Charlemagne

English: Charlemagne

From Middle French Charlemagne, from Old French Carles li magnes. Compare earlier Charlemayn.

And also that my sayd Lorde / desyreth to have other Hystories of olde tyme / passed of vertues chyvalry, reduced in lykewyse into our Englishe tongue: he late sent to me a booke in Frenche, conteynyng thactes / and faytes of warre / doone and made agaynst yᵉ great Emperour and king of Fraunce, Charlemagne, by yᵉ .iiii. sonnes of Aymon, otherwyse named in Frenche, ‘Les quatre fylz Aymon.’

1490, William Caxton, transl., The Right Plesaunt and Goodly Historie of the Foure Sonnes of Aymon. […] (The English Charlemagne Romances; parts X, XI), London: […] [F]or the Early English Text Society by N[icholas] Trübner & Co., […], published 1885, page 4:


nep

Alternative form of nap (“drinking bowl”)


wlatsome

From wlāte (“nausea, disgust, repugnance, loath”), from Old English wlǣtta (“loathing, nausea, eructation, heartburn”).

der

1380-90 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Nun’s Priest's Tale

loathsome, disgusting, hateful, abominable, repulsive, repugnant


admirad

From addition of an excrescent /d/ to forms of Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).

Alternative form of amiral, an emir or Muslim prince.


abusen

abusen (infinitive)
to abusen (infinitive)
abuse (infinitive)
abuse (first-person present singular)
abused (first-person past singular)
abusest (present second-person singular)
abusedest (past second-person singular)
abuseth (present singular third-person)
abused (past singular third-person)
abuse (present singular subjunctive)
abused (past singular subjunctive)
abuse (imperative present singular)
abusen (plural present)
abuse (plural present)
abuseden (past plural)
abusede (past plural)
abuseth (imperative plural present)
abuse (imperative plural present)
abusynge (participle present)
abusende (participle present)
abused (participle past)

English: abuse

desc

Scots: abuise, abuize, abaise, abase, abeese

To injure; to mistreat:
(rare) To mislead; to abuse trust.

To injure; to mistreat:
To mislead; to abuse trust.

To injure; to mistreat:
(rare) To sexually abuse.

To injure; to mistreat:
To sexually abuse.


yem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em (“uncle”)


yem

(Northern, northern East Midlands) Alternative form of þem (“them”)


yem

Alternative form of yeme (“attention, care”)


deciden

deciden (infinitive)
to deciden (infinitive)
decide (infinitive)
decide (first-person present singular)
decided (first-person past singular)
decidest (present second-person singular)
decidedest (past second-person singular)
decideth (present singular third-person)
decided (past singular third-person)
decide (present singular subjunctive)
decided (past singular subjunctive)
decide (imperative present singular)
deciden (plural present)
decide (plural present)
decideden (past plural)
decidede (past plural)
decideth (imperative plural present)
decide (imperative plural present)
decidynge (participle present)
decidende (participle present)
decided (participle past)
ydecided (participle past)

English: decide

Scots: decide

From Middle French decider, from Latin dēcīdō.

To make a ruling or judgement; to decide an issue or matter of discontent.


salten

salten (infinitive)
to salten (infinitive)
salte (infinitive)
salte (first-person present singular)
salted (first-person past singular)
salte (first-person past singular)
selt (first-person past singular)
saltest (present second-person singular)
saltedest (past second-person singular)
saltest (past second-person singular)
selte (past second-person singular)
selt (past second-person singular)
salteth (present singular third-person)
salted (past singular third-person)
salte (past singular third-person)
selt (past singular third-person)
salte (present singular subjunctive)
salted (past singular subjunctive)
salte (past singular subjunctive)
selte (past singular subjunctive)
salte (imperative present singular)
salten (plural present)
salte (plural present)
salteden (past plural)
saltede (past plural)
salten (past plural)
salte (past plural)
selten (past plural)
selte (past plural)
salteth (imperative plural present)
salte (imperative plural present)
saltynge (participle present)
saltende (participle present)
salted (participle past)
ysalted (participle past)
salt (participle past)
ysalt (participle past)
selte (participle past)
yselte (participle past)

English: salt

Scots: saut

From Old English sealtan, from Proto-Germanic *saltaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l-; equivalent to salt + -en (infinitival suffix).

To salt food; to sprinkle with salt for flavour.

To use salt to aid the preservation or keeping of food.

(rare) To apply salt to the body for medicinal reasons.

(rare) To apply salt to open wounds as a method of torture.


fela

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fele (“many”)


abaten

abaten (infinitive)
to abaten (infinitive)
abate (infinitive)
abate (first-person present singular)
abated (first-person past singular)
abatest (present second-person singular)
abatedest (past second-person singular)
abateth (present singular third-person)
abated (past singular third-person)
abate (present singular subjunctive)
abated (past singular subjunctive)
abate (imperative present singular)
abaten (plural present)
abate (plural present)
abateden (past plural)
abatede (past plural)
abateth (imperative plural present)
abate (imperative plural present)
abatynge (participle present)
abatende (participle present)
abated (participle past)
yabated (participle past)

English: abate


comen

enm-verb

comen (third-person singular simple present cometh, present participle comende, comynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative cam, past participle comen)

cometh (present singular third-person)
comende (participle present)
comynge (participle present)
cam (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
comen (participle past)
comen (infinitive)
to comen (infinitive)
come (infinitive)
come (first-person present singular)
cam (first-person past singular)
com (first-person past singular)
comest (present second-person singular)
come (past second-person singular)
came (past second-person singular)
cam (past second-person singular)
com (past second-person singular)
cometh (present singular third-person)
cam (past singular third-person)
com (past singular third-person)
come (present singular subjunctive)
come (past singular subjunctive)
came (past singular subjunctive)
come (imperative present singular)
comen (plural present)
come (plural present)
comen (past plural)
come (past plural)
camen (past plural)
came (past plural)
cometh (imperative plural present)
come (imperative plural present)
comynge (participle present)
comende (participle present)
comen (participle past)
come (participle past)
ycome (participle past)

English: come, cum

Solombala English: комъ (kom)

Scots: cum

Yola: coome, come, cum

From Old English coman, cuman, from Proto-West Germanic *kweman. Past forms in -a- are by analogy with other class 4 strong verbs; e.g. stal, past of stelen.

I cam to ſende fier in to þe erþe / ⁊ what wole I .· but þat it be kyndlid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 12:49, page 36r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I came to light the earth on fire. All I want is that it gets burnt.

At nyght was come into that hostelrye
Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 23–24:

There came at nightfall to that hostelry
Some nine and twenty in a company


administren

administren (infinitive)
to administren (infinitive)
administre (infinitive)
administre (first-person present singular)
administred (first-person past singular)
administrest (present second-person singular)
administredest (past second-person singular)
administreth (present singular third-person)
administred (past singular third-person)
administre (present singular subjunctive)
administred (past singular subjunctive)
administre (imperative present singular)
administren (plural present)
administre (plural present)
administreden (past plural)
administrede (past plural)
administreth (imperative plural present)
administre (imperative plural present)
administrynge (participle present)
administrende (participle present)
administred (participle past)

English: administer

Scots: admeenister

Borrowed from Old French aminister, from Latin administrare (“to manage, execute”).


alienen

alienen (infinitive)
to alienen (infinitive)
aliene (infinitive)
aliene (first-person present singular)
aliened (first-person past singular)
alienest (present second-person singular)
alienedest (past second-person singular)
alieneth (present singular third-person)
aliened (past singular third-person)
aliene (present singular subjunctive)
aliened (past singular subjunctive)
aliene (imperative present singular)
alienen (plural present)
aliene (plural present)
alieneden (past plural)
alienede (past plural)
alieneth (imperative plural present)
aliene (imperative plural present)
alienynge (participle present)
alienende (participle present)
aliened (participle past)
yaliened (participle past)

English: alien, aliene

From Old French aliener, from Latin aliēnō.

To renounce or forgo lands, possessions, or privileges.

To separate, estrange oneself, or renounce allegiance (to a higher power)

(rare) To make oneself ineligible refuse benefits.

(rare) To repurpose lands; to utilise lands for something different.

(rare) To modify or change; to make different.

(rare) To take away; to revoke, or split.


amad

Formed as if a- + mad. However, this word is attested before mad (which largely displaces it in the later language), which might be an aphetic form of it; in this case, it would be a modification of Old English ġemǣdd with a different prefix.

Mad, insane, deranged; not of sound mind.

