resistence

English: resistance, resistence

Scots: resistance

From Old French resistence, from Latin resistentia; equivalent to resisten + -ence.

Military resistance or opposition to a government.

Passive or peaceful resistance or opposition to a government.

Challenge, obstruction; a hazard or obstacle.

(rare) Hardness, rigidity; the state of being firm or non-flexible.

(rare) An opposing argument; a response to an argument

(rare) An individual's capability for resisting.


heven

enm-verb

heven (third-person singular simple present heveth, present participle hevende, first-/third-person singular past indicative hof, past participle yhoven)

heveth (present singular third-person)
hevende (participle present)
hof (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yhoven (participle past)

English: heave (see there for further descendants)

Scots: heave, heve, hewe

Yola: heve, hev

From Old English hebban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną (“to lift”).


heven

(rare) Alternative form of haven (“to have”)


spumous

English: spumous

Borrowed from Latin spūmōsus; equivalent to spume + -ous.

(pathology, Late Middle English, rare) spumous, foamy


bugge

Likely from Proto-Germanic *bugja- (“swollen up, thick”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰew-, *bu- (“to swell”). Compare bigge (“powerful, strong”), Norwegian bugge (“big man”), dialectal Low German Bögge, Boggelmann (“goblin, snot”) from Proto-Germanic *pūkô (“a goblin, spook”).

ncog

As a bugge either a man of raggis in a place where gourdis wexen kepith no thing, so ben her goddis of tree. — Wycliffe Bible, 1425, W:Letter of Jeremiah (W:Book of Baruch 6:69). loose translation of the Latin "Nam sicut in cucumerario formido nihil custodit, ita sunt dii illorum lignei...", in turn translating the Greek "Ωσπερ γαρ εν σικυηρατω προβασκανιον ουδεν φυλασσον, ουτως οι θεοι αυτων εισι ξυλινοι..."


paraunter

"Paraunter she may be your purgatorie":Chaucer


sory

head

sory (plural and weak singular sorye, comparative sorier, superlative soriest)

sorye (plural)
sorye (singular weak)
sorier (comparative)
soriest (superlative)

English: sorry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: sairy

Yola: ingsaury

Inherited from Old English sāriġ, from Proto-West Germanic *sairag, from Proto-Germanic *sairagaz. Equivalent to sore + -y.

sad, sorrowful
sorry, remorseful, regretful

pitiful, downtrodden, dismal:
cheap, low-quality

pitiful, downtrodden, dismal:
luckless; cheated by fate

iniquitous, malicious; having bad intentions


sory

(rare) harshly, intensely; with extreme force


gipser

An anlas and a gipser al of silk
Heng at his gerdul

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


feamin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of femen


hwelp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whelp


ethem

From Old English ǣþm (“air, breath, breathing; vapor; blast; hole to breathe through; smell”). Cognate with German atmen (“to breathe”).


crouke

From Old English crūce, from Proto-West Germanic *krūkā.

And whan that dronken al was in the crouke,
To bedde went the doghter right anon; [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reeve's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4158-4159

And when all that was in the crock was drunk,
To bed went the daughter right away; …


scalled

As hoot he was and lecherous as a sparwe, With scalled browes blake and piled berd

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


surquedous

thou be not surquedous Amans

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:

Ther great conquestys, ther surquedous rydynges

a. 1451, John Lydgate, Measure is Treasure:


radiche

desctree

English: radish, raddish (obsolete)
→? Malay: rades
→ Maori: rātihi

Scots: raidish

→? Irish: raidis

From Old English redic, rædic, from Proto-West Germanic *rādik, borrowed from Latin rādīcem (“root of a plant; radish”); later influenced by Anglo-Norman radich, radice and Middle French radice.

der

Raphanus sativus
Raphanus sativus#Translingual


bliken

English: blike, blick

From Old English blīcan or from Old Norse blikna.


sighen

enm-verb

sighen (third-person singular simple present sigheth, present participle sighende, sighynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sighed)

sigheth (present singular third-person)
sighende (participle present)
sighynge (participle present)
sighed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
sighen (infinitive)
to sighen (infinitive)
sighe (infinitive)
sighe (first-person present singular)
sighed (first-person past singular)
sighest (present second-person singular)
sighedest (past second-person singular)
sigheth (present singular third-person)
sighed (past singular third-person)
sighe (present singular subjunctive)
sighed (past singular subjunctive)
sighe (imperative present singular)
sighen (plural present)
sighe (plural present)
sigheden (past plural)
sighede (past plural)
sigheth (imperative plural present)
sighe (imperative plural present)
sighynge (participle present)
sighende (participle present)
sighed (participle past)
ysighed (participle past)

English: sigh

Back-formation from sighte, siȝhte, past tense forms of siken, from Old English sīcan, from Proto-West Germanic *sīkan, perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *seykʷ- (“to pour out”).


schiten

enm-verb

schiten (third-person singular simple present schiteth, present participle schitynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schoot, past participle schiten)

schiteth (present singular third-person)
schitynge (participle present)
schoot (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schiten (participle past)
schiten (infinitive)
to schiten (infinitive)
schite (infinitive)
schite (first-person present singular)
schoot (first-person past singular)
schitest (present second-person singular)
schite (past second-person singular)
schote (past second-person singular)
schoot (past second-person singular)
schiteth (present singular third-person)
schit (present singular third-person)
schoot (past singular third-person)
schite (present singular subjunctive)
schite (past singular subjunctive)
schote (past singular subjunctive)
schite (imperative present singular)
schiten (plural present)
schite (plural present)
schiten (past plural)
schite (past plural)
schoten (past plural)
schote (past plural)
schiteth (imperative plural present)
schite (imperative plural present)
schitynge (participle present)
schitende (participle present)
schiten (participle past)
schite (participle past)
yschiten (participle past)
yschite (participle past)

English: shit, shite

Scots: shit

Inherited from Old English sċītan, from Proto-West Germanic *skītan, from Proto-Germanic *skītaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skéydt; equivalent to schite (“diarrhoea”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


smiten

smiten (infinitive)
to smiten (infinitive)
smite (infinitive)
smite (first-person present singular)
smot (first-person past singular)
smet (first-person past singular)
smitest (present second-person singular)
smite (past second-person singular)
smote (past second-person singular)
smete (past second-person singular)
smot (past second-person singular)
smet (past second-person singular)
smiteth (present singular third-person)
smit (present singular third-person)
smot (past singular third-person)
smet (past singular third-person)
smite (present singular subjunctive)
smite (past singular subjunctive)
smote (past singular subjunctive)
smete (past singular subjunctive)
smite (imperative present singular)
smiten (plural present)
smite (plural present)
smiten (past plural)
smite (past plural)
smoten (past plural)
smote (past plural)
smeten (past plural)
smete (past plural)
smiteth (imperative plural present)
smite (imperative plural present)
smitynge (participle present)
smitende (participle present)
smiten (participle past)
smite (participle past)
ysmiten (participle past)
ysmite (participle past)

English: smite

Scots: smite, smyte

From Old English smītan, from Proto-West Germanic *smītan.

To strike, land an attack; especially to stab, thrust or puncture


schinen

schinen (infinitive)
to schinen (infinitive)
schine (infinitive)
schine (first-person present singular)
schon (first-person past singular)
schined (first-person past singular)
schinest (present second-person singular)
schone (past second-person singular)
schine (past second-person singular)
schon (past second-person singular)
schinedest (past second-person singular)
schineth (present singular third-person)
schon (past singular third-person)
schined (past singular third-person)
schine (present singular subjunctive)
schone (past singular subjunctive)
schine (past singular subjunctive)
schined (past singular subjunctive)
schine (imperative present singular)
schinen (plural present)
schine (plural present)
schonen (past plural)
schone (past plural)
schinen (past plural)
schine (past plural)
schineden (past plural)
schinede (past plural)
schineth (imperative plural present)
schine (imperative plural present)
schinynge (participle present)
schinende (participle present)
schinen (participle past)
schined (participle past)
yschinen (participle past)
yschined (participle past)

English: shine

Scots: shine, shyne

From Old English scīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *skīnan, from Proto-Germanic *skīnaną.

To emit brightness and lightness; to shine:

To emit light naturally; to be bright (like a lamp)

To emit light inherently; to be light (like a sheet of paper)

To shimmer; to shine due to being glossy, smooth or viscous.

To be reflective or shine due to this reflectivity

To gleam; to shine due to expensive accoutrements.

To shine due to spiritual or mystic power; to shine with holy light.

To shine upon an area, resulting in it becoming lighter.

To be respected or well-reputed; to have a good reputation

To be famous or outstanding; to have an excellent reputation.

(rare) To be noticeable or be able to be seen.

To stand out; to be notable:
To be noticeable or be able to be seen.

To stand out; to be notable:
(rare) To be apparent or obvious.

To stand out; to be notable:
To be apparent or obvious.

To stand out; to be notable:
(rare) To celebrate.

To stand out; to be notable:
To celebrate.

To have skin that is fair and attractive.


selly

English: selly

Scots: selly

From Old English sellīċ, seldlīċ, syllīċ, from Proto-Germanic *seldalīkaz; equivalent to selde (“uncommon”) + -ly.


selly

English: selly

Scots: selly

weirdly, wondrously, oddly, surprisingly

In a agile manner; speedily; with power and force.

(By) a lot; extremely, to a great degree.


selly

English: selly

Scots: selly

A wondrous or astounding happening or action.


moeble

English: (obsolete) moble

Borrowed from Old French moeble, mueble (“movable”), from Latin mōbilis.

For that she is so worthye thou shuldest not clymbe so hygh, for thy moebles and thyne estate arne voyded.

c. 1387, Thomas Usk, chapter VIII, in The Testament of Love Book I:

(in the plural) movable goods, personal possessions


nyne

English: nine

Scots: nine, neen, nyn, nyne

Yola: neen

From inflected forms of Old English nigon, from Proto-West Germanic *nigun, variant of *neun, in turn from Proto-Germanic *newun, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁néwn̥.


drit

English: dirt

Yola: dhurth

From Old Norse drit (“excrement”), from Proto-Germanic *dritą, *dritō (“excrement”).


chaunge

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒ(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːnd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French change, chaunge, from Latin cambium, from Gaulish cambion (“change”).

