participle past)

(Early Middle English) To produce urine; to urinate.


pyssepotte

English: pisspot, piss pot

Scots: pish-pot

(rare, Late Middle English, vulgar) pisspot


pissere

English: pisser

A soldier, particularly one seen as a rogue or scoundrel.


pyssynge

English: pissing

Scots: pishin

The act of pissing; performing urination.


pot stik

A stick for stirring liquids used in cooking.


poteller

A pottle (a small container holding a half-gallon)


ampten

From Old English ǣmettan; equivalent to ampte + -en (plural suffix).


potell

English: pottle

Scots: pottle

Borrowed from Old French potel; equivalent to pot + -el (diminutive suffix).

A pottle (a small container, often one containing a half-gallon)

A pottle (a unit of volume equalling a half-gallon)


potacion

English: potation

Borrowed from Old French potacion, from Latin pōtātiō.

A beverage or drink, especially one with restorative properties.


pocioun

English: potion

Scots: potion

Borrowed from Old French pocion, borrowed itself from Latin pōtiō; doublet of pocioun, which Old French inherited from the same Latin source.

A liquid medicine or remedy; a medicinal solution.

(rare) A drink; liquid used to hydrate or refresh.


ampte

English: ant, emmet

Scots: emmot, emott, imat

⇒ Yola: emothee

From Old English ǣmete, from Proto-West Germanic *āmaitijā.


molden

enm-verb

molden (third-person singular simple present moldeth, present participle moldende, moldynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle molded)

moldeth (present singular third-person)
moldende (participle present)
moldynge (participle present)
molded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
molden (infinitive)
to molden (infinitive)
molde (infinitive)
molde (first-person present singular)
molded (first-person past singular)
moldest (present second-person singular)
moldedest (past second-person singular)
moldeth (present singular third-person)
molded (past singular third-person)
molde (present singular subjunctive)
molded (past singular subjunctive)
molde (imperative present singular)
molden (plural present)
molde (plural present)
moldeden (past plural)
moldede (past plural)
moldeth (imperative plural present)
molde (imperative plural present)
moldynge (participle present)
moldende (participle present)
molded (participle past)
ymolded (participle past)

English: mold, mould

From molde (“mold, cast”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


thistel

English: thistle

Scots: thrissel

thistle (a plant belonging to the genus Carduus)

thistle (any spiky or prickly perennial composite plant)


letheryd

Having leather or skin on (something); surrounded by leather or skin.


lether

desctree

English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Scots: lether, ledder, leither

Yola: luther (verb)

Inherited from Old English leþer, from Proto-West Germanic *leþr, from Proto-Germanic *leþrą, from Proto-Indo-European *letróm.

(rare, Late Middle English) An ocular tumor.


lether

English: leather


merveilynge

English: marvelling


merveilously

English: marvellously

Astoundingly, breathtakingly, unexpectedly; in a way resulting in awe and marvel.

In a miraculous way; done or accomplished using divine forces.

In a horrific or painful manner; tortuously or brutally.

To a great or large degree or extent; totally, very.

(rare) In a way that is out of the ordinary, unusual, or odd.

(rare) With wonderment or confusion; in a puzzled way.


merveile

English: marvel

Scots: mervel

Borrowed from Old French merveille, from Latin mirabilia.

Something that induces wonder or astonishment; a marvel:

A supernatural or miraculous event; an act of God.

Something odd or unusual; that which is out of the ordinary.

One's recollection or recounting of a marvel.


merveile

Amazing, astonishing, exceptional, noteworthy; causing marvel or awe.

(rare) Supernatural; put into effect by divine or godly forces.


merveilous

English: marvellous

Scots: mervellous

Borrowed from Old French merveillus, merveillos; equivalent to merveil + -ous.

Astounding, breathtaking, unexpected; resulting in awe and marvel.

Exceptional, fantastic, noteworthy; worthy of awe and marvel.

Miraculous or occult; involving paranormal or divine forces.

Out of the ordinary, unusual, or odd; not regular or expected.

Beastly, ghastly; outside the usual natural order.

Scary, frightening, horrific; inducing fear or dread.

(rare, Late Middle English) Erratic, inconstant, wavering.


prophesye

Partly from prophecie, and partly borrowed from Middle French prophecier, prophesier.


previsioun

English: prevision

Borrowed from Old French prevision, from Late Latin praevīsiōnem, accusative singular of praevīsiō; equivalent to pre- + visioun.

Knowledge of upcoming events; prevision or foresight.

Preparation, readying; arranging for an event.


visioun

English: vision

Scots: veesion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman visioun, from Latin vīsiōnem, accusative singular of vīsiō.

A vision; an illusory image, apparition or mirage.

A religious experience or event; a divine vision or foretelling (especially in one's rest)

A retelling of a vision or foretelling; a narrative about a vision.

(rare) The power or sense of eyesight; visual perception.


avisioun

English: avision (obsolete)

Scots: avisioun (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French avision; equivalent to a- + visioun.

A vision; an illusory image, apparition or mirage (especially in one's rest).

Macrobeus, that writ the avisioun / In Affrike of the worhty Cipioun, / Affermeth dremes, and seith that they been / Warnynge of thynges, that men after seen.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Nun's Priest's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

(rare) An retelling of a vision or foretelling; a narrative about a vision.


prophetesse

English: prophetess

Borrowed from Old French prophetesse, from Latin prophētissa; equivalent to prophete + -esse.

A female prophet; one who expounds upon a divine message or a purported one.

(rare) A female foreteller; a woman who divines or previews.


provisioun

English: provision

Scots: proveesion

Borrowed from Old French provision, from Latin prōvīsiōnem, accusative singular of prōvīsiō; equivalent to pro- + visioun.

Preparations, a readying; something which is set up or given for use.

(law) A legal provision or clause; a condition.

Foresight, carefulness; the state of having discretion.

(Christianity) Induction into a non-vacant benefice; ecclesiastical provision.

(rare) Caring, guardianship, safekeeping.

(rare, Christianity) A papally-granted right to bypass the ecclesiastical hierarchy.


divisioun

English: division

Scots: diveesion

Borrowed from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiōnem, accusative of dīvīsiō.

Division; the act of dividing or splitting:

(rare) Apportionment; division into sections.

(rare, mathematics) The mathematical operation of division.

(rare, figurative) Separation from the mortal world; death.

That which is divided; the result of a split:

A section, group, or class (especially of people)

Strife, dissension, or separation resulting from it.

(rare) A portion or division; a demarcated part.

(rare) A border; a division between territories.

A distinguishing, defining or identifying attribute.

Description or delineation; the act of determining.

(rare) Inconsistency, unharmony; that which contradicts or grates.

