Franklin

A Middle English name for an English freeman that owns land but is not of noble birth.


gore

English: gore

Scots: gair

Inherited from Old English gāra, from Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *gaizô.

A triangle-shaped piece or patch of fabric.

A piece of clothing (especially a loose-fitting one, such as a coat or dress)

(rare) A triangle-shaped piece of armor.


gore

English: gore

Scots: goor, gure

Inherited from Old English gor, from Proto-West Germanic *gor, from Proto-Germanic *gurą.

Muck, filth, dirt; that which causes dirtiness


cubicle

English: cubicle

Learned borrowing from Latin cubiculum (“bedroom”).


steden

enm-verb

steden (third-person singular simple present stedeth, present participle stedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative stedde, past participle sted)

stedeth (present singular third-person)
stedynge (participle present)
stedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sted (participle past)
steden (infinitive)
to steden (infinitive)
stede (infinitive)
stede (first-person present singular)
stedde (first-person past singular)
stadde (first-person past singular)
steded (first-person past singular)
stedest (present second-person singular)
steddest (past second-person singular)
staddest (past second-person singular)
stededest (past second-person singular)
stedeth (present singular third-person)
stedde (past singular third-person)
stadde (past singular third-person)
steded (past singular third-person)
stede (present singular subjunctive)
stedde (past singular subjunctive)
stadde (past singular subjunctive)
steded (past singular subjunctive)
stede (imperative present singular)
steden (plural present)
stede (plural present)
stedden (past plural)
stedde (past plural)
stadden (past plural)
stadde (past plural)
stededen (past plural)
stedede (past plural)
stedeth (imperative plural present)
stede (imperative plural present)
stedynge (participle present)
stedende (participle present)
sted (participle past)
stad (participle past)
steded (participle past)

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

From stede (“place”) + -en (infinitival suffix), with influence from Old Norse steðja (“to stop, place”).

af

(figuratively) To place in a situation; to trouble with.


steden

Inherited from Old English stēdan, equivalent to stede (“steed”) + -en (plural suffix).


pancake

English: pancake (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pancake

From panne (“pan”) + cake. Perhaps adapted from Middle Low German pankôke, pannekôke; see pancake.


Constantinople

English: Constantinople

From Ancient Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις (Kōnstantinoúpolis).

der

Κωνσταντινούπολις

Ac seint Andreu was..heʒe ilad iwis To þe lond of Constantinople, þer as he ʒut is.


fraudulent

English: fraudulent

From Middle French fraudulent, itself borrowed from Latin fraudulentus.

Necrotic, rotting; infected with or afflicted with gangrene.


min

English: mine (determiner)

Scots: mine (determiner)

From Old English mīn (“my, mine”), from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my, mine”, pron.) (genitive of *ek (“I”)), from Proto-Indo-European *méynos (“my; mine”).

inh

First-person singular genitive determiner: my


min

English: mine (pronoun)

Scots: mine (pronoun)

First-person singular possessive pronoun: mine, of me


stile

English: stile

Scots: style

Inherited from Old English stiġel, from Proto-West Germanic *stigilu.

stile (set of stairs over a bank or wall)


stile

English: style, stile (obsolete) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: style

Borrowed from Medieval Latin stylus and Old French estile, style, from Latin stilus.

style (the personal way something is written)

style (the way one acts or presents oneself)

style (the mode of reference towards someone with a title)


nocturne

English: nocturn

From Medieval Latin nocturna, noun use of the feminine form of Latin nocturnus (“nocturnal, of the night”), derived from nox (“night”).


wo

Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


wo

Wo was the knight and sorroufully he syketh.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


corde

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

A long, thick length of fibre (often intertwined):

One of the strings of a string instrument.

A sinew or the muscular material one is made out of.

A division of inherited property or goods.

(rare) A nerve; a cable of bundled neurons.

(rare) A method to torment captives using a cord.


shire

English: shire
→ Icelandic: skíri

Scots: shire

From Old English sċīr (“shire”), from Proto-West Germanic *skīru. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,
And specially from every shire's end


shire

From Old English sċīran, from Proto-Germanic *skīrijaną.


wrongful

English: wrongful


ro

English: roe

Scots: ra, rae

From Old English rā, rāha, from Proto-West Germanic *raihō, *raih, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, *raihą (“deer”).


ro

English: roo

Scots: ro, ruve

From Old English rō, rōw, from Proto-West Germanic *rōu (“calm, rest”).


robe

desctree

English: robe
→ Irish: róba
→ Scottish Gaelic: ròb

Scots: robe

From Old French robe, from Frankish *rouba, *rauba, from Proto-West Germanic *raub, from Proto-Germanic *raubō, *raubaz, *raubą. Doublet of reif.

robe (long loose garment):
A robe as a symbol of rank or office.

A robe as a spoil or booty of war; a robe given as a gift.

(as a plural) The garments an individual is wearing.


verbe

English: verb

Borrowed from Old French verbe, from Latin verbum, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om. Doublet of word.


tens

English: tense

From Old French tens, tans, from Latin tempus.


walker

Alternative form of walkere (“traveller”)


wham

Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


doute

English: doubt

→ Welsh: dowt


shaft

His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft, / That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft.


fervently

English: fervently


vespers

English: vespers

From Old French vespres, from Ecclesiastical Latin vesperae (“vespers”); see English vespers.

der

(Christianity) The sixth of the seven canonical hours.

(Christianity) The liturgical service celebrated at this time.


amour

English: amour, amor

Middle Scots: amour

Borrowed from Middle French amour, from Old French amor, from Latin amor.
Sense 3 could be due to the influence of Middle French ameur (“lover”), from Old French ameor, from Latin amātor, but may instead be a semantic development from the first two senses; compare love (“love, lover”).


lek

English: leek
→ Maori: riki

Scots: leke, leik

Inherited from Old English lēac, lēc, from Proto-West Germanic *lauk, from Proto-Germanic *laukaz.

Allium sativum
Allium sativum#Translingual

A plant in the genus Allium (often used as vegetables):

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual

(in expressions) Something of little value.


vicious

head

vicious (plural and weak singular viciouse)

viciouse (plural)
viciouse (singular weak)

English: vicious

Scots: veecious

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vicious, from Latin vitiōsus; equivalent to vice + -ous.

Iniquitous, sinful, wicked (often in a way that causes harm or vice to/in others)

(rare) Lacking purity or cleanness; spoiled or defiled.

(rare) Inaccurate, modified, or debased; of substandard quality.

(rare) Injurious, dangerous; causing serious harm.


surely

English: surely

Scots: shuirly


tablet

English: tablet

Scots: taiblet

From Old French tablete; equivalent to table + -et.

A tablet, especially an easily carried one for writing on.

(biblical) The Ten Commandments in physical form handed down from heaven.

A level surface for painting or working upon.

A piece of jewellery with a level portion.

(rare) A marble slab utilised as tiling.


peche

English: peach

Scots: peach

/ˈpɛːt͡ʃ(ə)/

Borrowed from Middle French pesche, from Old French pesche, from Late Latin persica, for Classical mālum persicum (literally “Persian apple”).

Prunus persica
Prunus persica#Translingual

A peach (fruit of the tree Prunus persica)


mugwort

English: mugwort

Scots: muggart

⇒ Scots: muggins

From Old English mucgwyrt; possibly equivalent to mydge + wort.

Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris#Translingual


morwenyng

English: morning

Scots: morning, mornin


fane

Yola: fane

(rare) A particular kind of white-coloured iris.


fane

English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

Inherited from Old English fana, from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô; doublet of fanon.

A flag or gonfalon; a piece of fabric or other visible structure used for identification on the field.

A flag borne on sea-going vessels, especially a long triangular one.

A weathervane or weathercock (used to indicate changeableness)


fane

English: fane

Borrowed from Latin fānum, from Proto-Italic *faznom.

(rare) A temple, especially that used to worship Roman gods.


animate

English: animate

Scots: ainimate

Borrowed from Latin animātus, past participle of animō.

Animate, alive; showing the signs or symptoms of life.

Related to the soul or spirit of a living being (i.e. sentience or sapience).


sith

English: sith

one's conduct, behavior, way of life, custom

one's lot in life, fortune, experience, lifetime

a particular span of time, period, age, era

repeated instances, occurrences of an event, occasions

multiplication sign
multiplication sign#English

(mathematics, in the plural) units of multiplication, multiples, groupings equivalent to a multiplication sign between multiplier and multiplicand


Maurice

English: Maurice

Yola: Mureesh

From Late Latin Mauritius, derived from Maurus (“Moor; dark, swarthy”). Popularized by a 3rd-century Roman soldier martyr.


brig

desctree

Scots: brig, brigg, breeg
→ English: brig, brigg

Borrowed from Old Norse bryggja. Doublet of brigge.


paramour

English: paramour (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French par amour (“for love's sake”); equivalent to par- + amour.

bor+

For paramour I loved her fyrst ere thou.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Is this trouthe said Palomydes / Thenne shall we hastely here of sire Tristram / And as for to say that I loue la Beale Isoud peramours I dare make good that I doo / and that she hath my seruyse aboue alle other ladyes / and shalle haue the terme of my lyf

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “liij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X:

In a loving or sexual way; amorously, passionately.

In a kind or caring way; affectionately.


paramour

English: paramour

A paramour; an illicit sexual or romantic partner.

A term of address for someone that one loves.

Sexual, romantic or (less often) spiritual passion.

(rare, figurative) Used of Jesus or Mary


burgage

English: burgage

Borrowed from Old French bourgage and Medieval Latin burgāgium; equivalent to Old French bourg + -age.

Land held under a feudal ruler (often in exchange for a rent alone)

(rare) The tenure that such land is held under; burgage.

(rare) A fortified town entitled to certain rights; a borough.


glas

English: glass (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gless, glass

Inherited from Old English glæs, from Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą.

Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was /Hir nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas[…]

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 151–152:

Her wimple was folded in quite a seemly way / Her nose [was] slender; her eyes [were] grey like glass […]

Glass (substance made with melted sand):

A glass; a cup or drinking-vessel made of glass.

A box, receptacle, or vessel made of glass.

A mirror made of glass; a piece of glass for personal grooming.

An object made of or containing glass:
(rare) A sandglass; a sand timer.

An object made of or containing glass:
A sandglass; a sand timer.

Ground-up glass as used in alchemy and pharmaceuticals.

A kind of crystal similar in appearance to glass.


afer

English: afar


dumb

English: dumb

Scots: dumb

Lacking or failing to display the faculty of voice:

Unspeaking; unable to speak or having muteness.

(substantive) A mute; one who can't speak.

Temporarily unable to speak due to strong emotions.

Unwilling or reluctant to speak; not speaking.

Powerless, ineffectual (either inherently or due to events)

Unknowledgeable; having no understanding or sense.

(of animals) Unwilling or unable to make a noise; quiet or silent.

(rare) Unrevealing, useless; having no important messages or lessons.

(rare) Having nothing to keep one busy or engaged.

(rare, figurative) Refusing to preach or evangelise.

(rare, figurative) Refusing to be conceited or vainglorious.


warp

English: warp

Scots: warp

From Old English wearp, warp, from Proto-West Germanic *warp, from Proto-Germanic *warpą. Related to werpen.


plage

English: plague

Scots: plague

Yola: plaague, plaauge

Borrowed from Old French plage, from Latin plāga (“blow, wound”).


plage

The plages of the North

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dolven

ac he was ded ⁊ doluen · as dere god wold / ⁊ alphouns held in his hond · holli al þe reaume[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 82, recto, lines 5280-5281; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 167:

But he was dead and buried, as dear God wanted, and now Alfonso had the entire realm firmly under his control […]

c. 1360, John Mandeville (accredited), The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
for he smote so strongly and so hard himself in that rock, that all his body was dolven within through the miracle of God.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

I had be dolven everydel, And ded, ryght thurgh defaute of slep.'

1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess:

And then they made an oratory behind the altar, and would have dolven for to have laid the body in that oratory .

1483, William Caxton, The Golden Legend:


glide

Alternative form of glede (“kite (bird of prey)”)


Margaret

English: Margaret

Yola: Margraate

Derived from Old French Margaret, from Latin Margarita, from Ancient Greek μαργαρίτης (margarítēs, “pearl”), ultimately from an Indo-Iranian source.


quoth

Alternative form of quath (“spoke”, etc.)


petit

From Middle French petit, from Old French petit. See Modern English petit, above. Attested from at least the 13th century, with use in names earlier.

Item I petit brase morter, I pesteƚƚ de ferro.

1454, Church of England, Province of Canterbury, Fifty earliest English wills in the Court of Probate, London, published 1964, “Thomas Bathe, of Bristol, 1420”:

Item: one small brass mortar, with one pestle of iron.


conscience

English: conscience

Yola: coshes, coshe, cosh

→ Irish: coinsias

Borrowed from Old French conscience, from Latin conscientia (“knowledge within oneself”).


-son

English: -son

From sone, Nordic/North Germanic patronyms of the form (name) + son.


doughty

head

doughty (comparative doughtiere, superlative doughtiest)

doughtiere (comparative)
doughtiest (superlative)

English: doughty

Scots: douchty, douchtie

From Old English dohtiġ, dyhtiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *duhtīg, *dohtag.
Forms with /u/ (/uː/ through lengthening before /xt/) are likely due to the analogy of douen (early /ˈduɣən/).

Brave, fearless, doughty; demonstrating valiance.

Amazing, fine; of high quality or worth.


sone

English: son

Scots: son

From Old English sunu, from Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

mi litle ſones kepe ȝe ȝou fro mawmetis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:21, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

My little children, keep yourselves from idols.


sone

English: soon

Scots: sone, sune, schone

Yola: zoon, soon

From Old English sōna, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *sān(ō).


glede

English: glede, glead

Scots: gled, gleed

Inherited from Old English glida, from Proto-West Germanic *glidā, from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; related to gliden. Forms with /ɛ/ are possibly either from an Old English variant *gleoda or due to the influence of Old Norse gleða.


glede

English: glede, glead, gleed

Scots: gleed, gleid

Inherited from Old English glēd, from Proto-West Germanic *glōdi, from Proto-Germanic *glōdiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

"But of the fir and flaumbe funeral / In which my body brennen shal to glede,

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Troilus and Criseyde”, in B.A. Windeatt, editor, Troilus and Criseyde: "The Book of Troilus" by Geoffrey Chaucer, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), published 2016, page 462:


sooty

English: sooty

Scots: suitie, sitty, sittie


theater

English: theater, theatre

Scots: theatre

/ˌtɛːˈaːtər/

From Old French theatre, from Latin theatrum, from Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron).

A theatre open to the sky; an amphitheatre.

Any stage which plays and performances take place at.


elles

From Old English elles, from Proto-West Germanic *alljas.


elles

English: else

Yola: elles


craven

craven (infinitive)
to craven (infinitive)
crave (infinitive)
crave (first-person present singular)
craved (first-person past singular)
cravest (present second-person singular)
cravedest (past second-person singular)
craveth (present singular third-person)
craved (past singular third-person)
crave (present singular subjunctive)
craved (past singular subjunctive)
crave (imperative present singular)
craven (plural present)
crave (plural present)
craveden (past plural)
cravede (past plural)
craveth (imperative plural present)
crave (imperative plural present)
cravynge (participle present)
cravende (participle present)
craved (participle past)
ycraved (participle past)

English: crave

Scots: crave

Yola: crave

From Old English crafian, from Proto-West Germanic *krafōn, modification of Proto-Germanic *krafjaną (“to demand”).

Ant ȝe mine leoue ſuſtren habbeð moni dei icrauet on me efter riƿle

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 1, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

And you, my beloved sisters, have asked me for a rule many times.


salve

English: salve

Scots: saw

From the oblique forms of Old English sealf, from Proto-West Germanic *salbu, from Proto-Germanic *salbō.


riche

riche (plural and weak singular riche, comparative richere, superlative richest)

riche (plural)
riche (singular weak)
richere (comparative)
richest (superlative)

English: rich

Scots: rich

Yola: reeche

From Old English rīċe (“mighty, rich”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”), from *rīks, an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.

inh

Rich, wealthy (possessing wealth):
Fertile, bounteous; providing wealth.

Rich, wealthy (possessing wealth):
Expensive, precious; of high value.

Fine, marvellous; high-quality:
Ornate, splendid; highly detailed.

Fine, marvellous; high-quality:
Efficacious, useful, powerful.

Fine, marvellous; high-quality:
(rare) Finely-attired.

Fine, marvellous; high-quality:
Finely-attired.

Profuse, lavish (in an attribute or quality):

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.

Potent, powerful (of a ruler or official)

Belonging to the nobility; high-ranking.

Intense; loud (in sound), deep (in colour)

Renowned, respectable; having a good reputation.


riche

English: rich

The rich and powerful; high-ranking people.


riche

English: rich

Scots: rich


riche

Inherited from Old English rīċe (“kingdom”, see -riche), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkiją, from Proto-Celtic *rīgyom.

see <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">-riche</i>

inh+

Bot Bruce was knawin weyll ayr off this kynrik; For he had rycht, we call no man him lik. Bot Wallace thriss this kynrik conquest haile, In Ingland fer socht battaill on that rik.

15th c., Le Bone Florence of Rome, Lines 1804-1809

Alther furste to the kyrke sche went, to here a masse verament, and preyed god of hys grace, that he wolde bryng hur to that ryke, that evyr more ys yoye in lyke, before hys worthy face;


rike

For al þis rike A ded knyght wald I noght strike.


enamoured

English: enamoured, enamored

Scots: enamoured

Partial calque of Old French enamore, past participle of enamorer; equivalent to (and sometimes influenced by) en- + amour + -ed.

(rare) Motivated by love (to do something)


amorous

English: amorous

Scots: amorous

Borrowed from Old French amoros, from Vulgar Latin *amōrōsus; equivalent to amour + -ous.

Amorous, loving (inclined to love or sex)

Amorous, loving (indicating or related to love or lust)

Amorous, enamoured; in love or lovestruck.

(rare, by extension) Passionate, caring, kind.


heft

English: heft

⇒ Yola: heifteen, heiftem

From heven, on the model of weven and weft.


woot

first/third-person singular present indicative

inflection of witen:
present subjunctive singular

inflection of witen:
imperative singular


tappen

tappen (infinitive)
to tappen (infinitive)
tappe (infinitive)
tappe (first-person present singular)
tapped (first-person past singular)
tappest (present second-person singular)
tappedest (past second-person singular)
tappeth (present singular third-person)
tapped (past singular third-person)
tappe (present singular subjunctive)
tapped (past singular subjunctive)
tappe (imperative present singular)
tappen (plural present)
tappe (plural present)
tappeden (past plural)
tappede (past plural)
tappeth (imperative plural present)
tappe (imperative plural present)
tappynge (participle present)
tappende (participle present)
tapped (participle past)
ytapped (participle past)

English: tap

Scots: tap

From Old English tæppian, from Proto-Germanic *tappōną; equivalent to tappe (“plug”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


tappen

English: tap

From Old French tapper, taper, from a Germanic language and ultimately imitative.

onomatopoeic

imitative

To tap; to touch gently with hand or foot.


-et

English: -et

Borrowed from Old French -et, and its feminine variant -ette, from Late Latin -ittus (and the other gender forms -itta, -ittum).