Change; the process of becoming different.

Fluctuation, inconstancy; the state of being variable.

Exchange (giving in compensation for something received):

Moneychanging; the exchange of currency.

An exchange (a place for moneychanging).

(rare, hunting) An attempt by a stag to escape pursuit.


Rowe

English: Rowe

Yola: Roue


Porter

English: Porter

Yola: Portheare


defaute

English: default

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I have so many idle thoughts / Purely from lack of sleep / That I swear I take no heed / Of anything, whether it comes or goes, / And nothing is either dear to me or hated.

I have so many an ydel thoght / Purely for defaulte of slepe / That by my trouthe I take no kepe / Of noo thinge how hyt cometh or gooth / Ne me nys no thynge leve nor looth

absence, failure to appear somewhere, especially (law) failure to appear in court

fault, guilt, culpability, responsibility for something bad


kempen

English: kemp (obsolete)

Scots: kemp, camp (archaic)

From Old English *cempan, from Proto-West Germanic *kampijan.

(rare) to go to war, to enter into conflict


kempen

From Old English cempan; equivalent to kempe + -en (plural suffix).


clote

From Old English clāte, from Proto-West Germanic *klaitā.

1380s, John Wycliffe, Bible, Osee [Hosea], 9, vi,
A nettle schal enherite the desirable siluer of hem, a clote schal be in the tabernaclis of hem.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

14thC, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Prologe of the Chanouns Yemannes Tale, The Canterbury Tales, 1987, Larry Dean Benson (editor), The Riverside Chaucer, 2008, 3rd Edition, page 270,
A clote-leef he hadde under his hood / For swoot and for to keep his heed from heete.


husbonde

desctree

English: husband
⇒ Chinese: 黑漆板凳 (hēiqī bǎndèng) (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ハズバンド (hazubando)
⇒ English: husbando

Scots: husband

→ Welsh: hwsmon

Inherited from Old English hūsbonda; equivalent to hous + bonde.

A farmer or villein; one who tends to the soil.

(rare) A resident; one who lives somewhere.


vollen

Alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


hegen

enm-verb

hegen (third-person singular simple present hegeth, present participle hegende, hegynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle heged)

hegeth (present singular third-person)
hegende (participle present)
hegynge (participle present)
heged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


umbestounde

From Old English ymbe stunde, from ymbe (“around, about, by, upon, at”) + stunde, accusative of stund (“time, while, hour”).


lawly

From Old English lahlīċ (“lawful, legal”), from Old Norse lǫgligr (“lawful, legal”), equivalent to law + -ly. Cognate with Icelandic löglegur (“legal”), Swedish laglig (“legal”), Danish lovlig (“legal”).

Proscribed by, pertaining to, or adhering to the law; lawful; legal.


with ioyne

c. 1450 to 1500, Merlin, republished in 1869 by Wheatley and Mead

Holde we vs to-geder cloos and make semblaunte as we wolde with Ioyne.

(transitive, intransitive) To join together; conjoin.


nyghtertale

English: nightertale

A calque of Old Norse náttarþel, as if nyght + -er + tale.

So hoote he loued / that by nyghtertale / He slepte namooꝛe / than dooth a nyghtyngale

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 3, recto, lines 96-97:

He loved so ardently / that at nighttime / He didn't sleep any more / than a nightingale does.


water

English: water (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: watter, wetter

Scots: watter

Yola: waudher, wadher

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wed-
Proto-Indo-European *-r̥
Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥
Proto-Germanic *watōr
Proto-West Germanic *watar
Old English wæter
Middle English water
From Old English wæter, from Proto-West Germanic *watar, from Proto-Germanic *watōr.

etymon

al ſwa great ſwa a beam:
þe he leide in ane walle ſtream.
Þe ilke makeð þat water hot:
& þan folc halwende.

c. 1190, Layamon, Brut, MS. Cotton Caligula A ix edition:


herberer

English: harborer, harbourer

From herberwe + -er; compare herberjour.

A host; who provides accommodation or hospitality.

(hunting) One who trails a quarry to its lair.


feola

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fele (“many”)


ferne

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 13-14.
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


ronner

Fleshly janglers, flatterers and blamers, ronkers and ronners, and all manner of pinchers, cared I never that they saw this book

14th century, The Cloud of Unknowing, Chapter 74


peregal

From Old French par egal (“in the same way”).


steten

enm-verb

steten (third-person singular simple present stet, present participle stetende, first-/third-person singular past indicative stette, past participle istett)

stet (present singular third-person)
stetende (participle present)
stette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
istett (participle past)

⇒ Scots: steater (?)

From Old English *stēatan, from Proto-West Germanic *stautan, from Proto-Germanic *stautaną, from Proto-Indo-European *stewd-.

(transitive) To make a thrust; strike; thrust; push hard on; knock; set; strike at; trample

(intransitive) To move rapidly; hasten; rush


bastardie

English: bastardy, bastardry

From Middle French bastardie; equivalent to bastard + -ie. Some forms are remodelled as bastard + -erie.

bastardy (quality of being a bastard, of being born out of wedlock)


temse

English: temse, tems, tempse

Scots: teemse

Inherited from Old English *temes, from Proto-West Germanic *tamisu, of unclear origin.


leten

leten (infinitive)
to leten (infinitive)
lete (infinitive)
lete (first-person present singular)
let (first-person past singular)
lette (first-person past singular)
letest (present second-person singular)
lete (past second-person singular)
let (past second-person singular)
lettest (past second-person singular)
leteth (present singular third-person)
let (past singular third-person)
lette (past singular third-person)
lete (present singular subjunctive)
lete (past singular subjunctive)
lette (past singular subjunctive)
lete (imperative present singular)
leten (plural present)
lete (plural present)
leten (past plural)
lete (past plural)
letten (past plural)
lette (past plural)
leteth (imperative plural present)
lete (imperative plural present)
letynge (participle present)
letende (participle present)
leten (participle past)
lete (participle past)
let (participle past)
yleten (participle past)
ylete (participle past)

English: let

Scots: lat, let, lete

Yola: leth

From Old English lǣtan, from Proto-West Germanic *lātan.

No longer wold he lette.

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


likerous

sikerly she hadde a likerous ye

c. 1387-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, "The Miller's Tale"


flok

English: flock

Yola: vlock

From Old English flocc, from Proto-Germanic *flukkaz.


starn

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of sterne


chosling

From chosen (“chosen”, past participle) + -ling.


blowen

blowen (infinitive)
to blowen (infinitive)
blowe (infinitive)
blowe (first-person present singular)
blew (first-person past singular)
blowest (present second-person singular)
blewe (past second-person singular)
blew (past second-person singular)
bloweth (present singular third-person)
blew (past singular third-person)
blowe (present singular subjunctive)
blewe (past singular subjunctive)
blowe (imperative present singular)
blowen (plural present)
blowe (plural present)
blewen (past plural)
blewe (past plural)
bloweth (imperative plural present)
blowe (imperative plural present)
blowynge (participle present)
blowende (participle present)
blowen (participle past)
blowe (participle past)
yblowen (participle past)
yblowe (participle past)

English: blow

Geordie English: blaw

Scots: blaw

Yola: blay

Inherited from Old English blāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną.

To blow away; to blow to eliminate or remove.

To breathe (in or out); to inhale or exhale.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To play a wind instrument (by blowing)

To blow (produce a current of air):
To strengthen a fire by blowing on it.

To inflate or blow up; to expand by blowing.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To gasp; to struggle to breathe.

To spread a communicable disease (by exhalation).


blowen

English: blow

Inherited from Old English blōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blōan, from Proto-Germanic *blōaną.

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom


lyth

English: lith

Scots: lith

From Old English liþ (“limb, member, joint, point”).

inh

A point in the body where bones meet; a joint.


Joves

English: Jove

The Roman god governing the sky; Jove, Jupiter.

The largest of the moving planets; Jupiter.


hiden

enm-verb

hiden (third-person singular simple present hideth, present participle hidende, first-/third-person singular past indicative hidde, past participle hid)

hideth (present singular third-person)
hidende (participle present)
hidde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hid (participle past)

English: hide

Scots: hide, hyde


hiden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yeden: plural simple past of gon (“to go”)


inwardes

English: inwards

From inward + -es (“adverb-forming ending”).


inwardes

From inward + -es (“plural-forming ending”).


chanteor

Alternative form of chauntour (“enchanter”)


fresen

fresen (third-person singular simple present freseth, present participle fresynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fres, past participle frosen)

freseth (present singular third-person)
fresynge (participle present)
fres (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
frosen (participle past)
fresen (infinitive)
to fresen (infinitive)
frese (infinitive)
frese (first-person present singular)
frees (first-person past singular)
fresest (present second-person singular)
frose (past second-person singular)
frese (past second-person singular)
frees (past second-person singular)
freseth (present singular third-person)
frest (present singular third-person)
frees (past singular third-person)
frese (present singular subjunctive)
frose (past singular subjunctive)
frese (past singular subjunctive)
frese (imperative present singular)
fresen (plural present)
frese (plural present)
frosen (past plural)
frose (past plural)
fresen (past plural)
frese (past plural)
freseth (imperative plural present)
frese (imperative plural present)
fresynge (participle present)
fresende (participle present)
frosen (participle past)
frose (participle past)
froren (participle past)
frore (participle past)

English: freeze

→ Maltese: ffriża

Scots: frese

From Old English frēosan. Compare frost.

To come into existence due to freezing (of ice)

To become stuck to something due to freezing.

To be at freezing point (of the temperature):

To be afflicted or injured by low temperatures (up to and including death)

(rare) To have a feeling of coldness; to pick up a chill.

To become stopped; to cease or terminate.