Emotionally overwhelmed; consumed by mood or feelings.


aren

English: are

From Old English earon, earun, arun, alternative present plural of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *arun, an innovated third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).


boun

English: boun (obsolete); bound

Scots: boun

Borrowed from Old Norse búinn, past participle of búa (“to prepare”). Forms with /oː/ are from Old East Norse *bóinn.

Ready, prepared, organised:
Motivated, raring, eager.

Ready, prepared, organised:
Loyal, subservient, compliant.

To ϸis ϸai all aſſentyt ar / And bad ϸ[air] men all mak ϸai[m] ȝar / For to be boune agayne ϸ[at] day / On ϸe beſt wiß ϸ[at] eu[ir] ϸai may

c. 1375, “Book XI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 37, verso, lines 69-73; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

To this they'd all assented, / and made their men make themselves ready / to be prepared again that day / in the best way that they're able to.


avalen

avalen (infinitive)
to avalen (infinitive)
avale (infinitive)
avale (first-person present singular)
avaled (first-person past singular)
avalest (present second-person singular)
avaledest (past second-person singular)
avaleth (present singular third-person)
avaled (past singular third-person)
avale (present singular subjunctive)
avaled (past singular subjunctive)
avale (imperative present singular)
avalen (plural present)
avale (plural present)
avaleden (past plural)
avalede (past plural)
avaleth (imperative plural present)
avale (imperative plural present)
avalynge (participle present)
avalende (participle present)
avaled (participle past)
yavaled (participle past)

English: avale

From Old French avaler, a univerbation of a val (“to the valley”). Equivalent to a- + vale + -en (infinitival suffix); compare valen.


avisen

avisen (infinitive)
to avisen (infinitive)
avise (infinitive)
avise (first-person present singular)
avised (first-person past singular)
avisest (present second-person singular)
avisedest (past second-person singular)
aviseth (present singular third-person)
avised (past singular third-person)
avise (present singular subjunctive)
avised (past singular subjunctive)
avise (imperative present singular)
avisen (plural present)
avise (plural present)
aviseden (past plural)
avisede (past plural)
aviseth (imperative plural present)
avise (imperative plural present)
avisynge (participle present)
avisende (participle present)
avised (participle past)
yavised (participle past)

English: advise, avise


elven

English: elven, elfe (obsolete)

From Old English elfen, ælfen (“nymph, spirit, fairy”), feminine of elf, ælf (“elf”); by surface analysis, elf + en (feminine suffix). Compare Middle High German elbinne (“fairy, nymph”).

cog

Ofte in fourme of wommane In many derne weye grete compaygnie men i-seoth of heom boþe hoppie and pleiᵹe, þat Eluene beoth i-cleopede

(Oft in the form of women, in very stealthy ways, great numbers of men see fallen angels both happy and playful, that Elvene are embraced,)

& ofte in wimmen fourme hii comeþ to men al so, Þat men clupeþ eluene. —

1300, The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester:

(& oft in women form come hither to men, so that men lay with the elvene.)

A (especially female) elf, a fairy, nymph


gamely

From Old English gamenlīċe; equivalent to game + -ly.

Mirthfully, gaily; joyfully; in a gamely way.


bales

From bale (“evil”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


bales

From bale (“bale”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


birlen

birlen (infinitive)
to birlen (infinitive)
birle (infinitive)
birle (first-person present singular)
birled (first-person past singular)
birlest (present second-person singular)
birledest (past second-person singular)
birleth (present singular third-person)
birled (past singular third-person)
birle (present singular subjunctive)
birled (past singular subjunctive)
birle (imperative present singular)
birlen (plural present)
birle (plural present)
birleden (past plural)
birlede (past plural)
birleth (imperative plural present)
birle (imperative plural present)
birlynge (participle present)
birlende (participle present)
birled (participle past)
ybirled (participle past)

English: birl

Fingallian: berril


baten

enm-verb

baten (third-person singular simple present bateth, present participle batende, batynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bated)

bateth (present singular third-person)
batende (participle present)
batynge (participle present)
bated (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
baten (infinitive)
to baten (infinitive)
bate (first-person present singular)
bated (first-person past singular)
batest (present second-person singular)
batedest (past second-person singular)
bateth (present singular third-person)
bated (past singular third-person)
bate (present singular subjunctive)
bated (past singular subjunctive)
bate (imperative present singular)
baten (plural present)
bate (plural present)
bateden (past plural)
batede (past plural)
bateth (imperative plural present)
bate (imperative plural present)
batynge (participle present)
batende (participle present)
bated (participle past)
ybated (participle past)

English: bat; bate

Scots: bat, batt

Borrowed from Old French batre, from Latin battere, for earlier battuere; doublet of bateren.

To batter; to forcefully or repetitively beat or whack.

To fight or strive; to be in conflict with.

(rare) To pat; to gently and lightly touch.

(rare, of an animal) To flap one's limbs.


baten

English: bate; bat

To dwindle or stop; to no longer occur (as much)

To halt or slow; to cause to lessen or abate.

To reassure or hearten; to free of worry.

(rare) To eliminate a collective irrational emotion.

(in negations) To eliminate a positive attitude.

To abase or humiliate; to break haughtiness.


botes

From Old English bātas, plural of bāt; equivalent to bote (“boot”) + -es.


boten

boten (infinitive)
to boten (infinitive)
bote (infinitive)
bote (first-person present singular)
boted (first-person past singular)
botest (present second-person singular)
botedest (past second-person singular)
boteth (present singular third-person)
boted (past singular third-person)
bote (present singular subjunctive)
boted (past singular subjunctive)
bote (imperative present singular)
boten (plural present)
bote (plural present)
boteden (past plural)
botede (past plural)
boteth (imperative plural present)
bote (imperative plural present)
botynge (participle present)
botende (participle present)
boted (participle past)
yboted (participle past)

English: boot

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōtian; equivalent to bote (“help”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To solve; to release from disease or hardship or provide security.

To be useful, helpful, or handy; to come in, be of, or be able to be productively used.

(rare) To add an extra item in a swapping of goods to make the things swapped equivalent.

(rare) To provide taxes, levies or money as compensation (for a service or past wrong).

(rare) To profit, to gain or obtain benefit from.


boten

English: boot

Scots: bute, buit

From bote (“boot”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To equip with boots or give boots for use.


boten

From bote (“help”) + -en (plural suffix).

Lo, her aᵹeines wreaððe monie remedies ... & misliche boten. — The Ancren Riwle, 1230

Heo lufeden bi wurten, bi moren, and bi rote; nas þer nan oðer boten. — Layamon's Brut, 1275


callen

callen (infinitive)
to callen (infinitive)
calle (infinitive)
calle (first-person present singular)
called (first-person past singular)
callest (present second-person singular)
calledest (past second-person singular)
calleth (present singular third-person)
called (past singular third-person)
calle (present singular subjunctive)
called (past singular subjunctive)
calle (imperative present singular)
callen (plural present)
calle (plural present)
calleden (past plural)
callede (past plural)
calleth (imperative plural present)
calle (imperative plural present)
callynge (participle present)
callende (participle present)
called (participle past)
ycalled (participle past)

English: call

Yola: caulthe (preterite)

From Old English ceallian and Old Norse kalla, both from Proto-Germanic *kalzōną.


capacite

English: capacity

From Old French capacite, from Latin capācitās.

Ability, competence, capableness; the degree to which something is capable.

The degree to which something is capable of holding; capacity, volume.

Authorisation given by a government or legal authority or a bill granting it.


casare

(Early Scots) Alternative form of casere


causen

causen (infinitive)
to causen (infinitive)
cause (infinitive)
cause (first-person present singular)
caused (first-person past singular)
causest (present second-person singular)
causedest (past second-person singular)
causeth (present singular third-person)
caused (past singular third-person)
cause (present singular subjunctive)
caused (past singular subjunctive)
cause (imperative present singular)
causen (plural present)
cause (plural present)
causeden (past plural)
causede (past plural)
causeth (imperative plural present)
cause (imperative plural present)
causynge (participle present)
causende (participle present)
caused (participle past)

English: cause

Yola: cazed (preterite)

From Old French causer, from Latin causāre.


caven

caven (infinitive)
to caven (infinitive)
cave (infinitive)
cave (first-person present singular)
caved (first-person past singular)
cavest (present second-person singular)
cavedest (past second-person singular)
caveth (present singular third-person)
caved (past singular third-person)
cave (present singular subjunctive)
caved (past singular subjunctive)
cave (imperative present singular)
caven (plural present)
cave (plural present)
caveden (past plural)
cavede (past plural)
caveth (imperative plural present)
cave (imperative plural present)
cavynge (participle present)
cavende (participle present)
caved (participle past)
ycaved (participle past)

English: cave

Either a borrowing from Latin cavō or formed anew from cave (“cave”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


cesen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chesen


chape

English: chape

Borrowed from Old French chape, from Latin cappa. Doublet of cappe and cope.