Forms diminutive nouns from nouns; in some words, it has lost its original meaning.


lax

English: lax

Scots: lax

From Old English leax, from Proto-West Germanic *lahs, from Proto-Germanic *lahsaz.


arte

Alternative form of art (“(area of) knowledge”)


favourable

English: favourable, favorable

Borrowed from Old French favorable, from Latin favorabilis; equivalent to favour + -able.


coverage

Borrowed from Old French couvrage (“a cover”).

bor+

a charge for having or stall or booth at a fair


inward

English: inward

Scots: inward

From Old English inweard; equivalent to in + -ward.

inwards, to the interior, especially referring to:

While located within the inside of an entity, especially referring to:


inward

English: inward

Scots: inward

inside, inward, in the interior; the following special senses exist:


inward

English: inward, innards


bidden

enm-verb

bidden (third-person singular simple present biddeth, present participle biddende, biddynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bad, past participle beden)

biddeth (present singular third-person)
biddende (participle present)
biddynge (participle present)
bad (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beden (participle past)

English: bid

Scots: bid


Germania

From Old English Germania, from Latin Germania, q.v.


Marte

(mythology) The Roman god governing war; Mars.

(astronomy) The red-coloured planet visible to the naked eye: Mars.


quiste

From Old English *cwiss, from Proto-Germanic *kwissiz; the consonantism is from influence from quethen.

(Late Middle English, rare) Bequest, inheritance


patent

English: patent (noun)

From a short form of lettres patentes, from Anglo-Norman lettre patente (“open letter”), from Latin littera patēns.

der

A letter conferring a privilege or status.

(rare) A letter conferring other advantages.


patent

English: patent (adjective)

From Middle French patent, from Old French, from Latin patēns.


trave

English: trave

Borrowed from Middle French trave, from Latin trabem, from Proto-Indo-European *treb-.

A wooden cage for containing horses that are being shod.


ardour

English: ardor, ardour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ardour, ardur, from Latin ārdor, ārdōrem; compare ardaunt.


Vesta

English: Vesta

(mythology) The Roman goddess of the hearth and home; Vesta.


culvert

From Old French colvert, from Late Latin collībertus.


mani

English: many

Geordie English: mony

Scots: mony, monie

Yola: many

From Old English manig, from Proto-West Germanic *manag, from Proto-Germanic *managaz.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe.“

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


swart

head

swart (plural and weak singular swarte, comparative swarter)

swarte (plural)
swarte (singular weak)
swarter (comparative)

English: swart, swarth

Scots: swart

From Old English sweart, from Proto-West Germanic *swart, from Proto-Germanic *swartaz; compare Middle Dutch swart, Middle Low German swart, Middle High German swarz.

Black-skinned, swarthy; having dark skin.

Black; swart.
(rare) Bruised, heavily wounded.


homme

Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


livid

English: livid

Middle French livide, from Latin līvidus.


livid

English: livid


tinder

English: tinder

Scots: tunder, tundir

From Old English tynder, from Proto-Germanic *tundrą.


murmur

English: murmur

From Old French murmure, from Latin murmur.

A whining, protesting or complaining in the background; murmuring.


ew

English: yew

Scots: yew, ewe

Yola: yew

From Old English īw, ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *īhu.

Taxus baccata
Taxus baccata#Translingual


hired

first/third-person singular past indicative

inflection of hiren (“to hire”):
past participle


cas

Borrowed from Old French cas, from Latin casus (“fall”).


claret

Old French claret, from Medieval Latin claratum (vinum).


claret

English: claret

(referring to wine) pink, pink-purple, light


citrine

English: citrine

From Middle French citrine and Medieval Latin citrīnus.

Citrus medica
Citrus medica#Translingual


citrine

English: citrine


spense

English: spence

Borrowed from Middle French despense, from Medieval Latin dīspēnsa, noun use of feminine of Latin dīspēnsus, past participle of dīspendere (“weigh out”).


lege

English: league

Borrowed from Late Latin leuca, leuga, from Proto-Celtic *lougā.


lege

English: liege

Scots: liege

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lige, liege; further etymology is disputed.

(One of) one's subjects or vassals; (one of) those under one's control.

A hireling or servant; one serving under another.

(rare) One's feudal overlords or superiors.


lege

English: liege

Able to command obedience from one's inferiors.

Pledged to obey one's superiors; subject to duty by an authority.

(rare) Otherwise bound by feudal obligations.


meth

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


fissure

English: fissure

From Old French fissure, from Latin fissūra.


moder

enm-noun

moder (plural modres or moders or moder or (Kent) modren, genitive modres or moders or moder)

modres (plural)
moders (plural)
moder (plural)
modren (Kent plural)
modres (genitive)
moders (genitive)
moder (genitive)

desctree

English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)

desc

Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother

Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

Inherited from Old English mōdor, from Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare moddrie.

A mother; the female direct ancestor of someone or some creature.

The indirect female ancestor of someone or some creature.

The Virgin Mary as mother (as of Jesus or as of humanity).

A woman who performs the duties of a mother; a female caretaker or guardian.

A woman who heads a female monastic community; an abbess.

A polite appellation to an elderly woman, or a ruder one to a younger one.

Something, somewhere or someone likened to a mother (in begetting, caring, or nourishing):

A behaviour, attribute, virtue, or vice likened to a mother (in begetting, caring, or nourishing)

The womb (as the organ which protects and nourishes the baby).

And now that I have ſpoken of glotonye, / Now wol I yow deffenden haſardrye; / Haſard is verray mooder of leſynges, / And of deceite, and curſed forſwerynges[…]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 589–592:

And since I've spoken about gluttony, / Now, I'll prevent you from dice-playing; / Dice games are literally the source of falsehoods, / deception, and false testimonies […]


scrape

English: scrape

Yola: scrawb


brill

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


dirige

English: dirge

Scots: dirge

From Latin dirige, from the beginning of the first antiphon in matins for the dead, Dirige, Domine, deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam.

The portion of a Christian remembrance service beginning from the first antiphon in matins for the dead.

Þan were matynys & maſse & euen ſong, placebo & dirige & comendacion & matynes of oure lady ordeyned of ſynful men, to be ſongen wiþ heiȝe criynge to lette men fro þe ſentence & vnderſtondynge of þat þat was þus ſongen, & to maken men wery & vndiſpoſid to ſtudie goddis lawe for akyng of hedis[…]

a. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of feyned contemplatif lif, of ſong, of þe ordynal of ſalisbury, & of bodely almes & worldly byſyneſse of preſtis; hou bi þes foure þe fend lettiþ hem fro prechynge of þe gospel:

Then there were matins, mass, evensong, placebo, dirges, commendations, and matins of Our Lady, which originated from sinful men, to be sung with high-pitched shrieking to keep people from the meaning and understanding of that which was sung, as to make men weary and unsuited to study God's law because of headaches […]

The recitation or singing of the Office of the Dead to commemorate the deceased.


olde

English: old, wold (dialect)

Geordie English: awd, auld

Scots: auld

Yola: yole, yold

From Old English ald, from Proto-West Germanic *ald, from Proto-Germanic *aldaz (“grown-up”).


olde

Wið-uten ðe læche ðe loceð after mannes ikynde, þe newe oðer elde, and ðe wrihte his timber to keruen after ðare mone, ðe is ikyndelich þing; elles hit is al ȝedwoll.

A moon in its first phase after new; a waxing crescent.


geomancy

1425 Mandev. (Eg) 115/9

At a syde of þe emperour table sittez many philosophers and grete clerkez of diuerse sciencez, sum of astronomy, sum of nigromancy, sum of geomancy, sum of pyromancy, sum of ydromancy.


clothe

A YEMAN hadde he and servantz namo / At that tyme, for hym liste ride soo; / And he was clad in cote and hood of grene.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 101-104:


croft

English: croft

Scots: croft, craft

From Old English croft, possibly from Proto-Germanic *kruftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to curve, bend, crawl”), from *ger- (“to turn, wind”).


dux

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of duk (“duke”)


soupe

English: soup

From Old French supe, from Late Latin suppa.

A meal consisting of sopped bread with soup, stock, gravy or broth poured over it


soupe

Alternative form of soupen (“to swallow”)


mercy

Mildeliche Mede þanne · mercyed hem alle / Of þeire gret goodnesse.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:


hose

enm-noun

hose (plural hosen or hose or (rare) hoses)

hosen (plural)
hose (plural)
hoses (plural rare)

English: hose

Scots: hose, hoe

From Old English hose, hosa, hosu, from Proto-West Germanic *hosā. Compare German Hose.

Stockings or tights (often worn by men in the ME period).

Armour or protection for the legs; armoured legwear.

(rare) The bendable outer casing of grains.

(rare) A bendable tube for liquids; a hose.

(rare) A bendable tube acting as a trap.


hose

inflection of hos (“hoarse”):
weak singular

inflection of hos (“hoarse”):
strong/weak plural


hose

Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


suet

English: suet

Scots: shuet

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suet, siuet, diminutive of seu, from Latin sēbum.


Avril

Borrowed from Middle French avril (“April”).


perle

English: pearl

Scots: pairl, purl

From Old French perle, from Medieval Latin perula.

A pearl (excretion found in bivalves used in jewellery and medicine).

(figurative) Any round object, especially when shiny.

(figurative) The pupil (hole in the iris)

(figurative) Anything or anyone that is valuable (especially in religion)

(figurative) A macula on the eye's surface.


Butler

English: Butler

Yola: Butleare


Abraham

English: Abraham

desc

Scots: Abraham, Aubrahaum, Aubrahawm, Awbrahawm

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:1–2, page 1r, column 2, lines 1–5; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Abraham


commune

[...] Biloved and drad, thurgh favour of fortune,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 69-70

… Beloved and feared, through favor of fortune,
Both by his lords and by his citizenry.


bast

English: bast, bass

Scots: bass

From Old English bæst, from Proto-West Germanic *bast, from Proto-Germanic *bastaz.

A cord or cable manufactured using bast.

