cloven

English: cloven

Scots: clowen, cloen

From Old English clofen, ġeclofen, past participle of clēofan, from Proto-Germanic *klubanaz, past participle of *kleubaną.


cloven

English: cloven

Scots: clowen, cloen

Split, cloven, separated, divided (used of anatomical features)


morgen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of morwe


targe

English: targe

Scots: targ, targe, tairge

Yola: torches (plural)

* From Old English targa, from Proto-Germanic *targǭ.
* From Old French targe, from Frankish *targa (“buckler”).


a

Alternative form of an (mainly preconsonantal)


a

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of I (“I”)


a

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of oo (“one”)


egged

English: edged

From Old English ecged; equivalent to egge (“edge”) + -ed.

(in compounds) Having an edge of a certain type.


hors

hors (plural)
horsen (plural)
horses (plural)

English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)

Scots: horse, hors

From Old English hors, from Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“run”).

þan haſtely hiȝed eche wiȝt · on hoꝛſe ⁊ on fote / huntyng wiȝt houndes · alle heie wodes / til þei neyȝyed ſo neiȝh · to nymphe þe ſoþe

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 36, recto, lines 2177-2179; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 74:

Then each man went quickly, hunting with hounds amongst tall trees, on horse and on foot, until he came close enough to notice the truth.

⁊ lo a pale hoꝛs .· and þe name was deþ to him þat ſat on hym and helle ſuede him / and power was ȝouen to him on foure partis of þe erþe .· to ſle with ſwerd / ⁊ wiþ hungur / ⁊ wiþ deþ / ⁊ wiþ beeſtis of þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:8, page 119r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And lo! A pale horse, and the name was Death for who that sat on him, and hell trailed him. And power was given to him over four parts of the earth, to slay with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the earth's creatures.

a horse (especially male and fully-grown)

(rare) A means of transport (like a horse)


stod

first/third-person singular past of standen


folc

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of folk


couche

English: couch

Scots: cooch, cootch

→ Welsh: cwtsh
→ English: cwtch

From Old French couche, from couchier (whence couchen).

A bed (flat piece of furniture for sleeping on).

A bed or sleeping spot prepared for an animal.

(rare) A bedroom; the room where one sleeps in.

(rare) A room or abode where an animal sleeps; a den.

(rare) A table covered by a piece of fabric.


knotty

English: knotty

Scots: knottie


olifant

desc

English: oliphant, olifant, olyfaunte, olyphant, oliphaunt

→ Cornish: olifans

musical instrument made of elephant tusks

musical instrument resembling elephant tusks


ragged

English: ragged

Scots: raggit

From Old Norse raggaðr; equivalent to and reinforced by ragge + -ed.


hord

English: hoard

Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

From Old English hord, from Proto-West Germanic *hoʀd, from Proto-Germanic *huzdą.

A location or room of hidden non-valuables.

A storehouse of (non-hidden) valuables or presents.

(figurative) A supply or stock of abstract valuables.

(rare) The act of putting away for safekeeping.


æppel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of appel


-þ

Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)


eche

From Old English ēċe, ǣċe, from Proto-West Germanic *ajukī. Cognate with Dutch eeuwig (“eternal”), German ewig (“eternal”), Swedish evig (“perpetual, eternal”), Latin iūgis (“continual”).

(Early Middle English) eternal, everlasting


gurnard

English: gurnard, gurnet

Scots: girnot

From Old French gournart; equivalent to groynen + -ard.


potent

English: potent

(chiefly Late Middle English) staff, crutch


venu

English: venue

A fight or conflict; a meeting between hostile parties.

(rare) The reaching of one's destination.


sandal

English: sandal

Scots: sandal

From Old French sandale, from Latin sandalium, from Ancient Greek σανδάλιον (sandálion).


sandal

English: sandal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin sandalum, from Byzantine Greek σάνδανον (sándanon), σάνταλον (sántalon), from Arabic صَنْدَل (ṣandal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (cndl /čandal/, “sandalwood”), from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”). Doublet of saundres.


fyr

English: fire

→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)

Sranan Tongo: faya

Scots: fyre, feier

Yola: vire, vier

From Old English fȳr, from Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr.


agen

agen (infinitive)
to agen (infinitive)
age (infinitive)
age (first-person present singular)
aged (first-person past singular)
agest (present second-person singular)
agedest (past second-person singular)
ageth (present singular third-person)
aged (past singular third-person)
age (present singular subjunctive)
aged (past singular subjunctive)
age (imperative present singular)
agen (plural present)
age (plural present)
ageden (past plural)
agede (past plural)
ageth (imperative plural present)
age (imperative plural present)
agynge (participle present)
agende (participle present)
aged (participle past)
yaged (participle past)

English: age

Scots: age

Borrowed from Old French aagier; equivalent to age + -en (infinitival suffix).

(usually in the past participle) to become older; to age.


reste

English: rest

Yola: rasth, raste

From Old English ræst, from Proto-West Germanic *rastu.


celle

English: cell

Scots: cell

From Old English cell and Old French cele, selle, both from Latin cella, from Proto-Italic *kelnā; compare halle.

A private place room or building for habitation.

A chamber or section, especially one of the brain's parts.

(figuratively) A place of entrapment or confinement.


madden

madden (infinitive)
to madden (infinitive)
madde (infinitive)
madde (first-person present singular)
madded (first-person past singular)
maddest (present second-person singular)
maddedest (past second-person singular)
maddeth (present singular third-person)
madded (past singular third-person)
madde (present singular subjunctive)
madded (past singular subjunctive)
madde (imperative present singular)
madden (plural present)
madde (plural present)
maddeden (past plural)
maddede (past plural)
maddeth (imperative plural present)
madde (imperative plural present)
maddynge (participle present)
maddende (participle present)
madded (participle past)
ymadded (participle past)

English: mad (obsolete)

To be mad or insane; to be afflicted with insanity.

To be emotionally overwhelmed or consumed by mood or feelings.

To behave idiotically or stupidly; to display stupidity.

(rare) To make mad, crazy or insane; to madden.


cild

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of child


fon

From Old English ġefān, plural of ġefāh; equivalent to fo + -en (plural suffix).


westward

English: westward

Scots: wastert

From Old English westweard; equivalent to west + -ward.


hateful

English: hateful

(rare, Late Middle English) Hateful, angry, ireful, raging.


matte

English: mat (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mat

From Old English meatte, meatta, from Late Latin matta, from Punic or Phoenician.


stony

English: stony

Scots: stany

Inherited from Old English stāniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *stainag, from Proto-Germanic *stainagaz; equivalent to ston + -y.


nese

Yola: nize, niz


mantel

English: mantle, mantel

Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

From Anglo-Norman mantel and Old English mentel, both ultimately from Late Latin mantēllum, later form of Latin mantēle.

A mantle signifying clerical, judicial or royal office.

A mantle signifying a wed woman's vows of virginity.

(figurative) A cover; something which envelopes.

A large cloth; a blanket:
A cover; something which envelopes.

(figurative, rare) A pretext; an ostensible purpose.

A large cloth; a blanket:
A pretext; an ostensible purpose.

(rare) A mantle (outer body wall of a mollusc).


matin

Alternative form of maten (“to overpower”)


historie

desctree

English: history, Hx, hx (chiefly medicine)
Pitcairn-Norfolk: histrei

Scots: history

Borrowed from Old French historie, a form of estorie, estoire, from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía). Doublet of storie.

A (written) narrative, recounting, or chronicle; events in writing.

(rare) A history; a historical work or description of the past.

(rare) A visual depiction or representation of historical happenings.

(rare) History; the discipline of studying and recording the past.

(rare) A portion of the Bible covering history.


kalender

English: calendar, kalendar (archaic), calender (obsolete)
Tok Pisin: kalenda
→ Japanese: カレンダー (karendā)
→ Korean: 카렌다 (karenda)
→ Korean: 캘린더 (kaellindeo)
→ Swahili: kalenda

Scots: calendar

→ Welsh: calendr

From Old French calendier, from Latin calendārium, kalendārium; equivalent to kalende + -er.

(rare) An example to be followed or noted.

(rare) An itemised list or set of notes.

(rare) A chart or graph used for scientific purposes.


crochet

English: crotchet

From Old French crochet; doublet of croket.


delfan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of delven


heort

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hert


conventicle

From Old French [Term?] or Latin conventus (“assembled, convened”) + -culum (suffix forming noun diminutives). The former is the perfect passive participle of conveniō (“to assemble, convene, meet together”), from con- (“together, with”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“along, at, next to, with”)) + veniō (“to approach, come”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem- (“to step”) + *-yéti (suffix forming intransitive, imperfective verbs)). By surface analysis, covent + -icle.

der

an assembly, a gathering, a meeting, especially one that is secret or unlawful


potage

English: pottage; porridge

Scots: pottage; parritch

Yola: porachès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French potage; equivalent to pot + -age.

A pudding or slurry; any dish made of thick, runny liquid.

Greens or vegetables; plant matter as used in food.

(rare) A cataplasm; a pad on a wound to relieve.


quam

(Northern) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


saul

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of soule


stemme

English: stem

Yola: stevin

From Old English stemn, from Proto-West Germanic *stamni, from Proto-Germanic *stamniz.


liken

liken (infinitive)
to liken (infinitive)
like (infinitive)
like (first-person present singular)
liked (first-person past singular)
likest (present second-person singular)
likedest (past second-person singular)
liketh (present singular third-person)
liked (past singular third-person)
like (present singular subjunctive)
liked (past singular subjunctive)
like (imperative present singular)
liken (plural present)
like (plural present)
likeden (past plural)
likede (past plural)
liketh (imperative plural present)
like (imperative plural present)
likynge (participle present)
likende (participle present)
liked (participle past)
yliked (participle past)

English: like

Scots: like

Yola: lick, licke, lik

From Old English līcian, from Proto-West Germanic *līkēn.


unde

English: und


hos

English: hoarse

Scots: hairse, hairsh, haise

From Old English hās, *hārs, from Proto-Germanic *haisaz, *haisraz.