(figurative) To prevent from feeling sympathy or compassion.


chippe

English: chip

Scots: chip

Yola: chemis (plural)

→ Old French: chippe, chipe

Middle French: chiffe

French: chiffe

⇒ French: chiffon

→ English: chiffon


entamen

entamen (third-person singular simple present entameth, present participle entamende, entamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle entamed)

entameth (present singular third-person)
entamende (participle present)
entamynge (participle present)
entamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: entame

From Old French entamer, from Late Latin intaminare (perhaps via Provençal entamenar), from Latin in- + tangere + -are.


swoote

English: sweet


roote

Alternative form of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”)


Zephirus

English: Zephyrus

From Latin zephyrus (“Zephyrus; the west wind”), from Ancient Greek Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros).

bor

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue

Zephyrus, the Ancient Greek god of the west wind.


heeth

English: heath, heather

Scots: haithe (in compounds)

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth


Engelond

> English: England (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

> Scots: Ingland, England (inherited)

> Yola: Engelhoan (inherited)

→ Latin: Angliterra (calque)

/ˈɛnɡəlɔːnd/

From Old English Engla land (“land of the Angles”) by haplology.

inh

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,
And specially from every shire's end

A yeer and moore laﬅed this bliſful lyf, / Til that the knyght of which I ſpeke of thus, / That of Kayrrud was cleped Arveragus, / Shoop hym to goon and dwelle a yeer or twayne / In Engelond, that cleped was ek Britayne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ffrankeleẏns Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 155, recto:

A year and more lasted this blissful life, / Until the knight of whom I thus speak, / That was called Arveragus of Kayrrud, / Prepared himself to go and dwell a year or two / In England, which was also called Britain

The wᶜʰ blason I the foresayd Gwyon Kinge of Armes witnesse: not then borne of any other ꝑson whatsoever he bee wᵗʰin the Realme of England (otherwyse called the Ile of Great Brittaigne)

1461, John Wrexworth, Guyan King-of-Arms, Grant of Arms to William Swayne of Somerset (Add. MS. 14295, fo. 5b)


sondry

Scots: sindry

English: sundry

From Old English syndriġ (“separate, single; sundry, various, distinct; special, private, peculiar, exceptional, particular; characteristic; (distributive) one each”), from sundor (“asunder, apart, separately””).

Than longen folke to go on pylgrymage / And palmers to ſeken ſtraunge ſtrondes / To ſerue halowes couth in sondry londes

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, column 1, lines 12–13:

Then folk long to go on pilgrimage, / And palmers to seek strange strands, / To serve shrines well known in sundry lands.


croppe

English: crop

desc

Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

From Old English cropp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“body; lump; bunch; crop”).

inh

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,


companye

desctree

English: company
→ Hindi: कंपनी (kampnī)
→ Hokkien: 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê)
→ Malay: kompeni
→ Scottish Gaelic: companaidh
→ Swahili: kampuni

Scots: company

Welsh: cwmni

A company, band, small group, or team of people; mainly in the following senses:

An army or multitude of angels; a band heavenly warriors.

A troop; a military force or concentration.

A guild; an organisation dedicated to the advancement of a profession.

An informal group of people; especially guests or visitors.

Accompaniment, company, companionship; having companions.

Copulation; sexual activity or intercourse.

Linkedness, connection, similarity, likeness.

(rare) A large quantity of objects or things.


fowele

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 9-11.
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);


hostelerie

English: hostelry

Borrowed from Middle French hostellerie, from Old French hostelerie, ostelerie; equivalent to hostel + -erie.


felaweshipe

English: fellowship

Equivalent to felawe + -schipe; either a new ME formation or adapted from Old Norse félagskapr, félagsskapr.

Partnership or companionship; having company:

Intense; partnership or companionship; having friendship.

Festiveness, cheer, merriment; feasting and joy.

A spirit of familiarity and closeness; comradeship.

Religious or heavenly fellowship, connection, or partnership.

A fellowship, band, or company; a group united by a goal:

A group of those who adhere or follow another's teachings.

A troop or band; a military force or grouping.

A military, trade or religious organisation or association.

A religious or heavenly community of believers.

(rare) Similarity, connection (or something that is connected).


lepen

English: leap

Scots: lepe, leip, leap

Yola: laupe


herye

Alternative form of herien (“to commend”)


derve

first-person present indicative of derven


wanne

enm-verb

wanne (third-person singular simple present wanneth, present participle wannende, wannynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wanned)

wanneth (present singular third-person)
wannende (participle present)
wannynge (participle present)
wanned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


wanne

Alternative form of wonnen: plural simple past of winnen


sider

desctree

English: cider
→ Bulgarian: са́йдер (sájder)
→ Finnish: siideri
→ Jersey Dutch: sâiter
→ Japanese: サイダー (saidā)
→ Korean: 사이다 (saida)

Scots: cedar (obsolete)

→ Welsh: seidr

From Old French cisdre, sidre, from Medieval Latin sīcera, from Ancient Greek σίκερα (síkera), from Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār). Doublet of ciser.

der

Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār)

Hard cider or an analogous beverage made of other fruits.

Any alcoholic beverage of great strength and potency.


agrement

English: agreement

From Old French agrement; equivalent to agreen + -ment.

An understanding or agreement; a state of mutual shared opinion.

(rare) Monetary compensation or remuneration.

(rare) The conditions agreed upon when settling a bill.


amirail

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amirail etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).

Alternative form of amiral, emir or admiral.


pentangel

THEN þay schewed hym þe schelde, þat was of schyr goulez
Wyth þe pentangel depaynt of pure golde hwez.
He braydez hit by þe bauderyk, aboute þe hals kestes,
Þat bisemed þe segge semlyly fayre.
And quy þe pentangel apendez to þat prynce noble
I am in tent yow to telle, þof tary hyt me schulde:
Hit is a syngne þat Salamon set sumquyle
In bytoknyng of trawþe, bi tytle þat hit habbez,
For hit is a figure þat haldez fyue poyntez,
And vche lyne vmbelappez and loukez in oþer,
And ayquere hit is endelez; and Englych hit callen

Late 1300s, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 2.6 (transl. by W.A. Neilson 1999, Cambridge, Ontario: In Parentheses Publications)

Then they showed him the shield, that was of sheer gules, with the pentangle painted in pure gold. He took it by the baldric and cast it about his neck; and it became the hero passing fair. And why the pentangle pertains to that noble prince I mean to tell you, though it should delay me. It is a sign that Solomon set formerly as a token of truth, by its own right, for it is a figure that holds five points, and each line overlaps and locks in another; and throughout it is endless; and the English call it everywhere, as I hear, the endless knot.


fremyssh

From (the stem of) Middle French frémir, from Late Latin *fremīre, from Latin fremere.

c. 1450, anonymous, Merlin, Cambridge University Library MS Ff.3.11, 118-120

And than he ran upon hym with his swerde and smote hym on the heed and on the lifte sholdre that all the arme fremysshed. And so harde was the hide of the serpent that in the flessh myght it not atame.

[...] but as Gaheret com hym for to socoure with thre thousande men of armes, and in his comynge he made all the renges to fremyssh, for eche oon that com with hym bar oon to the grounde at theire metynge, and disparbled the saisnes towarde the brige [...].

c. 1450, anonymous, Merlin, from 1899, Henry B. Wheatley, Merlin, or, The early history of King Arthur, p. 285


eiþer

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:


clei

Alternative form of cley (“wooden frame”)


slideren

slideren (infinitive)
to slideren (infinitive)
slidere (infinitive)
slidere (first-person present singular)
slidered (first-person past singular)
sliderest (present second-person singular)
slideredest (past second-person singular)
slidereth (present singular third-person)
slidered (past singular third-person)
slidere (present singular subjunctive)
slidered (past singular subjunctive)
slidere (imperative present singular)
slideren (plural present)
slidere (plural present)
slidereden (past plural)
sliderede (past plural)
slidereth (imperative plural present)
slidere (imperative plural present)
sliderynge (participle present)
sliderende (participle present)
slidered (participle past)
yslidered (participle past)

English: slidder, slither

Scots: slidder

Yola: slider

From Old English sliderian, slidorian, slidrian, from Proto-West Germanic *slidrōn. Equivalent to slider + -en (infinitival suffix).

To skid or slip; to lose one's traction or balance.


beð

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bath


aiden

aiden (infinitive)
to aiden (infinitive)
aide (infinitive)
aide (first-person present singular)
aided (first-person past singular)
aidest (present second-person singular)
aidedest (past second-person singular)
aideth (present singular third-person)
aided (past singular third-person)
aide (present singular subjunctive)
aided (past singular subjunctive)
aide (imperative present singular)
aiden (plural present)
aide (plural present)
aideden (past plural)
aidede (past plural)
aideth (imperative plural present)
aide (imperative plural present)
aidynge (participle present)
aidende (participle present)
aided (participle past)
yaided (participle past)

English: aid

Scots: aid

From Middle French ayder, from Latin adiutō; equivalent to aide + -en (infinitival suffix).


forarnen

Perhaps from Old English foryrnan, equivalent to for- + rinnen.


forbarren

English: forbar


forbeaten

English: forbeat


forbannen

English: forban

From for- + bannen. Cognate with Old Frisian forbonna, forbanna, Middle Dutch verbannen, Middle Low German verbannen.


forbeoden

enm-verb

forbeoden (third-person singular simple present forbiet, forbedeth, forbedes, present participle forbeodende, forbeodand, forbeodinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative forbead, forbude, forbuden, past participle forboden)

forbiet (present singular third-person)
forbedeth (present singular third-person)
forbedes (present singular third-person)
forbeodende (participle present)
forbeodand (participle present)
forbeodinge (participle present)
forbead (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbude (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbuden (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forboden (participle past)

English: forbid

Scots: forbede, forbeid, forbid, forbyd

From Old English forbēodan, equivalent to for- + beoden.

Here may ye seen that nat only the dede of this sinne is forboden, but eek the desyr to doon that sinne.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


coyne

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


enemye

If hungur riſiþ in þe lond and peſtilence and ruſt and wynd diſtriynge cornes and a locuste and bꝛuke comeþ and if enemyes biſegen þe ȝatis of þe citee aftir þat þe cuntreis ben diſtried and al veniaunce and ſikenesse oppꝛeſſiþ[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:28”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

If hunger rises in the land, and pestilence, rust, wind, destroying grain, and locusts and their young come, and if enemies besiege a city's gates after the city's surrounds are ruined, and when any destruction and disease oppresses (people) […]


Pruce

English: pruce, spruce

From New Latin Prussia, from a Baltic (Old Prussian, or perhaps Lithuanian or Latvian) autonym. For more, see Prussia.