(rare) Bast; fibre made from the phloem of plants.


bast

Borrowed from Old French bast (French bât), probably a back-formation from bastard.

Illegitimacy; the state of being illegitimate.


stat

English: state

Yola: state

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *stéh₂tus
Latin statuslbor.
Old French estatbor.
Middle English stat
From Old French estat, from Latin status.


Englisch

English: English

Scots: Inglis

From Old English Englisc; equivalent to Engle + -isch.


Englisch

English: English

Scots: Inglis


Ion

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister [Ion Aston] taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


Muse

English: Muse, muse

Scots: Muse, muse

From Latin Mūsa, either directly or from Old French muse. Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μοῦσᾰ (Moûsa).


Martin

English: Martin

Yola: Marteen

From Latin Mārtīnus (“of or like Mars” or “little Mars”), Mārs, Mārtis + -īnus (diminutive suffix). See Mārs for further etymology.


Ypocras

13??: Olde Ypocras, Haly, and Galyen — Geoffrey Chaucer, Prologue, The Canterbury Tales


White

English: White

Yola: Whit, Whitthe


Pan

English: Pan

From Latin Pan, from Ancient Greek Πάν (Pán).


Sol

1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, Lines 273-276

Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe, Mars iren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepe, Saturnus leed, and Juppiter is tyn, And Venus coper, by my fader kyn!


Robin

English: Robin

Yola: Rubbeen

Oure Hoste saugh that he was dronke of ale,
And seyde, "Abyd, Robin, my leve brother,
Som bettre man shal telle us first another:

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales

a male given name from the Romance languages or the Germanic languages, equivalent to English Robin


Smith

(rare) a surname, alternative form of Smyth.


March

English: March (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Mairch

From Anglo-Norman marche, from Old French mars. See English March for more.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1-2.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
the droghte of March hath perced to the roote


scot

English: scot

From Old English scot, scott, sċeot, ġescot (“contribution; payment; tax; fine”), from Old Norse skot, from Proto-Germanic *skutą (“that which is thrown or cast; projectile; missile”). Later influenced by Old French escot (Modern écot), itself of Germanic origin.


York

English: York

“York, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-04-21.

From Old Norse Jórk, a form of Jórvík, from Old English Eoforwīċ. Compare Everwik, Everwich, directly from the Old English form.

York (a city in Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom).


venus

From Venus, borrowed from Latin Venus. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

This water forsoþe is so strong, þat if a litil drope þerof falle vpon ȝoure hond, anoon it wole perce it þoruȝ-out; and in þe same maner it wole do, if it falle vpon a plate of venus.


bern

English: barn

Scots: bern

Yola: barrn

From Old English bearn, contracted forms of Old English berern, bereærn (“barn, granary”). Equivalent to bere + -ern.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.


bern

Inherited from Old English beorn; probably from Proto-Germanic *bernuz.


mande

Alternative form of maunde (“washing of feet”)


seneschal

English: seneschal

Scots: senescall, seneschall (obsolete)

From Old French seneschal, from Medieval Latin siniscalcus, from Frankish *siniskalk, from Proto-Germanic *siniskalkaz.

A steward in charge of a nobleman's estate.

A viceroy; one governing in place of a ruler.


Lord

Lord God of Abraham, and of Ysaac, and Yrael [...]

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume 1 KINGS, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, 36:(please specify the verse(s)):

Lord: the Abrahamic deity of the Jewish and Christian faiths


xe

(chiefly southern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of sche


collegiate

English: collegiate

From Medieval Latin collēgiātus; equivalent to college + -at.

(of a church) Ruled by a grouping of clergy; collegial.

(rare) Collected; formed into a grouping or assembly.


John

English: John

Scots: John

Yola: Jone, Joan, Joane

From Anglo-Norman Johan, Jehan, and also Old English Iohannes, both from Latin Iōhannēs, Iōannēs, from Koine Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān).

Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān)

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English John

a patrynomic surname transferred from the given name

An appellation for a generic individual, especially of lower social standing.

John the Baptist or John the Apostle/John the Evangelist (biblical figures)


Latin

From Old English latin and Old French latin.


Latin

From Old English Latin and Old French latin.


canner

English: canner

(rare, Late Middle English) A machine that removes impurities from wine.


tumour

English: tumour, tumor

From Old French tumour, from Latin tumor.

tumour (abnormal or morbid bodily growth)


hols

Alternative form of hals (“neck, throat”)


dette

English: debt

Scots: det, debt

From Old French dete, from Latin dēbita, from the plural of dēbitum.

Goods or possessions owed to or due to another person; a debt.

The state of debt; the condition one is when one has a debt or monetary obligation.

Something which one is obliged to do (by law, society, or belief):

Sex (i.e. as something which one's partner requires of oneself).

Death (i.e. as something which the nature of humanity requires of oneself)

(rare) The requirement to fight back against one who has hurt oneself.

Something that one deserves (negatively); one's fate or punishment.

and þus ȝe ſchulen pꝛeie / Oure fadir þat art in heuenes .· halewid be þi name / þi kyngdom come to / be þi wille doon in erþe .· as in heuene / ȝyue to vs þis dai oure bꝛeed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce / and foꝛȝyue to vs oure dettis .· as we foꝛȝyuen to oure dettouris / and lede vs not in to temptacioun .· but delyuere vs fro yuele amen […]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 6:9-14, page 3r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be sanctified; / your Kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth, like in heaven. / Give us our bread over other substances, / forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us, / and don't bring us into temptation, but instead save us from evil. Amen."

(theology) Sin; acts which go against the dictates of a higher power.

(law, rare) A legal action in order to collect a money owed to one.


dette

Having a debt or monetary obligation or having people owe debt towards you.

Appropriate, fitting, seemly; meshing with societal standards.

Required, needful, necessary; not optional.

Fitting, fair or deserving; according to justice.


zyxt

From Old English siehst, second-person singular present indicative of sēon.

1340, Middle English Dictionary, Entry "māking(e", page 80

Mannes makinge, huet y-zyxt þou foleant uor to zeche diuerse guodes to þine zaule and to þine bodye?

(Kent dialect) second-person singular present indicative of zie (“to see”)


dee

English: die; dice

Scots: die; dice

From Old French dé, from Latin datum. Cognate with French dé.

A die or dice (cube used in games and gambling)


inde

From Old French Inde (“India”), from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ (Indíā).


bali

From Old English *bealwiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *balwīg.

(Early Middle English) The Evil One, the Devil.


faute

English: fault

Yola: fout

→ Welsh: ffawt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman faute, from Vulgar Latin *fallita.


barker

English: barker


mo

From Old English mā, from Proto-Germanic *maiz, from a comparative form of Proto-Indo-European *meh₂-.

additional, further, other (persons or things in addition to those mentioned)


mo

English: mo


berne

Alternative form of bern (“man, warrior”)


eres

Alternative form of ars (“anus; buttocks”)


eres

Alternative form of hereos (“lovesickness”)


vinous

English: vinous, vinose


hog

English: hog

Scots: hog, hogue

Yola: hog

Inherited from Old English hogg, hocg; further etymology is disputed.

A pig or swine, especially one that is castrated and male.


wayne

Alternative form of waynen (“move by wagon”)


oyes

English: oyez

From Old French oyez (“hear ye”), the imperative plural of oir (“hear; listen”).


taas

From Old English tas (“mow of corn or hay”), from Proto-Germanic *tassaz (“heap, mass”). Cognate with Middle Low German tas (“stack of hay or wheat”), Middle Dutch tas, tasse (“heap, pile”).

cog

To ransake in the taas of bodyes dede


argh

English: argh (dialectal)

Scots: argh, ergh, erfe, erf

Inherited from Old English earg, from Proto-West Germanic *arg, from Proto-Germanic *argaz. eri is a dialectal variant of the same word.

base, wretched, lowly; worthy of contempt or ostracism.

slothful, unwilling, tired; lacking in energy or motivation.


hei

enm-verb

hei (third-person singular simple present heieth, present participle heiende, heiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle heied)

heieth (present singular third-person)
heiende (participle present)
heiynge (participle present)
heied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of heien (“to lift up”)


hei

head

hei (comparative heier, superlative heiest)

heier (comparative)
heiest (superlative)


Mars

English: Mars

The red-coloured planet visible to the naked eye: Mars.


mariage

English: marriage


I

I (accusative me, genitive min, genitive determiner mi, min)

me (accusative)
min (genitive)
mi (determiner genitive)
min (determiner genitive)

English: I, ik (obsolete), ich (obsolete)

Geordie English: aw

Scots: A, I, ik (rare)

Yola: ich

From Old English iċ, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, Proto-Germanic *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. More at English I.
The loss of /t͡ʃ/ at first occurs in unstressed positions when the following word begins with a consonant. The pronunciation /iː/ results from restressing the unstressed pronunciation.

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."

If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, page 51v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.

I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


hosp

From Old English hosp (“reproach, insult, contumely, blasphemy”).

der

detraction, blasphemy, to hold in derision, vilify


looking

From Old English *lōcung (attested in Old English þurhlōcung).

Al drery was his chere and his lokyng.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

The manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance.


ame

English: aim

Yola: aim

evaluation, guess, opinion; plan, intention


fey

English: fey, fay

Scots: fey

Inherited from Old English fǣġe, from Proto-West Germanic *faigī, from Proto-Germanic *faigijaz.

Marked, fated for, or destined for death; doomed.

Approaching or near one's deathbed; about to pass away.

(rare) Tending to cause or leading to death; dangerous.