(rare) A pause or halt; the act of stopping.


prophecien

prophecien (infinitive)
to prophecien (infinitive)
prophecie (infinitive)
prophecie (first-person present singular)
prophecied (first-person past singular)
propheciest (present second-person singular)
propheciedest (past second-person singular)
prophecieth (present singular third-person)
prophecied (past singular third-person)
prophecie (present singular subjunctive)
prophecied (past singular subjunctive)
prophecie (imperative present singular)
prophecien (plural present)
prophecie (plural present)
prophecieden (past plural)
propheciede (past plural)
prophecieth (imperative plural present)
prophecie (imperative plural present)
propheciynge (participle present)
propheciende (participle present)
prophecied (participle past)
yprophecied (participle past)

English: prophesy

Partly from prophecie + -en (infinitival suffix), and partly borrowed from Middle French prophecier, prophesier, from prophecie (“prophecy”).

To prophesy; to communicate a divine message; to act as a prophet.

To predict or to foretell the future (with or without godly support)

To interpret or discern religious matters with the aid of divine forces.


forrayne

But since your Grace on forrayne coastes, / Amonge your foes unkinde, / Must goe to hazard life and limbe, / Why should I staye behinde?


fauconer

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">falcon</i>

English: fawkner (the regular descendant of this word, now obsolete); falconer (influenced by falcon)

Borrowed from Old French falconer, fauconer; equivalent to faucoun + -er.

A falconer (a trainer or user of birds of prey, especially for hunting).


faucoun

English: falcon

Scots: faucon

Borrowed from Old French faucon, falcon, from Latin falcōnem, accusative singular of falcō.

Falco peregrinus
Falco peregrinus#Translingual

A peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) or any other bird of prey used in falconry.

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic image of a falcon.


merveilen

merveilen (infinitive)
to merveilen (infinitive)
merveile (infinitive)
merveile (first-person present singular)
merveiled (first-person past singular)
merveilest (present second-person singular)
merveiledest (past second-person singular)
merveileth (present singular third-person)
merveiled (past singular third-person)
merveile (present singular subjunctive)
merveiled (past singular subjunctive)
merveile (imperative present singular)
merveilen (plural present)
merveile (plural present)
merveileden (past plural)
merveilede (past plural)
merveileth (imperative plural present)
merveile (imperative plural present)
merveilynge (participle present)
merveilende (participle present)
merveiled (participle past)
ymerveiled (participle past)

English: marvel

Borrowed from Old French merveillier; equivalent to merveile + -en (infinitival suffix).

To be astonished or surprised; to witness the unexpected.

To experience a marvel; to witness awe or wonder.

To marvel at or to gaze upon wondrously; to view with astonishment.

To induce, create, or result in astoundedness, awe, or astonishment

To be confused or wondering; to witness an event that is hard to decipher.

(rare) To view positively or kindly; to like.

I meruailled, why himſelf [Niccolò Leoniceno] did not practiſe Phiſike of whiche facultee he was a Doctour, and a publique reader: I auaile moche more, ſaieth he, in that I teach all thother Phiſiciãs [physicians].

[1564 February, Erasmus, “The Saiynges of Socrates”, in Nicolas Udall [i.e., Nicholas Udall], transl., Apophthegmes, that is to Saie, Prompte, Quicke, Wittie and Sentẽcious Saiynges, […] (in English), London: […] Ihon Kingston, →OCLC, book I, folio 4, recto, paragraph 11:

(rare, Late Middle English) To ponder actions or doings.

(rare, Late Middle English) To freeze; to make still.


gossomer

English: gossamer

From goos + somer. See English gossamer for more.


goshauk

English: goshawk

Scots: gosshawk

Inherited from Old English gōshafoc. Equivalent to goos + hauk.


gandre

English: gander

Scots: ganare, ganer, ganner

From Old English gandra, from earlier ganra.


geson

English: geason, geazon, gaison, gessen

From Old English gǣsne, from Proto-West Germanic *gaisnī.

Not common or plentiful; uncommon, rare, sparing, scarse.


flayre

English: flair

Borrowed from Old French flair, from flairier.


vapouren

vapouren (infinitive)
to vapouren (infinitive)
vapoure (infinitive)
vapoure (first-person present singular)
vapoured (first-person past singular)
vapourest (present second-person singular)
vapouredest (past second-person singular)
vapoureth (present singular third-person)
vapoured (past singular third-person)
vapoure (present singular subjunctive)
vapoured (past singular subjunctive)
vapoure (imperative present singular)
vapouren (plural present)
vapoure (plural present)
vapoureden (past plural)
vapourede (past plural)
vapoureth (imperative plural present)
vapoure (imperative plural present)
vapourynge (participle present)
vapourende (participle present)
vapoured (participle past)
yvapoured (participle past)

English: vapour, vapor

To vapour; to transform into a vapourous state.

(rare) To make into vapour; to induce vapourisation.

(rare) To draw out of the body as vapour.


fumerelle

→ English: femerell, fumerell (historical)

A femerell; a vent for smoke to escape out of.


fumosite

English: fumosity (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fumosité, from Latin fūmōsitās (which some forms are directly from); equivalent to fumous + -ite.

Fumes; gaseous exhalements or vapourous releases.

(physiology) Bodily fumes that purportedly cause an ailment or mood.

(rare) The tendency (of a beverage etc.) to produce these purported fumes.

[...] Ful were hir hedes of fumositee,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 358-359

… Their heads were full of fumes from drinking wine,
That causes dreams of which there is no significance.

That causeth dreem, of which ther nis no charge.


fumyter

English: fumitory (with remodelling of suffix)

Borrowed from Old French fumiterre, from Latin fūmus terrae.


fumygacioun

English: fumigation

Borrowed from Old French fumigation, from Late Latin fumigatio.

The burning of odorous substances for medicinal or religious reasons.


slidre

From Old English sliderian, slidorian, slidrian.


wintreow

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of vyne-tre


slidery

English: slithery, sliddery

Scots: sliddery, sliddry

Having low friction; slick, greasy, slimy.

(rare) Tending to slip or slide; unstable or unsure.


sliden

sliden (infinitive)
to sliden (infinitive)
slide (infinitive)
slide (first-person present singular)
slod (first-person past singular)
slidest (present second-person singular)
slide (past second-person singular)
slode (past second-person singular)
slod (past second-person singular)
slideth (present singular third-person)
slit (present singular third-person)
slod (past singular third-person)
slide (present singular subjunctive)
slide (past singular subjunctive)
slode (past singular subjunctive)
slide (imperative present singular)
sliden (plural present)
slide (plural present)
sliden (past plural)
slide (past plural)
sloden (past plural)
slode (past plural)
slideth (imperative plural present)
slide (imperative plural present)
slidynge (participle present)
slidende (participle present)
sliden (participle past)
slide (participle past)
ysliden (participle past)
yslide (participle past)

English: slide

→ Japanese: スライド (suraido)

Scots: slide

From Old English slīdan. Cognates include Middle Dutch slīden, Middle Low German slīden, Middle High German slīten, and Sanskrit स्रेधति (sredhati).

To slide; to propel oneself along a surface:

To slide then fall; to lose one's traction.

To slip; to move from something's assigned place.

To move, especially in an inconspicuous or noiseless way:

To leak or secrete; to move as a liquid.

To bend or deviate from something's original course.

(figurative) To enter into iniquity or immoral behaviour.

