clawen

clawen (infinitive)
to clawen (infinitive)
clawe (infinitive)
clawe (first-person present singular)
clawed (first-person past singular)
clew (first-person past singular)
clawest (present second-person singular)
clawedest (past second-person singular)
clewe (past second-person singular)
clew (past second-person singular)
claweth (present singular third-person)
clawed (past singular third-person)
clew (past singular third-person)
clawe (present singular subjunctive)
clawed (past singular subjunctive)
clewe (past singular subjunctive)
clawe (imperative present singular)
clawen (plural present)
clawe (plural present)
claweden (past plural)
clawede (past plural)
clewen (past plural)
clewe (past plural)
claweth (imperative plural present)
clawe (imperative plural present)
clawynge (participle present)
clawende (participle present)
clawed (participle past)
clawen (participle past)
clawe (participle past)
yclawed (participle past)
yclawen (participle past)

English: claw

Scots: claw

From Old English clawan, clāwan, *clēn, clawian, from Proto-Germanic *klawjaną; equivalent to clawe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To scratch at with the claws; to claw or make lacerations.

To scratch gently (as to remove pain or aching).

(rare) To grab onto; to make a grip on something.

(rare) To wipe or remove dirt by abrasion.


biflowen

biflowen (infinitive)
to biflowen (infinitive)
biflowe (infinitive)
biflowe (first-person present singular)
biflowed (first-person past singular)
biflew (first-person past singular)
biflowest (present second-person singular)
biflowedest (past second-person singular)
biflewe (past second-person singular)
biflew (past second-person singular)
bifloweth (present singular third-person)
biflowed (past singular third-person)
biflew (past singular third-person)
biflowe (present singular subjunctive)
biflowed (past singular subjunctive)
biflewe (past singular subjunctive)
biflowe (imperative present singular)
biflowen (plural present)
biflowe (plural present)
bifloweden (past plural)
biflowede (past plural)
biflewen (past plural)
biflewe (past plural)
bifloweth (imperative plural present)
biflowe (imperative plural present)
biflowynge (participle present)
biflowende (participle present)
biflowed (participle past)
biflowen (participle past)
biflowe (participle past)

From Old English beflōwan; equivalent to bi- + flowen.

To overflow, deluge or flood; to cover in water.

To spread or bathe (in information); to disseminate.


wrooten

Alternative form of wroten (“(we, you, they) wrote”)


wrotynge

Rooting; the digging up of soil like an animal.

An indentation or ditch made by an animal's rooting.


wryngynge

English: wringing

The act of wrenching, contorting, or distorting; bending out of shape.

(rare) The act of compressing or squeezing (including wringing)


wrynge

English: wring

A press; a device used to compress or wring.


wryngen

wringen (infinitive)
to wringen (infinitive)
wringe (infinitive)
wringe (first-person present singular)
wrong (first-person past singular)
wrang (first-person past singular)
wringest (present second-person singular)
wronge (past second-person singular)
wrong (past second-person singular)
wrang (past second-person singular)
wringeth (present singular third-person)
wrong (past singular third-person)
wrang (past singular third-person)
wringe (present singular subjunctive)
wronge (past singular subjunctive)
wringe (imperative present singular)
wringen (plural present)
wringe (plural present)
wrongen (past plural)
wronge (past plural)
wringeth (imperative plural present)
wringe (imperative plural present)
wringynge (participle present)
wringende (participle present)
wrongen (participle past)
wronge (participle past)
ywrongen (participle past)
ywronge (participle past)

English: wring

Scots: wring, wryng

Inherited from Old English wringan, from Proto-West Germanic *wringan, from Proto-Germanic *wringaną; a cognate of Old Frisian *wringa, Middle Low German wringen, Middle Dutch wringen, and Middle High German ringen.

To force liquid out of something by compressing or squeezing:

To wring; to make a twisting motion to release liquid.

To compress downwards or squash; to release liquid by pushing down.

To move or make motions erratically due to stress or anguish:

To contort or move erratically due to stress (of a person or their hands).

To wring one's hands; to make erratic and panicked hand motions.

(rare) To move one's mouth into a curled shape.

To affect or modify another's bodily integrity:

To inflict bodily or psychological damage or distress; to hurt.

To compress from two directions; to effect squeezing on another.

To fling while slinging or to hurl while contorting.

To pass through a strainer; to release liquid by straining.

(of liquid) To spout or emit outwards; to begin flowing.

(rare) To pull off; to forcibly remove by pulling.

(rare) To let dry or leave to dry; to air out.

(rare) To evade one's capturers or pursuers; to make a getaway.

(rare, of weapons) To fail to hit or strike; to glance off.


knytten

knytten (infinitive)
to knytten (infinitive)
knytte (infinitive)
knytte (first-person present singular)
knytte (first-person past singular)
knytted (first-person past singular)
knyttest (present second-person singular)
knyttest (past second-person singular)
knyttedest (past second-person singular)
knytteth (present singular third-person)
knytte (past singular third-person)
knytted (past singular third-person)
knytte (present singular subjunctive)
knytte (past singular subjunctive)
knytted (past singular subjunctive)
knytte (imperative present singular)
knytten (plural present)
knytte (plural present)
knytten (past plural)
knytte (past plural)
knytteden (past plural)
knyttede (past plural)
knytteth (imperative plural present)
knytte (imperative plural present)
knyttynge (participle present)
knyttende (participle present)
knyt (participle past)
knytted (participle past)
yknyt (participle past)
yknytted (participle past)

English: knit

Scots: knit, knyt

From Old English cnyttan, from Proto-West Germanic *knuttijan, from Proto-Germanic *knutjaną, *knuttijaną.

To connect or secure; to join something to another (especially with rope):

To wrap or swaddle; to encase or surround in rope as to secure or amalgamate.

To secure, join together, close, or link by making a knot.

To make an irrevocable or permanent linkage or binding contract.

To join, unite or bring together; to make two things one.

To append or bring into another; to make one thing part of another.

To enter into or begin an endeavour, activity, or pursuit:

To instill or inculcate a belief, worldview, ideal, or ideology.

To work out an argument or treatise out of words or ideas.

To fix or repair; to stop something from being broken or in disrepair.

To make, tie or create a knot; to tie thread as to stay secure.

To solidify, compress or harden; to cause to congeal or become hardened.

(figuratively) To finish, finalise or terminate; to bring something to its end.

(rare) To be in a link, connection, or relationship with another thing.

(rare) To be joined, united or brought together.

(rare) To incorporate or include (secret or esoteric) meanings.

(rare) To close up or turn off; to stop from working.


knyttynge

English: knitting

Yola: nitheen

The act or state of connection or linkage, especially of fibres or cords.

Joining or unification; the making of multiple into one.

Something which joins, unifies, links, or connects.

(rare) Sealing; the act of making closed.


seoven

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seven


seoven niht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sevenyght


seoventene

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seventene


seventene

English: seventeen

Scots: seiventeen

Yola: zeventeen

From Anglian Old English seofontēne (compare West Saxon seofontīene), from Proto-Germanic *sebuntehun. Equivalent to seven + -tene.


fiftene

English: fifteen

Yola: vifteen

From Anglian Old English fīftēne (compare West Saxon fīftīene), from Proto-Germanic *fimftehun; equivalent to five + -tene.


syftynge

English: sifting

sifting (action of putting through a sieve)


fourtene

English: fourteen

Scots: fowerteen

Yola: vourteen

From Anglian Old English fēowertēne (compare West Saxon fēowertīene), from Proto-Germanic *fedurtehun; equivalent to four + -tene.


sevenyght

English: sevennight, sennight


sevenyght

English: sennight


sixtene

English: sixteen

Scots: saxteen

From Anglian Old English sixtēne (compare West Saxon siextīene), from Proto-Germanic *sehstehun; equivalent to six + -tene.


nynetene

English: nineteen

Scots: nineteen

Yola: neenteen

From Anglian Old English niġontēne (compare West Saxon niġontīene), from Proto-Germanic *newuntehun. Equivalent to nyne + -tene.


ooneyed

English: one-eyed

Scots: ane-eit, aan eet

From Old English ānēġed, from Proto-Germanic *ainaugidaz. Equivalent to oon + eyed.


lavatorie

English: lavatory

From Late Latin lavātōrium; equivalent to laven + -atorie. Doublet of lavour.

A receptacle to hold water used for religious purposes.

(rare) The process of religious immersion; baptism.


larew

From Old English lārēow; akin to lore and an unknown second element.

(Early Middle English) One who teaches or leads.


lavendrie

English: laundry

Borrowed from Old French lavanderie, from Latin lavandaria; equivalent to lavender + -ie.

A part of a manor or a facility for washing clothes; a laundry.

(rare) The action of washing or cleaning clothes; laundering.


tyear

(Kent) Alternative form of teer (“tear”)


tartelet

English: tartlet

A kind of dumpling or similar dish made of batter.


fecche

English: vetch, fitch

Scots: fitch

Traditionally seen as borrowed from Old Northern French veche, from Latin vicia, though the unexpected initial /f/ may reflect descent from an Old English *feċċe, *fiċċe.

Vetch or tare; a member of the genus Vicia.

The seed of vetch, especially in reference to something worthless.

A small ball of similar proportion to a vetch seed.


tery

English: teary


therebynte

English: terebinth

From Old French terebinthe, from Latin terebinthus, from Ancient Greek τερέβινθος (terébinthos).


terebentyne

English: turpentine

Scots: torpity (obsolete)

From Old French terbentine, turbentine, from Latin terebinthina; equivalent to therebynte + -ine.

Turpentine or a pharmaceutical made from it.


tridel

English: treddle

Scots: tartle

From Old English tyrdel; equivalent to tord + -el (agentive suffix).


Termagaunt

English: Termagant

⇒ English: termagant

Borrowed from Old French Tervagant (most early forms reflect the original consonantism in -v-), from Old Italian Trivagante.


geaunt

English: giant

Scots: geeant

Borrowed from Old French geant, gaiant, from Latin gigantem, accusative singular of gigās, from Ancient Greek Γίγᾱς (Gígās).

A giant (mythological or fantasy creature)


thurs

English: thurse

From Old English þyrs, from Proto-West Germanic *þuris, from Proto-Germanic *þurisaz. Forms with -u- are partly a native development of OE -y-, but are also due to influence from Old Norse þurs.


governeresse

English: governess, governoress

Borrowed from Old French governeresse; equivalent to governour + -esse.

A woman who controls or leads; a female figure in charge.

A female guardian or protector; a governess.

(rare) A dominating influence portrayed allegorically.


lege man

English: liegeman

A liegeman; one who is subordinate to a feudal superior.

(rare) One who is obedient to their superior.


legiaunce

English: ligeance, liegance

⇒ English: ligeancy

Middle Scots: legiance

Borrowed from Old French legeance, ligeance, ligance; equivalent to lege (“liege”) + -aunce.