Germanie

English: Germany

Scots: Germany

From Old French Germanie and Old English Germania, both from Latin Germānia.

The portion of Europe occupied by those who speak Germanic languages.


kythe

To tellen al my drem aryght. Now kythe thyn engyn and myght!

1380, Chaucer, “II.19”, in The House of Fame:

1385. Geoffrey Chaucer, Legend Good Women (Prologue, 492). Sche kytheth what she is.


westerne

English: western

Scots: wastren

From Old English westerne, from Proto-Germanic *westrōnijaz. Equivalent to west + -erne.


tenel

English: teanel (dialectal)

From Old English tēnil, tǣnel, from Proto-West Germanic *tainīl, diminutive of *tainijā. Cognate with Middle High German zeinel (“basket”), German Zainler (“basket-maker”).


sce

(chiefly southern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of sche


drepen

drepen (infinitive)
to drepen (infinitive)
drepe (infinitive)
drepe (first-person present singular)
drap (first-person past singular)
dreped (first-person past singular)
drepest (present second-person singular)
drape (past second-person singular)
drap (past second-person singular)
drepedest (past second-person singular)
drepeth (present singular third-person)
drap (past singular third-person)
dreped (past singular third-person)
drepe (present singular subjunctive)
drape (past singular subjunctive)
dreped (past singular subjunctive)
drepe (imperative present singular)
drepen (plural present)
drepe (plural present)
drapen (past plural)
drape (past plural)
drepeden (past plural)
drepede (past plural)
drepeth (imperative plural present)
drepe (imperative plural present)
drepynge (participle present)
drepende (participle present)
dropen (participle past)
drope (participle past)
dreped (participle past)

>? English: drib, drub

>? Scots: drib, drub

From Old English drepan, from Proto-West Germanic *drepan, from Proto-Germanic *drepaną.

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.


drepen

drepen (infinitive)
to drepen (infinitive)
drepe (infinitive)
drepe (first-person present singular)
dreped (first-person past singular)
drepest (present second-person singular)
drepedest (past second-person singular)
drepeth (present singular third-person)
dreped (past singular third-person)
drepe (present singular subjunctive)
dreped (past singular subjunctive)
drepe (imperative present singular)
drepen (plural present)
drepe (plural present)
drepeden (past plural)
drepede (past plural)
drepeth (imperative plural present)
drepe (imperative plural present)
drepynge (participle present)
drepende (participle present)
dreped (participle past)
ydreped (participle past)

Scots: dreep
→ English: dreep

From Old English drēopan, from Proto-West Germanic *dreupan, from Proto-Germanic *dreupaną.


frenden

frenden (infinitive)
to frenden (infinitive)
frende (infinitive)
frende (first-person present singular)
frended (first-person past singular)
frendest (present second-person singular)
frendedest (past second-person singular)
frendeth (present singular third-person)
frended (past singular third-person)
frende (present singular subjunctive)
frended (past singular subjunctive)
frende (imperative present singular)
frenden (plural present)
frende (plural present)
frendeden (past plural)
frendede (past plural)
frendeth (imperative plural present)
frende (imperative plural present)
frendynge (participle present)
frendende (participle present)
frended (participle past)
yfrended (participle past)

English: friend


mawe

English: maw

Scots: maw

From Old English maga, from Proto-West Germanic *magō, from Proto-Germanic *magô.

The stomach or guts of an organism; also when used as food.

One of the various organs of the belly; one's entrails; especially:

The belly or stomach; the part of the body between the chest and the torso.


mawe

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


bokeleer

English: buckler

From Old French bocler, boucler, bucler, from Vulgar Latin *bucculārius (“bossed”), from Latin buccula (“boss”).


ale-stake

A garland had he set upon his head As great as it werin for an ale-stake.


chestes

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


yellen

enm-verb

yellen (third-person singular simple present yelleth, present participle yellende, yellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle yelled)

yelleth (present singular third-person)
yellende (participle present)
yellynge (participle present)
yelled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
yellen (infinitive)
to yellen (infinitive)
yelle (infinitive)
yelle (first-person present singular)
yal (first-person past singular)
yelled (first-person past singular)
yellest (present second-person singular)
yolle (past second-person singular)
yal (past second-person singular)
yelledest (past second-person singular)
yelleth (present singular third-person)
yal (past singular third-person)
yelled (past singular third-person)
yelle (present singular subjunctive)
yolle (past singular subjunctive)
yelled (past singular subjunctive)
yelle (imperative present singular)
yellen (plural present)
yelle (plural present)
yollen (past plural)
yolle (past plural)
yelleden (past plural)
yellede (past plural)
yelleth (imperative plural present)
yelle (imperative plural present)
yellynge (participle present)
yellende (participle present)
yollen (participle past)
yolle (participle past)
yelled (participle past)

English: yell

Scots: yell

From Old English ġiellan, from Proto-West Germanic *gellan, from Proto-Germanic *gellaną; a cognate of Middle Low German gellen, Middle Dutch gellen, and Middle High German gellen.

And thei crieden not to me in her herte, but ȝelliden in her beddis. Thei chewiden code on wheete, and wyn, and thei ȝeden awei fro me.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 7:14”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And they didn't cry to me from their hearts; instead they whined in their beds. They chewed wheat and wine like cud, then they ran away from me.

To yell or holler; to make a loud cry (also of animals).

To make a loud noise; to boom, reverbate or crash.


tyma

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


tisike

From Anglo-Norman, from Latin phthisicus (“suffering from tuberculosis”), from Ancient Greek φθισικός (phthisikós, “consumptive”), from φθίσις (phthísis, “tuberculosis, consumption”).

der

c. 1240, Gilbertus Anglicus, Compendium Medicinae, Ch. 10 Part 4.
Tisike is a destruccion of þe kyndely moistnes of a mannes body.

Phthisic is a destruction of the kindly moistness of a man's body.

phthisis, phthisic (Any atrophic or wasting disease).


nið

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nith


scheden

enm-verb

scheden (third-person singular simple present schedeth, present participle schedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schedde, past participle sched)

schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedynge (participle present)
schedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sched (participle past)
scheden (infinitive)
to scheden (infinitive)
schede (infinitive)
schede (first-person present singular)
schedde (first-person past singular)
sched (first-person past singular)
schedest (present second-person singular)
scheddest (past second-person singular)
schede (past second-person singular)
sched (past second-person singular)
schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedde (past singular third-person)
sched (past singular third-person)
schede (present singular subjunctive)
schedde (past singular subjunctive)
schede (past singular subjunctive)
schede (imperative present singular)
scheden (plural present)
schede (plural present)
schedden (past plural)
schedde (past plural)
scheden (past plural)
schede (past plural)
schedeth (imperative plural present)
schede (imperative plural present)
schedynge (participle present)
schedende (participle present)
sched (participle past)
scheden (participle past)
schede (participle past)
ysched (participle past)
yscheden (participle past)
yschede (participle past)

English: shed

Scots: shed

Yola: shet (preterite)

From Old English scēadan, scādan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþan, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skeyt-.

To divide or separate in two:
To part or comb (hair).

To divide or separate in two:
To cast off; to set apart.

To divide or separate in two:
To leave; to depart.

To break up; to divide into pieces:
To disperse; to sprinkle around.

To break up; to divide into pieces:
To separate out; to scatter.

swich a reyn doun fro the welkne shadde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To send out liquid:
To pour out; to spill out.

To send out liquid:
To secrete or discharge (liquid)

To send out liquid:
To cause to discharge.

To fall; to be falling (of weather or hair)

(of sight, rare) To make weak or nonfunctional.


macen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of maken


hoggeshed

English: hogshead

→ Old French: hoggeshed


losenge

English: lozenge

Scots: lozen

From Old French losenge (“lozenge, rhombus”).


dusi

(West Midlands) Alternative form of dysy


helthe

English: health

Scots: helth, halth

Inherited from Old English hǣlþ, from Proto-West Germanic *hailiþu, from Proto-Germanic *hailiþō (“wholeness; health”), equivalent to hole (“whole”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


purgatorie

English: Purgatory

Borrowed from Old French purgatore, purgatoire, from Medieval Latin purgātōrium; equivalent to purgen + -atorie.

Purgatory (place of cleansing before entry to Heaven)

St Patrick's Purgatory (cave in Ireland)


purgatorie

English: purgatory

A situation where one suffers; purgatory.


thrie

From Old English þreowa, from Proto-West Germanic *þriwō; compare twie.

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien. ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."


digit

English: digit


planete

planet

From Old French planete, from Latin planeta, planetes, from Ancient Greek πλανήτης (planḗtēs, “wanderer”), from Ancient Greek πλανάω (planáō, “wander about, stray”), of unknown origin. Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to wander, roam”).

der

(astronomy) Each of the seven celestial bodies seen as moving relative to the rest of the stars: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.

(rare) Any celestial body, include the fixed stars.


planete

(Christianity, hapax) The outermost garment worn by clergy celebrating the Eucharist; a chasuble.


dewe

English: due

Scots: due

Borrowed from Old French deu (“due”), past participle of devoir (“to owe”), from Latin debere (“to owe”), from de (“from”) + habere (“to have”).

Fitting, correct, suitable; enough for some end:

Expected or promoted by legislation or tradition.

Required, obligated or necessary (especially as custom)

Required or obligated to pay; owed or indebted.

Morally correct or justified; moral, ethical.

Worthy of (a given) penalty, acclamation, or reward.

Done with care; meticulously or cautiously done.


dewe

English: due

Something which is fitting or appropriate for one's deeds.

Something which is expected, customary or suitable.

Something which one is obligated or duty-bound to do.


lytyll

‘Be God,’ sayde Sir Gawayne, ‘his grevys me but lytyll;

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, Book V:

Sir Launcelot saw thys, as he hoved in the lytyll leved wood [...].