(rare) To experience alteration or modification; to become different.


theen

theen (infinitive)
to theen (infinitive)
thee (infinitive)
thee (first-person present singular)
thew (first-person past singular)
theest (present second-person singular)
thowe (past second-person singular)
thew (past second-person singular)
theeth (present singular third-person)
thew (past singular third-person)
thee (present singular subjunctive)
thowe (past singular subjunctive)
thee (imperative present singular)
theen (plural present)
thee (plural present)
thowen (past plural)
thowe (past plural)
theeth (imperative plural present)
thee (imperative plural present)
theynge (participle present)
theende (participle present)
thowen (participle past)
thowe (participle past)

English: thee (obsolete or dialectal)

Scots: thee, the

From Old English þēon (strong class 1), from Proto-Germanic *þinhaną (strong class 3); a cognate of Middle Dutch diën. In later Old English, þēon changed to strong class 2 on the model of tēon, meaning the past participle became þogen; in Middle English, the -g- vocalised to -w-, resulting in a form thowen. Past singular forms in -w- were then analogically created on the basis of this past participle (see the inflection table below).

To experience success, wealth, or prosperity.

(rare, Early Middle English) To induce prosperity.


aqua vite

desc

> English: aqua vitae, aqua vitæ (inherited)

A kind of brandy (often flavoured with spices).


reðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of reth


ræðnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rethnes


rethnes

English: retheness

Scots: rethnas

From Old English rēþnes; equivalent to reth + -nesse.


reth

English: rethe, reth, reithe, retht

Scots: reth, reithe

From Old English rēþe, from Proto-Germanic *rōþijaz.

(of people) Savage, ferocious, ruthless, merciless.

(of things) Severe, terrifying, dangerous.


marien

marien (infinitive)
to marien (infinitive)
marie (infinitive)
marie (first-person present singular)
maried (first-person past singular)
mariest (present second-person singular)
mariedest (past second-person singular)
marieth (present singular third-person)
maried (past singular third-person)
marie (present singular subjunctive)
maried (past singular subjunctive)
marie (imperative present singular)
marien (plural present)
marie (plural present)
marieden (past plural)
mariede (past plural)
marieth (imperative plural present)
marie (imperative plural present)
mariynge (participle present)
mariende (participle present)
maried (participle past)
ymaried (participle past)

English: marry

Yola: marreet (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French marier, from Latin marītāre.


warþe

English: warth

From Old English waroþ, from Proto-Germanic *waruþaz, *waruþą.


venquysshen

venquysshen (infinitive)
to venquysshen (infinitive)
venquysshe (infinitive)
venquysshe (first-person present singular)
venquysshed (first-person past singular)
venquysshest (present second-person singular)
venquysshedest (past second-person singular)
venquyssheth (present singular third-person)
venquysshed (past singular third-person)
venquysshe (present singular subjunctive)
venquysshed (past singular subjunctive)
venquysshe (imperative present singular)
venquysshen (plural present)
venquysshe (plural present)
venquyssheden (past plural)
venquysshede (past plural)
venquyssheth (imperative plural present)
venquysshe (imperative plural present)
venquysshynge (participle present)
venquysshende (participle present)
venquysshed (participle past)
yvenquysshed (participle past)

English: vanquish

Scots: vanquish, vencus

Borrowed from venquiss-, a conjugated form of Old French veincre, from Latin vinco, from Proto-Italic *winkō.

To triumph over a rival military force; to win in battle.

To eliminate immorality or malice (within oneself or within others)

To triumph over evil or malign forces; to achieve a moral victory.

(rare) To turn to sorrow; to destroy one's morale.

(rare) To become better or greater than; to render meaningless.

(rare) To achieve victory in a verbal dispute.


hweolp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whelp


ȝwelp

(Early Southwestern ME) Alternative form of whelp


hweolpen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whelpen


whelpen

whelpen (infinitive)
to whelpen (infinitive)
whelpe (infinitive)
whelpe (first-person present singular)
whelped (first-person past singular)
whelpest (present second-person singular)
whelpedest (past second-person singular)
whelpeth (present singular third-person)
whelped (past singular third-person)
whelpe (present singular subjunctive)
whelped (past singular subjunctive)
whelpe (imperative present singular)
whelpen (plural present)
whelpe (plural present)
whelpeden (past plural)
whelpede (past plural)
whelpeth (imperative plural present)
whelpe (imperative plural present)
whelpynge (participle present)
whelpende (participle present)
whelped (participle past)
ywhelped (participle past)

English: whelp

From Old English hwelpian; equivalent to whelp + -en (infinitival suffix).

(referring to animals) To give birth; to bear a litter or whelp.


boterflien

From Old English buttorflēogan; equivalent to boterflye + -en (plural suffix).


boterflye

enm-noun

boterflye (plural boterflyes or boterflien)

English: butterfly

Scots: butterflee

From Old English butorflēoge, buttorflēoge, buterflēoge; equivalent to buter + flye.

butterfly (insect of the order Lepidoptera)

(rare) Something of little import or value.


crowde

q

remodelled after Welsh <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">crwth</i>

English: crwth, crowd, cruth, crowth, crouth (remodelled after Welsh crwth)

Scots: croude (obsolete)

Borrowed from a Celtic language; ultimately from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”).

A crwth, crowd or a similar musical instrument.


crouden

crouden (infinitive)
to crouden (infinitive)
croude (infinitive)
croude (first-person present singular)
crouded (first-person past singular)
crudde (first-person past singular)
croudest (present second-person singular)
croudedest (past second-person singular)
cruddest (past second-person singular)
croudeth (present singular third-person)
crouded (past singular third-person)
crudde (past singular third-person)
croude (present singular subjunctive)
crouded (past singular subjunctive)
crudde (past singular subjunctive)
croude (imperative present singular)
crouden (plural present)
croude (plural present)
croudeden (past plural)
croudede (past plural)
crudden (past plural)
crudde (past plural)
croudeth (imperative plural present)
croude (imperative plural present)
croudynge (participle present)
croudende (participle present)
crouded (participle past)
ycrouded (participle past)

English: crowd

Scots: crood

From Old English crūdan, from Proto-West Germanic *krūdan, from Proto-Germanic *krūdaną.

To cram; to drive into a confined space or area.

To have a surfeit of something; to be full of something.


crudden

crudden (infinitive)
to crudden (infinitive)
crudde (infinitive)
crudde (first-person present singular)
crudded (first-person past singular)
cruddest (present second-person singular)
cruddedest (past second-person singular)
cruddeth (present singular third-person)
crudded (past singular third-person)
crudde (present singular subjunctive)
crudded (past singular subjunctive)
crudde (imperative present singular)
crudden (plural present)
crudde (plural present)
cruddeden (past plural)
cruddede (past plural)
cruddeth (imperative plural present)
crudde (imperative plural present)
cruddynge (participle present)
cruddende (participle present)
crudded (participle past)
ycrudded (participle past)

English: curd

Scots: crud

To curd or coagulate; to thicken and solidify.

To mould or form; to make into a defined shape.

