ibis

Alle thingis in watris that han not fynnes and scalis, schulen be pollutid, These thingis ben of foulis whiche ȝe schulen not ete, and schulen be eschewid of ȝou; an egle, and a grippe, aliete, and a kyte, and a vultur by his kynde; and al of `rauyns kynde bi his licnesse; a strucioun, and nyȝt crowe, a lare, and an hauke bi his kinde; an owle, and dippere, and ibis*; a swan and cormoraunt, and a pellican; a fawcun, a iay bi his kynde; a leepwynke, and a reremows.[…]* ibis, that is, a ciconye, that etith paddokis and serpentis. bcgknqx. ibis, that is, an vnclene watir foule, that with his bille puttynge water into his ers, purgith himsilf. s.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume I, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Leviticus XI:12–19, pages 315–316, columns 2 and margin:

ibis: any of various long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, having long downcurved bills used to probe the mud for prey such as crustaceans


mete

English: meat

Scots: mete, met, meit, mait

Yola: maate, met

From Old English mete (“food”) (also met, mett, whence the forms with a short vowel). More at meat.

Food, nourishment or comestibles; that which is eaten:

An individual serving of food, especially when cooked.

Meat; the (usually cooked) flesh of animals as (an item of) food.

Food that animals eat (including prey or lures)

Iudaſ þou moſt to iurſelem oure mete foꝛ to bugge / þritti platen of ſelu[er] þou bere up oþi rugge […]

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 3-4; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Judas, you must go to Jerusalem to buy our food; / You'll have thirty pieces of silver on your back […]

And thenne he blewe his horne that the maronners had yeuen hym / And whanne they within the Castel herd that horne / they put forthe many knyghtes and there they stode vpon the walles / and said with one voys / welcome be ye to this castel /[…]/ and sire Palomydes entred in to the castel / And within a whyle he was serued with many dyuerse metes

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “lxj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X:

And then he blew his horn that the mariners had given him / And when they that were within the castle heard that horn / they put forth many knights and there they stood upon walls / and said with one voice: / “be welcome to this castle” / […] / and Sir Palamedes entered into the castle / And after a while he was served with many diverse meats


mete

English: mete

From Old French mete (“boundary, mere”), from Latin mēta. More at mete.


mete

English: meet

Scots: mete, meit

From Old English ġemǣte (“suitable, meet”), from Proto-Germanic *mētijaz, a variant of *mētiz. More at meet.


rather

Alternative form of rathere (“more quickly”)


wold

English: wold, weald, wald

Scots: wald

From Old English weald, wald (“high land covered with wood, woods, forest”), from Proto-West Germanic *walþu, from Proto-Germanic *walþuz.

Þe wurmes & te wilde deor ... o þis wald wunieð.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Beliagog in þat nede Fond him riche wald To fine.

Was nouthire waldis in þar walke ne watir to fynde.

Ȝif æi mon hine mihte ifinden uppe þissere wælden, ...


whit

head

whit (plural and weak singular white, comparative whitter, superlative whittest)

white (plural)
white (singular weak)
whitter (comparative)
whittest (superlative)

English: white (see there for further descendants)

Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white

Yola: whit

Inherited from Old English hwīt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīt, from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

(referring to people) wearing white clothes

(referring to plants) having white flowers

(alchemy) Inducing the transmutation of a substance into silver

(medicine) Unusually light; bearing the pallor of death


whit

English: white

Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white


spume

English: spume

Borrowed from Old French espume, from Latin spūma.


mod

Alternative form of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)


sire

English: sir; sire

Scots: sir; sire

From Old French sire, nominative singular of seignor, from Latin senior. Doublet of senyour.

Used preceding the name or title of a knight, noble, or cleric.

A respectful term of address for a noble or gentleman.


sop

c. 1370-1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman
And if he soupeth, eteth but a sop


lave

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“remainder”)


nape

English: nape

The nape of a fish; the part below a fish's head.


nape

English: nape (obsolete)

From Old French nape, nappe, from Medieval Latin nappa, modification of mappa.

(rare except in compound words) tablecloth


holt

English: holt, hoult (obsolete)

Scots: holt

From Old English holt, from Proto-West Germanic *holt, from Proto-Germanic *hultą.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

A small piece of woodland; a wooded hill.


wile

English: wile

From Old English wīl, wiġle (“wile, trick”), cognate with Old Norse vél (“artifice, craft”).


tome

English: toom

Scots: tume, tuim

From Old English tōm and Old Norse tómr, both from Proto-Germanic *tōmaz (“free, clear, empty”).


tome

English: toom

Middle Scots: tume, toym, toyme, toume

From Old Norse tom (“leisure, ease”). Compare Icelandic tóm (“empty space; leisure”).


tome

(Southwest, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of tame (“tame”)


ere

English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia

Scots: ear

From Old English ēare, from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws.

The ear (organ that receives sound):
The auricle; the outside of the ear.

The ear canal; the inside channel of the ear.

If ony man haþ eeris of herynge .· here he

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Mark 7:16, page 19v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If anyone has ears for hearing, make him hear.

The sense of hearing; the ability to hear.

The level of attention given to someone speaking.

A portion of the heart with an earlike shape.


ere

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


tine

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þin (“thy”)


tine

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þin (“thine”)


nave

English: nave

Scots: naff

From Old English nafu, from Proto-West Germanic *nabu, from Proto-Germanic *nabō.


mere

English: mere

Yola: pulmere

From Old English mǣre, ġemǣre (“boundary; limit”), from Proto-Germanic *mairiją (“boundary”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to fence”).


mere

From Old English mǣre (“famous, great, excellent”), from Proto-West Germanic *mārī, from Proto-Germanic *mērijaz, *mēraz (“excellent, famous”), from Proto-Indo-European *mēros (“large, handsome”). Cognate with Middle High German mære (“famous”), Icelandic mærr (“famous”), and German Mär, Märchen (“fairy tale”).


-en

English: -en

From Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs, from Proto-Norse -ᛁᚾᚨᛉ (*-inaz), both from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, *-anaz (past participle ending of strong verbs).

Denotes the past participle form when attached to a strong verb.


-en

-en (infinitive)
to -en (infinitive)
-e (infinitive)
-e (first-person present singular)
-ed (first-person past singular)
-est (present second-person singular)
-edest (past second-person singular)
-eth (present singular third-person)
-ed (past singular third-person)
-e (present singular subjunctive)
-ed (past singular subjunctive)
-e (imperative present singular)
-en (plural present)
-e (plural present)
-eden (past plural)
-ede (past plural)
-eth (imperative plural present)
-e (imperative plural present)
-ynge (participle present)
-ende (participle present)
-ed (participle past)
y-ed (participle past)

From Old English -an. Originally used with class 1 weak verbs in Old English, it was extended to class 2 weak verbs in many dialects and thus supplanted -ien from Old English -ian.

Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs.


-en

English: -en

Denotes the past indicative plural form of verbs.

Denotes the present and past subjunctive plural form of verbs.

Denotes the present indicative plural form of certain verbs.


-en

English: -en

From Old English -an, a plural and oblique case marker.

Denotes the plural form of certain nouns.

Denotes the oblique cases of certain nouns.

Denotes the oblique cases and plural forms of weak adjectives.


-en

Denotes the dative singular and plural of strong adjectives.


-en

English: -en

Scots: -en, -in

From Old English -en (“characteristic of; made of”), from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

inh

Attached to a noun to form an adjective describing something as characteristic of, like, or pertaining to that noun.

Attached to a noun that denotes a material to form an adjective describing something as made of that material.


-en

English: -en


-en

Denotes a female form of a small, fixed number of nouns.


-en

From Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną.


spar

Alternative form of sparren (“to close”)


mire

English: mire (“swamp”)

Scots: mire

Borrowed from Old Norse mýrr, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *miuzijō.

(figuratively) Iniquity, sinfulness; immoral behaviour.

(rare) A puddle or pond; a watery hollow.


mire

English: mire (“ant”) (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English *mȳre, *mīere, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *miurijǭ.


wale

From Old English wealh. For the phonological development, compare hale.

(rare) An outsider; a guest; one from an unfamiliar land.


wale

English: wale, weal

Scots: wale, wail

From Old English walu, from Proto-West Germanic *walu, from Proto-Germanic *waluz.

A wooden board used for creating the exterior of a vessel; planking.

(rare) A welt; an injury created by use of a whip or a similar weapon.


wale

English: wale

Scots: wale, Scots: wail

Borrowed from Old Norse *valu, earlier form of vǫl, variant of val, from Proto-Germanic *walą.

(rare) A preference; something chosen due to its quality.


wale

(negatively) impactful, grievous, melancholy


devout

English: devout

Scots: devot, devote, devoit

From Old French devot, devout, from Latin dēvōtus (“vowed, promised”).

Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage
To Caunterbury with ful devout corage,

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 21–22:

Ready to go on pilgrimage and start
To Canterbury, full devout at heart,


brace

English: brace

Scots: brace

From Old French brace, from Latin bracchia, plural of bracchium.

Vambrace; armour which protects the arm.

A cord or brace for fastening or attaching things to something.

Wood used as a buttress or support for building.

(rare) A support or buttress used in other applications.

(rare) A kind of riding equipment or horse tack.

(rare) A peninsula; a cape or slice of land jutting into the sea.


disparage

English: disparage

From Old French desparage; equivalent to dis- + parage.

Inequality in marriage; marriage with an inferior.

Ignominy, shame; the state of lacking respect.


fend

Thanne ıḣc was lad of a ſpirit in to deſert .· to be temptid of þe fend /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:1, page 2r, column 2, lines 3–4; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then Jesus was led of a Spirit into desert, to be tempted of the fiend.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A1&version=WYC

and hıs fame .· wente in to al ſirie / ⁊ þei bꝛouȝten to hĩ alle þat weren at male eeſe · ⁊ þat weren take wiþ dyīiſe langoꝛes ⁊ turmentis / and hem þat haddẽ fendis · ⁊ lunatik men · ⁊ men in þe paleſie .· ⁊ he heelide hem /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:24, page 1v, column 1, lines 18–23; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his fame went into all Syria; and they brought to him all that were at mal-ease, and that were taken with diverse languors and torments, and them that had fiends, and lunatic men, and men in palsy, and he healed them.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A24&version=WYC


furious

English: furious

Borrowed from Old French furieus, from Latin furiōsus; equivalent to furie + -ous.


pith

English: pith

Scots: pith

From Old English piþa, from Proto-Germanic *piþô.