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XVIII:


stroken

stroken (infinitive)
to stroken (infinitive)
stroke (infinitive)
stroke (first-person present singular)
stroked (first-person past singular)
strokest (present second-person singular)
strokedest (past second-person singular)
stroketh (present singular third-person)
stroked (past singular third-person)
stroke (present singular subjunctive)
stroked (past singular subjunctive)
stroke (imperative present singular)
stroken (plural present)
stroke (plural present)
strokeden (past plural)
strokede (past plural)
stroketh (imperative plural present)
stroke (imperative plural present)
strokynge (participle present)
strokende (participle present)
stroked (participle past)
ystroked (participle past)

English: stroke

Scots: strake, straik, strak

From Old English strācian, from Proto-West Germanic *straikōn. Equivalent to stroke + -en (infinitival suffix).

To stroke a human; to grasp lovingly or affectionately.

To stroke; to touch lightly:
To stroke a pet or other animal.

To feel an object; to move a hand over something.


steppen

steppen (infinitive)
to steppen (infinitive)
steppe (infinitive)
steppe (first-person present singular)
stop (first-person past singular)
step (first-person past singular)
stap (first-person past singular)
stepped (first-person past singular)
steppest (present second-person singular)
stope (past second-person singular)
stepe (past second-person singular)
stop (past second-person singular)
step (past second-person singular)
stap (past second-person singular)
steppedest (past second-person singular)
steppeth (present singular third-person)
stop (past singular third-person)
step (past singular third-person)
stap (past singular third-person)
stepped (past singular third-person)
steppe (present singular subjunctive)
stope (past singular subjunctive)
stepe (past singular subjunctive)
stepped (past singular subjunctive)
steppe (imperative present singular)
steppen (plural present)
steppe (plural present)
stopen (past plural)
stope (past plural)
stepen (past plural)
stepe (past plural)
steppeden (past plural)
steppede (past plural)
steppeth (imperative plural present)
steppe (imperative plural present)
steppynge (participle present)
steppende (participle present)
stapen (participle past)
stape (participle past)
stopen (participle past)
stope (participle past)
stepped (participle past)

English: step

Scots: stap, stop, step

From Old English stæppan, steppan, from Proto-West Germanic *stappjan, from Proto-Germanic *stapjaną.

To step onto; to lift one's foot onto a higher place.

To go to a specified location; to travel or take oneself.

(figurative) To move onwards; to keep doing something .


founden

founden (infinitive)
to founden (infinitive)
founde (infinitive)
founde (first-person present singular)
founded (first-person past singular)
foundest (present second-person singular)
foundedest (past second-person singular)
foundeth (present singular third-person)
founded (past singular third-person)
founde (present singular subjunctive)
founded (past singular subjunctive)
founde (imperative present singular)
founden (plural present)
founde (plural present)
foundeden (past plural)
foundede (past plural)
foundeth (imperative plural present)
founde (imperative plural present)
foundynge (participle present)
foundende (participle present)
founded (participle past)
yfounded (participle past)

English: found

From Old French fondre, from Latin fundere (“to melt”), from Proto-Italic *hundō, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd-.


remors

English: remorse

From Anglo-Norman remors; compare remorden.


Turke

English: Turk

From Old French Turc, Anglo-Norman Turk. See English Turk for more.


deynen

deynen (infinitive)
to deynen (infinitive)
deyne (infinitive)
deyne (first-person present singular)
deyned (first-person past singular)
deynest (present second-person singular)
deynedest (past second-person singular)
deyneth (present singular third-person)
deyned (past singular third-person)
deyne (present singular subjunctive)
deyned (past singular subjunctive)
deyne (imperative present singular)
deynen (plural present)
deyne (plural present)
deyneden (past plural)
deynede (past plural)
deyneth (imperative plural present)
deyne (imperative plural present)
deynynge (participle present)
deynende (participle present)
deyned (participle past)
ydeyned (participle past)

English: deign

Scots: denzie (obsolete)

From Old French deignier (“consider worthy”), from Latin dīgnō.


meyne

English: meinie (archaic)

Scots: menyie, menzie

Yola: meany

From Anglo-Norman meine, meignee and Old French mesne, from Vulgar Latin *mānsiōnāta. Compare mansioun.

Dowglas h[is] menȝe faſt gan chaß, / And þe flearis þ[air] wayis tays / Till þe caſtell in full gꝛet hy[…]

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 435-437; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Douglas's host starts moving fast / while the escapees cut a path / to the castle with incredible haste […]

A band (group of people):
An army or troop; a group of armed men.

That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:

A band (group of people):
A retinue; a band of attendants.

A band (group of people):
A crowd (large, disordered group)


heylen

Alternative form of heilen (“to greet with "hail!"”)


forbinden

enm-verb

forbinden (third-person singular simple present forbindeth, present participle forbindinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative forband/forbunde, past participle forbunden)

forbindeth (present singular third-person)
forbindinge (participle present)
forband (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbunde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forbunden (participle past)

From Old English forbindan. Equivalent to Middle English for- + binden.

(transitive) To bind or fetter; tie up; imprison.


perre

English: perry

Scots: peerie

From Old French peré, perey (modern French poiré), from Vulgar Latin *piratum; related to pere (“pear”).


perre

From Anglo-Norman perree, pirrie (compare Old French pierrerie).


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒂗𒈗𒋀 (bēl-šarra-uṣṣur, literally “May Bel protect the king”).

der

בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar)

(biblical, historical) Balthazar, a Babylonian king mentioned in the Book of Daniel.


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒊩𒆪𒈗𒋀 (beltu-šar-uṣur).

בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar)

(biblical) Belteshazzar, the Babylonian name of the biblical prophet Daniel.


tenche

English: tench

From Old French tenche, from Late Latin tinca.

The tench (Tinca tinca) or a similar fish.


gige

→ English: guige

Borrowed from Old French guige, from Frankish *widdja.

(rare, Late Middle English) guige (shield strap)


witseie

first-person indicative/subjunctive of witseiden


witsigge

first-person indicative/subjunctive of witsiggen


withseide

first-person indicative/subjunctive of withseiden


witheseie

first-person indicative/subjunctive tense of witheseine


wiþseye

first-person singular indicative/subjunctive of wiþseyen


withseien

English: withsay

From Old English wiþsecgan (“withsay”), adapted to reflect the change of the verb secgan (“say”) to Middle English seien; equivalent to with- + seien.

[…]he hit ne maȝe naneſƿeiſ allunge wið ſeggen · he þah biuoꝛe þe mon ſeolf makeð hiſ uuel leaſſe ·

c. 1225, “Oðer dale: fif ƿittes”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 22, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

[…] that people can't in any way deny it entirely, though they will downplay the man's evil while they're with him.

c. 1445, in W. P. Baildon, Select cases in Chancery, A.D. 1364 to 1471 (1896), 136

He withseieth not the matier conteigned in the seid bille of complainte.

to protest, to deny; to refute, to speak out against, to oppose in speech

to speak against, that is:
to disparage; to denounce

to speak against, that is:
to contemn, to display contempt for

Euery cristen wight shal han penaunce

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Seconde Nonnes Tale in the tales of Caunterbury, 447

to speak against, that is:
to renounce, to repudiate, to give up

I will in no wise with-sey that ye requere.

c. 1450, Merlin, published 1899, XIV 204:

to refuse; to forbid, to refuse permission to

[…]ƿrinnið aȝein feſtluker ⁊ ƿið ſeggeð þe grant þerof ƿið ane ƿile heoꝛte ne pꝛokie hit ſe ſƿiðe ·

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 64, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

[…] and struggle against it with renewed might while denying its cruel provocations with a resolute spirit.

She...So lyberal ys, she wol no wyght with-sey.

1402, Thomas Hoccleve, Letters of Cupid, section 108:

‘Sir,’ he seyde, ‘I myght nat withsey myne unclis wyll.’

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

to speak against, that is:
to decline, to refuse to do or accept

(law) to appeal, to contest the validity of a legal decision

(law) to challenge, to contest the validity of a claim or argument

(law) to disavow, to contest the validity of an oath


stiere

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


webe

Alternative form of web (“woven fabric, web”)


heyl

Alternative form of heil (“healthy, sound”)


heyl

Alternative form of heil (“health, welfare”)


depe

head

depe (plural and weak singular depe, comparative depper, deper, superlative deppest, depest)

depe (plural)
depe (singular weak)
depper (comparative)
deper (comparative)
deppest (superlative)
depest (superlative)

English: deep

Scots: depe, deep, deip

deep (extending or being greatly below the ground; being of deepness)

deep (extending or being greatly in the interior)

(with another adjective) Located at a certain deepness.

Meaningful, significant; having a lot of importance.

Heartfelt, passionate; having a lot of feeling.

Weightily, significantly; with a lot of portentousness.

Esoteric, incomprehensible, difficult to interpret or learn.

Powerful, profuse, excessive, prominent.

(rare) far (extending or being greatly in any measurement)


depe

depe (comparative depper, superlative depperst)

depper (comparative)
depperst (superlative)

English: deep

Meaningfully, significantly; with a lot of importance.

Emotionally, passionately; with a lot of feeling.


depe

English: deep

A watery body that has significant deepness.

(rare) deep (a portion of watery body that has significant deepness)

(rare) The sea floor; the part of the ground that is submersed.

(rare, Late Middle English) The inside of a territorial unit.


sotten

sotten (infinitive)
to sotten (infinitive)
sotte (infinitive)
sotte (first-person present singular)
sotted (first-person past singular)
sottest (present second-person singular)
sottedest (past second-person singular)
sotteth (present singular third-person)
sotted (past singular third-person)
sotte (present singular subjunctive)
sotted (past singular subjunctive)
sotte (imperative present singular)
sotten (plural present)
sotte (plural present)
sotteden (past plural)
sottede (past plural)
sotteth (imperative plural present)
sotte (imperative plural present)
sottynge (participle present)
sottende (participle present)
sotted (participle past)
ysotted (participle past)

English: sot

(rare) To be or turn idiotic or besotted.


synagoge

English: synagogue

→ Middle Welsh: synagoc

Welsh: synagog

and Iḣc ȝede aboute al galilee techynge in þe ſynagogıs of hem · ⁊ pꝛechynge þe goſpel of þe kyngdom ⁊ heelynge eùy langoꝛe ⁊ ech ſıkeneſſe among þe puple /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:23, page 1v, column 1, lines 13–17; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in the synagogues of them, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every languor and each sickness among the people.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A23&version=WYC

And whãne he paſſide fro þẽnꝯ .· he cam in to þe ſynagoge of hem /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 12:9, page 6r, column 2, lines 4–3 from the bottom; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when he passed from thence, he came into the synagogue of them.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+12%3A9&version=WYC


faderes

From Old English fæderas; equivalent to fader + -es (“plural ending”).