A metal cover or mounting, especially the chape of a scabbard.


colee

Yola: cowlee


comande

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


comparen

comparen (infinitive)
to comparen (infinitive)
compare (infinitive)
compare (first-person present singular)
compared (first-person past singular)
comparest (present second-person singular)
comparedest (past second-person singular)
compareth (present singular third-person)
compared (past singular third-person)
compare (present singular subjunctive)
compared (past singular subjunctive)
compare (imperative present singular)
comparen (plural present)
compare (plural present)
compareden (past plural)
comparede (past plural)
compareth (imperative plural present)
compare (imperative plural present)
comparynge (participle present)
comparende (participle present)
compared (participle past)

English: compare

Borrowed from Old French comperer, comparer, from Latin comparō, comparāre.

To give something identical value to something else.

To compare; to examine the similarities and differences between two things.


completen

English: complete

Derived from compleet (“complete”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


conformen

head

conformen (plural simple past conformeden)


congelen

congelen (infinitive)
to congelen (infinitive)
congele (infinitive)
congele (first-person present singular)
congeled (first-person past singular)
congelest (present second-person singular)
congeledest (past second-person singular)
congeleth (present singular third-person)
congeled (past singular third-person)
congele (present singular subjunctive)
congeled (past singular subjunctive)
congele (imperative present singular)
congelen (plural present)
congele (plural present)
congeleden (past plural)
congelede (past plural)
congeleth (imperative plural present)
congele (imperative plural present)
congelynge (participle present)
congelende (participle present)
congeled (participle past)
ycongeled (participle past)

English: congeal

From Middle French congeler, from Latin congēlō; equivalent to con- + gelen.


conjuren

conjuren (infinitive)
to conjuren (infinitive)
conjure (infinitive)
conjure (first-person present singular)
conjured (first-person past singular)
conjurest (present second-person singular)
conjuredest (past second-person singular)
conjureth (present singular third-person)
conjured (past singular third-person)
conjure (present singular subjunctive)
conjured (past singular subjunctive)
conjure (imperative present singular)
conjuren (plural present)
conjure (plural present)
conjureden (past plural)
conjurede (past plural)
conjureth (imperative plural present)
conjure (imperative plural present)
conjurynge (participle present)
conjurende (participle present)
conjured (participle past)
yconjured (participle past)

English: conjure

Borrowed from Old French conjurer, from Latin coniūrō.

To conjure; to summon or practice summoning.


consideren

enm-verb

consideren (third-person singular simple present considereth, present participle considerende, considerynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle considered)

considereth (present singular third-person)
considerende (participle present)
considerynge (participle present)
considered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
consideren (infinitive)
to consideren (infinitive)
considere (infinitive)
considere (first-person present singular)
considered (first-person past singular)
considerest (present second-person singular)
consideredest (past second-person singular)
considereth (present singular third-person)
considered (past singular third-person)
considere (present singular subjunctive)
considered (past singular subjunctive)
considere (imperative present singular)
consideren (plural present)
considere (plural present)
considereden (past plural)
considerede (past plural)
considereth (imperative plural present)
considere (imperative plural present)
considerynge (participle present)
considerende (participle present)
considered (participle past)
yconsidered (participle past)

English: consider

From Middle French considerer, from Latin cōnsīderō.

For the poete seith that 'we oghte paciently taken the tribulacions that comen to us, whan we thynken and consideren that we han disserved to have hem.'

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of Melibee”, in Canterbury Tales:


contenten

contenten (infinitive)
to contenten (infinitive)
contente (infinitive)
contente (first-person present singular)
contented (first-person past singular)
contentest (present second-person singular)
contentedest (past second-person singular)
contenteth (present singular third-person)
contented (past singular third-person)
contente (present singular subjunctive)
contented (past singular subjunctive)
contente (imperative present singular)
contenten (plural present)
contente (plural present)
contenteden (past plural)
contentede (past plural)
contenteth (imperative plural present)
contente (imperative plural present)
contentynge (participle present)
contentende (participle present)
contented (participle past)
ycontented (participle past)

English: content

Yola: contented (adj.)

Borrowed from Old French contenter and from Medieval Latin contentāre.


copien

copien (third-person singular simple present copieth, present participle copiende, copiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle copied)

copieth (present singular third-person)
copiende (participle present)
copiynge (participle present)
copied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
copien (infinitive)
to copien (infinitive)
copie (infinitive)
copie (first-person present singular)
copied (first-person past singular)
copiest (present second-person singular)
copiedest (past second-person singular)
copieth (present singular third-person)
copied (past singular third-person)
copie (present singular subjunctive)
copied (past singular subjunctive)
copie (imperative present singular)
copien (plural present)
copie (plural present)
copieden (past plural)
copiede (past plural)
copieth (imperative plural present)
copie (imperative plural present)
copiynge (participle present)
copiende (participle present)
copied (participle past)
ycopied (participle past)

From Old French copier, from Medieval Latin cōpiō


crispen

crispen (infinitive)
to crispen (infinitive)
crispe (infinitive)
crispe (first-person present singular)
crisped (first-person past singular)
crispest (present second-person singular)
crispedest (past second-person singular)
crispeth (present singular third-person)
crisped (past singular third-person)
crispe (present singular subjunctive)
crisped (past singular subjunctive)
crispe (imperative present singular)
crispen (plural present)
crispe (plural present)
crispeden (past plural)
crispede (past plural)
crispeth (imperative plural present)
crispe (imperative plural present)
crispynge (participle present)
crispende (participle present)
crisped (participle past)
ycrisped (participle past)

English: crisp

Scots: crisp

From Latin crispō and Old French crespir; equivalent to crisp (“curly”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


cunde

English: kind

From Old English cynd, from Proto-Germanic *kinþiz, *kundiz.


cunde

English: kind (adjective)


deformen

enm-verb

deformen (third-person singular simple present deformeth, present participle deformende, deformynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle deformed)

deformeth (present singular third-person)
deformende (participle present)
deformynge (participle present)
deformed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
deformen (infinitive)
to deformen (infinitive)
deforme (infinitive)
deforme (first-person present singular)
deformed (first-person past singular)
deformest (present second-person singular)
deformedest (past second-person singular)
deformeth (present singular third-person)
deformed (past singular third-person)
deforme (present singular subjunctive)
deformed (past singular subjunctive)
deforme (imperative present singular)
deformen (plural present)
deforme (plural present)
deformeden (past plural)
deformede (past plural)
deformeth (imperative plural present)
deforme (imperative plural present)
deformynge (participle present)
deformende (participle present)
deformed (participle past)
ydeformed (participle past)

English: deform

Borrowed from Old French deformer, from Latin dēfōrmō; equivalent to de- + formen.


deserte

Alternative form of desert (“wilderness”)


sitten

English: sit

Scots: sit

Yola: zit

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *sed-
Proto-Indo-European *-yeti
Proto-Indo-European *sédyeti
Proto-Germanic *sitjaną
Proto-West Germanic *sittjan
Old English sittan
Middle English sitten
From Old English sittan.


bypath

English: bypath, by-path


byword

English: byword

From Old English bīword, modified from earlier bīwyrde, from Proto-West Germanic *bīwurdī; equivalent to by- + word.


dicte

English: dict

Here endeth the book named the dictes or sayengis of the philosophres enprynted. by me william Caxton at westmestre the yere of our lord .M.CCCC.Lxx vij.

1477, William Caxton, “Et sic est finis”, in The Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, Westminster, London: William Caxton, folio 74, recto:


doten

doten (infinitive)
to doten (infinitive)
dote (infinitive)
dote (first-person present singular)
doted (first-person past singular)
dotest (present second-person singular)
dotedest (past second-person singular)
doteth (present singular third-person)
doted (past singular third-person)
dote (present singular subjunctive)
doted (past singular subjunctive)
dote (imperative present singular)
doten (plural present)
dote (plural present)
doteden (past plural)
dotede (past plural)
doteth (imperative plural present)
dote (imperative plural present)
dotynge (participle present)
dotende (participle present)
doted (participle past)
ydoted (participle past)

English: dote

Scots: doit

From Middle Low German or Middle Dutch doten (“be silly”), perhaps ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þeutaną (“to roar, howl”), similar to Dutch dutten.

der

To be or become or foolish, deranged or insane.

