gras

desctree

English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas

desc

Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

From Old English græs, from Proto-West Germanic *gras, from Proto-Germanic *grasą.

A grass (A plant in the family Poaceae or of similar appearance to those plants)

Any plant; especially a herbaceous one; a herb.

(medicine) A plant or herb reputed to have medicinal or curative properties.

The lamina of a leaf or a leaf in general.

Ground planted with grass; grassy land; a pasture or meadow.

Fodder; grass used to feed animals (especially livestock).


ne

English: ne (obsolete)

Scots: ne (obsolete)

From Old English ne, from Proto-West Germanic *ne, from Proto-Germanic *ne, from Proto-Indo-European *ne.

Þei ne bileveden hire nought.

He nevere yet no vileynye ne sayde.

13??, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Knight's Portrait" (line 70), The Canterbury Tales.

I ne entende but onely to reduce thauncyent ryme in to prose.

1481, William Caxton, Lyf of the Noble and Crysten Prynce, Charles the Grete:

I intend only to reduce the ancient rhyme into prose.

Þou ne art weyke.


ne

English: ne (obsolete)

Scots: ne (obsolete)

than (introducing a basis of comparison)


step-

English: step-

Scots: step-, stap-

From Old English stēop- (“deprived of a relative, step-”, prefix), from Proto-West Germanic *steupa-, from Proto-Germanic *steupa- (“orphaned, step-”).
The short vowel is due to regular shortening of long vowels before consonant clusters in Early Middle English. All of the words that stēop- was prefixed to in Old English were consonant-initial, so shortening occurred exceptionlessly.

inh

step- (related through the marriage of a parent)


tool

English: tool

Scots: tuil

From Old English tōl, from Proto-Germanic *tōlą.

(rare) A device used for torturing or interrogration.


solstice

English: solstice

From Old French solstice and Latin sōlstitium.


waist

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


college

English: college (see there for further descendants)

Scots: college

/kɔˈlɛːd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium.

A group of clergymen (usually dependent on public funds).

A group of teachers and students; a university or part of one.

A group of colleagues; a team or organisation.


spade

English: spade

Scots: spade, spaid

Yola: spaade


Normandy

Alternative form of Normandie: Normandy (a historical province and medieval kingdom in northwest France)


pure

head

pure (comparative purer, superlative purest)

purer (comparative)
purest (superlative)

Scots: puir, pure

English: pure

→ Cornish: pur

pure, unadulterated, undiluted, untarnished


must

English: must

From Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.


pot

English: pot

Scots: pott, pat

From Old English pott and Old French pot, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *puttaz, from Proto-Indo-European *budnós.

A pot; a circular receptacle or vessel:
A cookpot (a pot used for cooking in)

A pot used for storing substances (especially food or water)

A pot used for ladling or serving liquids; a beaker.

A measurement for the quantity of liquids.

A pot of a certain material or manufacture:


sulphur

English: sulphur, sulfur

From Anglo-Norman sulfre, from Latin sulfur.


wan

English: wan

Scots: wan

From Old English wann (“dark”), from Proto-Germanic *wannaz, of uncertain origin.


wan

Alternative form of wane (“deprivation”)


wan

(Northern) Alternative form of vein (“that which is vain”)


wan

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of wone (“dwelling”)


wan

Alternative form of wane (“woeful state”)


wan

enm-verb

wan (third-person singular simple present waneth, present participle wanende, wanynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle waned)

waneth (present singular third-person)
wanende (participle present)
wanynge (participle present)
waned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


wan

Alternative form of wanne: singular simple past of winnen

Alternative form of wonnen: plural simple past of winnen


lever

Comparative of leve (“dear”) of Germanic origin (compare German lieb) or lief.

For him was lever have at his bed's head
Twenty bookes, clad in black or red,
. . . Than robes rich, or fithel, or gay sawtrie. —The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer

But lever than this worldés good

She would have wist how that it stood —Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins, John Gower.


lever

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


holy

head

holy (plural and weak singular holye, comparative holyere, superlative holyest)

holye (plural)
holye (singular weak)
holyere (comparative)
holyest (superlative)

English: holy

Scots: haly, halie

Yola: holly, holy

Inherited from Old English hāliġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hailag, from Proto-Germanic *hailagaz; equivalent to hool + -y.

Dedicated to or separated for a religious purpose; sacred, consecrated.

[…]of moost holi lyuynge, and best taught and moost wyse of heuenly wysdom[…]

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 37:

[…] of the most holy living, and the best-taught and wisest heavenly wisdom […]


holy

English: holy

One who is sanctified or made holy; a saint, hallow


holy

English: holey

Full of holes or cavities; porous, spongy; hollow.


ar

(chiefly Kent and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


ar

(Northern) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)


po

English: pea, po (archaic)

Inherited from Old English pāwa, pēa, from Proto-Germanic *pāwô, from Latin pāvō. Influenced by the first element of Old Norse páfugl.


ti

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


navel

English: navel

Scots: nyvel

From Old English nafola, from Proto-West Germanic *nabulō, from Proto-Germanic *nabulô; compare nave.


almond

English: almond

Scots: almond

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

dorrẹ̅, dōrī adj. & n. […] cook. glazed with a yellow substance; pome(s ~, sopes ~. […] 1381 Pegge Cook. Recipes p. 114: For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1962 (quoting 1381 text), Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, eds., Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-01044-8, page 1242

An object that resembles an almond in physical form.


loud

loud (plural and weak singular loude, comparative loudere)

loude (plural)
loude (singular weak)
loudere (comparative)

English: loud

Scots: loud, lood

Inherited from Old English hlūd, from Proto-West Germanic *hlūd, from Proto-Germanic *hlūdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlutós.

(rare) Obvious; easily detectable or discernible.


share

English: share

Yola: shor

From Old English scear, from Proto-Germanic *skaraz (“ploughshare”).


share

English: share

Scots: schare

Yola: shaar

From Old English sċearu, from Proto-West Germanic *skaru, from Proto-Germanic *skarō.


rust

English: rust

Scots: roost, roust

From Old English rust, rūst, from Proto-West Germanic *rust, *rost, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz.

(horticulture) A fungal disease of plants.


Dane

English: Dane

Through Old French Dan, or directly from Old Norse Danir, in turn from Proto-Germanic *daniz. Displaced native Old English Dene.


damage

English: damage

Scots: dammish

From Old French damage, from Vulgar Latin *damnāticum.

(law, often in the plural) damages (compensation for loss)


Rome

English: Rome

Scots: Roum, Rome

From Old English Rōm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō, from Latin Rōma.

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.

But now I am removed from the cyte of Rome almoſt .V.C.M. paas, I am wythoute defence dampned to pꝛoscrepcion and to deathe[…]

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie. The Fyrst Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxxv, recto, column 1:

But now I've been sent almost 500,000 paces from the city of Rome; I am without defence, sentenced to exile and death.

Ne never was ther king in Rome towne / Syns thilke day, ⁊ ſhe was holden there[…]

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Legende of Lucresse of Rome”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxv, verso, column 2:

There was never a king in Rome after that day, and she was seen there […]

Rome (a city, the capital of the Papacy; ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


Nicholas

English: Nicholas

Scots: Nicholas

From Old French Nicholas, from Latin Nīcolāus, from Ancient Greek Νικόλαος (Nikólaos).

a male given name associated with Saint Nicholas of Myra.


namen

From Old English naman; equivalent to name + -en (plural suffix).


-ist

knowist, sendist, bitakist


silence

English: silence

Scots: seelence

From Old French silence, from Latin silentium.

And whanne he hadde opened þe ſeuenþe ſeel. a ſilence was maad in heuene as an half an our.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:1, page 120r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when he had opened the seventh seal, silence occurred in heaven for half an hour.

Silence; the state of refraining or refusing to speak.

Peace, calm; a state of tranquil and restful behaviour.

Quietness; a lack of sound or speaking (for a given area or time).

Refraining from excessive speaking or talking.

The following of a religious vow of silence.

(rare) The termination of a dispute or conflict.

(rare) Secrecy or freedom from disruption.


parable

English: parable

Scots: parable

Yola: parboles (plural)

From Old French parable, parabole, from Late Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ).

A parable or narrative (usually teaching or illustrating a lesson)

A maxim or byword, a short phrase or quip teaching or illustrating a lesson.

A oration or session of speaking, especially one full of invective; a diatribe or rant.


se

From Old English swē, swǣ, variants of swā (“so”). More at so.


achate

From Old French achat (“purchase”). See cates.

The kitchin Clerke, that hight Digestion, / Did order all th’Achates in seemely wise, / And set them forth, as well he could deuise.

1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book II, Canto IX”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:

Purchases; provisions bought for a household, cates.


side

English: side

Scots: side, syde

Yola: zeide


hound

houndes (plural)
hounden (plural)
hound (accusative nominative singular)
hounds (accusative nominative plural)
houndes (accusative nominative plural)
houndes (genitive singular)
hounde (genitive plural)
hounde (dative singular)
hounden (dative plural)

English: hound

Northumbrian: hoond, hund

Scots: hoond, hund

Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus familiaris#Translingual

dog, hound (The canid Canis lupus familiaris)

A pet dog; a dog kept for companionship.

(specifically) A male or fully-grown dog.

A strong term of abuse, especially used against enemies of one's religion

(rare) The forces of evil; the infernal army.


forest

English: forest

Scots: forest

→ Welsh: fforest

Borrowed from Old French forest, from Early Medieval Latin forestis.

Hit bi fel in þat foreſt · þere faſt by ſide / þer woned a wel old cherl · þat was a couherde

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 3-4; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

It so happened that right there in that forest / there was a very old peasant; a cowherd.

A forest or wood (uninhabited forested region)

A preserve for hunting exclusive to royalty.


plover

English: plover

Scots: pliver, plivver

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman plover, plovier, from Medieval Latin plovarius, pluviārius.

plover (bird of the family Charadriidae)


mate

English: mate

Scots: mate

From Middle Low German mate, from Old Saxon gimato, from Proto-West Germanic *gamatjō. Doublet of mette.


mate

Alternative form of maten (“to checkmate”)


mate

Alternative form of maten (“to overpower”)


brood

English: broad

Scots: braid

Yola: brode

From Old English brād, from Proto-West Germanic *braid, from Proto-Germanic *braidaz.


lathe

English: lathe

From Old Norse hlað (“pile, heap”). More at English, Etymology 3, above.