Allegiance, loyalty (including duty and responsibility to one's feudal superior).

The power exercised or available to a feudal liege or superior.


governynge

English: governing

Control, direction, or leadership; the holding of power:

Governing; governmental or political control.

Administration, direction or supervision; the action of supervising.

(rare) Naval command, control, or oversight.

Tutelarity or guiding; direction as a caretaker or guardian.

(medicine) The practice of giving out a restorative course of action.

(rare) Helmsmanship; control over a seafaring vessel or ship.

(rare) One's influence over the world or its happenings.

(grammar, rare) Requirement of a specific grammatical case.

(physiology, rare) The effect exerted by a part of the body on another.


governail

English: governail (archaic)

Middle Scots: governall

Borrowed from Middle French governail, from Old French governail, governaille, from Latin gubernāculum.

Government, rule; administrative or political control.

Guardianship or oversight; one's role as a caretaker or guardian.

Willpower or reserve; control over oneself.

The duration an office is held for; reign, tenure.

(rare) Destiny; a preordained result or fate.

A rudder or oar (paddle for steering a vessel)

(rare, medicine) A restorative course of action.

(rare, figurative) A guardian or overseer; one who directs.


wyspe

English: wisp

Scots: wisp, wusp

Perhaps related to whisk (“bunch of twigs, hair”). Cognate to Dutch wisp, dialectal Danish visp, Swedish visp, Norwegian Bokmål visp, etc.

A package, stick or pile of straw, a wisp:

Such a bundle used to clean livestock of dirt.

(rare) Such a bundle shaped into a circle or torus.

(rare) Such a bundle lighted afire and used as a light source.

(glassblowing, obsolete, rare) A fifteenth-century unit for measuring window glass.


erle marchal

erl marschal
erl marschal#Middle_English


erl marschal

English: earl marshal

The Earl Marshal; a chief official in the household of the English royal court.


erldom

English: earldom

Scots: erldom

From Old English eorldōm; equivalent to erl + -dom.

A county or earldom; a region supervised or ruled by an earl.

The position of being an earl; earlship.

(rare) One of the traditional English counties.


brinke

English: brink

Scots: brink

From Old Norse *brenka, *brinka and Middle Low German brink, both from Proto-Germanic *brinkaz (“hill, edge (of land)”).

der

The coastline or shoreline; the place where land meets sea.

The edge of any other body of water (e.g. a river, a pit full of water).

The edge, lip, or top of a cup, glass, or bowl.

The surrounds, edge, or outer part of something.

The edge of life; the state of being on the brink of death.

(rare) The edge or border of a hole or trench.


marschal

English: marshal
→ Malay: marsyal

Scots: marshal

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareschal, from Medieval Latin mariscalcus, either from Frankish *marhaskalk or from Old High German marah-scalc (“horse-servant”), from Proto-West Germanic *marh + *skalk (whence Old Saxon maraskalk, marahscalc). Compare Middle English mere (“mare”) and schalk.

A high-ranking officer of the English royal court.

A stablemaster (one who supervises horses).

A marshal (supreme commander of an armed force).

A supervisor of the Marshalsea Court (alongside the king's steward).

A supervisor of the procedure or ceremonies.

(rare) The chief minister of the English royal court.


wowe

From Old English wāwa, a variant of wēa, from Proto-Germanic *waiwô (hence a doublet of we (“woe”)).

Woe, discomfort; a state of intense depression and sorrowfulness.

A lack of luck or fortuitousness; bad fortune.

A unlucky or unfortunate event; something that feels negative.

Injury, painfulness; the result of physical harming.


flien

flien (infinitive)
to flien (infinitive)
flie (infinitive)
flie (first-person present singular)
fleigh (first-person past singular)
flow (first-person past singular)
flew (first-person past singular)
fliest (present second-person singular)
flowe (past second-person singular)
flewe (past second-person singular)
fleigh (past second-person singular)
flow (past second-person singular)
flew (past second-person singular)
flieth (present singular third-person)
fleigh (past singular third-person)
flow (past singular third-person)
flew (past singular third-person)
flie (present singular subjunctive)
flowe (past singular subjunctive)
flewe (past singular subjunctive)
flie (imperative present singular)
flien (plural present)
flie (plural present)
flowen (past plural)
flowe (past plural)
flewen (past plural)
flewe (past plural)
flieth (imperative plural present)
flie (imperative plural present)
fliynge (participle present)
fliende (participle present)
flowen (participle past)
flowe (participle past)
yflowen (participle past)
yflowe (participle past)

English: fly

Scots: fle

Yola: vlee

From Old English flēogan, from Proto-West Germanic *fleugan, from Proto-Germanic *fleuganą. This verb is often conflated with fleen (“to flee”).

(of clouds, stars, etc.) To move in the sky.

To travel with alacrity or haste; to rush.

(figurative) To proliferate; to be disseminated.

(rare, of gamebirds) To attack one's quarry or prey.


feaye

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fey (“marked for death”)


figee

Borrowed from Old French *figuée; equivalent to fige + -e (participial suffix).


figge tre

English: fig tree


faierie

English: fairy, fairie, faerie, faery

Scots: fairy, faerie, faery

Borrowed from Old French faerie; equivalent to faie + -erie.

The land or domain in which magical or mythological creatures live; the Otherworld.

The occult, esoteric, or magical arts or a product of them used for illusion (e.g. a phantasm).

(as a collective) Magical or mythological beings, beasts, or creatures.

A magical or mythological being, beast, or creature.

(rare) Something which is untrue, invented, or fictional.


chafur

English: chafer

From Old English ċeafor, from Proto-West Germanic *kefrō.
The presence of medial /f/ instead of expected /v/ in variant forms is unexpected.


chaf

English: chaff

Scots: caff

→ Irish: cabha

Inherited from Old English ċeaf, *cæf, from Proto-West Germanic *kaf

Chaff; the parts of harvested grain not usable as food, especially straw or husks.

(figurative) Something of little to no value or importance.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

(figurative) An evil or immoral act or person; a sin or a practitioner of one.

(rare) Waste from food other than grains; rubbish or refuse.


fantome

English: phantom, phantasm

Scots: phanton

Borrowed from Old French fantesme, fantosme, from Latin phantasma, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma).

That which is ephemeral or transient; worldly (as opposed to spiritual) wealth.

A phantom or apparition; a phantasmic experience.

A lie or misconception; that which is false.

(rare) Deceit or fraud; the act of deceiving.

(rare, medicine) A hallucination or delirium brought on by illness.


buyt

(Northern) Alternative form of bote (“boot”)


boteles

English: bootless

From Old English bōtlēas; equivalent to bote (“help”) + -les.

Unforgivable, unfixable, permanent, grave.

(Late Middle English) Bootless, useless, pointless; without purpose.


botyng

Saving from a predicament, danger, or injury.

An extra in a swapping to make the things swapped equivalent.


botew

English: botew (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French boteau, diminutive of bote (“boot”).

(Late Middle English) A sort of boot lacking leg coverings.


botnyng

Solving of ailments or something which solves ailments.


botoun

English: button (see there for further descendants)

Scots: button

Yola: buththone, boththone

Borrowed from Old French bouton, boton. See English button for more.

A button or decorative protrusion on garments or tools.

A bud, budset, or shoot; a newly-formed leaf.

Ac hy habbeþ hire herten zuo aꝛered ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dꝛedeþ kyng. ne erl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

Something that is small or of little or no value or worth.


beþ

From Old English bēoþ (“present plural”).

Alternative form of beth (“present plural form”)


beþ

From Old English bēoþ (“plural imperative”).

Alternative form of beth (“plural imperative form”)


botere

English: boater


sinden

From Old English sindon, a variant of sind taking the suffix -on by analogy with earon etc.


junyper

English: juniper

Scots: jenepere

From Latin iūniperus; some forms are influenced by Old French geneivre.

Juniper (tree of the genus Juniperus) or a similar plant.


popy

English: poppy

Scots: puppy

From Old English popiġ, from Latin papāver (which some forms are influenced by).

A poppy (plant of the genus Papaver), especially the opium poppy.

(rare) Any of one of several similar plants.


firse

English: furze

From Old English fyrs, fyres, of unknown origin, but compare fyr (“fire”) and Proto-Slavic *pyrь (“couch grass”).

A fir tre ſchal grow for a firse, and a mirte tre ſchal wexe for a nettil; and the Lord ſchal be nemyd in to a ſigne euerlaſtynge, that ſchal not be doon awei.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Isaiah 55:13”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

A fir tree will grow instead of gorse, and a myrtle will grow instead of a nettle, and the Lord will be named for this everlasting sign that won't be done away with.

Ulex europaeus
Ulex europaeus#Translingual

(rare) Clumps of furze for use in fires.


Jafeth

desc

English: Japheth, Jafeth, Japhet, Iapheth

From Latin Iapeth, Iapheth, from Koine Greek Ἰάφεθ (Iápheth), from Hebrew יֶפֶת (yépheth).

And ſotheli Sem and Jafeth puttiden a mentil on her ſchuldris, and thei ȝeden bacward, and hileden the ſchameful membris of her fadir, and her faces weren turned awei, and thei ſien not the priuy membris of her fadir.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 9:23”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Due to that, Shem and Japheth put a mantle on their shoulders, and they went backwards and covered their father's nether regions, so that they didn't see their father's privates.


duete

English: duty

Scots: duty

From Anglo-Norman dueté; equivalent to dewe + -te.

A charge, fee, or tax; a monetary sum one is owed or owes.

Something which one is obliged to do (by law, society, or belief)

Something which one is obliged or duty-bound to offer (other than money).


dosk

English: dusk

Scots: dosk (obsolete)

From Old English dox, *dux, *deox, from Proto-Germanic *duskaz.

Dusky; not brightly or lightly-coloured.


detty

Required, needful, necessary; not optional.


duely

English: duly

Scots: dewly, deuly


dettour

English: debtor

Borrowed from Old French detour, from Latin debitor; equivalent to dette + -our.

One who is indebted to another (financially, for their help, etc.)

and þus ȝe ſchulen pꝛeie / Oure fadir þat art in heuenes .· halewid be þi name / þi kyngdom come to / be þi wille doon in erþe .· as in heuene / ȝyue to vs þis dai oure bꝛeed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce / and foꝛȝyue to vs oure dettis .· as we foꝛȝyuen to oure dettouris / and lede vs not in to temptacioun .· but delyuere vs fro yuele amen […]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 6:9-14, page 3r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be sanctified; / your Kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth, like in heaven. / Give us our bread over other substances, / forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us, / and don't bring us into temptation, but instead save us from evil. Amen."