(rare) Unclear-sounding; hard to detect.


hos

(rare) The state of being hoarse or an example of it.


hos

(Late Middle English, rare) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


rancour

English: rancour, rancor

Scots: rancour

From Old French rancor, from Latin rancor.

Jealousy, ire, towards someone; rancour (also as a metaphorical figure)

(rare) Rancidity; something which smells vile.

(rare) A belief that one is engaging in wrongdoing.


quoniam

Learned borrowing from Latin quoniam (“since”), probably as an educated respelling/euphemism of Old French conin (“coney, rabbit”). Compare queynte and cunt.

lbor

And trewely, as myne housbondes toldë me,

c. 1380-1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Prologe of the Wyves Tale of Bathe, ll. 607–8 (ed. Skeat)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


ete

English: eat

Scots: ait

From Old English ǣt, from Proto-West Germanic *āt, from Proto-Germanic *ētą. The final vowel is presumably generalised from the dative.

(chiefly Early Middle English) eating; food; meal


snaca

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of snake


credible

English: credible

Borrowed from Middle French crédible, from Latin crēdibilis; compare crede, credence, and creditour.


dene

English: dene, dean, Deane

desc

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">den</i>

Scots: den (conflated with den)

From Old English dene; possibly originally the same word as den (“den”).


dene

Alternative form of deynen (“to disdain”)


magen

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


leve

Old English lēaf (“permission, privilege”), from Proto-Germanic *laubō (“permission, privilege, favour, worth”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“to love”).


rede

English: reed, read

Scots: reid, reed

From Old English rēada, from Proto-West Germanic *raudō.


rede

Wel coude he rede a lessoun or a storie, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 709

He well knew how to read a lesson or a story, …

‘And, er that we departen from this place,
I rede that we make, of sorwes two,
O parfyt Ioye, lasting ever-mo;’ [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3070-3072

‘And before we depart from this place,
I advise that we make, of two sorrows,
One perfect joy, lasting evermore;’ …


schip

schipes (plural)
schippes (plural)
schip (accusative nominative singular)
schipes (accusative nominative plural)
schippes (accusative nominative plural)
schipes (genitive singular)
schippes (genitive singular)
schipe (genitive plural)
schipes (genitive plural)
schippes (genitive plural)
schipe (dative singular)
schipen (dative plural)
schipes (dative plural)
schippes (dative plural)

English: ship

Scots: ship

Yola: zhip

Inherited from Old English scip, from Proto-West Germanic *skip, from Proto-Germanic *skipą.

(generally) A waterborne vessel; a boat.

(figuratively) A person or organisation providing "passage" through a situation.


yong

head

yong (comparative yongere, superlative yongeste)

yongere (comparative)
yongeste (superlative)

English: young

Scots: young

Characteristic of a young person; youthful.

Having little experience; inexperienced, unpractised.

Being the younger of two people of the same name, usually related; junior.

At an early stage of existence or development.


agon

agon (infinitive)
to agon (infinitive)
ago (infinitive)
ago (first-person present singular)
ayede (first-person past singular)
awente (first-person past singular)
agost (present second-person singular)
agest (present second-person singular)
ayedest (past second-person singular)
awentest (past second-person singular)
agoth (present singular third-person)
ageth (present singular third-person)
ayede (past singular third-person)
awente (past singular third-person)
ago (present singular subjunctive)
ayede (past singular subjunctive)
awente (past singular subjunctive)
ago (imperative present singular)
agon (plural present)
ago (plural present)
ayeden (past plural)
ayede (past plural)
awenten (past plural)
awente (past plural)
agoth (imperative plural present)
ago (imperative plural present)
agoynge (participle present)
agonde (participle present)
agon (participle past)
ago (participle past)

From Old English āgān (“to go out”), from Proto-West Germanic *uʀgān.


injurious

English: injurious

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman enjurius, from Latin iniūriōsus; equivalent to injurie + -ous.

(of speech) Rude, offensive, distasteful.

Morally wrong or evil; potentially dangerous.


cneo

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kne


kne

English: knee

Scots: kne, kney, knie

Yola: konnee

From Anglian Old English cnēo (West Saxon cnēow is continued in knew), from Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”).


gorgon

English: gorgon (obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin Gorgō, from Ancient Greek Γοργώ (Gorgṓ).


cwic

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quyk


dæl

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of del


savour

English: savour, savor

Borrowed from Old French savor, savour, from Latin sapor, sapōrem.


lich

English: lich

Scots: lyke, lich

From Old English līċ, from Proto-West Germanic *līk, from Proto-Germanic *līką, from Proto-Indo-European *leyg- (“alike, similar”).

der

A wyf […] Þat lene was of lich and of louh chere.

1362, William Langland, Piers Plowman, XI.2:


singen

singen (infinitive)
to singen (infinitive)
singe (infinitive)
singe (first-person present singular)
sang (first-person past singular)
singest (present second-person singular)
sunge (past second-person singular)
sange (past second-person singular)
sang (past second-person singular)
singeth (present singular third-person)
sang (past singular third-person)
singe (present singular subjunctive)
sunge (past singular subjunctive)
sange (past singular subjunctive)
singe (imperative present singular)
singen (plural present)
singe (plural present)
sungen (past plural)
sunge (past plural)
sangen (past plural)
sange (past plural)
singeth (imperative plural present)
singe (imperative plural present)
singynge (participle present)
singende (participle present)
sungen (participle past)
sunge (participle past)

English: sing

Scots: sing

Yola: zing

From Old English singan (“to sing”). Cognate with Middle Dutch singen, Middle High German singen, Old Swedish siunga, and Crimean Gothic singhen.

Þan were matynys & masse & euen song, placebo & dirige & comendacion & matynes of oure lady ordeyned of synful men, to be songen wiþ heiȝe criynge to lette men fro þe sentence & vnderstondynge of þat þat was þus songen, & to maken men wery & vndisposid to studie goddis lawe for akyng of hedis[…]

a. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of feyned contemplatif lif, of song, of þe ordynal of salisbury, & of bodely almes & worldly bysynesse of prestis; hou bi þes foure þe fend lettiþ hem fro prechynge of þe gospel:

Then there were matins, mass, evensong, placebo, dirges, commendations, and matins of Our Lady, which originated from sinful men, to be sung with high-pitched shrieking to keep people from the meaning and understanding of that which was sung, as to make men weary and unsuited to study God's law because of headaches […]

To sing (something); to produce (certain) noises with one's voice:

To produce chants or other sung verse (especially of a religious nature).

To cry in agony; to produce lamentations.

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom

To talk, recite, or declare (especially in a particular way or manner):

To recite a non-sung prayer or religious commendation.

To perform the Eucharist (in a given way).

(rare) To recite non-sung verse or poetry.

To make the sound of a musical instrument.


jubbe

English: jubbe

With hym broghte he a jubbe of malvesye.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

With him he brought a tank of malvoisie.


garn

English: garn (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse garn, both from Proto-Germanic *garną. Doublet of yarn.


faran

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of faren


þeos

(Southwestern, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of þes (“these”)


þeos

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þis (“this”)


þeos

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þas (“the, that, this”)


hefig

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevy


linden

English: linden

From Old English linden, equivalent to lynde + -en (“made of”).


þy

(Northern) Alternative form of þe (“the”)


feþer

English: feather

Scots: fedder

Yola: vethers (plural)

From Old English feþer, from Proto-West Germanic *feþru, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-.


þis

head

þis (feminine þeos, accusative þisne, dative þissum, genitive þisses)

þeos (feminine)
þisne (accusative)
þissum (dative)
þisses (genitive)

From Old English þes, þæs, þēos, þis, þys, all ultimately from inflections of Proto-Germanic *sa (“that”).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


þis

þis (feminine þos, accusative þisne, dative þissum, genitive þisses)

þos (feminine)
þisne (accusative)
þissum (dative)
þisses (genitive)


þis

English: this

Scots: this

Yola: this


ligature

English: ligature

Borrowed from Middle French ligature, itself borrowed from Late Latin ligātūra. Doublet of lyoure.


eow

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yow


þes

English: these

Middle Scots: thais, thois, theis


þes

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þas (“of that, of this”)


dweller

English: dweller

Yola: dwellerès, dwelleres (plural)


thorny

English: thorny

Scots: thorny

From Old English þorniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *þornag. Equivalent to thorn + -y.


digression

It were a long disgression
Fro my matere.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book I, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


mas

From a conflation of Anglo-Norman messe and Old English mæsse.


gode

English: goad

Fingallian: godeen

Scots: gad, gade, gaid

From the inflected forms of Old English gād, from Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidō.


gode

weak singular and strong/weak plural of good


skyn

English: skin

Scots: skin

Yola: skien

From Old Norse skinn, from Proto-Germanic *skinþą.

The skin (outer layer of the body or a portion of it)

A hide, fur or skin of an animal, especially used as a garment.

A prepared hide (such as parchment or leather)

A layer or cover located in the inside of the body.

A rind or external layer (especially of a plant).

(biblical) Part of the material composing a tent.


chave

Kissyng and lying ich see is all one:
And chave no mony, chul tell true therfore.

c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “Measure for Measure”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):


lives

From Old English līfes (“alive”), itself from the genitive singular of līf (“life”). For the use of the genitive in forming adverbs from nouns compare evenings (“in the evening”). More at -s (etymology 3).

Hir fader, that this tidinge herd anon,
 Curseth the day and time that Nature
 Shoop him to been a lives creature.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 901-903:


stele

English: steel

→ Maori: tīra

Scots: stele, steill

Yola: stheel

From Old English stēle, stȳle, stīele, from Proto-West Germanic *stahlī (“steel weapon”).


stele

Yola: sthill, stell

Inherited from Old English stela, steola; a parallel etymology to English stale (“a handle, shaft, stem”, noun).

m+

ſcheome ⁊ pine · aſ ſein Beornard ſeið beoð þe tƿa leaddꝛe steolen þe beoð up rriht to heouene[…]

c. 1225, “Seſte dale: penitence”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 96, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

As Saint Bernard says, shame and penury are the two sides of the ladder that go right up to heaven.