To be or become senile; to suffer from the wear of age.

(rare) To fall apart; to suffer from wear.


dore

English: door

Sranan Tongo: doro

Scots: dure, dur

Yola: dher

From Old English duru, from Proto-West Germanic *dur, from Proto-Germanic *durz.


duche

English: duchy


Vesper

English: Vesper

Borrowed from Latin vesper (“evening, evening star”).

(astronomy) The planet closely associated with the evening: Venus.


hares

Alternative form of haras (“stud farm; herd of studs”)


gores

plural of gore (“patch (of land, fabric), clothes”)


faculte

English: faculty

Scots: faculty

Borrowed from Old French faculte, from Latin facultās, a variant of facilitās.

Power, skill, capability, capacity; the amount which someone is capable of.

A domain or area of learning or study; a science or art.

Goods or effects; that which one owns or holds to be of value.

(rare) A division or department of a tertiary institution or the people working within it.

(rare) Softness or lack of firmness while touching.


fleten

fleten (infinitive)
to fleten (infinitive)
flete (infinitive)
flete (first-person present singular)
fleted (first-person past singular)
flette (first-person past singular)
flet (first-person past singular)
fletest (present second-person singular)
fletedest (past second-person singular)
flettest (past second-person singular)
flute (past second-person singular)
flet (past second-person singular)
fleteth (present singular third-person)
fleted (past singular third-person)
flette (past singular third-person)
flet (past singular third-person)
flete (present singular subjunctive)
fleted (past singular subjunctive)
flette (past singular subjunctive)
flute (past singular subjunctive)
flete (imperative present singular)
fleten (plural present)
flete (plural present)
fleteden (past plural)
fletede (past plural)
fletten (past plural)
flette (past plural)
fluten (past plural)
flute (past plural)
fleteth (imperative plural present)
flete (imperative plural present)
fletynge (participle present)
fletende (participle present)
fleted (participle past)
floten (participle past)

English: fleet

Scots: fleet

From Old English flēotan, from Proto-Germanic *fleutaną.

To go or change position; to experience movement:

To float; to stay buoyant on the surface of a liquid.

To move or propel oneself in or on the water; to swim.

To move on a vessel or raft across water; to be conveyed over a liquid.

To stream or flow; to move smoothly as a liquid or fluid.

(Late Middle English) To spread or propel throughout the air.

(rare) To drag on the ground (used of clothing)

To wander around; to have no direction or consistency.

To be ephemeral, fleeting, or temporary; to lack permanence.

(Late Middle English) To remove scum or cream from a fluid.

(rare) To have something in great or excessive quantity

(rare) To lack restraint in speech; to describe excessively.


filme

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fillum</i>

English: film (dialectal fillum)

Scots: flim, fillum

From Old English filmen, from Proto-Germanic *filminją.


fomenten

fomenten (infinitive)
to fomenten (infinitive)
fomente (first-person present singular)
fomented (first-person past singular)
fomentest (present second-person singular)
fomentedest (past second-person singular)
fomenteth (present singular third-person)
fomented (past singular third-person)
fomente (present singular subjunctive)
fomented (past singular subjunctive)
fomente (imperative present singular)
fomenten (plural present)
fomente (plural present)
fomenteden (past plural)
fomentede (past plural)
fomenteth (imperative plural present)
fomente (imperative plural present)
fomentynge (participle present)
fomentende (participle present)
fomented (participle past)

English: foment

From Old French fomenter, from Late Latin fōmentare.

(medicine) To apply a warm, soft medicament.


floten

floten (infinitive)
to floten (infinitive)
flote (infinitive)
flote (first-person present singular)
floted (first-person past singular)
flotest (present second-person singular)
flotedest (past second-person singular)
floteth (present singular third-person)
floted (past singular third-person)
flote (present singular subjunctive)
floted (past singular subjunctive)
flote (imperative present singular)
floten (plural present)
flote (plural present)
floteden (past plural)
flotede (past plural)
floteth (imperative plural present)
flote (imperative plural present)
flotynge (participle present)
flotende (participle present)
floted (participle past)
yfloted (participle past)

English: float

→ German: floaten

Scots: flote, flot, floit

From Old English flotian, from Proto-Germanic *flutōną.

To move in or around water; to float or swim:

(rare) To stream or flow; to move smoothly as a liquid or fluid.

(rare) To waft; to be propelled by air (of a scent)

(rare) To go or travel, especially with great speed.


flete

English: fleet

Scots: fleet

Inherited from Old English flēot (“fleet”), from Proto-Germanic *fleutaz, related to *flutōną (“to float”).

A fleet; a collection or grouping of vessels.


flete

English: fleet

Scots: fleet

Inherited from Old English flēot (“bay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fleut, from Proto-Germanic *fleutą.


formen

enm-verb

formen (third-person singular simple present formeth, present participle formende, formynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle formed)

formeth (present singular third-person)
formende (participle present)
formynge (participle present)
formed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
formen (infinitive)
to formen (infinitive)
forme (infinitive)
forme (first-person present singular)
formed (first-person past singular)
formest (present second-person singular)
formedest (past second-person singular)
formeth (present singular third-person)
formed (past singular third-person)
forme (present singular subjunctive)
formed (past singular subjunctive)
forme (imperative present singular)
formen (plural present)
forme (plural present)
formeden (past plural)
formede (past plural)
formeth (imperative plural present)
forme (imperative plural present)
formynge (participle present)
formende (participle present)
formed (participle past)
yformed (participle past)

English: form

Borrowed from Old French former, from Latin fōrmō.


fumen

fumen (infinitive)
to fumen (infinitive)
fume (infinitive)
fume (first-person present singular)
fumed (first-person past singular)
fumest (present second-person singular)
fumedest (past second-person singular)
fumeth (present singular third-person)
fumed (past singular third-person)
fume (present singular subjunctive)
fumed (past singular subjunctive)
fume (imperative present singular)
fumen (plural present)
fume (plural present)
fumeden (past plural)
fumede (past plural)
fumeth (imperative plural present)
fume (imperative plural present)
fumynge (participle present)
fumende (participle present)
fumed (participle past)
yfumed (participle past)

English: fume

Borrowed from Old French fumer; equivalent to fume + -en (infinitival suffix).

To emit fumes, especially for fumigation.


gane

Se how he ganeth, lo, this dronken wight,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Manciple's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 35-36

See how he yawns, lo, this drunken fellow,
As though he would swallow us right away.

As though he wolde us swolwe anon-right.


gasten

gasten (infinitive)
to gasten (infinitive)
gaste (infinitive)
gaste (first-person present singular)
gasted (first-person past singular)
gastest (present second-person singular)
gastedest (past second-person singular)
gasteth (present singular third-person)
gasted (past singular third-person)
gaste (present singular subjunctive)
gasted (past singular subjunctive)
gaste (imperative present singular)
gasten (plural present)
gaste (plural present)
gasteden (past plural)
gastede (past plural)
gasteth (imperative plural present)
gaste (imperative plural present)
gastynge (participle present)
gastende (participle present)
gasted (participle past)
ygasted (participle past)

English: gast

From Old English gǣstan, from Proto-West Germanic *gaistijan, from Proto-Germanic *gaistijaną.


hilen

English: hill

From Old Norse hylja, from Proto-Germanic *huljaną (“to cover, veil”).


halle

English: hall (see there for further descendants)

Scots: haw

Yola: haul

From Old English heall, from Proto-West Germanic *hallu, from Proto-Germanic *hallō (“hall”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.


halle

Alternative form of hale (“hale (temporary structure for housing, entertaining, eating meals, etc.)”)


halle

Alternative form of hole (“healthy, whole”)


hurte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herte


hurten

enm-verb

hurten (third-person singular simple present hurteth, present participle hurtynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative hurte, past participle hurt)

hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hurt (participle past)
hurten (infinitive)
to hurten (infinitive)
hurte (infinitive)
hurte (first-person present singular)
hurte (first-person past singular)
hurted (first-person past singular)
hurtest (present second-person singular)
hurtest (past second-person singular)
hurtedest (past second-person singular)
hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurte (past singular third-person)
hurted (past singular third-person)
hurte (present singular subjunctive)
hurte (past singular subjunctive)
hurted (past singular subjunctive)
hurte (imperative present singular)
hurten (plural present)
hurte (plural present)
hurten (past plural)
hurte (past plural)
hurteden (past plural)
hurtede (past plural)
hurteth (imperative plural present)
hurte (imperative plural present)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurtende (participle present)
hurt (participle past)
hurted (participle past)
yhurt (participle past)

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Usually taken to be an early borrowing from Old Northern French hurter, of disputed origin, but possibly instead from an Old English *hyrtan. In any case, equivalent to hurt + -en (infinitival suffix).

