bisemen

enm-verb

bisemen (third-person singular simple present bisemeth, present participle bisemende, bisemynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bisemed)

bisemeth (present singular third-person)
bisemende (participle present)
bisemynge (participle present)
bisemed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bisemen (infinitive)
to bisemen (infinitive)
biseme (infinitive)
biseme (first-person present singular)
bisemed (first-person past singular)
bisemest (present second-person singular)
bisemedest (past second-person singular)
bisemeth (present singular third-person)
bisemed (past singular third-person)
biseme (present singular subjunctive)
bisemed (past singular subjunctive)
biseme (imperative present singular)
bisemen (plural present)
biseme (plural present)
bisemeden (past plural)
bisemede (past plural)
bisemeth (imperative plural present)
biseme (imperative plural present)
bisemynge (participle present)
bisemende (participle present)
bisemed (participle past)

English: beseem

To beseem; to be suitable or appropriate.


semly

English: seemly

Scots: seemly

Either borrowed from or a calque of Old Norse sœmiligr (“seemly”); equivalent to semen (“to seem”) + -ly (adjectival suffix).

af

Attractive, beautiful; aesthetically appealing.

Right, appropriate, suited; good for a purpose.

Seemly, becoming; following acceptable behaviour.

Noble, valorous, good; having good morals.

Likely; having a good chance of happening.


semly

English: seemly

Attractively, beautifully; in a aesthetically appealing way.

Adeptly, suitably, right; in the right or best way.

Gracefully, becomingly; in a nice or courteous way.

Nobly, reverently, respectfully; in a noble way.


seeman

English: seaman

Inherited from Old English sǣmann; equivalent to see (“sea”) + man (“man, person”).


tappestere

English: tapster

⇒ English: tapstress

Inherited from Old English tæppestre; equivalent to tappe (“plug”) + -estere.

Ther to he stroong was / as a Champioun / He knew the tauernes wel in euery town / And euery hoſtiler / and Tappeſtere[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 5, recto, lines 239-241:

He also was as strong as a champion; / he knew the bars well in every town, / and every innkeeper and tavernkeeper […]

A tavernkeeper or tapster; a person (originally a woman) who sells ale.


grucched

first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle of grucche


maltestere

English: maltster


smeðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smethe


smiðnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smethenesse


smeðin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smethen


smethenesse

From Old English smēþnes; equivalent to and remodelled on smethe + -nesse.


smothenesse

English: smoothness

(rare) Smoothness; the state of being smooth.


unstedefastnesse

English: unsteadfastness

From unstedefast + -nesse or un- + stedefastnesse.

The state of lacking strength or belief; unsteadfastness, inconstancy, indecisiveness.

(rare) Romantic or marital disloyalty or inconstancy.

(rare) Mutability, variation, inconsistency.


unstedefast

English: unsteadfast

Inherited from Old English unstedefæst; equivalent to un- + stedefast.

Lacking strength or belief; unsteadfast, unfaithful, indecisive.

Lacking consistency; inconstant, mutable, changeable, impermanent.

Lacking permanence; temporary, impermanent, passing.

(rare) Swaying, tottering; lacking stillness.


smethe

English: smeeth

Scots: smeeth

Inherited from Old English smēþe, from Proto-West Germanic *smanþī; compare smothe.


smethen

enm-verb

smethen (third-person singular simple present smetheth, present participle smethende, smethynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle smethed)

smetheth (present singular third-person)
smethende (participle present)
smethynge (participle present)
smethed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
smethen (infinitive)
to smethen (infinitive)
smethe (first-person present singular)
smethed (first-person past singular)
smethest (present second-person singular)
smethedest (past second-person singular)
smetheth (present singular third-person)
smethed (past singular third-person)
smethe (present singular subjunctive)
smethed (past singular subjunctive)
smethe (imperative present singular)
smethen (plural present)
smethe (plural present)
smetheden (past plural)
smethede (past plural)
smetheth (imperative plural present)
smethe (imperative plural present)
smethynge (participle present)
smethende (participle present)
smethed (participle past)
ysmethed (participle past)

English: smeeth (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English smēþan, smēþian; equivalent to smethe + -en (infinitival suffix).


fostær

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of foster


pykyl

Alternative form of pikel (“brine, spicy sauce for meat or fish”)


stucchen

(Early Middle English, rare) A piece or portion.


wodeward

English: woodward (archaic)

Inherited from Old English wuduweard; equivalent to wode (“wood”) + ward.


pikel

English: pickle

From Middle Dutch pekel, Middle Low German pekel (“brine”). Of uncertain ultimate origin: Watkins suggests a connection with Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn (“to strike, peck”) (or perhaps the closely related Latin *picco (“I sting”)); Klein suggests derivation from a personal name of someone who perfected pickling.


stiche

English: stitch

Scots: steek, stick

Inherited from Old English stiċe, from Proto-West Germanic *stiki, from Proto-Germanic *stikiz; compare stikke.

A stitch (pass of a needle or loop made by one).


stichen

enm-verb

stichen (third-person singular simple present sticheth, present participle stichende, stichynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stiched)

sticheth (present singular third-person)
stichende (participle present)
stichynge (participle present)
stiched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
stichen (infinitive)
to stichen (infinitive)
stiche (first-person present singular)
stiched (first-person past singular)
stichest (present second-person singular)
stichedest (past second-person singular)
sticheth (present singular third-person)
stiched (past singular third-person)
stiche (present singular subjunctive)
stiched (past singular subjunctive)
stiche (imperative present singular)
stichen (plural present)
stiche (plural present)
sticheden (past plural)
stichede (past plural)
sticheth (imperative plural present)
stiche (imperative plural present)
stichynge (participle present)
stichende (participle present)
stiched (participle past)
ystiched (participle past)

English: stitch

Scots: steek

Inherited from Old English stiċċian (weak class 2), alteration of earlier *stiċċan (weak class 1), from Proto-West Germanic *stikkjan, from Proto-Germanic *stikjaną; equivalent to and remodelled after stiche + -en (infinitival suffix).


worstet

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of worstede


worstede

English: worsted

Scots: worset

From Worstede, a town in Norfolk; equivalent to Old English worϸ (“enclosure”) + stede (“place”).


stedefæstliche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of stedefastly


studevastliche

(Southern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of stedefastly


stedefastly

English: steadfastly

Scots: steadfastly

From stedefast + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Steadfastly, firmly, convincedly; without doubt.

Steadily, firmly; in a firm or steady way.

(of directives) Rigorously, exactly; without deviation.

Uninterruptedly, eternally; without halt.

(rare) Unmovingly, stationarily; in a still way.

(rare) Totally, fully; without exception.


fostrin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fostren


stedevestnesse

(Kent) Alternative form of stedefastnesse


bareynte

Borrowed from Old French barainete (also brehaignete); equivalent to bareyne + -te.

infertility, sterility (inability to give birth)


bareynnesse

English: barrenness


bareyne

English: barren

Scots: barren

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman baraing, baraigne (continental Old French brehaigne), of unknown origin, but perhaps borrowed from a Germanic language, from Frankish *baʀ (“bare, naked”).

infertile, sterile (unable to give birth)

unproductive (of plants, soils, or times)

unthinking, stupid (having no intellect)

lacking, having no (strength, grace, etc.)


stedefastnesse

English: steadfastness

Middle Scots: steidfastnes

Inherited from Old English stedefæstnes; equivalent to stedefast + -nesse.

Steadfastness, conviction; the state of lacking doubt.

Immutableness, inalterability; the state of being unalterable.

Perdurance; continual existence or endurance.

Bravery, might, durability; capacity to resist.

(rare) Security or that which provides it; a foundation.


oonnesse

English: oneness

Inherited from Old English ānnes, equivalent to oon + -nesse.


droute

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of droghte


drugte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of droghte


druyenesse

(Southern) Alternative form of dryenesse


drynesch

(hypercorrect, Northern) Alternative form of dryenesse


dryenesse

English: dryness

Dryness; lack of moisture or an instance of it:

(rare) Thirstiness; a bodily need of water.

Inherent "dryness" (according to the medieval worldview).

(religion) A lack of motivation or inspiration.


rakente

desc

English: rackan, racon, rackin, racken, reckan, recon, reckin, reckon

From Old English racente and Old Norse rekendi, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rakintǭ. Compare rakke (“parrel”).


thikkenesse

English: thickness

Inherited from Old English þicnes; equivalent to and often remodelled after thikke + -nesse.


rake-tehȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of raketeye


raketeye

Inherited from Old English racentēag; equivalent to rakente + teye. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

In mani of þe caſtleſ ƿæron lof ⁊ gri[n]. ð ƿæron rachentegeſ ð tƿa oþer thre men hadden onoh to bæron onne.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many of the castles had "collars and shackles", which were chains that two or three people could barely endure.

(especially Early Middle English) chain, fetter


dremynge

Inherited from Old English drēaming; equivalent to dremen + -ing.


dremynge

English: dreaming

Dreaming; the condition of having a dream.


tyȝe

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


enhaunsynge

English: enhancing


teyen

enm-verb

teyen (third-person singular simple present teyeth, present participle teyinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle teyed)

teyeth (present singular third-person)
teyinge (participle present)
teyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
teyen (infinitive)
to teyen (infinitive)
teye (infinitive)
teye (first-person present singular)
teyed (first-person past singular)
teyde (first-person past singular)
teyest (present second-person singular)
teyedest (past second-person singular)
teydest (past second-person singular)
teyeth (present singular third-person)
teyed (past singular third-person)
teyde (past singular third-person)
teye (present singular subjunctive)
teyed (past singular subjunctive)
teyde (past singular subjunctive)
teye (imperative present singular)
teyen (plural present)
teye (plural present)
teyeden (past plural)
teyede (past plural)
teyden (past plural)
teyde (past plural)
teyeth (imperative plural present)
teye (imperative plural present)
teyinge (participle present)
teyende (participle present)
teyed (participle past)
teyd (participle past)
yteyed (participle past)
yteyd (participle past)

English: tie

Scots: tee, tie

Inherited from Old English tīeġan, *tēġan, from Proto-West Germanic *taugijan, from Proto-Germanic *taugijaną; equivalent to teye (“cord”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To restrain, limit or shackle (especially by tying)

To yoke or link together:
To join or unify (e.g. maritally)

To yoke or link together:
To tie or make a knot.


teye

English: tie, tye

→ Swazi: thayi

Scots: tie, tee

Inherited from Old English tēag (“cord”), from Proto-West Germanic *taugu, from Proto-Germanic *taugō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

inh+

(nautical) A tye (rope for hoisting or lowering the yard).


teye

English: tye

Inherited from Old English tēag (“chest, enclosure”), of unclear origin; but possibly ultimately a semantic development of Etymology 1. A connection to Old Norse teigr (“plot of land”) is semantically attractive, though phonologically difficult.

