cifre

English: cipher, cypher

Borrowed from Old French cyfre, cyffre, from Medieval Latin cifra, from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr).

The mathematical symbol or figure 0, representing the number zero.

(rare) Any symbol or figure used in mathematics.

(figurative, rare) Something that improves something else's worth despite being without worth alone.


feith

English: faith

Scots: faith

Yola: faaighe, faighe, faigh, fythe

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman feid (early form of foi), from Latin fidem.


blak

head

blak (plural and weak singular blake, comparative blakker, superlative blakkest)

blake (plural)
blake (singular weak)
blakker (comparative)
blakkest (superlative)

English: black (see there for further descendants)

Scots: black

Yola: bhlock, blaak

desctree

→ Danish: blæk
→ Faroese: blekk
→ Norwegian Bokmål: blekk
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: blekk
→ Greenlandic: pilikki

From Old English blæc, from Proto-Germanic *blakaz.


blak

Alternative form of blake (“pale, yellowish”)


rubriche

English: rubric

Borrowed from Middle French rubrique, rubriche, rubrice, from borrowed itself from Latin rubrīca.

A heading, header, rubric (a title of a section of text, especially one written in red).

(rare) A certain part or portion of a text.

(rare) A rubric (instruction for the ritual actions of a liturgy).


luvan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to love”)


limbus

English: limbus

Scots: lymbus (obsolete)

(Late Middle English, rare) limbo (waiting place for souls)


benigne

English: benign

Scots: bening (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French benigne, from Latin benignus; compare maligne.

his pariſſhens / deuoutly wolde he teche / Benygne he was / and wonder diligent / And in aduerſitee / ful pacient[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 8, recto, lines 482-484:

He would devoutly teach his parishioners; / he was gentle, truly diligent, / and so patient in adversity […]


-lyng

Alternative form of -ling (diminutive suffix)


ferie

English: ferry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ferry

Partially from Old Norse ferja; partially a back-formation from ferien.


ferie

English: ferie (obsolete)

From Old French ferie, from Medieval Latin fēria; compare feyre.


moche

English: much


remi

Alternative form of remen (“to extend; to get up”)


panade

Ay by his belt he baar a long panade

1478, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Bantam Classics, The Reves Tale, line 9:


unien

enm-verb

unien (third-person singular simple present unieth, present participle uniende, uniynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle unied)

unieth (present singular third-person)
uniende (participle present)
uniynge (participle present)
unied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: uny

Scots: une

From Anglo-Norman unier, uner (Old French unir), from Latin ūnīre.


abak

English: aback

Scots: aback, a-back

From Old English onbæc, equivalent to a- + bak.

Al blody, and therwith-al a-bak she sterte

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Legend of Good Women/The Legend of Thisbe:


pacche

English: patch

Yola: patch (figuratively)

Possibly borrowed from Old French *pache, a variant of Old French pieche, dialectal variant of piece (“piece”).


þat

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:

Do not even consider bringing together the two parts of the bone which is broken or dislocated until eight days (if it is Winter) or five days (if it is Summer) have passed; for if you do, it will seep puss and swell, worsening its condition. Then [After the time has passed] bring together the ends of the bones (or, if it is a dislocation, the disjointed bones themselves) in accordance with the technique that shall be detailed in the chapter on bone-setting.


-lica

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-ik

English: -ic

From Old French -ique, from Latin -icus, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos. Doublet of -y.

Forms nouns denoting a quality from adjectives; -ic.


gunner

English: gunner

Scots: gunner

→ Medieval Latin: gunnārius

From gunne + -er; compare Medieval Latin gunnārius.

An operator of a cannon; an artilleryman.


envie

English: envy

Borrowed from Old French envie, from Latin invidia.

ȝit þey haveþ so grete envie to þe Latyns þat þey haveþ wiþ drawe hem out of [þe] subieccioun and obedience of þe chirche of Rome

1378, John of Trevisa, transl., Polychronicon, translation of original by Ranulf Higden, published 1876, page 287:

ill-will, hatred, enmity, hostility; spite, malice; an instance of enmity

envy, grudge; hostility; an instance of this feeling


harras

Alternative form of haras (“stud farm; herd of studs”)


soudan

English: soldan

Scots: sowdian

From Old French soudan, from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).

A sultan (especially one of the rulers of major Muslim states in the Middle Ages).

(by extension) A Muslim soldier or noble.


-ul

Alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)


lilie

English: lily

Scots: lily

From Old English lilie, from Latin līlia, plural of līlium, from Ancient Greek λείριον (leírion), from Fayyumic Coptic ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ (hlēri) (compare Sahidic Coptic ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ (hrēre)), from Demotic (ḥrry, “flower”), from Egyptian ḥrrt (“flower”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egx-dem">ḥrry</i>

Lilium candidum, its flower, or a similar plant (often used medicinally)

A pure, good, and holy individual (e.g. Jesus, the Virgin Mary)

(rare) A representation of a lily; a fleur-de-lis.


yok

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yock</i>

English: yoke (obsolete yock)

Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke

Scots: yoke, yock

Inherited from Old English ġeoc, from Proto-West Germanic *juk, *jok, from Proto-Germanic *juką, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
Forms with a long vowel are either leveled from inflected forms or influenced by the verb yoken, where open-syllable lengthening took place.

yoke (attachment connecting animals to a farm implement).

(figuratively) Regulation; limits or their imposition:

A restriction or limit; that which restrains.

Regulation; limits or their imposition:
Bondage, subjection; lack of freedom.

Regulation; limits or their imposition:
Marriage; the marital bond.


casten

English: cast


exen

From Anglian Old English exen, œxen; equivalent to oxe + -en (plural suffix); compare oxen.


drepe

Alternative form of drepen (“to strike”)


compas

English: compass

Borrowed from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus.

Guile, craft or an instance of it; the use of skill or sleight-of hand.

A scheme or plan, especially one formulated in secrecy or with malicious intent.

A circular shape (i.e. a circle, curve or sphere) or a region bounded by one.

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

The boundary or totality of the margins or edges of a region or zone; that which surrounds.

An area, region or zone; space or coverage with fixed or demarcated boundaries.

The size, extent, or magnitude of something (usually in area or dimension)

A compass (device or tool for drawing or demarcating a circle)

(rare) The appearance, visage or design of a piece of craftsmanship.


compas

English: compass (obsolete as an adverb)

Following a circle-shaped course or perimeter.

Having a specified circle-shaped course or perimeter.


teren

enm-verb

teren (third-person singular simple present tereth, present participle terynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative tar, past participle torn)

tereth (present singular third-person)
terynge (participle present)
tar (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
torn (participle past)
teren (infinitive)
to teren (infinitive)
tere (infinitive)
tern (infinitive)
tere (first-person present singular)
tar (first-person past singular)
tor (first-person past singular)
terest (present second-person singular)
tere (past second-person singular)
tore (past second-person singular)
tar (past second-person singular)
tor (past second-person singular)
tereth (present singular third-person)
tar (past singular third-person)
tor (past singular third-person)
tere (present singular subjunctive)
tere (past singular subjunctive)
tore (past singular subjunctive)
tere (imperative present singular)
teren (plural present)
tere (plural present)
tern (plural present)
teren (past plural)
tere (past plural)
toren (past plural)
tore (past plural)
tereth (imperative plural present)
tere (imperative plural present)
terynge (participle present)
terende (participle present)
toren (participle past)
tore (participle past)
torn (participle past)
ytoren (participle past)
ytore (participle past)

English: tear

Scots: tere, teir, tair

Inherited from Old English teran, from Proto-West Germanic *teran, from Proto-Germanic *teraną.

To tear; to split apart or off (often by ripping):

To tear off a body part (often by hand).

To pull out hair (or another body part).

To ruin; to devastate:
To damage or destroy garments or hair.

To demolish a building; to raze or level.

(usually in the past participle) To make tattered or worn; to overuse.

To ruin; to devastate:
To make tattered or worn; to overuse.


teren

teren (third-person singular simple present tereth, present participle terende, terynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tered)

tereth (present singular third-person)
terende (participle present)
terynge (participle present)
tered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
teren (infinitive)
to teren (infinitive)
tere (infinitive)
tere (first-person present singular)
tered (first-person past singular)
terest (present second-person singular)
teredest (past second-person singular)
tereth (present singular third-person)
tered (past singular third-person)
tere (present singular subjunctive)
tered (past singular subjunctive)
tere (imperative present singular)
teren (plural present)
tere (plural present)
tereden (past plural)
terede (past plural)
tereth (imperative plural present)
tere (imperative plural present)
terynge (participle present)
terende (participle present)
tered (participle past)
ytered (participle past)

English: tear

Scots: tear

From teer (“tear”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


teren

From tere (“tear”) + -en (“plural suffix”).


atte

Alternative form of hight: simple past of hoten


hengel

Borrowed from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch hengel; compare henge.


-ok

English: -ock

Scots: -ock, -ockie

Yola: -ok, -uck, -ick

From Old English -oc, -uc, from Proto-West Germanic *-uk, from Proto-Germanic *-ukaz. More at -ock.


adressen

enm-verb

adressen (third-person singular simple present adresseth, present participle adressende, adressynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle adressed)

adresseth (present singular third-person)
adressende (participle present)
adressynge (participle present)
adressed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
adressen (infinitive)
to adressen (infinitive)
adresse (infinitive)
adresse (first-person present singular)
adressed (first-person past singular)
adreste (first-person past singular)
adressest (present second-person singular)
adressedest (past second-person singular)
adrestest (past second-person singular)
adresseth (present singular third-person)
adressed (past singular third-person)
adreste (past singular third-person)
adresse (present singular subjunctive)
adressed (past singular subjunctive)
adreste (past singular subjunctive)
adresse (imperative present singular)
adressen (plural present)
adresse (plural present)
adresseden (past plural)
adressede (past plural)
adresten (past plural)
adreste (past plural)
adresseth (imperative plural present)
adresse (imperative plural present)
adressynge (participle present)
adressende (participle present)
adressed (participle past)
adrest (participle past)

English: address (see there for further descendants)

Scots: address

From Old French adresser, adrescer, adrecier; equivalent to a- + dressen.