(rare) Having bad luck; frowned upon by fate or fortune.


fey

Borrowed from Old French feie (modern French foie), from Latin fīcātum.


ebbe

English: ebb

Scots: ebb

From Old English ebba, from Proto-West Germanic *abbjā, *abbjō, from Proto-Germanic *abjô, *abjǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó.


staple

English: staple

Scots: stapill, staple, steple

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman staple (Old French estaple), from Frankish *stapul (“post, pillar; basis, foundation”). Doublet of stapel (“post, stake”).

staple (official market established by royal authority for selling export goods)

staple (the town containing such market)


distingue

... some vsen forto distingue the nombre by threes

1430-1450, Robert Steele (ed.) with Early English Text Society, Alexander, The Earliest Arithmetics in English (1973), page 51:


unto

English: unto

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


kyn

English: kin

Scots: kin

From Old English cynn, from Proto-West Germanic *kuni, from Proto-Germanic *kunją.

One's relations or kin:
A family; the set of one's relations.

One's relations or kin:
A nation, tribe, or clan.

One's relations or kin:
One's descendants or offspring.

A family relationship; kinship:
Ancestry; one's ancestors.

A family relationship; kinship:
(rare) A noble bloodline.

A family relationship; kinship:
A noble bloodline.

A kinsman or kinswoman; one of one's kin.

(Early Middle English) A class or group.

(Early Middle English) A method or means.


mutable

English: mutable

Borrowed from Old French mutable, from Latin mutabilis.


nat

And at the laste, yif that any wight wene a thing to ben other weyes thanne it is, it is nat only unscience, but it is deceivable opinioun ful diverse and fer fro the sothe of science.

13??, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boethius and Troilus


garde

English: guard

Scots: gaird

Yola: garde

Borrowed from Old French guarde, from guarder. Doublet of ward.

guardianship, safeguarding, covering, authority

(rare) A company of guardians or wardens.


pissen

pissen (infinitive)
to pissen (infinitive)
pisse (infinitive)
pisse (first-person present singular)
pissed (first-person past singular)
pissest (present second-person singular)
pissedest (past second-person singular)
pisseth (present singular third-person)
pissed (past singular third-person)
pisse (present singular subjunctive)
pissed (past singular subjunctive)
pisse (imperative present singular)
pissen (plural present)
pisse (plural present)
pisseden (past plural)
pissede (past plural)
pisseth (imperative plural present)
pisse (imperative plural present)
pissynge (participle present)
pissende (participle present)
pissed (participle past)
ypissed (participle past)

English: piss

Scots: pish

Borrowed from Old French pissier, from Vulgar Latin *pīssiāre; equivalent to pisse + -en (infinitival suffix).

To piss; to deliver urine from the genitals.

To eject any other substance through the genitals.


pisse

English: piss

Scots: pish


bestial

English: bestial

From Old French bestial, from Late Latin bēstiālis.

physical; non-spiritual (of faculties, knowledge, etc.)

beastly, depraved (lacking human sensibility)


-chen

From Old English -ċen, -cen, -ċin, from Proto-West Germanic *-ikīn, *-ukīn, equivalent to -ok + -en (diminutive suffix).

bulchin

clouchin

ticchen


Irland

Old English Īr- + land or Middle Irish Éire + land. See Ireland.


artificer

English: artificer

From Middle French artificier, from Latin artificiārius.

A crafter or artisan; a maker of crafts.


gates

From gate (“gate”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


gates

From gate (“way”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


stepdame

English: stepdame


scheren

scheren (infinitive)
to scheren (infinitive)
schere (infinitive)
schern (infinitive)
schere (first-person present singular)
schar (first-person past singular)
scher (first-person past singular)
scherest (present second-person singular)
schere (past second-person singular)
schar (past second-person singular)
scher (past second-person singular)
schereth (present singular third-person)
schar (past singular third-person)
scher (past singular third-person)
schere (present singular subjunctive)
schere (past singular subjunctive)
schere (imperative present singular)
scheren (plural present)
schere (plural present)
schern (plural present)
scheren (past plural)
schere (past plural)
schereth (imperative plural present)
schere (imperative plural present)
scherynge (participle present)
scherende (participle present)
schoren (participle past)
schore (participle past)
schorn (participle past)
yschoren (participle past)
yschore (participle past)

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: shaure (preterite)

Inherited from Old English sċieran, from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To injure by slashing or slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop up or dice (especially food)

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop off; to sunder by slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To harvest or reap crops.

To remove one's hair; to have one's hair shaved.

To shave the top of the head (to induct into monasticism).

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
(rare) To shear or shave fabric.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
To shear or shave fabric.

To make a sign or mark, especially by indentation.


receptacle

English: receptacle

From Middle French receptacle and Anglo-Norman receptacle, from Latin receptāculum.


eri

English: eerie

Probably from a variant form of Old English earg, from Proto-Germanic *argaz. Doublet of argh.


ote

English: oat

Scots: ait

Yola: oathès (plural)

From Old English āte (plural ātan), from Proto-West Germanic *aitā, from Proto-Germanic *aitǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyd- (“to swell”). Related to Old Norse eitill (“lymph node”).

A grain of this plant (usually in the plural)


cerebrum

English: cerebrum

Borrowed from Latin cerebrum, from Proto-Italic *kerazrom.


dealen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of delen


slider

English: slidder, slither (obsolete as an adjective)

From Old English slidor, from Proto-West Germanic *slidr.

Causing slips; having low friction; greasy or slithery.

(rare) Even; having a smoothened surface.


schon

enm-verb

schon (third-person singular simple present schoeth, present participle schoynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle schodde)

schoeth (present singular third-person)
schoynge (participle present)
schodde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
schoen (infinitive)
to schoen (infinitive)
schoe (infinitive)
schoe (first-person present singular)
schodde (first-person past singular)
schoest (present second-person singular)
schoddest (past second-person singular)
schoeth (present singular third-person)
schodde (past singular third-person)
schoe (present singular subjunctive)
schodde (past singular subjunctive)
schoe (imperative present singular)
schoen (plural present)
schoe (plural present)
schodden (past plural)
schodde (past plural)
schoeth (imperative plural present)
schoe (imperative plural present)
schoynge (participle present)
schoende (participle present)
schod (participle past)
yschod (participle past)

English: shoe

Scots: shae

Yola: shad (preterite)

From Old English sċōġan, sċeōġan, sċōġean, sċōan, from Proto-West Germanic *skōhōn, *skōgōn, from Proto-Germanic *skōhōną, *skōgōną. Equivalent to scho (“shoe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


schon

English: shoon (obsolete)

Scots: shuin

Yola: shoone, shoon

From Old English scōn, scōum (“shoes”, dative plural) and scōna (“shoes'”, genitive plural). Equivalent to scho + -en (plural suffix).


finden

enm-verb

finden (third-person singular simple present findeth, present participle findende, findynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fand, past participle founden)

findeth (present singular third-person)
findende (participle present)
findynge (participle present)
fand (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
founden (participle past)
finden (infinitive)
to finden (infinitive)
finde (infinitive)
finde (first-person present singular)
fand (first-person past singular)
found (first-person past singular)
findest (present second-person singular)
finst (present second-person singular)
founde (past second-person singular)
fande (past second-person singular)
fand (past second-person singular)
found (past second-person singular)
findeth (present singular third-person)
fint (present singular third-person)
fand (past singular third-person)
found (past singular third-person)
finde (present singular subjunctive)
founde (past singular subjunctive)
fande (past singular subjunctive)
finde (imperative present singular)
finden (plural present)
finde (plural present)
founden (past plural)
founde (past plural)
fanden (past plural)
fande (past plural)
findeth (imperative plural present)
finde (imperative plural present)
findynge (participle present)
findende (participle present)
founden (participle past)
founde (participle past)
yfounden (participle past)
yfounde (participle past)

English: find

Scots: find, fynd

From Old English findan, from Proto-West Germanic *finþan (with levelled Verner's Law alternations).


coroner

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">crowner</i>

English: coroner (obsolete crowner)

Scots: crownar (obsolete)

From Old French curuner; equivalent to coroune + -er.

A (medieval) coroner (a royal officer who helps administer law and the courts)


contre

English: country (see there for further descendants)

Scots: kintra

Borrowed from Old French contree, from Vulgar Latin (terra) contrāta.

On a national level: a nation, country, land, or territory

On a regional level: a district, state, or province

On a local level: city, town, settlement, or parish

country, countryside (as opposed to the city)

The people of a region, country, or province; the local people.


beginnen

English: begin

Scots: begin

Yola: begaan (preterite)

Inherited from Old English beginnan, from Proto-West Germanic *biginnan.

And than we wyll begynne at the pawne whiche standeth to fore the rooke on the right side of the kinge for as moche as this pawne apperteyneth to serue the vicaire or lieutenant of the kynge and other officers vnder hym of necessaryes of vitayll

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

And then we will begin at the pawn which stands before the rook on the right side of the king, for as much as this pawn appertains to serve the vicar or lieutenant of the king and other officers under him of vital necessity


bote

English: boot

→ English: bote (also from Old English bōt)

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōt, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtu, from Proto-Germanic *bōtō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

Help, advantage, benefit; that which is good, helpful, or relieving:

Saving or extrication from distress or danger; something or someone which provides it.

Salvation (release or rescue from eternal punishment), or one who acts as salvation

An avenue of escape; a method through which one can release themselves from danger.

Utility, usefulness; that which is useful, expedient, or suitable.

A reprieve or the offering of forgiveness from punishment or danger.

Heo lufeden bi wurten, bi moren, and bi rote; nas þer nan oðer boten. — Layamon's Brut, 1275

Iesu […] For synne þat hath my soule bounde, Let þi blessed blood be my bote. — Iesu þat art hevene

Activity done as redress or recompense for (one's or another's) sins; expiation.

Mirth, gladness; the feeling or emotion of being happy and joyful.

The quelling, curing, or expurgation of disease or sickness; medical recovery.

(rare) Recompense, amends or compensation; behaviour in return for one's wrongs.

(rare) An extra, augment, or addition; something to boot.

(rare) A medicinal or pharmaceutical cure or remedy; something used to quell disease.