(not directly attested) An enclosure (enclosed area)


wicche craftes

Wyffe to humfrey duke of glosester howe y⸌e⸍ sayd humfrey ungodly maryed, she beynge y⸌e⸍ lawfull wyffe of John duke of brabaunt, ⁊ besyde her he all so y⸌e⸍ company of othar amongste y⸌e⸍ whiche was one Elianor Chobham, who by sorsere ⁊ wicche craftes caused hym to leave y⸌e⸍ said Jaquyl of holand ⁊ to marie hem y⸌e⸍ sayd Elianore, who afftar was a traytoresse to kynge henry y⸌e⸍ vj

2005 (published), John Lydgate’s Fall of Princes: Narrative Tragedy in Its Literary and Political Contexts, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, page 231:

plural of [[#Middle_English|]]wicche craft(e) (alternative form of wicchecraft)


traytouresse

English: traitoress, traitress

From Middle French traitresse, Anglo-Norman traiteresse, treiteresce; equivalent to traytour + -esse.

She was my wyf, & I hir lorde, and she helde this knyʒt in a-vowtrye vndir me, & falslye she caste my dethe..þe traytoure and þe traytouresse.

That false traytouresse vntrewe [Dame Abstinence] Was lyke that salowe horse..That signifyeth to folke beshrewed That ben al ful of trecherye And pale through hypocrisye.


spryng

English: spring

Scots: spring

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English spring, from Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz (“watersource”).
* Old English spryng, from Proto-West Germanic *sprungi, from Proto-Germanic *sprungiz (“leap”), both nouns ultimately related to *springaną.

The emergence or flowing of water:
A spring or font; a natural fountain.

A tide (change in sea level caused by the moon).

New growth of plants or trees; a twig, shrub, or a mass of shrubs.

A source or origin; that which something originates from.

(rare) The growth or appearance of hair.

(rare) The season between winter and summer; spring.


crokynge

English: crooking

Fingallian: corkeen

Yola: crookeen, crooken


speden

speden (infinitive)
to speden (infinitive)
spede (infinitive)
spede (first-person present singular)
spedde (first-person past singular)
spedest (present second-person singular)
speddest (past second-person singular)
spedeth (present singular third-person)
spedde (past singular third-person)
spede (present singular subjunctive)
spedde (past singular subjunctive)
spede (imperative present singular)
speden (plural present)
spede (plural present)
spedden (past plural)
spedde (past plural)
spedeth (imperative plural present)
spede (imperative plural present)
spedynge (participle present)
spedende (participle present)
sped (participle past)
ysped (participle past)

English: speed

Scots: spede, speid

Yola: zpeed

From Old English spēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *spōdijan.


fordemen

enm-verb

fordemen (third-person singular simple present fordemen, present participle fordemende, fordemynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fordemed)

fordemen (present singular third-person)
fordemende (participle present)
fordemynge (participle present)
fordemed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: fordeem

From Old English fordeman (“to condemn, sentence, doom”), from Proto-Germanic *fradōmijaną (“to condemn, damn”), equivalent to for- + demen.


traytoresse

And maynted hys son aryght / Bothe by day and by nyght, / And hys clerkys thre and fyve, / Tha[t] holpyn to save hys sone on lyve / With sevene talys that thay tolde, / The sevene clerkys that were so bolde, / Agayns the wyle traytoresse, / Hys stepmoder the emperesse.

end of the 14th century, The Seven Sages, in English Verse, London: […] for the Percy Society, by T. Richards, published 1845, lines 3426–3433:


threschynge

English: threshing, thrashing

Threshing (the process of separating wheat from chaff)

(rare) Whacking, slapping, pushing; the application of violent force.

(rare) Something which has been thrashed.


ryng

English: ring

Scots: ring

Yola: ring

From Old English hring, from Proto-West Germanic *hring, from Proto-Germanic *hringaz.


vawenunge

(Southern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of fawnynge


soutere

English: souter

Scots: souter, sutter

Inherited from Old English sūtere, from Latin sūtor; compare Old Danish sutæræ, Old Swedish sūtare.

The devel made a reve for to preche,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reeve's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 3903-3904

The devil made a reeve to preach,
Or of a cobbler made a shipman or a physician.


bindunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of byndynge


blawing

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blowynge (“blowing”)


blawe

(Kent, Northern) Alternative form of blowen (“to blow”)


byndere

English: binder

(rare) A bookbinder (one who binds books).

(rare) A shipbuilder (a builder of ships).


hurlen

enm-verb

hurlen (third-person singular simple present hurleth, present participle hurlende, hurlynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hurled)

hurleth (present singular third-person)
hurlende (participle present)
hurlynge (participle present)
hurled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hurlen (infinitive)
to hurlen (infinitive)
hurle (infinitive)
hurle (first-person present singular)
hurled (first-person past singular)
hurlest (present second-person singular)
hurledest (past second-person singular)
hurleth (present singular third-person)
hurled (past singular third-person)
hurle (present singular subjunctive)
hurled (past singular subjunctive)
hurle (imperative present singular)
hurlen (plural present)
hurle (plural present)
hurleden (past plural)
hurlede (past plural)
hurleth (imperative plural present)
hurle (imperative plural present)
hurlynge (participle present)
hurlende (participle present)
hurled (participle past)
yhurled (participle past)

English: hurl

Scots: hurl


hurtelen

hurtelen (third-person singular simple present hurteleth, present participle hurtelende, hurtelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hurteled)

hurteleth (present singular third-person)
hurtelende (participle present)
hurtelynge (participle present)
hurteled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hurtelen (infinitive)
to hurtelen (infinitive)
hurtle (infinitive)
hurtele (first-person present singular)
hurteled (first-person past singular)
hurtelest (present second-person singular)
hurteledest (past second-person singular)
hurteleth (present singular third-person)
hurteled (past singular third-person)
hurtele (present singular subjunctive)
hurteled (past singular subjunctive)
hurtele (imperative present singular)
hurtelen (plural present)
hurtele (plural present)
hurteleden (past plural)
hurtelede (past plural)
hurteleth (imperative plural present)
hurtele (imperative plural present)
hurtelynge (participle present)
hurtelende (participle present)
hurteled (participle past)
yhurteled (participle past)

English: hurtle

From hurten + -elen; compare hurlen. For forms with /k/, compare dialectal modern English turkle (“turtle”).

O fyrſt mouyng cruel firmament / Wyth thy diurnal ſwegh, that croudeſt aye / And hurtleſte al fro Eſt to Occident / That naturally wolde holde another way

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxi, recto:

O first moving cruel firmament / With thy diurnal sway that crowdest aye [always] / And hurtles all from East to Occident / That naturally would hold another way

To trip or fall over; to make a misstep.

To smash or fall together; to undergo collision.

To throw or shove; to apply force to:
To charge or run towards; to come at.

To clash or fight; to enter into combat with.

To strike or knock down; to cause to fall.

He foineth on his foe with a trunchoun, / And he him hurtleth with his horse adown.

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; Charles Cowden Clarke, editor, The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer. […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh: James Nichol; London: James Nisbet & Co.; Dublin: W. Robertson, 1860, →OCLC, page 81, lines 2617–2618:

He foineth [thrust] on his foe with a truncheon, / And he him hurtleth with his horse adown.


sprinken

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of spryngen


spryngen

spryngen (third-person singular simple present spryngeth, present participle spryngynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative sprang, past participle sprongen)

spryngeth (present singular third-person)
spryngynge (participle present)
sprang (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sprongen (participle past)
spryngen (infinitive)
to spryngen (infinitive)
sprynge (infinitive)
sprynge (first-person present singular)
sprang (first-person past singular)
spryngest (present second-person singular)
sprange (past second-person singular)
sprang (past second-person singular)
spryngeth (present singular third-person)
sprang (past singular third-person)
sprynge (present singular subjunctive)
sprange (past singular subjunctive)
sprynge (imperative present singular)
spryngen (plural present)
sprynge (plural present)
sprangen (past plural)
sprange (past plural)
spryngeth (imperative plural present)
sprynge (imperative plural present)
spryngynge (participle present)
spryngende (participle present)
sprongen (participle past)
spronge (participle past)
ysprongen (participle past)
yspronge (participle past)

English: spring; sprink

Scots: spring

Inherited from Old English springan, from Proto-West Germanic *springan, from Proto-Germanic *springaną; equivalent to spryng + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare sprengen.

To issue or gush (water from a water source)

(of plants) To grow, sprout, or bear fruit or flowers.

(by extension) To grow, emerge or develop:

(of the sun) To rise; to emerge or appear.

To grow, emerge or develop:
To rise; to emerge or appear.

(of waves) To overflow or flood; to utterly envelop.

To move with great speed or energy; to dash:

To spring (jump with great speed or energy).

To shoot or spurt out; to emerge suddenly and quickly.

To become or cause to become diffused; to spread.

To become or cause to become known or disseminated.

To establish or normalise; to become or make normal.

To sprinkle or asperse; to spread in small drops or bits.

(rare) To promote or honour; to make exalted.


sprenten

sprenten (third-person singular simple present sprente, present participle sprentynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative sprente, past participle sprent)

sprente (present singular third-person)
sprentynge (participle present)
sprente (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sprent (participle past)
sprenten (infinitive)
to sprenten (infinitive)
sprente (first-person present singular)
sprente (first-person past singular)
sprentest (present second-person singular)
sprentest (past second-person singular)
sprenteth (present singular third-person)
sprente (past singular third-person)
sprente (present singular subjunctive)
sprente (past singular subjunctive)
sprente (imperative present singular)
sprenten (plural present)
sprente (plural present)
sprenten (past plural)
sprente (past plural)
sprenteth (imperative plural present)
sprente (imperative plural present)
sprentynge (participle present)
sprentende (participle present)
sprent (participle past)

q

English: sprint (see there for further descendants; dialectal sprent, sprunt)

Scots: sprent, sprint, spraint, sprind

Borrowed from Old Norse *sprenta (for later spretta), from Proto-Germanic *sprantijaną, thus a doublet of sprytten. Reinforced by sprent, variant of sprend, past participle of sprengen.


kissynge

English: kissing

Inherited from Old English cyssende, from Proto-West Germanic *kussijandī, from Proto-Germanic *kussijandz; equivalent to kissen + -ing.


kissynge

English: kissing


sprytten

enm-verb

sprytten (third-person singular simple present sprytteth, present participle spryttende, first-/third-person singular past indicative sprytte, past participle spryt)

sprytteth (present singular third-person)
spryttende (participle present)
sprytte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
spryt (participle past)
sprytten (infinitive)
to sprytten (infinitive)
sprytte (infinitive)
sprytte (first-person present singular)
sprytte (first-person past singular)
spryttest (present second-person singular)
spryttest (past second-person singular)
sprytteth (present singular third-person)
sprytte (past singular third-person)
sprytte (present singular subjunctive)
sprytte (past singular subjunctive)
sprytte (imperative present singular)
sprytten (plural present)
sprytte (plural present)
sprytten (past plural)
sprytte (past plural)
sprytteth (imperative plural present)
sprytte (imperative plural present)
spryttende (participle present)
spryt (participle past)
yspryt (participle past)

English: sprit, spirt, spurt

Scots: spret, sprit

From a combination of Old English spryttan (from Proto-West Germanic *spruttjan) and Old Norse spretta (from Proto-Germanic *sprantijaną, thus a doublet of sprenten). For the loss of /r/ in some forms, compare the development of speken from Old English sprecan.


besowme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of besme


besmen

Inherited from Old English besman; equivalent to besme + -en (plural suffix).


besme

English: besom

Scots: besom, bisom

Yola: besom

Inherited from Old English besma, from Proto-West Germanic *besmō.