The soft interior portion of something, especially:

(botany) pith (soft substance in the center of a plant's stem)

(figuratively) The essential or vital part; importance.


fright

English: fright

Scots: fricht

From Old English fryhtu, from earlier fyrhtu, from Proto-Germanic *furhtį̄.


diverse

English: diverse

Scots: diverse

From Old French divers, from Latin diversus.

(collectively) distinct, unique; diverse


diverse

English: diverse


frighten

frighten (infinitive)
to frighten (infinitive)
frighte (infinitive)
frighte (first-person present singular)
frighted (first-person past singular)
frightest (present second-person singular)
frightedest (past second-person singular)
frighteth (present singular third-person)
frighted (past singular third-person)
frighte (present singular subjunctive)
frighted (past singular subjunctive)
frighte (imperative present singular)
frighten (plural present)
frighte (plural present)
frighteden (past plural)
frightede (past plural)
frighteth (imperative plural present)
frighte (imperative plural present)
frightynge (participle present)
frightende (participle present)
frighted (participle past)
yfrighted (participle past)

English: (to) fright (archaic)

From Old English fyrhtan; equivalent to fright + -en (infinitival suffix).


glade

English: glade

Yola: gladès

Possibly from Old English *glǣd, *glād (“bright place”), compare Old English glæd.


glade

Yola: glaade, glade


fain

From Old English fæġen, from Proto-West Germanic *fagan (“glad”). The adverb is transferred from the adjective.


fain

English: fain

Scots: fain


hater

enm-noun

hater (plural hateren or hatres or hater)

hateren (plural)
hatres (plural)
hater (plural)

A back-formed singular from Old English hæteru, a plurale tantum.


jape

trick, deception, fraud, disastrous event

delusion, magical or diabolical illusion

Thow pardoner[…]Tel vs som myrthe or iapes right anon.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


toward

English: toward

From Old English tōweard, tōwærd; equivalent to to + -ward.

Toward Saluces / shapyng hir iourney / ffro day to day / they ryden in hir wey […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 184, verso, lines 783-784:

Towards Saluzzo they make their journey, / From day to day they ride on their way […]

c. 1190 - 1215, Layamon, Laȝamon's Brut
Þe while þe he spac touward Goden.

In an exchange or communication with; to.


toward

English: toward

of goodwill, benevolent; well-tempered, gentle.


toward

In a given direction, typically toward something specific.


crisp

English: crisp

From Old English crisp, cirps and Old French cresp, crespe, from Latin crispus.


crisp

English: crisp


gauge

English: gauge

Scots: gauge

/ˈɡaːd͡ʒ(ə)/

From Old Northern French gauge, from Frankish *galga, from Proto-Germanic *galgô. Doublet of galwes.


bale

English: bale (dated)

From Old English bealu, from Proto-West Germanic *balu, from Proto-Germanic *balwą.

Devastation and doom; the causing of lifelessness.


bale

English: bale (archaic)

Scots: bale

Either from Old English bǣl, Old Norse bál, or a conflation of both; in any case, from Proto-Germanic *bēlą.


bale

English: bale

Probably borrowed from Old French bale, balle, from Medieval Latin balla, from Frankish or Old High German balla (“ball”), from Proto-Germanic *balluz.


lowly

And there was none of these other knyghtes but they redde in bookes and holpe for to synge Masse, and range bellys, and dyd lowly al maner of servyce.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum x”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XXI, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

in a low manner; humbly; meekly; modestly


hie

(chiefly southern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of ye (“ye”)


beam

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of beem


fader

fader (plural faders or fadres, genitive fader or faders or fadres)

faders (plural)
fadres (plural)
fader (genitive)
faders (genitive)
fadres (genitive)

English: father

→ Marshallese: bata

Gullah: farruh

desc

Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither

Yola: vather

Inherited from Old English fæder, from Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

A father (male direct ancestor of someone or some creature)

An indirect male ancestor (of some being)

The inventor or originator of an idea, nation or lineage.

A spiritual superordinate, teacher, or leader:

A confessor (individual who one offers confessions to);

One of the Church Fathers; an author of patristic writings.

God/Jesus as father (of Jesus, as inventor, or as leader).

An appellation signifying the speaker's inferiority.

(rare) A secular superordinate or leader.


ledge

To reson faste, and ledge auctoritie.

c. 1360, Geoffrey Chaucer, Court of Love:


sage

English: sage

Scots: sage

Borrowed from Old French sage, from Vulgar Latin *sapium, from sapiō. Some forms have been altered on the basis of other words with forms in -a- and -au-.

A sage; a person who serves as a fount of wisdom and knowledge.


sage

English: sage

Scots: sage

Learned, schooled, educated; having much knowledge.


hake

English: hake


chef

English: chief (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chief

From Old French chief, from Latin caput.

A leader, boss, or director; a chief official; one in charge.

An authority or source of power; something which controls.

The main, important or foundational part of something.

The upper or topmost portion of something.


chef

head

chef (plural and weak singular cheve, comparative chever, superlative chevest)

cheve (plural)
cheve (singular weak)
chever (comparative)
chevest (superlative)

English: chief

Scots: chief

Chief, head, top-ranking, executive; being in ultimate control.

Principal, foremost, predominant, primary; having the greatest importance.

High-quality, outstanding, notable, worthy; deserving recognition.


hoot

English: hot


heed

desctree

English: head
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi

Geordie English: heed

Scots: heid

Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Old English hēafod, from Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”).

The head (top portion of an animal):
A headrest; a place for the head.

The head (top portion of an animal):
A head-covering; headwear or hair.

The head as the origin of thought; intellect or one's brain.

The head (top portion of an animal):
The horns or antlers of a cervid.

The top of a waterbody or geographical feature.

One of the lengthwise ends of a geographical feature.

A start or origin:
The source of a river; the headwater.

The uppermost point of something; the top.

A start or origin:
The outermost extremity of something.

Lack of consideration; impetuousness, rashness.

(by extension) An individual; someone or somebody


heed

English: head

Scots: heid

From Old English hēafod-, from Proto-West Germanic *haubida- (“main”), derived from the noun *haubid (“head”).


heed

Alternative form of hadde: simple past/past participle of haven (“to have”)


knave

English: knave

Scots: knave, knafe, knaif

From Old English cnafa, from Proto-Germanic *knabô. Compare knape.


greet

head

greet (plural and weak singular greete, comparative greter, superlative gretest)

greete (plural)
greete (singular weak)
greter (comparative)
gretest (superlative)

ſo alſo þe tunge is but a litle membꝛe ⁊ reiſiþ grete þingis / lo hou litil fier bꝛenneþ a grete wode.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 3:5, page 110vre, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Similarly, the tongue's only a little organ, but it produces great things; look at how a small fire burns down a large forest.


node

English: node
→ Irish: nód

Borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knotte.

(medicine, Late Middle English) lump, swelling


hale

English: hale (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English hē̆al-, hā̆l-, oblique stem of healh, from Proto-West Germanic *halh.
Doublet of *halgh (attested only in placenames), whence English haugh.


hale

English: hale

From Anglo-Norman hale, halle, from Latin halla (“house, dwelling; court; palace; market hall”), from Frankish *hallu, from Proto-Germanic *hallō (“hall”). Doublet of halle (“hall”).

der

hale (temporary structure for housing, entertaining, eating meals, etc.)


hale

Alternative form of hole (“healthy, whole”)


lard

English: lard

Scots: lair, laird (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French lard, from Latin lāridum, lārdum.


shortly

From Old English sċortlīċ, equivalent to short + -ly.


shortly

From Old English sċortlīċe, equivalent to short + -ly.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Now have I toold you shortly in a clause
Now that I have briefly told you above


core

English: core

Yola: core

Unknown; derivation from either Old French cuer (“heart”) or cors (“body”) has been suggested, though both possibilities pose serious problems.

(rare, by extension) The middle of something.


spectacle

English: spectacle

Pouert a spectacle is, as thynketh me / Through which one may his very frendes se

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


harm

English: harm

Scots: herm, hairm

Yola: harrm

From Old English hearm, from Proto-West Germanic *harm.


stang

English: stang, stong

Scots: stang, stong

Borrowed from Old Norse stǫng, from Proto-Germanic *stangō; some senses are from the related verb stangen. Compare steng.


proud

English: proud

Scots: pruid, proud

Yola: proud

→? Middle Irish: bród

Irish: bród

Scottish Gaelic: bròd


strengthen

strengthen (infinitive)
to strengthen (infinitive)
strengthe (infinitive)
strengthe (first-person present singular)
strengthed (first-person past singular)
strengthest (present second-person singular)
strengthedest (past second-person singular)
strengtheth (present singular third-person)
strengthed (past singular third-person)
strengthe (present singular subjunctive)
strengthed (past singular subjunctive)
strengthe (imperative present singular)
strengthen (plural present)
strengthe (plural present)
strengtheden (past plural)
strengthede (past plural)
strengtheth (imperative plural present)
strengthe (imperative plural present)
strengthynge (participle present)
strengthende (participle present)
strengthed (participle past)
ystrengthed (participle past)

English: strength

From strengthe + -en (infinitival suffix).

Lo! thou hast tauȝt ful many men, and thou hast strengthid hondis maad feynt.

to strengthen, fortify (increase the strength of)

to empower, to augment (increase the potency or severity of)

to enhearten, to encourage (increase the morale of)

to assist, to support (someone or something)

to substantiate; to corroborate (a belief, argument, etc.)


tally

English: tally (obsolete)

Yola: taullee


swathe

English: swaðe

A strip or wrap, especially for wrapping babies in.


swathe

English: swath, swathe

Scots: swa, swarth

From Old English swaþu, from Proto-Germanic *swaþō, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)- (“to bend, turn, swing”).

(rare) A strip of land as a unit of measure.

(rare) A trace left behind by something.


sly

head

sly (plural and weak singular slye, comparative slyer, superlative sliest)

slye (plural)
slye (singular weak)
slyer (comparative)
sliest (superlative)

English: sly

Scots: slee

Borrowed from Old Norse slǿgr, from Proto-Germanic *slōgiz.

lo I ſende ȝou as ſcheep in þe myddil of wolues / þerfoꝛ be ȝe ſliȝ as ſerpentis .· and ſymple as dowues

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:35, page 4v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So I'm sending you out like sheep in amongst wolves, so be shrewd like snakes and harmless like doves.