Alternative form of fadres (“fathers”): plural of fader


faderes

Alternative form of fadres (“father's”): genitive of fader


faden

faden (infinitive)
to faden (infinitive)
fade (infinitive)
fade (first-person present singular)
faded (first-person past singular)
fadest (present second-person singular)
fadedest (past second-person singular)
fadeth (present singular third-person)
faded (past singular third-person)
fade (present singular subjunctive)
faded (past singular subjunctive)
fade (imperative present singular)
faden (plural present)
fade (plural present)
fadeden (past plural)
fadede (past plural)
fadeth (imperative plural present)
fade (imperative plural present)
fadynge (participle present)
fadende (participle present)
faded (participle past)
yfaded (participle past)

English: fade

Yola: faade


vengen

For right as they han venged hem on me and doon me wrong, right so shal I venge me upon hem and doon hem wrong;

c. 1387, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, Tale of Melibee § 30:


tredel

English: treadle

From Old English tredel; equivalent to tred + -el (agentive suffix).

(rare) A platform for one's feet; a stair.


tode

English: toad

Scots: tade, taid, taed, ted

From Old English *tāde, a shortening of tādie, tādiġe, of uncertain origin. Compared to Old Norse and modern Danish tudse (“toad”), but OED rejects this because the zero grade of ai is i, not u. Possibly from a common Proto-Germanic word *tod (“small”), compared to Proto-Germanic *tūdrijaz (“small, frail”) (modern English tidbit) or *taltōną (“to sway, dangle, hesitate”) (modern English toddle), referring to its short steps.

cog

A toad (dry-skinned member of the order Anura)

The toad seen as a foul, devilish, and vile animal.

(rare, derogatory) A sinner; a nasty or loathsome person.

(rare, alchemy) The remnants of an element used in alchemical transmutation.


thakked

He slapped her well on the loins

He thakked hire aboute the lendes weel (Chaucer)

14th century, Chaucer, The Friar's Tale, Petworth Manuscript.
This Carter thrakked his hors on the croupe

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

15th century?, Percy Folio, "Agincourte Battell"
And oure kyng with his meyne and with his men of armes and archiers that thakked on theym so thykke with arrowes, and leyd on with strokes, and oure kyng withe his own hondes faughte manly.


thakked

1551, York House Book, quoted in: A. G. Dickens, Reformation Studies, →ISBN.
within this citie have ben alate pulled downe by the parochians of the same cherches and melted and the same cherches thakked ageyne with tyle to the great defacyng of the hole citie and slaunder of my Lord Maiour and his brederne.

1538-43, Leland, Itinerary, quoted in Thomas Allen, The History of the County of England, p.163 →OCLC.
The towne is all thakked and redid, and a broke cumeth by it.

Leland, Itinerary, quoted in George Gordon Coulton, Five Centuries of Religion', vol. 2, page 218 →OCLC
A Preste of Alhalowes shot a shaft with fier into the Toppe of that Part of St Marye the Townes-men usid; and this Partiition chauncing at that Tyme to be thakked yn, the Rofe was sette a fier and consequently al the hole Chirch


gorst

English: gorse

Yola: goss, gorr

From Old English gors, gorst, from Proto-West Germanic *gerstu, from Proto-Germanic *gerstō.

Ulex europaeus
Ulex europaeus#Translingual

Gorse (Ulex europaeus) or a similar plant.


goren

goren (infinitive)
to goren (infinitive)
gore (infinitive)
gore (first-person present singular)
gored (first-person past singular)
gorest (present second-person singular)
goredest (past second-person singular)
goreth (present singular third-person)
gored (past singular third-person)
gore (present singular subjunctive)
gored (past singular subjunctive)
gore (imperative present singular)
goren (plural present)
gore (plural present)
goreden (past plural)
gorede (past plural)
goreth (imperative plural present)
gore (imperative plural present)
gorynge (participle present)
gorende (participle present)
gored (participle past)
ygored (participle past)

English: gore

From gor (“weapon”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(Late Middle English) to gore; to puncture


goren

plural of gore (“patch (of land, fabric), clothes”)


Dauphin

English: dauphin, Dauphin

Borrowed from Middle French dauphin, from Old French dalphin, from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of delphyn, which some forms are influenced by.

(Late Middle English) The Dauphin (French crown prince)


swarten

swarten (infinitive)
to swarten (infinitive)
swarte (infinitive)
swarte (first-person present singular)
swarted (first-person past singular)
swartest (present second-person singular)
swartedest (past second-person singular)
swarteth (present singular third-person)
swarted (past singular third-person)
swarte (present singular subjunctive)
swarted (past singular subjunctive)
swarte (imperative present singular)
swarten (plural present)
swarte (plural present)
swarteden (past plural)
swartede (past plural)
swarteth (imperative plural present)
swarte (imperative plural present)
swartynge (participle present)
swartende (participle present)
swarted (participle past)
yswarted (participle past)

English: swart

From Old English sweartian, from Proto-West Germanic *swartōn, from Proto-Germanic *swartōną.

(intransitive, rare) To blacken or darken.


hilled

Alternative form of hiled: past participle of hilen (“to cover”)


sorre

A meal with diced fish or eels as a key ingredient.


bifil

Alternative form of bifell: simple past of bifallen


storve

inflection of sterven:
second-person singular past indicative

inflection of sterven:
singular past subjunctive

inflection of sterven:
plural past indicative/subjunctive


folen

folen (infinitive)
to folen (infinitive)
fole (infinitive)
fole (first-person present singular)
foled (first-person past singular)
folest (present second-person singular)
foledest (past second-person singular)
foleth (present singular third-person)
foled (past singular third-person)
fole (present singular subjunctive)
foled (past singular subjunctive)
fole (imperative present singular)
folen (plural present)
fole (plural present)
foleden (past plural)
folede (past plural)
foleth (imperative plural present)
fole (imperative plural present)
folynge (participle present)
folende (participle present)
foled (participle past)
yfoled (participle past)

English: foal

Scots: foal

From fole (“foal”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


folen

English: fool

Scots: fule, fuil

From Anglo-Norman foler; equivalent to fole (“fool”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


massen

Alternative form of messen (“to hold mass”)


ferde

>? English: ferd

From Old English fierd, fyrd, feord, from Proto-West Germanic *fardi, from Proto-Germanic *fardiz, from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to put across, ferry”); compare faren. Forms with a final vowel are from the Old English oblique forms.
Cognate with Old Frisian ferd, fart (“an expedition, journey”), Old High German fart (“journey”) (German Fahrt), Danish færd (“voyage, travel”).

der

With þe wille I go als felawes in ferd.

With you I will go as fellows in an army.

And foure scoure fyne shippes to the flete broght... with fyfty, in a furthe, all of fuerse vesell.
(And four score fine ships to the fleet brought... with fifty in a troop, all of fierce vessel.)

c. 1400, The Gest Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy:

(rare, Early Middle English) A military expedition.


duhti

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of doughty


seisen

seisen (infinitive)
to seisen (infinitive)
seise (infinitive)
seise (first-person present singular)
seised (first-person past singular)
seisest (present second-person singular)
seisedest (past second-person singular)
seiseth (present singular third-person)
seised (past singular third-person)
seise (present singular subjunctive)
seised (past singular subjunctive)
seise (imperative present singular)
seisen (plural present)
seise (plural present)
seiseden (past plural)
seisede (past plural)
seiseth (imperative plural present)
seise (imperative plural present)
seisynge (participle present)
seisende (participle present)
seised (participle past)
yseised (participle past)

English: seize, seise

Scots: seize

From Old French seisir, from Frankish *sakjan, from Proto-Germanic *sakjaną.

(transitive) To kidnap, abduct, or take captive.

(transitive, intransitive) To seize, take, confiscate.

(transitive, intransitive) To grant ownership; to entitle.

(transitive, intransitive, rare) To put, set.


rosene

inflection of rosen (“rosy”):
weak singular

inflection of rosen (“rosy”):
strong/weak plural


nith

Inherited from Old English nīþ (“envy, hatred, affliction”), from Proto-West Germanic *nīþ, from Proto-Germanic *nīþą, from Proto-Indo-European *neyH- (“to be angry”).
Cognate with Dutch nijd (“envy”), German Neid (“envy, jealousy”), regional Swedish nid (“hatred, envy”), Icelandic níð (“hatred, envy”).

der

Enmity, spite; hate towards another person.

(rare, more generally) Evil, affliction, harm.


lendes

A barme-cloth eke as white as morwe milk Upon her lendes.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

and þis ioon hadde cloþyng of camelis heeris .· ⁊ a girdil of ſkyn aboute his leendis / and his meete was honyſoukes ⁊ hony of þe wode

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:4, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And this John wore camel-hair clothes and a leather belt around his waist; his food was locusts and wild honey.


answere

English: answer

Scots: answer, answere

From Old English andswaru, from Proto-West Germanic *andaswaru, from Proto-Germanic *andaswarō; equivalent to and- + sware. The second-syllable vocalism is presumably from the verb answeren; for the pronunciation with /au̯/, see Caunterbury.

A response to a query or questioning; an answering.

The answer for a problem or challenge; a solving.

A decision or response coming from a deity or divinity.

A legal defence or the privilege of being able to mount one.

(rare) A reply to a point; a counterpoint or countering.


loppes

From loppe (“spider”) + -es (plural suffix).


loppes

From loppe (“bough”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


mynter

English: minter

From Old English mynetere, from Proto-West Germanic *munitārī, from Latin monētārius.

(rare) mint (place where money is coined)


merche

English: march

Inherited from Old English mereċe, from Proto-West Germanic *marik.