(rare, Late Middle English) To address a letter.


blasfeme

From Old French blasfeme, a semi-learned form from Latin blasphēmus.


gome

English: gome

Scots: gome

Inherited from Old English guma, from Proto-West Germanic *gumō, from Proto-Germanic *gumô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ.

And þus bigynneth þes gomes · to greden ful heiȝ.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:

And thus began these men · to cry out full high.^(Verification Needed)

Some towns wex near toom, In the which woned many a gome.

Some towns wax near empty, In which lived many a man.^(Verification Needed)

To the, ihesu, I make my mone; / ffarwell! comly, of cors so cleyn! / ffarwel! gracyouse gome! where so thou gone, / fful mekill grace is to the geyn;

15th c., “Iohannes baptista [John the Baptist]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 203, lines 267–270:

To thee, Jesus, I make my lamentation: farewell, pleasing [man], so clean of body! Farewell, gracious man! Wheresoever thou goest, you will gain much grace

A fighter or combatant; one who engages in battle.

(rare) A male hireling, assistant or underling


gome

English: gum (dialectal goom)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

Inherited from Old English gōma, from Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.

(often in the plural) The flesh around the teeth; the gum.

The interior of one's mouth; the palate or roof of the mouth.

(rare, Late Middle English) One's teeth or jaws.


gome

English: gaum, gorm (dialectal)

Scots: goam

→ English: gumption

Borrowed from Old Norse gaumr, from Proto-Germanic *gaumaz.


castel

English: castle
→ Tongan: kāsolo

Scots: castle

→ Scottish Gaelic: caisteal

From late Old English castel, castell, borrowed from Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman/Old Northern French castel, itself also from castellum.


coriandre

English: coriander

Scots: corrydander

Borrowed from Old French coriandre, itself borrowed from Latin coriandrum, from Ancient Greek κορίαννον (koríannon).

Coriandrum sativum
Coriandrum sativum#Translingual

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) or its seed.


saule

Borrowed from Middle French saoulee, soûlée, past participle of saouler, soûler; compare sauled.

One's fill; a sufficient amount of food.


saule

Alternative form of sowel (“staff, stake”)


saule

(chiefly Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of soule


crucche

English: crutch

Scots: crutch

From Old English cryċċ (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krukkju, from Proto-Germanic *krukjō (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewg- (“wrinkle, bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, bend”).
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

der

c. 1215 Layamon's Brut, l.9722

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

he wænde mid his crucche; us a-dun þrucche.

he caste awei his crucche


wroten

From wroot + -en (verbal plural suffix).


wroten

wroten (infinitive)
to wroten (infinitive)
wrote (infinitive)
wrote (first-person present singular)
wroted (first-person past singular)
wrot (first-person past singular)
wrotest (present second-person singular)
wrotedest (past second-person singular)
wrottest (past second-person singular)
wroteth (present singular third-person)
wroted (past singular third-person)
wrot (past singular third-person)
wrote (present singular subjunctive)
wroted (past singular subjunctive)
wrot (past singular subjunctive)
wrote (imperative present singular)
wroten (plural present)
wrote (plural present)
wroteden (past plural)
wrotede (past plural)
wrotten (past plural)
wrotte (past plural)
wroteth (imperative plural present)
wrote (imperative plural present)
wrotynge (participle present)
wrotende (participle present)
wroted (participle past)
wrot (participle past)
ywroted (participle past)
ywrot (participle past)

English: root

Scots: wrutt, wort, rute, wirt, ruit

From Old English wrōtan, from Proto-Germanic *wrōtaną.

To use one's nose or snout to rummage or root.

To extract with one's nose or snout; to have rooted.

To remove soil, earth, or ground; to dig up.

(rare) To cause irritation or annoyance.

(rare) To till; to move soil for agriculture.


dalen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of delen


freme

From Old English freme, fremu (“advantage, gain, benefit”).

Ðe man..erneð after his soule freme.


lacche

English: latch

From lacchen (“to seize, catch”), from Old English læċċan (“to grasp, take hold of, catch, seize””).

inh

Love wil noon other bridde cacche,

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer. The Romaunt of the Rose. 1623-4


greve

Yola: greve

thicket, copse, bush; shrubbery, undergrowth


corne

English: corn

Borrowed from Old French corne, corn; from Latin cornū.


cofre

English: coffer

Scots: coffer

Yola: koaver

Borrowed from Old French cofre, coffre, from Latin cophinus, from Ancient Greek κόφινος (kóphinos). Doublet of coffyn.


squame

English: squame

From Old French esquame, from Latin squāma.

yron squames

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Metal that flakes; a flake of such metal.

not squames to wasche them, and wype them, nor auoyde them, not angry nor hasty, or un pacient thof one haue the vomet, another the fluxe, another the frensy, which nowe syngethe, now wel apayde, ffor ther be some sekenesses vexynge the seke so gretly and prouokynge them to ire, that the mater drawen up to the brayne alyenthe the mendes.

c. 1450, “Additions to the Rule or Saint Saviour”, in George James Aungier, editor, History and Antiquities of Syon Monastery, published 1840, page 395:


sayde

Thenne ſhalle he deye ſayde Beaumayns

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum octauum”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 112, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 224, lines 14–15:


vpon

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


seyde

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


reveling

Alternative form of revelynge (“reveling”)


reveling

Alternative form of revelynge (“revelation”)


hosen

hosen (infinitive)
to hosen (infinitive)
hose (infinitive)
hose (first-person present singular)
hosed (first-person past singular)
hosest (present second-person singular)
hosedest (past second-person singular)
hoseth (present singular third-person)
hosed (past singular third-person)
hose (present singular subjunctive)
hosed (past singular subjunctive)
hose (imperative present singular)
hosen (plural present)
hose (plural present)
hoseden (past plural)
hosede (past plural)
hoseth (imperative plural present)
hose (imperative plural present)
hosynge (participle present)
hosende (participle present)
hosed (participle past)
yhosed (participle past)

English: hose

Scots: hose


hosen

English: hosen

From Old English hosan, from Proto-Germanic *husōniz; equivalent to hose + -en (plural suffix).


houre

English: hour (see there for further descendants)

Northumbrian: oor

Scots: oor

From Anglo-Norman houre, from Latin hōra, from Ancient Greek ὥρα (hṓra).

hour (a 60-minute period which the day has 24 of)


tach

Unknown. Perhaps related to trasch or Modern English tatch (“to set grass on fire”).


tach

English: tache, tatch (“stain”)

Scots: tache

⇒? English: tetchy

From Old French tache (“stain, spot”), of uncertain origin; perhaps a native derivation, or borrowed from Gothic.


tach

enm-verb

tach (third-person singular simple present tacheth, present participle tachinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle taught)

tacheth (present singular third-person)
tachinge (participle present)
taught (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


gendre

English: gender (see there for further descendants)


aske

English: ask, askard

Scots: ask, esk, awsk

From earlier *athske, from Old English *āþesce, metathetic form of āþexe.


aske

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


telleth

third-person singular present indicative of tellen


haire

She, ful devout and humble in hir corage, / Under hir robe of gold, that sat ful faire, / Hadde next hir flessh yclad hir in an haire.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Second Nun's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:


fals

English: false

Scots: fause

Yola: fause, faulse, valse

→ Irish: falsa, falsach

From Old English fals, borrowed from Latin falsus (“false”), and partly from Old French fals.


soule

enm-noun

soule (plural soules or soulen or (early) soule)

soules (plural)
soulen (plural)
soule (plural)

English: soul (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saul

Inherited from Old English sāwol, sāwel, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

The human soul (seen as granting sapience and surviving after death).

The (characteristic) soul of animals or plants.

(alchemy) A refined animating substance akin to the soul.

The mind or heart; one's capacity for thought or emotion.

One's intent or goal; that which one wants.


brest

English: brest, breast

Scots: brest, breist, breest

From Old English brēost, from Proto-West Germanic *breust, from Proto-Germanic *breustą.

breast (protrusion on the front of the chest)

The breast in several contexts:
female breast (for nursing)

The breast in several contexts:
breast (cut of meat)

breast, heart (centre of emotional functioning)


brest

English: bryst (obsolete)

From Old Norse brestr, from Proto-Germanic *brestuz; influenced by the cognate Old English byrst. Doublet of burst.


kalf

Alternative form of calf (“calf (young cow)”)


skift

Old Norse skipta (verb) and Old Norse skipti (noun), from Proto-Germanic *skiftijaną.

There be many knyghtes that hath envy to us; Therefore whan we shall mete at the day of justis there woll be harde skyffte for us. — Malory

Make ye as good skyffte as ye can, ye shall bere this lady with you on horsebak unto the Pope of Rome. — Malory


skift

enm-verb

skift (third-person singular simple present skifteth, present participle skiftende, skiftynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle skifted)

skifteth (present singular third-person)
skiftende (participle present)
skiftynge (participle present)
skifted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
skift (infinitive)
to skift (infinitive)
skifte (infinitive)
skifte (first-person present singular)
skifted (first-person past singular)
skiftest (present second-person singular)
skiftedest (past second-person singular)
skifteth (present singular third-person)
skifted (past singular third-person)
skifte (present singular subjunctive)
skifted (past singular subjunctive)
skifte (imperative present singular)
skiften (plural present)
skifte (plural present)
skifteden (past plural)
skiftede (past plural)
skifteth (imperative plural present)
skifte (imperative plural present)
skiftynge (participle present)
skiftende (participle present)
skifted (participle past)
yskifted (participle past)

to divide, share, distribute, divide up; also, be divided

even skifted, evenly matched in number, in equal strength

Grete godd wolde so wisely skifte all thynges.

to arrange, ordain, cause to occur, rule, manage

be skifted of, She was aferde of hym..and she cowde not be skyfte … of hym by no meane. — Malory


leste

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


souple

→ English: supple

Old French souple and Anglo-Norman souple, from Latin supplex

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
His bootes souple, his hors in greet estaat.
His boots flexible, his horse in a fine condition


lafe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“remainder”)


simplicite

English: simplicity

Scots: simplicitie

Borrowed from Old French simplicite, borrowed itself from Latin simplicitās, simplicitātem.