(Early Middle English) A bundle of sticks; a faggot.


studefest

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of stedefast


stedefaste

inflection of stedefast:
strong/weak plural


ploware

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of plover


gydy

English: giddy

Scots: giddy

Inherited from Old English gidiġ, gydiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *gudīg; compare god.

(rare, of animals) Crazed, out of control.


dysy

English: dizzy

→ Dutch: dizzy

Scots: desy, dussie, dissy

Inherited from Old English dysiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *dusīg.


fagen

fagen (third-person singular simple present fageth, present participle fagende, fagynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle faged)

fageth (present singular third-person)
fagende (participle present)
fagynge (participle present)
faged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fagen (infinitive)
to fagen (infinitive)
fage (infinitive)
fage (first-person present singular)
faged (first-person past singular)
fagest (present second-person singular)
fagedest (past second-person singular)
fageth (present singular third-person)
faged (past singular third-person)
fage (present singular subjunctive)
faged (past singular subjunctive)
fage (imperative present singular)
fagen (plural present)
fage (plural present)
fageden (past plural)
fagede (past plural)
fageth (imperative plural present)
fage (imperative plural present)
fagynge (participle present)
fagende (participle present)
faged (participle past)

English: fage (obsolete)

Unknown; equivalent to fage + -en (infinitival suffix).


stedefast

head

stedefast (plural and weak singular stedefaste)

stedefaste (plural)
stedefaste (singular weak)

English: steadfast

Middle Scots: stedfast

Inherited from Old English stedefæst, from Proto-West Germanic *stadifast, from Proto-Germanic *stadifastaz; equivalent to stede (“place”) + -fast.

Constant, stable, immutable; not changeable:

Steadfast, firm, convicted; lacking doubt.

Strong, secured; having protection or power:

Trustworthy, faithful; adhering to promises.

Emotionally or physically healthy; hale.

Bold, valiant; displaying bravery or courage.


stedefast

English: steadfast

Middle Scots: stedfast

Steadfastly, firmly, convincedly; without doubt.

Strongly, firmly; in a strong or steady way.

Uninterruptedly, eternally; without halt.


affrayedly

English: afraidly

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.

And blewe hornes and trompettes moche affrayedly

1481, William, Archbishop of Tyre, William Caxton, transl., “How our hoost departed on theyr iourney / & how som departed fro theyr felawship / and how solyman determyned tassayle them”, in Mary Noyes Colvin, editor, Godeffroy of Boloyne, or The Siege and Conqueste of Jerusalem, by William, Archbishop of Tyre. […] Printed […] in 1481. Edited from the Copy in the British Museum, […]., London: […] for the Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., […], published 1893, page 108:

And blew horns and trumpets very fearfully.

(rare) In an afraid or frightened way; fearfully.


beggere

English: beggar

Scots: beggar

Either borrowed from Old French begart (from Middle Dutch beggaert) or formed anew from beggen + -er.


nedlere

English: needler


beggen

enm-verb

beggen (third-person singular simple present beggeth, present participle beggende, beggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle begged)

beggeth (present singular third-person)
beggende (participle present)
beggynge (participle present)
begged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
beggen (infinitive)
to beggen (infinitive)
begge (infinitive)
begge (first-person present singular)
begged (first-person past singular)
beggest (present second-person singular)
beggedest (past second-person singular)
beggeth (present singular third-person)
begged (past singular third-person)
begge (present singular subjunctive)
begged (past singular subjunctive)
begge (imperative present singular)
beggen (plural present)
begge (plural present)
beggeden (past plural)
beggede (past plural)
beggeth (imperative plural present)
begge (imperative plural present)
beggynge (participle present)
beggende (participle present)
begged (participle past)
ybegged (participle past)

English: beg

→ Volapük: begön

Scots: beg

Either inherited from Old English *bedcian, *becgian, a syncopated variant of bedecian, or a back-formation from beggere.

To entreat or plead; to ask with fervour.

To live as a beggar; to continually beg.


playce

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">plaise</i>

English: plaice (obsolete plaise)

>? Scots: plash

Borrowed from Old French plaiz, plaise, from Late Latin platessa.

Pleuronectes platessa
Pleuronectes platessa#Translingual

The European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) or a similar flatfish.


reavinge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revynge


hurtour

English: hurter

Borrowed from Middle French hurtoir, from hurter; equivalent to hurten + -our.

A protective plate fitted to an axle or cart.


dauntynge

English: daunting

Scots: dauntin

Domestication or control (of animals or emotions)


læve

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“remainder”)


lofve

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“love”)


weliȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wely


trenchen

enm-verb

trenchen (third-person singular simple present trencheth, present participle trenchende, trenchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle trenched)

trencheth (present singular third-person)
trenchende (participle present)
trenchynge (participle present)
trenched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
trenchen (infinitive)
to trenchen (infinitive)
trenche (infinitive)
trenche (first-person present singular)
trenched (first-person past singular)
trenchest (present second-person singular)
trenchedest (past second-person singular)
trencheth (present singular third-person)
trenched (past singular third-person)
trenche (present singular subjunctive)
trenched (past singular subjunctive)
trenche (imperative present singular)
trenchen (plural present)
trenche (plural present)
trencheden (past plural)
trenchede (past plural)
trencheth (imperative plural present)
trenche (imperative plural present)
trenchynge (participle present)
trenchende (participle present)
trenched (participle past)
ytrenched (participle past)

English: trench

Middle Scots: trinch

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trencher, possibly from Vulgar Latin trinicāre; equivalent to trenche + -en (infinitival suffix).


weoleful

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of weleful


welefulnesse

(Late Middle English, rare) Flourishing, joy, propitiousness, luck.


loveles

English: loveless


becnien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bekenen


loverede

Middle Scots: luferent

Inherited from Old English lufrǣden; equivalent to love (“love”) + -rede.


lufere

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


lovere

English: lover

Scots: luver, lover

From loven (“to love”) + -er, replacing Old English lufiend.

A friend; one who is favorable towards someone or something:

A devout follower or worshipper of a deity.

A lover; a sexual or (less often) romantic companion.


lovere

(poetic, chiefly Northern) A praiser or eulogist; one who praises something.


lovabil

(Northern) Alternative form of lovable (“praiseworthy”)


luffeabill

(Northern) Alternative form of lovable (“lovable”)


bunne

English: bun

desc

Scots: bun (possibly borrowed from English)

Borrowed from Old French bugne, from Vulgar Latin *būnia, from a Germanic language.


lovesom

English: lovesome (dialectal loosome, lossom)

Scots: lusome, loesome, loosome

Inherited from Old English lufsum; equivalent to love (“love”) + -som.

c. 1300, Anonymous, "Alison" (as printed in Oxford Book of English Verse, 1900)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


bounen

bounen (infinitive)
to bounen (infinitive)
boune (infinitive)
boune (first-person present singular)
bouned (first-person past singular)
bounest (present second-person singular)
bounedest (past second-person singular)
bouneth (present singular third-person)
bouned (past singular third-person)
boune (present singular subjunctive)
bouned (past singular subjunctive)
boune (imperative present singular)
bounen (plural present)
boune (plural present)
bouneden (past plural)
bounede (past plural)
bouneth (imperative plural present)
boune (imperative plural present)
bounynge (participle present)
bounende (participle present)
bouned (participle past)

English: boun (obsolete)

Scots: boun


luveliche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lovely (adverb)


luvelich

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lovely (adjective)


lovelyly

English: lovelily

From lovely (adjective) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

af

(uncommon) Nicely, lovelily, pleasantly (in a lovely way)


lofly

English: lovely

Middle Scots: lovely

From lof (“praise”) + -ly (adjectival suffix).


schaply

English: shapely

Scots: shapely

Either from Old English *ġesċeaplīċ or formed anew from schap + -ly (adjectival suffix).

Shapely, gorgeous; physically attractive.

(medicine) Properly-shaped; not deformed.

Prepared or disposed (to do something; for something).


unlovelich

Alternative form of unlovely (adjective)


neahȝebur

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of neyghebour


peþ

(Early Middle English, Southern) Alternative form of path


neyghebour

English: neighbour, neighbor

desc

Scots: neibour, nebour, neebour, nichbour, nechbour, neichbour

Yola: nypore, nipore

Inherited from Old English nēahġebūr, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhwagabūrō, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwagabūrô. Corresponds to neygh + bour.
Notes on phonological development
In late Old English, nēahġebūr is regularly shortened to nĕhġebur (/ˈnex.je.bur/); this creates a pronunciation difference between nēah and nēahġebūr); this regularly develops into /ˈnɛi̯x(ə)bur/. forms with /iː/ are due to the influence of (some forms of) neygh, while forms with final-syllable /uː/ are due to the influence of bour (and possibly -our).
The last two forms discussed here are both attributable to a loss of /x/; forms with /nɛː/ is from an OE contracted form *nēahbur, *nēabur, where /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation ("breaking") of the preceding vowel and shortening was prevented due to the loss of a syllable, while forms with /p/ are apparently due to the mutual assimilation of /xb/.