By Goddes herte, he sal nat scape us bathe!
Why ne had thow pit the capul in the lathe!

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reeve’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

By God’s heart, he will not escape us both! Why didn’t you put the horse in the barn!

a barn to house livestock or store grain, etc.; a storehouse


tap

Alternative form of tappen (“to touch gently”)


violence

English: violence

From Old French violence, from Latin violentia.

Violence (harmful manual force) or an example of it.

A harmful force of nature; great natural force.

The force or power of one's feelings or mental state.

Powerful or forceful movement or mobility.

Misrule or malgovernance; abuse of authority.


ax

English: axe, ax

Scots: aix

From Old English æx, æcs, from Proto-West Germanic *akusi.


ax

From Old English eax, from Proto-Germanic *ahsu.


antelope

desctree

English: antelope
→ Irish: antalóp
→ Manx: antelope

Scots: antelope

From Old French antelop, from Medieval Latin antilops, from Byzantine Greek ἀνθόλοψ (anthólops).


tie

Alternative form of teye (“chest, enclosure”)


ruse

English: ruse

borrowed from Anglo-Norman reuse, ruse; compare rusen.

The evasive movements of a pursued animal.

A circuitous course taken by a hunter to pursue a game animal.


ruse

(Northern) Alternative form of rosen (“to boast”)


brothers

From brother + -es (“noun plural suffix”).


strong

head

strong (plural and weak singular stronge, comparative strenger or stronger, superlative strengest or strongest)

stronge (plural)
stronge (singular weak)
strenger (comparative)
stronger (comparative)
strengest (superlative)
strongest (superlative)

English: strong

Scots: strang

Yola: straung

From Old English strang, form Proto-Germanic *strangaz.


humour

desctree

English: humour, humor (US)
→⇒ Chinese:
Cantonese: 幽默 (jau¹ mak⁶)
Mandarin: 幽默 (yōumò)
→ Danish: humor
→ Icelandic: húmor
→ Dutch: humor
→ Esperanto: humuro
→ French: humour
→ Romanian: humor, umor
→ Turkish: humor
→ German: Humor (semantic loan)
→ Polish: humor
→ Yiddish: הומאָר (humor) (probably)
→ Greek: χιούμορ (chioúmor)
→ Italian: humour
→ Japanese: ユーモア (yūmoa)
→ Korean: 유머 (yumeo)
→ Norwegian: (also via German)
Bokmål: humor
Nynorsk: humor
→ Russian: ю́мор (júmor), гу́мор (gúmor)
→ Azerbaijani: yumor
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: ху̀мор
Latin script: hùmor
→ Swedish: humor (semantic loan)

Scots: humour

From Old French humor, from Latin hūmor, ūmor.

A "cardinal humour" (four liquids believed to affect health and mood)

A bodily liquid or substance that causes disease or affliction.

A bodily liquid or substance that is caused by disease.

One of the two (usually reckoned as three or four) fluidous portions of the eye.

Any fluid; something which flows or moves in a fluidous manner:

The liquid contained within a plant; plant juices.

(rare) A liquid of the human body (e.g. blood)

A mist or gas; a substance dissipated in the air.

(rare) One of the four classical elements (fire, earth, air, and water).


wat

Alternative form of wait, wath, wet, what, whate, whete, witen, wode, wold, woth, weten, wacche, wacchen, wachet, watchinges, wate, walte, weiten, witien.


score

English: score

Yola: score

Inherited from Old English scoru, from Old Norse skor, from Proto-Germanic *skurō.


hamer

English: hammer

Fiji Hindi: haamaa

desc

Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer

From Old English hamor, from Proto-Germanic *hamaraz; from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱmoros.

A hammer (tool for pressing nails inwards).

(figurative) A fierce individual; one with strong convictions or great force.


half

head

half (plural halves or halfes or halven)

halves (plural)
halfes (plural)
halven (plural)

From Old English healf, half, from Proto-West Germanic *halb, from Proto-Germanic *halbaz.

The four halves of the house

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


half

English: half (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hauf

Yola: halleef, halef, halluf


rind

English: rind

Scots: rind, reen, reind

The bark of a tree (often used in medicine).

The exterior layer of a fruit or nut (often used in medicine).

(rare) An animal's hard outer coating (e.g. the carapace of an insect.)

(rare) A scab; a protective coating over a wound.

(rare, figurative) Something's surface signification.


yore

c. 1300, Anonymous, "Alison" (as printed in Oxford Dictionary of English Verse, 1900)


hond

hondes (plural)
honden (plural)
hond (plural)

English: hand

Scots: hand, haund

Yola: hoane, hoan, hone

Blessid be my Lord God, that techith myn hondis to werre and my fyngris to batel.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 143:1”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Blessed be my Lord God, who teaches my hands to war and my fingers to battle.


thong

English: thong

Scots: thwang, thwayng, thang

Yola: fong

From Old English þwang, from Proto-West Germanic *þwangi, from Proto-Germanic *þwangiz.


fustian

English: fustian

⇒ Scots: foustie

Borrowed from Old French fustaine, from Medieval Latin fūstāneum.

Of fustian he wered a gypon / Al bismotered with his habergeoun, / For he was late ycome from his viage, / And wente for to doon his pilgrymage.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 75-8:

He wore a fustian tunic, / all smothered [with rust]] from his habergeon / because he'd lately returned from his travels / and went to make his pilgrimage.

A cloth made of cotton, flax or wool, being the ancestor of modern fustian.

A piece of such cloth used as a bedspread.


wont

English: want (dialectal)

Scots: want

From Old English wand, wond, from Proto-Germanic *wanduz.


los

English: loss

Scots: los, lose, lois

Yola: lass


real

English: real

Scots: real

Borrowed from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis.

(Late Middle English) real, true, factual

(Late Middle English, law) concerning possessions


dis

Alternative form of dees: plural of dee (“die”)


awe

English: awe

Scots: awe, aw

Borrowed from Old Norse agi, from Proto-Germanic *agaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos. Doublet of eye.

that which elicits or incites horror; something horrifying


cos

English: kiss

Scots: kis

Yola: kesse

From Old English coss, from Proto-West Germanic *koss, from Proto-Germanic *kussaz. Forms with /i/, /u/ and /ɛ/ are influenced by Old English cyssan.


pole

English: pole

Scots: pale, pall

Yola: pulmere


mote

⇒ Yola: mothee

Borrowed from Old French mote and Medieval Latin mota.


mote

inflection of moten (“to have to”):
present subjunctive singular

inflection of moten (“to have to”):
present indicative/subjunctive plural


yam

(Northern, northern East Midlands) Alternative form of þem (“them”)


code

English: cud, quid

Scots: cude, cuid

From Old English cudu, cwidu, cweodu, from Proto-West Germanic *kwidu.

Any kind of plant gum; a gummy or resinous substance.

And thei crieden not to me in her herte, but ȝelliden in her beddis. Thei chewiden code on wheete, and wyn, and thei ȝeden awei fro me.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 7:14”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And they didn't cry to me from their hearts; instead they whined in their beds. They chewed wheat and wine like cud, then they ran away from me.

Cud; regurgitated food chewed upon by livestock.

(rare) A mass or lump; a large pile of something.


code

English: code

Scots: cude, cuid, cood

From Old French code, from Latin cōdex, caudex.


code

From Old English codd and Old Norse koddi.


ars

English: arse, ass

Scots: ers, airse

From Old English ærs, ears, from Proto-West Germanic *ars, from Proto-Germanic *arsaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érsos.


ars

From Old French arz, artz (plural of art), from Latin artēs.

(Early Middle English) plural of art (“(area of) knowledge”)


ape

English: ape

Scots: ape, aip

From Old English apa, from Proto-West Germanic *apō, from Proto-Germanic *apô.


mule

English: mule

Scots: mule

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mule, from Latin mūla, feminine of mūlus; reinforced by native Old English mūl, from the same Latin source.


lore

desctree

English: lore
→ Russian: лор (lor)
→ Ukrainian: лор (lor)

Scots: lare, lair

From Old English lār, from Proto-West Germanic *laiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *laizō
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases, while forms with /ɛː/ are influenced by leren (“to teach”).

Education or teaching; the provision of knowledge.

Studying or learning; the absorption of knowledge.

Doctrine; a tenet or the tenets of a religion or science.

A topic or field of research; a discipline.

(rare) Competence or proficiency; one's skill in a discipline.

And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… …taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto… And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

A directive, instruction, or set of them:

An admonition or exhortation; a fervent plea.

(rare) Significance, value, or importance.


lore

Loss; the act of losing something, especially soldiers in battle.


fare

English: fare

Scots: fare

Yola: gudeváre

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English faru, from Proto-West Germanic *faru, from Proto-Germanic *farō.
* Old English fær, from Proto-West Germanic *far, from Proto-Germanic *farą.

Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.

A proceeding or occurrence:
Behaviour or appearance.

A proceeding or occurrence:
Condition or fortune.

A proceeding or occurrence:
A commotion or disturbance.


turf

English: turf

Scots: turr, truff

Yola: thrive

From Old English turf, from Proto-West Germanic *turb, from Proto-Germanic *turbz.


cross

English: cross
→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)

Scots: cross, cros

From Old English cros, borrowed from Old Norse kross, borrowed from Old Irish cros, borrowed from Latin crux. Doublet of crouche and croys.

A cross or gibbet (wooden frame for execution).

A representation of a cross; the cross as a Christian symbol:

The intersection of drawn lines, especially as a signature.

(figurative) The cross in Christian metaphor:

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Crucifixion; nailing to a cross.

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Suffering, penury.

(biblical) Christianity; the Christian religion.

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Christianity; the Christian religion.


request

English: request

Scots: request

From Old French requeste, from Vulgar Latin *requaesita; equivalent to re- + quest.

A request or petition; a pleading or asking.

(Late Middle English) What is requested or petitioned for; something that is sought-after.