To injure; to cause harm or trouble for:

To ruin or worsen; to make damaged or worse.

To trip or fall over; to make a misstep.

To strike, hurl or bump against; to launch into.

To strike or knock down; to cause to fall.


leef

English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip

Scots: leaf, lefe, leif

Yola: laafe

From Old English lēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *laub, from Proto-Germanic *laubą.


hauls

Alternative form of hals (“neck, throat”)


jure

English: jury (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta.

(Late Middle English) jury; panel of jurors


jale

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


ingang

From Old English ingang (“ingress, entry, entrance”), from Proto-Germanic *inngangaz. Cognate with Old High German ingang (“entrance”) (German Eingang).


courser

English: courser

Scots: couser, cusser, cuisser

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cursier, corser, from Medieval Latin cursārius; equivalent to cours + -er.


onen

enm-verb

onen (third-person singular simple present oneth, present participle onende, first-/third-person singular past indicative onede, past participle ioned)

oneth (present singular third-person)
onende (participle present)
onede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ioned (participle past)
onen (infinitive)
to onen (infinitive)
one (infinitive)
one (first-person present singular)
oned (first-person past singular)
onest (present second-person singular)
onedest (past second-person singular)
oneth (present singular third-person)
oned (past singular third-person)
one (present singular subjunctive)
oned (past singular subjunctive)
one (imperative present singular)
onen (plural present)
one (plural present)
oneden (past plural)
onede (past plural)
oneth (imperative plural present)
one (imperative plural present)
onynge (participle present)
onende (participle present)
oned (participle past)
yoned (participle past)

English: one

Scots: ane

Toldyng of temporell ordinaunce, assembled and oned in the lokyng of the Divine thoughte

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, "The Parson's Tale",
Þe godhede was oned fulli to þe manhede in þe soule of Ihesu.

(please add an English translation of this quotation) "The Godhead was joined fully to the manhead in the soul of Jesus."


sellar

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sellere


parten

parten (infinitive)
to parten (infinitive)
parte (infinitive)
parte (first-person present singular)
parted (first-person past singular)
partest (present second-person singular)
partedest (past second-person singular)
parteth (present singular third-person)
parted (past singular third-person)
parte (present singular subjunctive)
parted (past singular subjunctive)
parte (imperative present singular)
parten (plural present)
parte (plural present)
parteden (past plural)
partede (past plural)
parteth (imperative plural present)
parte (imperative plural present)
partynge (participle present)
partende (participle present)
parted (participle past)
yparted (participle past)

English: part

Yola: part

Borrowed from Old French partir, pertir, from Latin partīre.


laven

laven (infinitive)
to laven (infinitive)
lave (infinitive)
lave (first-person present singular)
laved (first-person past singular)
lafte (first-person past singular)
lavest (present second-person singular)
lavedest (past second-person singular)
laftest (past second-person singular)
laveth (present singular third-person)
laved (past singular third-person)
lafte (past singular third-person)
lave (present singular subjunctive)
laved (past singular subjunctive)
lafte (past singular subjunctive)
lave (imperative present singular)
laven (plural present)
lave (plural present)
laveden (past plural)
lavede (past plural)
laften (past plural)
lafte (past plural)
laveth (imperative plural present)
lave (imperative plural present)
lavynge (participle present)
lavende (participle present)
laved (participle past)
laft (participle past)
ylaved (participle past)
ylaft (participle past)

English: lave

Scots: lave

From Old English lafian, from Proto-West Germanic *labōn.


pende

(East Anglia) Alternative form of pynden


pelen

pelen (infinitive)
to pelen (infinitive)
pele (infinitive)
pele (first-person present singular)
peled (first-person past singular)
pelest (present second-person singular)
peledest (past second-person singular)
peleth (present singular third-person)
peled (past singular third-person)
pele (present singular subjunctive)
peled (past singular subjunctive)
pele (imperative present singular)
pelen (plural present)
pele (plural present)
peleden (past plural)
pelede (past plural)
peleth (imperative plural present)
pele (imperative plural present)
pelynge (participle present)
pelende (participle present)
peled (participle past)
ypeled (participle past)

Yola: peale

From Latin pellere, and compare Old English pilian.


liquide

English: liquid

Borrowed from Old French liquide, from Latin liquidus.


loare

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lore


pese

pesen (plural)
peses (plural)
pisen (plural)

English: pease; pea

Scots: pease

Yola: piz

From Old English pise, piose, *peose, from Late Latin pisa, from Latin pisum, from Ancient Greek πίσον (píson), πῐ́σος (písos), πισός (pisós).

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual

Something equivalent to or like a pea (usually in size)

Something of next to no worth or importance.


pisen

Yola: pizzen, pizzeen

From Old English pisan, *peosan; equivalent to pise + -en (plural suffix).


pesen

Yola: pizzen, pizzeen

From Old English pisan, *peosan; equivalent to pese + -en (plural suffix).


pisan

a pisane (armor collar of mail or plate, or by extension an ornamental collar)


pite

English: pity

Yola: pitheye, pethy

From Old French pité, from Latin pietas, pietatem.


prive

English: privy

From Old French privé (“private”), from Latin prīvātus (“deprived”).


prestes

Then entred Satan into Judas, whose syr name was iscariot (which was of the nombre off the twelve) and he went his waye, and commened with the hye prestes and officers, how he wolde betraye hym vnto them.

1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], →OCLC, Luke:


quemen

My fader nyl for no thyng do me grace / To gon aȝeyn, for naught I kan hym queme [...].

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book V, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


quede

From Old English cwidu, variant of cudu (→ the usual form code).


maten

maten (infinitive)
to maten (infinitive)
mate (infinitive)
mate (first-person present singular)
mated (first-person past singular)
matest (present second-person singular)
matedest (past second-person singular)
mateth (present singular third-person)
mated (past singular third-person)
mate (present singular subjunctive)
mated (past singular subjunctive)
mate (imperative present singular)
maten (plural present)
mate (plural present)
mateden (past plural)
matede (past plural)
mateth (imperative plural present)
mate (imperative plural present)
matynge (participle present)
matende (participle present)
mated (participle past)
mat (participle past)
ymated (participle past)
ymat (participle past)

English: mate

From Middle French mater (“to checkmate”); equivalent to mat (“checkmate”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To checkmate (capture the king in chess)


maten

English: mate

From Old French mater (“to kill”), from Vulgar Latin *mattō, of disputed origin. Equivalent to mat (“tired”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To terrify or sadden; to render helpless.


moderes

From Old English mōderes; equivalent to moder + -es (“plural ending”).

Alternative form of modres (“mothers”): plural of moder


moderes

Alternative form of modres (“mother's”): genitive of moder


mesure

English: measure

Borrowed from Old French mesure, from Latin mēnsūra.


molesten

enm-verb

molesten (third-person singular simple present molesteth, present participle molestende, molestynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle molested)

molesteth (present singular third-person)
molestende (participle present)
molestynge (participle present)
molested (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
molesten (infinitive)
to molesten (infinitive)
moleste (infinitive)
moleste (first-person present singular)
molested (first-person past singular)
moleste (first-person past singular)
molestest (present second-person singular)
molestedest (past second-person singular)
molestest (past second-person singular)
molesteth (present singular third-person)
molested (past singular third-person)
moleste (past singular third-person)
moleste (present singular subjunctive)
molested (past singular subjunctive)
moleste (past singular subjunctive)
moleste (imperative present singular)
molesten (plural present)
moleste (plural present)
molesteden (past plural)
molestede (past plural)
molesten (past plural)
moleste (past plural)
molesteth (imperative plural present)
moleste (imperative plural present)
molestynge (participle present)
molestende (participle present)
molested (participle past)
molest (participle past)
ymolested (participle past)
ymolest (participle past)

English: molest

Scots: molest

Borrowed from Middle French molester and its etymon, Latin molestāre.