(rare) To solidify or cement one's feelings.


crudelite

From Middle French crudélité, from Latin crūdēlitās; Doublet of cruelte.


crudde

English: crud, curd

Scots: crud, crood, croud

Probably from the past forms in crudd- of crouden.

Milk that has coagulated or a cheese made of it; curds.

(rare) Any substance that has congealed or thickened.

(rare) Solid matter or sediment in a liquid.

(rare) rennet (substance from animal guts that aids coagulation)


crowdere

English: crowder


haysell

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of hasel


sether

A person who is employed for boiling food for cooking.


oyler

English: oiler

A person who is employed manufacturing or retailing oils.


sethyng

English: seething

Scots: seethin

Boiling or heating; the process of warming, especially in liquid:

Boiling for the purpose of heating or warming food.

(rare) The reduction or reducing of a substance.

A reduced liquid; an essence or extract of something.

(rare) The temperature which water boils at.


assethen

assethen (infinitive)
to assethen (infinitive)
assethe (infinitive)
assethe (first-person present singular)
assethed (first-person past singular)
assethest (present second-person singular)
assethedest (past second-person singular)
assetheth (present singular third-person)
assethed (past singular third-person)
assethe (present singular subjunctive)
assethed (past singular subjunctive)
assethe (imperative present singular)
assethen (plural present)
assethe (plural present)
assetheden (past plural)
assethede (past plural)
assetheth (imperative plural present)
assethe (imperative plural present)
assethynge (participle present)
assethende (participle present)
assethed (participle past)
yassethed (participle past)

Scots: assythe (obsolete)


asseth

From Anglo-Norman *aset, back-formed from asez, asetz (interpreted as a plural). Forms without initial a- are from rebracketing of asseth as a seth. Compare English asset, from a Modern English reinterpretation of asetz.

Recompense; compensation or indemnity for damages.

Fulfilling; realisation of a duty, request, or question posed.

Expiation; atoning by performing duties (instead of admission or reflection)

Jesus's death as a sacrifice; the Atonement.


oyle

English: oil

Scots: ile, uilie, ulie

From Anglo-Norman olie and Old French oile, from Latin oleum, from Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion). Compare olyve.

The oil pressed from olives; olive oil:
As used in frying things in a pan.

As used in pharmaceuticals, medicaments, or remedies.

The oil pressed from olives; olive oil:
As used to power lamps or flames.

As used in cosmetics or personal grooming products.

As used to set alight and injure enemies.

Oil as used in religious ceremonies or events.

Oil as a symbol of salvatory power; salvatory power.

The oil of saints; a substance exuding from saintly relics.

Oil as used in spiritual contexts:
(rare) A name for Jesus.

Oil as used in spiritual contexts:
A name for Jesus.

Any kind of oil or an oily material (liquid fat).

Convincing or favourable words (compare Modern English butter up)

(alchemy) An alchemical essence or extract.


undeadlic

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of undedly


sethen

sethen (infinitive)
to sethen (infinitive)
sethe (infinitive)
sethe (first-person present singular)
seth (first-person past singular)
soth (first-person past singular)
sethest (present second-person singular)
sothe (past second-person singular)
sode (past second-person singular)
seth (past second-person singular)
soth (past second-person singular)
setheth (present singular third-person)
seth (present singular third-person)
seth (past singular third-person)
soth (past singular third-person)
sethe (present singular subjunctive)
sothe (past singular subjunctive)
sode (past singular subjunctive)
sethe (imperative present singular)
sethen (plural present)
sethe (plural present)
sothen (past plural)
sothe (past plural)
soden (past plural)
sode (past plural)
setheth (imperative plural present)
sethe (imperative plural present)
sethynge (participle present)
sethende (participle present)
soden (participle past)
sode (participle past)
ysoden (participle past)
ysode (participle past)

English: seethe (sodden is from the former past participle)

Scots: seth, seith, seethe (sodden is from the former past participle)

From Old English sēoþan, from Proto-Germanic *seuþaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sēden, Middle Dutch sieden, Middle High German sieden, and Old Swedish siūþa.

A none ſyr kay ſayd ⸝ here is good mete for vs for one meale ⸝ for we had not many a day no good repaſt ⸝ And ſo that veneſon was roſted baken and ſoden ⸝ and ſo after ſouper ſomme abode there al that nyghte

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ix”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VI, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 98, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 196, lines 29–33:

Anon, Sir Kay said, here is good meat for us for one meal, for we had no good repast for many a day. And so that venison was roasted, baked and boiled, and so after supper some abided there all that night.

To boil food or meat as to cook or prepare it.

To boil down or off; to reduce by boiling something.

To boil something into an essence; to boil as a form of processing.

To inflict punishment or injury by boiling (typically used of Hell)

To cook or heat (especially used of processing ceramics or ingredients)

To break down or process one's consumed food using stomach acid; to digest.

(figurative, rare) To make pure; to revitalise.


cruelheed

The state of being cruel; cruelness, cruelty, ruthlessness.

Viciousness, ferociousness; the state of being fierce.


cruelnesse

English: cruelness

Scots: cruelness (obsolete)

The state of being cruel; cruelness, ruthlessness.


fulfremed

From Old English fullfremian, fullfremman (“to fulfill, perfect, practice, complete”), equivalent to ful- + freme.

accomplished, fulfilled; perfected, complete


chevese

Inherited from Old English ċiefes, ċiefese, from Proto-West Germanic *kabisi, from Proto-Germanic *kabisjō.


kalende

English: calends

From Old English calend, a singular form back-formed from Latin kalendae, calendae.

The fyrste daye of a monthe hath the name of Kalendis.

1398, Bartholomew de Glanville, translated by John Trevisa, De Proprietatibus Rerum, Ch. ix, Section xxi, p. 359:

14th century, John Trevisa translating Bartholomaeus Anglicus's De Proprietatibus Rerum, folio 119

The canicular days begin on the fifteenth kalends of August [i.e., July 18th] and end on the nones [i.e., 5th] of September, and so they are even fifty as it is said there.

Þe caniculer dayes biginnyth in þe fiftenþe kalendis of august and endiþ in þe nonis of septembris, and so þey ben euene fifty as it is seide þere.

Calends, the first day of a month, particularly a Roman month.

A day calculated by counting the number of days left in a month and adding two, then noting the next month; a calends.

Rosh Hodesh; the Jewish celebration of a month beginning.

Now of hope the kalendis bygynne.

c. 1374, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus & Criseyde, Book II, Prologue:

The start or commencement of something; that which begins.

A foresign or portent of upcoming events or happenings.


chieftayn

And if so falle, the chieftayn be take
On either syde, or elles slee his make,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2555-2557

And if so happen that the chieftain be taken
On either side, or else should slay his opponent,
The tournament shall last no longer.


capitainship

English: captainship

(rare) The position of a military commander or administrator.


chervell

English: chervil

From Old English cerfelle, from Anglo-Norman chervele, from Latin chaerephylla, from Ancient Greek χαιρέφυλλον (khairéphullon).


myschevously

English: mischievously

Harmfully, destructively, injuriously, hurtfully.