One who must atone for their wrongs against another.


thornetre

English: thorn-tree, thorn tree


hawen

From Old English hagan; equivalent to hawe + -en (plural suffix).


thornbak

English: thornback

The stickleback (member of the family Gasterosteidae).


thymbyll

English: thimble

Scots: thummle, thumble

From Old English þȳmel, from Proto-Germanic *þūmilaz; equivalent to thombe + -el (agentive suffix).


fewell

English: fuel

Borrowed from Old French feuaille, fouaille.


bakbon

English: backbone

Scots: backbane


leodlich

head

leodlich (plural and weak singular leodliche)

leodliche (plural)
leodliche (singular weak)

From Old English *lēodlīċ, equivalent to leod + -ly.

An are halue wes Vortimer..& al þat leodliche [Otho: cristene] folc þat luueden ure drihten.


anymall

Alternative form of animal (“adjective”, adjective)


nortelrie

What for hire kynrede and hir nortelrie / That she hadde lerned in the nonnerie


pullayle

Borrowed from Old French polaille, poulaille.


pulter

English: poulter, poulterer

Borrowed from Old French pouletier; equivalent to pulet + -er.

A poulterer; a retailer of poultry or fowl.

(rare) One who manages the poultry of a noble estate.


pultrie

English: poultry

Scots: pootry, poutrie

Yola: pultry

Borrowed from Old French pouleterie; equivalent to pulet + -erie or pulter + -ie.

Poultry (chickens, geese, or similar birds kept for their products)

A location for the marketing and retail of domesticated fowl or poultry.

The portion of a noble estate dedicated to managing poultry.

(rare) A chicken coop or analogous structure; a place where poultry is kept.


eternyte

English: eternity

Scots: eternity

Borrowed from Old French eternité, eternitez, from Latin aeternitās; equivalent to eterne + -ite.

Existence without end; eternity, lasting forever.

The expanse of time; all of time (contrasted with time)

(rare) A large amount or quantity of time.


encompassen

encompassen (infinitive)
to encompassen (infinitive)
encompasse (infinitive)
encompasse (first-person present singular)
encompassed (first-person past singular)
encompassest (present second-person singular)
encompassedest (past second-person singular)
encompasseth (present singular third-person)
encompassed (past singular third-person)
encompasse (present singular subjunctive)
encompassed (past singular subjunctive)
encompasse (imperative present singular)
encompassen (plural present)
encompasse (plural present)
encompasseden (past plural)
encompassede (past plural)
encompasseth (imperative plural present)
encompasse (imperative plural present)
encompassynge (participle present)
encompassende (participle present)
encompassed (participle past)
yencompassed (participle past)

English: encompass


compassynge

English: compassing

Guile or plotting; the practicing of sleight-of hand with ill intent.

(rare) An idea, invention, or creation; something that one has created (mentally or physically)

(rare) A boundary or edge or an area defined by it.


defoil

enm-verb

defoil (third-person singular simple present defoileth, present participle defoilende, defoilynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle defoiled)

defoileth (present singular third-person)
defoilende (participle present)
defoilynge (participle present)
defoiled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

The meanwhile came in Sir Ector with an eager countenance, and found Ulfius and Brastias on foot, in great peril of death, that were foul defoiled under horse-feet.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte D'Arthur:


compassen

compassen (infinitive)
to compassen (infinitive)
compasse (infinitive)
compasse (first-person present singular)
compassed (first-person past singular)
compassest (present second-person singular)
compassedest (past second-person singular)
compasseth (present singular third-person)
compassed (past singular third-person)
compasse (present singular subjunctive)
compassed (past singular subjunctive)
compasse (imperative present singular)
compassen (plural present)
compasse (plural present)
compasseden (past plural)
compassede (past plural)
compasseth (imperative plural present)
compasse (imperative plural present)
compassynge (participle present)
compassende (participle present)
compassed (participle past)
ycompassed (participle past)

English: compass

From Old French compasser; equivalent to compass + -en (infinitival suffix).

To make a plan or scheme; especially with secrecy or for ill ends.

The title of the hundrid and eiȝtthe ſalm. To victorye, the ſalm of Dauid. / God, holde thou not ſtille my preiſyng; for the mouth of the ſynner, and the mouth of the gileful man is openyd on me. / Thei ſpaken ayens me with a gileful tunge, and thei cumpassiden me with wordis of hatrede; and fouȝten ayens me with out cauſe.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 108:1-3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David". / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.

To launch an endeavor or enterprise; to act or take action.

To create, formulate or invent something (e.g. literature, buildings, etc.)

To encompass or border completely; to have inside or within.

To blanket, overwhelm or cover; to totally suffuse or spread.

To travel or move about within in an area or region; to tour a location.

To think about or think of; to explore or consider something in one's mind:

(rare) To attain knowledge or comprehension of something.

(rare) To decide or select; to reach a decision or course of action.

(rare) To bear in mind or remember; to be mindful of something

(rare) To make an assumption or postulate.

(rare) To avoid, bypass or dodge when traveling.

(rare) To travel across or through the extent of a region.

(rare) To use a compass (tool for drawing a circle)


werrely

English: warly (archaic)

Related to or used for war or fighting; combat, war.

Adapted for or good at conflict, war, or fighting.


werrynge

English: warring

Conflict, war; a struggle between two opposing forces.

(rare) Quarreling, disputation, struggling; lack of harmony.


werreur

From Anglo-Norman werreur, Old French guerroiier (“fighter, combattant”), from Medieval Latin werra, from Frankish *werru (“confusion; quarrel”), from Proto-Indo-European *wers- (“to mix up, confuse, beat, thresh”). Displaced native Old English cempa.


werrour

From Anglo-Norman guerreur or Middle French guerreur; remodelled as werre (“war”) + -our. Some forms are instead reanalysed as werre + -er.

A warrior or combatant; one who partakes in battles.

One who inflicts battle, hardship or strife or likes discord.


werreour

English: warrior

Scots: warrior

From Old French guerreier, guerroiier (equivalent to werreyen + -er) and Old French guerreiur, guerroieor (equivalent to werreyen + -our).

A warrior or combatant; one who partakes in battles or war.

(rare) One who wages war against another; a military opponent or enemy.

(rare) One who inflicts devastation, ruin, strife, or terror.

(rare) An invader or warlord; one who uses conquest or takes over nations.


werreyen

enm-verb

werreyen (third-person singular simple present werreyeth, present participle werreyende, werreyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle werreyed)

werreyeth (present singular third-person)
werreyende (participle present)
werreyynge (participle present)
werreyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
werreyen (infinitive)
to werreyen (infinitive)
werreye (infinitive)
werreye (first-person present singular)
werreyed (first-person past singular)
werreyest (present second-person singular)
werreyedest (past second-person singular)
werreyeth (present singular third-person)
werreyed (past singular third-person)
werreye (present singular subjunctive)
werreyed (past singular subjunctive)
werreye (imperative present singular)
werreyen (plural present)
werreye (plural present)
werreyeden (past plural)
werreyede (past plural)
werreyeth (imperative plural present)
werreye (imperative plural present)
werreyynge (participle present)
werreyende (participle present)
werreyed (participle past)
ywerreyed (participle past)

English: warray (obsolete)

Scots: warra (obsolete)

From Old French werreier, from Vulgar Latin *werrizāre.

To attack, fight or war (against something); to be involved in armed conflict.

To attack a religion, a deity, or a spiritual leader or figure; to enter into religious conflict.

To denigrate, show enmity towards, or bring down a religion or deity.

(rare) To disavow or argue against a doctrine or belief.

(rare) To cause a commotion, conflict, or uprising; to stir up trouble.

(figurative, rare) To attract or court a romantic partner.


routen

From Old English hrutan (“to make a noise; snore”). Compare Middle Dutch ruten, ruyten, Old Swedish ruta, Old Norse hrjóta (“to burst, spring forth”).

cog

(hunting) To shout at or direct hounds by shouting.

This myller hath ſo wiſely bybbed ale / That as an horſe he ſnorteth in hys ſlepe / Ne of hys tayle behynde he toke no kepe / His wyfe bare to hym a bordon wel ſtrong / Men might hem here route a forlonge.

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xvii, verso, column 2:

This miller hath so wisely bibbed ale / That as an horse he snorteth in his sleep / Nor of his tail behind he took no keep / His wife bore to him a burden [phrase or theme recurring in a ballad or folk song at the end of each verse] well strong / Men might him hear rout [snore] a furlong.


routen

Converted from the noun route. Compare Old French aroter.

In all that land no Christian durste route.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Christians dared not assemble in that land


scamel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schamel


mosten

plural present/past indicative/subjunctive of moten (“to have to”)


gounde

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">gund</i>

English: gound (dialectal gund)

From Old English gund, from Proto-Germanic *gundaz.

Gum that is deposited in sore eyes; gound.


trumpen

trumpen (infinitive)
to trumpen (infinitive)
trumpe (infinitive)
trumpe (first-person present singular)
trumped (first-person past singular)
trumpest (present second-person singular)
trumpedest (past second-person singular)
trumpeth (present singular third-person)
trumped (past singular third-person)
trumpe (present singular subjunctive)
trumped (past singular subjunctive)
trumpe (imperative present singular)
trumpen (plural present)
trumpe (plural present)
trumpeden (past plural)
trumpede (past plural)
trumpeth (imperative plural present)
trumpe (imperative plural present)
trumpynge (participle present)
trumpende (participle present)
trumped (participle past)
ytrumped (participle past)

English: trump

From Old French trumper; equivalent to trumpe + -en (infinitival suffix).


flaun

English: flawn (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French flaon, from Late Latin fladonem, accusative of flado, from Frankish *flaþō. Doublet of flathe and flathon.


steere

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


vertules

English: virtueless

Powerless, ineffective (in an occultic or astrological context)

Immoral; lacking a sense of ethics or morality.


vertuouse

inflection of vertuous:
strong/weak plural


vertuousnesse

English: virtuousness

(rare, Late Middle English) Virtuousness; virtuous actions.


vertually

English: virtually

Inherently; using an inherent attribute useful as an effect.


sustren

From suster + -en (“noun plural suffix”).


susterhede

English: sisterhood (with change in suffix)

The concept of sisterhood (the state of being a sister)

The state where one possesses a female sibling; having a sister.


sustres

From suster + -es (“noun plural suffix”).


saunz

English: sans

Scots: sans (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French senz, sens, sans, san, from Latin sine (“without”) conflated with absēns (“absent, remote”).


depauperat

From Medieval Latin depauperare (“to impoverish”). See depauperate.


columpne

English: column

Scots: column

From Old French columne, from Latin columna.


eahte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of eighte


egteðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of eiȝtthe


niȝende

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nynthe


eiȝtthe

English: eighth

Scots: echt

From Old English eahtoþa, from Proto-Germanic *ahtudô; equivalent to eighte + -the (ordinal suffix).


nynthe

English: ninth

Scots: nint, ninte, nyint, nynt, nynte

Inherited from Old English niġoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *neundō, from Proto-Germanic *newundô; equivalent to and often remodelled after nyne + -the (ordinal suffix).