Þey shulde..do bote to brugges þat to-broke were. — Pier's Plowman, 1400

(rare) Repair work; the act of fixing structures or buildings.


bote

English: boot

→ Scots: boot

Scots: bute, buit

Old French bote (Modern French botte), from Old French bot, bote, probably related to bot (“club-foot”), bot (“fat, short, blunt”); ultimately of Germanic origin, from Frankish *butt, from Proto-Germanic *buttaz, *butaz (“cut off, short, numb, blunt”).

A boot or similar item of footwear; a shoe with a cover for part of the leg.


bote

Alternative form of boten (“to resolve”)


grot

English: groat

Yola: gurt, grut

From Old English grot, from Proto-Germanic *grutą.


grot

English: groat

Yola: grate

A groat or other silver coin of similar value, traditionally worth four pennies, or the weight corresponding to that coin.


refuge

English: refuge

From Old French refuge, from Latin refūgium. Compare refute.

A protector; one who protects or safeguards.


har

Alternative form of harou (a call of distress)


har

(chiefly West Midlands, Kent) Alternative form of here (“their”)


fraynen

enm-verb

fraynen (third-person singular simple present frayneth, present participle fraynende, fraynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle frayned)

frayneth (present singular third-person)
fraynende (participle present)
fraynynge (participle present)
frayned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fraynen (infinitive)
to fraynen (infinitive)
frayne (infinitive)
frayne (first-person present singular)
frayned (first-person past singular)
fraynest (present second-person singular)
fraynedest (past second-person singular)
frayneth (present singular third-person)
frayned (past singular third-person)
frayne (present singular subjunctive)
frayned (past singular subjunctive)
frayne (imperative present singular)
fraynen (plural present)
frayne (plural present)
frayneden (past plural)
fraynede (past plural)
frayneth (imperative plural present)
frayne (imperative plural present)
fraynynge (participle present)
fraynende (participle present)
frayned (participle past)
yfrayned (participle past)

English: frain

Scots: frain, frane, frayn, frayne

Inherited from Old English fræġnian, variant of freġnan, friġnan (“to inquire, ask”), from Proto-West Germanic *fregnan, from Proto-Germanic *frehnaną; reinforced by Old Norse fregna.
Cognates:
Cognate with Middle Dutch vrāghen (“to ask”), Middle High German vrāgen (“to ask”), Old Danish fregne (“to ask”), Lithuanian prašyti (“to ask”), Polish prosić (“to ask”).

I frained fast what was his name, Where that he came, from what country.

fifteenth century, unknown author, The prophecies of Thomas the Rhymer

To ask or make a request (for something).

Þanne I frained hir faire · for hym þat hir made. or Then I frayned at Faith what all that fare meant and who should joust in Jerusalem.

c. 1370-90, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I:

She fraineth and she prayeth pitously To every Jew that dwelt in thilke place To tell her if her child went ought forby.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales:

[Joseph:] Bot certys, mary, I rew full sore / It standys so with the[e] now. / Bot of a thyng frayn the[e] I shall / who owe this child thou gose with all? / Maria. Syr, ye, and god of heuen.

15th c., “Annunciacio [Annunciation]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 91, lines 183–187:

Joseph: But Mary, I very much regret that circumstances are as they are with you. But one thing I will ask you: Who's child is this that you are pregnant with? / Mary: You, sir, and God of heaven.

To ask or inquire; to make an inquiry:
To ask or direct a question at someone:

To ask or inquire; to make an inquiry:
To ask or put forward (a question).


kie

English: ky (archaic or dialectal)

Scots: kye

desctree

⇒ Middle English: kyne, ken, kein, kien, kiin, kuin, kun, kyen, kyn
English: kine
Yola: keeine, keene, keéne, khyne, kyne, keyen


collegial

English: collegial

/kɔˌlɛːd͡ʒiˈaːl/

Borrowed from Middle French collégial; equivalent to college + -al.

(of a church) Ruled by a grouping of clergy; collegial.


wissen

Or we depart I shal thee so wel wisse / That of min hous ne shalt thou never misse

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

1475, [unknown translator], Sidrak and Bokkus, translation of Livre de la fontaine de toutes sciences
Shullen men chastice wymmen and wisse / Wiþ betyng whan þei done amisse?


sed

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sad


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bet, past participle beten)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beten (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bet (first-person past singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bete (past second-person singular)
bet (past second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (past singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
beten (participle past)
bete (participle past)
bet (participle past)
ybeten (participle past)
ybete (participle past)

desctree

English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede

Scots: beat, beit

Inherited from Old English bēatan, from Proto-West Germanic *bautan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-.

To hit or whip; to attack with a blunt weapon or the hands:

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To bombard or strike with projectiles.

(of the weather) To violently or furiously assail.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To violently or furiously assail.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To bat (wings or eyes) up and down.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
(rare) To strike cloth or tow.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To strike cloth or tow.

To (repeatedly or violently) press, pound or whack:

To strike metal into shape; to perform metalworking.

To throb or vibrate; to make a regular pulse.

(rare) To thresh; to separate grain from the chaff.

(especially cooking) To crush, grind or mix; to cause to lose form.

To decorate with embroidery, metalwork, or paintwork.

(figurative) To inflict punishment upon someone.

(rare) To be near or adjacent; to border.

(of a quarry, rare) To enter a waterbody so a hunting hound loses scent.

(figurative, rare) To talk or converse about.


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bette, past participle bet)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bet (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
bete (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
betest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (present singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
bet (participle past)
ybet (participle past)

English: beet (dialectal, obsolete)

Scots: bete, beit, beet, beat

Inherited from Old English bētan, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtijan, from Proto-Germanic *bōtijaną; some forms are remodelled on bet (“better”).

To alleviate or cure; to remove a condition.

To fix or mend; to perform repairs to.
To reassure; to free from distress.

To expiate; to make amends for a sin or wrong.

To start or add fuel to a fire; to stoke.

(figuratively) To rouse or stir (a feeling)


hight

English: hight (obsolete)


juge

English: judge (see there for further descendants)

Scots: judge, juige

Yola: jooudge

/ˈd͡ʒuːd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French juge, from Latin iūdex, iūdicem.


tum

(Northern) Alternative form of tome (“empty”)


baleful

English: baleful

From Old English bealuful. By surface analysis, bale + -ful.


spore

English: spur

Scots: spur

Yola: spourr

From Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô.

A spur; a prod for horses at the back of one's shoes.

A spur as a representation of knightly status.

The spike of the claws of a rooster (or other bird).

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic depiction of a spur.


spore

From Old English spor, from Proto-Germanic *spurą; probably assimilated in phonological form to Etymology 1.


fremde

English: fremd (rare, chiefly dialectal)

Scots: fremmit, fremd, frempt, frem

From Old English fremde, from Proto-Germanic *framaþiz.

out of the ordinary
out of the ordinary#English


joue

English: jaw

/ˈd͡ʒɔu̯(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French jo(w)e. First documented in the late 14th century.
/au̯/ may be either dialectal or due to blending with the synonym chaule. Cf. powe~paue.


wurst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of worst


carbuncle

English: carbuncle

Borrowed from Old French carbuncle, charbuncle, itself borrowed from Latin carbunculus.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Tale of Sir Thopas: 179-81.
His sheeld was al of gold so reed,
And ther-inne was a bores heed,
A charbocle bisyde;

A carbuncle (garnet or other precious stone)

(pathology) A carbuncle; a large abscess.


flet

English: flet

From Old English flet, flett (“floor, ground; dwelling, house”), from Proto-Germanic *flatją (“floor”), from Proto-Germanic *flataz (“flat”), from Proto-Indo-European *plat- (“flat”).

Cliued mi saule to þi flet.

Þe lorde..Fyndez fire vpon flet, þe freke þer byside.

a dwelling, habitation, house, cottage, hall

Wiþ four othre meteþ he ... & fuld hem on þe flette. — Sir Firumbras, c1380

A (level) piece of ground; a battlefield


nombre

English: number (see there for further descendants)

Scots: nummer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman noumbre and Old French nonbre, from Latin numerus.

A number (entity used to describe quantity)

A digit (written representation of a number).

A count; the enumeration or measurement of a quantity.

A group or quantity (especially if large or in totality)

Arithmetic; mathematics; the study of numbers.


cenacle

English: cenacle

Borrowed from Old French cenacle, itself borrowed from Latin cēnāculum.

An upper level or dining room, especially the one where the Last Supper was hosted.


penance

ne Joy nor penance he feeleth none.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


tamen

tamen (third-person singular simple present tameth, present participle tamende, tamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tamed)

tameth (present singular third-person)
tamende (participle present)
tamynge (participle present)
tamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: tame

Scots: tame

From tame (“tame”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


tamen

English: tame

Scots: tame

Shortening of attamen (“to cut, pierce”) or entamen (“to injure”), both from Old French.


rappen

rappen (infinitive)
to rappen (infinitive)
rappe (infinitive)
rappe (first-person present singular)
rapped (first-person past singular)
rappte (first-person past singular)
rappest (present second-person singular)
rappedest (past second-person singular)
rapptest (past second-person singular)
rappeth (present singular third-person)
rapped (past singular third-person)
rappte (past singular third-person)
rappe (present singular subjunctive)
rapped (past singular subjunctive)
rappte (past singular subjunctive)
rappe (imperative present singular)
rappen (plural present)
rappe (plural present)
rappeden (past plural)
rappede (past plural)
rappten (past plural)
rappte (past plural)
rappeth (imperative plural present)
rappe (imperative plural present)
rappynge (participle present)
rappende (participle present)
rapped (participle past)
rappt (participle past)
yrapped (participle past)
yrappt (participle past)

English: rap

Yola: rapple


teme

English: theme

Scots: theme (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French teme, tesme, from Latin thema, from Ancient Greek θέμα (théma).


teme

(Northern) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


teme

Alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


teme

Alternative form of temen (“to drain, to empty”)


westen

From Old English westan, westane, from Proto-West Germanic *westanā (“westwards”), from Proto-Germanic *westanē (“westwards”). Compare west (“west”).

inh

cardinal direction
cardinal direction#English

(uncommon, Early Middle English) west (cardinal direction)


westen

Yola: westan

(rare, Early Middle English) western (of the west)


westen

(rare, Early Middle English) westwards (from the west)


westen

From Old English wēsten (“a desert, waste”), from Proto-West Germanic *wōstini (“a waste, wilderness”). Doublet of wastyne; compare weste (“desolate”).