And in o purpose stedfastly to dwel / And nat bewray thyng that men vs tel / But that tale is nat worthe a rake stele / Parde we women con nothyng hele

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


Neptunus

English: Neptune

(mythology) The Roman god governing the sea; Neptune.


hawthorn

English: hawthorn

Scots: hawthorn

Inherited from Old English hagaþorn, hæguþorn, from Proto-West Germanic *haguþorn; equivalent to hawe + thorn.


cours

desctree

English: course
→ Gulf Arabic: كورس (kōrs)

Scots: coorse

→ Welsh: cwrs

Borrowed from Old French cours, curs, from Latin cursus; compare Middle Dutch coers.

[…]and the yonge sonne / Hath in the ram his half cours yronne / And smale foweles maken melodye[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 7-9:

[…] and the young Sun / has made half its journey in Aries, / while small birds make melodies […]

(astronomy) The path of a celestial body.

A course or path:
The path of a celestial body.

(usually nautical) The direction something is headed.

A course or path:
The direction something is headed.

A course or path:
A watercourse (path taken by water)

A series of occurrences; a course of time:

Customary behaviour or nature; custom:
A course of a meal.

Customary behaviour or nature; custom:
Human behaviour; deportment.


cours

English: coarse

Scots: coorse

Ordinary, coarse; of inferior grade or quality.


revel

English: revel

Borrowed from Old French revel, from reveler.

Joyfulness, entertainment, celebration, revelling.

A specific instance of revelling or joyfulness.

(rare, Late Middle English) Chaos, disorder.


revel

Alternative form of revelen (“to revel”)


harlot

He was a gentil harlot and a kynde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

a churl; a common man; a person, male or female, of low birth

Ye false harlot (quod the myller) haste
 A false traytour, false clerke (quod he)
 Thou shalte be deed by goddes dignyte

a person given to low conduct; a rogue; a cheat; a rascal


burnet

English: burnet

Scots: burnet

Borrowed from Old French brunet, brunete (“brunette”).

Burnet (Sanguisorba spp.) or a similar plant.


canape

English: canopy

From Old French conopé, Medieval Latin cānōpēum, from Latin cōnōpēum, from Ancient Greek κωνωπεῖον (kōnōpeîon).


playing

English: playing

playing, having fun, entertainment, revelry.

The playing of a game or sport; ludic entertainment.

The participation or running of a play or performance.

(rare) The duration something is boiling for.


binden

binden (infinitive)
to binden (infinitive)
binde (infinitive)
binde (first-person present singular)
band (first-person past singular)
bond (first-person past singular)
bound (first-person past singular)
bindest (present second-person singular)
bounde (past second-person singular)
bonde (past second-person singular)
band (past second-person singular)
bindeth (present singular third-person)
band (past singular third-person)
bond (past singular third-person)
bound (past singular third-person)
binde (present singular subjunctive)
bounde (past singular subjunctive)
bonde (past singular subjunctive)
binde (imperative present singular)
binden (plural present)
binde (plural present)
bounden (past plural)
bounde (past plural)
bonden (past plural)
bonde (past plural)
bindeth (imperative plural present)
binde (imperative plural present)
bindynge (participle present)
bindende (participle present)
bounden (participle past)
bounde (participle past)
ybounden (participle past)
ybounde (participle past)

English: bind

Scots: bind

From Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną; equivalent to bynde + -en (infinitival suffix).

To bind, fasten; to make a knot or fastening.

To secure, strengthen; to make strong:
To tie up; to strengthen with a knot.

To connect or link (especially by binding):

(figurative) To remember; to keep one's mental connection secure.

(figurative) To strengthen or provide proof for an argument.

To take away one's agency; to enthrall:
To restrain a captive; to jail.

To take away one's agency; to enthrall:
To enslave, subordinate, or force.

To take away one's agency; to enthrall:
To enrapture or captivate.

(rare) To take into apprenticeship or training.

To enter into a socially binding obligation or agreement:

To enter into a marital relationship; to marry.

(rare, Late Middle English) To copulate; to have sex.

To force or compel (to perform an action):

To obligate; to be forced by societal pressure.

To force (into) a socially binding obligation or agreement.

To decorate or adorn; to add ornaments on.

To enclose or surround; to fold as to completely conceal.

(rare) To cohere; to enjoin with itself.

(rare, figurative) To end or finish; to wrap up (for the sense, compare Modern English wrap up)


stormy

English: stormy

Scots: stormy

Inherited from Old English stormiġ; equivalent to storm + -y.

Affected by an instance of intense wind and precipitation; stormy.

Indecisive, fluctuating, inconsistent; lacking consistency or decisiveness.

Fractious or warring; affected by conflicts or disputes.


þegen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of theyn


bak

English: back

Scots: back, bak, bake

From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:

(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself.

(rare) The parts of a person which aren't visible to themself.

c. 1300, Havelok, Havelok the Dane
Summe putten with gleyue in bac and side, And yeuen wundes longe and wide.

The back, of something more generally; the non-facing side.

The vertebrae or spine; the bone holding up the back.

(rare) The extremities, margin or boundary of something.

(rare) The fur or hide of an animal (removed from an animal)


bak

English: back

Yola: bak


penne

English: pen

Scots: pen

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman penne f, from Old French penne f, from Latin penna f, from Proto-Italic *petnā, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥. Compare feþer.

(figuratively) A writer's aptitude or distinguishing features.

A quill; the rachis (stem) of a feather.

A wing (projection enabling flight) (usually used in the plural)


penne

From Old English penn, from Proto-Germanic *pennō.


elch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ech


snowy

English: snowy

Scots: snawy

From Old English snāwiġ; equivalent to snow + -y.

snowy (resembling snow in temperature or colour)


halter

English: halter

Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Inherited from Old English hælftre, hælfter, from Proto-West Germanic *halftrijā.

(rare) A rope tied in a noose for hanging.

(rare) The binding contract of marriage.


anker

English: anchor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: anchor, anker


fæder

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fader


corny

English: corny

Scots: cornie (obsolete, rare)

Yola: cornee, kurnee

Or els a draught of moyste corny ale

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Doctour of Physyckes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(rare) containing corn; tasting of malt, tasting well of malt, malty


garter

English: garter

Yola: ghurteare, gurteare


borden

English: boarden


fusen

enm-verb

fūsen (third-person singular simple present fūseth, present participle fūsende, fūsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fūsed)

fūsen (canonical)
fūseth (present singular third-person)
fūsende (participle present)
fūsynge (participle present)
fūsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fusen (infinitive)
to fusen (infinitive)
fuse (infinitive)
fuse (first-person present singular)
fused (first-person past singular)
fusest (present second-person singular)
fusedest (past second-person singular)
fuseth (present singular third-person)
fused (past singular third-person)
fuse (present singular subjunctive)
fused (past singular subjunctive)
fuse (imperative present singular)
fusen (plural present)
fuse (plural present)
fuseden (past plural)
fusede (past plural)
fuseth (imperative plural present)
fuse (imperative plural present)
fusynge (participle present)
fusende (participle present)
fused (participle past)
yfused (participle past)

desc

English: fease, feese, feeze, pheeze, faze

Scots: faize

From Old English fȳsan (“to send forth, impel, stimulate: drive away, put to flight, banish; hasten, prepare oneself”), from Proto-Germanic *funsijaną. Reinforced by Old English gefȳsan (“to make ready, cause to hasten, make eager”).

inh

He lette þider fusen al þat he hafde ihalden, þat corn of þissen londe. — Layamon's Brut, 1275

To send or bring speedily; to hasten; to launch, to hurl a weapon; to proceed

Oþer þu heom fusen, oþer þu heom feolle. — Layamon's Brut, 1275

To put to flight; pursue, to banish, to rush or charge at


saucer

English: saucer

Scots: saucer

From Old French saussier (and feminine saussiere); equivalent to sauce + -er.

A small receptacle or bowl for storing sauce in.


hache

Borrowed from Old French hache, from Frankish *happjā, from Proto-Germanic *hapjǭ.


hache

Yola: hachee, haachee (adj.)

Borrowed from Old French haschiee, hachïe.


butte

English: butt

Yola: butts (plural)

From Old English byt, bytt (“small piece of land”) and *butt (attested in diminutive Old English buttuc (“end, small piece of land”) > English buttock), from Proto-West Germanic *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz (“end, piece”).


calves

From calf (“calf (young cow)”) + -es (“plural affix”).


calves

From calf (“calf (anatomy)”) + -es (“plural affix”).


thrift

Medleth na-more with that art, I mene,
For, if ye doon, your thrift is goon ful clene.


clod

English: clod

Scots: clod

A late by-form of clot of unclear provenance. Compare Old English *clod, a form of clot found in compounds and placenames.


ike

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of I (“I”)


wop

English: woop, whoop

Inherited from Old English wōp, from Proto-West Germanic *wōp, from Proto-Germanic *wōpaz.


fleam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flem


yar

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þeir


doublet

English: doublet

Borrowed from Old French doublet, from double, duble, doble + -et.


cavernous

English: cavernous

From Old French caverneux or Latin cavernōsus (“full of hollows or cavities”); equivalent to caverne + -ous.


dusty

English: dusty

Scots: dusty, disty

From Old English dūstiġ; equivalent to dust + -y.


thew

To tel al the tale a ryght / We ben ſhrewes euery wyght / And haue delyte in wickedneſſe / As good folke haue in goodneſſe / And ioye to be knowen ſhrewes / And ful of vyce and wicked thewes

c. 1374–1385 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The House of Fame. The Thyrde Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cccxiiii, verso, column 1:

To tell all the tale aright / We are shrews, every person / And have dealt in wickedness / As good folk have in goodness / And joy to be known as shrews / And full of vice and wicked traits


aken

aken (infinitive)
to aken (infinitive)
ake (infinitive)
ake (first-person present singular)
ok (first-person past singular)
aked (first-person past singular)
akest (present second-person singular)
oke (past second-person singular)
ok (past second-person singular)
akedest (past second-person singular)
aketh (present singular third-person)
ok (past singular third-person)
aked (past singular third-person)
ake (present singular subjunctive)
oke (past singular subjunctive)
aked (past singular subjunctive)
ake (imperative present singular)
aken (plural present)
ake (plural present)
oken (past plural)
oke (past plural)
akeden (past plural)
akede (past plural)
aketh (imperative plural present)
ake (imperative plural present)
akynge (participle present)
akende (participle present)
aken (participle past)
aked (participle past)

English: ache

Scots: ake

Yola: aake

Inherited from Old English acan, from Proto-West Germanic *akan, from Proto-Germanic *akaną; equivalent to ache + -en (infinitival suffix).


sunne

(West Midlands, Southern) Alternative form of synne


sunne

(West Midlands, Southern) Alternative form of synnen


aiel

English: ayel, ayle (obsolete)

From Old French aiol, from Vulgar Latin *aviolus, ultimately from Latin avus.