A neighbour; an adjacent or nearby individual (or thing)

(by extension) A comrade; a fellow individual.


heyfre

English: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)

Scots: heifer

Yola: hiver

Inherited from Old English hēahfore, hēahfru, of disputed etymology; see that entry for discussion.
Notes on phonological development
Forms with /ɛː/ continue Late Old English hēafru, which develops from a syncopated hēahfru with simplification of the resulting consonant cluster /xfr/. In these forms, the first-syllable vowel /æ͜ɑː/ retained its length, regularly developing to /ɛː/ because the medial cluster /fr/ was identified as the onset of the second syllable (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑː.fre/). Forms with /ɛ/ and /a/ come in part from forms where the cluster was split between the two syllables, resulting in regular shortening of the initial-syllable vowel (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑf.re/), but as we will see, they also continue Old English trisyllabic hēahfore.
In trisyllabic forms of this word (hē̆ahfore, hē̆hfore), the first-syllabic vowel was regularly shortened due to trisyllabic shortening; the remaining forms with /ɛ/, /a/ develop when /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation ("breaking") of the preceding vowel, while those with /æi̯/ are the result of this breaking. In forms with /kf/, /x/ was subject to fortition instead of being lost (pace Liberman; compare sixt (“(thou) seest”), sikth (“(he) sees”)); forms with /fk/ are further developments of these forms due to metathesis.


lufing

(Northern) Alternative form of lovynge (“love”)


loveache

English: lovage

→ Irish: luáiste

→ Korean: 러비지 (reobiji)

→ Middle Welsh: lwfaych

Welsh: lofatsh, lofaets, llwfach

A remodelling of Anglo-Norman luvasche (from Latin levisticum) as if love (“love”) + ache (“ache”) or -age (“-age”).

Levisticum officinale
Levisticum officinale#Translingual

Lovage (Levisticum officinale) or a similar plant.


lovynge

Inherited from Old English lufung; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ing.


lovynge

English: loving

Scots: luvin

(Christianity) Devotion to or adoration of God.

A feeling of love or care:
Devotion to or adoration of God.

A feeling of love or care:
Sexual or romantic love.


lovynge

Inherited from Old English lofung; equivalent to loven (“to praise”) + -ing.

present participle of loven (“to praise”)


lovynge

Middle Scots: loving

Praise, commendation; the act or practice of glorifying:

Words for reverencing a deity; a hymn or prayer.


welðhe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of welthe


welthy

English: wealthy

Scots: walthy

(Late Middle English) wealthy, prosperous


obedyent

To whyche I am obedyent

c. 1374–1385 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The House of Fame. The Thyrde Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cccxvi, verso, column 1:


wrengðe

>? English: wrength

>? Scots: wrength

From wrong (“wrong, crooked”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix), probably by analogy with strengthe and lengthe.

af

ðanne goð he to a ſton. / ⁊ he billeð ðer on. / billeð til his bec bifoꝛn. / haueð ðe ƿꝛengðe foꝛloren.

c. 1275, “Natura aquile”, in Bestiary 85 (British Library MS. Arundel 292), Norwich, archived from the original on 2022-09-22, folio 4, verso, lines 66–69; republished at London: British Library Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts, c. 2010:

Then he goes up to a stone / and he scrapes [his beak] on it; / he scratches it until / his beak has lost its crookedness.

(rare, hapax) The state or quality of being crooked; crookedness; distortion.


rymthe

desc

remodelled after <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">room</i>

English: roomth (remodelled after room)

>? Middle Scots: rind

Apparently inherited from Old English rȳmþ (despite the gap in attestation), from Proto-West Germanic *rūmiþu; equivalent to roum + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

(Late Middle English, rare) room (space or opportunity to do something)


gleyve

English: glaive

Scots: glaive

Borrowed from Old French glaive, from Late Latin glā̆vus, of unclear origin.

A lance or spear; a polearm with a blade attached to the head.

Such a polearm set at the finish line of a race and sometimes given as an award.

A glaive or bill; a polearm with a blade attached to the side.


frelete

English: frailty


glovere

English: glover


gloveres

English: gloveress

Matilda le Gloveres

1327, G. Wrottesley, editor, The Exchequer Subsidy Roll of A.D. 1327, William Salt Archaeological Society, published 1886, page 219:


gloven

enm-verb

gloven (third-person singular simple present gloveth, present participle glovende, glovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle gloved)

gloveth (present singular third-person)
glovende (participle present)
glovynge (participle present)
gloved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
gloven (infinitive)
to gloven (infinitive)
glove (first-person present singular)
gloved (first-person past singular)
glovest (present second-person singular)
glovedest (past second-person singular)
gloveth (present singular third-person)
gloved (past singular third-person)
glove (present singular subjunctive)
gloved (past singular subjunctive)
glove (imperative present singular)
gloven (plural present)
glove (plural present)
gloveden (past plural)
glovede (past plural)
gloveth (imperative plural present)
glove (imperative plural present)
glovynge (participle present)
glovende (participle present)
gloved (participle past)
ygloved (participle past)

English: glove

To glove; to put on gloves or gauntlets.


gloven

Inherited from Old English glōfan, equivalent to glove + -en (plural suffix).


lufenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of loven (“to love”)


lufiȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to love”)


lofenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of loven (“to praise”)


luvie

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to praise”)


fecchen

fecchen (infinitive)
to fecchen (infinitive)
fecche (infinitive)
fecche (first-person present singular)
fecched (first-person past singular)
fecchest (present second-person singular)
fecchedest (past second-person singular)
feccheth (present singular third-person)
fecched (past singular third-person)
fecche (present singular subjunctive)
fecched (past singular subjunctive)
fecche (imperative present singular)
fecchen (plural present)
fecche (plural present)
feccheden (past plural)
fecchede (past plural)
feccheth (imperative plural present)
fecche (imperative plural present)
fecchynge (participle present)
fecchende (participle present)
fecched (participle past)
yfecched (participle past)

English: fetch

Yola: vetch

Inherited from Old English feċċan, probably a contraction of fetian, from Proto-Germanic *fatōną; compare fetten.


porcioun

English: portion

Yola: portion

From Old French porcion, from Latin portio.


weallstaðel

From Old English wealhstod, with the second element influenced by staþol.

Early English Homilies: From the Twelfth Century Ms. Vesp. D. XIV
He is se fyremeste weallstaðel betwux Ebreiscen, Grecan, Ledenwaren

He is the foremost translator between Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans.

(Early Middle English) translator, interpreter


Cales

From West Flemish Kales, from Latin Caletum.

Calais (a city in the modern department of Pas-de-Calais, France)


comforten

comforten (infinitive)
to comforten (infinitive)
comforte (infinitive)
comforte (first-person present singular)
comforted (first-person past singular)
comfortest (present second-person singular)
comfortedest (past second-person singular)
comforteth (present singular third-person)
comforted (past singular third-person)
comforte (present singular subjunctive)
comforted (past singular subjunctive)
comforte (imperative present singular)
comforten (plural present)
comforte (plural present)
comforteden (past plural)
comfortede (past plural)
comforteth (imperative plural present)
comforte (imperative plural present)
comfortynge (participle present)
comfortende (participle present)
comforted (participle past)

English: comfort

Yola: comfoort

From Old French conforter, from Latin confortō.


rubben

rubben (third-person singular simple present rubbeth, present participle rubbende, rubbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rubbed)

rubbeth (present singular third-person)
rubbende (participle present)
rubbynge (participle present)
rubbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rubben (infinitive)
to rubben (infinitive)
rubbe (infinitive)
rubbe (first-person present singular)
rubbed (first-person past singular)
rubbest (present second-person singular)
rubbedest (past second-person singular)
rubbeth (present singular third-person)
rubbed (past singular third-person)
rubbe (present singular subjunctive)
rubbed (past singular subjunctive)
rubbe (imperative present singular)
rubben (plural present)
rubbe (plural present)
rubbeden (past plural)
rubbede (past plural)
rubbeth (imperative plural present)
rubbe (imperative plural present)
rubbynge (participle present)
rubbende (participle present)
rubbed (participle past)
yrubbed (participle past)

English: rub

Scots: rub

Uncertain, though akin to Low German rubben, Saterland Frisian rubben, and Old Norse rubba. Possibly ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rubbōną, related to *reufaną.

To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:

To massage or stroke; to rub gently and soothingly.

To file or scrape off; to attack with an edge.


rudnin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rudnen


rodye

(West Midlands) Alternative form of ruden


pycchen

pycchen (infinitive)
to pycchen (infinitive)
pycche (infinitive)
pycche (first-person present singular)
pycched (first-person past singular)
pycchest (present second-person singular)
pycchedest (past second-person singular)
pyccheth (present singular third-person)
pycched (past singular third-person)
pycche (present singular subjunctive)
pycched (past singular subjunctive)
pycche (imperative present singular)
pycchen (plural present)
pycche (plural present)
pyccheden (past plural)
pycchede (past plural)
pyccheth (imperative plural present)
pycche (imperative plural present)
pycchynge (participle present)
pycchende (participle present)
pycched (participle past)
ypycched (participle past)

English: pitch

Yola: pitcht (ppl.)


feala

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fele (“many”)


feale

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fele (“good”)


plesaunte

English: pleasant

Yola: plesant


verraily

English: verily

Yola: verilie


dissimulacioun

English: dissimulation

Borrowed from Old French dissimulacion, from Latin dissimulātiō; equivalent to dissimulen + -acioun.


spekynge

English: speaking

Yola: spakeen


laverd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lord


nygardie

head

nygardie (countable and uncountable, plural not attested)

From nygard (“miser”) + -ie, from nig (“niggardly person”). See niggard.

But yet me greueth moſte his nygardye

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxxv, verso, column 1, line 172:

(colloquial) A niggard, a stingy person, a miser.


berelle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


schyve

English: shive

Scots: shive

Inherited from Old English *sċīfe, from Proto-West Germanic *skībā, from Proto-Germanic *skībǭ.


riottes

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riotous


ryatour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riotour


riotouse

inflection of riotous:
strong/weak plural


symulat

desc

English: simulate (obsolete as an adjective)

Borrowed from Latin simulātus, past participle of simulō; equivalent to symulen + -at.


symulacre

English: simulacre (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French simulacre, from Old French simulacre, simulachre, from Latin simulacrum; compare simulen.


symulacioun

English: simulation

Borrowed from Middle French simulation, from Old French simulacion, simulation, from Latin simulātiō; equivalent to symulen + -acioun.


symulen

enm-verb

symulen (third-person singular simple present symuleth, present participle symulende, symulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle symuled)

symuleth (present singular third-person)
symulende (participle present)
symulynge (participle present)
symuled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
symulen (infinitive)
to symulen (infinitive)
symule (infinitive)
symule (first-person present singular)
symuled (first-person past singular)
symulest (present second-person singular)
symuledest (past second-person singular)
symuleth (present singular third-person)
symuled (past singular third-person)
symule (present singular subjunctive)
symuled (past singular subjunctive)
symule (imperative present singular)
symulen (plural present)
symule (plural present)
symuleden (past plural)
symulede (past plural)
symuleth (imperative plural present)
symule (imperative plural present)
symulynge (participle present)
symulende (participle present)
symuled (participle past)
ysymuled (participle past)

Borrowed from Middle French simuler, from Latin simulō.


ryat

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riot


rioten

rioten (third-person singular simple present rioteth, present participle riotende, riotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rioted)

rioteth (present singular third-person)
riotende (participle present)
riotynge (participle present)
rioted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rioten (infinitive)
to rioten (infinitive)
riote (infinitive)
riote (first-person present singular)
rioted (first-person past singular)
riotest (present second-person singular)
riotedest (past second-person singular)
rioteth (present singular third-person)
rioted (past singular third-person)
riote (present singular subjunctive)
rioted (past singular subjunctive)
riote (imperative present singular)
rioten (plural present)
riote (plural present)
rioteden (past plural)
riotede (past plural)
rioteth (imperative plural present)
riote (imperative plural present)
riotynge (participle present)
riotende (participle present)
rioted (participle past)

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rioter; equivalent to riot + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To live without restraint; to behave in a riotous way.


lukky

English: lucky

Yola: luckie

(Late Middle English, hapax) lucky, fortunate


yifte

English: gift, yift

Scots: gyft, gift

Yola: giftes (plural)

From Old English ġift, and Old Norse gipt, both from Proto-Germanic *giftiz.


halvendel

Because that man is the most noble creature in earth, and also for he hath lordship above all beasts, therefore make they the halvendel of idol of a man upwards; and the tother half of an ox downwards, and of serpents, and of other beasts and diverse things, that they worship, that they meet first at morrow.