(rare, Early Middle English) wasteland, desert


westen

enm-verb

westen (third-person singular simple present westeth, present participle westende, westynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wested)

westeth (present singular third-person)
westende (participle present)
westynge (participle present)
wested (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
westen (infinitive)
to westen (infinitive)
weste (infinitive)
weste (first-person present singular)
wested (first-person past singular)
westest (present second-person singular)
westedest (past second-person singular)
westeth (present singular third-person)
wested (past singular third-person)
weste (present singular subjunctive)
wested (past singular subjunctive)
weste (imperative present singular)
westen (plural present)
weste (plural present)
westeden (past plural)
westede (past plural)
westeth (imperative plural present)
weste (imperative plural present)
westynge (participle present)
westende (participle present)
wested (participle past)

English: west

From west (“west”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(uncommon, astronomy) To move westwards.


westen

enm-verb

westen (third-person singular simple present westeth, present participle westynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle weste)

westeth (present singular third-person)
westynge (participle present)
weste (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
westen (infinitive)
to westen (infinitive)
weste (infinitive)
weste (first-person present singular)
weste (first-person past singular)
westest (present second-person singular)
westest (past second-person singular)
westeth (present singular third-person)
weste (past singular third-person)
weste (present singular subjunctive)
weste (past singular subjunctive)
weste (imperative present singular)
westen (plural present)
weste (plural present)
westen (past plural)
weste (past plural)
westeth (imperative plural present)
weste (imperative plural present)
westynge (participle present)
westende (participle present)
west (participle past)

Inherited from Old English wēstan, from Proto-West Germanic *wōstijan; equivalent to weste (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare wasten.


leden

leden (infinitive)
to leden (infinitive)
lede (infinitive)
lede (first-person present singular)
ledde (first-person past singular)
ledest (present second-person singular)
leddest (past second-person singular)
ledeth (present singular third-person)
let (present singular third-person)
ledde (past singular third-person)
lede (present singular subjunctive)
ledde (past singular subjunctive)
lede (imperative present singular)
leden (plural present)
lede (plural present)
ledden (past plural)
ledde (past plural)
ledeth (imperative plural present)
lede (imperative plural present)
ledynge (participle present)
ledende (participle present)
led (participle past)
yled (participle past)

English: lead (“guide”)

Scots: leid, lede

From Old English lǣdan, from Proto-Germanic *laidijaną.

Whether `dispisist thou the richessis of his goodnesse, and the pacience, and the long abidyng? Knowist thou not, that the benygnyte of God ledith thee to forthenkyng?

Forsothe Amasie ledde out tristili his puple, and yede in to the valei of makyngis of salt, and he killide of the sones of Seir ten thousynde.

1395, Wycliffe Bible, II Chronicles 25:11:

He was offrid, for he wolde, and he openyde not his mouth; as a scheep he schal be led to sleyng, and he schal be doumb as a lomb bifore hym that clippith it, and he schal not opene his mouth.

to lead (rule, head, hold ultimate authority)


leden

leden (infinitive)
to leden (infinitive)
lede (infinitive)
lede (first-person present singular)
leded (first-person past singular)
ledest (present second-person singular)
lededest (past second-person singular)
ledeth (present singular third-person)
leded (past singular third-person)
lede (present singular subjunctive)
leded (past singular subjunctive)
lede (imperative present singular)
leden (plural present)
lede (plural present)
lededen (past plural)
ledede (past plural)
ledeth (imperative plural present)
lede (imperative plural present)
ledynge (participle present)
ledende (participle present)
leded (participle past)
yleded (participle past)

English: lead (“cover in lead”)

From led (“lead”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(figurative, rare) To dumb down; to stupidify.


leden

English: leaden

From Old English lēaden; equivalent to led + -en (“made of”).


leden

English: leed

Scots: leed, leid, lied

A conflation of Old English lēoden (“national language”); and Lǣden (“Latin”).


leden

From Old English lēodan; equivalent to lede (“people”) + -en (plural suffix).

(Early Middle English) plural of lede (“people”)


haven

haven (infinitive)
to haven (infinitive)
have (infinitive)
han (infinitive)
ha (infinitive)
have (first-person present singular)
ha (first-person present singular)
hadde (first-person past singular)
haved (first-person past singular)
havest (present second-person singular)
hast (present second-person singular)
haddest (past second-person singular)
havedest (past second-person singular)
haveth (present singular third-person)
hath (present singular third-person)
hadde (past singular third-person)
haved (past singular third-person)
have (present singular subjunctive)
ha (present singular subjunctive)
hadde (past singular subjunctive)
haved (past singular subjunctive)
have (imperative present singular)
ha (imperative present singular)
haven (plural present)
have (plural present)
han (plural present)
ha (plural present)
hadden (past plural)
hadde (past plural)
haveden (past plural)
havede (past plural)
haveth (imperative plural present)
have (imperative plural present)
ha (imperative plural present)
havynge (participle present)
havende (participle present)
had (participle past)
haved (participle past)
yhad (participle past)
yhaved (participle past)

From Old English habban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną.

to own (to have ownership of):
to possess (an abstraction; a quality)

ſo alſo feiþ if it haþ not werkis .· is deed in it ſelf

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 2:17, page 110r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So faith, if it doesn't incorporate works as well, is dead on its own.

to include (as a part, ingredient, or feature).

to own (to have ownership of):
to hold; to have at disposal

to get, acquire, or obtain:
to take (in); to be given

to get, acquire, or obtain:
to have (a child); to give birth

A fredome is a noble thing / fredome mayß man to haiff liking / fredome all ſolace to ma[n] giffis / He levys at eß [that] frely levys

c. 1375, “Book I”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 2, recto, lines 225-228; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Oh, freedom is a noble thing: / it allows people to get enjoyment / and provides all of humanity's peace. / If you live free, you live at ease!

a nyȝt þeef comeþ not .· but þat he ſteele ſle ⁊ leeſe / and I cam þat þey haue lijf .· ⁊ haue more plenteuouſli.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 10:10, page 49v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

A stealthy thief doesn't come unless he can steal, kill, and ruin. But I came so they could have life, and have it more abundantly.

to do; to perform (an action):
(with preposition) to take (away)

to do; to perform (an action):
to take (away)

to do; to perform (an action):
to have (done); to cause to (do, be)

to be obliged to do; to be scheduled to do.

(auxillary) Denotes completion; forms the perfect tense.


haven

English: have (-'ve, -a)

Scots: hae, ha, hiv, have, hawe (-a)

Yola: ha, have


mynt

English: mint

From Old English mynet, from Proto-West Germanic *munit, from Latin monēta; doublet of moneye.


mynt

English: mint (dialectal)

Scots: mint


mynt

Alternative form of mynt (“mint (plant)”)


legge

English: leg


legge

English: ledge

Yola: lhauch (figurative)

Usually considered to be from leggen, a variant of leyen (“to put, lay (down, waste to)”).

supporting beam, supporting bar, bracing


lyf

enm-noun

lyf (plural lyves or lyven, dative lyve)

lyves (plural)
lyven (plural)
lyve (dative)

English: life

Scots: life, leif

Yola: lief, life

From Old English līf, from Proto-West Germanic *līb, from Proto-Germanic *lībą.

The lyf so short, the craft so long to lerne,

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parlement of Foulys:


ron

English: rowan

(Late Middle English) A rowan-tree berry.


starf

first/third-person singular past indicative of sterven

(later) second-person singular past indicative of sterven


skyr

English: skire (obsolete), sheer

Scots: skyre

From Old Norse skírr, from Proto-Germanic *skīriz. Doublet of schyre.

clear-coloured, pale, light, luminous, radiant

(rare) unadulterated, undiluted, full-strength


hon

Scots: hune

Borrowed from Middle Irish úain (“time”), from Old Irish úan (“loan”), from oidid (“to lend”). Compare Irish uain (“loan, time, leisure”), Scottish Gaelic on, oin (“loan, laziness”).

bor+

(Northern, North Midland) delay, hesitation


hon

enm-verb

hon (third-person singular simple present honeth, present participle honende, honynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle honed)

honeth (present singular third-person)
honende (participle present)
honynge (participle present)
honed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


hon

hon (third-person singular simple present hoþ, present participle honde, first-/third-person singular past indicative heng, past participle ihon)

hoþ (present singular third-person)
honde (participle present)
heng (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ihon (participle past)

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hongen


sadly

English: sadly

Scots: sadly

steadily, firmly (with stability):
fixedly, steadfastly, undoubtedly

carefully (with due effort or consideration)

intensely, strongly (with vigour or force)


frightful

English: frightful

From Old English forhtful; equivalent to fright + -ful.


parlour

English: parlor, parlour

Scots: parlour

Borrowed from Old French parleor, parloir, parleoir, from Old French parler (“to speak”); equivalent to parlen + -our.

A room for private use, usually to the side of a building's main room.

A room or opening for monastics to communicate with laypeople.