(rare, formal, Late Middle English) To harm, disturb, or distress.


nombren

nombren (third-person singular simple present nombreth, present participle nombrende, nombrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle nombred)

nombreth (present singular third-person)
nombrende (participle present)
nombrynge (participle present)
nombred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
nombren (infinitive)
to nombren (infinitive)
nombre (infinitive)
nombre (first-person present singular)
nombred (first-person past singular)
nombrest (present second-person singular)
nombredest (past second-person singular)
nombreth (present singular third-person)
nombred (past singular third-person)
nombre (present singular subjunctive)
nombred (past singular subjunctive)
nombre (imperative present singular)
nombren (plural present)
nombre (plural present)
nombreden (past plural)
nombrede (past plural)
nombreth (imperative plural present)
nombre (imperative plural present)
nombrynge (participle present)
nombrende (participle present)
nombred (participle past)
ynombred (participle past)

English: number

Scots: nummer

Borrowed from Old French nombrer, from Latin numerō; equivalent to nombre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To enumerate or count; to measure the number of something:

To calculate; to perform arithmetic or measurement (especially time passing)

To decide the quantity of something (especially used of God)

To believe or think (that); to have an opinion.

(rare) To deduce or realise; to come to a conclusion.

(rare) To number (exist in a certain quantity).


noten

Scots: note

From Old English notian (“to make use of, utilise, employ”).


oren

oren (infinitive)
to oren (infinitive)
ore (first-person present singular)
ored (first-person past singular)
orest (present second-person singular)
oredest (past second-person singular)
oreth (present singular third-person)
ored (past singular third-person)
ore (present singular subjunctive)
ored (past singular subjunctive)
ore (imperative present singular)
oren (plural present)
ore (plural present)
oreden (past plural)
orede (past plural)
oreth (imperative plural present)
ore (imperative plural present)
orynge (participle present)
orende (participle present)
ored (participle past)
yored (participle past)

Inherited from Old English ārian, from Proto-West Germanic *aiʀēn, from Proto-Germanic *aizāną. Equivalent to ore (“honour”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(Early Middle English, rare) To treat mercifully.


reme

English: ream

Scots: ream, reme, reim

Yola: reem, rhyme

Inherited from Old English rēam, from Proto-West Germanic *raum, from Proto-Germanic *raumaz.


reme

English: ream

Borrowed from Old French raime, rayme, from Arabic رِزْمَة (rizma, “bundle”).


reme

Alternative form of remen (“to extend; to get up”)


remen

remen (infinitive)
to remen (infinitive)
reme (infinitive)
reme (first-person present singular)
remed (first-person past singular)
remest (present second-person singular)
remedest (past second-person singular)
remeth (present singular third-person)
remed (past singular third-person)
reme (present singular subjunctive)
remed (past singular subjunctive)
reme (imperative present singular)
remen (plural present)
reme (plural present)
remeden (past plural)
remede (past plural)
remeth (imperative plural present)
reme (imperative plural present)
remynge (participle present)
remende (participle present)
remed (participle past)
yremed (participle past)


remen

Unknown; Potentially from an Old English *rǣman, (see Old English ārǣman) from an otherwise unattested Proto-Germanic *raimijaną.

To extend; to arise or awaken from one's rest.

(Early Middle English) To charge upon the battlefield.


resisten

enm-verb

resisten (third-person singular simple present resisteth, present participle resistende, resistynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle resisted)

resisteth (present singular third-person)
resistende (participle present)
resistynge (participle present)
resisted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
resisten (infinitive)
to resisten (infinitive)
resiste (infinitive)
resiste (first-person present singular)
resisted (first-person past singular)
resistest (present second-person singular)
resistedest (past second-person singular)
resisteth (present singular third-person)
resisted (past singular third-person)
resiste (present singular subjunctive)
resisted (past singular subjunctive)
resiste (imperative present singular)
resisten (plural present)
resiste (plural present)
resisteden (past plural)
resistede (past plural)
resisteth (imperative plural present)
resiste (imperative plural present)
resistynge (participle present)
resistende (participle present)
resisted (participle past)
yresisted (participle past)

English: resist

Scots: resist

From Anglo-Norman resister, resistre, from Latin resistō.

To resist; to work against or counteract.

(rare) To stop oneself in engaging in something;.


revele

Alternative form of revelen (“to revel”)


revele

Alternative form of revelen (“to reveal”)


revelen

revelen (third-person singular simple present reveleth, present participle revelende, revelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reveled)

reveleth (present singular third-person)
revelende (participle present)
revelynge (participle present)
reveled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
revelen (infinitive)
to revelen (infinitive)
revele (infinitive)
revele (first-person present singular)
reveled (first-person past singular)
revelest (present second-person singular)
reveledest (past second-person singular)
reveleth (present singular third-person)
reveled (past singular third-person)
revele (present singular subjunctive)
reveled (past singular subjunctive)
revele (imperative present singular)
revelen (plural present)
revele (plural present)
reveleden (past plural)
revelede (past plural)
reveleth (imperative plural present)
revele (imperative plural present)
revelynge (participle present)
revelende (participle present)
reveled (participle past)
yreveled (participle past)

English: revel

Borrowed from Old French reveler (“to revel”), from Latin rebellō; equivalent to revel + -en (infinitival suffix). Doublet of rebellen.

bor+

To revel; to merry-make or entertain oneself.


revelen

English: reveal

Borrowed from Middle French révéler, from Old French reveler (“to reveal”), from Latin revelō.

To reveal religious matters; to make a revelation.

(rare) To admit or reveal private matters.


roben

roben (infinitive)
to roben (infinitive)
robe (infinitive)
robe (first-person present singular)
robed (first-person past singular)
robest (present second-person singular)
robedest (past second-person singular)
robeth (present singular third-person)
robed (past singular third-person)
robe (present singular subjunctive)
robed (past singular subjunctive)
robe (imperative present singular)
roben (plural present)
robe (plural present)
robeden (past plural)
robede (past plural)
robeth (imperative plural present)
robe (imperative plural present)
robynge (participle present)
robende (participle present)
robed (participle past)
yrobed (participle past)

English: robe


rimen

enm-verb

rimen (third-person singular simple present rimeth, present participle rimende, rimynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rimed)

rimeth (present singular third-person)
rimende (participle present)
rimynge (participle present)
rimed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rimen (infinitive)
to rimen (infinitive)
rime (infinitive)
rime (first-person present singular)
rimed (first-person past singular)
rimest (present second-person singular)
rimedest (past second-person singular)
rimeth (present singular third-person)
rimed (past singular third-person)
rime (present singular subjunctive)
rimed (past singular subjunctive)
rime (imperative present singular)
rimen (plural present)
rime (plural present)
rimeden (past plural)
rimede (past plural)
rimeth (imperative plural present)
rime (imperative plural present)
rimynge (participle present)
rimende (participle present)
rimed (participle past)
yrimed (participle past)

English: rhyme

From Old English rīman (“to count, enumerate, number”), from Proto-Germanic *rīmaną.

inh

Ic ne mai rimen ne tellen all ðo sennes …

Of sorowe þat myghte he ryme Of x thousande men lefte no moo But sexty men and twelfe.


salven

salveen (infinitive)
to salveen (infinitive)
salvee (infinitive)
salvee (first-person present singular)
salveed (first-person past singular)
salveest (present second-person singular)
salveedest (past second-person singular)
salveeth (present singular third-person)
salveed (past singular third-person)
salvee (present singular subjunctive)
salveed (past singular subjunctive)
salvee (imperative present singular)
salveen (plural present)
salvee (plural present)
salveeden (past plural)
salveede (past plural)
salveeth (imperative plural present)
salvee (imperative plural present)
salveynge (participle present)
salveende (participle present)
salveed (participle past)
ysalveed (participle past)

English: salve

Inherited from Old English sealfian, from Proto-West Germanic *salbōn, from Proto-Germanic *salbōną; equivalent to salve + -en (infinitival suffix).

To heal or cure; to make healthy or good.

(religion) To deliver from evil or perdition.

(rare) To anoint or salve; to apply salve to.


secundes

From secunde (“sixtieth part of a minute”) + -es.

af

plural of secunde (“sixtieth part of a minute”)


seden

enm-verb

seden (third-person singular simple present sedeth, present participle sedende, sedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seded)

sedeth (present singular third-person)
sedende (participle present)
sedynge (participle present)
seded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
seden (infinitive)
to seden (infinitive)
sede (infinitive)
sede (first-person present singular)
seded (first-person past singular)
sedest (present second-person singular)
sededest (past second-person singular)
sedeth (present singular third-person)
seded (past singular third-person)
sede (present singular subjunctive)
seded (past singular subjunctive)
sede (imperative present singular)
seden (plural present)
sede (plural present)
sededen (past plural)
sedede (past plural)
sedeth (imperative plural present)
sede (imperative plural present)
sedynge (participle present)
sedende (participle present)
seded (participle past)
yseded (participle past)

English: seed

Scots: seed

(figurative, rare) To distribute offspring


secunde

English: second

Scots: second

From Old French second, from Latin secundus.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

Second; following the first in an order or array.