(Late Middle English) An adventure or heroic journey.


Egipt

English: Egypt
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


si

From Old English sīe, singular subjunctive of wesan, from Proto-Germanic *sijǭ (first person), *sijēs (second person), and *sijē (third person), singular subjunctive forms of *wesaną.

(Early Middle English, rare) singular present subjunctive of been


est

English: east

→ Cornish: est

Scots: aist, eist

From Old English ēast, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *austr.


est

English: east

Scots: aist, eist


cant

English: cant (dialectal)

Scots: cant

Possibly from Middle Low German *kant, perhaps a slang word related to kant (“edge, rim”), from Medieval Latin canthus.

c. 1340, Cursor Mundi, Cotton Vespasian A iii, lines 8943-46

Jews who were so bold and ready, when they had seen this miracle, pulled it out and made a bridge over a little stream to lie

Iuus þat war sa cant and kene, / Quen þai had þis meracles sene, / þai drou it þen and mad a brig / Ouer a litel burn to lig

(Northern, Early Scots) bold, lively, cant


bes

A version of bith with the third-person singular ending replaced with -es as in other verbs (in some dialects) and the vowel of the infinitive been leveled in.


luft

English: lift (“the sky, atmosphere”)

Scots: lift, luft

From Old English lyft (“air, atmosphere, firmament”), from Proto-West Germanic *luftu, from Proto-Germanic *luftuz (“air, upper region”). More at lift. Doublet of lofte.


heir

English: heir

Scots: heir

→ Welsh: aer

From Anglo-Norman heir, aire (Old French eir), from Latin hēres (“heir”).


glad

English: glad

Scots: gled, glaid

Yola: glaude

From Old English glæd, from Proto-West Germanic *glad, from Proto-Germanic *gladaz.


pope

desctree

English: pope
Jamaican Creole: puop
Tok Pisin: pop
→ Hindi: पोप (pop)
→ Urdu: پوپ (pop)

Scots: pape, paipe, paip

From Old English pāpa, from Vulgar Latin papa.

The pope (Roman Catholic bishop of Rome).

(rare) Another spiritual leader or head.


mane

English: mane

Scots: mane

Inherited from Old English manu, from Proto-West Germanic *manu, from Proto-Germanic *manō; compare Middle Dutch mane, Old Frisian mana, mona, and Middle Low German mane.


mane

(Northern) Alternative form of monen (“to lament”)


mater

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”


fo

English: foe

Scots: fae

From the oblique stem of Old English ġefāh; equivalent to y- + fo (adjective), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *faih.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
An enemy of the true religion.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
An enemy combatant or armed force.

(Christianity) Satan; the enemy of mankind.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
Satan; the enemy of mankind.

A harmful or ruinous force; that which causes terror.


fo

English: foe (obsolete as an adjective)

From Old English fā, a form of fāh, from Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz.


fo

English: foe (obsolete as an adverb)

(rare) In a way showing unfriendliness or opposition.


wort

English: wort

Fingallian: wolt

From Old English wyrt (“plant, herb”), from Proto-West Germanic *wurti, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts (oblique stem *wurt-), from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of rote (“root”).

A plant (not including trees, shrubs, etc.):

A plant that is wild or not cultivated or harvested.

A plant that harvested or grown; often as a herb or vegetable.

A plant employed for supposed curative or medical properties.

A leaf as part of a salad or other vegetable dish.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


wort

English: wort

Scots: wort, wirt

From Old English wyrt (“wort”), from Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju.

Wort (as in brewing) or an analogous mixture (e.g. used for mead)


acte

English: act

desc

Scots: ack, akk, ac', act, actt, auct, accke, aick, akk (older)

Yola: acte

Borrowed from Old French act, from Latin ācta, plural of āctus.


drake

English: drake

Scots: drake

Inherited from Old English draca, aphetic form of *andraca, from Proto-West Germanic *anadrekō; compare ende (“duck”).


drake

English: drake

Inherited from Old English draca, from Proto-West Germanic *drakō, from Latin dracō, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of dragoun.


net

English: neat, net

Yola: naate, nate, neatt, neeat

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman neit, a variant of Old French net, nette, from Latin nitidus (“gleaming”).


net

English: net


waste

Alternative form of wast (“waste (adjective)”)

Inflection of wast (“waste (adjective)”):


waste

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


fan

English: fan, van

Scots: fan

From Old English fann, from Latin vannus. Forms in v- are due to a combination of Southern Middle English voicing of initial fricatives and influence from the ultimate Latin etymon.

A mechanism or device for removing chaff from grain (i.e. winnowing).

A training or practice shield manufactured out of twigs or wickerwork.

(rare) A fan; a device for blowing air as to cool.


beau

From Old French bel, biau, from Latin bellus, from Old Latin *duenelos. Doublet of bel.


harpe

English: harp


don

don (infinitive)
to don (infinitive)
do (infinitive)
do (first-person present singular)
dide (first-person past singular)
dost (present second-person singular)
dest (present second-person singular)
didest (past second-person singular)
dide (past second-person singular)
doth (present singular third-person)
deth (present singular third-person)
dide (past singular third-person)
do (present singular subjunctive)
dide (past singular subjunctive)
do (imperative present singular)
don (plural present)
do (plural present)
diden (past plural)
dide (past plural)
doth (imperative plural present)
do (imperative plural present)
doynge (participle present)
donde (participle present)
don (participle past)
do (participle past)
ydon (participle past)
ydo (participle past)

English: do

Geordie English: de, dee, div

Scots: dae, dee (Doric)

Yola: doone, deen

From Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną.

To go or move (in a specified direction)

(auxiliary) To cause (an action or state)

(auxiliary) Emphasises the verb that follows it

(auxiliary) Stands in for a verb in a dependent clause


don

don (infinitive)
to don (infinitive)
done (first-person present singular)
doned (first-person past singular)
donest (present second-person singular)
donedest (past second-person singular)
doneth (present singular third-person)
doned (past singular third-person)
done (present singular subjunctive)
doned (past singular subjunctive)
done (imperative present singular)
donen (plural present)
done (plural present)
doneden (past plural)
donede (past plural)
doneth (imperative plural present)
done (imperative plural present)
donynge (participle present)
donende (participle present)
doned (participle past)
ydoned (participle past)

English: don

Yola: don


ee

English: ea, Eau, eau, yeo

From Old English ēa, ǣ, from Proto-West Germanic *ahu, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō. Doublet of aa.


placebo

English: placebo

Borrowed from Latin placēbo, the first-person singular future active indicative of placeō.

Þan were matynys & maſse & euen ſong, placebo & dirige & comendacion & matynes of oure lady ordeyned of ſynful men, to be ſongen wiþ heiȝe criynge to lette men fro þe ſentence & vnderſtondynge of þat þat was þus ſongen, & to maken men wery & vndiſpoſid to ſtudie goddis lawe for akyng of hedis[…]

a. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of feyned contemplatif lif, of ſong, of þe ordynal of ſalisbury, & of bodely almes & worldly byſyneſse of preſtis; hou bi þes foure þe fend lettiþ hem fro prechynge of þe gospel:

Then there were matins, mass, evensong, placebo, dirges, commendations, and matins of Our Lady, which originated from sinful men, to be sung with high-pitched shrieking to keep people from the meaning and understanding of that which was sung, as to make men weary and unsuited to study God's law because of headaches […]

(Christianity) The vespers sung in the office for the dead.

Talk for buttering someone up, making them sycophantic or pleasing them.

A representation or exemplar of adulation or sycophancy.


lah

head

lāh (plural and weak singular lāhe, comparative lāhere, superlative lāhest)

lāh (canonical)
lāhe (plural)
lāhe (singular weak)
lāhere (comparative)
lāhest (superlative)

English: low

Scots: laich

From Old Norse lágr, from Proto-Germanic *lēgaz.


ser

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 40:


wen

(Northern) Alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


fawn

English: faun


yi

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


semi

Alternative form of semen (“to sort out”)


rope

Alternative form of ropen (“to form ropes”)


rope

Alternative form of ropen (“to cry out”)


wrench

English: wrench

Middle Scots: wrenk, wrink

Inherited from Old English wrenċ, from Proto-West Germanic *wranki, from Proto-Germanic *wrankiz.

Non^([sic – meaning Mon]) mai longe liues ƿene:
Ac ofte hi[m] lieð þe wrench.
Feir ƿeð[er] turneð ofte i[n]to reine[…]

a. 1250, Death’s wither-clench (IMEV 2070, Cotton MS. Caligula A. IX), archived from the original on 2023-05-02, folio 246, recto; republished at London: British Library Digitised Manuscripts, c. 2015:

People may expect long lives,
but a trick often betrays them;
fair weather often turns into rain […]

A trick or artifice; a deceptive action.


clothes

English: clothes

Scots: clathes, claes, clais, claise


children

From childre (“children”) with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en; compare calveren, eyren, lambren.


trust

English: trust

Yola: thrist

Long considered a borrowing from Old Norse traust (“confidence, help, protection”), itself from Proto-Germanic *traustą, but the root vocalism is incompatible, and so it is considered a reflex of an unattested Old English *trust, from a rare zero-grade proto-Germanic variant of the same root also attested in Middle High German getrüste (“host”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *deru- (“be firm, hard, solid”).


foo

From the oblique stem of Old English ġefāh.


mood

Alternative form of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)

1440, O lord omnipotentː
She blew her horn, with main and mood.

Courage, heart, valor; also vim and vigor.


mood

Alternative form of mode (“grammatical mood”)


spice

English: spice

Scots: spice

From Old French espice, (modern épice), an old borrowing from Late Latin speciēs.

spices (powders used to flavour meals or dishes):

Spices as used as scents or to enhance the smell of something.

Spices as used in medicinal preparations; by extension, medicine in general.

Spices as used in alchemical preparations.

A variety, sort, or kind of something:
A distinct kind of creature; a species.

A variety, sort, or kind of something:
A type of disease or affliction.

A type of sinful behaviour or action; an action or behaviour in general.

A part, especially of a discipline or line of study.

A seeming or presence; the way something looks from the outside:

(philosophy) The perception of something using any sense or innate ability.