(rare) A room for discussion; a meeting room.


lede

enm-noun

lede (plural ledes or lede or (early) leden)

ledes (plural)
lede (plural)
leden (plural)

English: lede (obsolete)

Scots: leid

From Old English lēode (“people, men”), plural of lēod, from Proto-West Germanic *liudī, plural of *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudīz, plural of *liudiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰeyes, plural of *h₁léwdʰis.
Akin to Old Frisian liod, Old Saxon liud, Old Norse ljóðr, lýðr, Old High German liut, Dutch lieden.

A (male) human; a man:
A vassal or subject.

A (male) human; a man:
A servant or retainer.

A (male) human; a man:
A ruler; one with governing authority.


lede

Alternative form of leden (“to cover in lead”)


ey

English: ey (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English æġ, from Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Doublet of egge.

egg (especially of a chicken or other fowl)


ey

English: ey

Inherited from Old English īeġ, īg, from Proto-West Germanic *auwju, from Proto-Germanic *awjō (“floodplain; island”).


ey

English: ay

Scots: ay, ae

Derived from Latin ei and Old French ahi, äi.

An exclamation of surprise, challenge, or inquiry.


ey

To have no ey for nought.

Exhorting thy people to have a special ey, That thee to praise they never cease.


hideous

Alternative form of hidous (“terrifying”)


tasten

English: taste

From Old French taster, from Vulgar Latin tastō, from Latin taxō.

Wherof a man mai hiere and se
And smelle and taste in his degre

c. 1393, John Gower, Confessio Amantis, 4.2546-7:

whenne Adam tastede of pe appui he wiste neuer whefrer it was sowr or swete, ne for pe swetnesse fcerof was he nou3t repreued, bot for forfete азепз Godes [lawe].

1987, Rolf Hendrik Bremmer, The Fyve Wyttes: A late Middle English Devotional Treatise Edited form BL MS Harley 2398, pg 27, l 7-8:

c. 15th c,, The Romance of Merlin, folio la, ch XXXIII, pg 681.
Merlin leide his heed in the damesels lappe, and she be-gan to taste softly till he fill on slepe

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Mi fader, nay; bot I have tasted
In many a place as I have go,
And yit love I nevere on of tho,
Bot forto drive forth the dai.

c. 1393, John Gower, Confessio Amantis, 5.6692-5:

To experience, feel (with sexual connotation)


universally

English: universally

en masse; impacting or influencing everything or everyone.


sorely

English: sorely

From Old English sārlīċe; equivalent to sore + -ly (adverbial suffix).

strongly, forcefully; in a cruel manner.

(rare) unhappily, glumly, bitterly; in a sad manner.

(rare) lamentably, sorrily; in a miserable or sorry manner


violently

English: violently

In a religiously dangerous or harmful way.

In a powerful, effective, or mighty way:

In a way causing great damage, injury, or harm.

In a forceful way; in a way showing intense feelings.


furiously

English: furiously


wonderfully

English: wonderfully

Yola: wonderfullee


þeir

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

Third-person plural genitive determiner: their


þeir

English: their

Scots: thair

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


messen

messen (infinitive)
to messen (infinitive)
messe (infinitive)
messe (first-person present singular)
messed (first-person past singular)
messest (present second-person singular)
messedest (past second-person singular)
messeth (present singular third-person)
messed (past singular third-person)
messe (present singular subjunctive)
messed (past singular subjunctive)
messe (imperative present singular)
messen (plural present)
messe (plural present)
messeden (past plural)
messede (past plural)
messeth (imperative plural present)
messe (imperative plural present)
messynge (participle present)
messende (participle present)
messed (participle past)
ymessed (participle past)

English: mass (obsolete)

From a mixture of Old French messiier and Old English mæssian. Equivalent to messe (“mass”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To hold Mass (the service) or the Eucharist (the sacrament)


messen

English: mess

From mes (“serving”) + -en (infinitival suffix), from Old French mes (“portion of food”), from Late Latin missum (“portion of food put on the table”). Compare Old English metsian (“to feed, supply provisions”).

ncog

To deliver food to a table; to serve up food.


cruelly

English: cruelly

Scots: cruelly

Ruthlessly, cruelly; in a cruel or sadistic way.

Savagely, viciously; in a way displaying ferocity.

(rare) Deleteriously, injurious; conducive to suffering.

(rare) Strictly, unforgivingly, meanly, harshly.


neep

English: neep

Scots: neep

Yola: neape, neap, nape

→ Welsh: maip

desctree

⇒ Middle English: turnepe
English: turnip
Yola: dhernapès (plural)

From Old English nǣp, from Latin nāpus, from Ancient Greek νᾶπυ (nâpu).


gan

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of gon (“to go”)


wæstm

wæstmes (plural)
wæstm (accusative nominative singular)
wæstmes (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmæs (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmes (genitive singular)
wæstmæs (genitive singular)
wæstme (genitive plural)
wæstme (dative singular)
wæstmen (dative plural)

From Old English wæstm, from Proto-Germanic *wastmaz.

The crops produced by a plant; the result of a harvest.

The product or result of something; something's fruit.

The shape or look or something; the manner something exists in.

(rare) The progeny or children of something.

(rare) The extent or notability of something.


lufian

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to love”)


manly

English: manly

Scots: manly

From Old English *manlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *mannlīk, from Proto-Germanic *mannlīkaz; equivalent to man + -ly (adjectival suffix).

Having qualities befitting a man; courageous, resolute, noble.


manly

From Old English manlīċe; equivalent to mon + -ly (adverbial suffix).

In a way befitting a man; courageously, resolutely, nobly.


ryk

(Northern) Alternative form of riche (“realm”)


gleaw

Alternative form of gleu (“knowledgeable”)


honestly

English: honestly

From honeste (“honourable, appropriate, excellent”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


unnan

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of onyoun


tither

English: tither


wite

English: wite

Yola: lotherwite

From Old English wīte, from Proto-West Germanic *wītī, from Proto-Germanic *wītiją.


houten

houten (infinitive)
to houten (infinitive)
houte (infinitive)
houte (first-person present singular)
houted (first-person past singular)
houtest (present second-person singular)
houtedest (past second-person singular)
houteth (present singular third-person)
houted (past singular third-person)
houte (present singular subjunctive)
houted (past singular subjunctive)
houte (imperative present singular)
houten (plural present)
houte (plural present)
houteden (past plural)
houtede (past plural)
houteth (imperative plural present)
houte (imperative plural present)
houtynge (participle present)
houtende (participle present)
houted (participle past)
yhouted (participle past)


robben

enm-verb

robben (third-person singular simple present robbeth, present participle robbende, robbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle robbed)

robbeth (present singular third-person)
robbende (participle present)
robbynge (participle present)
robbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
robben (infinitive)
to robben (infinitive)
robbe (infinitive)
robbe (first-person present singular)
robbed (first-person past singular)
robbest (present second-person singular)
robbedest (past second-person singular)
robbeth (present singular third-person)
robbed (past singular third-person)
robbe (present singular subjunctive)
robbed (past singular subjunctive)
robbe (imperative present singular)
robben (plural present)
robbe (plural present)
robbeden (past plural)
robbede (past plural)
robbeth (imperative plural present)
robbe (imperative plural present)
robbynge (participle present)
robbende (participle present)
robbed (participle past)
yrobbed (participle past)

English: rob

Scots: rob

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman robber, rober, from Frankish *raubōn, from Proto-Germanic *raubōną. Doublet of reven.
The expected Middle English form would be /ˈrɔːbən/; the short vowel is probably by analogy with robberie, robbour.

To steal, rob, or pilfer; to illegally or forcibly confiscate.

To loot, despoil, ravage; to bring to ruin.

(figurative) To snatch; to cause to lose (an abstract concept)


bras

English: brass

Scots: bress

→ Irish: prás

→ Scottish Gaelic: pràis

From Old English bræs; further origin uncertain.


cniht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of knyght


til

English: til, till

Scots: til

From Old English til (“to, until”), possibly from Old Norse til, both from Proto-Germanic *tila- (“goal”), or Proto-Germanic *til (“to, towards”). Cognate with Old Norse til, Old Frisian til.

[…]And pleſed hym in al that ever ſhe myghte.
 He drank, and wel his girdel underpighte;
 He ſlepeth, and he fnorteth in his gyſe
 Al nyght, til the ſonne gan aryſe.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Law's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 788–791:

[…] and she pleased him with everything she possibly could.
 He drank, and his belt became stuffed well;
 he slept, and snorted like he usually did
 throughout the night, until the sun arose.


til

English: til, till

Scots: til

Yola: del, dell, tell, 'tell, till

And Y ſiȝ as a licneſſe of electre, as the biholding of fier with ynne, bi the cumpas therof; fro the lendis of hym and aboue, and fro þe lendis of him til to bynethe, Y siȝ as the licneſſe of fier ſchynynge in cumpas,[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Ezechiel 1:27”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And I saw something like amber, which had something fire spread around within it. From above his torso and his torso up to the bottom (of him), I saw something like fire shining around him, […]

[…]and bifore the face of the ȝate that laſtid til to the face of the porche of the ynner ȝate, he mad fifti cubitis.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Ezechiel 40:14-15”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And from in front of the gate's front up to the porch of the inner gate, he measured fifty cubits.

(with "to") as far as; down to; up to, until


hlaf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lof (“loaf, bread”)


mund

English: mound, mund

Scots: moond

From Old English mund, from Proto-Germanic *mundō.

Magnitude, greatness, utility, or usefulness.

(rare) A hand, especially as a measurement.


bur

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bour


tima

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


þegn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of theyn


lawfully

English: lawfully

Lawfully; in a way allowed by the law or legal system.

In a morally or religiously correct or approved way.

In an appropriate, justifiable or warrantable way.

(rare) In a way that remains true to one's superiors.


grille

English: gril

From Old English grel (“harsh”). Compare German grell (“lurid, shrill”).

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 71-4.
The briddes, that han left hir song,
Whyl they han suffred cold so strong
In wedres grille, and derk to sighte,
Ben in May, for the sonne brighte,


ære

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)