Non-primary; less important, noticeable or large.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

Something that is second in an order, grouping or array.

(rare) The amniotic sac or afterbirth; that which protects a embryo or fetus.

(rare) A deputy; someone with immediate secondary authority.

(rare) Something that is non-primary or less important.

(rare) Expressing similarity to a famous figure.


secunde

English: second

Yola: secun

(rare) The second occurrence; after the first.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

From Old French seconde, from Medieval Latin secunda.

An angular unit equal to a sixtieth of an angular minute.

A unit of time equal to a sixtieth of a (horological) minute.


sellare

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sellere


roten

roten (third-person singular simple present roteth, present participle rotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle roted)

roteth (present singular third-person)
rotynge (participle present)
roted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
roten (infinitive)
to roten (infinitive)
rote (infinitive)
rote (first-person present singular)
roted (first-person past singular)
rotest (present second-person singular)
rotedest (past second-person singular)
roteth (present singular third-person)
roted (past singular third-person)
rote (present singular subjunctive)
roted (past singular subjunctive)
rote (imperative present singular)
roten (plural present)
rote (plural present)
roteden (past plural)
rotede (past plural)
roteth (imperative plural present)
rote (imperative plural present)
rotynge (participle present)
rotende (participle present)
roted (participle past)
roten (participle past)

English: rot

Scots: rot

desc

Yola: rothed, rothyed, rotheda (before consonant) (adj)

Inherited from Old English rotian, from Proto-West Germanic *rotēn, from Proto-Germanic *rutāną.

To decompose; to make or become rotten or spoiled:

To become toxic or noxious (of gas or liquid)

To putrefy; to become or make infected or gangrenous (in the body).

(rare) To become rusty; to develop a layer of rust.

To morally degenerate or decay; to become sinful.

To languish; to become weak or feeble due to imprisonment.

To disappear; to lose presence, existence, or vitality.

(of clothing) To become tattered, ragged, or old.


roten

roteth (present singular third-person)
rotynge (participle present)
roted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
roten (infinitive)
to roten (infinitive)
rote (infinitive)
rote (first-person present singular)
roted (first-person past singular)
rotest (present second-person singular)
rotedest (past second-person singular)
roteth (present singular third-person)
roted (past singular third-person)
rote (present singular subjunctive)
roted (past singular subjunctive)
rote (imperative present singular)
roten (plural present)
rote (plural present)
roteden (past plural)
rotede (past plural)
roteth (imperative plural present)
rote (imperative plural present)
rotynge (participle present)
rotende (participle present)
roted (participle past)
yroted (participle past)

English: root

Scots: ruit

From rote (“root”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To settle or fix; to put in a permanent state.

To begin or institute; to cause to settle or fix.

To place a value or belief into one's mind.

To link or connect; to make an attachment.


roten

English: rotten

Scots: rotten

Borrowed from Old Norse rotinn (“rotten”).

bor+

Rotten or spoiled (usually of animal or plant matter):

(rare) Toxic, noxious (of gas or liquid)

(rare) Collapsing or decomposing into pieces; falling apart.

Noon helthe is in my fleiſch fro the face of thin ire; no pees is to my boonys fro the face of my ſynnes. / For my wickidneſſis ben goon ouer myn heed; as an heuy birthun, tho ben maad heuy on me. / Myn heelid woundis weren rotun, and ben brokun; fro the face of myn vnwiſdom.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 37:4-6”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

No health is in my body due to the nature of your anger; no rest is in my bones due to my sinful behaviour. / For my wickedness has utterly enveloped me, like a heavy load that has weighed on me. / My healed wounds were festering, and have burst from the nature of my mistakes.

Gangrenous, infected (having necrosis or putrefaction)

(rare) Devastated; damaged beyond repair.


roten

From rote (“root”) + -en (plural ending).


sellen

enm-verb

sellen (third-person singular simple present selleth, present participle sellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative solde, past participle sold)

selleth (present singular third-person)
sellynge (participle present)
solde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sold (participle past)
sellen (infinitive)
to sellen (infinitive)
selle (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
solde (first-person past singular)
selde (first-person past singular)
sellest (present second-person singular)
soldest (past second-person singular)
seldest (past second-person singular)
selleth (present singular third-person)
selth (present singular third-person)
solde (past singular third-person)
selde (past singular third-person)
selle (present singular subjunctive)
solde (past singular subjunctive)
selde (past singular subjunctive)
selle (imperative present singular)
sellen (plural present)
selle (plural present)
solden (past plural)
solde (past plural)
selden (past plural)
selde (past plural)
selleth (imperative plural present)
selle (imperative plural present)
sellynge (participle present)
sellende (participle present)
sold (participle past)
seld (participle past)
ysold (participle past)
yseld (participle past)

English: sell

→ Dutch: sellen

Scots: sell

Inherited from Old English sellan, from Proto-West Germanic *salljan, from Proto-Germanic *saljaną (“to give”).

To grant; to confer or bestow:
To gift; to give or confer a present.

To serve or administer; to give comestibles.

To grant; to confer or bestow:
To sacrifice or hand over (one's life)

To sell; to make a sale or transaction:
To market; to put up for sale.

To sell into slavery; to enslave for money.

Wou ſitte ye poſtles. a[n]t wi nule ye ete. / ic am ibouſt a[n]t iſold. to day foꝛ oure mete.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 29-30; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"How are you, apostles? Why won't you eat? / I was bought and sold today for our food."

þat no man mai bie eiþ[ir] ſille .· but þei han þe caracter eiþ[ir] þe name of þe beeſte · eiþ[ir] þe nou[m]bꝛe of his name

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 13:17, page 122v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[…] so nobody could buy or sell [anything] unless they had the mark, the name of the Beast, or the number denoting his name.

(usually negative) To give up in exchange (outside of an explicit transaction).

(religion) To sell one's soul; to consign one's soul to Hell.

(figuratively) To weaken, adulterate or lose (in exchange)

I nul ſulle my louerd foꝛ noneſ cunneſ eiſte. / bote hit be foꝛ þe þritti platen. þat he me bitaiſte.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 22-23; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"I won't betray my Lord for any kind of good, / except for the thirty pieces that he left me."

To betray; to give up or hand over (usually a person)

To get revenge (for a transgression or wrong).


techen

techen (third-person singular simple present techeth, present participle techynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative taughte, past participle ytaught)

techeth (present singular third-person)
techynge (participle present)
taughte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ytaught (participle past)
techen (infinitive)
to techen (infinitive)
teche (infinitive)
teche (first-person present singular)
taughte (first-person past singular)
techest (present second-person singular)
taughtest (past second-person singular)
techeth (present singular third-person)
taughte (past singular third-person)
teche (present singular subjunctive)
taughte (past singular subjunctive)
teche (imperative present singular)
techen (plural present)
teche (plural present)
taughten (past plural)
taughte (past plural)
techeth (imperative plural present)
teche (imperative plural present)
techynge (participle present)
techende (participle present)
taught (participle past)
ytaught (participle past)

English: teach

Scots: teich

Yola: teach

From Old English tǣċan (“to show, declare, demonstrate; teach, instruct, train; assign, prescribe, direct; warn; persuade”), from Proto-West Germanic *taikijan, from Proto-Germanic *taikijaną (“to show”), from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show”).
Cognate with Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌰𐌽 (gateihan, “to announce, declare, tell”), Latin dīcō (“speak, say, tell”), Ancient Greek δείκνυμι (deíknumi, “show, point out, explain, teach”). More at token.

cog

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


tiren

teren (infinitive)
to teren (infinitive)
tere (infinitive)
tere (first-person present singular)
tered (first-person past singular)
terest (present second-person singular)
teredest (past second-person singular)
tereth (present singular third-person)
tered (past singular third-person)
tere (present singular subjunctive)
tered (past singular subjunctive)
tere (imperative present singular)
teren (plural present)
tere (plural present)
tereden (past plural)
terede (past plural)
tereth (imperative plural present)
tere (imperative plural present)
terynge (participle present)
terende (participle present)
tered (participle past)

English: tire

Scots: tire, tyre, tyr

From Old English teorian, from Proto-West Germanic *teuʀōn.


tornen

Old English turnian, reinforced by Old French torner, both from Latin tornō


tosen

enm-verb

tosen (third-person singular simple present toseth, present participle tosende, tosynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tosed)

toseth (present singular third-person)
tosende (participle present)
tosynge (participle present)
tosed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tosen (infinitive)
to tosen (infinitive)
tose (infinitive)
tose (first-person present singular)
tosed (first-person past singular)
tosest (present second-person singular)
tosedest (past second-person singular)
toseth (present singular third-person)
tosed (past singular third-person)
tose (present singular subjunctive)
tosed (past singular subjunctive)
tose (imperative present singular)
tosen (plural present)
tose (plural present)
toseden (past plural)
tosede (past plural)
toseth (imperative plural present)
tose (imperative plural present)
tosynge (participle present)
tosende (participle present)
tosed (participle past)
ytosed (participle past)

desc

English: tose, toze, toase, toaze (obsolete)

From Old English *tāsan, from Proto-West Germanic *taisan, from Proto-Germanic *taisaną. Compare tesen.