(Christianity) The communion wafer when transubstantiated.

(rare) An appearance or image (either mental or real)

A meal (usually sweet) incorporating spices.


naked

English: naked

Scots: nakit

From Old English nacod, from Proto-Germanic *nakwadaz. Compare naken.

Fully bodily uncovered; naked, clothesless or unclothed.

Partially bodily uncovered or bald; uncovered in a specific area.

Of a melee weapon; lacking a hilt or sheath; openly carried or readied.

Of an wound; exposed; open, showing internals.

Apparent, unveiled, obviously visible (in contrast to a previous state)

(often with an item specified) Having none of something; bare of a thing or quality:

Having no armour or weapons; unequipped for battle.

Unvegetated; lacking plant growth or ground cover.

Bereft of possessions or accoutrements; without one's or its trappings.

Put in literal form; without decoration or accoutrements.

Referring to the core or substance of something.

(rare) Undiluted, unqualified, unconditional.


ty

Alternative form of teye (“chest, enclosure”)


ty

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


berg

From Old English ġebeorg (unprefixed beorg is found in compounds; compare scūrbeorg (“roof, shelter from the storm”)), from beorgan (“to shelter, protect”).


leveret

English: leveret

From Old French leveret. First attested a1425.


draught

English: draught

Scots: draucht

Yola: draught, draft

From Old English dreaht, *dræht (related to dragan (“to draw, drag”)), from Proto-Germanic *drahtuz, equivalent to drawen + -th.


bare

English: bare

Scots: bare, bair

Yola: baar, baare

From Old English bær, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀ, from Proto-Germanic *bazaz.


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).

A horn (keratinous growth):
Horn as a material or in crafts.

(rare) The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.

A horn (keratinous growth):
The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.

(rare, heraldry) A heraldic depiction of a horn.

A horn (keratinous growth):
A heraldic depiction of a horn.

A projecting extremity or point:
A point of a crescent moon.

A projecting extremity or point:
A point of a woman's hairstyle.

A horn-shaped container (especially as a glass)

(rare) The eyestalk of a gastropod or an analogous projection.


lady

enm-noun

lady (plural ladies, genitive ladies or lady)

ladies (plural)
ladies (genitive)
lady (genitive)

English: lady (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lady, leddy

Yola: laady

From Old English hlǣfdīġe, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + *dīġe (“maid”).

And whanne the aungel of the Lord hadde foundun hir biside the welle of water in wildirnes, the which is in the / weye of Sur in desert, he seide to hir, Agar, the hand mayden of Saray, whens comyst thow, and whithir gost thow? / The which answeride, Fro the face of Saray my ladi I flee.

c. 1382, John Wycliffe, transl., Wycliffe's Bible, Genesis 16:7–9:

And when the angel of the Lord had found her in the wilderness beside the spring of water, which is in the desert on the way to Shur, he said to her, "Hagar, handmaiden of Sarai, where have you come from, and where are you going?" She answered, "I am fleeing from the face of Sarai, my lady".

A woman with authority or leadership:
A lady (mistress of a household)

A woman with authority or leadership:
A lady (noblewoman or female monarch).

A woman with authority or leadership:
A woman who manages an abbey or inn.

A polite way to address a noble or honoured woman.


ymne

English: hymn

Scots: hime

Borrowed from Old French ymne, from Latin hymnus, from Ancient Greek ὕμνος (húmnos), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂em- (“sing”).


more

English: more

Geordie English: mair

Scots: mair

Yola: mo', more

Inherited from Old English māra, from Proto-West Germanic *maiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *maizô.

Now is þ[er] ony ſeyde Marlyon that ye love more than a noþ[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 10–11:


more

English: more (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English more and moru (“carrot, parsnip”), from Proto-West Germanic *morhā, *morhu, from Proto-Germanic *murhǭ, *murhō.

(rare) root, (of a hair, tooth, or tongue)


poke

English: poke

Yola: poake, pooke

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Miller's Prologue and Tale

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Gerveys answerde, “Certes, were it gold, / Or in a poke nobles alle untold, / Thou sholdest have, as I am trewe smyth.


rad

head

rad (plural and weak singular rade, comparative raddere, superlative raddest)

rade (plural)
rade (singular weak)
raddere (comparative)
raddest (superlative)

Scots: redd, red

Inherited from Old English hræd, from Proto-West Germanic *hrad, from Proto-Germanic *hradaz. Compare rathe.


rad

Scots: redd, red


rad

Scots: rad, radd, red, redd, rede

Borrowed from Old Norse hræddr, past participle of hræða (“to frighten”).


thorn

English: thorn

Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)

Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

Inherited from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós.

A thorn (spine on a plant with a sharp point)

A plant having thorns, especially the hawthorn or rosebush.

(rare) Thorns pulled from the ground for burning.


wasp

desctree

English: wasp, waps
Sranan Tongo: waswasi (reduplicated)

Scots: wasp, wesp

From Old English wæps, wæsp, from Proto-West Germanic *wapsu, from Proto-Germanic *wapsō, from Proto-Indo-European *wobʰséh₂.


mode

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Old English mōd, from Proto-Germanic *mōdaz.

One's current mindset or feelings; mood:

Vainness, proudness; the display of conceit.

Sadness, lamenting; the state of being sad or upset.

One's mental capacity or intellect; the fount of reasoning.

One's overall or overarching feelings; an opinion or will.

What one currently wants or likes; a goal or aim

One's motivation or willpower; resoluteness.

Activity within one's mind or brain:
(rare) Part of one's thought process.

Activity within one's mind or brain:
Part of one's thought process.

A person's nature or temperament; that which defines one's behaviour.

One's visible nature; the appearance of someone.

(rare) One's actions as a whole; the way one behaves.

(rare) Writing or speaking; communication.


mode

English: mode, mood

(rare) Songs; pieces or sources of music.


wit

English: wit

Yola: wut

From Old English witt, from Proto-West Germanic *witi, from Proto-Germanic *witją.


wit

head

wit (accusative unk, genitive unker, possessive determiner unker)

unk (accusative)
unker (genitive)
unker (determiner possessive)

From Old English wit (“we two”), from Proto-West Germanic *wit, from Proto-Germanic *wet. Compare the first-person plural pronoun we.

(Early Middle English) First-person dual pronoun: we twain, the two of us.


comfortable

English: comfortable

From Old French confortable, from conforter; equivalent to comfort + -able.

IN Maẏ whan eúý harte floryſhyth́ ⁊ burgruyth́ for as the ſeaſon ys luſty to be holde and comfortable ſo man and woman reioyſyth and gladith of ſom[er] cõmynge wᵗ his freyſhe floures

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto:

IN May, when every heart flourisheth and burgeneth; for as the season is lusty to behold, and comfortable, so man and woman rejoice and be glad of summer coming with his fresh flowers.


comfort

English: comfort

Yola: comfoort

Borrowed from Old French cunfort, confort.


sow

Alternative form of sowen (“to torment”)


blame

English: blame

Scots: blame

From Old French blasme, a deverbal noun from blasmer (“to criticise”).


ton

From Old English tān; equivalent to to + -en (plural suffix).


value

English: value

Yola: vallert


per

Alternative form of pere (“bridge pillar”)


arch

English: arch


figure

English: figure

Yola: vigere

From Old French figure, from Latin figūra.


rik

(Northern) Alternative form of riche (“rich”)


rik

(Northern) Alternative form of riche (“realm”)


ook

English: oak

Scots: aik, ake, yik (south)

From Old English āc, from Proto-West Germanic *aik, from Proto-Germanic *aiks.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


tom

(Southwest, southern West Midlands) Alternative form of tame (“tame”)


canon

English: cannon

From Middle French canon, from Italian cannone, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).


canon

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative rules”)


canon

Alternative form of canoun (“clergy member”)


flour

English: flower, flour

Scots: flouer, flour, floor

→ Middle Welsh: fflwr

Welsh: fflŵr

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs. More at flower.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

A flower (often representing impermanence or beauty)

Success or achievement in a contest; victoriousness.

A virtue or benefit; something desirable.

That which is unparalleled; the top or most superior.

A powder; especially one which is white like flour.

An exemplar or example of a trait or behaviour.


controllen

Borrowed from Middle French contreroller (“check against a duplicate account”), from Medieval Latin contrarotulare, from contra (“opposite”) + rotula (“roll, little wheel”).


token

English: token

Scots: taiken

From Old English tācn, from Proto-Germanic *taikną (“sign, token, symbol”).

inh

token (a physical object representing an action, concept, etc.)

A flag, banner, standard associated with a person or event.


token

Alternative form of taken: past participle of taken


Venus

English: Venus

The Roman goddess governing love and sexuality; Venus.

The planet closely associated with the evening: Venus.


sauce

English: sauce

Scots: sauce

From Old French sause, from Vulgar Latin *salsa, from Latin salsus (“salted”).

Wo was his cook, but if his ſauce were / Poynaunt and ſhaꝛp, and redy al his geere.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 353–354:

Woe to his cook, except if his sauce was / sour and sharp, and all his equipment was ready […]

A solution or broth used for pickling or preserving.

A liquid medicine; sauce as a pharmaceutical.


snore

English: snore

Scots: snore

From Old English fnora, from Proto-Germanic *fnuzô.


chest

English: chest

From Old English ċeast, ceas (“quarrel, strife”).

And þe Erldome of enuye · and wratthe togideres / With þe chastelet of chest · and chateryng oute of resoun.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:


ter

English: tar

Scots: tar

Yola: tar

From Old English teoru, teru, from Proto-Germanic *terwą, from Proto-Indo-European *dérwom. Forms with a short vowel are possibly from an Old English form *teor with loss of the final vowel.


lid

English: lid

Scots: lid

From Old English hlid, from Proto-Germanic *hlidą.

A lid; a piece of material used to cover a container.

The exterior of a gravesite, ditch, or pit.

The covering over one's eyes; an eyelid.


massif

English: massive

Scots: massive (obsolete)

From Middle French massif; equivalent to mass + -if.

(Late Middle English) weighty, massy, weighing very much.

(Late Middle English, rare) massive, huge, enormous.