The `title of the hundrid and nynthe ſalm. `The ſalm of Dauith. The Lord ſeide to my Lord; Sitte thou on my riȝt side. Til Y putte thin enemyes; a ſtool of thi feet. / The Lord ſchal ſende out fro Syon the yerde of thi vertu; be thou lord in the myddis of thin enemyes. / The bigynnyng is with thee in the dai of thi vertu, in the briȝtnessis of ſeyntis; Y gendride thee of the wombe before the dai ſterre.

The title of the one hundred and ninth psalm: "The Psalm of David". The Lord said to my lord: "Sit on my right side, until I place your enemies at your feet as a stool." / "The Lord will send out from Zion the staff of your power; rule as lord in the middle of your enemies." / "The beginning is with you in the day of your might, and in the glory of saints; I engendered you in the womb before the day star."


nynthe

English: ninth

Scots: nint

One of nine equal parts of a whole; a ninth.


forðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ferthe


seofaþe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seventhe


bætere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bettre


seofefeald

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sevenefold


sefennfald

(Ormulum) Alternative form of sevenefold


bezst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beste


seventhe

English: seventh

Scots: seevent

/ˈsɛːvəð(ə)/

From Old English seofoþa, seofunda; equivalent to and often remodelled after seven + -the (ordinal suffix).


seventhe

English: seventh

Scots: seevent

/ˈsɛːvəð(ə)/

One of seven equal parts of a whole; a seventh.


doghter

‘O dere doghter, ender of my lyf,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Physician's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 218-220

That thou were never out of my remembraunce!’
‘O dear daughter, ender of my life,
Whom I have nurtured with such pleasure,
That thou were never out of my thoughts!’

Which I have fostred up with swich plesaunce,


beterynge

English: bettering

A structure built to improve a property.


sevenefold

English: sevenfold

Scots: sevinfald (obsolete)

From Old English seofonfeald; equivalent to seven + -fold.

And the Lord ſeide to hym, It ſchal not be don ſo, but ech man that ſchal ſlee Cayn ſhal be punyschid ſeuenfold. And the Lord ſettide a signe in Cayn, that ech man that ſchulde fynde hym ſchulde not ſlee hym.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 4:15”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And the Lord said to him: "That won't be done, as anyone who would kill Cain will be punished sevenfold". And the Lord put a sign on Cain, so anyone who came across him wouldn't kill him.


sevenefold

English: sevenfold

Scots: sevinfald (obsolete)


doughters

From doughter + -es (“genitive ending”).


faderhode

English: fatherhood

The state of being a father; fatherhood.

An appellation (preceded by pronouns) for a parent or an important cleric

(rare) The state of being a cleric or ruler; authority.

(rare) Good parenting; the safety granted by parents.


faderles

English: fatherless

Yola: vatherless

From Old English fæderlēas, from Proto-Germanic *fadērlausaz; equivalent to fader + -les.

Lacking or without a living/active father or male parent; fatherless.

(rare) Having never had a father; intrinsically lacking a father.

(rare) Having no lord or authority (either earthly or heavenly).


createn

createn (infinitive)
to createn (infinitive)
create (infinitive)
create (first-person present singular)
create (first-person past singular)
createst (present second-person singular)
createst (past second-person singular)
createth (present singular third-person)
create (past singular third-person)
create (present singular subjunctive)
create (past singular subjunctive)
create (imperative present singular)
createn (plural present)
create (plural present)
createn (past plural)
create (past plural)
createth (imperative plural present)
create (imperative plural present)
creatynge (participle present)
creatende (participle present)
creat (participle past)
created (participle past)

English: create

Scots: creaut

From Latin creātus, the past participle of creō.

To grant or bestow a title or an office.


fadres

From Old English fæderas; equivalent to fader + -es (“plural ending”).


moderlese

inflection of moderles:
strong/weak plural


moodir-in-lawe

moder in lawe
moder in lawe#Middle_English


moderles

head

moderles (plural and weak singular moderlese)

moderlese (plural)
moderlese (singular weak)

English: motherless

From Old English mōdorlēas, from Proto-Germanic *mōdērlausaz; equivalent to moder + -les.


modres

From Old English mōderes; equivalent to moder + -es (“plural ending”).


moderhede

English: motherhood

The state of being a mother; motherhood (especially used of the Virgin Mary)

(rare) The caregiving, devotion, and guardianship given by a mother.


moderwort

English: motherwort

Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris#Translingual

Filipendula ulmaria
Filipendula ulmaria#Translingual

Motherwort (Leonurus spp.), mugwort/wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris), or meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria),


moder in lawe

English: mother-in-law


moderly

English: motherly

From Old English mōdorlīċ, from Proto-Germanic *mōdērlīkaz; equivalent to moder + -ly. The adverb was derived from the adjective in the Middle English period.

Motherly; pertaining to, befitting, or of a mother.


moderly

English: motherly

In a motherly way; in a way pertaining to, befitting, or of a mother.


lawyour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of lawier


lawday

A day when a local court meets, especially the court for each of the hundreds (administrative divisions)


lawefulle

inflection of laweful:
strong/weak plural


lahelese

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of laweles


lawier

English: lawyer

Scots: lawer


dostyr in lawe

douȝter in lawe
douȝter in lawe#Middle_English


laweful

laweful (plural and weak singular lawefulle)

lawefulle (plural)
lawefulle (singular weak)

English: lawful

Scots: lawfu

Lawful; allowed by the law or legal system.

Morally correct; allowed by one's moral code.

Legally or morally required, obligated, or demanded.

Respectable; highly accepted by society.


laufulnes

English: lawfulness

The state of honouring a contract, promise or directive.

The state of being respectable or highly accepted by society.


lawely

From Old English lahlīċ; influenced by and equivalent to lawe + -ly.

Lawful; allowed, required, or obligated by the law or legal system.


laweliche

From Old English lahlīċe; influenced by and equivalent to lawe + -ly.


douȝter in lawe

English: daughter-in-law


laweles

English: lawless

Scots: lawless

Not following the law or discipline; unruly, disorderly.

Not governed by or having information of any law.


suster-in-lawe

English: sister-in-law

sister-in-law (sister of a spouse; wife of a sibling)


niwon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nyne


glesen

glesen (plural and weak singular glesne)


tretys

From Old French traitiz, from Vulgar Latin *tractīcius.

Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was /Hir nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas[…]

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 151–152:

Her wimple was folded in quite a seemly way / Her nose [was] slender; her eyes [were] grey like glass […]

(usually of a visage or one's nose) Having seemly or attractive proportions; i.e. slender.


glasy

English: glassy

Scots: glessy, glessie

Resembling glass; glasslike or glassy:
(of the eyes) Unmoving due to drinking.

Resembling glass; glasslike or glassy:
Unmoving due to drinking.

Resembling glass; glasslike or glassy:
(of mucus) Opaque, runny and greyish.

Resembling glass; glasslike or glassy:
Opaque, runny and greyish.

(rare) Composed of or created with glass; glazen.


glaysse

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of glasen (verb)


glasier

English: glazer; glazier


glacynge

English: glancing

Yola: glawmzeen


dyaper

English: diaper

Scots: dyper

Borrowed from Old French dyapre, diaspre, from Medieval Latin diaspra, diasprum, from Byzantine Greek δίασπρος (díaspros, adj).

der

Fabric with repetitive patterns of shapes or emblems.

(rare) A piece of clothing made of such fabric.


dyapren

dyapren (infinitive)
to dyapren (infinitive)
dyapre (infinitive)
dyapre (first-person present singular)
dyapred (first-person past singular)
dyaprest (present second-person singular)
dyapredest (past second-person singular)
dyapreth (present singular third-person)
dyapred (past singular third-person)
dyapre (present singular subjunctive)
dyapred (past singular subjunctive)
dyapre (imperative present singular)
dyapren (plural present)
dyapre (plural present)
dyapreden (past plural)
dyaprede (past plural)
dyapreth (imperative plural present)
dyapre (imperative plural present)
dyaprynge (participle present)
dyaprende (participle present)
dyapred (participle past)
ydyapred (participle past)

English: diaper

Scots: dyper

Borrowed from Old French diaprer, diasprer; equivalent to dyaper + -en (infinitival suffix).

To decorate fabric with repetitive patterns of shapes or emblems.


bisynes

English: business (see there for further descendants)

From Old English bisiġnes, equivalent to bisy + -nes.


sustern

Alternative form of sustren (plural of suster)


brotheren

English: brothern, brothren


brotherles

English: brotherless

From Old English brōþorlēas, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþerlaus; equivalent to brother + -les.


brother-in-lawe

enm-noun

brother-in-lawe (plural breþeren in lawe)

English: brother-in-law


brotherhede

English: brotherhood, brotherred

Scots: britherheid

Inherited from Old English brōþorrǣden; equivalent to brother + -rede. However, usually remodelled as brother + -hede; sometimes the first element is changed to brether.

Brotherly relations; a brotherly pact or bond:

An amicable or brotherly relationship which two siblings have with each other.

The relationship which two blood brothers have with each other.

Any deep platonic relationship or linkage between two people.

The bond that two people in a religious or craft organisation or society have.

A relationship or linkage between two allied nations.

Brotherly behaviour or acts; appropriate behaviour for a brother.

The entirety of believers in Christianity collectively; Christendom.

The people in a religious or craft organisation or society collectively.

(rare) The male siblings of two given people collectively.

(rare) A term used towards a brother (religious or familial)


worte

Alternative form of wort (“brewing wort”)


rotys

plural of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”)


rotæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rote (“root”)


roowte

Alternative form of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”)


faderlaw

fader in lawe
fader in lawe#Middle_English


godfader

English: godfather

From Old English godfæder; equivalent to god + fader.


fader in lawe

English: father-in-law


godfæder

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of godfader


Cestre

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Chestre


ruynouse

inflection of ruynous:
strong/weak plural


Chestre

English: Chester

From Old English Ceaster, from ceaster, a borrowing from Latin castrum (“camp”).

Chester (a city in modern Cheshire, England)


constitucioun

English: constitution

Borrowed from Old French constitucion, from Latin cōnstitūtiōnem, accusative singular of cōnstitūtiō.

An ecclesiastical decree or rule, especially one emanating from the Pope.

A piece of legislation; an edict or legal instrument from secular authorities.

(rare) A foundational scientific law or the body of them in a science.

(rare) A body of legislation or rules; a legal or legislative code.

(rare) The guidelines that a monastic house or group lives by.

(rare) The guidelines that a merchant's association lives by.


ruynous

head

ruynous (plural and weak singular ruynouse)

ruynouse (plural)
ruynouse (singular weak)

English: ruinous

From Old French ruinos, ruineus, from Latin ruīnōsus; equivalent to ruyne + -ous.