I am þyn aiel, redy at þy wille.


bobance

English: bobance

Late 14th century: For certeinly – I sey for no bobance –/ Yet was I nevere wiþouten purveiance / Of mariage, n’of oþere þynges eek.


caple

‘Herkne, my broþer, herkne, by þy feiþ! / Herestow nat how þat þe cartere seiþ? / Hent it anon, for he haþ yeve it þee,/ Boþe hey and cart, and eek his caples þre.’


bourdon

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


ayenbite

English: agenbite

From ayen + bite, a calque of Latin remordeo (“I cause remorse”, literally “I bite back”).


frangible

From Middle French frangible, or from Medieval Latin frangibilis, from Latin frangere, from frangō (“to break, shatter”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreg- (“to break”).


breme

He was war of Arcite and Palamon / Þat fouȝten breme as it were bores two.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

"So upon the morn there came Sir Gawaine as brim (breme) as any boar, with a great spear in his hand."

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], (please specify the book number), [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


coign

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


Georgie

English: Georgie (obsolete)

/dʒɛːˈɔːrdʒiː(ə)/

From Middle French Georgie, from Medieval Latin Geōrgia, from Persian گرج (gorj) (with influence from (sanctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”)), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (Wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”), of unknown origin.

And þere ben .ij. kyngdomes in þat contree. Þat on is the kyngdom of GEORGIE & þat oþer is the kyngdom of ABCAZ. And allweys in þat contree ben .ij. kynges & þei ben bothe criſtene

a. 1357, John Maundevylle, chapter XXIX, in [The Travels of Sir John Mandeville] (Cotton Titus C.16.); republished as Paul Hamelius, Mandeville's travels : the Cotton version, 1919, page 172:

The gentyl ladyes of the contre Arme them and ride vpon good horſes rennyng and ſwyfte / and fyghte aſprely in the companye of the knyghtes of Georgie ayenſt the ſaraſyns.

1481, Gossuin of Metz, “Here foloweth of the contrees and Royammes of ynde”, in William Caxton, transl., L'Image du Monde [The myrrour of the worlde], William Caxton:

Georgia (a medieval country in the South Caucasus, approximately coextensive with modern Georgia)


loth

English: loath, loth

Yola: lotherwite

I durſt ſaye that of his age ther is not in this land a better knyghte than he is nor of better condycions and lothe to doo ony wronge / and loth to take ony wronge

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum Quintum”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IV, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 62, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 124, lines 10–13:

I daresay that there is not a knight of his age in this land better than he is, nor of better qualities and loth to do any wrong and loth to receive any wrong.

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I have so many idle thoughts / Purely from lack of sleep / That I swear I take no heed / Of anything, whether it comes or goes, / And nothing is either dear to me or hated.

I have so many an ydel thoght / Purely for defaulte of slepe / That by my trouthe I take no kepe / Of noo thinge how hyt cometh or gooth / Ne me nys no thynge leve nor looth


breken

breken (infinitive)
to breken (infinitive)
breke (infinitive)
breke (first-person present singular)
brak (first-person past singular)
brek (first-person past singular)
brekest (present second-person singular)
breke (past second-person singular)
brake (past second-person singular)
brak (past second-person singular)
brek (past second-person singular)
breketh (present singular third-person)
brak (past singular third-person)
brek (past singular third-person)
breke (present singular subjunctive)
breke (past singular subjunctive)
brake (past singular subjunctive)
breke (imperative present singular)
breken (plural present)
breke (plural present)
breken (past plural)
breke (past plural)
braken (past plural)
brake (past plural)
breketh (imperative plural present)
breke (imperative plural present)
brekynge (participle present)
brekende (participle present)
broken (participle past)
broke (participle past)
ybroken (participle past)
ybroke (participle past)

English: break

Scots: breke, brick, brak

Yola: brough, brocke, brek

From Old English brecan, from Proto-West Germanic *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną. Doublet of brayen (“to break up”).


nought

English: nought, naught, nowt

Scots: nocht, nowt

Yola: noucht

From Old English nāwiht, nōwiht, from Proto-West Germanic *naiwwiht; equivalent to ne + ought.


nought

English: nought, naught, nowt

Þei ne bileveden hire nought.

Þou art nought weyke.


nought

English: nought, naught

Scots: nocht


nought

English: nought, naught, nowt

Scots: nocht


stelen

enm-verb

stelen (third-person singular simple present steleth, present participle stelende, stelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative stal, past participle stolen)

steleth (present singular third-person)
stelende (participle present)
stelynge (participle present)
stal (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
stolen (participle past)
stelen (infinitive)
to stelen (infinitive)
stele (infinitive)
stele (first-person present singular)
stal (first-person past singular)
stel (first-person past singular)
stelest (present second-person singular)
stele (past second-person singular)
stale (past second-person singular)
stal (past second-person singular)
stel (past second-person singular)
steleth (present singular third-person)
stal (past singular third-person)
stel (past singular third-person)
stele (present singular subjunctive)
stele (past singular subjunctive)
stale (past singular subjunctive)
stele (imperative present singular)
stelen (plural present)
stele (plural present)
stelen (past plural)
stele (past plural)
stalen (past plural)
stale (past plural)
steleth (imperative plural present)
stele (imperative plural present)
stelynge (participle present)
stelende (participle present)
stolen (participle past)
stole (participle past)
ystolen (participle past)
ystole (participle past)

English: steal

Scots: stele, steil

he þat ſtal .· now ſtele he not / but moꝛe trauele he in woꝛchyng wiþ his hondis þat þat is good .· þat he haue wher of he ſchal ȝyue to nedi

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Epheſianes 4:28, page 75v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Anyone who steals shouldn't steal again, but should instead do useful work with their own hands so they have [something] to give to the needy.


peper

English: pepper (see there for further descendants)

Scots: peper, pepar, pepir

Yola: pipper

Inherited from Old English pipor, piper, from West Germanic, from Latin piper, from Ancient Greek πέπερι (péperi), from Indo-Aryan.

pepper (a spice made from the fruit of the plant Piper nigrum)

(rare) The plant that produces the fruit required to make pepper; the pepper plant.


cate

(hapax) Alternative form of gate (“gate”)


brawny

English: brawny


delen

delen (infinitive)
to delen (infinitive)
dele (infinitive)
dele (first-person present singular)
delte (first-person past singular)
delde (first-person past singular)
deled (first-person past singular)
delest (present second-person singular)
deltest (past second-person singular)
deldest (past second-person singular)
deledest (past second-person singular)
deleth (present singular third-person)
delte (past singular third-person)
delde (past singular third-person)
deled (past singular third-person)
dele (present singular subjunctive)
delte (past singular subjunctive)
delde (past singular subjunctive)
deled (past singular subjunctive)
dele (imperative present singular)
delen (plural present)
dele (plural present)
delten (past plural)
delte (past plural)
delden (past plural)
delde (past plural)
deleden (past plural)
delede (past plural)
deleth (imperative plural present)
dele (imperative plural present)
delynge (participle present)
delende (participle present)
delt (participle past)
deld (participle past)
deled (participle past)
ydelt (participle past)
ydeld (participle past)

English: deal

Scots: dele, deil

Yola: ee-delt (ppl.)

From Old English dǣlan, from Proto-Germanic *dailijaną; equivalent to del + -en (infinitival suffix).

To separate or split; to deal out:
To mince; to cut into small pieces.

To separate or split; to deal out:
To apportion; to share or assign.

(rare) To assign individuals into lots or divisions.

(rare) To discern; to be able to tell apart.

To separate or split; to deal out:
To discern; to be able to tell apart.

To separate or split; to deal out:
(rare) To lop of; to split away.

To separate or split; to deal out:
To lop of; to split away.

To have business with someone; to be involved in a matter:

To reach a decision or verdict; to make a call.

To enter into battle; to be involved in a conflict.

To copulate or to have sex with someone.

(Early Middle English) To join or engage in an activity.

To attack with a weapon; to deal a blow.

To control; to administrate or be in charge.


haten

haten (third-person singular simple present hateth, present participle hatynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hated)

hateth (present singular third-person)
hatynge (participle present)
hated (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
haten (infinitive)
to haten (infinitive)
hate (infinitive)
hate (first-person present singular)
hated (first-person past singular)
hatest (present second-person singular)
hatedest (past second-person singular)
hateth (present singular third-person)
hated (past singular third-person)
hate (present singular subjunctive)
hated (past singular subjunctive)
hate (imperative present singular)
haten (plural present)
hate (plural present)
hateden (past plural)
hatede (past plural)
hateth (imperative plural present)
hate (imperative plural present)
hatynge (participle present)
hatende (participle present)
hated (participle past)
yhated (participle past)

English: hate

Scots: hate

Inherited from Old English hatian, from Proto-West Germanic *hatēn, from Proto-Germanic *hatāną; equivalent to hate + -en (infinitival suffix).

To feel negative emotions towards (something):

To feel dislike or hatred towards (someone).

To hate (someone); to permanently dislike someone.

To view (someone) as beneath oneself; to feel contemptuous towards someone.

To perform negative acts towards (something):

To refuse or avoid (something); to shun, to scorn.

To ruin; to cause the destruction (of something).