In a morally wrong way; iniquitously, maliciously, unfairly.

(rare) Erroneously, wrongly, mistakenly.


myschevous

English: mischievous

Scots: mischievous

Possibly borrowed from Anglo-Norman meschevous; however possibly formed from myschef + -ous; in that case, the Anglo-Norman form would be a borrowing from Middle English.

Sorrowful, distraught; experiencing hardship or penury.

Harmful, destructive, injurious, painful.

Morally wrong; iniquitous, malicious, unfair.


bonchef

English: bonchief (obsolete)

From Old French bon chief (“good fortune”).

Good fortune, prosperity (often in general)


capitain

English: captain (see there for further descendants)

Scots: caiptain

Borrowed from Old French capitaine, itself borrowed from Late Latin capitāneus. Doublet of cheveteyn.

The head of a military force; a general or marshal.

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.

An officer; one who commands part of an army.

(rare) The leader of a nation or a political division; a high-ranking administrator.

(rare) One who leads military forces at sea.


chefly

English: chiefly

Almost always, often, usually; most of the time.

With great haste or speed; in a quick or expedited manner.


charmynge

English: charming

Scots: chairmin


myschef

English: mischief

Scots: mischief

From Old French meschief, from meschever; it was often interpreted as mys- + chef, which it ultimately is equivalent to.

Sir, quod this frere, an odious meschief, / This day bityd is to myn ordre and me.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2190 -2191:

"Sir", said this friar, an odious misfortune / Has afflicted my order and me today.

A troubling or unfortunate situation or event; an issue, misfortune, disaster, or hardship.

Distress, torment, agony; the feeling of sorrowfulness.

Allas, I se a serpent or a theef, / That many a trewe man hath doon mescheef.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1324–1325:

Now, I see a serpent or a thief, / That to many a true person has done injury.

An affliction or detrimental condition; that which harms.

Iniquity, wrongfulness, or sin; malicious acts or actions.

The chaos or turmoil created by conflict or battling; the negative effects of warfare.

A need or want of something; poorness, hardship.


myscheven

myscheven (infinitive)
to myscheven (infinitive)
myscheve (infinitive)
myscheve (first-person present singular)
myscheved (first-person past singular)
myschevest (present second-person singular)
myschevedest (past second-person singular)
myscheveth (present singular third-person)
myscheved (past singular third-person)
myscheve (present singular subjunctive)
myscheved (past singular subjunctive)
myscheve (imperative present singular)
myscheven (plural present)
myscheve (plural present)
myscheveden (past plural)
myschevede (past plural)
myscheveth (imperative plural present)
myscheve (imperative plural present)
myschevynge (participle present)
myschevende (participle present)
myscheved (participle past)
ymyscheved (participle past)

English: mischieve (obsolete)

Scots: mischieve

Borrowed from Old French meschever; equivalent to myschef + -en (infinitival suffix).

To hurt, endanger, or injure someone (physically or otherwise)

To destruct or vanquish; to afflict sorrow on someone.

To end or finish negatively; to be ruined or ended.

(rare) To decline; to become sick or ill.

(rare) To make a mistake; to make a bad decision.


æne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ene


cheveteyn

English: chieftain

Scots: chieftain

Borrowed from Old French chevetaine, from Late Latin capitaneus. Doublet of capitain.

The leader of a nation or a political division; a high-ranking politician.

The head of a military grouping; a general or marshal.

A head, chief or boss; any sort of person at the top of a hierarchy.


gresyng

Alternative form of gresynge (“greasing”)


bocherie

English: butchery

Borrowed from Old French boucherie; by surface analysis, bocher + -ie.

A slaughterhouse (often with facilities for preparing and selling meat)

(rare) As a whole, butchers or their craft.


greable

Scots: greeable

⇒ English: ungreeable

Borrowed from Old French grëable; equivalent to gre + -able.

Nice, favourable, amiable; showing goodwill or kindness.

Appropriate, apt, proper; good for a situation.


facioun

English: fashion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fashion, fasson

Yola: fashoon

Borrowed from Old French façon, faceon, from Latin factiō.

The way something looks or appears; physical form.

(Late Middle English) The way or design something is made in; fashion or style.

(Late Middle English) Creation, crafting, manufacture; the process of creating.

(rare) One's visage or facial appearance.

(rare, Late Middle English) A manner of behaviour or course of action.

(rare, Late Middle English) The natural composition of something.

(rare, Late Middle English) The way something is made or built.

(rare, Late Middle English) One's acts or decisions.


greez

Alternative form of grece (“step, steps”)


agreablely

English: agreeably


agreen

agreen (infinitive)
to agreen (infinitive)
agree (infinitive)
agree (first-person present singular)
agreed (first-person past singular)
agreest (present second-person singular)
agreedest (past second-person singular)
agreeth (present singular third-person)
agreed (past singular third-person)
agree (present singular subjunctive)
agreed (past singular subjunctive)
agree (imperative present singular)
agreen (plural present)
agree (plural present)
agreeden (past plural)
agreede (past plural)
agreeth (imperative plural present)
agree (imperative plural present)
agreynge (participle present)
agreende (participle present)
agreed (participle past)
yagreed (participle past)

English: agree

Scots: agree

Borrowed from Old French agreer; equivalent to agre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To ingratiate or please; to make content or favoured.

To agree; to give one's approval or permission.

To recompense; to pay a charge or perform an obligation.


gresynge

English: greasing


decre

English: decree

Scots: decree

Borrowed from Old French decré, from Latin dēcrētum.

An instrument carrying a legal decision; a decree or judgement.

Any kind of decision or ruling; the result of arbitration.

The entirety of a set of law or regulations; especially when referring to ecclesiastical law.

(rare) A binding and official legal instrument; a law.


gresyngge

Alternative form of gresynge (“staircase”)


grecen

greceen (infinitive)
to greceen (infinitive)
grecee (infinitive)
grecee (first-person present singular)
greceed (first-person past singular)
greceest (present second-person singular)
greceedest (past second-person singular)
greceeth (present singular third-person)
greceed (past singular third-person)
grecee (present singular subjunctive)
greceed (past singular subjunctive)
grecee (imperative present singular)
greceen (plural present)
grecee (plural present)
greceeden (past plural)
greceede (past plural)
greceeth (imperative plural present)
grecee (imperative plural present)
greceynge (participle present)
greceende (participle present)
greceed (participle past)
ygreceed (participle past)

English: grease

From grece (“grease”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To grease or oil; to spread grease over something.


reveele

Alternative form of revelen (“to reveal”)


rewelynge

Alternative form of revelynge (“reveling”)


revelyng

Alternative form of revelynge (“revelation”)


revelour

English: reveler, reveller


revelacioun

English: revelation

From Old French revelacion, from Latin revēlātiō; equivalent to revelen + -acioun.

The practice of revealing or unveiling divine knowledge

A religious or spiritual revelation; a revealing of divine knowledge.

The book of Revelation (the last book of the New Testament)

(rare) The contents or matter of a revelation.