The nature of being made of one part or being simplex.

(rare) stupidity, dumbness, unlearnedness


vewe

English: view

Scots: view

An inspection, checkup, or examination, especially a legally ordained one.

(Late Middle English) A scheduled minor court held in a local administrative district.

(rare, Late Middle English) oversight, overseeing, direction, instruction

(rare, Late Middle English) One's focus; what one is concentrating on.


organe

desctree

English: organ
→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)
→ Maori: ōkana
→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

Scots: organ

From Old French organe, orgene, from Latin organum (“implement; musical instrument”). Doublet of organum.

der

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

(music) A keyboard instrument that produces sound by air moved through pipes; an organ.

(music) A melody sung in counterpoint or descant; organum.

A body part which performs a certain function; an organ.


froren

The past participle of fresen (“to freeze”), from Old English frēosan.


heli

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of holy (sacred)


moten

mot (first-person present singular)
moste (first-person present singular)
moste (first-person past singular)
most (present second-person singular)
mostest (present second-person singular)
mostest (past second-person singular)
mot (present singular third-person)
moste (present singular third-person)
moste (past singular third-person)
mote (present singular subjunctive)
moste (present singular subjunctive)
moste (past singular subjunctive)
moten (plural present)
mote (plural present)
mosten (plural present)
moste (plural present)
mosten (past plural)
moste (past plural)

English: mote; must

Scots: mote, mat; most

Yola: mosth

Inherited from Old English mōtan, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtan, from Proto-Germanic *mōtaną.

And ceꝛtes, if it neꝛe too long to heeꝛe, / I wold have told you fully the manneꝛe / How wonnen was the regne of Femenye / By Theſeus and by his chivalrye,[…] / But all that thing I mot as now foꝛbeꝛe.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales, lines 875–877, 885:

And certainly, if it weren't too long to hear / I would have told you the manner / How the realm of Femeny was won / By Theseus and by his chivalry, […] / But I must leave all that alone for now.

To feel strongly obliged to; should (really).

To be about to or going to; will, shall.


moten

moten (infinitive)
to moten (infinitive)
mote (infinitive)
mote (first-person present singular)
moted (first-person past singular)
motest (present second-person singular)
motedest (past second-person singular)
moteth (present singular third-person)
moted (past singular third-person)
mote (present singular subjunctive)
moted (past singular subjunctive)
mote (imperative present singular)
moten (plural present)
mote (plural present)
moteden (past plural)
motede (past plural)
moteth (imperative plural present)
mote (imperative plural present)
motynge (participle present)
motende (participle present)
moted (participle past)
ymoted (participle past)

English: moot

Yola: mot

From Old English mōtian (“to speak, converse, discuss”), from Proto-West Germanic *mōtijan (“to meet, encounter”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtijaną, a denominative of *mōtą (“meeting”).


baptiste

English: baptist, Baptist

Scots: baptist, Baptist

Borrowed from Old French baptiste, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptista, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστής (baptistḗs).


kinde

And with that word he caughte a greet mirour,
And saugh that chaunged was al his colour,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1399-1401

And with that word he picked up a large mirror,
And saw that all his color was changed,
And saw his visage all (changed) to another sort.

And saugh his visage al in another kinde.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, I:


saide

Now my lord ſyre Perſaunt of ynde ſaide the damoyſel Lynet I requyre you that ye wille make this gentilman knyghte or euer he fyghte with the reed knyghte /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xiij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 116, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 232, lines 20–23:


voiden

Somtyme a castel, al of lym and stoon; And whan hem lyked, voyded it anon.

1394, Chaucer, “v. 1149”, in The Franklin's Tale:


tyme

English: time (see there for further descendants)

Scots: time, teime, tim

Yola: deemes (plural)

From Old English tīma, from Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô. Doublet of demon.

An occasion, event, or occurrence; a specific time.

A reign; the duration of a ruler's office.

A lifetime; the duration of a person's life.

Part of a period of time (especially a season or yeartide).

A specific duration; a period of time:
Part of a process or event.

A brief or ephemeral point in time; an instance.

And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem”

A generic reference to some vaguely-specified or unspecified duration.

Times; multiplied by (usually in the plural)

Specifies the ratio of comparison in a comparative sentence.

(grammar) Verbal tense; the way time is morphologically marked on a verb.


tyme

English: thyme

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman time (continental Old French thym), from Latin thymum, from Ancient Greek θύμον (thúmon).


emperour

English: emperor

Scots: emperor

Borrowed from Old French empereor, from Latin imperātorem.

A supreme ruler; an individual with total control.


aboute

English: about

Geordie English: aboot

Scots: aboot

Yola: abut, abouten

Therfor, my sone, do thou that that Y seie, and delyuere thi silf; for thou hast fallun in to the hond of thi neiybore. Renne thou aboute, haste thou, reise thi freend;
yyue thou not sleep to thin iyen, nether thin iyeliddis nappe.

1384, John Wycliffe, Bible (Wycliffe): Proverbs, vi, 3-4:


agayn

English: again

Geordie English: agyen

desc

Scots: again, agen, agin, agane, agayne, agyen, agean (southern)

Yola: agyne

From Old English āġēan, onġēan, onġeġn, equivalent to a- + gayn.


lawe

lawes (plural)
lawen (Early-Middle-English plural)

English: law

Scots: law

Yola: laas (plural)

From Old English lagu, in turn borrowed from Old Norse *lagu, a plural of lag.

A law, regulation, or a group of them:
Ecclesiastical, canon or church law.

The regulations followed by a job or group of people.

Directives, obligations, or tasks set to someone.

Legality; what is legally (and often seen as morally) right.

Morality, natural law (either instinctual or taught):

The Bible or one of the two books which it is composed of.

The Torah or the moral strictures contained within it.

One of the Ten Commandments or their totality.

The regulating and obligating nature of marriage.

(rare) Morality revealed or given from the heavens.

A law or the totality of laws active in a community; the law.

The practicing of law; litigation, legal action, or part of it.

The legal profession; law or the legal system as a job or occupation.

A legal ruling or decision; penalisation or compensation.

A legal community; the area under the aegis of a given legal system.

(rare) Getting one's acquaintances to attest one's innocence.

(rare) The law as an individual; those working in law.

One's behaviour, acts, practices, or mode of living:

The usual behaviour of a group or class of things.

The usual behaviour of a people, nation, or community.

The method, technique, or way in which something is accomplished.

Caution from violence due to law; the effects of law and order.

(rare) A trapping, ceremony, or ritual that forms part of a religion.

(rare) Customs, behaviours, or actions which are regarded as right; manners.

The administrative or governmental system present in a community.

A scientific or natural law; a statement of truth.

A dispensation (one of the periods of Christian history)

Information or wisdom from a trustworthy or reliable source.

A snide or pithy axiom or statement of a general truth.

(rare) Something which effects or changes; a force.

(rare) Might or potency; the ability to effect one's will.

(rare) The state or situation one is in.


moneth

English: month

Scots: moneth

From Old English mōnaþ. Equivalent to mone + -th.


quellen

enm-verb

quellen (third-person singular simple present quelleth, present participle quellende, quellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quelled)

quelleth (present singular third-person)
quellende (participle present)
quellynge (participle present)
quelled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
quellen (infinitive)
to quellen (infinitive)
quelle (infinitive)
quelle (first-person present singular)
quelled (first-person past singular)
quelde (first-person past singular)
quellest (present second-person singular)
quelledest (past second-person singular)
queldest (past second-person singular)
quelleth (present singular third-person)
quelled (past singular third-person)
quelde (past singular third-person)
quelle (present singular subjunctive)
quelled (past singular subjunctive)
quelde (past singular subjunctive)
quelle (imperative present singular)
quellen (plural present)
quelle (plural present)
quelleden (past plural)
quellede (past plural)
quelden (past plural)
quelde (past plural)
quelleth (imperative plural present)
quelle (imperative plural present)
quellynge (participle present)
quellende (participle present)
quelled (participle past)
queld (participle past)
yquelled (participle past)
yqueld (participle past)

English: quell

Scots: quell, quel

From Old English cwellan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwaljaną.

To kill or slay; to inflict death upon someone.

To quell or suppress; to end afflictions or threats.


cisterne

English: cistern

From Old French cisterne, from Latin cisterna.


petit jury

English: petit jury

If it be founden by the graunde Iurie in the same Atteynt that the petite Iury haven geven a true Verdite, that then the graunde Iurie shall have auctoritie and power to enquire if any of the petit Iury toke or perceyved any Somme of Money, or other rewarde [etc.].

1495, Act, Henry VII, c. 21; quoted in “Jury 2. b. Grand jury”, in James A. H. Murray [et al.], editors, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volumes V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, 1884–1928, →OCLC, page 637, column 1:


vertuous

head

vertuous (plural and weak singular vertuouse)

vertuouse (plural)
vertuouse (singular weak)

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertuous</i>

English: virtuous (obsolete vertuous)

Scots: virtuous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vertuous, vertous, from Latin virtuōsus; equivalent to vertu + -ous.

Virtuous; morally correct, righteous or good:

Just, fair, unbiased; having no prejudice or hypocrisy.

Brave, fearless; displaying courageousness or mettle.

[…]and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew.