1357, John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, modernized spelling edition:


lightsum

English: lightsome

Yola: lightzom


Irisshman

English: Irishman

Yola: Irishmen (plural)


avauncen

avauncen (infinitive)
to avauncen (infinitive)
avaunce (infinitive)
avaunce (first-person present singular)
avaunced (first-person past singular)
avauncest (present second-person singular)
avauncedest (past second-person singular)
avaunceth (present singular third-person)
avaunced (past singular third-person)
avaunce (present singular subjunctive)
avaunced (past singular subjunctive)
avaunce (imperative present singular)
avauncen (plural present)
avaunce (plural present)
avaunceden (past plural)
avauncede (past plural)
avaunceth (imperative plural present)
avaunce (imperative plural present)
avauncynge (participle present)
avauncende (participle present)
avaunced (participle past)

desc

English: advance (/d/ by analogy with ad-)

Yola: avancet (preterite)

Etymology tree
Latin ab
Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti
Proto-Italic *anti
Latin ante
Late Latin ab ante
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin *abanteāre
Old French avancierbor.
Middle English avauncen
From Anglo-Norman avauncier, from Vulgar Latin *abanteāre.


kyken

kyken (infinitive)
to kyken (infinitive)
kyke (infinitive)
kyke (first-person present singular)
kyked (first-person past singular)
kykest (present second-person singular)
kykedest (past second-person singular)
kyketh (present singular third-person)
kyked (past singular third-person)
kyke (present singular subjunctive)
kyked (past singular subjunctive)
kyke (imperative present singular)
kyken (plural present)
kyke (plural present)
kykeden (past plural)
kykede (past plural)
kyketh (imperative plural present)
kyke (imperative plural present)
kykynge (participle present)
kykende (participle present)
kyked (participle past)
ykyked (participle past)

English: kick

Yola: kink (nasal)


grinten

enm-verb

grinten (third-person singular simple present grinteth, present participle grintende, grintynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle grinted)

grinteth (present singular third-person)
grintende (participle present)
grintynge (participle present)
grinted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: grint (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English *gryntan, from Proto-West Germanic *grunnittjan.


ilond

English: island

Scots: iland, yland, island

desc

Yola: eeeloan, eeloan, eelone, iloan, ilone

From Old English īeġland, from Proto-West Germanic *auwjuland, from Proto-Germanic *awjōlandą.


yester morow

English: yester-morrow

Yester morow as I cam rennyng by his borugh at Maleperdhuys he stode byfore his dore without lyke a pylgryme.

1481, “How the kynge helde his feeste, and how Lapreel the cony complayned vnto the kynge vpon reynart the foxe”, in Thystorye of Reynard the Foxe, William Caxton; reprinted as The History of Reynard the Fox, from the Edition Printed by Caxton in 1481. […] (Percy Society: Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages. Edited from Original Manuscripts and Scarce Publications.; volume XII), London: Reprinted for the Percy Society, by T. Richards, 1844, page 72:


wisshen

enm-verb

wisshen (third-person singular simple present wissheth, present participle wisshende, wisshynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wisshed)

wissheth (present singular third-person)
wisshende (participle present)
wisshynge (participle present)
wisshed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wisshen (infinitive)
to wisshen (infinitive)
wisshe (infinitive)
wisshe (first-person present singular)
wisshed (first-person past singular)
wisshest (present second-person singular)
wisshedest (past second-person singular)
wissheth (present singular third-person)
wisshed (past singular third-person)
wisshe (present singular subjunctive)
wisshed (past singular subjunctive)
wisshe (imperative present singular)
wisshen (plural present)
wisshe (plural present)
wissheden (past plural)
wisshede (past plural)
wissheth (imperative plural present)
wisshe (imperative plural present)
wisshynge (participle present)
wisshende (participle present)
wisshed (participle past)
ywisshed (participle past)

English: wish

Scots: wis

Yola: vish

From Old English wȳsċan, from Proto-West Germanic *wunskijan, from Proto-Germanic *wunskijaną.


hauht

From Old Norse hætta, from Proto-Germanic *hanhitǭ, *hanhtijǭ, *hanhatjǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱenk- (“to waver, be suspended”).


hit-self

English: itself

Yola: itzel


baulen

English: bawl

(Late Middle English, hapax) to bark (of a dog)


tumblen

tumblen (infinitive)
to tumblen (infinitive)
tumble (infinitive)
tumble (first-person present singular)
tumbled (first-person past singular)
tumblest (present second-person singular)
tumbledest (past second-person singular)
tumbleth (present singular third-person)
tumbled (past singular third-person)
tumble (present singular subjunctive)
tumbled (past singular subjunctive)
tumble (imperative present singular)
tumblen (plural present)
tumble (plural present)
tumbleden (past plural)
tumblede (past plural)
tumbleth (imperative plural present)
tumble (imperative plural present)
tumblynge (participle present)
tumblende (participle present)
tumbled (participle past)
ytumbled (participle past)

English: tumble

Frequentative of tumben (“to fall, leap, dance”).


fryghten

fryghten (infinitive)
to fryghten (infinitive)
fryghte (infinitive)
fryghte (first-person present singular)
fryghted (first-person past singular)
fryghtest (present second-person singular)
fryghtedest (past second-person singular)
fryghteth (present singular third-person)
fryghted (past singular third-person)
fryghte (present singular subjunctive)
fryghted (past singular subjunctive)
fryghte (imperative present singular)
fryghten (plural present)
fryghte (plural present)
fryghteden (past plural)
fryghtede (past plural)
fryghteth (imperative plural present)
fryghte (imperative plural present)
fryghtynge (participle present)
fryghtende (participle present)
fryghted (participle past)
yfryghted (participle past)

English: frighten

Yola: freightened (preterite)

(Late Middle English) To make afraid, scare.


Constantynoble

Alysawndre & egipt[…]preysen auctour eusichy; constantynoble vn to Antioche approueþ þe sawmpleris of martir Lucian.

(a1382), WBible(1) Prols.1 Par.(Bod 959), section 13:

This Ile is nygh viijc myle long from Constantynoble.[…]At Constantynoble is the hynder partye of the heed, And the forpartie of the heed til vnder the chyn is at Rome in the chirche of seynt Siluestre.


uncountit

English: uncounted

kingis & knicħtis in company / Vncountit curiously vp I kest;

a. 1497, “The Gray Manuscript”, in George [Shields] Stevenson, editor, Pieces from the Makculloch and the Gray MSS. Together with the Chepman and Myllar Prints, Edinburgh, London: Printed for the Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1918, section VI ([Man haue mynd and þe amend]), page 55, lines 39–40:


colar bane

English: collarbone

The scherand suerd glaid to the colar bane.

c. 1475, Blind Harry, edited by James Moir, The Acts and Deidis of the Illustere and Vailȝeand Campioun Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie, Edinburgh, London: Printed for the Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1889, page 15, line 414:


Constantynople

At Constantynople es þe spounge and þe rede of whilk þe Iewes gafe oure Lord to drynke.[…]Þe emperour of Constantynople[…]giffes all þe digniteez of haly kirk in þat cuntree, and he pryues þaim þat him think vnworthy.

To Constantynople he hasted hym[…]Be Cecile the weie was almost [?read: most] meete.

Þis lettre he garte hafe privalie vnto Constantynople & caste it in þe Emperours pales.[…]He delyverd þe Holie Lande oute of Saracens handis, and come fro thens-ward be Constantynople.[…]Hym happend for to dye at Constantynople, &[…]when þai wold hafe opynd hym & sesond hym with spycis at he myght hafe bene carid [read: curid], he rase vpp & was whikk.


Armorik

From Transalpine Gaulish *Aremorika (“(place) by the sea”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”) + *mori (“sea”).

In Armorik, that called is Britayne, / Ther was a knyght that loved and dide his payne.

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Franklin's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales, Oxford, published 1988, page 178:


Britayne

English: Britain

From Anglo-Norman Britaine, Bretaine, Bretagne, variants of Old French Bretaigne, Bretannie via Medieval Latin Britānia, Bretannia from Latin Britannia; whence a doublet of Bretene via Old English Breoton, Breten.