(rare) A religious realisation or conclusion.


rebelloure

English: rebeller

rebeller; one who rebels or refuses to follow rules.


rebellyng

English: rebelling

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey authorities or rules (divine or earyhly)

(rare) An uprising or revolt against authorities

(rare, Late Middle English) Aches in one's digestive system.


rebelnesse

A rebellion or revolt against authority.

Refusal to obey rules or authorities; disobedience.

(Late Middle English, rare) Unfriendliness, enmity.


rebellioun

English: rebellion

From Old French rebellion, from Latin rebelliō; equivalent to rebellen + -ioun.

An uprising or revolt against authorities; a rebellion or revolt.

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey authorities or rules; undutifulness.

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey divine authority or power.

(Late Middle English) One who rebels or revolts; a rebellious person.


revell

Alternative form of revelen (“to revel”)


elat

English: elate


rebelte

Revolting or rising up against one's authorities.

Refusal to obey rules or authorities; stubbornness.


grædie

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gredy


grediȝnesse

(Ormulum) Alternative form of gredynesse


grædiȝness

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gredynesse


gredyly

English: greedily

Scots: greedily

From Old English grǣdiglīce, grǣdelīce; equivalent to gredy + -ly.

Voraciously, insatiably, with a tendency to overeat or excessively eat (used of people and beasts)

Enviously, greedily; in a way that displays avarice or greed.

Overexcitedly or impulsively; in an excessively eager or willing way.


gredynesse

English: greediness

From Old English grǣdiġnes; equivalent to gredy + -nesse.

enviousness, greediness, avarice; the state of lusting after wealth or lucre

voraciousness; excessive appetite or consumption of food and drink (also figurative)

(rare) impulsiveness, rashness; excessive eagerness or excitement

(rare) extreme ambition or drive; great willpower


gredy

English: greedy
Sranan Tongo: gridi

Scots: gredy, gredie

Inherited from Old English grēdiġ, Anglian form of grǣdiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *grādag, from Proto-Germanic *grēdagaz.

Envious, greedy; lusting after wealth or lucre; displaying avarice or greed.

Voracious, insatiable, tending to overeat or excessively eat (used of people and beasts)

Overexcited; excessively eager or willing; displaying impulsiveness.

(rare) Starving, hungry; requiring or necessitating nutrition.


tracyng

English: tracing


tradicioun

English: tradition

Scots: tradeetion

From Old French tradicion, from Latin trāditiō. Doublet of tresoun.

A tradition, custom, or piece of wisdom; traditional material.

The Talmud; codified and explicated Jewish tradition.


tresounen

tresounen (infinitive)
to tresounen (infinitive)
tresoune (infinitive)
tresoune (first-person present singular)
tresouned (first-person past singular)
tresounest (present second-person singular)
tresounedest (past second-person singular)
tresouneth (present singular third-person)
tresouned (past singular third-person)
tresoune (present singular subjunctive)
tresouned (past singular subjunctive)
tresoune (imperative present singular)
tresounen (plural present)
tresoune (plural present)
tresouneden (past plural)
tresounede (past plural)
tresouneth (imperative plural present)
tresoune (imperative plural present)
tresounynge (participle present)
tresounende (participle present)
tresouned (participle past)
ytresouned (participle past)

From tresoun + -en (infinitival suffix).


tresoun

English: treason

Scots: traison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman treson, from Old French traïson (“treason”), from Latin trāditiō. Doublet of tradicioun.

Betrayal; aiding one's enemies or rivals:

Betrayal of one's nation or governing authorities; treason or sedition.

The crime of treason as defined under the Treason Act 1351.

A specific instance of treason or sedition; an occasion where one acts treasonous.

Betrayal of one's family or relatives (especially referring to adultery)

Deception, fraudulence, lying; especially when severe or harmful:

Deception on the battlefield or while at war; underhanded tactics.

A specific instance of deception or fraudulence; an occasion where one uses deceit.

Disobedience; refusal to obey or listen to authorities (often religious)

Maliciousness, iniquity; wrong or malicious behaviour or actions, or an example of them.


hungær

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hunger


houngrie

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hungry


hungrylych

English: hungrily


hingriæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hungren


hungren

hungren (infinitive)
to hungren (infinitive)
hungre (infinitive)
hungre (first-person present singular)
hungred (first-person past singular)
hungrest (present second-person singular)
hungredest (past second-person singular)
hungreth (present singular third-person)
hungred (past singular third-person)
hungre (present singular subjunctive)
hungred (past singular subjunctive)
hungre (imperative present singular)
hungren (plural present)
hungre (plural present)
hungreden (past plural)
hungrede (past plural)
hungreth (imperative plural present)
hungre (imperative plural present)
hungrynge (participle present)
hungrende (participle present)
hungred (participle past)
yhungred (participle past)

English: hunger

Scots: hunger

Inherited from Old English hyngran, hyngrian, from Proto-West Germanic *hungrijan, from Proto-Germanic *hungrijaną; equivalent to hunger + -en (infinitival suffix). After the Early Middle English period, the vowel was modified to match hunger.

To hunger; to be starving, hungry, or lacking nutrition.

To wish for or want; to yearn for something.


otemele

English: oatmeal

Scots: aitmeal

oatmeal; meal made from oats or a dish made from it.


granin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gronen


nakedhed

English: nakedhood (rare)

(rare) Lack of wealth; poverty, poorness.

(rare) A dearth, lack or scarcity of something.


nakednesse

English: nakedness

From Old English nacodnes; equivalent to naked + -nesse.


nakidly

English: nakedly

Nakedly, openly; without any attempt to obfuscate.

(rare) Purely, without additional detail or conditions.


nakenen

enm-verb

nakenen (third-person singular simple present nakeneth, present participle nakenende, nakenynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle nakened)

nakeneth (present singular third-person)
nakenende (participle present)
nakenynge (participle present)
nakened (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
nakenen (infinitive)
to nakenen (infinitive)
nakene (infinitive)
nakene (first-person present singular)
nakened (first-person past singular)
nakenest (present second-person singular)
nakenedest (past second-person singular)
nakeneth (present singular third-person)
nakened (past singular third-person)
nakene (present singular subjunctive)
nakened (past singular subjunctive)
nakene (imperative present singular)
nakenen (plural present)
nakene (plural present)
nakeneden (past plural)
nakenede (past plural)
nakeneth (imperative plural present)
nakene (imperative plural present)
nakenynge (participle present)
nakenende (participle present)
nakened (participle past)
ynakened (participle past)

English: naken (dialectal)

To undress; to remove clothes or make naked.