Ruined; showing signs of deterioration or dilapidation.


citeseyn

English: citizen

Scots: ceetizen

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman citesain, an alteration of citeain; equivalent to cite + -ein.

A freeman or burgher: a legally-recognized member of an incorporated city.

A resident or inhabitant of a city (irregardless of burgher status); an urbanite.

One who inhabits a state, area or province, especially if they are not a serf.

One who inhabits heaven; an inhabitant of the afterlife.


wacche

English: watch

From Old English wæċċe (“watch”), from wæċċan (“to be awake; to keep watch”), from Proto-West Germanic *wakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *wakjaną (“to awaken, wake up”), from Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“awake; lively; strong”).


rotenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of roten (“to rot”)


rooton

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of roten (“to rot”)


rotiȝen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of roten (“to rot”)


rotyngnesse

English: rottingness

Necrosis or putrefaction; The state of being gangrenous, infected or festering.


rotidnes

English: rottedness

Pussy matter; the results of suppuration or pus formation.

(rare) Rotting or decomposition; the situation where something rots.

(rare) The process where water usually becomes dirty.


rotennesse

English: rottenness

Pussy matter; the results of suppuration.


roteness

Alternative form of rotennesse (“rottenness”)


ȝegan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gon (“gone”)


granien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gronen


granunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gronynge


roobukke

English: roebuck

Scots: raebuck

Yola: robunkshough (nasal)


robous

English: rubbish

Scots: rubbage


groyn

English: groyne, groin

Scots: grone (possibly)

Yola: gring

Borrowed from Old French groign (French groin), from Late Latin grunium, grunia. The variation in pronunciation probably reflects variation in Old French and in methods of adapting Old French phonemes.

(rare) An nose (usually an unsightly one).


gronynge

From Old English grānung; equivalent to gronen + -ing.


gronynge

English: groaning


groynen

groynen (infinitive)
to groynen (infinitive)
groyne (infinitive)
groyne (first-person present singular)
groyned (first-person past singular)
groynest (present second-person singular)
groynedest (past second-person singular)
groyneth (present singular third-person)
groyned (past singular third-person)
groyne (present singular subjunctive)
groyned (past singular subjunctive)
groyne (imperative present singular)
groynen (plural present)
groyne (plural present)
groyneden (past plural)
groynede (past plural)
groyneth (imperative plural present)
groyne (imperative plural present)
groynynge (participle present)
groynende (participle present)
groyned (participle past)
ygroyned (participle past)

English: groin

Scots: groin

From a mixture of Old French groignier, grougnier (from Latin grunniō) and Old English grunnian (from Proto-Germanic *grunnōną). Equivalent to groyn + -en (infinitival suffix).

To mumble, growl or babble (often in complaint).

(of animals) To make a gnarling or groaning sound.


gronen

gronen (infinitive)
to gronen (infinitive)
grone (infinitive)
grone (first-person present singular)
groned (first-person past singular)
gronest (present second-person singular)
gronedest (past second-person singular)
groneth (present singular third-person)
groned (past singular third-person)
grone (present singular subjunctive)
groned (past singular subjunctive)
grone (imperative present singular)
gronen (plural present)
grone (plural present)
groneden (past plural)
gronede (past plural)
groneth (imperative plural present)
grone (imperative plural present)
gronynge (participle present)
gronende (participle present)
groned (participle past)
ygroned (participle past)

English: groan

Scots: grane, grain

Inherited from Old English grānian, from Proto-West Germanic *grainōn, from Proto-Germanic *grainōną, a derivative of *grīnaną (which didn't leave any descendants in Middle English).

gloss

To groan; to make a groaning or moaning sound:

To groan as an animal; to make beastly calls.

To mumble, especially to protest (compare modern English moan in semantics).

To develop or have an illness or disease.

(rare) To pass away; to suffer from death.


gruntynge

English: grunting

A grunt or groan as or like an animal; the making of beastly calls.

(rare) Any loud, disturbing, or annoying noise.

(rare) A moan; the making groaning or moaning sound.


snowte

English: snout

Scots: snout, snoot

→ English: snoot

From Middle Dutch snute or Middle Low German snute; both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *snūt.

An animal's snout or trunk (long, projecting nose and mouth).

(derogatory) The nose of a person; the flesh surrounding the nasal cavity.

The facial features or appearance of a person; how one's face looks.

(figuratively) The temperament or behaviour of a person.

The point of something sharp (e.g. a needle or a seafaring vessel of war)


grunten

enm-verb

grunten (third-person singular simple present grunteth, present participle gruntynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative grunte, past participle grunt)

grunteth (present singular third-person)
gruntynge (participle present)
grunte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
grunt (participle past)
grunten (infinitive)
to grunten (infinitive)
grunte (infinitive)
grunte (first-person present singular)
grunte (first-person past singular)
grunted (first-person past singular)
gruntest (present second-person singular)
gruntest (past second-person singular)
gruntedest (past second-person singular)
grunteth (present singular third-person)
grunte (past singular third-person)
grunted (past singular third-person)
grunte (present singular subjunctive)
grunte (past singular subjunctive)
grunted (past singular subjunctive)
grunte (imperative present singular)
grunten (plural present)
grunte (plural present)
grunten (past plural)
grunte (past plural)
grunteden (past plural)
gruntede (past plural)
grunteth (imperative plural present)
grunte (imperative plural present)
gruntynge (participle present)
gruntende (participle present)
grunt (participle past)
grunted (participle past)

English: grunt

Scots: grunt

Inherited from Old English grunnettan, from Proto-West Germanic *grunnattjan, from Proto-Germanic *grunnatjaną. Equivalent to groynen + -ten.

To grunt or groan as or like an animal; to make beastly calls.

To moan; to make a groaning or moaning sound.


ynche

enm-noun

ynche (plural ynches or enchen or ynche)

ynches (plural)
enchen (plural)
ynche (plural)

English: inch (see there for further descendants)

Scots: inch

From Old English ynċe, from earlier *unċi-, from Latin uncia. Doublet of ounce.


femen

femen (infinitive)
to femen (infinitive)
feme (infinitive)
feme (first-person present singular)
femed (first-person past singular)
femde (first-person past singular)
femest (present second-person singular)
femedest (past second-person singular)
femdest (past second-person singular)
femeth (present singular third-person)
femed (past singular third-person)
femde (past singular third-person)
feme (present singular subjunctive)
femed (past singular subjunctive)
femde (past singular subjunctive)
feme (imperative present singular)
femen (plural present)
feme (plural present)
femeden (past plural)
femede (past plural)
femden (past plural)
femde (past plural)
femeth (imperative plural present)
feme (imperative plural present)
femynge (participle present)
femende (participle present)
femed (participle past)
yfemed (participle past)

From Old English fǣman, from Proto-West Germanic *faimijan; compare fomen.

To emit foam from the mouth; to be irate.


chalengeable

head

chalengeable (plural and weak singular chalengeable)

chalengeable (plural)
chalengeable (singular weak)

English: challengeable, challengable

Challengeable; able to be called out, disagreed with, or argued with.


chalengere

English: challenger

From chalengen + -er; some forms are influenced by Old French chalongeor.

(rare) A claimant; one who claims something.

(rare) An objector; one who challenges something.


chalengen

enm-verb

chalengen (third-person singular simple present chalengeth, present participle chalengende, chalengynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chalenged)

chalengeth (present singular third-person)
chalengende (participle present)
chalengynge (participle present)
chalenged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chalengen (infinitive)
to chalengen (infinitive)
chalenge (infinitive)
chalenge (first-person present singular)
chalenged (first-person past singular)
chalengest (present second-person singular)
chalengedest (past second-person singular)
chalengeth (present singular third-person)
chalenged (past singular third-person)
chalenge (present singular subjunctive)
chalenged (past singular subjunctive)
chalenge (imperative present singular)
chalengen (plural present)
chalenge (plural present)
chalengeden (past plural)
chalengede (past plural)
chalengeth (imperative plural present)
chalenge (imperative plural present)
chalengynge (participle present)
chalengende (participle present)
chalenged (participle past)
ychalenged (participle past)

English: challenge

Scots: challenge

Borrowed from Old French chalengier, chalongier, chalenger, from Latin calumnior; equivalent to chalenge + -en (infinitival suffix).

To counter, oppose, argue, or be against (something or someone):

To insult, criticise, or reprehend (something or someone).

To make a (malicious and wrongful) accusation or allegation.

(rare) To act with undeserved malice towards someone.

(rare) To punish or penalise someone (for their behaviour)

To claim a possession, right, or privilege:

To appropriate or expropriate; to take wrongfully or forcibly.

(rare) To forcibly request or order; to make a demand.

To search or look for something; to seek out.

(rare) To win a conflict or engagement; to defeat one's enemies.

(rare) To supply a reason for entering into a duel.


chalengynge

English: challenging

Slander, defamation; the propagation of untrue and unflattering claims.

The challenging or countering of a claim, allegation, or belief.

A claim; the assertion of a privilege or right.


viciouse

inflection of vicious:
strong/weak plural


viciousnesse

English: viciousness

A tendency or proclivity towards evil or sin.


voysen

voysen (infinitive)
to voysen (infinitive)
voyse (infinitive)
voyse (first-person present singular)
voysed (first-person past singular)
voysest (present second-person singular)
voysedest (past second-person singular)
voyseth (present singular third-person)
voysed (past singular third-person)
voyse (present singular subjunctive)
voysed (past singular subjunctive)
voyse (imperative present singular)
voysen (plural present)
voyse (plural present)
voyseden (past plural)
voysede (past plural)
voyseth (imperative plural present)
voyse (imperative plural present)
voysynge (participle present)
voysende (participle present)
voysed (participle past)
yvoysed (participle past)

English: voice

To be generally claimed or held to be or have (a specific quality).

(rare) To have a specified type of voice or speech.


aley

English: alley

Scots: allay

→ Welsh: alai

Borrowed from Old French alee; more at English alley.

An enclosed or roofed passage or walkway.

An alleyway; a passage formed by the gap of two buildings.

(rare) An open passage or path for access.


alienyng

The removal of a person's possessions or privileges.

(rare) Madness or crazedness; lack or loss of mental sanity.

(rare) Renouncement or separation; a split between two parties.


alienacioun

English: alienation

From Old French alienacion, itself borrowed from Latin aliēnātiōnem. By surface analysis, alienen + -acioun.


allien

allien (infinitive)
to allien (infinitive)
allie (infinitive)
allie (first-person present singular)
allied (first-person past singular)
alliest (present second-person singular)
alliedest (past second-person singular)
allieth (present singular third-person)
allied (past singular third-person)
allie (present singular subjunctive)
allied (past singular subjunctive)
allie (imperative present singular)
allien (plural present)
allie (plural present)
allieden (past plural)
alliede (past plural)
allieth (imperative plural present)
allie (imperative plural present)
alliynge (participle present)
alliende (participle present)
allied (participle past)
yallied (participle past)

English: ally

Scots: ally

From Old French alier, from Latin alligō, adligō.