[…] so, instead of other people, I willfully choose to be informed by them and of them, especially Wycliffe himself, as the most virtuous and kindly learned person that I've heard of anywhere or knew.

Designed to teach or instill moral values; causing or producing virtue.

Amazing, wonderful, brilliant; extremely good.

Effective, useful; having benefits or virtues.

Useful against occult or malign forces; warding against sorcery.

Powerful, strong; having mightiness or potency (especially used of deities).

(rare) Wise, learned; having expert knowledge or ability.

(rare) Wealthy, rich, bounteous; overflowing with wealth.

(rare) Causing change or transformation; transformative.

(rare) Intense, rich, vigourous, active.

(rare, of writing) Exciting, entertaining.


hied

enm-verb

hied (third-person singular simple present hiedeth, present participle hiedende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hiedde)

hiedeth (present singular third-person)
hiedende (participle present)
hiedde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


hied

simple past/past participle of hien (“to move quickly”)


hied

simple past/past participle of hien (“to raise, lift up”)


hungrig

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hungry


biscop

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bischop


berken

berken (infinitive)
to berken (infinitive)
berke (infinitive)
berke (first-person present singular)
bark (first-person past singular)
berked (first-person past singular)
berkest (present second-person singular)
borke (past second-person singular)
bark (past second-person singular)
berkedest (past second-person singular)
berketh (present singular third-person)
bark (past singular third-person)
berked (past singular third-person)
berke (present singular subjunctive)
borke (past singular subjunctive)
berked (past singular subjunctive)
berke (imperative present singular)
berken (plural present)
berke (plural present)
borken (past plural)
borke (past plural)
berkeden (past plural)
berkede (past plural)
berketh (imperative plural present)
berke (imperative plural present)
berkynge (participle present)
berkende (participle present)
borken (participle past)
borke (participle past)
berked (participle past)

English: bark

Scots: berk, bark

From Old English beorcan, from Proto-West Germanic *berkan (“to bark”).

To bark (make a sound characteristic of a dog)

To grumble or whine; to utter complaints or insults.


lere

English: leer

Yola: lear

From Old English *lǣre, from Proto-West Germanic *lāʀi, *lāʀī, from Proto-Germanic *lēziz, *lēzijaz. Cognate with Dutch laar, German leer.


lere

A loueli ladi of lere · in lynnen yclothed / Come down fram a castel.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Passus I]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:


singeth

third-person singular present indicative of singen


sanguinarie

English: sanguinary

From Anglo-Norman sanguinarie, borrowed itself from Latin (herba) sanguināria; equivalent to sanguine + -arie.

Capsella bursa-pastoris
Capsella bursa-pastoris#Translingual

shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)


gladder

From Old English *gladere (“gladder”), from gladian (“to make glad”).

[...] Thou glader of the mount of Citheroun,
For thilke love thou haddest to Adoun, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2223-2224

… Thou maker of joy of the mount of Citheron,
For that same love thou haddest to Adonis, …


leep

the dogges haue be sette on hym and haue hunted hym away / And ones they leep on hym vpon the banke

1481, William Caxton, The Historye of Reynard the Foxe:


dragoun

English: dragon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: draigon

Borrowed from Old French dragon, from Latin dracō, dracōnem, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of drake (“dragon”).

An dragon, drake, wyrm (mythological creature)

(biblical) A serpent or reptilian monster


monin

Alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


mys

Wiþ þat ran þere a route · of ratones at ones / And smale mys with hem · mo þen a þousande

c. 1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman, Prologue:

With that a rout of rats ran at once, / and small mice with them; more than a thousand.


defte

English: daft, deft

Scots: daft, dauft

From Old English dæfte, from Proto-West Germanic *daftī (“fitting, suitable”).


spone

English: spoon

Geordie English: spuin, speun

desc

Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune

Yola: spone

From Old English spōn, from Proto-West Germanic *spānu, form Proto-Germanic *spēnuz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A spoon or scoop; especially a spoon used as a measure.

A spoonful; the amount that fits in a spoon


starne

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of sterne


segg

Gladly I wolde / Se þat segg in sy3t, and with hymself speke


reven

enm-verb

reven (third-person singular simple present reveth, present participle revynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative refte, past participle reft)

reveth (present singular third-person)
revynge (participle present)
refte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
reft (participle past)
reven (infinitive)
to reven (infinitive)
reve (infinitive)
reve (first-person present singular)
reved (first-person past singular)
refte (first-person past singular)
revest (present second-person singular)
revedest (past second-person singular)
reftest (past second-person singular)
reveth (present singular third-person)
reved (past singular third-person)
refte (past singular third-person)
reve (present singular subjunctive)
reved (past singular subjunctive)
refte (past singular subjunctive)
reve (imperative present singular)
reven (plural present)
reve (plural present)
reveden (past plural)
revede (past plural)
reften (past plural)
refte (past plural)
reveth (imperative plural present)
reve (imperative plural present)
revynge (participle present)
revende (participle present)
reved (participle past)
reft (participle past)
yreved (participle past)
yreft (participle past)

English: reave (archaic)

Scots: reve, refe, reif

Inherited from Old English rēafian, from Proto-West Germanic *raubōn, from Proto-Germanic *raubōną. Doublet of robben.

To cause someone to lose something:
To steal, or rob; to secretly loot.

To loot, despoil, ravage; to bring to ruin.

Of Hercules the souereyn conqueror / Syngen hise werkes laude and heigh renoun / For in his tyme of strengthe he was the flour / He slowe and rafte the skyn fro the leoun

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 90, verso:

Sing about the works and high fame of Hercules the renowned conqueror, for in his prime he was the most excellent: He slew and took the lion's skin

To grab, take, or confiscate with force or violence.

To cause someone to lose something:
To lose an ability or knowledge.

To eliminate or terminate; to render unusable.

To ruin or destroy:
To kill; to murder or end the life of.

To take into safety; to recover or liberate.


reven

Inherited from Old English ġerēfan, plural of ġerēfa; equivalent to reve + -en (plural suffix).


blamer

English: blamer


tenebrose

English: tenebrous

From Anglo-Norman tenebrous, from Latin tenebrōsus.


prikken

prikken (third-person singular simple present prikketh, present participle prikkende, prikkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle prikked)

prikketh (present singular third-person)
prikkende (participle present)
prikkynge (participle present)
prikked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: prick

Scots: preek

→ Irish: prioc

From Old English prician, from the noun prica (“a prick, dot, small hole”).


hoste

English: host


wolde

first/third-person singular past indicative

inflection of willen:
second-person singular past indicative

inflection of willen:
singular past subjunctive

inflection of willen:
plural past indicative/subjunctive


stithy

English: stithy

Scots: studdy, stiddy

Either borrowed from Old Norse steðja, oblique singular of steði, or a remodelling of stith on the analogy of smythy. Doublet of stith.


hochepoche

A variant of hochepot, from Old French hochepot.

Ȝe haue cast alle here wordes in an hochepoche.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of Chaucer”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

hotchpotch (soup; (figuratively) jumble)


heilen

English: hail

Scots: hail

Yola: haail


welken

English: welkin

From Old English wolcnu, plural of wolcen, wolcn, from Proto-West Germanic *wolkn, from Proto-Germanic *wulkaną.

The atmosphere; the area where weather happens.

Thus hath this pytous day a blyſful ende / For euery man & woman doth hys myght / Thys daye in myrth and reuel to dyſpende / Tyl on the welken ſhone the ſterres bryght / For more ſolempne in euery mannes ſyght / Thys feeſt was, and greater of coſtage / Then was the reuel of her mariage

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio liiii, verso, part 6:

Thus hath this piteous day a blissful end / For every man & woman doth his might / This day in mirth and revel to dispend / Till on the welkin shone the stars bright / For more solemn in every man's sight / This feast was, and greater of costage / Than was the revel of her marriage

The space or air surrounding the Earth or; the heavens or welkin.

A division or layer of this space; an atmospheric region.

(Early Middle English) A cloud (mass of water droplets)


welken

welken (infinitive)
to welken (infinitive)
welke (infinitive)
welke (first-person present singular)
welked (first-person past singular)
welkest (present second-person singular)
welkedest (past second-person singular)
welketh (present singular third-person)
welked (past singular third-person)
welke (present singular subjunctive)
welked (past singular subjunctive)
welke (imperative present singular)
welken (plural present)
welke (plural present)
welkeden (past plural)
welkede (past plural)
welketh (imperative plural present)
welke (imperative plural present)
welkynge (participle present)
welkende (participle present)
welked (participle past)
ywelked (participle past)

English: welk

Scots: welk

Possibly related to or from Middle Low German welken or Middle Dutch welken, ultimately related to Proto-West Germanic *wolkn (“cloud”). Compare also Middle English walwen (“to fade, wither”), from Old English wealwian.

cog

To become dry or aged; to decay or wither (of plants or people)

(rare) To crinkle or become roughened or creased.

(rare) To turn or grow desolate or lifeless.


grys

English: gris (obsolete)

From Old French gris, from Vulgar Latin *grīsus, from Proto-Germanic *grīsaz.


shryne

English: shrine


welk

English: whelk, welk, whilk, wilk

Scots: wulk, wilk, welk

→ Old French: welke

From Old English weoloc, wiloc, wioloc, weluc, from Proto-West Germanic *weluk.


welk

Alternative form of welken (“to dry out”)


schep

English: sheep (see there for further descendants)

Scots: sheep

Yola: zheep, sheep

From Old English sċēap, sċēp, from Proto-West Germanic *skāp, from Proto-Germanic *skēpą, of unknown origin.


hirs

Alternative form of hereos (“love-sickness”)


hirs

Alternative form of hereth: third-person singular present of heren (“to hear”)


materas

English: mattress

Scots: mattrass

Borrowed from Old French matras, from Arabic مَطْرَح (maṭraḥ).

A mattress; a pad or cushioning for sleeping upon.