(rare) To be inherently opposed to something.


compleet

English: complete

Borrowed from Old French complet or Latin completus. More at complete.


compleet

Indicating completeness or entireness; completely, totally.


branden

branden (infinitive)
to branden (infinitive)
brande (infinitive)
brande (first-person present singular)
brante (first-person past singular)
branded (first-person past singular)
brandest (present second-person singular)
brantest (past second-person singular)
brandedest (past second-person singular)
brandeth (present singular third-person)
brante (past singular third-person)
branded (past singular third-person)
brande (present singular subjunctive)
brante (past singular subjunctive)
branded (past singular subjunctive)
brande (imperative present singular)
branden (plural present)
brande (plural present)
branten (past plural)
brante (past plural)
brandeden (past plural)
brandede (past plural)
brandeth (imperative plural present)
brande (imperative plural present)
brandynge (participle present)
brandende (participle present)
brant (participle past)
branded (participle past)
ybrant (participle past)
ybranded (participle past)

English: brand


werk

English: work

Geordie English: wark

Scots: wark

Yola: woork

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *werǵ-
Proto-Indo-European *-om
Proto-Indo-European *wérǵom
Proto-Germanic *werką
Proto-West Germanic *werk
Old English weorc
Middle English werk
From Old English weorc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *werką. Compare werken.

etymon

1422, James Yonge (translator), Secretum Secretorum

The work of matremony may be ussit and don... without anny Syn


maken

maken (infinitive)
to maken (infinitive)
make (infinitive)
make (first-person present singular)
made (first-person past singular)
maked (first-person past singular)
makest (present second-person singular)
madest (past second-person singular)
makedest (past second-person singular)
maketh (present singular third-person)
makth (present singular third-person)
made (past singular third-person)
maked (past singular third-person)
make (present singular subjunctive)
made (past singular subjunctive)
maked (past singular subjunctive)
make (imperative present singular)
maken (plural present)
make (plural present)
maden (past plural)
made (past plural)
makeden (past plural)
makede (past plural)
maketh (imperative plural present)
make (imperative plural present)
makynge (participle present)
makende (participle present)
mad (participle past)
maked (participle past)
ymad (participle past)
ymaked (participle past)

English: make

Geordie English: myek

Scots: mak

Yola: maake, maak

From Old English macian, from Proto-West Germanic *makōn.

In þe bigynnyng God made of nouȝt heuene and erþe. / Forſoþe þe erþe was idel and voide, and derkneſſis weren on the face of depþe; and the Spiryt of þe Lord was borun on the watris.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 1:1-2”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

In the beginning, God made the sky and the Earth out of nothing. / The Earth was inactive and empty, and darkness was on top of the seas' surfaces, and the Spirit of the Lord moved on the water.

And ſmale foweles maken melodye / That ſlepen al the nyght with open ye / So priketh hem Nature in hir corages / Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages[…]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 9–12:

And small birds make song / that sleep all night with their eyes open / (as Nature pokes them in their hearts). / Then people want to go on pilgrimages […]

& ſomme englyſſhe bookes maken mencyon that they wente neuer oute of englond after the deth of ſyr Launcelot / but that was but fauour of makers[…]

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xiii”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XXI, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 430, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 860, lines 29–31:

And some English books make claims that they never went out of England after the death of Sir Lancelot, / but that was only authors' biases […]

To make or create; to have something made.


alles

From all + -es (genitive/adverbial ending).


deel

Alternative form of del (“amount, part”)


willen

enm-verb

willen (third-person singular simple present wille, present participle willynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wolde)

wille (present singular third-person)
willynge (participle present)
wolde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
willen (infinitive)
to willen (infinitive)
wille (infinitive)
wollen (infinitive)
wolle (infinitive)
wille (first-person present singular)
wolle (first-person present singular)
wolde (first-person past singular)
wilt (present second-person singular)
wolt (present second-person singular)
woldest (past second-person singular)
wolde (past second-person singular)
wille (present singular third-person)
wolle (present singular third-person)
wolde (past singular third-person)
wille (present singular subjunctive)
wolde (past singular subjunctive)
willen (plural present)
wille (plural present)
wollen (plural present)
wolle (plural present)
wolden (past plural)
wolde (past plural)
willynge (participle present)
willende (participle present)

English: will

Scots: will, wil

Yola: woul, wull, weel, will, ill, well

From Old English willan, wyllan (“to want, intend, be willing”), from Proto-West Germanic *willjan, from Proto-Germanic *wiljaną (“to want”).

inh

to intend to do something, plan something

(auxiliary) A modal verb with several meanings:

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses purpose, intent: will

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses willingness: will

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses certainty: will

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses habitual action: will

Expresses ability, capability: will, can

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses futurity: shall, will

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses expectation, conjecture: will

Expresses imminence, impendence: will, to be about to

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses a suggestion, proposal: let's

Expressing a modest, polite wish: would like

A modal verb with several meanings:
Expresses hypotheticals: might

Expresses possibility, probability: to be likely to, may


willen

enm-verb

willen (third-person singular simple present willeth, present participle willende, willynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle willed)

willeth (present singular third-person)
willende (participle present)
willynge (participle present)
willed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old Norse; cognate with Faroese, Icelandic villa (“to stray, err”).


willen

present indicative/subjunctive plural of willen (“to want”)


welke

Alternative form of welken (“to dry out”)


vullen

Alternative form of fullen (“to baptise”)


gardener

English: gardener

Scots: gairdener, gairdner, gairner

From Old Northern French gardinier; equivalent to gardyn + -er.


kennen

kennen (infinitive)
to kennen (infinitive)
kenne (infinitive)
kenne (first-person present singular)
kenned (first-person past singular)
kennte (first-person past singular)
kennest (present second-person singular)
kennedest (past second-person singular)
kenntest (past second-person singular)
kenneth (present singular third-person)
kenned (past singular third-person)
kennte (past singular third-person)
kenne (present singular subjunctive)
kenned (past singular subjunctive)
kennte (past singular subjunctive)
kenne (imperative present singular)
kennen (plural present)
kenne (plural present)
kenneden (past plural)
kennede (past plural)
kennten (past plural)
kennte (past plural)
kenneth (imperative plural present)
kenne (imperative plural present)
kennynge (participle present)
kennende (participle present)
kenned (participle past)
kennt (participle past)
ykenned (participle past)
ykennt (participle past)

English: ken

Scots: ken

Yola: ee-kent (ppl.)

From Old English cennan, from Proto-West Germanic *kannijan, from Proto-Germanic *kannijaną.


hore

English: whore

Scots: hure, hoor

→ Welsh: hŵr

From Old English hōre, from Proto-West Germanic *hōrā, from Proto-Germanic *hōrǭ. Cognate to Middle Dutch hoere, Middle Low German hôre, Middle High German huore, and Old Swedish hōra.

And oon of þe ſeuene aungels cam· þat hadde ſeuene viols .· ⁊ ſpak wiþ me / ⁊ ſeide / come þou· I ſchal ſchewe to þee þe dampnacioun of þe greet hoꝛe· þat ſittiþ on manye watris.· wiþ which kyngis of erþe diden foꝛnicacioun

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 17:1, page 123r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And one of the seven angels (who had seven beakers) came and spoke with me, and said: "Come, I'll show you the damnation of the great whore, who sits by lots of water, and who the Earth's rulers engaged in adultery with."

A whore (lascivious or adulterous woman)

(rare) A people who are morally transgressive.

(rare, derogatory) An insult used towards women.


hore

From Old English horu, horh, from Proto-West Germanic *hurhu, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwą.

Muck, mud; that which is filthy or dirty.

Iniquity, evil, sin; that which is morally foul.


hore

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


winnen

winnen (third-person singular simple present winneth, present participle winnende, first-/third-person singular past indicative wan, past participle wonnen)

winneth (present singular third-person)
winnende (participle present)
wan (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
wonnen (participle past)
winnen (infinitive)
to winnen (infinitive)
winne (infinitive)
winne (first-person present singular)
wan (first-person past singular)
won (first-person past singular)
winnest (present second-person singular)
wonne (past second-person singular)
wanne (past second-person singular)
wan (past second-person singular)
won (past second-person singular)
winneth (present singular third-person)
wan (past singular third-person)
won (past singular third-person)
winne (present singular subjunctive)
wonne (past singular subjunctive)
wanne (past singular subjunctive)
winne (imperative present singular)
winnen (plural present)
winne (plural present)
wonnen (past plural)
wonne (past plural)
wannen (past plural)
wanne (past plural)
winneth (imperative plural present)
winne (imperative plural present)
winnynge (participle present)
winnende (participle present)
wonnen (participle past)
wonne (participle past)
ywonnen (participle past)
ywonne (participle past)

English: win

Scots: win

Inherited from Old English winnan, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winnaną (“to labor; to win, gain; to fight, strive”).

inh

to gain (territory, wisdom, success, a cow, a prize, etc.)


doucet

English: dulcet

From Old French doucet; equivalent to douce + -et.

(rare, Late Middle English) Sweet-tasting, sugary.

(rare, Late Middle English) Nice-tasting, tasty or delicious.

(rare, Late Middle English) Melodious, harmonious.

(rare, Late Middle English) Nice, friendly, kind.


doucet

English: doucet

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of dessert.

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of musical instrument.


franchise

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 27, line 452

Certainly, goods of body are health of body, strength, agility, beauty, gentle birth, freedom.