A yeer and moore laﬅed this bliſful lyf, / Til that the knyght of which I ſpeke of thus, / That of Kayrrud was cleped Arveragus, / Shoop hym to goon and dwelle a yeer or twayne / In Engelond, that cleped was ek Britayne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ffrankeleẏns Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 155, recto:

A year and more lasted this blissful life, / Until the knight of whom I thus speak, / That was called Arveragus of Kayrrud, / Prepared himself to go and dwell a year or two / In England, which was also called Britain

The wᶜʰ blason I the foresayd Gwyon Kinge of Armes witnesse: not then borne of any other ꝑson whatsoever he bee wᵗʰin the Realme of England (otherwyse called the Ile of Great Brittaigne)

1461, John Wrexworth, Guyan King-of-Arms, Grant of Arms to William Swayne of Somerset (Add. MS. 14295, fo. 5b)


tentif

English: tentive (obsolete)


prechynge

English: preaching

Yola: praachin


scrapen

scrapen (infinitive)
to scrapen (infinitive)
scrape (infinitive)
scrape (first-person present singular)
scraped (first-person past singular)
scrapest (present second-person singular)
scrapedest (past second-person singular)
scrapeth (present singular third-person)
scraped (past singular third-person)
scrape (present singular subjunctive)
scraped (past singular subjunctive)
scrape (imperative present singular)
scrapen (plural present)
scrape (plural present)
scrapeden (past plural)
scrapede (past plural)
scrapeth (imperative plural present)
scrape (imperative plural present)
scrapynge (participle present)
scrapende (participle present)
scraped (participle past)
yscraped (participle past)

English: scrape

Yola: scraaped (preterite)

From Old English scrapian, from Proto-West Germanic *skrapōn, from Proto-Germanic *skrapōną.


beyle

English: bail

Yola: bailes (plural)

ring, bracelet; handle; support (of roof)


wosen

wosen (infinitive)
to wosen (infinitive)
wose (infinitive)
wose (first-person present singular)
wosed (first-person past singular)
wosest (present second-person singular)
wosedest (past second-person singular)
woseth (present singular third-person)
wosed (past singular third-person)
wose (present singular subjunctive)
wosed (past singular subjunctive)
wose (imperative present singular)
wosen (plural present)
wose (plural present)
woseden (past plural)
wosede (past plural)
woseth (imperative plural present)
wose (imperative plural present)
wosynge (participle present)
wosende (participle present)
wosed (participle past)
ywosed (participle past)

English: ooze

Yola: owze


somþyng

English: something

Yola: zumthin'


jawe bone

English: jawbone

And whan aymonet saw hym so wounded he gaff constans soo grete a stroke vpon the ere, that he bare it awaye wyth all the iawe bone /[…]

c. 1489, William Caxton, transl., The Right Plesaunt and Goodly Historie of the Foure Sonnes of Aymon (The English Charlemagne Romances; part XI), London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., published 1885, page 562:


parfourmaunce

For the parfourmaunce of the rest or other dele of the same, I here with al humblenesse salute her with the. iiii. Ioye of the forenamed. vii. Ioyes, yͤ whiche begynneth.

1494, Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles of England and France, in Two Parts, London: […] F. C. and J. Rivington; T. Payne; Wilkie and Robinson; Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Co.; Cadell and Davies; J. Mawman; and J. Johnson and Co., published 1811, page 54:


reversall

English: reversal

[…]the Acte of Reſtitution or Reverſall, made in the ſaid Parliament,[…]

1488, Rotuli Parliamentorum; ut et Petitiones, et Placita in Parliamento. Ab Anno Duodecimo R. Edwardi IV. ad Finem ejusdem Regni., volume the sixth, published 1777, page 413:


Atenys

While Poul abood hem at Atenys[…]summe Epeicureis and Stoisens [WB(1): Stoycis] and filosofris disputiden with hym.


Stoycis

English: stoic

From Latin stōicus, from Ancient Greek Στωϊκός (Stōïkós).


stoicalle

English: stoical

And this Cato was a philosophre of the stoicalle secte, whiche made a science moralle whiche is callede the etike of Cato, of whom that litelle boke vsede to be redde to childer in scoles is abstracte.

1432–1450, Joseph Rawson Lumby, editor, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; Together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century, volume IV, London: Longman & Co., and Trübner & Co., […]; also by Parker & Co, […]; Macmillan & Co., […]; A. & C. Black, […]; and A. Thom, […], published 1872, pages 203 and 205:


vermyn

English: vermin, varmint

Scots: vermin, vermil

Borrowed from Old French vermin, vermine, from Vulgar Latin *verminum.

(collective) Dangerous or foul animals; beasts or pests.

(collective) Pestilent or odious insects or other invertebrates.

(hunting, often collective) Worthless or unwanted quarry.


revelynge

present participle of revelen (“to revel”)


revelynge

English: reveling

revelry, celebration (in general or a specific example)


revelynge

present participle of revelen (“to reveal”)


revelynge

English: revealing


furtyvely

English: furtively

From *furtyve + -ly, from Middle French furtif, from Latin fūrtīvus.

And more, there is the Region of thire, wherfrom we haue wythdrawen and brought furtyuely ałł this people that we haue[…]Certes, quene, I answere not, but that thou haste deserued of me moche more of goodes than I can nombre, or by som wyse thynke ne telle; and so shałł I remembre elysse as longe as lyffe shałł presumed to abyde wythin me / and by cause that thou hast spoken first, I wyłł tełłe & shewe vnto the that I wold not haue departed furtyuely out of thy land, vnknowen to the, but sholde haue sygnyfied it vnto the[…]She taketh from them the puyssaunce that they hadde fyrste, and hath awaye fro theym furtyuely, by proces of tyme, ałł theyr strengthes, one after another, by cause noon shalle be aware of her, for doubte that she be not deceyued.

1490, William Caxton, transl., edited by M[athew] T[ewart] Culley and F[rederick] J[ames] Furnivall, Caxton’s Eneydos, 1490, Englisht from the French Liure des Eneydes, 1483, London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., […] , published 1890, pages 45, 69, and 110:


giltines

English: guiltiness

& til ȝou I say þat ruttinge com of þe flesch lechery, þat oysit is al commonly; of rottinge pollucione Is generit, in oure flesche þar done; & of pollucionê of flesche grovis, as ve vat, giltiness; & of giltines þe schame Is generit, & of It þe blame.

c. 1375, “Thomas”, in Legends of the Saints in the Scottish Dialect of the Fourteenth Century; Edited from the Unique Manuscript in the University Library, Cambridge with Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index by W[illiam] M[usham] Metcalfe, D.D., volumes I (Introduction and Text), Edinburgh, London: Printed for the [Scottish Text] Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1896, pages 133–134, lines 166–174:


harsknes

English: harshness

& quhen faire spek cuth nocht awalȝe, with harsknes he can hir assalȝe, & manesit hire to bet & bynd & put hir al turment he mycht fynd & pyne hire, til scho granttit do his sonnis ȝarnyng.

c. 1375, “Agnes”, in Legends of the Saints in the Scottish Dialect of the Fourteenth Century; Edited from the Unique Manuscript in the University Library, Cambridge with Introduction, Notes, and Glossarial Index by W[illiam] M[usham] Metcalfe, D.D., volumes I (Introduction and Text), Edinburgh, London: Printed for the [Scottish Text] Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1896, pages 121–126, line 349:


somwhether

English: somewhither

The syghte is made by lynes that passyth not awaye forth ryght, but blenchyth somwhether asyde of the strayte waye.

1398, Bartholomeus Anglicus, De Proprietatibus Rerum, III. xvii. (W. de W.) 61; quoted in “Somewhither (sɒ·mhwiðəɹ), adv.”, in James A. H. Murray [et al.], editors, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volumes IX, Part 1 (Si–St), London: Clarendon Press, 1884–1928, →OCLC, page 418, column 2:


petite jury

If it be founden by the graunde Iurie in the same Atteynt that the petite Iury haven geven a true Verdite, that then the graunde Iurie shall have auctoritie and power to enquire if any of the petit Iury toke or perceyved any Somme of Money, or other rewarde [etc.].

1495, Act, Henry VII, c. 21; quoted in “Jury 2. b. Grand jury”, in James A. H. Murray [et al.], editors, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), volumes V (H–K), London: Clarendon Press, 1884–1928, →OCLC, page 637, column 1:


graunde jurie

English: grand jury


fræine

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fraynen


afraynen

enm-verb

afraynen (third-person singular simple present afrayneth, present participle afraynende, afraynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle afrayned)

afrayneth (present singular third-person)
afraynende (participle present)
afraynynge (participle present)
afrayned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
afraynen (infinitive)
to afraynen (infinitive)
afrayne (first-person present singular)
afrayned (first-person past singular)
afraynest (present second-person singular)
afraynedest (past second-person singular)
afrayneth (present singular third-person)
afrayned (past singular third-person)
afrayne (present singular subjunctive)
afrayned (past singular subjunctive)
afrayne (imperative present singular)
afraynen (plural present)
afrayne (plural present)
afrayneden (past plural)
afraynede (past plural)
afrayneth (imperative plural present)
afrayne (imperative plural present)
afraynynge (participle present)
afraynende (participle present)
afrayned (participle past)

From a- + fraynen; the second element is a modification of Old English friġnan (“to inquire, ask”) after Old English fræġn (“question”).


blakien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bloken


bloken

bloken (third-person singular simple present bloketh, present participle blokende, blokynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bloked)

bloketh (present singular third-person)
blokende (participle present)
blokynge (participle present)
bloked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bloken (infinitive)
to bloken (infinitive)
bloke (first-person present singular)
bloked (first-person past singular)
blokest (present second-person singular)
blokedest (past second-person singular)
bloketh (present singular third-person)
bloked (past singular third-person)
bloke (present singular subjunctive)
bloked (past singular subjunctive)
bloke (imperative present singular)
bloken (plural present)
bloke (plural present)
blokeden (past plural)
blokede (past plural)
bloketh (imperative plural present)
bloke (imperative plural present)
blokynge (participle present)
blokende (participle present)
bloked (participle past)

Yola: blauke, blaake, blauyke

Inherited from Old English blācian (“to become pale”); equivalent to blok (“pale”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


goddnes

(Northern) Alternative form of goodnesse


godnæsse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of goodnesse


ceorfæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kerven


schite

English: shit, shite

Scots: shit

Inherited from Old English sċitte, *sċite, from Proto-West Germanic *skittjā, *skiti, from Proto-Germanic *skitiz.
Forms with /iː/ are influenced by schiten; for a similar phenomenon, compare chyne (“crack”).


Charlemayn

From Old French Carles li magnes. Compare later Charlemagne.

And in this temple was Charlemayn whan þat the aungełł brougħte him the prepuce of oure lord Ihesu crist of his Circumcisioun

?a. 1425 (c. 1400), John Mandeville, “Of the Temple of Oure Lord; of the Crueltee of Kyng Heroud; of the Mount Syon; of Probatica Piscina, and of Natatorium Syloe”, in P[aul] Hamelius, editor, Mandeville’s Travels, Translated from the French of Jean d’Outremeuse. Edited from MS. Cotton Titus c. XVI, in the British Museum., volume I (Text), London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., […] and by Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, […], and in New York, published 1919, page 54, lines 22–24:


ofvet

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ovet


frumplyd

English: frumpled

Yola: frampled

Borrowed from Middle Dutch ver-rompelt, compare rumpled.

first/third-person singular past indicative

inflection of frumplen:
singular past subjunctive

inflection of frumplen:
plural past indicative/subjunctive


rispen

rispen (infinitive)
to rispen (infinitive)
rispe (infinitive)
rispe (first-person present singular)
risped (first-person past singular)
rispest (present second-person singular)
rispedest (past second-person singular)
rispeth (present singular third-person)
risped (past singular third-person)
rispe (present singular subjunctive)
risped (past singular subjunctive)
rispe (imperative present singular)
rispen (plural present)
rispe (plural present)
rispeden (past plural)
rispede (past plural)
rispeth (imperative plural present)
rispe (imperative plural present)
rispynge (participle present)
rispende (participle present)
risped (participle past)
yrisped (participle past)

English: risp

Yola: reeshp, rieshp, rishp

From Old Norse rispa, from Proto-Germanic *ripsōną.