(anatomy, rare) A pad or cushion in one's body.


wys

head

wys (plural and weak singular wyse, comparative wiser, superlative wiseste)

wyse (plural)
wyse (singular weak)
wiser (comparative)
wiseste (superlative)

English: wise

Scots: wis, wise

From Old English wīs, from Proto-Germanic *wīsaz.


goddesse

English: goddess


leynd

Alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


yonge

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,


anys

English: anise

Scots: anis (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French anis, from Latin anīsum, from Ancient Greek ἄνισον (ánison), from Egyptian jnst.


aline

c. 1400, Chaucer
Drawe a strike euene a lyne fro the pyn vnto the myddel pricke.

Draw a strike even aline from the pin unto the middle prick.


withoute

And whanne this old man had sayd thus he came to one of tho knyghtes and sayd I haue lost alle that I haue sette in the / For thou hast rulyd the ageynste me as a warryour and vsed wrong werres with vayne glory more for the pleasyr of the world than to please me / therfor thow shalt be confounded withoute thow yelde me my tresour

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “iij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XV:


noyse

English: noise

Scots: noise

Borrowed from Old French noise, from either Latin nausea or Latin noxia.

A sound (auditory sensation):
A noise (unpleasant sound)

A sound (auditory sensation):
A loud voice; a crying out.

A sound (auditory sensation):
The sound made by a certain animal.


wente

c. 1374-1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Hous of Fame
At a turninge of a wente.


heate

(Early Middle English, Late Middle English) Alternative form of hete (“heat”)


beaute

English: beauty

Scots: beauty

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman beauté, from Vulgar Latin *bellitātem; equivalent to beau + -te.

The quality of being physically appealing; attractiveness, prettiness.

Something that is beautiful (usually a characteristic)

(rare) Righteousness, virtue; morally correct behaviour.

(rare) Generosity, politeness; being respectful.

(rare) Beauty or attractiveness personified (as a woman)

(rare) Honourableness; glorious behaviour.


chaunce

desctree

archaic <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">chaunce</i>

English: chance (archaic chaunce)
→ Japanese: チャンス

Scots: chance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cheaunce, chaunce, from Vulgar Latin *cadentia (“falling”).

An (especially random) event or occurrence:

An eventuality or possibility; a potential event.

A (life-changingly) lucky or unlucky event.

Luck, chance, fate:
The (numerical) result of a dice throw.

(rare) Power or authority over one's fate.

Luck, chance, fate:
Power or authority over one's fate.

A scenario or situation; a state of affairs.

A chance or option; an opening for change.


crucifier

English: crucifier

From crucifien + -er; compare Old French crucefieor.


follen

Alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


-linge

Alternative form of -ling (diminutive suffix)


brenne

That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:

That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief


fiele

Borrowed from Old French viele, from Latin vitula, with replacement of /v/ with /f/ on the analogy of fithele (either in Middle English or already in Anglo-Norman).

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


valen

valen (infinitive)
to valen (infinitive)
vale (infinitive)
vale (first-person present singular)
valed (first-person past singular)
valest (present second-person singular)
valedest (past second-person singular)
valeth (present singular third-person)
valed (past singular third-person)
vale (present singular subjunctive)
valed (past singular subjunctive)
vale (imperative present singular)
valen (plural present)
vale (plural present)
valeden (past plural)
valede (past plural)
valeth (imperative plural present)
vale (imperative plural present)
valynge (participle present)
valende (participle present)
valed (participle past)
yvaled (participle past)

English: vail

Scots: vail (obsolete)

Either from Anglo-Norman valer or a aphetic form of avalen. Equivalent to vale + -en (infinitival suffix).


talewise

For she is tikil of hire taile · talwis of tonge / As comune as a cartwey · to eche a knaue þat walketh.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:

given to gossip or telling tales; talkative, garrulous


tapster

He knew the tavernes wel in every toun / And everich hostiler and tappestere / Bet than a lazar or a beggestere;

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 240-42:


magnes

English: magnes (obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin magnēs, from Ancient Greek μαγνήτης λίθος (magnḗtēs líthos, “Magnesian stone”). Doublet of magnete.

der

μαγνήτης λίθος

(rare) lodestone (a magnetic stone that is an ore of iron)


grippes

From Old English gripes, plural of gripe.


coule

English: cowl

Scots: coul, cool

Inherited from Old English cūle, cufle, cugele, from Ecclesiastical Latin cuculla.


gaine

Alternative form of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”)


noht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nought


tresse

English: tress

From Old French tresce, of unclear origin.


fiole

English: vial, phial

→ Welsh: ffiol

From Old French fiole, from Late Latin fiola, from Latin phiala, from Ancient Greek φιάλη (phiálē).

A receptacle, vial, or bottle or diminutive size.

A spouted container for pouring liquid out of.


aventures

Bᵘᵗ Marlyon warned the kyng covertly that Gwenyuer was nat holſom for hym to take to wyff · For he warned hym that launcelot ſcholde love hir and ſche hym agayne · And ſo he turned his tale to the aventures of the Sankegreal ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 22–25:


sorel

English: sorrel

Rumex acetosa
Rumex acetosa#Translingual

Oxalis acetosella
Oxalis acetosella#Translingual


sorel

English: sorel, sorrel

From Old French sorel; equivalent to sor (“sorrel”) + -el (diminutive suffix).


sorel

English: sorel (obsolete)


seint

English: saint

Yola: Sankt, Sank, Saan

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman seint, variant of Old French saint, partly from Old English sanct (“saint”), ultimately from Latin sanctus.

The reule of seint Maure or of seint Beneit,
By-cause that it was old and som-del streit,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 173-176

And held after the newe world the space.
The rule of Saint Maurus or of Saint Benedict,
Because it was old and somewhat strict,
This same monk let old things pass away,
And followed the broader customs of modern times.


mangerie

English: mangery (obsolete)

From Old French mangerie; equivalent to manger + -ie.


yit

English: yet

Scots: yet

From Old English ġīet, from Proto-Germanic *juta.


strook

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


perce

enm-verb

perce (third-person singular simple present perceth, present participle percende, percynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle perced)

perceth (present singular third-person)
percende (participle present)
percynge (participle present)
perced (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: pierce

From Old French percier. More at English pierce.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1-2.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote


allie

English: ally

Scots: ally

The state of having marital or family relations or linkage.

A member of one's family; one of one's kin or relatives.

One's kin or relatives as a collective or group.

Similarity or relation; the state of being similar to another.

An ally, confederate, or compatriot; one in an alliance.

(rare) A pact of friendship; the state of being allied.


verdit

English: verdict (← verdict)

Scots: verdict

Borrowed from Old French verdit, veirdit, from Vulgar Latin veredictum.

I juge, of every folk men shal oon calle / To seyn the verdit for you foules alle.

1382, Chaucer, “v. 525”, in Parlement of Foules^([The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer]):

A verdict; a judgement or ruling (especially legal).

(rare) A position or stance on an issue undergoing arbitration.


coker

English: cocker, cogger

From Old English cocer, cocur, from Proto-Germanic *kukur-; perhaps ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür or Hunnic. Doublet of quiver.

(rare) A quiver (a receptacle for arrows)


tord

English: turd

Scots: tuird

From Old English tord, from Proto-Germanic *turdą.

Animal feces used as fertiliser; manure or sharn.

Feces used in pharmaceuticals or medicinal creations.


stapel

English: staple

Scots: steeple

From Old English stapol (“basis, pillar”).


sours

English: source

Scots: source, soorce

Borrowed from Old French sours m, sourse f, past participle of sourdre; compare sourden.

A source or origin; that which something originates from.

(figuratively) An exemplar of a characteristic.

(rare) The origin of a stream of flowing water.

(architecture, rare) A wall fixture supporting an image.


retenue

English: retinue

A small group or company of hirelings or people, following a notable person; a retinue.

The state of being employed, especially in such a small group.


teppe

(Kent) Alternative form of tappe (“plug”)


burde

English: burd

Probably from Old English byrde; in that case, equivalent to beren + -th.

A noblewoman; a lady or maiden; especially the Virgin Mary.

A young man, especially one of noble blood or Jesus Christ.


magicien

English: magician

Borrowed from Middle French magicien; equivalent to magik + -ien.


couvent

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


percher

English: percher


yelow

English: yellow

Scots: yella, yelly, yallow

Yola: yullou, yellou

From Old English ġeolu, from Proto-Germanic *gelwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃wós.


yelow

English: yellow,

Scots: yella, yelly, yallow

an object or feature notable for being yellow


dronken

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn,
Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn.
And when he had drunk all the wine
He would not speak a word other than Latin


blys

English: bliss

From Old English blīths, bliss (“joy”), of Germanic origin.


cornes

From corn (“grain”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


cornes

From corne (“callus”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


menen

From Old English mǣnan (“mean, intend; lament”).

der

to intend, to mean to indicate or signify

to intend, to mean to do something, or that something will be the case; to plan

to advise or admonish or remind (someone of something)


menen

to direct or guide (one's horse or oneself)

(reflexive) to conduct oneself or behave (in a certain way)


logge

enm-noun

logge (plural logges or loggis or loggys)

logges (plural)
loggis (plural)
loggys (plural)

Unknown, but probably connected to Middle English lugge (“pole”), from which obsolete/dialectal English lugg, lug (“pole; measure of length ~6 yd.; measure of land ~50 sq. yd.”). Cf. also clogge (“log”), clog.
Ending on -g may suggest Scandinavian origin, which has been proposed, cf. Old Norse lág and its regular reflex Norwegian Nynorsk låg (“fallen tree”), but the Old Norse/Middle Norwegian vowel is long while ME vowel is short.
Discounting 13th-century surname Log, first attested as Medieval Latin loggiandum (“woodcutting”) in 1205 (in Rotuli litterarum clausarum), then Medieval Latin loggum (“piece of wood”) in 1306 (in Muniments of Dean and Chapter of Canterbury), while in actual ME attested only since 1398.

cog

1398, Bartholomeus Anglicus's De Proprietatibus Rerum translated by John Trevisa
He bloweþ and bereþ blosseme wiþoute undersettyng, but þe fruyt þerof fayleþ and roteþ but he be rered up fro þe grounde and ytrayled wiþ loggis and ȝerdis as it were a vyne.
…fine appodiatione florere potest, sed fructus eius vix proficit, imo deficit vel putrescit, quando ad modum vineae a terra non erigitur, et lignis vel virgulis non sustentatur.
It blew and blossomed without undersettings, but its fruits failed and rotted, so supports are needed anyway to raise them from the ground and uphold with staffs and rods, as if it were a vine.
And þe olyve wol nouȝt be harde ybete wiþ staves and logges to gadre þe fruyt þerof, as some men doon þat ben unredy and unwyse…
…nec vult olea percuti graviter cum perticis pro suo fructu colligendo, sicut faciunt aliqui minus cauti…
And the olive is not to be hard-beaten with staves and poles to gather its fruits, as some men who have done that were unready and unwise…

Item, we have payde for raftur loggys and a post VII d. ob. … we have payde for hewying of yem … II d.