Judicious, considered, shrewd; having or indicative of great wisdom.

Adept, expert, quality; having or indicative of great expertise.

Sly, artful, wily; employing or being an example of deception.


riot

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riot, riote, of unknown origin.

A riot or uprising; a disturbance of the peace.

Riotousness, disturbance; lack of peaceableness.

Debauched living; dissipation or decadence:

Venus loveth riot and dispense

Excessive and wild feasting or festivity; revelry.

(hunting) A situation where a hound is misled by scents other than the quarry.


ypocras

13??: He dranke hippocras, clarre, and vernage / Of spices hot, to increase his courage

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales

1593: Christopher Marlowe, I can make thee drunk with hippocras at any tavern in / Europe for nothing. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus

2003: At this hour of the morning she drank either ypocras or claree

Peter Ackroyd, The Clerkenwell Tales, 2003, page


fret

English: fret

Either inherited from Old English *frǣt (compare ǣt) or a back-formation from freten.


fret

English: fret

Borrowed from Old French fret, past participle of fraindre; compare freten (“to decorate”).


fret

English: fret

Borrowed from Old French frette (“ring, loop”), of unclear origin; compare freten (“to bind”).


fret

Borrowed from Old French fret, frait, from Latin fractum.

(rare) A fee (usually paid to secure peace).


fret

Alternative form of freten (“to decorate”)


claree

He dranke hippocras, clarre, and vernage / Of spices hot, to increase his courage.

c. 1300, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Merchant's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

Of a clarree maad of a certeyn wyn, / With nercotikes and opie of Thebes fyn.

c. 1300, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:


snarl

English: snarl

Scots: snarl

Either from snare + -el or a back-formation from snarlen.


route

English: route

Whan that the Knight hadde thus his tale ytold
In all the route nas ther yong ne old

'14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Miller's Prologue, 1-3

throng; gang, with connotation of illicit activity


route

first-person singular present indicative of routen


tripe

English: tripe

Scots: tripe

Borrowed from Old French tripe; further etymology is uncertain (compare Italian trippa, Spanish tripa).

A portion of a creature's entrails or organs (often as food).


twofold

English: twofold

A remodelling of twifold after two + -fold.


twofold

English: twofold


desirous

English: desirous

From Old French desirrous; equivalent to desiren + -ous.


sty

English: sty

Inherited from Old English stiġ, stī, from Proto-West Germanic *stij, from Proto-Germanic *stiją.

(rare) Any other crude dwelling or abode.


sty

Inherited from Old English stīġ, from Proto-West Germanic *stīgu, from Proto-Germanic *stīgō.

(figurative) One's chosen pathway or choices in life.


official

English: official

Scots: offeecial

From Old French official, from Latin officiālis; equivalent to office + -al.

An underling of a member of the clergy, often heading a clerical court.

A hireling or subordinate; one employed to serve, especially at an estate.


official

head

official (plural and weak singular officiale)

officiale (plural)
officiale (singular weak)

English: official

Scots: offeecial

(of body parts) Functional; serving a purpose.

(rare) Requisite or mandatory for a task.


sanguine

English: sanguine

From Old French sanguin (and feminine sanguine), from Latin sanguineus.

Having a bloody-red hue; coloured in sanguine or a similar colour.

Under the influence of blood as a cardinal humour (inherently or in the current case)

Due to the influence or presence of a dangerous profusion of blood.

Made of or created from blood (as a humour); bloody.


sanguine

English: sanguine

A bloody red colour; sanguine or blood red.

A kind of fabric that is sanguine-coloured or the colour of blood.

Blood as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

(rare) A swollen region or edema attributed to an excess of blood.

(rare) A person primarily under the influence of blood as a cardinal humour.


slight

English: slight

Scots: slicht

Yola: sleight

Inherited from Old English sliht, from Proto-West Germanic *sliht, from Proto-Germanic *slihtaz.

Level, even, smooth; having no bumps or lumps.

(rare) Of little importance or relevance.

(rare) Slim, narrow, skinny; of little breadth.

(rare) Badly made, poorly-built, or low-quality.


couple

English: couple

Scots: couple, kipple

Borrowed from Old French couple, from Latin cōpula.

A group of two (especially living beings; never three or more as in modern English):

A couple; two people joined in marriage.

A breeding pair; two animals to be bred with each other.

A lead or tie linked to two dogs to restrain them.

A unit of measure for (especially dried) fruits.

(architecture) One of two opposing roof beams (or the two as a pair)

(rare) Sexual intercourse; the act of sex.


spare

Alternative form of sparren (“to close”)


worthy

English: worthy

From worth + -y, from Old English weorþ.


vassal

English: vassal

Yola: vassale

A feudal retainer, who is obliged to render military service.

A servant to one’s beloved, professed lover.


taper

English: taper

From Old English tapor, possibly from Latin papȳrus (if so, a doublet of papirus).


tithe

English: tithe (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English tēoþa, teogoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *tehundō, *tegundō, from Proto-Germanic *tehundô, *tegundô; equivalent to ten + -the (ordinal suffix); compare tenthe.


tithe

English: tithe

Scots: teith (obsolete)

One of ten equal parts of a whole; a tenth.

A tithe; a tenth of one's income given to clergy.


honour

English: honour, honor


jalousie

English: jealousy

Scots: jealousy

From Old French jalousie, derived from jalous, from Late Latin zelosus (“full of love and sympathy”), derived from Latin zelus (“zealous”), from Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos, “envy, lust, rivalry”).

noncog

Jealousness or jealousy in a relationship or marriage.


onerous

English: onerous

From Middle French onereux, from Old French onereus, from Latin onerosus.


faucet

English: faucet

From Old French fausset, perhaps from Latin faux (“throat”).


cis

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chis


tart

English: tart, teart

Scots: tairt

From Old English teart, from Proto-Germanic *tartaz.

(Early Middle English) Acute, keen; showing sharpness.


youth

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of youthe


envious

head

envious (plural and weak singular enviouse)

enviouse (plural)
enviouse (singular weak)

English: envious

Borrowed from Middle French envieux, from Latin invidiōsus; equivalent to envie + -ous.


assoyle

And who ſo fyndeth hym out of ſuche blame / Commeth up and offre in goddes name / And I assoyle hym by the auctorite / Such as by bulle was graunted to me.

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxx, recto, column 2:

And who so findeth him out of such blame / Cometh up and offer in God's name / And I assoil him by the authority / Such as by bull was granted to me.


ordure

English: ordure

Borrowed from Middle French ordure and Anglo-Norman ordure, ordeur(e), ordor(e), ordour.

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:

Of the hinder part of her buttocks it is very horrible to see, as certainly in that part of her body there as they purge her stinking ordure, that foul part they show to the people proudly in spite of honesty, the honesty that Jesus Christ and his companions observed to show in her life.


teth

English: teeth

Scots: teeth

From Old English tēþ, nominative plural of tōþ, from earlier *tœ̄þ, from Proto-Germanic *tanþiz, nominative plural of *tanþs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃dóntes, nominative plural of *h₃dónts.


court

English: court (see there for further descendants)

Scots: court, coort

Borrowed from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrs, contraction of cohors, cohortem.

A grand residence, especially that of a ruler or noble.

The household or retinue of a ruler; a ruler's court.

A (royal) assembly; a deliberative body.

A court of law; the body which administers justice:

A court building; the place where justice is administered.


larder

English: larder

Middle Scots: lairder

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman larder and continental Old French lardier, both from Latin lardārium. By surface analysis, lard + -er.

The place where such a stock is made and stored.


ones

English: once

desc

Scots: ance, aince, eence, anes, anis, yance, yence, yince, yinst, wance, wanst

Yola: oanes

From Old English ānes, a modification of ǣnes (“once”) after ān (“one”, Middle English oon). Compare enes (“once”), from the unmodified Old English form.

At any time, ever:
one day (in the future)


stature

English: stature

Borrowed from Old French stature, from Latin statūra.


beth

From Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).


beth

From Old English biþ, with the vowel of the infinitive leveled in.


beth

From Old English bēoþ, plural imperative form of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *beuþ, second-person plural imperative form of *beuną.


wane

English: wane

Scots: wane, waine

From Old English wana, wona (noun) and wan, won (noun), related to wanian (“to diminish”).


wane

English: wane

Probably from Old English wēan or wēana, oblique cases of wēa (“woe, grief, misery”).

woeful, miserable state; adversity; misfortune


wane

English: wane

Scots: wan, wane

From Old English wana, wona (adjective) and wan, won (adjective), related to wanian (“to diminish”).


wane

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of wone (“dwelling”)


wane

(Northern) Alternative form of wone (“course”)


wane

enm-verb

wane (third-person singular simple present waneth, present participle wanende, wanynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle waned)

waneth (present singular third-person)
wanende (participle present)
wanynge (participle present)
waned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


wane

Alternative form of wanne: singular simple past of winnen

Alternative form of wonnen: plural simple past of winnen


fern

English: fern

Scots: farne, fairn

Yola: vearne, fearn

From Old English fearn, from Proto-West Germanic *farn.


dogge

English: dog (see there for further descendants)

Scots: dug

Yola: dug

From Old English dogga, variant of docga, of unknown origin. See dog for more.

an ordinary dog, especially a hunting dog

(derogatory) a worthless or detestable person; wretch


praten

praten (infinitive)
to praten (infinitive)
prate (infinitive)
prate (first-person present singular)
prated (first-person past singular)
pratest (present second-person singular)
pratedest (past second-person singular)
prateth (present singular third-person)
prated (past singular third-person)
prate (present singular subjunctive)
prated (past singular subjunctive)
prate (imperative present singular)
praten (plural present)
prate (plural present)
prateden (past plural)
pratede (past plural)
prateth (imperative plural present)
prate (imperative plural present)
pratynge (participle present)
pratende (participle present)
prated (participle past)
yprated (participle past)

English: prate

Yola: praate, praat


douce

English: douce

Scots: douce

Borrowed from Old French dous, dolz, douce, from Latin dulcem.


spelen

spelen (infinitive)
to spelen (infinitive)
spele (infinitive)
spele (first-person present singular)
speled (first-person past singular)
spelest (present second-person singular)
speledest (past second-person singular)
speleth (present singular third-person)
speled (past singular third-person)
spele (present singular subjunctive)
speled (past singular subjunctive)
spele (imperative present singular)
spelen (plural present)
spele (plural present)
speleden (past plural)
spelede (past plural)
speleth (imperative plural present)
spele (imperative plural present)
spelynge (participle present)
spelende (participle present)
speled (participle past)
yspeled (participle past)

English: spell

Yola: speale (adj.)