Certes, goodes of body been hele of body, as strengthe, delivernesse, beautee, gentrye, franchise.


honderd

Alternative form of hundred (“administrative division”)


ster

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


euch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ech


maat

Alternative form of maten (“to checkmate”)


smal

head

smal (plural and weak singular smale, comparative smalre, superlative smalest)

smale (plural)
smale (singular weak)
smalre (comparative)
smalest (superlative)

English: small

Geordie English: sma'

Scots: sma'

Yola: smaale, small

From Old English smæl, from Proto-Germanic *smalaz.


tellen

tellen (infinitive)
to tellen (infinitive)
telle (infinitive)
telle (first-person present singular)
tolde (first-person past singular)
tellest (present second-person singular)
toldest (past second-person singular)
telleth (present singular third-person)
tolde (past singular third-person)
telle (present singular subjunctive)
tolde (past singular subjunctive)
telle (imperative present singular)
tellen (plural present)
telle (plural present)
tolden (past plural)
tolde (past plural)
telleth (imperative plural present)
telle (imperative plural present)
tellynge (participle present)
tellende (participle present)
told (participle past)
ytold (participle past)

English: tell

Scots: tell

Yola: tolth, told (preterite)

From Old English tellan, from Proto-West Germanic *talljan, from Proto-Germanic *taljaną.


naken

naken (infinitive)
to naken (infinitive)
nake (infinitive)
nake (first-person present singular)
naked (first-person past singular)
nakest (present second-person singular)
nakedest (past second-person singular)
naketh (present singular third-person)
naked (past singular third-person)
nake (present singular subjunctive)
naked (past singular subjunctive)
nake (imperative present singular)
naken (plural present)
nake (plural present)
nakeden (past plural)
nakede (past plural)
naketh (imperative plural present)
nake (imperative plural present)
nakynge (participle present)
nakende (participle present)
naked (participle past)
ynaked (participle past)

English: nake

Scots: nake

Inherited from Old English nacian, from Proto-Germanic *nakwōną.

O nyce men, why nake ye youre bakkes?

c. 1380s [c. 524], Geoffrey, transl. Chaucer, Boethius de Consolatione Philosophiae, book 4, metre 7, translation of The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius, line 70; republished in The Complete Works Of Geoffrey Chaucer, London: Oxford University Press, 1912, page 192:

To remove clothes or make naked; to nake.


dwale

English: dwale

>? Scots: dwall

From Old English dwala, dwola; reinforced and semantically influenced by Old Norse dvala.

Belladonna or a similar soporific plant.

To bedde gooth Aleyn / and alſo John / Ther nas namooꝛe / hem neded no dwale

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Reue”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 54, recto:

To bed went Alan, and John too / There was no more; they didn't need any sleeping draught.

A sleeping draught, especially if made from belladonna.


kiþen

English: kithe

Scots: kithe


wollen

English: woollen, woolen

Scots: wollin, wolne, wowne

From Old English wyllen, with influence from wolle, from Proto-Germanic *wullīnaz; thus equalling wolle + -en (“made of”).

Made of wool fibers or fabric spun therefrom.


wollen

English: woollen, woolen

Scots: wollin, wolne, wowne

Woollen fabric; fabric made out of woollen thread.


hythe

English: hythe, hithe

Scots: hyth, hythe

From Old English hȳþ (“harbor, landing-place”).

inh

hythe (landing-place in a river; port, haven)


hythe

Alternative form of hight: simple past/past participle of hoten


ethel

homeland, ancestral territory (especially of the Anglo-Saxons or other Germanic peoples)


ferial

English: ferial

Borrowed from Medieval Latin fēriālis; equivalent to ferie (“weekday”) + -al.

(chiefly Late Middle English) ferial (pertaining to an ordinary day)


inwit

English: inwit (archaic)

From Old English *inwitt; equivalent to in- + witt.


hert

English: hart

Scots: hert

A depiction of a hart, including in heraldry.


lyard

late 1300s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Friar's Tale

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Þat was wel twiȝt, myn owene lyard boy. / I pray God save þee, and Seinte Loy!

(of a horse) having dappled white and grey spots


lyard

c. 1264, unknown author, Richard of Almaigne, quoted in 1856, Thomas Percy (editor), Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, page 172

Be the luef, be the loht, sue Edward, / Thou shalt ride sporeless o thy lyard,

Ac so soone so the Samaritan / Hadde sighte of this leode, / He lighte a-down of lyard,

c. 1370-1390, William Langdon, “The Vision of Piers Plowman”, in Thomas Wright, editor, The Vision and the Creed of Piers Ploughman, volume 2, published 1882, page 352:

a horse which is dappled and spotted in the aforementioned way


helve

English: helve

Scots: helf

From Old English hielfe, from Proto-West Germanic *halbī.


housel

English: housel (archaic)

Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

From Old English hūsl, hūsel, hūsul, from Proto-West Germanic *hunsl, from Proto-Germanic *hunslą.

The bread and wine utilised at Holy Communion.

(rare) The partaking in or consumption of said bread and wine.

(rare) The ritual or ceremony of Holy Communion.

(rare) Participation or presence at Holy Communion.


delicat

desctree

English: delicate
→ Japanese: デリケート (derikēto)


veel

English: veal

Scots: veal, veall, vale

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman veel, from Latin vitellus.

The ydolatiers of the golden veel.


frith

English: frith

From Old English friþ, friþu, from Proto-West Germanic *friþu, from Proto-Germanic *friþuz.

A state of general peace or tranquility.


frith

English: frith, firth

Scots: firth (poetic)

From Old English fyrhþe, fyrhþ, from Proto-West Germanic *furhiþi, from Proto-Germanic *furhiþją, *furhiþǭ.

(rare, Late Middle English) hedging (as a fence)


gree

Alternative form of gre (“step, degree”)


gree

Alternative form of gre (“goodwill, agreement”)


hough

English: hough, hoff, hock

Scots: hoch, houch

⇒ Yola: houghany

From Old English hōh (“heel”), from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *hanhaz. Compare hele (“heel”).


hough

English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how

Scots: heuch

From Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).


herbage

English: herbage

Borrowed from Middle French herbage, and Old French erbage, from Early Medieval Latin herbāticum; equivalent to herbe + -age.

Herbage (herbaceous plants, especially grass)


Johannes

יוֹחָנָן יוחנן#Hebrew

a male given name from Late Latin Iōhannēs [in turn from Koine Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), in turn from Biblical Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yôḥānān, “God is gracious”)], variant of John, equivalent to English John or Jon


revere

English: reaver

Scots: refar (obsolete)

⇒ Yola: rivery

Inherited from Old English rēafere; equivalent to reven + -er.

Gif tƿa men oþer ·iii· coman ridend to an tun · al þe tunſcipe flugæn foꝛ heom. ƿenden ð hi ƿæron ræuereſ.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

If two or three men came riding into a town, the whole town ran away from them, concluding that they were robbers.

A robber or burglar; one who steals or thieves.


revers

they three smote hym at onys with their spearys, and with fors of themselff they smote Sir Launcelottis horse revers to the erthe.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

In a reverse way or direction; upside-down.


-ite

English: -ity

Scots: -ity, -eety

From Old French -ite, -ete, from Latin -itās, -itātem; compare -te.


hangen

hangen (infinitive)
to hangen (infinitive)
hange (infinitive)
hange (first-person present singular)
heng (first-person past singular)
hanged (first-person past singular)
hangest (present second-person singular)
henge (past second-person singular)
heng (past second-person singular)
hangedest (past second-person singular)
hangeth (present singular third-person)
heng (past singular third-person)
hanged (past singular third-person)
hange (present singular subjunctive)
henge (past singular subjunctive)
hanged (past singular subjunctive)
hange (imperative present singular)
hangen (plural present)
hange (plural present)
hengen (past plural)
henge (past plural)
hangeden (past plural)
hangede (past plural)
hangeth (imperative plural present)
hange (imperative plural present)
hangynge (participle present)
hangende (participle present)
hangen (participle past)
hange (participle past)
hanged (participle past)
yhanged (participle past)

English: hang

Yola: ung (preterite)

Originally two distinct verbs:
* Old English hangian, from Proto-West Germanic *hangēn, from Proto-Germanic *hangāną.
* Old English hōn, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄han, from Proto-Germanic *hanhaną.


heten

enm-verb

heten (third-person singular simple present heteth, present participle hetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative hette, past participle het)

heteth (present singular third-person)
hetynge (participle present)
hette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
het (participle past)
heten (infinitive)
to heten (infinitive)
hete (infinitive)
hete (first-person present singular)
hette (first-person past singular)
hetest (present second-person singular)
hettest (past second-person singular)
heteth (present singular third-person)
hette (past singular third-person)
hete (present singular subjunctive)
hette (past singular subjunctive)
hete (imperative present singular)
heten (plural present)
hete (plural present)
hetten (past plural)
hette (past plural)
heteth (imperative plural present)
hete (imperative plural present)
hetynge (participle present)
hetende (participle present)
het (participle past)
yhet (participle past)

English: heat

Scots: heat, haet, het

⇒ Scots: het

Inherited from Old English hǣtan, from Proto-West Germanic *haitijan, from Proto-Germanic *haitijaną; equivalent to hete (“heat”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


heten

From Old English hǣtan, plural of hǣte, variant of hǣtu; equivalent to hete + -en (plural suffix).

(Early Middle English) plural of hete (“heat”)


crome

English: crumb

Scots: crum

From Old English cruma, from Proto-Germanic *krumô.

a crumb; a small piece or portion of food, especially bread

the lighter-coloured part of a loaf of bread inside the crust; the interior of a loaf of bread

(rare) a diminutive portion or section; a mote


wrongfully

English: wrongfully


-ling

English: -ling

Scots: -ling, -lin

From Old English -ling (nominal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz; equivalent to -el + -ing.


-ling

English: -ling, -long (as in headlong)

From Old English -ling (adverbial suffix).

An adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position.


differently

English: differently

Scots: differently


marin

English: marine

Borrowed from Middle French marin, from Old French marin, from Latin marīnus. Compare mere (“sea, lake”).


ake

Not of low on earth, ake of the high in heaven.

approx. 1225, Hali Meidenhad (Holy Maidenhood)

approx. 1225, Homilies in Lambeth

Those men.. have the name of Christians, ake though they are Christ's unwins (enemies).

He was still, ne spake no-more, ake he worth athirst well sore.

circa 1350, Midland Prose Psalter

Blessed be the man that.. ne set nowt in false judgement. Ake his will was in the will of our Lord.

circa 1390, Walter Hilton, On the Mixed Life

This thought is good.. ake if a man may not lightly have salvation ne devotion in it, I hold it not speedful.

approx. 1450, South English Legendary: Temporale
It ... rotted fast; ake that flesh and that blood rotteth never-more.


-dom

English: -dom

Scots: -dom

Inherited from Old English -dōm, from Proto-West Germanic *-dōm, from Proto-Germanic *-dōmaz.