1448, Churchwardens' Accounts of the Parish of St. Mary:

Moreover, we have paid for rafter logs and a wooden post 7½ pence … we have paid for hewing them … 2 pence


leme

English: leam

Scots: leim, leme

From Old English lēoma, from Proto-West Germanic *leuhmō.
Forms with /ɛː/ are unexpected; they may be due to the influence of beem and gleem.

Light, brightness, or an instance of it:

Firis with red lemes.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(figuratively) Wisdom, revelation, or one who grants it.


wyse

…of moost holi lyuynge, and best taught and moost wyse of heuenly wysdom…

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 37:


deale

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dale


deale

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of delen


newe

English: new

Scots: new

From Old English nīewe, from Proto-West Germanic *niwi, from Proto-Germanic *niwjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *néwyos. More at new.


newe

Wið-uten ðe læche ðe loceð after mannes ikynde, þe newe oðer elde, and ðe wrihte his timber to keruen after ðare mone, ðe is ikyndelich þing; elles hit is al ȝedwoll.


mous

English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss

Scots: moose

From Old English mūs, from Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s.

(figurative) A coward; one lacking courage.

(figurative) A feeble or unimportant individual.


horsman

English: horseman

(rare) One who is in change of horses; a groom.


gay

English: gay

Yola: gaaye, gaay, gay, gai

(Line 221) To bringe me gaye thinges fro the fayre.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)
(Line 236) Why is my neighebores wyf so gay?
(please add an English translation of this quotation)
(Line 298) That I was born, and make me fresh and gay,
(please add an English translation of this quotation)
(Line 508) But in oure bed he was so fressh and gay
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1405 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales (source)

(Line 545) For ever yet I lovede to be gay,
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


gayn

head

gayn (comparative geyner, superlative gaynest)

geyner (comparative)
gaynest (superlative)

English: gain (obsolete, dialectal)

Scots: gain

From Old Norse gegn; derived from Proto-Germanic *gagin. Doublet of gain.

gracious, helpful, unfailing, useful, good


gayn

English: gain (obsolete, dialectal)


gayn

English: gain

Scots: gain

From Old Norse gagn, from Proto-Germanic *gaganą, *gagną; reinforced by Middle French gain. Compare wayn.

edge, advantage, a beneficial difference


warte

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">wrot</i>

English: wart (dialectal wrot)

Scots: wrat

From Old English wearte, from Proto-West Germanic *wartā, from Proto-Germanic *wartǭ.


esche

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


suvel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sowel (“food”)


coper

English: copper

→ Maori: kapa

→ Shona: kopa

Scots: coper, copper

→ Cornish: kober

→ Irish: copar

→ Manx: cobbyr

→ Scottish Gaelic: copar

→ Welsh: copor

Inherited from Old English copor, coper, from Proto-West Germanic *kopr.


helmen

Luken sweord longe, leiden o þe helmen.

They drew their long swords and put on their helms.


helmen

helmen (infinitive)
to helmen (infinitive)
helme (infinitive)
helme (first-person present singular)
helmed (first-person past singular)
helmest (present second-person singular)
helmedest (past second-person singular)
helmeth (present singular third-person)
helmed (past singular third-person)
helme (present singular subjunctive)
helmed (past singular subjunctive)
helme (imperative present singular)
helmen (plural present)
helme (plural present)
helmeden (past plural)
helmede (past plural)
helmeth (imperative plural present)
helme (imperative plural present)
helmynge (participle present)
helmende (participle present)
helmed (participle past)
yhelmed (participle past)

From Old English helmian; equivalent to helm + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To behelm; to put a helmet on; to safeguard.


hengen

From Old English hengen, from Proto-West Germanic *hangini.

(Early Middle English, hapax) imprisonment


lovin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to love”)


erke

English: erke

c. 1370s. Unknown, The Romaunt of the Rose. 4865-8.
Therfore set Kinde therin delyt,
For men therin shulde hem deltye,
And of that dede be not erke,
But ofte sythes haunt that werke.


whois

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


eren

eren (infinitive)
to eren (infinitive)
ere (infinitive)
ere (first-person present singular)
ered (first-person past singular)
erest (present second-person singular)
eredest (past second-person singular)
ereth (present singular third-person)
ered (past singular third-person)
ere (present singular subjunctive)
ered (past singular subjunctive)
ere (imperative present singular)
eren (plural present)
ere (plural present)
ereden (past plural)
erede (past plural)
ereth (imperative plural present)
ere (imperative plural present)
erynge (participle present)
erende (participle present)
ered (participle past)
yered (participle past)

English: ear (archaic)

Scots: ear

Inherited from Old English erian, from Proto-West Germanic *arjan, from Proto-Germanic *arjaną.


eren

From Old English ēaran, plural form of ēare, from Proto-Germanic *ausōnō, plural form of *ausô; equivalent to ere (“ear”) + -en (plural suffix).


saven

enm-verb

saven (third-person singular simple present saveth, present participle savynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle saved)

saveth (present singular third-person)
savynge (participle present)
saved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
saven (infinitive)
to saven (infinitive)
save (infinitive)
save (first-person present singular)
saved (first-person past singular)
savest (present second-person singular)
savedest (past second-person singular)
saveth (present singular third-person)
saved (past singular third-person)
save (present singular subjunctive)
saved (past singular subjunctive)
save (imperative present singular)
saven (plural present)
save (plural present)
saveden (past plural)
savede (past plural)
saveth (imperative plural present)
save (imperative plural present)
savynge (participle present)
savende (participle present)
saved (participle past)
ysaved (participle past)

English: save

Geordie English: syev

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French salver, sauver, from Latin salvō, salvāre; equivalent to sauf (“safe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive, intransitive) To save (prevent from harm or difficulty):

To rescue from danger or death, or effort.

(religion) To deliver from eternal torment.

foꝛ ſoþe ſire quaþ aliſaundrine ⁊ · to ſaue ȝour mensk / i wol ȝou telle tiȝtly · what turn ſche as wꝛouȝt[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 34, recto, lines 2028-2029; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 70:

"Truthfully, sir" said Alexandrine, "to save your honour, I'll tell you all about the thing she's done […]

(transitive, intransitive) To preserve or store:

To preserve or maintain; to keep intact.

To securely keep or lock away (goods or a person)

To preserve or store:
To save (store away or conserve).

To adhere to a regulation, agreement or dictate.

To heal or better; to improve health, emotions, or morals.

(rare) To recover or get back; to have restored.

(rare) To store or accumulate; to be filled with.


brandire

English: brander, brandiron (obsolete)

Scots: brander

desc

Yola: brandeyrons, brand-eyrons (plural)

From Old English brandīren, brandīsen; equivalent to brand + iren.


lovien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to praise”)


putten

putten (infinitive)
to putten (infinitive)
putte (infinitive)
putte (first-person present singular)
putte (first-person past singular)
putted (first-person past singular)
puttest (present second-person singular)
puttest (past second-person singular)
puttedest (past second-person singular)
putteth (present singular third-person)
putte (past singular third-person)
putted (past singular third-person)
putte (present singular subjunctive)
putte (past singular subjunctive)
putted (past singular subjunctive)
putte (imperative present singular)
putten (plural present)
putte (plural present)
putten (past plural)
putte (past plural)
putteden (past plural)
puttede (past plural)
putteth (imperative plural present)
putte (imperative plural present)
puttynge (participle present)
puttende (participle present)
put (participle past)
putted (participle past)
yput (participle past)
yputted (participle past)

English: put, pote

Scots: put, pit

Yola: pidh, pit

From Old English putian, from Proto-Germanic *putōną (“to stick, stab”).


creat

English: create (obsolete)

From Latin creātus, the past participle of creō.

Granted or bestowed a title or an office.


creat

first/third-person singular past indicative of createn


trone

English: throne

Scots: throne

From Old French trone, trosne, from Latin thronus, from Ancient Greek θρόνος (thrónos).

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene laumpıs bꝛennynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

(specifically) The heavenly throne of the Christian God.

(figuratively) Royal, ecclesiastical, or divine power.

(ethics) The divinely assigned position of a virtue.


trone

English: tron, trone

Scots: tron, trone

From Anglo-Norman trone, tron, from Late Latin trona, from Latin trutina (“balance”).

A set of scales or balance; a machine used to weigh.

The location of weighing equipment used as a place to humiliate criminals.

One of the planks used to make the Holy Cross.


armure

English: armor, armour, armure

Scots: armour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman armure, armeüre, from Latin armātūra.


palmer

English: palmer

Named for the palm branches they were wont to bring back from the Levant to signify their pilgrimage. From Anglo-Norman palmer, from Old French paumier, from Medieval Latin palmārius (“palmer”), from palma (“palm tree”).

ca. 1370–90, William Langland, Piers Plowman,
Pilgrims and palmers plighted them together
To seek for Saint James and the saintes in Rome ...