From Old English spelian; equivalent to spale + -en.


drinken

drinken (infinitive)
to drinken (infinitive)
drinke (infinitive)
drinke (first-person present singular)
drank (first-person past singular)
drinkest (present second-person singular)
drunke (past second-person singular)
drank (past second-person singular)
drinketh (present singular third-person)
drank (past singular third-person)
drinke (present singular subjunctive)
drunke (past singular subjunctive)
drinke (imperative present singular)
drinken (plural present)
drinke (plural present)
drunken (past plural)
drunke (past plural)
drinketh (imperative plural present)
drinke (imperative plural present)
drinkynge (participle present)
drinkende (participle present)
drunken (participle past)
drunke (participle past)
ydrunken (participle past)
ydrunke (participle past)

English: drink (see there for further descendants)

Scots: drink

Yola: drink

From Old English drincan, from Proto-West Germanic *drinkan, from Proto-Germanic *drinkaną.


Lucifer

English: Lucifer

Scots: Lucifer

Satan; the Devil; the supreme Christian figure of evil.


werken

werken (infinitive)
to werken (infinitive)
werke (infinitive)
werke (first-person present singular)
wroghte (first-person past singular)
werkest (present second-person singular)
wroghtest (past second-person singular)
werketh (present singular third-person)
wroghte (past singular third-person)
werke (present singular subjunctive)
wroghte (past singular subjunctive)
werke (imperative present singular)
werken (plural present)
werke (plural present)
wroghten (past plural)
wroghte (past plural)
werketh (imperative plural present)
werke (imperative plural present)
werkynge (participle present)
werkende (participle present)
wroght (participle past)
ywroght (participle past)

English: work

Scots: wark, wirk

Yola: woorkt (preterite)

From Old English wyrċan, from Proto-West Germanic *wurkijan, from Proto-Germanic *wurkijaną.


Inde

English: Inde

Borrowed from Old French Ynde, from Classical Persian هند.


leren

From Old English lǣran (“to teach”); see learn (“teach”) (etymology 2) for more.

14thC, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale, from The Canterbury Tales,
He hath take on him many a great emprise,
Which were full hard for any that is here
To bring about, but they of him it lear.


horen

horen (infinitive)
to horen (infinitive)
hore (infinitive)
hore (first-person present singular)
hored (first-person past singular)
horest (present second-person singular)
horedest (past second-person singular)
horeth (present singular third-person)
hored (past singular third-person)
hore (present singular subjunctive)
hored (past singular subjunctive)
hore (imperative present singular)
horen (plural present)
hore (plural present)
horeden (past plural)
horede (past plural)
horeth (imperative plural present)
hore (imperative plural present)
horynge (participle present)
horende (participle present)
hored (participle past)
yhored (participle past)

English: hoar (obsolete)

From Old English hārian; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


horen

From Old English hōran, from Proto-Germanic *hōrōniz; equivalent to hore (“whore”) + -en (plural suffix).


-t

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -th (abstract nominal suffix)


-t

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)


-t

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)


tay

From Middle French taye, and its source, Latin tēca, thēca, from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “covering, sheath”).

der

ryght so he smote hys fadir, Kynge Arthure, with hys swerde holdynge in both hys hondys, uppon the syde of the hede, that the swerde perced the helmet and the tay of the brayne.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum 4”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XXI, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


mente

Alternative form of mynte (“mint (plant)”)


bush

English: bush

Scots: bus

Yola: bushe

From Old English busċ, *bysċ, from Proto-West Germanic *busk. Cognates include Middle Dutch bosch, busch, Middle High German busch, bosch, and also Old French bois, buisson.


intelligence

English: intelligence

Yola: tellgence, talligence

From Old French intelligence, from Latin intellegentia.


trip

English: trip

Scots: trip

An action that leads to a trip, fall or a bump; that which causes a misstep.

(rare, Late Middle English) A voyage; an excursion.


Howard

English: Howard

From Old Norse Hávarðr, from hár (“high”) + varðr (“guard”).

Wyllyam Clopton..yaf and graunted, and be his chartre confermed, to John Howard..his maner of Newenham..be vertu of which dede the same Wyllyam..yaf me seisyn.

a surname originating as a patronymic, equivalent to English Howard


gat

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of goot


tho

c. 1449-1455, Reginald Pecock, Represser of over-much weeting of the Clergie
sithen if tho thre be sufficiently improued , that is to seie , if it be sufficientli proued that tho thre ben noust and vntrewe and badde


dialog

English: dialog, dialogue

Borrowed from Old French dialogue, from Latin dialogus, from Ancient Greek διάλογος (diálogos).

A literary discussion or a work written as one.

(rare) An organised talk between two people.


ley

English: ley, lea

From Old English lēah, lēaġe (“a clearing in the woods”).


creme

English: cream (see there for further descendants)

From Old French cresme, creme, craime, a blend of Late Latin crisma (from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma)) and crāmum. Doublet of crisme.


mon

Alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


pray

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


woo

English: woe

Scots: wa, wae

From Old English wā, wǣ, from Proto-Germanic *wai, from Proto-Indo-European *wai.


woo

Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


item

English: item

Scots: eetem


brotherly

English: brotherly

From Old English brōþorlīċ, from Proto-Germanic *brōþurlīkaz; equivalent to brother + -ly. The adverb was derived from the adjective in the Middle English period.


brotherly

English: brotherly

In a brotherly way; in a way like a brother.


rebel

English: rebel

Scots: rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebelle, from Latin rebellis.

A sinner (as one who rebels against a deity)

A rebel (combatant against the extant government)

One who refuses to follow directives or regulations; a rulebreaker.

(rare) An uprising or revolt against one's authorities.

(rare) One's opponent; an enemy individual.


rebel

Treasonous, rebelling; leading an insurrection.

Sinful, iniquitous; defying the commands of a divine authority.

Disobedient, undutiful; refusing to follow directives or laws, or rules.

(rare) Refractory, set in one's ways or opinions.

(rare) Impatient, overly hurried or quick.


carpenter

English: carpenter

Scots: carpenter

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius.


lovely

English: lovely

Scots: luely

Inherited from Old English luflīċ; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ly (adjectival suffix).

af

Friendly, affectionate, loving (providing love)

Many a lovely loke on them he cast.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Lustful, passionate; romantically or sexually charged.


lovely

English: lovely

Inherited from Old English luflīċe; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Nicely, affectionately, lovingly (in a loving way)

Eagerly, fondly, enthusiastically; with great passion.

Lustfully, passionately; in a romantically or sexually charged way.

(rare) Courteously; in a well-mannered way.


constable

English: constable

Scots: constable

Borrowed from Old French conestable; compare counte (“count”), stable (“stable”).

constable (high commander or officer of a medieval realm)


cowardly

English: cowardie (obsolete)

In a cowardly or knavish way; cowardlily.


fore

Scots: fore

English: fore


flask

desctree

English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg

Scots: flask, flas

From Anglo-Norman flascon, from Frankish *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ. Reinforced by existing Old English flasce, from the same source.

A container for the storage of garments.


perilous

head

perilous (plural and weak singular perilouse, superlative perilousest)

perilouse (plural)
perilouse (singular weak)
perilousest (superlative)

English: perilous, parlous

Scots: perilous (obsolete)

From Old French perilleus, from Latin perīculōsus; equivalent to peril + -ous.

Full of danger or peril; dangerous, harmful, periculous:

Fatal, mortal; potentially resulting in death.

Scary, frightening; inducing horror and psychological damage.

(Late Middle English) Religiously harmful or hurtful

(Late Middle English) Unfortunate; experiencing bad luck.


besom

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of besme


flod

English: flood

Scots: fluid, flude

Inherited from Old English flōd, from Proto-Germanic *flōduz.

A waterbody or water in general (opposed to land):

A river; a waterbody that moves in one direction.

A lake or ocean; a large open body of water.

A flood; a massive or momentous flooding.

The rise or peak of the tide; rising tide.

The movement of the sea (e.g. tide or flow)

(figurative) Something that flows or issues in abundance.

(figurative) A rise, growing or increasing.


hood

English: hood

Scots: hude, huid

From Old English hōd, from Proto-Germanic *hōdaz.

A hood as a symbol of rank (of the church and of guilds).

A hood made of chain mail used as head armour.

(rare, Late Middle English) Any sort of protective cloaking or covering.


ponder

From Middle English ponderen, from Old French ponderer (“to weigh, balance, ponder”) from Latin ponderare (“to weigh, ponder”), from pondus (“weight”), from pendere (“to weigh”).

der

(glassblowing, obsolete) A fourteenth-century unit of glass.


mistrust

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, lines 1609-1610

Sin to be trewe I have yow plight my trouthe.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Mistrust me not thus causeles, for routhe;

(transitive) To be wary, suspicious or doubtful of (something or someone).


sorcery

English: sorcery

Scots: sorcery

From Middle French sorcerie, from Old French sorcerie.


Elizabeth

English: Elizabeth

IN þe daies of eroude kyng of iudee · ẏ was a preſt ſacharie bi name : of þe ſorte of abia and his wijf was of þe douȝtris of aaron : ⁊ hir name was eliȝabeth /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 1:5, page 27r, column 1, lines 1–4; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

1380s Wycliffe Bible: Exodus 6:23

Sotheli Aaron took a wijf, Elizabeth,the douytir of Amynadab, the sistr of Naason.


halibut

halibutt (canonical)
halibuttes (plural)
halibutt (accusative nominative singular)
hallibutes (accusative nominative plural)
hallibuttes (genitive singular)
hallibute (genitive plural)
hallibutte (dative singular)
hallibutten (dative plural)

English: halibut

Scots: halibutte, halybutt

From hali + butt, as the fish was often traditionally consumed on holy days.


obeisaunce

English: obeisance


mount

English: mount

Scots: munt

From Old English munt and Anglo-Norman mount, both from Latin mōns.