To remove some of one's clothes; to bare part of the body.


nycely

English: nicely

Scots: nicely

idiotically, ridiculously (in a way indicating idiocy)

(rare) lazily, slothfully (in a way indicative of laziness)

And the women moꝛe nyſely yet paſſed the men ın aray and coꝛıouſloker foꝛ they weꝛe ſo ſtꝛeẏt clothed that they let hang fox taılles ſowed byneth wythyn hır clothes foꝛ to hele and hıde heꝛ arſez the whıch dıſgnyſynges and pꝛıde ꝑauentuꝛe aftırwaꝛd brought foꝛth and encauſed meny myſhappes and meſchıefs ın the Reame of Englond

[1480], [William Caxton], [Chronicles of England], [folio 118, verso]:


þessterrnesse

(Ormulum) Alternative form of þesternesse


kneder

English: kneader


knedynge

English: kneading

(rare outside of compounds) kneading, compression


þestri

From Old English þēostrig; equivalent to þester + -y.


þesternesse

From Old English þēosterness; equivalent to þester + -nesse.

The state or quality of being dark; lack of light or brightness.

A location that is dark; especially used of Hell.

Immorality, paganism, iniquity; bad religious behaviour (from a Christian viewpoint).


þestren

þestren (infinitive)
to þestren (infinitive)
þestre (infinitive)
þestre (first-person present singular)
þestred (first-person past singular)
þestrest (present second-person singular)
þestredest (past second-person singular)
þestreth (present singular third-person)
þestred (past singular third-person)
þestre (present singular subjunctive)
þestred (past singular subjunctive)
þestre (imperative present singular)
þestren (plural present)
þestre (plural present)
þestreden (past plural)
þestrede (past plural)
þestreth (imperative plural present)
þestre (imperative plural present)
þestrynge (participle present)
þestrende (participle present)
þestred (participle past)
yþestred (participle past)

Inherited from Old English þēostrian and þȳstrian, from Proto-West Germanic *þeustrōn (“to make dark”) and *þīustrijēn (“to be dark”).

inh

To become dark or black; to lose its lightness.


þester

Dark, gloomy; not providing or giving off much light or brightness.

Black or blackish; darkly coloured or shaded, swarthy.

(rare) Immoral, salacious religiously ignorant, of laity.

(rare) Incomprehensible, vague, or lacking detail.


þester

(rare) Religious torment or torture; the fires of hell.


dreori

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of drery


moodd

Alternative form of mode (“grammatical mood”)


dreryhed

English: drearihead, drearihood


drerimod

From Old English drēoriġmōd; equivalent to drery + mode.


modilich

English: moodily

(Early Middle English) Boastfully, conceitedly, arrogantly, or vainly; in a way displaying pride.

Furiously; in a way causing conflict, war, or strife.


drerynesse

English: dreariness

From Old English drēoriġnys; equivalent to drery + -nesse.

The state of being sad or sorrowful; sorrowfulness.

(rare) Poverty, deprivation, squalor; lack of wealth.

(rare) Agitation; lack of patience or tolerance.


drery

English: dreary

Scots: drear

From Old English drēoriġ, from Proto-Germanic *dreuzagaz.

Showing sadness; mournful, upset, crying, dreary.

Saddening, terrible, disappointing, painful.

Scared, terrified; in a state of panic or fear.

Ruthless, malicious, without mercy or kindness.

(rare) Terrifying, scary, horrifying; causing panic and fear.


modinesse

English: moodiness (possibly formed anew)

From Old English mōdiġnes; equivalent to mody + -nesse.


drerily

English: drearily

From Old English drēoriġlīċe; equivalent to drery + -ly.


moode

Alternative form of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)


forneys

English: furnace

Scots: furnace

Borrowed from Old French fornais, from Latin fornāx.

A stove or oven; a device for cooking upon or in.

A pot for boiling food in, especially of great size.

A furnace (especially when used for glassworking or metalworking).

Fires used to inflict punishment or retribution upon someone.

(rare) A device for boiling non-fermented liquor.


dresen

dresen (infinitive)
to dresen (infinitive)
drese (infinitive)
drese (first-person present singular)
dres (first-person past singular)
dresest (present second-person singular)
drose (past second-person singular)
dres (past second-person singular)
dreseth (present singular third-person)
dres (past singular third-person)
drese (present singular subjunctive)
drose (past singular subjunctive)
drese (imperative present singular)
dresen (plural present)
drese (plural present)
drosen (past plural)
drose (past plural)
dreseth (imperative plural present)
drese (imperative plural present)
dresynge (participle present)
dresende (participle present)
droren (participle past)
drore (participle past)
ydroren (participle past)
ydrore (participle past)

From Old English drēosan, from Proto-Germanic *dreusaną. Compare drery.


moede

Alternative form of mode (“grammatical mood”)


whyn

(Northern) Alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


payle

English: pail

Yola: pyle

From either Old English pæġel, from Proto-West Germanic *pagil; or from Old French paielle, from Latin patella; or a conflation of both.

A pail or bucket; a roughly cylindrical container.


whynne

English: whin

Scots: whin

Of North Germanic origin, borrowed from Old Norse hvein (the source of modern Swedish ven (“bentgrass”)), from Proto-Germanic *hwin-, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoi-no-, referring to its tall, sharp stalks.


whynen

whynen (infinitive)
to whynen (infinitive)
whyne (infinitive)
whyne (first-person present singular)
whyned (first-person past singular)
whynest (present second-person singular)
whynedest (past second-person singular)
whyneth (present singular third-person)
whyned (past singular third-person)
whyne (present singular subjunctive)
whyned (past singular subjunctive)
whyne (imperative present singular)
whynen (plural present)
whyne (plural present)
whyneden (past plural)
whynede (past plural)
whyneth (imperative plural present)
whyne (imperative plural present)
whynynge (participle present)
whynende (participle present)
whyned (participle past)
ywhyned (participle past)

English: whine

Inherited from Old English hwīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīnan, from Proto-Germanic *hwīnaną.

To cry out in distress or sadness; to make sad sounds.

To make or imitate the sounds of animals.


wynne

English: wynn, wen, win, winne

Scots: win

From Old English wynn; the final vowel is from the oblique cases. Doublet of veine (“supplication”).


wynne

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


wefte

English: weft

Scots: waft

Yola: weft

From Old English weft, wift, from Proto-Germanic *wiftiz; equivalent to weven + -th. The vocalism in -e- is due to the influence of weven.

weft (thread lying lengthwise in fabric)


ȝeollen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yellen


ȝeolp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ȝelp


ȝelpunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yelpinge


yelpere

English: yelper

One who brags or engages in self-aggrandisement.


yelpinge

English: yelping

Yola: yalpeen

From Old English ġilping; equivalent to ȝelpen + -ing.


yellynge

English: yelling

Yelling, hollering; the making of a loud, chaotic noise.


ȝelp

English: yelp

Scots: yelp, yalp

From Old English ġielp, ġylp, ġilp, ġelp.

Bragging; excessive vanity or self-aggrandisement.