Apium graveolens
Apium graveolens#Translingual

Wild celery or smallage (Apium graveolens).


plomme

English: plum (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ploom, ploum

From Old English plūme, plume (“plum”), from Proto-West Germanic *plūmā, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), προῦμνον (proûmnon). Doublet of prune.
For the phonological development, compare thoumbe.


clepen

enm-verb

clepen (third-person singular simple present clepeth, present participle clepende, first-/third-person singular past indicative clepte, past participle yclept)

clepeth (present singular third-person)
clepende (participle present)
clepte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yclept (participle past)
clepen (infinitive)
to clepen (infinitive)
clepe (infinitive)
clepe (first-person present singular)
clepte (first-person past singular)
cleped (first-person past singular)
clepest (present second-person singular)
cleptest (past second-person singular)
clepedest (past second-person singular)
clepeth (present singular third-person)
clepte (past singular third-person)
cleped (past singular third-person)
clepe (present singular subjunctive)
clepte (past singular subjunctive)
cleped (past singular subjunctive)
clepe (imperative present singular)
clepen (plural present)
clepe (plural present)
clepten (past plural)
clepte (past plural)
clepeden (past plural)
clepede (past plural)
clepeth (imperative plural present)
clepe (imperative plural present)
clepynge (participle present)
clepende (participle present)
clept (participle past)
cleped (participle past)
yclept (participle past)
ycleped (participle past)

English: clepe

Yola: clepe

From Old English cleopian, clipian, from Proto-West Germanic *klipōn, fromProto-Germanic *klipōną.

For that that ſome men blamen euer yet / Lo, other maner folke comenden it / And as for me, for al ſuche variaunce / Felicite clepe I my ſuffyſaunce

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book V, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio ccvi, verso, column 1:

For that that some blame, yet / other kinds of people commend it. / But as for me, with all that variance / I call on felicity for my competence

to call out, appeal (to someone or something)


fonned

English: fond

Scots: fond

From the past participle of fonnen; equivalent to fonnen + -ed.


twyn

English: twine

Scots: twine

From Old English twīn, from Proto-West Germanic *twiʀn; ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (compare two).


hæt

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hat


Alis

That Iankin clerk, and my gossib dame Alis, / And I my-self, in-to the feldes wente.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


lete

English: leat, leet

Yola: leet


soote

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote


snarken

snarken (third-person singular simple present snarketh, present participle snarkende, snarkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle snarked)

snarketh (present singular third-person)
snarkende (participle present)
snarkynge (participle present)
snarked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
snarken (infinitive)
to snarken (infinitive)
snarke (infinitive)
snarke (first-person present singular)
snarked (first-person past singular)
snarkest (present second-person singular)
snarkedest (past second-person singular)
snarketh (present singular third-person)
snarked (past singular third-person)
snarke (present singular subjunctive)
snarked (past singular subjunctive)
snarke (imperative present singular)
snarken (plural present)
snarke (plural present)
snarkeden (past plural)
snarkede (past plural)
snarketh (imperative plural present)
snarke (imperative plural present)
snarkynge (participle present)
snarkende (participle present)
snarked (participle past)
ysnarked (participle past)

English: snark

Old English snarcan, from Proto-West Germanic *snarkijan, *snarkōn.


snoren

snoren (third-person singular simple present snoreth, present participle snorende, snorynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle snored)

snoreth (present singular third-person)
snorende (participle present)
snorynge (participle present)
snored (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
snoren (infinitive)
to snoren (infinitive)
snore (infinitive)
snore (first-person present singular)
snored (first-person past singular)
snorest (present second-person singular)
snoredest (past second-person singular)
snoreth (present singular third-person)
snored (past singular third-person)
snore (present singular subjunctive)
snored (past singular subjunctive)
snore (imperative present singular)
snoren (plural present)
snore (plural present)
snoreden (past plural)
snorede (past plural)
snoreth (imperative plural present)
snore (imperative plural present)
snorynge (participle present)
snorende (participle present)
snored (participle past)
ysnored (participle past)

English: snore

Scots: snore

From earlier fnoren, from the noun snore, *fnore, from Old English fnora.


leornyng

That nis no treuthe of trinite, but tricherie of helle,
And a leornyng for lewed men, the latere forte dele.

c. 1390, Langland, Piers Plowman, A. i. 172-173:


steng

Inherited from Old English stenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *stangi, variant of *stangu, from Proto-Germanic *stangō.


rounde

English: round

Geordie English: roond

Scots: round, roond

Yola: rent

From Old French reont, from Late Latin retundus, from Latin rotundus.


whoos

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


wernard

From Old French *wernard, guernart (“deceitful”), from guernir ("to deny"; > modern French garnir), from Frankish *warnijan, related to Old Saxon wernian (“to deny”). Equivalent to warnen + -ard.

gloss

"to deny"; > modern French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fr">garnir</i>

Wel ȝe witen wernardes · but if ȝowre witte faille / That fals is faithlees · and fikel in his werkes.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:


mayen

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


forcouth

From Old English forcūþ, from Proto-West Germanic *frakunþ, from Proto-Germanic *frakunþaz, the past participle of *frakunnaną, equivalent to for- + couth. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (frakunþs, “despised”). Compare also Old English fracoþ (“vile”), which may have also sprung from the same original source.

c. 1200, Laȝamon, Brut, line 28240, MS. Cotton Caligula A IX
Nu was sum for-cuð kempe / in Arðures ferde.

Now there was some infamous knight / in Arthur’s army.


berme

English: barm

Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm

Yola: barrm

From Old English beorma, from Proto-West Germanic *bermō.

The head of foam present in beer that is aging.

barm (froth used for fermented and leavened food)

(rare) The head of foam present in a glass of beer.


berme

Alternative form of barm (“belly, chest”)


maideux

From Old French (si) m'aïst Deus (“God help me”).

der

(in the phrase so maideux) so help me, God


sellere

English: seller

Scots: seller

(specifically) One who illegally sells clerical offices; a simoniac.


tois

This Chauntecleer stood hye vp-on hise tois // Strechynge his neke & held his eyen clos

ante''' 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales (Cambridge Univ. Lib. Gg. 4. 27), lines B4,521–2

This Chanticleer stood high upon his toes // Stretching his neck and held his eyne close

(of an animal) toes (digits of the foot)


sse

(chiefly western Southern dialectal) Alternative form of sche


aboumbren

enm-verb

aboumbren (third-person singular simple present aboumbreth, present participle aboumbrende, aboumbrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle aboumbred)

aboumbreth (present singular third-person)
aboumbrende (participle present)
aboumbrynge (participle present)
aboumbred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
aboumbren (infinitive)
to aboumbren (infinitive)
aboumbre (infinitive)
aboumbre (first-person present singular)
aboumbred (first-person past singular)
aboumbrest (present second-person singular)
aboumbredest (past second-person singular)
aboumbreth (present singular third-person)
aboumbred (past singular third-person)
aboumbre (present singular subjunctive)
aboumbred (past singular subjunctive)
aboumbre (imperative present singular)
aboumbren (plural present)
aboumbre (plural present)
aboumbreden (past plural)
aboumbrede (past plural)
aboumbreth (imperative plural present)
aboumbre (imperative plural present)
aboumbrynge (participle present)
aboumbrende (participle present)
aboumbred (participle past)
yaboumbred (participle past)


obumbren

obumbren (third-person singular simple present obumbreth, present participle obumbrende, obumbrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle obumbred)

obumbreth (present singular third-person)
obumbrende (participle present)
obumbrynge (participle present)
obumbred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
obumbren (infinitive)
to obumbren (infinitive)
obumbre (infinitive)
obumbre (first-person present singular)
obumbred (first-person past singular)
obumbrest (present second-person singular)
obumbredest (past second-person singular)
obumbreth (present singular third-person)
obumbred (past singular third-person)
obumbre (present singular subjunctive)
obumbred (past singular subjunctive)
obumbre (imperative present singular)
obumbren (plural present)
obumbre (plural present)
obumbreden (past plural)
obumbrede (past plural)
obumbreth (imperative plural present)
obumbre (imperative plural present)
obumbrynge (participle present)
obumbrende (participle present)
obumbred (participle past)
yobumbred (participle past)

From Old French obumbrer (“to overshadow”), from Latin obumbrō (“to overshadow”).

(of people, with over or to) to spread like a shadow over

(of the germination of beans) to shelter or protect

Chaucer
Or half the blisse who coude wryte or tel
Whan the holy goost to thee was obumbred

(Christianity, in passive, to be obumbred to) to be caused to overshadow (a reference to the causative role played by the Holy Spirit in the Virgin Mary's conception of Christ)


ymagen

ymagen (infinitive)
to ymagen (infinitive)
ymage (infinitive)
ymage (first-person present singular)
ymaged (first-person past singular)
ymagest (present second-person singular)
ymagedest (past second-person singular)
ymageth (present singular third-person)
ymaged (past singular third-person)
ymage (present singular subjunctive)
ymaged (past singular subjunctive)
ymage (imperative present singular)
ymagen (plural present)
ymage (plural present)
ymageden (past plural)
ymagede (past plural)
ymageth (imperative plural present)
ymage (imperative plural present)
ymagynge (participle present)
ymagende (participle present)
ymaged (participle past)
yymaged (participle past)

English: image

From Old French imagier; equivalent to ymage + -en (infinitival suffix).


chirche

English: church

Geordie English: chorch, kirk

Scots: kirk

Yola: chourch

From Old English ċiriċe, from Proto-West Germanic *kirikā, borrowed from Ancient Greek κυριακόν (kuriakón).

Foꝛ ouer ſithon ne · foꝛ baren. hi nouther circe ne cyrceiard. oc namen al þe god ð þar inne ƿaſ. ⁊ brenden ſythen þe cyrce ⁊ al te gædere.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Because after a while, they spared neither churches or churchyards, but stole all the valuables within them before burning the church and everything in it.

Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church


wrek

English: wreck

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman wrek, itself borrowed from Old Norse *vrek.


sadelen

sadelen (infinitive)
to sadelen (infinitive)
sadele (infinitive)
sadele (first-person present singular)
sadeled (first-person past singular)
sadelest (present second-person singular)
sadeledest (past second-person singular)
sadeleth (present singular third-person)
sadeled (past singular third-person)
sadele (present singular subjunctive)
sadeled (past singular subjunctive)
sadele (imperative present singular)
sadelen (plural present)
sadele (plural present)
sadeleden (past plural)
sadelede (past plural)
sadeleth (imperative plural present)
sadele (imperative plural present)
sadelynge (participle present)
sadelende (participle present)
sadeled (participle past)
ysadeled (participle past)

desctree

English: saddle
→ Japanese: サドル (sadoru)

Scots: saidle

From Old English sadolian, from Proto-Germanic *sadulōną.


sadel

English: saddle

→ Chichewa: sadulo

Scots: saddle, saidle

From Old English sadol, from Proto-West Germanic *sadul, from Proto-Germanic *sadulaz.