A mountain; a mount or peak, especially the Alps.


ounce

English: ounce, unce

Scots: ounce

From Middle French once, from Old French once, unce, from Latin uncia. Doublet of ynche.

An ounce (unit with much variation, but generally equivalent to 1/12 or 1/16 of a pound)

(rare) A shekel (ancient measure of weight)

By ounces henge his lokkes that he hadde / And therwith he his shuldres overspradde

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, archived from the original on 2019-02-22, lines 677–678:

By very little hung the locks that he had; / He draped them over his shoulders

(rare) A minuscule or insignificant amount or quantity.

(rare) An eight-minute unit for measuring time.

(rare) A three-inch unit for measuring length.


chisel

English: chisel

Yola: chisool

Any of several cutting tools used by stone masons.


glue

Alternative form of glewen (“to play music, have fun”).


clamour

Anglo-Norman clamour, from an earlier clamur, from Latin clamor

Ffor which oppression was swich clamour


ester

To a stede ȝe schulle hunne wende : þurf oure louerdes grace, / Þat is foweles parays : a wel ioyful place : / Þer ȝe schulle þis ester beo : & þis wit-sonedai also.

c. 1280, “Vita sancti Brendani, Abbatis de Hybernia”, in Carl Horstmann, editor, The Early South English Legendary or Lives of Saints, London: N. Trübner & Co., published 1887, page 224:

Þre siþe he ber croune aȝer · to midewinter at gloucestre · / To witesonetid at westmunstre · to ester at wincestre ·

c. 1300, Robert of Gloucester, edited by William Aldis Wright, The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester, London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, published 1887, page 556:

Mysbyleued men mysdede neuere þat chirche ; and þat is, as me troweþ, for euery ȝere an Ester eue comeþ fire from heuene, and tendeþ and liȝteþ þe lamps þerynne ; but whan þat miracle bygan first, hit is vncertayne and vnknowe.

a. 1402, “De regione lodœœ”, in John Trevisa, transl., edited by Joseph Rawson Lumby, Polychronicon, page 111:


Yorkshire

English: Yorkshire


worsen

enm-verb

worsen (third-person singular simple present worseth, present participle worsende, worsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle worsed)

worseth (present singular third-person)
worsende (participle present)
worsynge (participle present)
worsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
worseen (infinitive)
to worseen (infinitive)
worsee (first-person present singular)
worseed (first-person past singular)
worseest (present second-person singular)
worseedest (past second-person singular)
worseeth (present singular third-person)
worseed (past singular third-person)
worsee (present singular subjunctive)
worseed (past singular subjunctive)
worsee (imperative present singular)
worseen (plural present)
worsee (plural present)
worseeden (past plural)
worseede (past plural)
worseeth (imperative plural present)
worsee (imperative plural present)
worseynge (participle present)
worseende (participle present)
worseed (participle past)
yworseed (participle past)

English: worse (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English wiersian; equivalent to worse (“worse”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


swiven

enm-verb

swīven (third-person singular simple present swīveth, present participle swīvende, swīvynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle swīved)

swīven (canonical)
swīveth (present singular third-person)
swīvende (participle present)
swīvynge (participle present)
swīved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: swive

From Old English swīfan, from Proto-Germanic *swībaną.

On thy bed thy wif I sey hym swyue […]

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales: Manciple's Prologue and Tale:


squamous

English: squamous

From Latin squāmōsus; equivalent to squame + -ous.

(Late Middle English) scaly (especially due to disease)


noble

English: noble

From Old French noble, from Latin nōbilis.


stench

English: stench

Scots: stench, stinch

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English stenċ, from Proto-West Germanic *stankwi, from Proto-Germanic *stankwiz.
* Old English stynċ, from Proto-West Germanic *stunkwi, from Proto-Germanic *stunkwiz.

A stench; an unpleasant or repulsive smell:

Something that causes or has such a smell.

(rare, Early Middle English) A smell or scent (good or bad).


foster

English: foster

Scots: foster

Inherited from Old English fōster, from Proto-West Germanic *fōstr, from Proto-Germanic *fōstrą; reinforced by Old English fōstre (“fosterer”). The vocalism is due to regular shortening before a three-consonant cluster (in the Old English oblique stem fōstr-).

(chiefly Early Middle English) Food or other care.


tusk

English: tusk

Scots: tusk

From Old English tūx, from earlier tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusshe.


organic

English: organic

Borrowed from Old French organique, borrowed itself from Latin organicus. Equivalent to organe + -ik.

Resembling or functioning like an organ; composed of distinct divisions.

(rare) Positioned around the neck or nape (used of veins)


blase

English: blaze

desc

Scots: bleize, blase, blese, bleise, bleis, bleeze

Yola: blaze, bleaze, blease

From Old English blæse, blase, from Proto-West Germanic *blasā, from Proto-Germanic *blasǭ.

(rare) A lamp or beacon (fire used as lighting).


sturdy

English: sturdy

Yola: sturdy

bold, valiant; strong in fight, mighty; bellicose


fist

English: fist

Scots: fist, fyst

Yola: hist, fest

From Old English fȳst, from Proto-West Germanic *fūsti.


helm

English: helm

Scots: helm

→ Welsh: helm

From Old English helm, from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz.

Luken sweord longe, leiden o þe helmen.

They drew their long swords and put on their helms.

1475, An Apology for Lollard Doctrines, Attributed to Wycliffe, quoting Ephesians 6:17

The helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit.

Þe helm of hel and þe swerd of þe Spirit.

(figurative) Any kind of protection or safeguarding.

(figurative, rare) A soldier; a fighting-man.

(rare, biblical) The crown of thorns that Jesus wore.


ille

head

ille (plural and weak singular ille, comparative worse, superlative worst)

ille (plural)
ille (singular weak)
worse (comparative)
worst (superlative)

English: ill

Scots: ill

Yola: ill

From Old Norse illr, from Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz.


swarm

English: swarm

Scots: swairm

From Old English swearm, from Proto-Germanic *swarmaz.


sore

sore (plural and weak singular sore, comparative sorer, sorrer, superlative sorest)

sore (plural)
sore (singular weak)
sorer (comparative)
sorrer (comparative)
sorest (superlative)

English: sore

Scots: sair, sare

From Old English sār, from Proto-Germanic *sairą (noun), *sairaz (adjective).

Senses associated with pain:
Harmful; creating or producing pain.

Sore, hurting, injured; currently in pain or wounded or affected by it.

Capable of inducing or creating pain or wounds; rending or dire.

Harmful; creating or producing anguish, sadness or torment.

Upset, distressed; currently in agony or anguish or affected by it.

Challenging, complicated, laborious; requiring a large expenditure of one's energies:

Challenging to deal with on the battlefield; violent, intense, mighty.

Challenging to deal with; inducing great anguish.

(Used with words relating to pain, soreness, or anguish) Very, strongly, bad, grievously.

Used with words relating to pain; soreness; or anguish; Used with words relating to pain; soreness; or anguish

Malicious, iniquitous, malign; not morally or spiritually in the right.


sore

English: sore

Scots: sair

The condition of bodily painfulness or hurting.

A condition of anguish or affliction of the thought; injury of the mind:

An issue or difficulty, especially one that causes great distress or evil.

Regret; remorsefulness; anguish over one's past actions.

(rare) The state of being scared or frightened.

A medical or pathological affliction or condition; a malady.

A physical affliction or condition; a sore or wound.


sore

sore (comparative sorer, sorrer, superlative sorest)

sorer (comparative)
sorrer (comparative)
sorest (superlative)

English: sore

Scots: sair

Hurtfully, harmfully; in a way which creates wounds, painfulness, or anguish:

Strictly, mercilessly, remorselessly; without attention to kindness or mercy.

Expensively; in a way which creates a monetary or resource setback.

With intense effort, prowess, or capability:

Viciously, mightily, ruthlessly, strongly; using intense strength or prowess in battle.

Nimbly, powerfully, quickly; using intense dexterity or physical force.

Toilingly; backbreakingly, painstakingly; with much work.

With great patience and focus; diligently; patiently.

(Especially used with words relating to feelings or thought) Very, extremely, incredibly, a lot.

Taut, secure; held strongly and with security.

While suffering or experiencing an injury or pain.


cathedral

English: cathedral

Borrowed from Old French cathedral, from Latin cathedrālis.

cathedral (relating to the see of a bishop)


yoken

enm-verb

yoken (third-person singular simple present yoketh, present participle yokende, yokynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle yoked)

yoketh (present singular third-person)
yokende (participle present)
yokynge (participle present)
yoked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
yoken (infinitive)
to yoken (infinitive)
yoke (infinitive)
yoke (first-person present singular)
yoked (first-person past singular)
yokest (present second-person singular)
yokedest (past second-person singular)
yoketh (present singular third-person)
yoked (past singular third-person)
yoke (present singular subjunctive)
yoked (past singular subjunctive)
yoke (imperative present singular)
yoken (plural present)
yoke (plural present)
yokeden (past plural)
yokede (past plural)
yoketh (imperative plural present)
yoke (imperative plural present)
yokynge (participle present)
yokende (participle present)
yoked (participle past)
yyoked (participle past)

English: yoke

Scots: yoke

From Old English geocian, from Proto-West Germanic *jukōn, from Proto-Germanic *jukōną; equivalent to yok + -en (infinitival suffix).

To yoke; to connect an animal or animals to a yoke or [[harness].

(rare) To irrevocably choose a life path.

(rare, figurative) To draw one's arms together.


poll

A head, particularly the scalp or pate upon which the hair (normally) grows


yarn

English: yarn

Scots: yairn

From Old English ġearn, from Proto-West Germanic *garn, from Proto-Germanic *garną. Doublet of garn.


bye

And Kynge Arthure gaff hir a ryche bye of golde; and so she departed.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book VII:


issue

English: issue

Borrowed from Old French issue (“exit”), from issu, past participle of issir, eissir. Compare issen.
Forms with /ʃ/ mostly do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.

Exit, departure; the act of leaving or going out:

(especially pathology) An outwards flow or discharge.