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
 And palmeres for to seken strange stroundes
 To ferne halwes, kouthe in sondry londes.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 13–15:

Then do folk long to go on pilgrimage,
 And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,
 To distant shrines well known in sundry lands.

A pilgrim who has been to the Holy Land.


fat

English: vat, fat

Scots: fat, vat, vautt

Yola: vaat, vaate

From Old English fæt, from Proto-West Germanic *fat, from Proto-Germanic *fatą.


fat

English: fat

Yola: vat

From Old English fǣtt, from Proto-West Germanic *faitid.


rosee

English: rosee

A meal incorporating rose petals or flowers

A dish that is imitates the colour of a rose.


amiral

English: amiral

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amiral, from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”). In forms including ad-, via variants derived under influence from admīrārī (“to admire, to respect”).

emir (a Muslim military commander, governor, or prince)


wunne

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


piken

piken (infinitive)
to piken (infinitive)
pike (infinitive)
pike (first-person present singular)
piked (first-person past singular)
pikest (present second-person singular)
pikedest (past second-person singular)
piketh (present singular third-person)
piked (past singular third-person)
pike (present singular subjunctive)
piked (past singular subjunctive)
pike (imperative present singular)
piken (plural present)
pike (plural present)
pikeden (past plural)
pikede (past plural)
piketh (imperative plural present)
pike (imperative plural present)
pikynge (participle present)
pikende (participle present)
piked (participle past)
ypiked (participle past)

English: pick

Scots: pik, pick

From Old English *piccian, from Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn, from Proto-Germanic *pikkōną; equivalent to pyke (“point, pike”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To pick at; to use a edged tool on (a surface)

To pierce or deal a blow using the mouth.

To grab a part of one's body with one's fingernails or teeth

To remove with a sharp point; pick away; to remove undesired substances via the means of picking.

To remove by means of grabbing or forcing; to take or grasp.

To cleanse or tidy; to ensure one's own cleanliness.

To pick, decide or elect; to make a choice or declare a preference.

To gain possession of; to grab or grasp.

To acquire or grasp an intangible mental quality such as knowledge, skill, or disposition; to gain.

To seize, burgle, or pickpocket; to take illegally or illegitimately.


tronen

tronen (infinitive)
to tronen (infinitive)
trone (infinitive)
trone (first-person present singular)
troned (first-person past singular)
tronest (present second-person singular)
tronedest (past second-person singular)
troneth (present singular third-person)
troned (past singular third-person)
trone (present singular subjunctive)
troned (past singular subjunctive)
trone (imperative present singular)
tronen (plural present)
trone (plural present)
troneden (past plural)
tronede (past plural)
troneth (imperative plural present)
trone (imperative plural present)
tronynge (participle present)
tronende (participle present)
troned (participle past)
ytroned (participle past)

English: throne (archaic)

From trone (“throne”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To enthrone, to place on a royal seat; to elevate to a throne or perform enthronement.


deadlic

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dedly


eorðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of erthe (“earth”)


gibet

English: gibbet

An upright post with a crosspiece used for execution and/or public display; a gallows.

An execution by means of noose and gallows; a hanging.


rop

desctree

English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop

Scots: raip

→ Old French: rap

Inherited from Old English rāp, from Proto-West Germanic *raip, from Proto-Germanic *raipaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp-.

A cord or string:
A rope; a strong intertwined cord.

A cord or string:
(nautical) A ship's line.

A cord or string:
(rare) A Franciscan corded belt.

A cord or string:
A Franciscan corded belt.


rop

English: rope, rop

Inherited from Old English rop, ropp; compare Middle Dutch rop, roppe (“fish guts”).

(usually in the plural) An intestine; a gut.


rop

Inherited from Old English hrōp, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōp, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaz, *hrōpą (“shout, cry”), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-.
Cognate with Dutch roep (“a call, cry, shout”), German Ruf (“a call, cry, reputation”), Swedish rop (“call, cry, shout”).

(Early Middle English, rare) A call; a cry.


spiller

English: spiller


tabler

From Old French tablier; equivalent to table + -er.

(rare) A notepad or other portable writing instrument.


panter

English: panther

From Old French pantere, from Latin panthera, from Ancient Greek πάνθηρ (pánthēr).


panter

English: panter

Borrowed from Old French panetier, penetier.

A pantler (manager of the pantry and food)


panter

English: panter (obsolete)

English: pantle (obsolete, regional)

Borrowed from Old French pantiere, from Latin panthēra (“entire catch”), from Ancient Greek πανθήρα (panthḗra).

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Legend of Good Women/Prologe
The smalle fowles, of the season fain,
That from the panter and the net ben scaped,
Upon the fowler, that them made a-whaped
In winter, and destroyed had their brood.

(figurative) That which ensnares; a lure.


bæt

(Early Middle English, rare) Alternative form of bet


treen

From Old English trīwen; equivalent to tre + -en (“made of”).


treen

English: treen


tungol

On þine deaðe ealle tunglen & gesceafte wurðen gestyrede.

a planet, a heavenly body such as a star


helden

helden (infinitive)
to helden (infinitive)
helde (infinitive)
helde (first-person present singular)
helded (first-person past singular)
helde (first-person past singular)
heldest (present second-person singular)
heldedest (past second-person singular)
heldest (past second-person singular)
heldeth (present singular third-person)
helt (present singular third-person)
helded (past singular third-person)
helde (past singular third-person)
helde (present singular subjunctive)
helded (past singular subjunctive)
helde (past singular subjunctive)
helde (imperative present singular)
helden (plural present)
helde (plural present)
helt (plural present)
heldeden (past plural)
heldede (past plural)
helden (past plural)
helde (past plural)
heldeth (imperative plural present)
helde (imperative plural present)
heldynge (participle present)
heldende (participle present)
helded (participle past)
held (participle past)
yhalden (participle past)
yholden (participle past)
yheld (participle past)

English: hield, heel

Yola: hyle

From Old English hieldan, from Proto-West Germanic *halþijan, from Proto-Germanic *halþijaną.

(transitive) to pour, to pour out (something)

(transitive) to shed, give forth, distribute out

My blyssyng o ble sall be blendyng, / And heldand fro harme to be hyndande, / My body in blys ay abydande / Vne[n]dande withoutyn any endyng.

a. 1450, The Creation and the Fall of Lucifer in The York Plays, as recorded c. 1463–1477 in British Museum MS. Additional 35290

The blessing of my countenance will be a suffusing, / And, where it pours forth, will shield from harm, / My body forever abiding in bliss, / Unending without any ending.

(transitive) to bend (something), especially to bend or push down; to bow, to incline (something)

(intransitive or reflexive) to bow, to stoop, to lean, to incline oneself (+ on: to lean on)

(intransitive) to incline figuratively, to have an inclination or affection (+ to: to (doing something) or for (someone))

(intransitive with to or transitive) to submit to, to obey (a person, command, desire, etc.)

We are falling from heaven on all sides; / We are heading for woe, I warrant.

Fra heuen are we heledande on all hande, / To wo are we weendande, I warande.

(intransitive, of terrain) to slope downward, to fall away

(intransitive) to decline, to deteriorate, to fade


rusten

enm-verb

rusten (third-person singular simple present rusteth, present participle rustende, rustynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rusted)

rusteth (present singular third-person)
rustende (participle present)
rustynge (participle present)
rusted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rusten (infinitive)
to rusten (infinitive)
ruste (infinitive)
ruste (first-person present singular)
rusted (first-person past singular)
rustest (present second-person singular)
rustedest (past second-person singular)
rusteth (present singular third-person)
rusted (past singular third-person)
ruste (present singular subjunctive)
rusted (past singular subjunctive)
ruste (imperative present singular)
rusten (plural present)
ruste (plural present)
rusteden (past plural)
rustede (past plural)
rusteth (imperative plural present)
ruste (imperative plural present)
rustynge (participle present)
rustende (participle present)
rusted (participle past)
yrusted (participle past)

English: rust

Scots: roost, roust

(figurative) To degenerate; to deteriorate.


eom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em


dynen

dynen (infinitive)
to dynen (infinitive)
dyne (infinitive)
dyne (first-person present singular)
dyned (first-person past singular)
dynest (present second-person singular)
dynedest (past second-person singular)
dyneth (present singular third-person)
dyned (past singular third-person)
dyne (present singular subjunctive)
dyned (past singular subjunctive)
dyne (imperative present singular)
dynen (plural present)
dyne (plural present)
dyneden (past plural)
dynede (past plural)
dyneth (imperative plural present)
dyne (imperative plural present)
dynynge (participle present)
dynende (participle present)
dyned (participle past)

English: dine

Scots: dine

From Old French disner, from Vulgar Latin *disiūnāre, contraction of disieiūnāre. Doublet of dyner, from the same Old French word used substantively.

What wol ye dine?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dyner

English: dinner (see there for further descendants)

Scots: denner

Yola: dineare, deneare

Borrowed from Old French disner (“breakfast, lunch”), from Vulgar Latin *disiūnō, *disiūnāre, contraction of disieiūnāre. Doublet of dynen, from the same Old French word in its original verbal function.

bor+

lunch (main meal of the day, consumed at midday)

(rare) breakfast (first meal of the day)


wonnen

enm-verb

wonnen (third-person singular simple present wonneth, present participle wonnende, wonnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wonned)

wonneth (present singular third-person)
wonnende (participle present)
wonnynge (participle present)
wonned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


wonnen

(Early Middle English southern West Midlands) Alternative form of wannen


spencer

From Anglo-Norman despenser or Old French espensier, from Latin dispēnsāre (“to dispense, distribute; to manage”). Equivalent to spence (“buttery”) + -er.


vertuuus

... / Ennurned vpon veluet vertuuus ſtoneʒ / ...