(Late Middle English, rare) not sharp, unsharpened, coarse.


sacrifice

English: sacrifice

Borrowed from Old French sacrifise, sacrifice.

bor+

the act of offering a slain animal or goods to a deity (often by burning)

a sacrificial offering; the victim or thing offered in sacrifice


dragon

Therfor Daniel took pitch, and talow, and heeris, and sethide togidere; and he made gobetis, and yaf in to the mouth of the dragun; and the dragun was al to-brokun.

1380-1399 — Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson's Tale
For God seith thus by Moyses: they shul been wasted with hunger, and the briddes of helle shul devouren hem with bitter deeth, and the galle of the dragon shal been hire drynke, and the venym of the dragon hire morsels.


sik

English: sick
→? Navajo: sxih

Scots: seek, seeck

Yola: zeek

From Old English sēc, variant of sēoc, from Proto-West Germanic *seuk, from Proto-Germanic *seukaz.

The hooly blisful martir for to seke
That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 17–18:

The holy blessed martyr there to seek
Who helped them when they lay so ill and weak


hai

Alternative form of haye (“hunting net”)


bon

English: bone

Geordie English: byen

Scots: bane, bean, bain

Yola: bane

Inherited from Old English bān, from Proto-West Germanic *bain, from Proto-Germanic *bainą.


comparable

English: comparable

Borrowed from Middle French comparable, from Latin comparābilis; equivalent to comparen + -able.

Of identical or similar value; comparing favourably.

Comparable, commensurable; suitable for comparison.


neve

English: neve

From Old English nefa, from Proto-West Germanic *nefō, from Proto-Germanic *nefô.

(rare) A neve or profligate; an overspender.


neve

English: nieve, nief, nief (dialectal)

Scots: nieve, neive

From Old Norse hnefi; further etymology is unknown.


desert

English: desert

From Old French deserte (“deserved”), from deservir (“to deserve”), from Vulgar Latin dēserviō (“to gain or merit by giving service”).

der

That which is deserved or merited; desert.

An action or deed which invites or prompts judgement.

worth, virtuousness, benefit; that which is good.


desert

English: desert

Scots: desert

From Old French desert, from Latin dēsertum, past participle of dēserō (“to abandon”).

he ſeide / I am a vois of a crier in deſert .· dꝛeſſe ȝe þe weie of þe loꝛd. as yſaie þe pꝛophete ſeide

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:23, page 43v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He said: "I am the voice of a crier in the wilderness; straighten the way of the Lord, as the prophet Isaiah said."


desert

English: desert


luxurious

English: luxurious

From Old French luxurios, from Latin luxuriosus; equivalent to luxurie + -ous.

Lusty, lascivious; sexually transgressive.


afore

From Old English onforan or ætforan; equivalent to a- + fore.


afore

Affor tyme thei wer but bestiall,
Till thei to resoun be lawes wer constreyned,

c. 1370–1450, Laurence de Premierfait, Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes, as quoted in Lydgate's Fall of Princes (1923, The Carnegie Institution of Washington)

before; afore: in advance of the time of

and somme were so ffers
at ffrist come,
that they bente on a bonet,
and bare a topte saile

to make a good ffare
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

before; afore: situated geographically or metaphorically in front of


afore

English: afore

Scots: afore

Yola: avar, avare

before; afore: in advance of the time when


snare

English: snare

Scots: snare

From Old English sneare, snearu, from Proto-West Germanic *snarhā, from Proto-Germanic *snarhǭ.


scale

English: scale

Yola: skaulès, scaules (plural)


scale

desctree

English: scale
→ Japanese: スケール (sukēru)


scale

From Old Norse skál (“bowl”) from Proto-Germanic *skēlō.


-est

second-person singular
second-person singular#English

present indicative
present indicative#English

Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs.


bok

English: book (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: buik, beuk

Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck

Yola: buke

From Old English bōc, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks.

book (a written document composed of pages)


admiral

English: admiral
→ Cebuano: admiral
→ German: Admiral
→ Czech: admirál
Hungarian: admirális
→ Polish: admirał
→ Slovene: admirȃl
→ Ukrainian: адміра́л (admirál)
Swahili: admirali
→ Tagalog: ádmirál

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).
Etymology tree
Medieval Latin admiralisder.
Anglo-Norman admiralbor.
Middle English admiral

etymon

Alternative form of amiral, emir or admiral.


lamb

enm-noun

lamb (plural lambren or lamber or lambes)

lambren (plural)
lamber (plural)
lambes (plural)

English: lamb

Scots: lam, lamb

Yola: lhawm, lowem

From Old English lamb, from Proto-West Germanic *lamb, from Proto-Germanic *lambaz.


desire

English: desire

and ſo Merlyon wente forthe vnto kyng lodegean of Camylerde and tolde hym of the deſire of the kyng that þᵗ he wolde haue vnto his wyff Gwenyu[er] his douȝt[er]

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 27–29:


som

From Old English sum, from Proto-West Germanic *sum, from Proto-Germanic *sumaz.


som

English: some

Scots: sum, some

Yola: zim, zum


frost

English: frost

Scots: frost

Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

From Old English frost, forst, from Proto-West Germanic *frost, from Proto-Germanic *frustaz, *frustą; akin to Middle Dutch vorst, Middle High German vrost, Middle Low German vrost, and Old Swedish frost.

Cold or freezing weather; weather causing frost.

Frost or rime; frozen dew or water droplets.

Hail; precipitation below freezing temperature.

(rare, figurative) Something with a chilling effect.


instrument

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A tool or device used for manipulation, especially for medical and scientific uses.

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

A piece of weaponry (such as a siege engine).

A legal document, such as a contract, deed or will.

The means by which one reaches an end or effect.

A body part that performs a certain function; an organ.


whey

English: whey (whig)

Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

From Old English hwǣġ, hwæiġ, hwæġ, hweġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaij (“whey”).

The leftovers from milk curdled during cheesemaking; whey.

(rare) The result of strained almond milk.


actual

English: actual

Scots: actual

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman actuel and Late Latin āctuālis; equivalent to act + -al.


concubine

English: concubine

From Anglo-Norman concubine, from Latin concubīna.

A concubine; a secondary female partner.

(rare) A illegitimate or unacknowledged partner (male or female)


gris

English: grice (dialectal)

Scots: grice

Borrowed from Old Norse gríss, potentially from or related to Proto-Germanic *grīsaz (“grey”).


hen

hen (plural hennes or hennen, genitive hennes or henne)

hennes (plural)
hennen (plural)
hennes (genitive)
henne (genitive)

English: hen

Scots: hen

Yola: hen, hin

From Old English henn, from Proto-West Germanic *hannju, from Proto-Germanic *hanjō.


tape

English: tape (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tape

Yola: taape

From Old English tæppa, tæppe (“ribbon, tape”); forms with a long vowel are difficult to explain.


tape

Alternative form of tappe (“gentle touch”)


table

English: table (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: tyeble

Scots: table

→ Welsh: tabl

From a combination of Old French table and Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, both from Latin tabula.

A table (furniture with a level surface):

The top of a table (flat surface of a table for use)

(figurative) A location where one's soul receives nutrition.

(figurative) A serving or portion of food.

A tablet, especially a portable one for writing on.

An inscribed memorial, dedication, message, or other text; a sign or monument.

(biblical) The physical Ten Commandments handed down from heaven.

A wooden pole or board (especially behind an altar).

The board of a board game (often divided in two).

A level, floor or storey (of a building)

Any (relatively) level surface:
Such a surface used for painting.

Any (relatively) level surface:
(rare) A flat piece of arable land.

Any (relatively) level surface:
A flat piece of arable land.

(rare, palmistry) A portion of the hand surrounded by palm lines.

A glossary or almanac; a reference work or chart of data.

(rare) A flat bone or fused set of bones.


tale

English: tale

Scots: tale

Yola: taale

From Old English talu, from Proto-West Germanic *talu.


ken

English: ken

Yola: ken, kin

(Late Middle English, hapax) recognition


rent

[Bacchus] a wastor was and all his rent / In wine and bordel he dispent.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


wisdom

English: wisdom

Scots: wisdom, wysdom

From Old English wīsdom. Equivalent to wys + -dom.

⁊ þis is þe wit who þat haþ wiſdom / þe ſeuene heedis ben ſeuene hillis .· on which þe womman ſittiþ

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 17:9, page 123r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the mind that has wisdom thinks: "The seven heads are the seven hills that the woman sits on […]


ample

English: ample

Scots: ample

Borrowed from Middle French ample, from Old French ample, from Latin amplus.

(Late Middle English) ample, copious, profuse


seed

English: seed

Scots: seed, seid, sid

Yola: zeade

From Old English sǣd, sēd, from Proto-West Germanic *sād, *sādi, from Proto-Germanic *sēdiz, *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (compare sowen).

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
A kind or variety of seed.

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
(collectively) seed, grain

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
seed, grain

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

semen, sperm (or the supposed female equivalent)


ancle

English: ankle (dialectal ancley, anclef, ancliff; obsolete ancle)

Scots: ankleth, anklet (fusion of Middle English ancle and lith); hankle

From Old English *ancol, *ancel, from Proto-West Germanic *ankul, from Proto-Germanic *ankulaz. Some forms are from anclēo, anclēow, which is from the same Proto-Germanic word suffixed with an unknown element.


worm

English: worm

Scots: worm, wirm

From Old English wyrm, from Proto-West Germanic *wurmi, from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis.

A worm or similar small wormlike animal that lives in the ground; especially in the following special senses:

A wormish insect that damages plants or plant-based material (e.g. a termite).

A wormish insect that damages human remains.

A parasitic worm; especially one living in the stomach.

A crawling animal; an animal that moves upon the ground.

An animal regarded as harmful and annoying.

A dragon, drake, or wyrm (mythological fire-breathing winged lizard)

A beast that inhabits Hell; causing suffering to its inhabitants.

A pauper, miser, or other contemptuous individual.

regret, forgiveness; the twanging of the heartstrings.

evil, malice; that which promotes maliciousness.

(veterinary, rare) A muscle underneath the tongue of a dog seen as increasing the risk of rabies.


angrily

English: angrily

Angrily, spitefully; in an angry, spiteful or annoyed way.