(rare) A sortie (movement of soldiers towards the enemy)

(anatomy) A passage or channel out of the body.

An exit; a way out of a place.
A passage or channel out of the body.

(medicine) An issue; (incision for draining liquid in medieval medicine)

A result or outcome arising from something.

Offspring, family; one's children or descendants.

(finance) Income, revenue, especially from a tax.

The resolution of a dispute or conflict.

(rare) One's (non-biological) successors or inheritors.

(rare) An issue; a matter of dispute or controversy.

The entrails and other waste products of a slaughtered animal.

An display of frustration or annoyance; a vent.


alle

And I seide, "Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir... Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende."

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

"Sir, in his time master John Wycliffe was held by very many men the greatest clerk that they knew living upon earth. And with this he was named, as I believe worthily, an excellent ruly and innocent man in all his living. And therefore great men of knowledge and others also drew much to him, and communed often with him. And they savored so his teaching that they wrote it busily and made him to rule them thereafter... Master Jon Aston taught and wrote accordingly and very busily, where and when and to who he might, and he used it himself, I think, right perfectly unto his life's end. Also Philip of Repingdon while he was a cannon of Leicester, Nicholas [of] Hereford, Dane Geoffrey of Pickering, monk of Byland and a master [of] divinity, and John Purvey, and many other which were held righteous and prudent men, taught and wrote busily this aforesaid teaching, and conformed themselves thereto. And with all these men I was often familiar and I communed with them a long and profitable time, and so before all other men I chose willfully to be informed by them and of them, and especially of Wycliffe himself, as of the most virtuous and godly wise man that I heard of anywhere or knew. And therefore of Wycliffe especially and of these men I took the teaching which I have taught and purpose to live after, if God wills, to my life's end."


Suffolk

English: Suffolk

From Old English Sūþfolc; equivalent to south + folk.


mystery

Alternative form of mysterie (“mystery”)


dresser

English: dresser

(Late Middle English, rare) leader, guide


hath

third-person singular present indicative of haven


stable

English: stable

Scots: stable

→ Middle Irish: stábla

Irish: stábla

Scottish Gaelic: stàball

From Anglo-Norman stable, singular derived from the plural Latin stab(u)la (“dwellings, stables”).

The chambres and the stables weren wyde, / And wel we weren esed atte beste;

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 28–29:

The rooms and stables spacious were and wide, / And well we there were eased, and of the best.


stable

head

stable (comparative stabler or stablere or stablour)

stabler (comparative)
stablere (comparative)
stablour (comparative)

English: stable

Scots: stable

From Anglo-Norman stable, stabel, from Latin stabilis (“firm, steadfast”).


stable

enm-verb

stable (third-person singular simple present stableth, present participle stablende, stablynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stabled)

stableth (present singular third-person)
stablende (participle present)
stablynge (participle present)
stabled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of stablen (“to establish”)


officer

English: officer

Scots: offisher

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman officer, officier, from Latin officiārius; equivalent to office + -er.

A hireling or subordinate; one employed to serve, especially at an estate.

An official or officeholder; the holder of a prominent office or position.

A municipal, local or societal official or officeholder.

A religious or ecclesiastical official or officeholder.

(religion) A deputy or subordinate of the forces of good or evil.

(rare) One who supervises or organises jousting.

(rare) A member or leader of a military force.


unhappy

So thys ſeaſon hit be felle in the moneth : of may a grete angur and vnhappy that ſtynted nat tylle þͤ floure of chyvalry of the worlde was deſtroyed and ſlayne

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 27–29:

So in this season, as in the month of May, it befell a great anger and unhap that stinted not till the flower of chivalry of all the world was destroyed and slain;


corner

English: corner

Scots: corner

Yola: curneale, kurneal

→ Irish: coirnéal

→ Welsh: cornel

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman corner, cornere (and its dissimilatory variant cornel), from corne (“horn”); compare Medieval Latin cornārius.

A corner or angle; a terminal intersection of two objects.

The inside of a corner; the space inside a corner.

A refuge or redoubt; a location of safety.

A place or locale, especially a distant one.


Chaucer

English: Chaucer

→ Armenian: Չոսեր (Čʻoser)

→ Japanese: チョーサー (Chōsā)

zh-l

喬叟／乔叟 (Qiáosǒu)

→ Mandarin: 喬叟／乔叟 (Qiáosǒu)

→ Russian: Чо́сер (Čóser)

Scots: Chaucer

from Old French chaucier (“hose-maker, hosier”), from chauces (“clothing for the legs, breeches, pantaloons, hose”).

bor

a medieval English surname from Old French

(rare) Geoffrey Chaucer (14th-century English poet)


hal

Alternative form of hale (“nook, cranny”)


hal

Geordie English: hyel

Scots: hale

(Northern) Alternative form of hole (“healthy, whole”)


Simon

English: Simon

Yola: Zimoon, Zimaan

From Latin Simon, from Ancient Greek Σίμων (Símōn), from Biblical Hebrew שִׁמְעוֹן (šimʿōn, “hearkening”).


gul

⇒ Scots: golgrav

Yola: ghou

Borrowed from Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz.


caraway

English: caraway

Scots: carvy

From Medieval Latin carui, from Arabic كَرَاوِيَّا (karāwiyyā), via Aramaic from Ancient Greek καρώ (karṓ), κάρον (káron, “caraway”). Doublet of carvi.


mold

Alternative form of molde (“top of the head”)


este

English: est, este (obsolete)

From Old English ēst, from Proto-West Germanic *ansti, from Proto-Germanic *anstiz.


mister

English: mister (obsolete)

Scots: mister

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mester, from Medieval Latin misterium, a variant of ministerium influenced by mysterium. Doublet of mysterie (“duty”).

A station or position in an organisation:

An association of tradespeople; a guild.

And thenne the grene knyghte kneled doune
and dyd hym homage with his swerd
thenne said the damoisel me repenteth grene knyghte of your dommage
and of youre broders dethe the black knyghte
for of your helpe I had grete myster
For I drede me sore to passe this forest
Nay drede you not sayd the grene knyghte
for ye shal lodge with me this nyghte
and to morne I shalle helpe you thorou this forest

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “viij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book VII:

It was by Merlyns auyse said the knyghte
As for hym sayd kynge Carados
I wylle encountre with kynge bors
and ye wil rescowe me whan myster is
go on said they al
we wil do all that we may

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter XV, in Le Morte Darthur, book I:

A situation of great want or need; penury.


seren

seren (infinitive)
to seren (infinitive)
sere (infinitive)
sere (first-person present singular)
sered (first-person past singular)
serest (present second-person singular)
seredest (past second-person singular)
sereth (present singular third-person)
sered (past singular third-person)
sere (present singular subjunctive)
sered (past singular subjunctive)
sere (imperative present singular)
seren (plural present)
sere (plural present)
sereden (past plural)
serede (past plural)
sereth (imperative plural present)
sere (imperative plural present)
serynge (participle present)
serende (participle present)
sered (participle past)
ysered (participle past)

English: sear

From Old English sēarian, from Proto-West Germanic *sauʀēn; equivalent to sere + -en (infinitival suffix).

(mainly referring to plants) To shrivel; to dry and shrink.

(referring to plants, rare) To induce shrivelling; to make dry.


soot

English: soot

Scots: suit, sute

Yola: zoot

Inherited from Old English sōt, from Proto-West Germanic *sōt, from Proto-Germanic *sōtą.


prisoner

enm-noun

prisoner (plural prisoners or prisoneres)

English: prisoner

Borrowed from Old French prisonier; equivalent to prisoun + -er.


golden

English: golden

Scots: gowden

From gilden, reformed by analogy with gold.

(figurative) Of excellent quality or worth; precious, best.


forge

English: forge

Scots: forge

From Old French forge, from earlier faverge, from Latin fabrica.


hunger

English: hunger

Scots: hounger, hunger

From Old English hungor, from Proto-West Germanic *hungr, from Proto-Germanic *hungruz.

Hungriness; the feeling of being hungry or requiring satiation.

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.

Hunger; a great lack or death of food or nutrition.

If hungur riſiþ in þe lond and peſtilence and ruſt and wynd diſtriynge cornes and a locuste and bꝛuke comeþ and if enemyes biſegen þe ȝatis of þe citee aftir þat þe cuntreis ben diſtried and al veniaunce and ſikenesse oppꝛeſſiþ[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:28”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

If hunger rises in the land, and pestilence, rust, wind, destroying grain, and locusts and their young come, and if enemies besiege a city's gates after the city's surrounds are ruined, and when any destruction and disease oppresses (people) […]

A shortage of food in a region or country; widespread hunger.

Hunger as a metaphorical individual; the force of hunger.


baban

→ Welsh: baban

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of babe (“baby”)


William

> English: William (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Weelum, Willum

desc

> Yola: Wyllhaume, Willyaam, Wilyame (inherited)

⇒ Middle Irish: Uilliam

> Irish: Uilliam (inherited)

> Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam (inherited)

Here endeth the book named the dictes or sayengis of the philosophres enprynted. by me william Caxton at westmestre the yere of our lord .M.CCCC.Lxx vij.

1477, William Caxton, “Et sic est finis”, in The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, Westminster, London: William Caxton, folio 74, recto:

Here ends the book named "The Dictations or Sayings of the Philosophers" printed by me, William Caxton, at Westminster, the year of our Lord 1477.

a male given name, equivalent to English William


garth

English: garth

Scots: garthe (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse garðr, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos; cognate with Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ) and a doublet of yerd.


roster

English: roaster

(rare, Late Middle English) A roaster (a person who roasts).


mariner

English: mariner

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mariner; equivalent to marin + -er. Compare marinel and Medieval Latin marīnārius.

sailor (individual working on or navigating a ship)


velvet

English: velvet

Scots: velvet

Borrowed from Old Occitan veluet, from Late Latin villutittus.


ze

English: sea


wight

English: wight, whit

Scots: wicht, wycht

Therin wonneth a wyght that Wronge is Ihote / Father of falſhead, and founded it him ſelfe / Adam and Eue he egged to yll, / Councelled Cayne to kyll his brother

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus primus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio v, verso:

Therein dwells a creature that Wrong is named, / Father of falsehood, and founded it himself. / Adam and Eve he egged to ill, / Counselled Cain to kill his brother

1368-1372, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, line 579

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

"We ben shrewes, every wight,

1379-1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, The House of Fame, line 1830-1831

A small amount (of a quantity, length, distance or time); a whit.


wight

head

wight (comparative wighter, superlative wightest)

wighter (comparative)
wightest (superlative)

English: wight (obsolete or dialectal)

From Old Norse vígt. See vígr (“ready to fight”).


loveable

Alternative form of lovable (“praiseworthy”)


lovable

English: lovable, loveable


lovable

Middle Scots: loveabill


folk

English: folk

Scots: fowk

From Old English folk, from Proto-West Germanic *folk, from Proto-Germanic *fulką.