To blend, bring together or unite ingredients in cooking.

To join or fuse; to make a linkage or connection.

(rare) To stick or keep to a promise or compact.

(rare) To join battle; to start fighting.

(rare) To assemble or be amassed (of troops).

(rare) To link someone to their compatriot.


bærs

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bace


flowndre

English: flounder

Scots: flunner, flunder

From Anglo-Norman floundre, from Old Norse flyðra, from Proto-Germanic *flunþrijǭ.

Platichthys flesus
Platichthys flesus#Translingual

flounder (Platichthys flesus or a similar fish)


baaste

Alternative form of base (“illegitimacy”)


bacoun

English: bacon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bawcon

→ Welsh: bacwn

Yola: bawkoon, bawcoon, bacoon, bakoon

From Anglo-Norman bacon, bacun, from Frankish *bakō, from Proto-Germanic *bakô. Compare bak.

Cured meat from the back and sides of a pig; bacon.

Meat from the back and sides of a pig; pork.


flicche

English: flitch

Scots: flake, fleech

Inherited from Old English fliċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *flikkī, from Proto-Germanic *flikkiją.

The flank or side of an animal, especially one of a pig which has been made into bacon; a flitch.


motoun

English: mutton

Scots: mutton

Yola: muthon, mothoon

Borrowed from Old French mouton, from Vulgar Latin moltō, from Gaulish *multon-, from Proto-Celtic *moltos.

The meat of sheep or a piece of it; mutton.

A sheep (of either gender) or its corpse.

An Anglo-French gold coin impressed with the image of a lamb.


iheortet

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herted


hartt

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of hert


heortæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herte


hertt

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of herte


herted

English: hearted

Scots: hertit

Having a specified disposition, emotion, or attitude.


hertes

From Old English heorotas; equivalent to hert + -es.


herte blood

English: heart-blood

Fro this forth shal I never eten breed
Til I myn owene herte blood may see;

1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, Book 2, lines 444-445:


harthe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of herth


heorð

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herth


hertles

English: heartless

Scots: heartless

From Old English heortlēas; equivalent to herte + -les.

Having no bravery or showing cowardice; fearful.

Unknowledgeable; lacking knowledge or wisdom.

(rare) Depressed; having malaise or lacking motivation.


herth

English: hearth

Scots: harth, hairth

Inherited from Old English heorþ, from Proto-West Germanic *herþ.

A hearth; a place where a fire is lighted.

A furnace; an oven used for heating in manufacturing.


hirdel

English: hurdle

Yola: hardhel

From Old English hyrdel, from Proto-West Germanic *hurdil, from Proto-Germanic *hurdilaz.

A frame or netting of intertwined twigs:

Used as a sled (often to store those sentenced to death)

(rare) Used to air objects so they become cool or dry.


medliche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of madli


mædere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mader


madnesse

English: madness

Madness; the state of being deranged or insane.

Incautiousness; the state of being incautious or overenthusiastic.

(rare) The state of being stupid; stupidity.


mageste

English: majesty

Scots: maijesty

Borrowed from Old French majesté, from Latin māiestās.

That which befits a monarch; majesty, might, power, formality.

An appellation for a ruler or deity, usually preceded by a pronoun.

(rare) A depiction of a monarch or ruler.


materialy

English: materially

Materially; with regard to physical things or characteristics.

(rare) With a material existence or form; in a real manner.

(rare) Within a topic or discipline's traditions (of classification)


mastyf

English: mastiff

→ Welsh: mastiff

Scots: mastiff

From Old French mastin (modern French mâtin), from Vulgar Latin *mansuetinus (“tamed (animal)”), from Latin mansuetus (“tamed”). The final -f is due to influence from Old French mestif; some forms have totally assimilated to that word.


asskenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of axen (“to ask”)


escunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of askynge


askynge

English: asking

Scots: asking, askin

From Old English āscung, āxung (“asking; question; inquiry”); equivalent to axen + -ing.

Asking for a boon, favour, or reward; supplication.

Asking for something in prayer; supplication of a divinity.

The act of asking; query or inquiry:
(rare) Repeated questioning or asking.

The act of asking; query or inquiry:
Repeated questioning or asking.

The taking of a legal action; litigation or a legal case.

A command or requirement; the act of demanding.

(rare) An excessive or forcible exaction.

(rare) The placing of criminal charges upon someone..


brochen

brochen (infinitive)
to brochen (infinitive)
broche (infinitive)
broche (first-person present singular)
broched (first-person past singular)
brochest (present second-person singular)
brochedest (past second-person singular)
brocheth (present singular third-person)
broched (past singular third-person)
broche (present singular subjunctive)
broched (past singular subjunctive)
broche (imperative present singular)
brochen (plural present)
broche (plural present)
brocheden (past plural)
brochede (past plural)
brocheth (imperative plural present)
broche (imperative plural present)
brochynge (participle present)
brochende (participle present)
broched (participle past)
ybroched (participle past)

English: broach

Scots: broach

/ˈbrɔːt͡ʃən/

From Old French brochier; equivalent to broche + -en (infinitival suffix).

To impale or stab; to make a wound in something.

To put (meat) on a skewer or pole for cooking.

(rare) To broach (a barrel); to extract fluid.

(rare) To perform sewing to close a gap.


trompour

From Old French trompeor, trompour; equivalent to trumpe + -our; some forms instead reflect trumpe + -er.

A trumpeter; a player of brass instruments.


intronizen

intronizen (infinitive)
to intronizen (infinitive)
intronize (infinitive)
intronize (first-person present singular)
intronized (first-person past singular)
intronizest (present second-person singular)
intronizedest (past second-person singular)
intronizeth (present singular third-person)
intronized (past singular third-person)
intronize (present singular subjunctive)
intronized (past singular subjunctive)
intronize (imperative present singular)
intronizen (plural present)
intronize (plural present)
intronizeden (past plural)
intronizede (past plural)
intronizeth (imperative plural present)
intronize (imperative plural present)
intronizynge (participle present)
intronizende (participle present)
intronized (participle past)
yintronized (participle past)

desc

English: inthronize, enthronize, enthronise (obsolete)

From Old French introniser, entronisier, from Late Latin inthronizare, intronizāre, from Ancient Greek ἐνθρονίζειν (enthronízein); equivalent to en- + trone (“throne”) + -izen.

der

To enthrone, to place on a royal seat; to elevate to a throne or perform enthronement.


patroun

English: patron, pattern

Scots: patron, pawtron

Yola: patroon

→ Irish: pátrún

From Old French patrone, from Latin patrōnus.

A ruler, leader or boss; a man who is in charge of a place:

A teacher or guide; one who provides teachings or advice.

A patron saint or divinity; a holy figure supervising an area.

(nautical) A sea captain; one who commands a vessel.

An exemplar or guideline (to imitate or to avoid):

The plans, pattern, blueprint or design something is made from.

(rare) Something which looks similar to another thing.

The initiator or originator of a set of religious beliefs.

A patron or philanthropist who gives to religious organisations.

A person who is able to make an ecclesiastical appointment.

(rare, historical) One who worked as legal counsel in ancient Rome.


trumpe

English: trump

Scots: trump

From Old French trompe, from Frankish *trumpa, *trumba, from an imitative Germanic word.

onomatopoeic

imitative

A trumpet, horn, or similar musical instrument.

One who uses or plays such an instrument.


freondin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of frenden


ffreondles

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of frendles


frendlese

inflection of frendles:
strong/weak plural


frendful

English: friendful


freondliche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of frendly


frenderede

From Old English frēondrǣden; equivalent to frend + -rede.

The state of being friends; a friendly relationship.


frendlie

inflection of frendly:
strong/weak plural


onfrend

English: unfriend

Scots: unfrend


freondræden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of frenderede


madschipe

Madness; the state of being deranged or insane.

(rare) Hasty, overenthusiastic; lacking reserve.

(rare) The state of being stupid; stupidity.


unfrendly

English: unfriendly

Possibly from Old English *unfrēondlīċ; equivalent to un- + frendly.

(Late Middle English, rare) unfriendly, antagonistic


frendschip

English: friendship

Scots: friendship

From Old English frēondsċipe; equivalent to frend + -schipe.

A friendship; a friendly relationship or the state of being friends or comrades.

Friendly behaviour or a positive attitude from one's superiors.

A pact, agreement or entente between two parties.

A beneficial or useful action; aid or benefit.

A group or band of companions, or friends.

(rare) Friendly behaviour, mood, or actions.


frendles

head

frendles (plural and weak singular frendlese)

frendlese (plural)
frendlese (singular weak)

English: friendless

Inherited from Old English frēondlēas; equivalent to frend + -les.


frendly

frendly (plural and weak singular frendlie, comparative frendlyer, superlative frendlieste)

frendlie (plural)
frendlie (singular weak)
frendlyer (comparative)
frendlieste (superlative)

English: friendly

Scots: freendly

From Old English frēondliċ, from Proto-West Germanic *friundlīk, from Proto-Germanic *frijōndlīkaz; equivalent to frend + -ly (adjectival suffix).

Friendly, amicable; acting like a friend.

Inviting, characteristic of friendliness.

Good, advantageous, useful; having utility.

(rare) Having a good relationship with someone.


frendly

English: friendly (archaic)

From Old English frēondliċe; equivalent to frend + -ly (adverbial suffix).


sporier

English: spurrier

Scots: spurrier (obsolete)


crownynge

English: crowning

(rare) The placing of a wreath on one's head.


coronacioun

English: coronation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman coronacion; equivalent to corounen + -acioun.


coronement

English: crownment

From Old French coronement, coronemant; equivalent to corounen + -ment.

(rare) The placing of a wreath or halo on one's head.


corounen

corounen (infinitive)
to corounen (infinitive)
coroune (infinitive)
coroune (first-person present singular)
corouned (first-person past singular)
corounest (present second-person singular)
corounedest (past second-person singular)
corouneth (present singular third-person)
corouned (past singular third-person)
coroune (present singular subjunctive)
corouned (past singular subjunctive)
coroune (imperative present singular)
corounen (plural present)
coroune (plural present)
corouneden (past plural)
corounede (past plural)
corouneth (imperative plural present)
coroune (imperative plural present)
corounynge (participle present)
corounende (participle present)
corouned (participle past)
ycorouned (participle past)

English: crown

Scots: croun, croon

From Old French coroner (modern French couronner), from Latin corōnō; equivalent to coroune + -en (infinitival suffix).

To put a crown on one's head (often as a symbol of power or might):

To crown; to perform a crowning or install as monarch.