(Late Middle English, hapax) To rub together


waest

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


wacst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wast (“waist”)


waast

Alternative form of wast (“waste (adjective)”)


tweyne

English: twain

desc

Yola: twy, twi, twye, twee, twine, twyne

From Old English twēġen m (“two”), from Proto-West Germanic *twai-, from Proto-Germanic *twai.


rathere

English: rather

Scots: rather

Yola: rether

From Old English hraþor, comparative of hræþe.

comparative degree of rathe; more quickly, earlier

rather (more precisely, more accurately, more)


rathere

English: rather (obsolete in this sense)

comparative degree of rathe; quicker, earlier


schyd

English: shide (obsolete)

Middle Scots: schide, schyde

From Old English sċīd, from Proto-West Germanic *skīd, from Proto-Germanic *skīdą.


ærien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of eren (“to plough”)


moneyeles

English: moneyless


moneye worth

English: moneyworth

(rare) That which is equivalent or superior to money in value; money's worth.


cordyally

Now ſyn al this proceſſe principally and ſoueraynly enforſeth hym ſelf tenduce euery creature to haue an aſſured mynde and an hole Remembraũce of theſe four laſt thinges / and that they may cordyally be enprinted with in your hertes.[…]My right dere brother & frende drede this daye and dowte cordyally the ſaide Iuge and lord that ſhal deme alle thingis / to thentent that thou mayſt the more diligently eſchewe alle ſynnes.[…]And wheñe ony falle to ſynne / it is by cauſe they haue not the ſaide four thingis cordially enprinted in their myndes.[…]O our redemptour almighty and merciful Iheſu / graunte vs ſo thy grace / that we may yet ſurely pourueye for our laſt thingis / & ſo cordyally frequente the remembraunce of thy godhede that it cauſe vs here after to repelle & reuoque our ſynnes / reſiſte our gooſtly enemy / & conforme vs in alle good werkes vnto thy bliſſed wil / to thobteigning finally with the happy ſainctes of thyñ eternale glorie.

1479, Cord’yal, Westminster: William Caxton:


alegiaunce

English: allegiance

Scots: allegiance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman alegaunce (“loyalty of a liege-servant to one's lord”), a modification of legaunce influenced by other words starting with the prefix a-. Equivalent to a- + legiaunce.

bor+

Allegiance, loyalty (including duty and responsibility to one's feudal superior).

The power exercised or available to a feudal liege or superior.


significaunce

English: significance

Scots: signeeficance

Borrowed from Middle French significance, from Old French significance, a borrowing from Latin significantia. Doublet of signifiaunce (the more usual Middle English term).


nombrynge

English: numbering

Scots: nummerin

(rare) A listing, catalogue, or enumeration.

(rare) Counting; the measurement of a quantity.

(rare) An orthography; a set of conventions for writing a language.


signifiaunce

English: signifiance (obsolete)

Middle Scots: signifiance

Borrowed from Old French signifiance, a learned alteration of senefiance, a semi-learned borrowing of Latin significantia; equivalent to signifien + -aunce. Doublet of significaunce.

The meaning or significance of an omen or event.

(rare) The definition or meaning of a word.

(rare) A sign or emblem; a distinguishing symbol.

(rare) An indication; a distinguishing behaviour.


Hore

English: Hoar, Hoare

Yola: Hore


caisoure

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of kayser


housynge

From either hous (“house”) or housen (“to shelter, house”) + -ing.


housynge

English: housing

Scots: housin, housing


nek-bane

(Northern) Alternative form of nekke bon


ryngbon

English: ringbone

Middle Scots: ringbane

From ryng (“ring”) + bon (“bone”). Old English hringbān is probably unrelated, as it means "eye socket" and there is a long gap in attestation.

ringbone (equine osteoarthritis in the foot)


cwich

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quyk


nekke bon

English: neckbone

Scots: neckbane

(by extension) The neck (connection between head and trunk)


liggere

English: ledger, ligger

From liggen, leggen (variant of leyen "to lie") + -er.

af

variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">leyen</i> "to lie"

A large breviary (as a book that "lies" in situ)

A support, base, or foundation:
A particular sort of saddletree.

A support, base, or foundation:
A particular sort of mattress.

A resident or lurker; one who frequents something.

A sort of cape (perhaps as it "lies" on the back).


sponeful

English: spoonful

Scots: spuinfu, speenfu, spinfu


aore

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)


bivien

English: bive

From Old English bifian, beofian (“to tremble, be moved, shake, quake”), from Proto-West Germanic *bibēn, from Proto-Germanic *bibāną (“to quake, shiver”).

inh

(intransitive) To shake, quake, or tremble; tremble with fear or anger.


gosherde

desc

English: gosherd, gooseherd (dialectal gozzard, obsolete gissard)

Inherited from Old English gōshierde; equivalent to gos (“goose”) + herde (“herder”).


merlioun

English: merlin, marlin, marlion, marlyon, merline, merlion, merlon

Scots: maalin (Shetland)

→ Dutch: merlijn

From earlier *emerlioun, emerlyoun, borrowed from Old French esmerillon, diminutive of esmeril, from Frankish *smiril, from Proto-Germanic *smirilaz.
The borrowing of monosyllabic Old French /ʎun/ as disyllabic /liˈuːn/ and the tendency for it to reduce to /lin/ rather than /ljun/ is probably to avoid the creation of a cluster /rlj/, though influence from lioun (“lion”) is also possible.

Falco columbarius
Falco columbarius#Translingual


bread-lepe

Quað ðis bred-wrigte, 'liðeð nu me, me drempte ic bar bread-lepes ðre, and ðor-in bread and oðer meten, Quilke ben wune ðe kinges to eten;


torterous

English: torturous

From Anglo-Norman torturous, from Old French tortureus, from Latin tortūra.

O turmentoure / traytoure / torterous tyraunte.

[1496], The Epitaffe of the Moste Noble & Valyaunt Iasper Late Duke of Beddeforde, [London]: [R. Pynson]:


guweðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


youghe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


yhouthe

(Northern, Late Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


guheþehad

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of youthhede


doughtynesse

English: doughtiness

Bravery, fearlessness, doughtiness, valiance.

Potence, might, ability (physical or of belief)


youthhede

English: youthhood, youthhead

Scots: youthheid, youtheid, youthit

From the oblique cases of Old English ġeoguþhād, *ġeoguþhǣd; equivalent to youthe + -hede.

Youthhood (part of life following childhood)


youthe

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yought</i>

English: youth (obsolete yought)

desc

Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth

Scots: youth

From the oblique forms of Old English ġeoguþ ([ˈju.ɣuθ]), from Proto-West Germanic *jugunþi, from Proto-Germanic *jugunþiz; loosely equivalent to yong + -the (abstract nominal suffix). Compare yongthe.
Notes on phonological development (compare droghte and douthe, which this word's development closely parallels)
Forms with /ð/ continue the consonantism of the Old English oblique forms (from Old English [ɣð]), while forms in /θ/ mostly represent final devoicing of /ð/. Unlike in droghte, these two form types predominate in Middle English; the forms with /xt/ and /xθ/ (from early syncope in the Old English nominative singular ġeoguþ, then levelling of the resulting consonantism to the oblique forms) are much rarer.
Shortening of the long vowel was regular in all variants of this word in Late Old English, either due to the trisyllabicity of inflected forms or because of the following consonant cluster; in forms with /ð/, /θ/, the long vowel reflects a regular change from /uɣ/ to /uː/, while in those with /xt/, /xθ/, it is due to lengthening before /x/. Some Middle English varieties apparently underwent a change of /juː/ to /jiu̯/; Modern English (and Scots) /juːθ/ can reflect either the changed or unchanged form. In Early Modern English, forms with a short vowel (/jʊθ/) are recorded; these may originate from shortening in youthhede. However, there is no evidence that such forms existed in Middle English.

Youth (part of life following childhood):

(rare) The youth or childhood of an animal.

(rare) The early stage of an institution or phenomenon.


markett

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


heaste

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heste (“directive”)


biheaste

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of biheste


biheste

English: behest

Middle Scots: behest, beheist

From Old English behǣs (“vow”), from Proto-West Germanic *bihaisi; equivalent to bi- + heste (“directive”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms, while forms with final /t/ are influenced by the suffix -the.

A pact or agreement; that which is agreed upon.

(uncommon) A directive; a command or request.


dechen

enm-verb

dechen (third-person singular simple present decheth, present participle dechende, dechynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle deched)

decheth (present singular third-person)
dechende (participle present)
dechynge (participle present)
deched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dechen (infinitive)
to dechen (infinitive)
deche (infinitive)
deche (first-person present singular)
deched (first-person past singular)
dechest (present second-person singular)
dechedest (past second-person singular)
decheth (present singular third-person)
deched (past singular third-person)
deche (present singular subjunctive)
deched (past singular subjunctive)
deche (imperative present singular)
dechen (plural present)
deche (plural present)
decheden (past plural)
dechede (past plural)
decheth (imperative plural present)
deche (imperative plural present)
dechynge (participle present)
dechende (participle present)
deched (participle past)
ydeched (participle past)

English: deech, ditch

From Old English dēċan, *dœ̄ċan, from Proto-West Germanic *dōkijan.

(rare) To daub or smear (cloth or plumbing)


cynedom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kinedom


cune-

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kine-


ȝwate

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whate


hwate

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whate


Stanheng

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Stonhenge


Stonhenge

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">Stonage</i>

English: Stonehenge (obsolete Stonage)

→ Old French: Stounhenges

From ston (“stone”) + henge (“hinge”) or hengen ("hanging", but only attested as "imprisonment").

Stonehenge (a group of standing stones in in Wiltshire, England)


whate

From Old English hwatu (“omen”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwatu (“warning”), from Proto-Germanic *hwatō (“incitement”); compare Icelandic hvöt (“urge, encouragement”).


sawcistre

Scots: sauster, saster

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sauscistre (“sausage”), of unclear origin; compare Medieval Latin salsīstrum, salsīstra.


sawsiche

English: sausage

→ Scots: sausage

⇒ Scots: sasser, sassinger

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sausiche (Central Old French saucice), from Late Latin [farta] salsīcia, ultimately derived from Latin sāl (“salt”).


podynge

English: pudding (see there for further descendants)

Scots: puddin, pudding

Yola: puddeen

Probably borrowed from Old French bodin, boudin, of disputed origin; the ending has apparently been remodelled after -ing.