At nyght was come / in to that hoſtelrye / Wel ·xxix· in a compaignye / Of sondry folk / by auenture yfalle / In felaweſhipe / and pilgrymes weere they alle

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 23-26:

There came at nightfall to that hostelry / Some nine and twenty in a company / Of sundry folk who had chanced to fall / In fellowship, and pilgrims were they all

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.

group, band, troop (of people):
subjects, followers, comitatus

group, band, troop (of people):
army, retinue (group of armed people)

group, band, troop (of people):
gathering, parliament


demure

English: demure

Scots: demure


demure

English: demur


ashore

From a- (“on”) + shore (“a prop; support”).


eyed

English: eyed


mid

Inherited from Old English mid (“with, in conjunction with, in company with, together with, into the presence of, through, by means of, by, among, in, at (time), in the sight of, opinion of”, preposition), from Proto-West Germanic *midi (“with”).
Cognate with North Frisian mits (“with”), Dutch met (“with”), Low German mit (“with”), German mit (“with”), Danish med (“with”), Icelandic með (“with”), Ancient Greek μετά (metá, “among, between, with”), Albanian me (“with, together”), Sanskrit स्मत् (smat, “together, at the same time”).


mid

English: mid

that is or are in the middle or intermediate in time


moisten

moisten (infinitive)
to moisten (infinitive)
moiste (infinitive)
moiste (first-person present singular)
moisted (first-person past singular)
moistest (present second-person singular)
moistedest (past second-person singular)
moisteth (present singular third-person)
moisted (past singular third-person)
moiste (present singular subjunctive)
moisted (past singular subjunctive)
moiste (imperative present singular)
moisten (plural present)
moiste (plural present)
moisteden (past plural)
moistede (past plural)
moisteth (imperative plural present)
moiste (imperative plural present)
moistynge (participle present)
moistende (participle present)
moisted (participle past)
ymoisted (participle past)

English: moist (obsolete as a verb)


suture

English: suture

A suture; a seam made in surgical operations:

(rare, anatomy) A slight bodily indentation.


torment

English: torment

Borrowed from Old French torment, from Latin tormentum.


bagpipe

English: bagpipe, bagpipes

Yola: big-peeps (misspelled)


fagot

English: faggot, fagot

Scots: faggot

Yola: fagoghes (plural)

Borrowed from Old French fagot; further etymology is disputed.

A faggot or bavin (bundled sticks of wood)


fallacious

English: fallacious

And I shall not assoylle oonly oon of thy sophymes / but as many as thou canst thynke / and wole well that thou knowe that yf by force of thy sophymes and fallacious argumentes thou make me Innocent / I shall doo vnto the lyke as thou woldest do to me / and yf hit happe that thy scyence may not ouercome me / yet woll I well that thou defende the with armes. and that thou kepe thy lyf as well as thou canst {etc}::. Wyth these wordes the monstre maad vnto hercules seuen sofymes oon after an other so fallacio{us} and fo subtyll / that whan hercules had gyuen solucion to oon / the monstre replyed by seuen argumentes / Allway hercules that was full of philosophie and expert in all scyence. Answerd so solempnly to all his fallacious argumentes that he surmoũted hym

[1473 or 1474], The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, Composed and Drawen out of Dyuerce Bookes of Latyn in to Frensshe, [Bruges]: [William Caxton and, probably, Colard Mansion]:


-erie

English: -ery, -ry

Scots: -ery, -ry

Borrowed from Old French -erie. Some Middle English uses are new formations from -er + -ie.

Forms nouns denoting an art, craft, or practice.

Forms nouns denoting the place where a practice is done.


mature

English: mature

From Middle French mature and its etymon Latin mātūrus.


Russel

English: Russell

Yola: Russel

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman Russel. Equivalent to russel.


oblivious

English: oblivious


forger

English: forger

From Old French forgiere; equivalent to forgen + -er.


rem

Inherited from Old English hrēam, from Proto-West Germanic *hraum, from Proto-Germanic *hraumaz.

(mainly Early ME) A shout or yell; a loud, aggressive, noise.

(Early Middle English) A moan; a call of sadness or sorrow.


wharf

English: wharf

Scots: wharf


mor

English: moor

Scots: muir

Yola: mor

From Old English mōr, from Proto-West Germanic *mōr.


Arthur

So hit felle on a tyme kyng Arthur ſeyde vnto Merlion My barownes woll let me haue no reſte but nedis I muſte take a wyff ⁊ I wolde none take but by thy counceile and advice //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 6–8:


fully

English: fully

Scots: fully

Inherited from Old English fullīċe; equivalent to ful (“full”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


fully

Alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


-ful

English: -ful

Scots: -fu

Inherited from Old English -ful, -full (“full of; -ful”), from Proto-West Germanic *-full, Proto-Germanic *-fullaz (“-ful”), from Proto-Germanic *fullaz (“full”). The use of the ending to denote nouns originates in the reanalysis of ful modifying a noun as being part of the noun itself, e.g. "cuppe ful" as "cuppe-ful".

Appended to nouns (or, rarely, adjectives and adverbs) to form adjectives denoting the experience or induction of an attitude, internal state or quality.

Appended to nouns referring to containers or vessels, denoting the quantity that the given vessel is capable of holding.


obedient

Borrowed from Old French obedient, from Latin oboediēns, present active participle of oboediō (“obey”).


horrible

English: horrible

Borrowed from Old French horrible, orrible, orible, from Latin horribilis.


oblivion

English: oblivion

From Anglo-Norman oblivion, from Latin oblīviō.

oblivion (state of forgetting completely)


gracious

head

gracious (plural and weak singular graciouse, comparative graciouser, superlative graciousest)

graciouse (plural)
graciouse (singular weak)
graciouser (comparative)
graciousest (superlative)

English: gracious

Scots: gracious

Yola: graacuse, graashoos

Borrowed from Old French gracious, from Latin grātiōsus. Equivalent to grace + -ous.

forgiving, relenting (used mainly positively)

a. 1450, The Creation and the Fall of Lucifer in The York Plays, as recorded c. 1463–1477 in British Museum MS. Additional 35290

I am gracious and great, God without beginning, / I am the unmade maker—all might is in me, / I am life and the way to the attainment of salvation, / I am foremost and first—as I command, it shall be.

I am gracyus and grete, god withoutyn begynnyng, / I am maker vnmade, all mighte es in me, / I am lyfe and way vnto welth-wynnyng, / I am formaste and fyrste, als I byd sall it be.

godly, Christian, involving the graciousness of God


dishonesty

Alternative form of dishoneste (“disgrace”)


muchel

Inherited from Old English myċel, miċel, from Proto-West Germanic *mikil, from Proto-Germanic *mikilaz.

Ei, ei! What this nicht is long / And ich with wel michel wrong / Soregh and murne and fast.

c. 1200, Mirie it is while sumer y-last:


muchel

English: much

Geordie English: mickle, muckle

desc

Scots: mickle, mikil, mekil, mukill, muckle

Yola: mucha, muche, much

“muchel, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

“muchel, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

“muchel, adv.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.


dishonest

Alternative form of dishoneste (“disgraceful”)


fume

English: fume

Scots: fume

Borrowed from Old French fum, from Latin fūmus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós.

Visible gaseous emanations; fumes or smoke.

Any sort of vapour or gaseous emanation.

(physiology) Fumes as the supposed cause of feelings.


Philip

English: Philip

Yola: Phielim

Ultimately from Ancient Greek Φίλιππος (Phílippos), name of ancient kings of Macedonia, from φίλιππος (phílippos, “fond of horses”), from φιλέω (philéō, “I love”) + ἵππος (híppos, “horse”).


on message

So whan the kynge was come thyder with all his baronage and lodged as they semed best / ther was come a damoisel the whiche was sente on message from the grete lady lylle of auelyon / And whan she came bifore kynge Arthur / she told from whome she came / and how she was sent on message vnto hym for these causes

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter I, in Le Morte Darthur, book II:


nervous

English: nervous

Borrowed from Latin nervōsus; equivalent to nerve + -ous.

Composed of or incorporating nerves or tendons.

(uncommon) Pertaining to nerves or tendons.


hondel

English: handle

handle (device designed to be gripped or held in the hand)


Marie

English: Marie, Mary

Yola: Maree

From Old French Marie, from Latin Maria, from Ancient Greek Μαρία (María), Μαριάμ (Mariám).

Whãne marıe þe modır of ıhũ was ſpouſıd to ıoſeph .· bıfoꝛe þeı camen togıdere . ſche was founden hauynge of þe hoolı gooſt ın þe wombe /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:18, page 1r, column 2, lines 11–7 from the bottom; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


-ment

English: -ment

Scots: -ment

From Old French -ment, from Latin -mentum.

Forms nouns from verbs, usually indicating a resulting action or state.


devoir

English: devoir

Borrowed from Middle French devoir, from Old French devoir, deveir, from Latin dēbēre (“to owe, to be duty bound to do something”).

derived

I William Caxton have done my devoir to enprint it

1479, William Caxton, De Consolatione Philosophiæ, translated into English by Geoffrey Chaucer:


arable

English: arable

Borrowed from Middle French arable, from Old French arable, borrowed from Latin arābilis. Equivalent to Middle French arer + -able.


outwardly

English: outwardly

(rare) While seen at the exterior; seeming to be


yiff

Yiff ther was lak, thou woldest crie & pleyne.
Remembre theron, and at me nat disdeyne

c. 1438, John Lydgate, edited by Henry Bergen, Fall of Princes, page 384, line 2020:

If there was lack, you would cry and complain,
Remember that, and do not me disdain.