Ferociously, painfully; in a powerful and injurious way.


annoy

I merveyle me wonder faste / How ony man may lyve or laste / In such peyne and such brennyng, / […] In such annoy contynuely.

[c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:


stale

English: stale

Yola: sthall

In werd ben men & women[…]þat þer stale mown not holde.

14th c., Stockh. Medical MS. in Anglia XVIII.299


stale

From Old English stalu (“theft”), from Proto-Germanic *stalō.

Ine þise heste is vorbode roberie, þiefþe, stale, and gavel.

Hire wune is to cumen bi stale...hwen me least cweneð.

c. 1240, “Sawles Warde”, in Cott. Hom., section 249:


stale

English: stale

From Old English stalu (“a piece of wood into which a harp-string is fixed”).

inh

Þis ilke laddre is charite, Þe stales gode þeawis.

12th century, Sidonius Glosses in Anecd. Oxon., I v 59 22

Ansae et ansulae alicuius rei sunt illa eminentia in illa re per quam capi possit .i. ‘stale’.

c. 1393, Langland, Piers Plowman (Vesp. MS), C xxii 279

And lerede men a ladel bygge with a long stale.

A long, thin handle (of rakes, axes, etc.)


stale

English: stale

Borrowed from Old French estal, from Frankish stal, from Proto-Germanic *stallaz, earlier *staþlaz.

c. 1450, in C. L. Kingsford, Chrons. London (1905), 123

And at pavelen...þe Erle of Dorzet helde is stale, and þer he toke prisoners.

And syr Florence with his C knyghtes alwey kepte the stale and foughte manly.

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, V xi 179:

a fixed position, particularly a soldier's in a battle-line

‘Off mate?’ quod sche...‘thou has fundin stale This mony day’.

And he in stale howyd al stil.

c. 1350, in N. H. Nicolas, Hist. Royal Navy (1847), II 491

[Every time that it shall be ordered..that armed men..shall land on the enemy's coast to seek victuals... then there shall be ordained a sufficient ‘stale’ of armed men and archers who shall wait together on the land until the ‘forreiours’ return to them].
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

[Gawayne] sterttes owtte to hys stede, and with his stale wendes.


stale

English: stale

Probably from uncommon Anglo-Norman estale (“pigeon used to lure hawks”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic, probably *standaną (“to stand”).

bor

Stale, of fowlynge or byrdys takynge, stacionaria.

(falconry, hunting) A live bird to lure birds of prey or others of its kind into a trap


stale

English: stale

Borrowed from Old French estale (“settled, clear”), probably connected to Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”).

bor+

c. 1300, K. Horn (Laud), 383

Bi forn þe king abenche Red win to schenche And after mete stale Boþe win and ale.

Notemuge to putte in ale, Whether it be moyste or stale

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, Sir Thopas, section 52:

(alcoholic beverages) clear, free of dregs and lees; old and strong


stale

From stale (“stalemate”) or stalen (“to stalemate”).


walk

English: walk

Scots: walk

From Old English ġewealc, from Proto-West Germanic *gawalk, *walk, from Proto-Germanic *walką.


barn

English: barn (obsolete, dialectal)

Geordie English: bairn

Scots: bairn
→ English: bairn

Yola: barrn

Inherited from Old English bearn, from Proto-West Germanic *barn, from Proto-Germanic *barną.

A member of one's immediate offspring or progeny.

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]


top

English: top

→ French: top

→ German: Top

→ Vietnamese: tốp

Scots: tap

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

The summit or top of something, especially a vertical object:

The peak of a mountain or other landform.

The roof or ceil of a house; the top of a fence.

A lid or cap; a removable top or topping.

The head, especially its top or the hair on its top.

A small deck at the dop of a ship's sails.

(rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.


nou

English: now

Geordie English: noo

Scots: nou, noo

Yola: neow, nowe, now

From Old English nū, from Proto-West Germanic *nū, from Proto-Germanic *nu.


monk

English: monk

Scots: monk, munk, mounk

Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


den

English: den

Scots: den

From Old English denn, from Proto-West Germanic *dani. Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives.

and iheſus ſeide to him / foxis han dennes ⁊ bꝛiddis of heuene han neeſtis.· but mannes ſone haþ not where he ſchal reſte his heed

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 8:20, page 3v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But Jesus said to him, "Foxes have dens and the birds up above have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere he can rest his head."

A chamber of residence:
A den (animal lair)

A chamber of residence:
A refuge; a shelter.


den

English: dean

From Anglo-Norman deen and continental Old French deien, from Latin decānus.

(rare, by extension) A leader of a group.


buffet

English: buffet

Scots: buffet

Borrowed from Old French bufet, buffet, diminutive of buffe.

A buffet (strike or blow, especially with one's hand).


buffet

desctree

English: buffet, beaufet (archaic) (remodelled after modern French)
→ Japanese: ビュッフェ (byuffe)
→ Korean: 뷔페 (bwipe)

⇒ Scots: buffet stule

Borrowed from Middle French bufet (“side table”), from Old French bufet, of unknown origin.

bor+

primus tortor. we shall teche hym, I wote / a new play of yoyll,
And hold hym full hote / frawrord, a stoyll
Go fetch vs!
ffroward. We, dote! / now els were it doyll
And vnneth;
ffor the wo that he shall dre
let hym knele on his kne.
Secundus tortor. And so shall he for me;
Go fetch vs a light buffit.

15th c., “Coliphizacio [The Buffeting]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 239:

First torturer: We shall teach him, I say, a new Christmas-time game, and treat him very hotly—Froward, go fetch us a stool!
Froward: Whoa! Fool! We wouldn't want this to be painful and difficult. For the sake of the pain that he shall dread, let him kneel.
Second torturer: And he shall [dread it] on my account. Go fetch us a light stool.


yin

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þin (“thine”)


anon

English: anon

Scots: on-ane, one-ane, onan

From Old English on ān, equivalent to on + an.

So hadde I spoken with hem everichon / That I was of hir felaweshipe anon,

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, line LINES:

So had I spoken with them, every one, / That I was of their fellowship anon,


-ie

English: -y, -ie

Borrowed from Old French -ie, from Latin -ia.

A suffix designating abstract or collective nouns, typically of French or Latin origin.


gele

English: jelly

Scots: jeely

Borrowed from Old French gelee (“frost”), from Early Medieval Latin gelāta. Equivalent to gelen + -e (participial suffix).

A jelly made from the stock of meats or a meal it is part of.

(medicine) A jelly used as a pharmaceutical.

Any jelly or something that resembles it.


bride

English: bride

Scots: bride

Yola: breede

Inherited from Old English brȳd, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).

inh

a bride; a woman recently married or to be married

(rare) any young woman in a relationship

(rare) a groom; a man recently married or to be married


steppe

English: step

Scots: step, stap, stop

From Old English stæpe, stepe, from Proto-West Germanic *stapi. The (historical) geminate is due to the influence of steppen.

A step or stair; an individual landing of a set of stairs.

An imprint or sign of something; that which something leaves as evidence:

The imprint left by a step; a footprint or track.

The imprint left by a thing, person or phenomenon (extant or former)

(figurative) The remains left by an injury or disease.

The bottom region of the foot; the sole.

A phase, step or tier as part of a scale or process.

(figurative) A move, action or direction (towards an objective).

(rare) The length covered by a step (as a unit of length, ~2.5 feet)

(rare) The ground; a foothold or stepping-place.

(rare) A group or a thing that is part of it.


another

desctree

English: another
Jamaican Creole: anedda

Yola: anoor

Compound of an + other, appearing as a single word starting from the 13th or 14th century.


trace

English: trace

Scots: trace

Yola: threesh, treesh

From Old French trace, from tracer, tracier.

A trail, track or road; a pathway or route:

An track that isn't demarcated; an informal pathway.

A trace; a trail of evidence left of something's presence.

One's lifepath or decisions; one's chosen actions.

Stepping or movement of feet, especially during dancing.


tow

English: tow

Scots: towe

From Old English tow-, from Proto-Germanic *tawwą; for more see English tow.

For if men were fire, women were tow, and she should learn that lesson.

1925, Stanley John Weyman, “XVI A Golden Haze”, in Queen's Folly:

Unprepared flax, especially used as a firestarter.

The fibrous matter of flax or a similar plant; (tow).

Oakum, hards; the rough portion of flax separated during hackling.


shark

English: shark

In mare contigebat le calm, et circiter horam vijᵃᵐ in sero per æstimationem navem sequebatur piscis vocatus le Shark, qui quidem piscis percutiebatur bis cum uno harpingyren et recessit; […]

1442, Thomas Beckington, edited by George Williams, Memorials of the Reign of King Henry VI. Official Correspondence of Thomas Bekynton, Secretary to King Henry VI., and Bishop of Bath and Wells., volume II (in Latin), London: Longman & Co., and Trübner & Co., […], published 1872, page 184:


tone

So wythin the thirde day, there cam to the cité thes two brethirne: the tone hyght Sir Helyus and the other hyght Helake

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum lxiij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book X, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


whale

English: whale

Scots: whaul

Inherited from Old English hwæl, from Proto-West Germanic *hwal, from Proto-Germanic *hwalaz.


crag

English: crag

Yola: craggès

From Middle Irish crec, from Old Irish carrac, possibly from the late Proto-Indo-European/substrate *kar (“stone, hard”); see also Old Armenian քար (kʻar, “stone”), Sanskrit खर (khara, “hard, solid”), Welsh carreg (“stone”).


bark

English: bark

Scots: bark

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).

The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.

(rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.


demon

English: demon

From Medieval Latin dēmōn, daemōn, from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn). Doublet of tyme (“time”).


bord

English: board

Scots: buird, brod

Yola: borde

A table (especially one used for craftsmanship).

(religion) An altar; a table used for religious purposes.

A serving or helping of food and drink; nourishment.


every

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:


steer

English: steer

Middle Scots: ster, stere, steir

Scots: steer

Inherited from Old English stēor (“steer”), from Proto-West Germanic *steur, from Proto-Germanic *steuraz.


steer

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


crucifix

English: crucifix

Borrowed from Old French crocefis, crucefix, itself borrowed from Latin crūcifixus.