To crown with a chaplet in recognition of winning or achievement.

(theology, rare) To raise a god or saint to a dignity.

To instill or cause a condition, feeling or mental state; to grant.

To let or allow into a monastic community or grouping.

(theology) To raise a virtuous people to Heaven.

(Christianity) To install a high ecclesiastical figure.

(rare) To wear a crown; to have a crown on one's head.

(rare) To grant an influential office or duty.

(rare) To have a specified kind of flower.

(rare) To put the top portion of a brick wall on.


coroune

English: crown (see there for further descendants)

Scots: croun, croon

→ Welsh: coron

From Anglo-Norman coroune, curune, corone, from Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē).

An important, symbolic, or significant piece of headwear:

A crown; a piece or item of royal headgear.

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

A coronet or tiara; headgear of lesser (religious or secular) leaders.

A garland or circlet (often as a prize for victory).

That which belongs or pertains to a monarch:

Kingly power, might, authority, or legitimacy.

A monarch's property or owndom; that which a king owns.

A patch of shaved hair (usually of a monk).

The capitulum of a flower or the area of a fruit corresponding to it.

A depiction, likeness, or representation of a crown.

A piece of non-British currency with a crown on it.

(Judaism, historical) A golden stripe surrounding important historic Jewish artifacts.


officen

officen (infinitive)
to officen (infinitive)
office (infinitive)
office (first-person present singular)
officed (first-person past singular)
officest (present second-person singular)
officedest (past second-person singular)
officeth (present singular third-person)
officed (past singular third-person)
office (present singular subjunctive)
officed (past singular subjunctive)
office (imperative present singular)
officen (plural present)
office (plural present)
officeden (past plural)
officede (past plural)
officeth (imperative plural present)
office (imperative plural present)
officynge (participle present)
officende (participle present)
officed (participle past)
yofficed (participle past)

From Old French officier (modern French officier), from Latin officiō; equivalent to office + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare, Late Middle English) To execute a Christian worship service.


harres

Alternative form of haras (“stud farm; herd of studs”)


hosynge

English: hosing


hosyer

English: hosier


tappyn

Alternative form of tappen (“to touch gently”)


hosely

English: hoarsely

Scots: hairsely

In an unclear-sounding or hard to detect way.


hosnesse

English: hoarseness

From Old English hāsnes; equivalent to hos + -nesse.


taphose

From tappe and a second element, possibly hose.

(rare) A sieve placed over a spout of a container holding mash.


houselen

houselen (infinitive)
to houselen (infinitive)
housele (infinitive)
housele (first-person present singular)
houseled (first-person past singular)
houselest (present second-person singular)
houseledest (past second-person singular)
houseleth (present singular third-person)
houseled (past singular third-person)
housele (present singular subjunctive)
houseled (past singular subjunctive)
housele (imperative present singular)
houselen (plural present)
housele (plural present)
houseleden (past plural)
houselede (past plural)
houseleth (imperative plural present)
housele (imperative plural present)
houselynge (participle present)
houselende (participle present)
houseled (participle past)
yhouseled (participle past)

English: housel (archaic)

From Old English hūslian, from Proto-Germanic *hunslōną; equivalent to housel + -en (infinitival suffix).


hurde

Alternative form of herde (“piece of hards”)


fyn

English: fine

Yola: fhyne

Borrowed from Old French fin, from Latin finis.


emperesse

‘Your blisful suster, Lucina the shene,
That of the see is chief goddesse and quene,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Franklin's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1045-1048

Yet emperesse aboven him is she:’ [...]
‘Your blissful sister, Lucina the bright,
Who of the sea is chief goddess and queen,
Though Neptune have godly dominion in the sea,
Yet empress above him is she:’ …


emperie

English: empery (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French emperie, from Latin imperium. Doublet of empire.

Emperorship; the office or title of emperor.

Power, legitimacy; the authorisation required to effect change.

An empire; the domain of an emperor or empress.


horlynge

(derogatory) A lascivious or adulterous person (usually, but not always, male)


horesone

English: whoreson (obsolete)

Scots: hurson (obsolete)

(derogatory) An insult used towards men.

(rare) An illegitimate son, especially the son of a prostitute.


harehune

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of horehoune


horynesse

English: hoariness

(rare) The state of being hoary; hoariness.


hordom

English: whoredom

Scots: huredome (obsolete)

From Old Norse hórdómr; equivalent to hore + -dom.

Unsanctioned or immoral sexual behaviour or actions.

(rare) A specific instance of such behaviour or actions.

(rare, figuratively) Errant or immoral religious behaviour.

(rare) A whore or adulterer; an immoral woman.


hordere

English: hoarder

From Old English hordere; equivalent to hord + -er.

The custodian or supervisor of a stock of goods.


horyen

horyen (infinitive)
to horyen (infinitive)
horye (infinitive)
horye (first-person present singular)
horyed (first-person past singular)
horyest (present second-person singular)
horyedest (past second-person singular)
horyeth (present singular third-person)
horyed (past singular third-person)
horye (present singular subjunctive)
horyed (past singular subjunctive)
horye (imperative present singular)
horyen (plural present)
horye (plural present)
horyeden (past plural)
horyede (past plural)
horyeth (imperative plural present)
horye (imperative plural present)
horyynge (participle present)
horyende (participle present)
horyed (participle past)
yhoryed (participle past)

From Old English ġehorwian, ġehorgian, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwōną; equivalent to hore (“muck”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


hornesse

Inherited from Old English hārnes; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) + -nesse.


horehoune

English: horehound, hoarhound

→ Scots: horehound

Inherited from Old English hārhūne, hārehūne; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) and an unknown intermediate descendant of Proto-Germanic *hūnaz (later equated with hound).

Marrubium vulgare
Marrubium vulgare#Translingual


son y lawe

sone in lawe
sone in lawe#Middle_English


sone in lawe

English: son-in-law


frossh

English: frosh, frosk

From Old English frosc and Old Norse froskr, both from Proto-Germanic *fruskaz. The soft /ʃ/ of some forms is ultimately from the Old English gen.-dat. sg. frosċe(s); it is unknown whether this had already begun to spread to other cases within the Old English period or if it happened in early Middle English, when the collapse of the case system would have encouraged leveling within paradigms.

A frog or toad (member of the order Anura)


tadde

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of tode


Portesmuða

English: Portsmouth


angren

angren (infinitive)
to angren (infinitive)
angre (infinitive)
angre (first-person present singular)
angred (first-person past singular)
angrest (present second-person singular)
angredest (past second-person singular)
angreth (present singular third-person)
angred (past singular third-person)
angre (present singular subjunctive)
angred (past singular subjunctive)
angre (imperative present singular)
angren (plural present)
angre (plural present)
angreden (past plural)
angrede (past plural)
angreth (imperative plural present)
angre (imperative plural present)
angrynge (participle present)
angrende (participle present)
angred (participle past)
yangred (participle past)

English: anger

Scots: anger

Yola: angerth (adj.)

From Old Norse angra; equivalent to anger (“distress, annoyance, anger”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

And soo whan she herd how the quene was an angred for the dethe of syre Patryse / Thenne she told it openly that she was neuer gylty
"And so when she heard how the queen was an-angered for the death of Sir Patrise, then she told it openly that she was never guilty"

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur Book XVIII, Chapter viii leaf 369r:

To be annoyed, angry or upset; to be in a state of mental stress.

To annoy, anger, aggravate, or rile; to make angry.

(rare) To hurt; to inflict injury or afflictions upon someone.

(rare) To cause to be inflamed or swollen (of injuries).


angrynes

English: angriness

The state of being annoyed or angered; angriness.


angwischen

angwischen (infinitive)
to angwischen (infinitive)
angwische (infinitive)
angwische (first-person present singular)
angwisched (first-person past singular)
angwischest (present second-person singular)
angwischedest (past second-person singular)
angwischeth (present singular third-person)
angwisched (past singular third-person)
angwische (present singular subjunctive)
angwisched (past singular subjunctive)
angwische (imperative present singular)
angwischen (plural present)
angwische (plural present)
angwischeden (past plural)
angwischede (past plural)
angwischeth (imperative plural present)
angwische (imperative plural present)
angwischynge (participle present)
angwischende (participle present)
angwisched (participle past)
yangwisched (participle past)

English: anguish (verb)

From Old French angoissier; equivalent to angwissh + -en (infinitival suffix).

To torture or injure; to cause distress or anguish.

(rare) To feel or express intense pain or distress.


nasturcium

desc

English: nasturtium (archaic nasturtian, nasturtion)

From Latin nasturtium, possibly through Old English nasturcium. For forms in nars-, compare Medieval Latin narstucium.

A plant in the genus Nasturtium; watercress.

Lepidium sativum
Lepidium sativum#Translingual


bethrowen

English: bethrow

From Old English beþrāwan (“to twist”), equivalent to be- + throwen. Cognate with West Frisian bedraaie (“to cheat, deceive”), Dutch bedraaien (“to involve”), German bedrehen (“to heave to, come to”).


angwischous

From Anglo-Norman anguissous, from Medieval Latin angustiōsus; equivalent to angwissh + -ous.

Keen, motivated, raring; wanting to do something.

(rare) Causing anxiety; frightening or terrifying.

(rare) Displaying anxiety; upset or frightened.

(rare) Annoyed or spiteful; in a bad mood or frame of mind.

(rare) Violent, ferocious, hurtful; causing much injury.


hambe

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


antiquyte

English: antiquity, Antiquity

Borrowed from Old French antiquité, antiquitet, borrowed itself from Latin antīquitās.

The length of time an institution has existed for.

(rare) The quality of being old; senescence.


historiale

inflection of historial:
strong/weak plural


storiyng

The making of such a narrative or chronicle.


storien

storien (infinitive)
to storien (infinitive)
storie (infinitive)
storie (first-person present singular)
storied (first-person past singular)
storiest (present second-person singular)
storiedest (past second-person singular)
storieth (present singular third-person)
storied (past singular third-person)
storie (present singular subjunctive)
storied (past singular subjunctive)
storie (imperative present singular)
storien (plural present)
storie (plural present)
storieden (past plural)
storiede (past plural)
storieth (imperative plural present)
storie (imperative plural present)
storiynge (participle present)
storiende (participle present)
storied (participle past)
ystoried (participle past)

English: story (verb)

To incorporate or note in a historical work.