Forming nouns denoting a state, condition, or office; -dom.

Forming nouns denoting a condition or quality; -dom.


oon

From Old English ān, from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos. Compare an, oo.

Almihti godd· feader· ſune· hali gaſt· aſ ȝe beoð ϸreo an godd: alſƿa ȝe beoð an mihte· an ƿiſdom· ⁊ an luue[…]

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folios 6, verso – 7, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

Almighty God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, as both three and one, while being one Might, one Wisdom, and one Love […]

And but ye do / c[er]teyn we shal yow teche / that it is fair / to han a wyf in pees / Oon of vs two / moſte bowen doutelees

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 63, verso, lines 438-440:

And unless you do, we'll certainly teach you / that it's fair to have a wife in peace; / one of the two of us must without doubt submit.


oon

English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)

Geordie English: yen

Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae

Yola: oan, own, ane


couth

And of the felonyes and fraudes of thyne accuſours, it ſemeth the to haue touched it forſoth ryghtfully & ſhortly al myghten tho ſame thynges better & more plentuouſly been couth in the mouthe of the people that knoweth al this.

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie. The Fyrst Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxxvi, recto, column 1:

And of the felonies and frauds of your accusers, it seems that you have indeed rightfully touched upon it briefly, as these same things might have been better and more fully familiar in the mouth of the people that know all this [i.e., the people's voice may have said these things better and more fully].

couth; familiar, known; well-known, renowned


steven

From Old English stefn, stemn (“voice, sound”). More at steven.

Soo wythin syx wekye after syr Launcelot fyl seek and laye in his bedde & thenne he sente for the bysshop that there was heremyte and al his trewe felowes / Than Syr Launcelot sayd wyth drery steuen / syr bysshop I praye you gyue to me al my ryghtes that longeth to a chrysten man.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XXI:


steven

From Old English stefn (“appointed time”).

It is ful fair a man to bere hym euene, / For al day meeten men at vnset steuene.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:

1398, John Trevisa, trans. Bartholomaeus, De Proprietatibus Rerum:

Suche stenche is continual and comeþ nouȝt by stemnes.


Jude

Borrowed from Latin Iūdaea, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαία (Ioudaía), from Biblical Hebrew יְהוּדָה (yehudá).


wagen

wagen (infinitive)
to wagen (infinitive)
wage (infinitive)
wage (first-person present singular)
waged (first-person past singular)
wagest (present second-person singular)
wagedest (past second-person singular)
wageth (present singular third-person)
waged (past singular third-person)
wage (present singular subjunctive)
waged (past singular subjunctive)
wage (imperative present singular)
wagen (plural present)
wage (plural present)
wageden (past plural)
wagede (past plural)
wageth (imperative plural present)
wage (imperative plural present)
wagynge (participle present)
wagende (participle present)
waged (participle past)
ywaged (participle past)

English: wage

Scots: wage

From Old Northern French wagier; equivalent to wage + -en (infinitival suffix). Doublet of wedden.

(transitive) To employ, use, or utilise a person.

(transitive) To give an item or a person as security or as a guarantee.

(transitive) To risk, potentially endanger.


chapman

English: chapman

desctree

⇒ English: chap
Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)

Scots: chapman

From Old English ċēapmann, from Proto-West Germanic *kaupamann; equivalent to chep (“price”) + man (“man”).
Forms in /i/ may be from the Old English variant ċȳpman, presumably influenced by the verb ċīepan.


offertory

But alderbest he sang an offertory: / For well he wiste, when that song was sung, / He muste preach […].

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


comune

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

commune (share, communicate, participate, associate with, converse, confer, consult)


consul

English: consul

Scots: consul

From Old English consul, from Latin cōnsul.


skene

English: skean, skene, skeyn

Borrowed from Middle Irish scian, from Old Irish scían, from Proto-Celtic *skiyenā; compare Middle Welsh ysgien. This word was borrowed late enough for the orthographic final vowel to be illusory.

(Late Middle English, rare) skean (kind of dagger)


tribune

English: tribune

From Old French tribun, tribune, from Latin tribūnus.

A Roman military tribune or similar leader of a thousand soldiers.

A Roman plebeian tribune or similar leader of a thousand civilians.


coronal

English: coronal (coronel, cronel)

From Anglo-Norman coronal, from Latin corōnālis; equivalent to coroune + -al.

A tiara; a crown lacking arches or covering.


helen

head

helen (third person singular simple present heleþ, simple past and past participle held)

heleþ (present singular third-person)
held (participle past)
held (past)

English: heal
→ Dutch: healen

Scots: heal

From Old English hǣlan, from Proto-West Germanic *hailijan, from Proto-Germanic *hailijaną (“to heal”).


helen

helen (simple past heled or hal, past participle heled or hole)

heled (past)
hal (past)
heled (participle past)
hole (participle past)

English: hele, heel

Scots: heil

Yola: helt, hulth (preterite)

A merger of Old English helan (“to conceal, cover, hide”, strong verb) and helian (“to conceal, cover, hide”, weak verb), from Proto-West Germanic *helan, from Proto-Germanic *helaną (“to conceal, stash, receive stolen goods”) and [Term?] (“to conceal”), both from Proto-Indo-European *ḱel- (“to hide”).


spurn

English: spurn

(rare) A strike or blow using one's feet.


swathing

English: swathing


compte

Alternative form of counte (“computation”)


smaken

smaken (infinitive)
to smaken (infinitive)
smake (infinitive)
smake (first-person present singular)
smaked (first-person past singular)
smakest (present second-person singular)
smakedest (past second-person singular)
smaketh (present singular third-person)
smaked (past singular third-person)
smake (present singular subjunctive)
smaked (past singular subjunctive)
smake (imperative present singular)
smaken (plural present)
smake (plural present)
smakeden (past plural)
smakede (past plural)
smaketh (imperative plural present)
smake (imperative plural present)
smakynge (participle present)
smakende (participle present)
smaked (participle past)
ysmaked (participle past)

English: smack

Scots: smack

Yola: smack

Borrowed from Middle Low German smāken, from Old Saxon *smakōn, from Proto-West Germanic *smakēn; compare smacchen. Some forms are remodelled on smak.

(transitive, intransitive) To have a taste; to taste (something).

(transitive, intransitive, rare) To smell (of); to emit or sample an odour.

(transitive, rare) To be contaminated by; to be blemished with.


Hyades

English: Hyades

From Latin Hyades, from Ancient Greek Ὑάδες (Huádes), nominative and vocative plural of Ὑ̄̆ᾰ́ς (Hūás, “one of the Hyades”).


hor

English: hoar

Scots: hare, hair

From Old English hār, from Proto-Germanic *hairaz.

Grey, greyish, grey-white (usually referring to hair)


hor

English: hoar

Scots: hare, hair


hor

(chiefly early and West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of here (“their”)


hur

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


hur

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


hur

(chiefly southern West Midland and Southern dialectal) Alternative form of here (“their”)


ful

English: full

Scots: fou, full

Yola: vull

From Old English full, from Proto-West Germanic *full, from Proto-Germanic *fullaz, from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁nós.

And I seide, "Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. […]

And I said, "Sir, in his time master John Wycliffe was held by very many men the greatest clerk that they knew living upon earth. And with this he was named, as I believe worthily, an excellent ruly and innocent man in all his living. […]

and failynge he was deed in a good elde, and of greet age, and ful of dayes, and he was gaderyd to his puple.

ca. 1384, John Wycliffe, Wycliffe Bible (translation from the Vulgate), Genesis 25:8

and failing he was dead in a good old [age], and of great age, and full of days, and he was gathered to his people.


organum

Borrowed from Latin organum. Doublet of organe.

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

A keyboard instrument that produces sound by air moved through pipes; an organ.


stoppen

enm-verb

stoppen (third-person singular simple present stoppeth, present participle stoppende, stoppynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stopped)

stoppeth (present singular third-person)
stoppende (participle present)
stoppynge (participle present)
stopped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
stoppen (infinitive)
to stoppen (infinitive)
stoppe (infinitive)
stoppe (first-person present singular)
stopped (first-person past singular)
stoppest (present second-person singular)
stoppedest (past second-person singular)
stoppeth (present singular third-person)
stopped (past singular third-person)
stoppe (present singular subjunctive)
stopped (past singular subjunctive)
stoppe (imperative present singular)
stoppen (plural present)
stoppe (plural present)
stoppeden (past plural)
stoppede (past plural)
stoppeth (imperative plural present)
stoppe (imperative plural present)
stoppynge (participle present)
stoppende (participle present)
stopped (participle past)
ystopped (participle past)

English: stop (see there for further descendants)

Scots: stop, stap

From Old English stoppian, from Proto-West Germanic *stoppōn.


whoo

Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


rebellious

English: rebellious

Refusing to submit to authorities; rebellious.


yow

English: you

Scots: you

From Old English ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz. Initial /j/ is by analogy with ye.

certes lord / so wel vs liketh yow / And al youre werk / and euere han doon / þat we / Ne koude nat vs self deuysen how / We myghte lyuen / in moore felicitee [...].

c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Clerk's Tale", Canterbury Tales, Ellesmere manuscript (c. 1410)

Second-person plural object pronoun: you (plural).

(formal) second-person singular object pronoun: you (singular).


dower

English: dower

Scots: dower

Borrowed from Old French doeire, from Medieval Latin dōtārium; equivalent to dowen + -er. Doublet of dowarye.

A dower; a life estate of a male spouse's property.

(rare) A gift given by the bride's family to the groom or his relatives; dowry.

(rare, figurative) An intrinsic or inherent property or attribute.