-y

English: -y, -ie, -ey

Scots: -ie, -y

From Old English -iġ, from Proto-West Germanic *-g, from Proto-Germanic *-gaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos. Doublet of -ik.

Designates an adjective, in many cases formed by being appended to a noun.


eggen

enm-verb

eggen (third-person singular simple present eggeth, present participle eggende, eggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle egged)

eggeth (present singular third-person)
eggende (participle present)
eggynge (participle present)
egged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
eggen (infinitive)
to eggen (infinitive)
egge (infinitive)
egge (first-person present singular)
egged (first-person past singular)
eggest (present second-person singular)
eggedest (past second-person singular)
eggeth (present singular third-person)
egged (past singular third-person)
egge (present singular subjunctive)
egged (past singular subjunctive)
egge (imperative present singular)
eggen (plural present)
egge (plural present)
eggeden (past plural)
eggede (past plural)
eggeth (imperative plural present)
egge (imperative plural present)
eggynge (participle present)
eggende (participle present)
egged (participle past)
yegged (participle past)

English: egg

Scots: egg

Borrowed from Old Norse eggja, from egg (“edge”) (cognate to egge).

Therin wonneth a wyght that Wronge is Ihote / Father of falſhead, and founded it him ſelfe / Adam and Eue he egged to yll, / Councelled Cayne to kyll his brother

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus primus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio v, verso:

Therein dwells a creature that Wrong is named, / Father of falsehood, and founded it himself. / Adam and Eve he egged to ill, / Counselled Cain to kill his brother

To egg on; to encourage or provide motivation.

(rare) To anger; to draw someone's wrath.


snot

English: snot

Scots: snot

From Old English ġesnot, *snott, from Proto-Germanic *snuttuz.

Snot, mucus (matter accreting in the nose)

The remnants of a burnt and expired candle wick.


-ous

English: -ous

From Old French -ous, -us, -eus, from Latin -ōsus.

Forms adjectives from nouns or verbs, especially if of Romance origin.


ever

English: ever

Scots: evire, evir

Yola: eyver, e'er, ere


hostel

English: hostel

Scots: hostel

→ Middle Cornish: ostel

Cornish: ostel

Borrowed from Old French hostel, ostel, from Latin hospitāle. Doublet of hospital.

Fun or diversion; entertaining activities.

A dwelling or house; a place of residence.


band

English: band, bend, bond

Scots: band, bend

Inherited from Old English bend, from Proto-Germanic *bandiz; vocalism is influenced by Old Norse band and Old French bande.

That which obstructs one's free will and free action; a restraint.

A chain or other object used to restrain a captive.

Captivity; the condition of being jailed.

A compact, directive or binding pact (either reciprocal or from one unto another)

A strip of a material used to tie or bind; a band:

A rope or piece of twine used to tie or bind.

A headband (a band that surrounds the head)

A metal band that surrounds an object in order to strengthen it.

(heraldry, rare) A diagonal stripe or band.

(rare) A strip of a material not used to tie or bind.

Something used to join or connect; a link.

(figurative) A metaphorical connection or linkage.


up

English: up

Scots: up

Yola: ap, up

From Old English upp, from Proto-Germanic *upp.


deluge

English: deluge

From Old French deluge, from Latin dīluvium.

A deluge; a massive flooding or raining.

(rare, figurative) Any cataclysmic or catastrophic event.


rennen

rennen (third-person singular simple present renneth, present participle renninge, first-/third-person singular past indicative ran, past participle runne)

renneth (present singular third-person)
renninge (participle present)
ran (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
runne (participle past)

English: run, rin

Scots: rin

Yola: rhin, rin

From Old English rinnan, with variants from irnan, iernan, from Proto-West Germanic *rinnan, from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną (“to flow, run”).


rennen

enm-verb

rennen (third-person singular simple present renneth, present participle rennende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rende)

renneth (present singular third-person)
rennende (participle present)
rende (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English ærnan and Old Norse, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *rannijaną (“to cause to run, flow”). Compare Middle Dutch rennen (“to run, ride fast”).

cog

to ride (transport oneself on horseback) swiftly


bi-

English: be-

Scots: be-

Inherited from Old English be-, from Proto-West Germanic *bi-, from Proto-Germanic *bi-, from *bi-; compare by-.
The pronunciation /bi-/ (instead of expected /bə-/) is probably due to the influence of the preposition by.

A prefix forming transitive verbs from any content word, often denoting completion or thoroughness.

A prefix forming prepositions, often denoting adjacency, position, or relation.


imperial

head

imperial (plural and weak singular imperiale)

imperiale (plural)
imperiale (singular weak)

English: imperial

Scots: imperial

Borrowed from Old French imperial, emperial, from Latin imperiālis; equivalent to emperie + -al.

Imperial; related to or being of an empire or its ruler.

Befitting or appropriate for someone of imperial rank; superb.

Unsurpassed, unmatched; lacking an equal or equivalent.


anger

English: anger

Scots: anger

Yola: garr (clipped)

Borrowed from Old Norse angr, from Proto-Germanic *angazaz.

Grief, painfulness, or discomfort; a feeling of pain or sadness.

A trouble, affliction, or vexation; something that inflicts pain or hardship.

Angriness, ire; the state of being angry, enraged, or wrathful.

Indignation, spitefulness; the feeling of being wronged or treated unfairly.

(rare) Irritableness; the state of being in a foul mood.


leven

leven (infinitive)
to leven (infinitive)
leve (infinitive)
leve (first-person present singular)
lefte (first-person past singular)
levest (present second-person singular)
leftest (past second-person singular)
leveth (present singular third-person)
lefte (past singular third-person)
leve (present singular subjunctive)
lefte (past singular subjunctive)
leve (imperative present singular)
leven (plural present)
leve (plural present)
leften (past plural)
lefte (past plural)
leveth (imperative plural present)
leve (imperative plural present)
levynge (participle present)
levende (participle present)
left (participle past)
yleft (participle past)

English: leave

Scots: leve, leif

Yola: laave, lea, lee

From Old English lǣfan, from Proto-West Germanic *laibijan.


leven

With wilde thunder dint and fiery leven.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

With wild thunder-bolt and fiery lightning.


-eth

third-person singular
third-person singular#English

Used to form the third-person singular present indicative of verbs.


-eth

Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)


-eth

Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)


ale

English: ale

Geordie English: yel

Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll

⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Old English ealu, from Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.


lone

(Northern, West Midlands) Alternative form of lane


lok

English: lock

Scots: lock

Yola: lauckès (plural)

From Old English loc, from Proto-West Germanic *lok, from Proto-Germanic *luką, from Proto-Indo-European *lewg- (“to bend; turn”).


lok

English: lake (dialectal)

From Old English lāc, from Proto-West Germanic *laik, from Proto-Germanic *laikaz.


muscle

English: mussel

Scots: mushle

From Old English muscelle, from Late Latin mūscula (“mussel”). Reinforced by Old French mosle.


muscle

English: muscle

From Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“muscle”).


broth

English: broth

→ Scottish Gaelic: brot

Scots: broth

Water in which something (usually food) has been boiled; broth.


ony

Now is þ[er] ony ſeyde Marlyon that ye love more than a noþ[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 10–11:


eg

desctree

English: egg, egge
→⇒ German: not the yellow from the egg
Jamaican Creole: eg
Sranan Tongo: eksi

Scots: egg

Yola: egges (plural)

Borrowed from Old Norse egg, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm. Doublet of ey.


schade

English: shade

Scots: shade

Yola: shaade

From Old English sċeadu. Compare schadowe, from sċeaduwe, the accusative form of sċeadu.

walking in the schade

15th century, James I of Scotland, The Kingis Quair:


rusty

English: rusty

Scots: roosty, rousty

Yola: roostha, roosta, roosthaa

From Old English rustiġ; equivalent to rust + -y.


furlong

English: furlong

From Old English furlang; equivalent to forow + long.


pane

English: pane
→ Japanese: ペイン (pein)

Scots: pane, peen

→ Irish: pána

Borrowed from Old French pan, from Latin pannus.

A piece of high-quality textiles or animal hides, especially as part of a garment:

A garment or item of clothing; especially one made of fabric or fur.

A sheet or blanket made of fabric or fur.

An edge or portion of a structure or plot.

(rare) A piece of glass fitted in a window.

(rare) A portion, section, or component of something.


oxen

From Old English oxan; equivalent to oxe + -en (plural suffix).


enemy

English: enemy

Scots: enemy

Borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimīcus.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
An opponent of the true religion.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
A hostile combatant.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
(Christianity) The Devil; Satan.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
The Devil; Satan.


equal

English: equal

Scots: aiqual

Borrowed from Latin aequālis, of unknown origin. Doublet of egal.


spinach

English: spinach

From Anglo-Norman spinache, from Old Occitan espinarc, from Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ), from Persian اسپناخ (espanâx).

derived

Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ)

Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleracea#Translingual


dan

English: dan, Dan (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman daun, daunz and Old French dan, dam, from Latin dominus.

A respectful term of address for a (male) scholar, noble, or cleric.

(literary, rare) A respectful term of address for a classical deity.

(rare) A male noble or member of the clergy.


nap

English: nap (now dialectal)

Scots: nap

From Old English hnæpp, from Proto-West Germanic *hnapp, from Proto-Germanic *hnappaz.


nap

English: nap

Scots: nap

Yola: nappe


hunter

English: hunter


-fold

English: -fold

Scots: -fauld, -faul, -fald

Inherited from Old English -feald, from Proto-West Germanic *-falþ, from Proto-Germanic *-falþaz.

Forms adjectives meaning "times" or "parts"; -fold.


Thomas

desctree

English: Thomas
→ Hawaiian: Kamaki
→ Maori: Tāmati
→ Scottish Gaelic: Tòmas

And here on þͤ othir ſyde folowyth the moſte pytevous tale of the morte Arthure ſaunz Gwerdon · Ꝑ le ſhyvalere ẜ Thomᷓs Malleorre knyȝt

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 18–21:

And here on the other side followeth the most piteous tale of the mort d’Arthur sans guerdon, par le chevalier Sir Thomas Malory, knight.


de-

English: de-

Borrowed from Old French de-, from a combination of Latin de- and dis-.