To show or depict a historical narrative.


fearen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of faren


firre

English: fir

Scots: fir

From Old English fyrh, furh, from Proto-West Germanic *furhu, from Proto-Germanic *furhō. Alternatively from Old Norse fýri, from the same Proto-Germanic source.


firre

Yola: wyddeer

From firse, the -s being taken as the plural ending.


durste

first/third-person singular past indicative

inflection of durren:
second-person singular past indicative

inflection of durren:
singular past subjunctive

inflection of durren:
plural past indicative/subjunctive


Sym

English: Sim

“Parkyn the potter hase iij that wyll not fayll, / Short schonkes and neuer a tayll; / No kalfe so greyt, as Y wene. / So has Dykon and Jac Gryme, / So has yonge Raynall and Sym, / And all thè schall hom sene.”— […] Sym, that was balyd lyke a kow, / He seyd: “Syrres, Y arest yow now.”

c. 1475, “The Hunttyng of the Hare”, in Henry Weber, editor, Metrical Romances of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries: Published from Ancient Manuscripts. […], volume III, Edinburgh: […] George Ramsay and Company, for Archibald Constable and Co. […]; and John Murray, and Constable, Hunter, Park, and Hunter, […], published 1810, pages 281 (lines 49–54) and 287 (lines 187–188):

a male given name, equivalent to English Sim


magik

English: magic

Scots: magic

From Old French magique (noun and adjective), from Latin magicus (adjective), magica (noun), from Ancient Greek μαγικός (magikós, “magical”); equivalent to mages + -ik.

der

Information about the forces of nature and the practice of manipulating these for occult ends; magic, sorcery.


magik

English: magic

Scots: magic

(only in collocations, rare) magic, magical


thamarynde

English: tamarind

From Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ


hæven

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevene


peore

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of pere (“pear”)


peretre

English: pear tree, peartree


peere

Alternative form of pere (“bridge pillar”)


pirie

Inherited from Old English piriġe, apparently from a Vulgar Latin *pirea (not known in the Romance languages); compare pere (“pear”).


pearles

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of pereles


pereles

English: peerless

Peerless, unrivalled; lacking equivalent or match.

(rare) Lacking, overcome, surpassed; having being exceeded.


dosse per

English: douzeper

From Old French doze pers (“twelve peers”), reinterpreted as a single word.

One of twelve great French nobles, especially at Charlemagne's court.

Any renowned or notable fighter, lord, or magnate.


disparagen

disparagen (infinitive)
to disparagen (infinitive)
disparage (infinitive)
disparage (first-person present singular)
disparaged (first-person past singular)
disparage (first-person past singular)
disparagest (present second-person singular)
disparagedest (past second-person singular)
disparagest (past second-person singular)
disparageth (present singular third-person)
disparaged (past singular third-person)
disparage (past singular third-person)
disparage (present singular subjunctive)
disparaged (past singular subjunctive)
disparage (past singular subjunctive)
disparage (imperative present singular)
disparagen (plural present)
disparage (plural present)
disparageden (past plural)
disparagede (past plural)
disparagen (past plural)
disparage (past plural)
disparageth (imperative plural present)
disparage (imperative plural present)
disparagynge (participle present)
disparagende (participle present)
disparaged (participle past)
disparage (participle past)
ydisparaged (participle past)

English: disparage (verb)

From Old French disparagier; equivalent to disparage + -en (infinitival suffix).

To shame or lower one's societal place; to bring into ignominy.

(rare, euphemistic) To have extramarital (and often nonconsensual) sex with a woman.

(rare) To shame or humiliate a divinity or god.

(rare) To ruin, reduce, or devastate; to make into nothing.


ciser

→ English: cyser

From Medieval Latin sīcera, from Ancient Greek σίκερα (síkera), from Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār). Doublet of sider.

Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār)

Any alcoholic beverage of great strength and potency.


sisours

English: scissors

Scots: scissors, shissors, chizors

From Old French cisoires, from Vulgar Latin *cīsōria.


beever

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bever (“beaver”)


beofer

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bever (“beaver”)


tirannye

English: tyranny

Scots: tyranny

From Old French tyrannie, from Medieval Latin tyrannia, from Ancient Greek τυραννία (turannía); equivalent to and influenced by tyraunt + -ie.

Tyranny, tyrannical deeds; the harsh and merciless actions of a ruler.

A tyrannical deed; a ruler's harsh, tyrannical and merciless action.

Harshness, cruelness, ruthless, torment; the state of being excessively cruel.

The total control that a specified feeling has upon someone.

(rare) What an absolute monarch does and decides.


tyraundise

From Old French tirandise, tirannise, equivalent to tyraunt + -ise.

Tyranny; the harsh and merciless actions of a ruler.

The situation of being under the rule of despots.

An excessively or extremely high level of ruthlessness.


tyrauntrie

The rulership, authority, or control of a despot or evil force.

The state of being oppressed or maltreated; keeping down.

(rare) An excessively or extremely high level of ruthlessness.


fesaunt

English: pheasant
→ Welsh: ffesant

Scots: pheasant

Borrowed from Old French fesan, from Latin phāsiānus, from Ancient Greek φᾱσιανός (phāsianós).


flaught

English: flaught

Scots: flaucht

From either Old English *fleaht or Old Norse *flahtr (for later fláttr), from Proto-Germanic *flahtuz, from *flahaną (“to flay”).


senevey

English: senvy (obsolete)

From Old French senevé, senevei, from Vulgar Latin *sināpātium.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

mustard or its seed (often used in cuisine and medicine)


poynaunt

English: poignant

From Anglo-Norman puignant; equivalent to poynen + -ant.

Wo was his cook, but if his ſauce were / Poynaunt and ſhaꝛp, and redy al his geere.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 353–354:

Woe to his cook, except if his sauce was / sour and sharp, and all his equipment was ready.


poynen

enm-verb

poynen (third-person singular simple present poyneth, present participle poynende, poynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle poyned)

poyneth (present singular third-person)
poynende (participle present)
poynynge (participle present)
poyned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
poynen (infinitive)
to poynen (infinitive)
poyne (infinitive)
poyne (first-person present singular)
poyned (first-person past singular)
poynest (present second-person singular)
poynedest (past second-person singular)
poyneth (present singular third-person)
poyned (past singular third-person)
poyne (present singular subjunctive)
poyned (past singular subjunctive)
poyne (imperative present singular)
poynen (plural present)
poyne (plural present)
poyneden (past plural)
poynede (past plural)
poyneth (imperative plural present)
poyne (imperative plural present)
poynynge (participle present)
poynende (participle present)
poyned (participle past)
ypoyned (participle past)

From Old French poindre, from Latin pungō, from Proto-Italic *pungō.

To hassle or harass; to cause annoyance.


anteme

English: anthem
→ Welsh: anthem

Scots: anthem

From Old English antefn, antefen and Old French antiene, anteine, anteivne, both from Ecclesiastical Latin *antephōna, from Latin antiphōna, from Ancient Greek ἀντίφωνα (antíphōna).

A biblically-based chant; especially one sung before and after psalms (an antiphon).

(rare) A non-religious musical work or piece.


comyne

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of comyn


cymin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of comyn


comyn

English: cumin

From Old English cymen and Old French cummin, both from Latin cumīnum, from Ancient Greek κύμινον (kúminon), a Semitic borrowing ultimately from Akkadian 𒂵𒈬𒉡 (Ú.GAMUN /kamūnu/, “cumin”).

der

Whether whanne he hath maad euene the face therof, ſchal he not ſowe ȝith, and ſprenge abrood comyn? and he ſchal not ſette wheete bi ordre, and barli, and mylium, and fetchis in his cooſtis? / And his God ſchal teche hym, in doom he ſchal teche hym.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Isaiah 28:25-26”, in Wycliffe's Bible^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Isaiah#Chapter_28):

When he's made the surface of that (the earth) even, shouldn't he sow it, and sprinkle cumin on top of it? And shouldn't he put wheat where it goes, and barley, millet, and vetch in its nature? / And his God will teach him; in judgement he will teach him.

Cumin or its seed, often used in cuisine and medicine.


dombenesse

English: dumbness

From Old English dumbnes; equivalent to dumb + -nesse.

Silence; not speaking in a given situation.


mannrede

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of manrede


man ræden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of manrede


humayne

English: human, humane

Scots: human, humane

From Middle French humain, from Old French humain, umain, from Latin hūmānus.

(Late Middle English, rare) human (relating to humanity).


humanyte

English: humanity

Scots: humanity

From Old French humanité, from Latin hūmānitās; equivalent to humayne + -ite.

The condition or behaviour of humans; human nature.

Generosity, benevolence, courteousness; the state of being gracious.


manrede

English: manred, mandred (obsolete)

Middle Scots: manred, manrent

→ English: manrent

Inherited from Old English manrǣden (“homage, service”); equivalent to man (“man”) + -rede (“-hood”).

inh+

Homage; feudal allegiance or dependence.

(rare, Late Middle English) Vassals; the men pledged to a feudal lord.

(rare, Early Middle English) The act of sexual intercourse.


bedeman

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">beadman</i>

English: beadsman (obsolete beadman)

Scots: bedesman

A petitioner; one who presents a petition or legal case.

A man employed in praying; especially one who prays for another.

An almsman (pauper required to pray for a founder)

A term of address used for an individual attentive to one's needs.

(rare) An announcer; one employed to deliver a message.


pesecod

English: peasecod, peascod, peacod


coddes

From Old English coddas, plural of codd; equivalent to cod (“seedpod”) + -es.


questioun

English: question

Scots: quaisten, quastin

→ Welsh: cwestiwn

From Anglo-Norman questiun, from Latin quaestiōnem, accusative of quaestiō; equivalent to quest + -ioun.

A question, ask, or query; something asked.

A subject in the theoretical sciences for consideration or conversation about it.

A problematic topic or issue; a cause for concern.

A challenge of something's veracity or factuality.

An argument; a conversational attempt to resolve disagreement.

A legal action or move or the claims made in such a move.

(rare) A topic awaiting a future decision or determination.

(rare) A petition; the act of asking to do something.


moȝen

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


mowynge

English: mowing

Scots: mawing, mawin

A requirement to mow imposed on tenants.


mouwe

From Old English magan (“to use, to win, to be able to”).


weved

From Old English wēofod (“altar”). From wēoh (“idol, image”) + bed (“bed”), from Proto-Germanic *wīhą (“sacred place or thing”) and *badją (“plot, bed”).
Alternatively, the second component could be Old English bēod (“offering stage, dish”), from Proto-Germanic *beudaz (“offering stage”).

der

Þe king wende to Rome, to þan heȝe dome... he Peteres weofed þere wunliche isohte, brohte þer to lake his maðmes leofe

The king went to Rome, to the high church... he besought Peter's altar there with joy, and brought there as a gift his dear treasure

He makede bi þon weofede a swiðe wunsum fur; Niȝen siðen he bi-eode þat weofed for his neode

He made on the altar a swith winsome fire, nine since he cultivated that altar for his need

Oure lordes fflesch al-so Shal beo ysacred vp þe weued

Our Lord's flesh also shall be hallowed upon the altar


syment

English: cement (see there for further descendants)

Scots: siment, syment, symond, cement

Borrowed from Old French siment, from Latin caementum.

Cement, mortar, or a similar substance used in construction.