ȝelpen

ȝelpen (infinitive)
to ȝelpen (infinitive)
ȝelpe (infinitive)
ȝelpe (first-person present singular)
ȝalp (first-person past singular)
ȝelped (first-person past singular)
ȝelpest (present second-person singular)
ȝolpe (past second-person singular)
ȝalp (past second-person singular)
ȝelpedest (past second-person singular)
ȝelpeth (present singular third-person)
ȝalp (past singular third-person)
ȝelped (past singular third-person)
ȝelpe (present singular subjunctive)
ȝolpe (past singular subjunctive)
ȝelped (past singular subjunctive)
ȝelpe (imperative present singular)
ȝelpen (plural present)
ȝelpe (plural present)
ȝolpen (past plural)
ȝolpe (past plural)
ȝelpeden (past plural)
ȝelpede (past plural)
ȝelpeth (imperative plural present)
ȝelpe (imperative plural present)
ȝelpynge (participle present)
ȝelpende (participle present)
ȝolpen (participle past)
ȝolpe (participle past)
ȝelped (participle past)
iȝolpe (participle past)

English: yelp

From Old English ġielpan, from Proto-Germanic *gelpaną.

To boast; to glorify, vindicate, or aggrandise (someone or something).

To yell or holler; to speak loudly with the intention of being heard.

(rare) To be audibly upset or distressed; to wail or lament.


blasten

blasten (infinitive)
to blasten (infinitive)
blaste (infinitive)
blaste (first-person present singular)
blasted (first-person past singular)
blaste (first-person past singular)
blastest (present second-person singular)
blastedest (past second-person singular)
blastest (past second-person singular)
blasteth (present singular third-person)
blasted (past singular third-person)
blaste (past singular third-person)
blaste (present singular subjunctive)
blasted (past singular subjunctive)
blaste (past singular subjunctive)
blaste (imperative present singular)
blasten (plural present)
blaste (plural present)
blasteden (past plural)
blastede (past plural)
blasten (past plural)
blaste (past plural)
blasteth (imperative plural present)
blaste (imperative plural present)
blastynge (participle present)
blastende (participle present)
blasted (participle past)
yblasted (participle past)

English: blast

Scots: blast

Inherited from Old English blǣstan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāstijan, from Proto-Germanic *blēstijaną; equivalent to blast + -en (infinitival suffix).

Toke his blake trumpe faste / And gan to puffen and to blaste.

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The House of Fame:


blaese

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blase


risshe

English: rush

Scots: rash, resh

From Old English rysċe, from Proto-West Germanic *ruskijā.

A rush (plant of the family Juncaceae) or a similar plant.

The dried and sliced stem of such a plant.

A trifle; something of little import or value.


risshen

From Old English rysċan; equivalent to risshe + -en (plural suffix).


gastlice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gostly (adverb)


lhoude

(Kent) Alternative form of loude (“loudly”)


auntelere

English: antler

From Old French antoillier, possibly from an unattested Latin *anteocularis (“before the eye”).


angelik

English: angelic

Borrowed from Old French angélique, borrowed itself from Latin angelicus, from Ancient Greek ἀγγελικός (angelikós). Some forms represent a continuation of Old English engellīċ. Equivalent to aungel + -ik.

Angelic or heavenly; appropriate for an angel.


erable

English: earable

From eren (“to plough”) + -able (“-able”), apparently on the model of arable.


gloryis

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of glorious


gloriynge

(rare) Bragging; engagement in self-aggrandisement.


glorifien

glorifien (infinitive)
to glorifien (infinitive)
glorifie (infinitive)
glorifie (first-person present singular)
glorified (first-person past singular)
glorifiest (present second-person singular)
glorifiedest (past second-person singular)
glorifieth (present singular third-person)
glorified (past singular third-person)
glorifie (present singular subjunctive)
glorified (past singular subjunctive)
glorifie (imperative present singular)
glorifien (plural present)
glorifie (plural present)
glorifieden (past plural)
glorifiede (past plural)
glorifieth (imperative plural present)
glorifie (imperative plural present)
glorifiynge (participle present)
glorifiende (participle present)
glorified (participle past)
yglorified (participle past)

English: glorify

Scots: glorifee

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman glorifier, from Late Latin glorificō; equivalent to glorie + -ifien.

To compliment, acclaim, or recognise someone

To devote oneself to or to worship someone.

To empower; to grant a quality or attribute.

To brag, boast or engage in self-aggrandisement.

(rare) To edify or improve; to make glorious.


glorifiynge

(rare) Commendation, recognition, honouring.

(rare) Bragging; engagment in self-aggrandisement.


amplifiyen

amplifiyen (infinitive)
to amplifiyen (infinitive)
amplifiye (infinitive)
amplifiye (first-person present singular)
amplifiyed (first-person past singular)
amplifiyest (present second-person singular)
amplifiyedest (past second-person singular)
amplifiyeth (present singular third-person)
amplifiyed (past singular third-person)
amplifiye (present singular subjunctive)
amplifiyed (past singular subjunctive)
amplifiye (imperative present singular)
amplifiyen (plural present)
amplifiye (plural present)
amplifiyeden (past plural)
amplifiyede (past plural)
amplifiyeth (imperative plural present)
amplifiye (imperative plural present)
amplifiyynge (participle present)
amplifiyende (participle present)
amplifiyed (participle past)
yamplifiyed (participle past)

English: amplify

Borrowed from Old French amplifier, from Late Latin amplificō; equivalent to ample + -ifien.

(rare, Late Middle English) To amplify, embiggen, or heighten.


ræden sæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Rede See


eshe

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


Rede See

English: Red Sea

From Old English Rēad Sǣ; equivalent to red + see.

the Red Sea (especially in a biblical context)


floote

Alternative form of flote (“float, fleet”)


ȝek

Inherited from Old English ġēac, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz. Doublet of goke.


yekesters

From ȝekes (“cuckoo's”) + ters (“penis”).

Arum maculatum
Arum maculatum#Translingual

(figurative) cuckoopint (Arum maculatum or Arum italicum)

Used other than figuratively or idiomatically: see ȝekes, ters.


cokkou

English: cuckoo

Scots: cuckoo

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom

Cuculus canorus
Cuculus canorus#Translingual


growte

English: grout

Scots: grute, gruit

Inherited from Old English grūt, from Proto-Germanic *grūtą, *grutą.

A sort of wort or the beer made from it.


storem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of storm


thonder clappes

thonder clappe
thonder clappe#Middle_English


thonder clappe

English: thunderclap


cownte

Alternative form of counte (“computation”)


clappynge

English: clapping

A loud noise, especially as made by clapping or talking.

(rare) The cycle of inhalation and exhalation.


thonder

English: thunder

Scots: thuner, thunder, thundir

Yola: dhunder, dunder

Inherited from Old English þunor, from Proto-West Germanic *þunr.
The varieties with -d- are from the oblique stem of þunor, þunr-, which experienced a sound change -nr- → -ndr-; this was leveled into all forms of the word (compare gandre).

Thunder (loud noise created during a thunderstorm).

A thunderstorm (storm which accompanies such a loud noise).

And I ſai þat þe lomb hadde opened oon of þe ſeuene ſeelis. ⁊ I herde oon of þe foure beeſtis ſeiynge as a vois of þundur / come ⁊ ſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:1, page 119r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And I saw that the lamb had opened one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four creatures saying, like the sound of thunder, "Come and see!"

Something which acoustically resembles thunder.

Lightning (especially in contexts referring to destruction)