Forms words denoting negativity, reversal or removal; dis-, de-.

Intensifies words with a negative connotation; dis-, de-.


pap

English: pap

⇒ Yola: pappee

Borrowed from Old French papa and Medieval Latin papo.


dis-

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">des-</i>

English: dis- (obsolete des-)

Borrowed from Old French des- and its source Latin dis-.

Forms words denoting reversal or removal; dis-, de-.


-ly

head

-ly (comparative -lyere, superlative -lyest)

-lyere (comparative)
-lyest (superlative)

English: -ly

Scots: -lie

Used to form adjectives from nouns, the adjectives having the sense of "like or characteristic of what is denoted by the noun".

E.g. ded (“no longer alive”), dedly (“causing, resembling or subject to death”); schort (“not long”), shortly (“momentary; very brief”)

Appended to adjectives in order to render meaning of the adjective either more intense or more approximate.


-ly

English: -ly

Scots: -lie

From Old English -līċe, itself a combination of the adjective-forming suffix -līċ (see etymology 1 above) and the adverbial suffix -e.

Used to form adverbs from adjectives, and nouns; the adverbs having the sense of "in the manner of what is denoted by the adjective/noun".

Optionally appended to adverbs without suffixes with no change to the meaning.


Pluto

English: Pluto

From Latin Pluto, from Ancient Greek Πλούτων (Ploútōn).

(mythology) The Roman god governing the underworld; Pluto.


en-

English: en- (in-)

Borrowed from Old French en-, from Latin in-.

Forms words, usually verbs, meaning "in", "on", or "around"; en-.


ex-

ef- + flouren → efflouren


for-

English: for-

Scots: for-

From Old English for-, from Proto-West Germanic *fra-, from Proto-Germanic *fra-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-.
The Old English prefix was reinforced by Proto-West Germanic *furi-, from Proto-Germanic *furi-; In Middle English, this prefix is further reinforced by Old French for-, from Latin foris.

Forms verbs meaning "far", "out" or with an intensive sense; for-.

Forms verbs denoting a failure or error; for-.

(no longer productive) Forms nouns with varying sense.


-er

English: -er

Scots: -ar

Inherited from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz.

spinnen + -er → spynner


-er

English: -er

Scots: -ar, -er

Inherited from Old English -ware, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“dwellers of”). Cognate with Old High German -āri (“inhabitants of”).

London + -er → Londoner


luk

English: luck

Yola: lhuck, looke

(Late Middle English) good fortune; gain, profit


slon

From Old English slān; equivalent to slo + -en (plural suffix).


malt

English: malt

Scots: maut

Yola: mault

From Old English mealt, from Proto-West Germanic *malt, from Proto-Germanic *maltą.

All þe wictalis owtane ſalt / Als quheyt and flour ⁊ meill ⁊ malt / In þe wyne sellar geꝛt he bꝛyng[…]

c. 1375, “Book V”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 17, verso, lines 408-410; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

All the food except for salt, / like wheat, flour, meal, and malt, / he went to put in the wine-cellar […]


cadenas

(historical) In medieval times, a nef: a lockable casket containing a person's table requisites, cutlery, etc., often in the form of a ship.


gamer

English: gamer

gamer; gamester (person who plays games)


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

From Anglo-Norman bastard; equivalent to bast (“illegitimacy”) + -ard.

an illegitimate child, especially a noble one; a bastard

a kind of fortified wine, often with spices added

(rare) a heretic or sinner; one separated from one's deity

(rare) a dog that isn't purebred; a mutt or mongrel


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

coming not from wedlock, coming from bastardy; illegitimate

low-quality, inferior, imitation; of bad manufacture

(rare) made using or incorporating fortified wine


lord

English: lord (see there for further descendants)

Scots: laird

→ English: laird

Yola: loard

desc

through <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">laverd</i>

→ Icelandic: lávarður (through laverd)

From Old English hlāford, hlāfweard, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + weard (“ward, guardian, keeper”).

I nul ſulle my louerd foꝛ noneſ cunneſ eiſte. / bote hit be foꝛ þe þritti platen. þat he me bitaiſte.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 22-23; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"I won't betray my Lord for any kind of good, / except for the thirty pieces that he left me."

[…]to fare out as faſt · wiþ his fader to ſpeke / ⁊ with lordesse of þat lond · þat him had long miſſed

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 71, recto, lines 4538-4539; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 145:

[…] to comfortably leave to speak with his father and lords from that realm who'd missed him for a long while.


lord

c. 1400, Lay Folks Mass, Bk. App. iii. 125

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(Christianity) Lord: Jesus Christ, God the Son


lord

Lord! in tyme of Jesus Crist ... were men not bounden to shryve hem þus.

c. 1384, John Wyclif, Selected Works, III.358:

O lord, whi is it so greet difference betwix a cirurgian & a phisician.

c. 1400, Lanfranc of Milan, Practica (trans. as The Science of Chirgurie), 298

(originally an invocation) Lord: an interjection variously expressing astonishment, surprise, resignation


-ing

English: -ing, -in', -in

Scots: -in, -in', -ing

Inherited from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.

Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".


-ing

English: -ing, -in'

Scots: -in, -in', -ing

From Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.

(marginally productive) Forms nouns meaning "son of".


sad

head

sad (plural and weak singular sadde, comparative saddere, superlative saddest)

sadde (plural)
sadde (singular weak)
saddere (comparative)
saddest (superlative)

English: sad

Scots: sad

From Old English sæd, from Proto-West Germanic *sad, from Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-.

sated, weary (having had enough) [from 9th c.]

firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]
steady, enduring

firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]
intense, powerful, severe

firm, solid, hard:
intense, powerful, severe

firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]
secure (inspiring trust)

firm, solid, hard:
secure (inspiring trust)

firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]
dense, thick, tightly-packed

firm, solid, hard:
dense, thick, tightly-packed

[…]ſadde and rype corage[…]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xlix, verso, column 2, line 4:

considered, thoughtful, serious [from 14th c.]

sad (inspiring or having sorrow) [from 14th c.]


sad

English: sad (dialectal)

Scots: sad


sad

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)


even

English: even

Yola: e'en

From Old English efn, from Proto-West Germanic *ebn, from Proto-Germanic *ebnaz.


even

English: eve, even

Scots: evin, ewin, e'en, een

Yola: eave

From Old English ǣfen, from Proto-West Germanic *ābanþ, from Proto-Germanic *ēbanþs.


rime

English: rhyme

Uncertain. Either of Germanic origin, from Old English rīm (“number”), from Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“counting”) or from Old French rime, from Medieval Latin rhythmus (“cadence”).

Þatt full wel iss bitacnedd Þurrh tale & rime off fowwerrtiȝ, Off fowwerr siþe tene. — Ormulum, c1200

(That full well is betokened thru tale and the number of forty, of four times ten.)


-ed

Forms the past participle of weak verbs.


stage

English: stage

From Old French estage, from ester (“to be standing, be located”).

A tier of a structure; a floor or storey:

The topmost story of a building; a rooftop.

A ledge or shelf (projecting storage platform)

A stage; a platform facing the audience.

A box seat; a premium seat for an audience member.

A duration or period; an amount of time.

A tier or grade; a place in a hierarchy.

A locale or place; a specified point in space.


ek

Scots: eik, ek

English: eke

⇒ Middle English: ekename

⇒ English: nickname (via rebracketing)

From Old English ēac, from Proto-Germanic *auk.


pax

English: pax

pax (tablet with carved religious image)


over

English: over

Geordie English: ower

Scots: ower

Yola: ower, oer, owr

From Old English ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar.


till

Alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


utmost

English: utmost

Yola: umost

From Old English ūtemest, ȳtemest (“furthest”).


amen

English: amen

Yola: amain

Inherited from Old English [Term?], from Latin āmēn.


hoxe

A back-formation from hoxen or *hoxene, earlier form of hokschyne.


hat

Scots: hat, hatt, hate, hait

English: hat

→ Irish: hata

From Old English hæt, hætt, from Proto-Germanic *hattuz.

A hat or cap; a piece of headgear or headwear.

(rare) A circlet or tiara; a ring-shaped piece of headgear.


Alpes

desctree

English: Alps
→ Hindi: ऐल्प्स (ailps)
→ Japanese: アルプス (Arupusu)
→ Urdu: الپس (alps)

Borrowed from Middle French Alpes, from Latin Alpēs.

Alps (a mountain range in Western Europe)


babe

English: babe, bab

→ Irish: báb

→ Welsh: baban


grace

English: grace

Scots: grace

Yola: greash, graace

→ Welsh: gras

→ Cornish: gras

From Old French grace, from Latin grātia.

various (Christian) theological meanings, usually as an attribute of God:

the grace of God; divine aid or beneficence.

a gift or sign of God; a demonstration of divine power.

luck, destiny (especially positive or beneficial)

gracefulness, elegance; aptness, competence.

a prayer of thanks, especially one preceding a meal.

(rare, Late Middle English) unfairness, partisanship


lover

English: louver, louvre, luffer

Middle Scots: lewar

Borrowed from Old French lovier, lover, from Medieval Latin *lōdārium (attested as lōvārium), extension of lōdium, of unclear origin.


lover

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


pace

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1387-1410, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue Er that I ferther in this tale pace, / Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun / To telle yow al the condicioun / Of ech of hem, so as it semed me, / And whiche they weren, and of what degree […]


ani

English: any

Geordie English: ony

Scots: ony, onie

Yola: aany, any

From Old English ǣniġ, āniġ (“any”), from Proto-Germanic *ainagaz.


madame

English: madam; ma'am

Scots: madam

madam (polite term of address or (less often) title for a noble lady)


chambre

English: chamber

Scots: chaumer
→ Scottish Gaelic: seòmar

Yola: chaamer

Borrowed from Old French chambre, from Latin camera, camara, from Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kamárā).


under

English: under

Scots: unner

Yola: unnere

From Old English under, from Proto-West Germanic *undar, from Proto-Germanic *under.


scip

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of schip