Forþy I ſay þe, as ſoþe as ȝe in ſadel ſitte, / Com ȝe þere, ȝe be kylled, may þe knyȝt rede, / Trawe ȝe me þat trwely, þaȝ ȝe had twenty lyues / to ſpende. / He hatz wonyd here ful ȝore / On bent much baret bende / Aȝayn his dyntez ſore / Ȝe may not yow defende

a. 1375, Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, page 118r, lines 2110–2117:

So I say to you, as sure as you sit in your saddle: / If you come there, you'll be killed if he wills, / trust me about that truly, like you had twenty lives / to spend. / He has lived here a long time; / when he pulls his bow, much conflict begins. / Against his powerful blows, / you won't be able to defend yourself.

A saddle; a seat on the back of a horse for horseriding.


Egyp

Agayne the sowtht to thir ar knyt All Egyp hale.

c. 1420, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland:

(Early Scots) Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


fullere

English: fuller

From Old English fullere, from Latin fullō (“fuller”) + -ere; equivalent to fullen (“to full”) + -er. Compare Old French foleor.


flyten

flyten (infinitive)
to flyten (infinitive)
flyte (infinitive)
flyte (first-person present singular)
flot (first-person past singular)
flytest (present second-person singular)
flote (past second-person singular)
flyte (past second-person singular)
flot (past second-person singular)
flyteth (present singular third-person)
flit (present singular third-person)
flot (past singular third-person)
flyte (present singular subjunctive)
flote (past singular subjunctive)
flyte (past singular subjunctive)
flyte (imperative present singular)
flyten (plural present)
flyte (plural present)
floten (past plural)
flote (past plural)
flyten (past plural)
flyte (past plural)
flyteth (imperative plural present)
flyte (imperative plural present)
flytynge (participle present)
flytende (participle present)
flyten (participle past)
flyte (participle past)

English: flite, flyte

Scots: flite, flyte

From Old English flītan, from Proto-West Germanic *flītan, of uncertain etymology.


medietee

English: mediety

Borrowed from the Classical Latin medietās.

1420–40?, an unknown translator of Palladius, On Husbondrie, book XI, § xlii, lines 288–9

The must decocte to his medietee // Or thridde parte thay caste to thaire wyne.


swellen

swellen (infinitive)
to swellen (infinitive)
swelle (infinitive)
swelle (first-person present singular)
swal (first-person past singular)
swelled (first-person past singular)
swellest (present second-person singular)
swolle (past second-person singular)
swal (past second-person singular)
swelledest (past second-person singular)
swelleth (present singular third-person)
swal (past singular third-person)
swelled (past singular third-person)
swelle (present singular subjunctive)
swolle (past singular subjunctive)
swelled (past singular subjunctive)
swelle (imperative present singular)
swellen (plural present)
swelle (plural present)
swollen (past plural)
swolle (past plural)
swelleden (past plural)
swellede (past plural)
swelleth (imperative plural present)
swelle (imperative plural present)
swellynge (participle present)
swellende (participle present)
swollen (participle past)
swolle (participle past)
swelled (participle past)
yswolle (participle past)

English: swell

Scots: swell, swall

From Old English swellan, from Proto-West Germanic *swellan, from Proto-Germanic *swellaną.

To swell; to grow or become bigger or stronger:

(medicine) To become swollen due to illness or injury.

To experience intense emotions:
To become prideful or vain.

(rare) To become distressed, worried, or concerned.

To rise, to go above its previous position.


halpeni

English: halfpenny, ha'penny

Yola: haapney

From Late Old English halpenige, equivalent to half + peny (“penny”).

halpenis

Plural; without loss of final vowel, whence modern halfpennies

halpens

Plural; with loss of final vowel, whence modern halfpence

(biblical, Goddes halpenī) a coin from biblical times, a small foreign coin

(nautical, galeie halpenī) a small foreign coin

(halpenī of gold) an English gold coin worth five shillings, equivalent to a crown

(used in compounds, attributive) costing a halfpenny, weighing as much as halfpenny


leie

simple past of lien (“to lie (be in a horizontal position)”)


twi

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twig


adighten

enm-verb

adighten (third-person singular simple present adighteth, present participle adightynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative adighte, past participle adight)

adighteth (present singular third-person)
adightynge (participle present)
adighte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
adight (participle past)
adighten (infinitive)
to adighten (infinitive)
adighte (infinitive)
adighte (first-person present singular)
adighte (first-person past singular)
adightest (present second-person singular)
adightest (past second-person singular)
adighteth (present singular third-person)
adighte (past singular third-person)
adighte (present singular subjunctive)
adighte (past singular subjunctive)
adighte (imperative present singular)
adighten (plural present)
adighte (plural present)
adighten (past plural)
adighte (past plural)
adighteth (imperative plural present)
adighte (imperative plural present)
adightynge (participle present)
adightende (participle present)
adight (participle past)

From Old English ādihtan; equivalent to a- + dighten.

To provide or decorate (with gear or supplies)


advocatrice

English: advocatress

From Middle French advocatrice, from Old French advocatrice, from Medieval Latin advocatrix.

Swich an advocatrice who can dyvyne [...] our greeves to redress.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Orisoune to the Holy Virgin:


affodill

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">affodill</i>

English: daffodil (obsolete affodill)

Scots: daffodil

Borrowed from Medieval Latin affodillus, from Latin asphodelus, from Ancient Greek ἀσφόδελος (asphódelos).

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual


woth

English: wothe

From the Old Norse váði (whence the Danish vaade, the Icelandic váðe, váði, the Norwegian vaade, vaae, and the Swedish våde, vaþe, vadhe), perhaps from vá (“harm”, “disaster”), whence the Icelandic vá (“danger”).


woth

Conjugated forms of witen (“wit”, “know”).

first-person singular present indicative of witen

third-person singular present indicative of witen


almyghty

English: almighty

Scots: awmichtie

From Old English ælmihtiġ, from Proto-Germanic *alamahtīgaz. Equivalent to all + myght + -y.


Vyrgyle

English: Virgil

1490 June 22nd, William Caxton, The boke yf Eneydos, colophon

Here finishes the book of Aeneid, compiled by Virgil, which has been translated out of Latin into French, and out of French reduced into English, by me William Caxton, the 22nd day of June, in the year of our Lord 1490, the fifth year of the reign of King Henry the Seventh.

Here fynyssheth the boke yf Eneydos, compyled by Vyrgyle, whiche hathe be translated oute of latyne in to frenshe, And oute of frenshe reduced in to Englysshe, by me wyỻm Caxton, the xxij. daye of Iuyn. the yere of our lorde .M. iiij C ꝉxxxx. The fythe yere of the Regne of kynge Henry the seuenth.


metropol

English: metropole

From Middle French metropole (“town with bishop's seat”), from Late Latin mētropolis, from Ancient Greek μητρόπολις (mētrópolis, “mother city”), from μήτηρ (mḗtēr, “mother”) + πόλις (pólis, “city (state)”).


trenche

English: trench

Middle Scots: trinch

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trenche, from trenchier (“to cut”).

An abdominal affliction (such as a parasitic worm).

(military, rare) A trench; a narrow ditch used as cover.


ennu

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of anoy


flaten

enm-verb

flaten (third-person singular simple present flateth, present participle flatende, flatynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle flated)

flateth (present singular third-person)
flatende (participle present)
flatynge (participle present)
flated (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From *vlate(n), a dialectal variant of wlaten (“to feel disgust or nausea”). Compare Scots vlatsum (“wlatsome”).


brotherwort

English: brotherwort

From Old English brōþorwyrt; equivalent to brother + wort.

Mentha pulegium
Mentha pulegium#Translingual

Thymus serpyllum
Thymus serpyllum#Translingual

oregano (Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare)


Pompeie

[…] whan the werre dreedful & despitous / Gan atween Pompeie & Cesar Iulius.

(?a. 1439), Henry Bergen, editor, Lydgate’s Fall of Princes, part III, London: […] for the Early English Text Society by Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, […], published 1924, page 692, lines 643–644:

For I mi ladi love so,
That thogh i were as was Pompeie,
That al the world me wolde obei,
…
I rede hou whilom that Pompeie,
To whom that Rome moste obeie,
…
Pompeie sih his pacience
And tok pite with conscience,
So that upon his hihe deis
…


swyn

English: swine

Scots: swine

Inherited from Old English swīn, from Proto-West Germanic *swīn, from Proto-Germanic *swīną.

Nile ȝe ȝyue hooli þing to houndis · neþer caſte ȝe ȝoure margaritis bifoꝛe ſwyn / leſt parauenture þei defoulen hem wiþ her feet / ⁊ and þe houndes be turned and ⁊ to tere ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 7:6, page 2r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You shouldn't give holy things to dogs or throw your pearls at pigs, in case they trample them with their feet while the dogs are turned and rip at you.


swarmen

swarmen (infinitive)
to swarmen (infinitive)
swarme (infinitive)
swarme (first-person present singular)
swarmed (first-person past singular)
swarmest (present second-person singular)
swarmedest (past second-person singular)
swarmeth (present singular third-person)
swarmed (past singular third-person)
swarme (present singular subjunctive)
swarmed (past singular subjunctive)
swarme (imperative present singular)
swarmen (plural present)
swarme (plural present)
swarmeden (past plural)
swarmede (past plural)
swarmeth (imperative plural present)
swarme (imperative plural present)
swarmynge (participle present)
swarmende (participle present)
swarmed (participle past)
yswarmed (participle past)

English: swarm

Scots: swairm

From Old English swierman, from Proto-Germanic *swarmijaną; equivalent to swarm + -en (infinitival suffix).

Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1693–1696:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...

To swarm; to move around in a large group.