(rare, astrology) A portion of the world under the domination of a particular star sign.


hame

English: hame, heam

From Old English hama, homa, from Proto-West Germanic *hamō, from Proto-Germanic *hamô (“cover, skin”).


hame

English: hame

Scots: hame

Yola: hamas (plural)

From Middle Dutch hame (“horse collar, harness; fishnet”), from Old Dutch *hamo, from Proto-Germanic *hamô (“fishnet; collar for a horse”).


hame

(Northern) Alternative form of hom (“home”)


hame

Alternative form of hamme (“enclosure; meadow”)


hame

Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


boon

English: boon

Scots: boon

Borrowed from Old Norse bón, from Proto-Germanic *bōniz.


boon

English: boon

Borrowed from Old Northern French boon, from Old French bon (“good”).


ole

Alternative form of hole (“healthy, whole”)


jung

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yong


lusk

English: los, loz

From Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs.


pissemyre

English: pismire

Scots: pismire, pishmire

He is as angry as a pissemyre, / Þogh þat he have al þat he kan desire […]

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

He is as angry as an ant / Though he has all that he could ever desire […]


gon

gon (infinitive)
to gon (infinitive)
go (infinitive)
go (first-person present singular)
yede (first-person past singular)
wente (first-person past singular)
gost (present second-person singular)
gest (present second-person singular)
yedest (past second-person singular)
wentest (past second-person singular)
goth (present singular third-person)
geth (present singular third-person)
yede (past singular third-person)
wente (past singular third-person)
go (present singular subjunctive)
yede (past singular subjunctive)
wente (past singular subjunctive)
go (imperative present singular)
gon (plural present)
go (plural present)
yeden (past plural)
yede (past plural)
wenten (past plural)
wente (past plural)
goth (imperative plural present)
go (imperative plural present)
goynge (participle present)
gonde (participle present)
gon (participle past)
go (participle past)
ygon (participle past)
ygo (participle past)

English: go

Geordie English: gan

Middle Scots: go, goe, gone

Scots: gan, gae, ga, gang

desc

Yola: goe, gow, go, goeth (influnced by Irish silent -th)

From Old English gān, from Proto-West Germanic *gān, from Proto-Germanic *gāną, compare German gehen. Past tense supplied by Old English wendan, from Proto-Germanic *wandijaną, or a suppletive stem yed-, yod-, from Old English ēod-.


gon

English: gone

Geordie English: gyen

Scots: gane

Yola: gome

From Old English gān, ġegān, past participle of gān (“to go”), from Proto-Germanic *gānaz, past participle of *gāną (“to go”); equivalent to gon + -en.


gon

From Lady Gunilda; a name for a crossbow. More at English gun.


blowing

Alternative form of blowynge (“blowing”)


rother

English: rudder, rother

Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder

A rudder or till; a steering implement for a ship.

An oar; a long stick used for a boat's propulsion.

(rare) One who steers a boat (i.e. using a rudder)

(rare) A stick for mixing malt during brewing.

(rare, figurative) An administrator or director.


rother

English: rother


sacre

Borrowed from Old French sacree and sacre. Probably influenced by Old French sacré, past participle of Old French sacrer.


sacre

A consecration, especially the coronation of a monarch


quern

English: quern, kern, curn, quirn

Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern

Yola: querne

From Old English cweorn, from Proto-Germanic *kwernō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”).

inh

A quern or quirn; a device for grinding grains.


sid

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schyd


mede

English: mead

Scots: meid, mede

From Old English medu, from Proto-West Germanic *medu, from Proto-Germanic *meduz, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr.


mede

English: mead (poetic)

Yola: mead

From Old English mǣd, mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *mādu, from Proto-Germanic *mēdwō; the form is from the Old English oblique cases, but with the nominative's lack of -w- leveled in. Doublet of medwe, which retains the -w-.


mede

English: meed

Scots: meed

From the oblique forms of Old English mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdu.

A monetary reward; earnings:
gift, present

A monetary reward; earnings:
salary, payment

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.


massy

English: massy

Scots: massie

(rare) Unsculpted; not given a shape, primordial.


massy

Alternative form of messen (“to hold mass”)


commendable

English: commendable

From Middle French commendable, from Latin commendabilis; equivalent to commenden + -able.


lære

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lore


fantasie

English: fantasy, fancy (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Old French fantasie, from Latin phantasia (“an idea, notion, fancy, phantasm”), from Ancient Greek φαντασία (phantasía). More at fantasy.

der

For sorweful ymagynacioun / Is alway hooly in my mynde […] / Such fantasies ben in myn hede / So I not what is best too doo

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

For sorrowful imagination / Is always wholly in my mind […] / Such fantasies are in my head / That I don’t know what is best to do.

something imagined; mental image, conception, notion

particularly, a deluded or false mental notion, fantasy

(Late Middle English) product of imagination, creative or artistic work

inclination, desire, liking, especially as born of whim rather than reason


spurge

English: spurge

Borrowed from Old French espurge, from espurgier, from Latin expurgo. Compare purgen.


blonc

English: blank

→ German: Plenk


badder

They demen gladly to the badder ende.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Squyers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dol

English: dole

Yola: dole

From Old English dāl (“portion, share, division, allotment”), from Proto-Germanic *dailą (“part, deal”).


heu

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yow


timen

Alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


timen

timen (infinitive)
to timen (infinitive)
time (infinitive)
time (first-person present singular)
timed (first-person past singular)
timest (present second-person singular)
timedest (past second-person singular)
timeth (present singular third-person)
timed (past singular third-person)
time (present singular subjunctive)
timed (past singular subjunctive)
time (imperative present singular)
timen (plural present)
time (plural present)
timeden (past plural)
timede (past plural)
timeth (imperative plural present)
time (imperative plural present)
timynge (participle present)
timende (participle present)
timed (participle past)
ytimed (participle past)

English: time

From Old English tīmian, from Proto-Germanic *tīmōną; equivalent to tyme (“time”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


heil

From Old Norse heill, from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole; entire; healthy”). Doublet of hole.


heil

English: hail

Scots: hail


ivi

English: ivy

Scots: eevy

From Old English īfiġ, īfeġn, from Proto-Germanic *ibahs.


flote

English: float

Scots: flote, flot

Inherited from Old English flota (“fleet”), from Proto-Germanic *flutô, with influence from Old English flot (from Proto-Germanic *flutą) and Old French flote (from the same Germanic root as the two Old English terms).

A fleet; a collection or grouping of vessels.

A group, band or mass of soldiers or fighters.


sele

English: sele, seel

Scots: seil

From Old English sǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *sālī, in turn from Proto-Germanic *sēliz.


-ard

English: -ard

Borrowed from Old French -ard, -art, from Frankish *-hard.

Forming pejorative agent nouns from other nouns; -ard.


-age

English: -age

Scots: -age

Borrowed from Old French -age, from Latin -āticum.

Forms nouns indicating a right or relationship.

Forms nouns indicating a charge, toll, or fee.

(not productive) Used in nouns taken from Old French indicating actions, results, groups, etc.


credo

English: credo

Borrowed from Old French credo, from Latin crēdō (“I believe”) in the Nicene Creed or Apostle's Creed. Doublet of crede.


tendre

Scots: tender

English: tender

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 6-7.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,


coucher

English: coucher

Scots: coocher

From Anglo-Norman; equivalent to couche + -er.

A book containing prayers; a prayer-book.

(rare) One who lies in bed (either due to necessity or laziness).


goth

third-person singular present indicative of gon


sauter

English: psalter

Borrowed from Old French sautier, saltier, from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion), replacing Old English psalter. Doublet of sauterie.

The Biblical book of Psalms; the section of the Bible containing psalms.

A psalter; a book containing psalms and related material.

string instrument
string instrument#English

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


eternally

English: eternally

Scots: eternally

In an eternal, endless, or permanent manner.

(rare) In a long-lasting way; non-ephemerally.


misty

Alternative form of mysty (“figurative”)


lusty

English: lusty

From lust + -y, though note Old Norse lostigr.


chasten

Alternative form of chesteyne (“chestnut”)


tuwel

And whan þis sike man felte þis frere
Aboute his tuwel grope þere and heere,

late 1300s, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Summoner's Tale’, in The Canterbury Tales


wel

head

wel (comparative bettre, bet, superlative best)

bettre (comparative)
bet (comparative)
best (superlative)

English: well

Geordie English: weel

Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill

desc

Yola: waal, wull, well, wel, vella (before consonant)

From Old English wel, from Proto-Germanic *wela.

Well, amazingly, expertly; in a good or excellent way:

Correctly, accurately; in an accurate way.

Stoutly, boldly, bravely; with courageousness.

In an easily discernible or understood manner.

(rare) In a way suggesting acute discernment or reasoning.

With no challenge, struggle, or hardship.

In a large quantity or amount; copiously or plenteously.

Ful wel she sange the service devine, / Entuned in hire nose ful swetely.

With care, attention, or fastidiousness:

Mindfully; with care taken to others' wishes or beliefs.

Painstakingly; with care taken to include or incorporate details.

Cautiously; with care taken to avoid mistakes.

In a way that is appealing or pleasing to someone or some standard:

Traditionally; in the prescribed or proper way.

Virtuously, morally, religiously; according to morals.

Healthily; in a way displaying good health and condition.

Beautifully; in a way pleasing to senses or sensibilities.

Kindly, approvingly; in a way causing respect.

To or with a great extent or depth: extensively, comprehensively:

In an intensifying sense; highly, greatly, very.

In a superlative sense; incredibly, really, extremely.

Totally, entirely; in a way that encompasses everything

With the right or required depth or efficacy; enough.

In a final or decisive manner; with finality.

Luckily, fortuitously; with good luck or fortune.

In a rigid or secure way; stably or fixedly.

For a suitable or fitting reason or cause; appropriately.

As much as; to the specified extent, not smaller than.

Around, about (a given quantity or measure)

(semi-interjectional) Probably, maybe, potentially.

(rare) Truthfully, honestly; in a heartfelt way.


wel

English: well

Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill

Lucky; experiencing good luck or fortune.

Good, worthy, commendable; of good quality or moral status.

Wealthy, prosperous, accomplished; experiencing success.

Pleased, happy, glad; experiencing happiness.

Healthy; experiencing good health and/or in good condition.

Fine, acceptable, suitable, useable; having no problems.

(rare) Having good grooming or personal hygiene.


wel

English: well

Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill

Used to preface or begin a statement or situation.

Used to acknowledge or reply to a statement or situation.

Used to indicate victory, realisation, or overcoming.