Late 14th century, the Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt

Alternative spelling of vertuus or vertuous (possibly a misspelling)


placen

enm-verb

placen (third-person singular simple present placeth, present participle placende, placynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle placed)

placeth (present singular third-person)
placende (participle present)
placynge (participle present)
placed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
placen (infinitive)
to placen (infinitive)
place (infinitive)
place (first-person present singular)
placed (first-person past singular)
placest (present second-person singular)
placedest (past second-person singular)
placeth (present singular third-person)
placed (past singular third-person)
place (present singular subjunctive)
placed (past singular subjunctive)
place (imperative present singular)
placen (plural present)
place (plural present)
placeden (past plural)
placede (past plural)
placeth (imperative plural present)
place (imperative plural present)
placynge (participle present)
placed (participle past)
yplaced (participle past)

English: place

Scots: place

From place + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Middle French placer, which postdates this verb.


staren

staren (infinitive)
to staren (infinitive)
stare (infinitive)
stare (first-person present singular)
stared (first-person past singular)
starest (present second-person singular)
staredest (past second-person singular)
stareth (present singular third-person)
stared (past singular third-person)
stare (present singular subjunctive)
stared (past singular subjunctive)
stare (imperative present singular)
staren (plural present)
stare (plural present)
stareden (past plural)
starede (past plural)
stareth (imperative plural present)
stare (imperative plural present)
starynge (participle present)
starende (participle present)
stared (participle past)
ystared (participle past)

English: stare

Yola: ztaared (preterite)

From Old English starian, from Proto-West Germanic *starēn, from Proto-Germanic *starāną.


stampen

stampen (infinitive)
to stampen (infinitive)
stampe (infinitive)
stampe (first-person present singular)
stamped (first-person past singular)
stampest (present second-person singular)
stampedest (past second-person singular)
stampeth (present singular third-person)
stamped (past singular third-person)
stampe (present singular subjunctive)
stamped (past singular subjunctive)
stampe (imperative present singular)
stampen (plural present)
stampe (plural present)
stampeden (past plural)
stampede (past plural)
stampeth (imperative plural present)
stampe (imperative plural present)
stampynge (participle present)
stampende (participle present)
stamped (participle past)
ystamped (participle past)

English: stamp

Yola: stampe

From Old English *stampian, stempan, from Proto-West Germanic *stampijan, from Proto-Germanic *stampōną.


spanne

English: span

Scots: span

From Old English spann, from Proto-West Germanic *spannu, from Proto-Germanic *spānnõ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to stretch”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

der

A specific measure of volume that corresponds to the quantity that fits in a person's hands while cupped.


feld

first/third-person singular past indicative of folden

(later) second-person singular past indicative of folden


bason

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of basyn


rof

English: roof

Geordie English: ruif, reuf

Scots: ruf, ruif

From Old English hrōf, from Proto-Germanic *hrōfą.

The outer side of a roof considered separately; the rooftop.

The inner side of a roof considered separately; the ceiling.

A house or building; an edifice used for inhabitance.

Any sort of cover, especially one that provides shelter.


ramson

English: ramson, ramsons

The old plural of ramese (from Old English hramsa (“ramsons”)) taken as a singular.

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual


naman

(chiefly Early Middle English and Northern) Alternative form of noman


frounce

English: frounce

Borrowed from Middle French fronce, from Old French fronce.

A wrinkle, fold, or pleat (in fabric, hair, or porcelain).

A disease involving mouth sores in birds of prey.

(figuratively) A grimace; a scornful look.


swær

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of swere


plukken

enm-verb

plukken (third-person singular simple present plukketh, present participle plukkende, plukkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle plukked)

plukketh (present singular third-person)
plukkende (participle present)
plukkynge (participle present)
plukked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
plukken (infinitive)
to plukken (infinitive)
plukke (infinitive)
plukke (first-person present singular)
plukked (first-person past singular)
plukkest (present second-person singular)
plukkedest (past second-person singular)
plukketh (present singular third-person)
plukked (past singular third-person)
plukke (present singular subjunctive)
plukked (past singular subjunctive)
plukke (imperative present singular)
plukken (plural present)
plukke (plural present)
plukkeden (past plural)
plukkede (past plural)
plukketh (imperative plural present)
plukke (imperative plural present)
plukkynge (participle present)
plukkende (participle present)
plukked (participle past)
yplukked (participle past)

English: pluck

Scots: pluck

From Old English pluccian, from Proto-West Germanic *plukkōn, from Proto-Germanic *plukkōną. Compare plicchen.

To pluck bare; to leave featherless or hairless.

To pluck; to pull or yank out:
To pick; to remove from a plant.

To pluck; to pull or yank out:
(figuratively) To remove or seize.

To pluck; to pull or yank out:
To remove or seize.


Sampson

English: Samson, Sampson

From Latin Samson, from Ancient Greek Σαμψών (Sampsṓn), from Hebrew שִׁמְשׁוֹן.

der

Hebrew שִׁמְשׁוֹן

a patrynomic surname transferred from the given name


sweven

English: sweven

Scots: sweven, swevyn

From Old English swefn, from Proto-West Germanic *swefn, from Proto-Germanic *swefnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *swépnos. Some forms influenced by Old Norse söfn, an alternative form of svefn.

⁊ it ſchal be in þe laſte daies þe loꝛd ſeiþ · Y ſchal helde out my ſpirit on ech fleiſch · ⁊ ȝoure ſones and ȝoure douȝtris ſchulen p[ꝛo]pheſie ⁊ ȝoure ȝonge men ſchulen ſe viſioūs. ⁊ ȝoure eldris ſchulen dꝛeme ſweuenes

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 2:17, page 91v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

"And it'll be in the last days, (when) the Lord says: "I'll hold out my Spirit on all the people; your sons and daughters will prophesy, your young men will see visions, and your elders will dream dreams […]


sweven

sweven (infinitive)
to sweven (infinitive)
sweve (infinitive)
sweve (first-person present singular)
sweved (first-person past singular)
swevest (present second-person singular)
swevedest (past second-person singular)
sweveth (present singular third-person)
sweved (past singular third-person)
sweve (present singular subjunctive)
sweved (past singular subjunctive)
sweve (imperative present singular)
sweven (plural present)
sweve (plural present)
sweveden (past plural)
swevede (past plural)
sweveth (imperative plural present)
sweve (imperative plural present)
swevynge (participle present)
swevende (participle present)
sweved (participle past)
ysweved (participle past)

From Old English swefan, from Proto-West Germanic *swefan, from Proto-Germanic *swefaną.

(figuratively) to become calm (of the sea)


caser

(Early Scots) Alternative form of casere


kene

English: keen

Scots: keen

Yola: keen, keéne

From Old English cēne (“keen, fierce, bold, brave, warlike, powerful; learned, clever, wise”), from Proto-Germanic *kōniz (“knowledgeable, skilful, experienced, clever, capable”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).

inh

c. 1370–1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman; published as “Passus XVII”, in Walter W[illiam] Skeat, editor, The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman, together with the Vita de Dowel, Dobet, et Dobest, Secundum Wit et Resoun, by William Langland (about 1362–1393 A.D.): Edited from Numerous Manuscripts, with Prefaces, Notes, and a Glossary, … In Four Parts, part III (Langland’s Vision of Piers the Plowman, the Whitaker Text, or Text C; Richard the Bedeles; The Crowned King), London: Published for the Early English Text Society, by N[icholas] Trübner & Co., 57 & 59, Ludgate Hill, 1873, →OCLC, page 285, lines 82–85:
For men knoweþ þat couetise · is of ful kene wil, / And haþ hondes and armes · of a long lengthe, / And pourte is a pety þyng · apereþ nat to hus nauele; / A loueliche laik was hit neuere · by-twyne a long and a short.
For men know well that Covetousness has a keen will / And a very long reach of hands and arms / And Poverty's just a tiny thing, doesn't even reach his navel, / And a good bout was never between tall and short.

c. 1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knightes Tale” from The Canterbury Tales; published in A Complete Edition of the Poets of Great Britain, volume I (Containing Chaucer, Surrey, Wyatt & Sackville), London: Printed for Iohn & Arthur Arch, 23, Gracechurch Street; Edinburgh: Bell & Bradfute & I. Mundell & Co., [1795], →OCLC, page 17, column 2:
Before hire ſtood hire ſone Cupido,
Upon his ſhoulders winges he had two,
And blind he was, as is often ſene;
A bow he bare and arwes bright and kene.
Before her stood her son Cupid
Upon his shoulders, he had two wings
And he was blind, as is often seen
He bore a bow, and arrows bright and keen.


sandale

Alternative form of sandal (“sandalwood”)


vernage

→ English: vernage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vernage, from Old Italian Vernaccia.


disme

late 14ᵗʰ C., John Gower, Confessio Amantis

And thus the wars they beginne, Whereof the holy church is taxed, That in the point, as it is axed, The disme go'th to the battaile.


comparatif

English: comparative

Borrowed from Old French comparatif, from Latin comparātīvus.

(grammar, rare) Of the comparative degree.


comparatif

English: comparative


gron

English: groan

Scots: grain, grane


botun

Alternative form of boten (“to resolve”)


tombed

simple past/past participle of tomben (“to inter”)


scheef

English: sheaf

Scots: sheaf

Yola: shives (plural)

A sheaf as part of a paying in kind of tax.

A group of arrows or the container they belong in.

A specified amount of steel or glass used as a measurement.

(rare) A bunch of any other kind of agricultural produce.

(rare) A bunch of any other small, long item.


baronie

English: barony

Yola: baronie, barony

Borrowed from Old French baronie; equivalent to baroun + -ie.

baronage, nobility (body of barons or nobles)


schat

→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta

Money, cash, currency; monetary or fiscal wealth.

Wares, possessions, property; that which is owned.


-d

Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)