And yiff that trust with pryncis wil nat tarie,
Litil merueile thouh the peeple varie[…]

c. 1438, John Lydgate, edited by Henry Bergen, Fall of Princes, page 339, line 384:

And if that trust with princes will not tarry,
Little marvel though the people vary […]

So yonge so lusty with hire eyen glade
That yiff that god that hevene and erthe made
Wolde haue a love For beaute and goodnesse
And womanhede and trouthe and semelynesse

1385-1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, Legend of Good Women, page 154, line 1039:

So young and lusty with her eyes glad,
that if that god that heaven and earth made,
would have a love for beauty and goodness,
and womanhood and truth and seemliness


yiff

So god be pleased, monke shall ye noght be,
Another ordre to you yiff I shall,
A knyght will you mak of full hye degre
As your brethren ben named ryght roiall.

1393, Jean d’Arras, Roman de Melusine, page 154, line 2571:

God willing, a monk you'll not be,
Another order to you give I shall,
A knight you'll become of the highest degree,
Just as your brethren are named rightly royal.


graceful

English: graceful

Scots: gracefu

(rare, Late Middle English) Giving grace; grace-inducing.

(rare, Late Middle English) nice, kindly


properly

Now herkenyth how I bar me properly.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


bith

English: bes, beeth (now obsolete or dialectal)

Fingallian: bes

Yola: beeth

From Old English biþ, third-person present singular of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biuþi, third-person present singular of *beuną (“to be, become”).

third-person singular present indicative of been


aide

English: aid

Scots: aid


cope

English: cope

Scots: caip, cape, cap

From earlier cape, from Latin cāpa; possibly through an Old English *cāpe.

A cape or cloak; a loose-fitting outer layer.

A cope; a clerical cape, especially that worn by monastics.


gal

From Old English gāl (“lustful, wanton”), from Proto-West Germanic *gail, from Proto-Germanic *gailaz.

naƿt ane euch fleſchlich hondlunge: ah ȝetten euch gal ƿoꝛd: iſ ladlich vilainie[…]

c. 1225, “Oðer dale: fif ƿittes”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 15, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

Not just each amorous caress, but even each lustful word is revolting depravity […]

Sweche pinen he þolien schal þat her wes of his fles ful gal And wolde louien his fleses wil.

Gripes freteþ hoere mawen And hoere inward everuidel, Ne be þe þarof no so gal, Eft hoe werpeþ al in al.


sind

Inherited from Old English sind, plural present indicative of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *sindi, third-person plural present indicative of *wesaną (“to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

(Early Middle English) plural present indicative of been


ligament

English: ligament

A ligament or similar connecting tissue (e.g. a tendon)


seid

Sire ſeid the damoyſell ye nede not to pulle half ſo hard / for he that ſhall pulle it out ſhal do it with lytel myghte / ye ſay wel ſaid Arthur /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum i”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 38, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 76, lines 36–38:


oracle

English: oracle

Scots: oracle

Borrowed from Middle French oracle m, from Old French oracle m, from Latin ōrāculum n.

(Late Middle English) A shrine where hidden religious knowledge is imparted.

(Late Middle English, rare) A heavenly or godly message.


axel

English: axle (obsolete)

Scots: aixle, exle

From Old English eaxl, from Proto-West Germanic *ahslu, from Proto-Germanic *ahslō.


ferme

desctree

English: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)

Scots: ferm

→ Welsh: fferm

From Medieval Latin ferma, Old French ferme, and their etymon Old English feorm, from Proto-West Germanic *fermu, from Proto-Germanic *fermō.

(by extension) A tax mandated by the realm.

(chiefly Early Middle English) A feast or meal.


ferme

English: firm (remodelled after Latin)

→ Cantonese: firm

Scots: firm (remodelled after Latin)

From Old French ferm, ferme, from Latin firmus, from Proto-Italic *fermos.

steady, enduring (of people, agreements, etc.)


ferme

English: firm (remodelled after Latin)

Scots: firm (remodelled after Latin)


parage

English: parage

From Old French parage; equivalent to pere (“peer”) + -age.

One's bloodline or ancestry, especially in terms of relative social status.

A great or noble bloodline; an ancestry of high social status.

(rare) Common social status or position; societal equalness.

(rare) The right to hold land due to one's societal equivalence to other tenants.


convent

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


reden

enm-verb

reden (third-person singular simple present redeth, present participle redynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative redde, past participle red)

redeth (present singular third-person)
redynge (participle present)
redde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
red (participle past)
reden (infinitive)
to reden (infinitive)
rede (infinitive)
rede (first-person present singular)
redde (first-person past singular)
rede (first-person past singular)
redest (present second-person singular)
reddest (past second-person singular)
redest (past second-person singular)
redeth (present singular third-person)
ret (present singular third-person)
redde (past singular third-person)
rede (past singular third-person)
rede (present singular subjunctive)
redde (past singular subjunctive)
rede (past singular subjunctive)
rede (imperative present singular)
reden (plural present)
rede (plural present)
redden (past plural)
redde (past plural)
reden (past plural)
rede (past plural)
redeth (imperative plural present)
rede (imperative plural present)
redynge (participle present)
redende (participle present)
red (participle past)
rad (participle past)
yred (participle past)
yrad (participle past)

English: read, rede

Scots: rede

Yola: reade

From Old English rǣdan (“to advise, read”), from Proto-West Germanic *rādan, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaną (“to advise, counsel”).
Cognate with Danish råde, Dutch raden, German raten, Swedish råda. The development from ‘advise, interpret’ to ‘interpret letters, read’ is unique to English.


cloudy

English: cloudy

Scots: cluddy, cloody

From Old English clūdiġ; equivalent to cloud + -y.

Covered with or characterised by clouds; clouded.

Not transparent or clear; murky, gloomy.

(rare) Inspiring dread; scary, frightening.


outward

English: outward

Scots: outward

From Old English ūtweard; equivalent to out + -ward.

At the exterior; at a location away from one's home or homeland

From an external perspective; seemingly.


outward

English: outward

Scots: outward

In somewhere outside a given place or thing (especially of a country).


-e

From a variety of Old English adjectival inflectional suffixes.

Forms the weak singular and plural of adjectives.


-e

English: -ee, -y

Scots: -ee, -y

From Old French -e, -ee, from Latin -ātus, -āta. Compare -at, -te, -ite.

Forms nouns denoting an office or function.

Forms pseudo-participial nouns from verbs or other nouns:

Forms nouns denoting the presence of something.

Forms nouns denoting one who an action is done to.

fige (“fig”) + -e → figee (“fig pudding”)

Forms nouns denoting something made or applied.


-e

Forms agent nouns from verbal or nominal stems.


elm

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">ellum</i>

English: elm (dialectal ellum)

Scots: elm

Inherited from Old English elm, from Proto-West Germanic *elm, from Proto-Germanic *elmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁élem (“mountain elm”). For the variant ulme, compare Old English ulmtrēow.


ought

English: ought, aught, owt

Scots: ocht

Yola: aught, aaght

From Old English āht, ōht, shortening of āwiht, ōwiht.


garget

[...] And by the gargat hente Chauntecleer,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4525-4526

And on his bak toward the wode him beer, [...]
… And grabbed Chauntecleer by the throat,
And carried him on his back toward the woods, …


waken

waken (infinitive)
to waken (infinitive)
wake (infinitive)
wake (first-person present singular)
wook (first-person past singular)
wakest (present second-person singular)
woke (past second-person singular)
wook (past second-person singular)
waketh (present singular third-person)
wook (past singular third-person)
wake (present singular subjunctive)
woke (past singular subjunctive)
wake (imperative present singular)
waken (plural present)
wake (plural present)
woken (past plural)
woke (past plural)
waketh (imperative plural present)
wake (imperative plural present)
wakynge (participle present)
wakende (participle present)
waken (participle past)
wake (participle past)

English: wake

Scots: wake

From Old English wacan, from Proto-West Germanic *wakan, from Proto-Germanic *wakaną.

to remain awake on watch (especially over a corpse)


warn

And yf thou warne her loue she shalle goo dye anone yf thou haue no pyte on her / that sygnefyeth the grete byrd / the whiche shalle make the to warne her

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVI:


fille

English: fill

Yola: vill

From Old English fyll, fyllu, from Proto-West Germanic *fullī, from Proto-Germanic *fullį̄. For forms with /u/, see fulle.

A sufficient amount; the state of satiation.

A desired amount; the state of satisfaction.


fille

From Old English fille, an aphetic form of ċerfille.

Anthriscus cerefolium
Anthriscus cerefolium#Translingual


wer

English: wer, were

From Old English wer, from Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós; compare Old Norse verr, Latin vir, Old Prussian wijrs, Sanskrit वीर (vīra).


Patrick

English: Patrick

Yola: Parick

From Latin Patricius (“patrician”), the name of an early Irish saint.


stunt

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


sward

English: sward

Scots: swaird

From Old English sweard, from Proto-Germanic *swarduz; compare Old Norse svǫrðr.

(Late Middle English) Skin, especially that on meat.

Swarde or sworde of flesche (swad or swarde, s.) Coriana.

[c. 1440, Galfrido Grammatico [i.e., Geoffrey the Grammarian], “Swarde”, in edited by Albert Way, Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, dictionarius Anglo–Latinus princeps, […] [Storehouse for Children or Clerics, the First English–Latin Dictionary, […]] (Camden Society; LXXXIX), London: […] Societatis Camdenensis [Camden Society], published 1865, →OCLC, page 482, column 1:

Sward: The rind of bacon or pork; also, the outer covering or skin of something.


bolster

English: bolster

Scots: bowster, bouster, boster

From Old English bolster, from Proto-Germanic *bulstraz.

A soft stuffed bag to lie or lean on; a cushion or pillow.


nad

Yola: nad


bas

English: base, bass

Scots: base

Borrowed from Old French bas, from Late Latin bassus.

Low, short; lacking in height or altitude.

Positioned or placed low; lower than surrounding places.

Poor, unlucky, common; of low rank or wealth.


fultum

From Old English fultum (“help, support, protection, reinforcements; army, forces”), see below.

Of me sal fultum ben ðe brogt.

The Middle English Genesis and Exodus, 1325

help, aid, succour, support, reinforcements

Nis hit naht ᵹedanfenlic þat þes man ane beo and nab nenne fultume, ac uton wircan him ᵹemace him to fultume and to froure. — Homilies, 1225