(by extension) Any animal part stuffed as food.


fryture

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">flitter</i>

English: fritter (dialectal flitter)

Borrowed from Middle French friture, from Old French friture, from Late Latin *frīctūra, from Latin frīgō (“to fry”); compare fryen. Forms with /u/ in the first syllable are influenced by fruyt.

(chiefly Late Middle English) fritter (deep fried batter dish)


fryen

enm-verb

fryen (third-person singular simple present fryeth, present participle fryinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fryed)

fryeth (present singular third-person)
fryinge (participle present)
fryed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fryen (infinitive)
to fryen (infinitive)
frye (infinitive)
frye (first-person present singular)
fryed (first-person past singular)
fryest (present second-person singular)
fryedest (past second-person singular)
fryeth (present singular third-person)
fryed (past singular third-person)
frye (present singular subjunctive)
fryed (past singular subjunctive)
frye (imperative present singular)
fryen (plural present)
frye (plural present)
fryeden (past plural)
fryede (past plural)
fryeth (imperative plural present)
frye (imperative plural present)
fryinge (participle present)
fryende (participle present)
fryed (participle past)
yfryed (participle past)

English: fry

Scots: fry

→ Irish: priáil

Borrowed from Old French frire, from Latin frīgō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)-g-; compare fryture (“fritter”).


eightetene

English: eighteen

Scots: aughteen, auchteen, aichteen

Yola: ayghteen

From Anglian Old English eahtatēne (compare West Saxon eahtatīene), from Proto-Germanic *ahtōutehun. Equivalent to eighte + -tene.


thritty

English: thirty

Yola: dhirtee

From Old English þritiġ; equivalent to thre + -ty.

Iudaſ þou moſt to iurſelem oure mete foꝛ to bugge / þritti platen of ſelu[er] þou bere up oþi rugge […]

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 3-4; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Judas, you must go to Jerusalem to buy our food; / You'll have thirty pieces of silver on your back […]


bofett

Alternative form of buffet (“blow, strike”)


foirtennist

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fourtenyght


fourtenyght

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fortnith</i>

English: fortnight (dialectal fortnith)

Scots: fortnicht, fornicht

Inherited from Old English fēowertīene niht (“fourteen nights”); equivalent to fourtene (“fourteen”) + nyght (“nights”).


wastful

English: wasteful


wastite

From wast (“desolate”) + -ite, calquing Latin vāstitās.


comelen

enm-verb

comelen (third-person singular simple present comeleth, present participle comelende, comelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle comeled)

comeleth (present singular third-person)
comelende (participle present)
comelynge (participle present)
comeled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
comelen (infinitive)
to comelen (infinitive)
comele (infinitive)
comele (first-person present singular)
comeled (first-person past singular)
comelest (present second-person singular)
comeledest (past second-person singular)
comeleth (present singular third-person)
comeled (past singular third-person)
comele (present singular subjunctive)
comeled (past singular subjunctive)
comele (imperative present singular)
comelen (plural present)
comele (plural present)
comeleden (past plural)
comelede (past plural)
comeleth (imperative plural present)
comele (imperative plural present)
comelynge (participle present)
comelende (participle present)
comeled (participle past)
ycomeled (participle past)

⇒ English: cumbled (dialectal)

⇒ Yola: kimmelt

Borrowed from Old Northern French *comler (Central Old French combler), from Latin cumulō (“to amass”).


wastyne

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman wastine, from Medieval Latin wastīna, from Proto-West Germanic *wōstini; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -ine. Doublet of westen (“wasteland”).


wæsten

Alternative form of westen (“wasteland”)


westene

Alternative form of westen (“westwards”)


stomakere

English: stomacher

From stomak + -er, possibly after Anglo-Norman *estomachier.


-isoun

Borrowed from Old French -ison, from Latin -ātiōnem. Doublet of -acioun.

(not productive) Forms nouns from French or Latin roots; -ation.


garisoun

English: garrison

Scots: gairison

Borrowed from Old French garison, from garir, guarir (“to protect”); Doublet of warisoun. Senses 1 and 2 are probably due to the influence of gersom, while senses 3 and 4 are probably due to the influence of garnisoun.

Security, safety; defense or protection from harm.

A fortress or castle; a military redoubt.


garnisoun

English: garnison (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French garnison, from Old French garnison, from garnir, guarnir (“to protect, provision”); equivalent to garnysshen + -isoun and a doublet of warnisoun. Compare garnement.

A garrison (troops stationed at a military post)


warisoun

Middle Scots: warisoun, warisone

→ English: warison, warrison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman warison, from warir (“to protect”); equivalent to warysshen + -isoun. Doublet of garisoun.

A monetary transaction; the act of paying for a service:

(rare) Compensation or recompense for wrong.

whanne sire Tristram was in the see / he said / Grete wel kyng Marke and all myn enemyes / and saye hem I wille come ageyne whan I maye / And wel am I rewarded for the fyghtynge with sire Marhaus[…]and wel I am rewarded for[…]many other dedes haue I done for hym / and now haue I my waryson

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IX:

A reward, recompense; what one deserves.

Wealth, possessions; a treasure (literal or figurative).

Benefit, advantage; the gain accrued from some act.

(rare) Ownership; the state of owning or possessing.

(rare) Security, safety; protection from harm.


conjurisoun

Borrowed from Old French conjureison, conjurison, from Latin coniūrātiō; equivalent to conjuren + -isoun. Doublet of conjuracioun.

(uncommon) Conjuration; the magical arts.


warnisoun

Borrowed from Old Northern French warnison, from warnir (“to protect, provision”); equivalent to warnysshen + -isoun. Doublet of garnisoun.

And quhen þai off his warniſoun / Saw þe Sege ſet [þair] ſa ſtythly / Þai myſtrow[it] him off tratouꝛy […]

c. 1375, “Book X”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 34, recto, lines 325-327; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

When those in his troops / saw the siege launched strongly there, / they mistrusted him as a traitor […]


warysshen

warysshen (infinitive)
to warysshen (infinitive)
warysshe (infinitive)
warysshe (first-person present singular)
warysshed (first-person past singular)
warysshte (first-person past singular)
warysshest (present second-person singular)
warysshedest (past second-person singular)
warysshtest (past second-person singular)
waryssheth (present singular third-person)
warysshed (past singular third-person)
warysshte (past singular third-person)
warysshe (present singular subjunctive)
warysshed (past singular subjunctive)
warysshte (past singular subjunctive)
warysshe (imperative present singular)
warysshen (plural present)
warysshe (plural present)
waryssheden (past plural)
warysshede (past plural)
warysshten (past plural)
warysshte (past plural)
waryssheth (imperative plural present)
warysshe (imperative plural present)
warysshynge (participle present)
warysshende (participle present)
warysshed (participle past)
waryssht (participle past)
ywarysshed (participle past)
ywaryssht (participle past)

English: warish (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Northern French wariss-, extended stem of warir (central Old French garir, guarir), from Frankish *warjan, from Proto-Germanic *warjaną. Doublet of weren (“to protect”); also compare warisoun.

To recover or recuperate; to regain one's health.

Thanne were myn herte / Al warisshed of his bittre peynes smerte.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To cure; to cause recovery or improvement.

To soothe; to provide relief or succour.

(rare) To strengthen; to make strong or powerful.


-ðhe

Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)


-eþe

Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)


enchewen

enm-verb

enchewen (third-person singular simple present encheweth, present participle enchewende, enchewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enchewed)

encheweth (present singular third-person)
enchewende (participle present)
enchewynge (participle present)
enchewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
enchewen (infinitive)
to enchewen (infinitive)
enchewe (infinitive)
enchewe (first-person present singular)
enchewed (first-person past singular)
enchewest (present second-person singular)
enchewedest (past second-person singular)
encheweth (present singular third-person)
enchewed (past singular third-person)
enchewe (present singular subjunctive)
enchewed (past singular subjunctive)
enchewe (imperative present singular)
enchewen (plural present)
enchewe (plural present)
encheweden (past plural)
enchewede (past plural)
encheweth (imperative plural present)
enchewe (imperative plural present)
enchewynge (participle present)
enchewende (participle present)
enchewed (participle past)
yenchewed (participle past)

An alteration of eschewen after the prefix en-.

(rare) To avoid or eschew (a behaviour, person, place, or situation)


chirmen

chirmen (third-person singular simple present chirmeth, present participle chirmende, chirmynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chirmed)

chirmeth (present singular third-person)
chirmende (participle present)
chirmynge (participle present)
chirmed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chirmen (infinitive)
to chirmen (infinitive)
chirme (infinitive)
chirme (first-person present singular)
chirmed (first-person past singular)
chirmest (present second-person singular)
chirmedest (past second-person singular)
chirmeth (present singular third-person)
chirmed (past singular third-person)
chirme (present singular subjunctive)
chirmed (past singular subjunctive)
chirme (imperative present singular)
chirmen (plural present)
chirme (plural present)
chirmeden (past plural)
chirmede (past plural)
chirmeth (imperative plural present)
chirme (imperative plural present)
chirmynge (participle present)
chirmende (participle present)
chirmed (participle past)
ychirmed (participle past)

English: chirm

Scots: chirm, churm

Inherited from Old English ċirman, from Proto-West Germanic *karmijan; equivalent to chirm + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To chirp or twitter; to make bird noise.


eschewen

eschewen (third-person singular simple present escheweth, present participle eschewende, eschewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle eschewed)

escheweth (present singular third-person)
eschewende (participle present)
eschewynge (participle present)
eschewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
eschewen (infinitive)
to eschewen (infinitive)
eschewe (infinitive)
eschewe (first-person present singular)
eschewed (first-person past singular)
eschewest (present second-person singular)
eschewedest (past second-person singular)
escheweth (present singular third-person)
eschewed (past singular third-person)
eschewe (present singular subjunctive)
eschewed (past singular subjunctive)
eschewe (imperative present singular)
eschewen (plural present)
eschewe (plural present)
escheweden (past plural)
eschewede (past plural)
escheweth (imperative plural present)
eschewe (imperative plural present)
eschewynge (participle present)
eschewende (participle present)
eschewed (participle past)
yeschewed (participle past)

English: eschew

/ɛˈθt͡ʃiu̯ən/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschiver, from Frankish *skiuhijan; a doublet of skewen (“to run diagonally”). Compare enchewen and, more distantly, schey.

To escape or avoid attack, peril or harm.

(rare) To attempt to escape peril or harm.

(rare) To recommend or encourage a situation.


caudroun

desc

English: cauldron (obsolete caldron, caudron); chaldron

Scots: caudron, cauthron

Borrowed from Old Northern French cauderon (Parisien chauderon), ultimately from Late Latin caldāria (“cooking-pot”).