To card (straighten the fibres of) wool.

(figuratively, rare) To dissect or examine.


tumben

enm-verb

tumben (third-person singular simple present tumbeth, present participle tumbende, tumbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tumbed)

tumbeth (present singular third-person)
tumbende (participle present)
tumbynge (participle present)
tumbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: tumb

From Old English tumbian (“to tumble”) (from Proto-Germanic *tūmōną (“to turn, rotate”)) and Anglo-Norman toumber (“to fall”) (Old French tumber), itself perhaps from the same Germanic verb via Frankish.


usen

English: use

From the Old French user, usser, uiser, huser, and the Anglo-Norman usier.

uiseden

early Middle English, in southwestern dialects


trine

English: trine

Borrowed from Middle French trin, from Latin trīnus.


turnen

enm-verb

turnen (third-person singular simple present turneth, present participle turnende, turnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle turned)

turneth (present singular third-person)
turnende (participle present)
turnynge (participle present)
turned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
turnen (infinitive)
to turnen (infinitive)
turne (infinitive)
turne (first-person present singular)
turned (first-person past singular)
turnest (present second-person singular)
turnedest (past second-person singular)
turneth (present singular third-person)
turned (past singular third-person)
turne (present singular subjunctive)
turned (past singular subjunctive)
turne (imperative present singular)
turnen (plural present)
turne (plural present)
turneden (past plural)
turnede (past plural)
turneth (imperative plural present)
turne (imperative plural present)
turnynge (participle present)
turnende (participle present)
turned (participle past)
yturned (participle past)

English: turn

Scots: turn

From Old English turnian, tyrnan (“to turn, rotate, revolve”) and Old French torner (“to turn”), both from Latin tornāre (“to round off, turn in a lathe”), from tornus (“lathe”), from Ancient Greek τόρνος (tórnos, “a tool used for making circles”), from Proto-Indo-European *terh₁- (“to rub, rub by turning, turn, twist, bore”).


violente

inflection of violent:
strong/weak plural


vele

(Kent) Alternative form of fele (“many”)


hasard

English: hazard

From Old French hasart, from Arabic اَلزَّهْر (az-zahr, “the dice”).


hende

English: hend

From Old English ġehende, from Proto-West Germanic *gahandī.

14th century: And if he were so hende and so wis / Þat she ne myȝt al abate his pris, / Yit wolde she blame his worþynesse / Or by hir wordis make it lesse.

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose (OUP 1988, p. 689-90)


vire

a vire,
Which flieth out of a mighty bowe

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:

an arrow, having a rotary motion, formerly used with the crossbow


fundie

Old English ġefyndiġ (“capable”), equivalent of finden + -y.

And giue us swo findige speche þat þe fewe word þe we on ure bede seien be cuðe alle halegen.
And give us such apt speech that the few words that we say in our prayers be worthy to the All Holy.


waxen

waxen (infinitive)
to waxen (infinitive)
waxe (infinitive)
waxe (first-person present singular)
wex (first-person past singular)
wox (first-person past singular)
waxed (first-person past singular)
waxest (present second-person singular)
waxt (present second-person singular)
wexe (past second-person singular)
woxe (past second-person singular)
wex (past second-person singular)
wox (past second-person singular)
waxedest (past second-person singular)
waxeth (present singular third-person)
waxt (present singular third-person)
wex (past singular third-person)
wox (past singular third-person)
waxed (past singular third-person)
waxe (present singular subjunctive)
wexe (past singular subjunctive)
woxe (past singular subjunctive)
waxed (past singular subjunctive)
waxe (imperative present singular)
waxen (plural present)
waxe (plural present)
wexen (past plural)
wexe (past plural)
woxen (past plural)
woxe (past plural)
waxeden (past plural)
waxede (past plural)
waxeth (imperative plural present)
waxe (imperative plural present)
waxynge (participle present)
waxende (participle present)
waxen (participle past)
ywaxen (participle past)
waxe (participle past)
ywaxe (participle past)
woxen (participle past)
ywoxen (participle past)
woxe (participle past)
ywoxe (participle past)
wexen (participle past)
ywexen (participle past)
wexe (participle past)
ywexe (participle past)
waxed (participle past)
ywaxed (participle past)

English: wax

Scots: wax

From Old English weaxan, from Proto-West Germanic *wahsijan, from Proto-Germanic *wahsijaną.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

To grow (become larger):
To grow up; to become fully grown.

To wax (of the moon); to rise (of the tide).

To change; to turn (to or into something)

To become, to assume (a quality or state)


waxen

waxen (infinitive)
to waxen (infinitive)
waxe (infinitive)
waxe (first-person present singular)
waxed (first-person past singular)
waxest (present second-person singular)
waxedest (past second-person singular)
waxeth (present singular third-person)
waxed (past singular third-person)
waxe (present singular subjunctive)
waxed (past singular subjunctive)
waxe (imperative present singular)
waxen (plural present)
waxe (plural present)
waxeden (past plural)
waxede (past plural)
waxeth (imperative plural present)
waxe (imperative plural present)
waxynge (participle present)
waxende (participle present)
waxed (participle past)
ywaxed (participle past)

English: wax

From wax (“wax”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


waxen

English: waxen


whan

From Old English hwone (accusative singular of hwā) and hwon (instrumental of hwā; instrumental of hwæt).

inh

accusative singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">hwā</i>


whan

Alternative form of wanne: singular simple past of winnen

Alternative form of wonnen: plural simple past of winnen


sownen

enm-verb

sownen (third-person singular simple present sowneth, present participle sownende, sownynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sowned)

sowneth (present singular third-person)
sownende (participle present)
sownynge (participle present)
sowned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Al be that I kan nat sowne his stile, / Ne kan nat clymben over so heigh a style

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Squire's Tale’, Canterbury Tales


geste

English: gest, jest

Scots: jeest

Borrowed from Middle French geste, from Old French geste, from Medieval Latin gesta.

An important or memorable action; an epic act.


geste

English: gest


geste

Alternative form of gesten (“to host a guest”)


geste

Alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)


glood

Late 14th century: The vapour which that fro the erthe glood

Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Squire's Tale’, Canterbury Tales


enchesoun

From Anglo-Norman, related to Old French achoison, from Latin occasionem.

late 1300s, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Squire’s Tale’, Canterbury Tales

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Which proveth wel that outher ire or drede / Moot been enchesoun of youre cruel dede.


roial

Late 14th century: This Cambyuskan, of which I have yow toold, / In roial vestiment sit on his deys


yliche

English: alike

Scots: ylike, ylyke, elike, elyke

Yola: alike

From Old English ġelīċe. Doublet of like. By surface analysis, ylich + -e.

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

Everything is equally good to me— / Joy or sorrow, however it might be— / For I feel nothing about anything, / But am like some dazed thing, / Always on the brink of falling down.

Al is ylyche goode to me / Ioy or sorowe wherso hyt be / For I haue felynge in no thynge / But as it were a mased thynge / Alway in poynt to falle a down

And ther to, he was hardy, wys, and riche / Pietous and juſt, and euermoore yliche / Sooth of his word, benigne and honurable / Of his corage, as any Centre Stable / yong, freſſh, and ſtrong, in armes deſirous / As any Bachiler, of al his hous

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Squiers Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 129, recto:

And, in addition, he was hardy, wise, and rich, / Compassionate and just, and always so without exception, / True to his word, gracious and honorable, / As stable of heart as any center of rotation, / Young, vigorous, and strong, as eager in arms / As any Knight Bachelor of his whole household.

(usually following an adverb meaning ‘always’) constantly, invariably, unchangingly, always so


yw

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of yow


charme

English: charm

Scots: chairm

Borrowed from Old French charme, from Latin carmen.

A phrase believed to have magical efficacy; a charm.


tercelet

English: tercelet

Borrowed from Old French tercelet; equivalent to tercel + -et.

Tho dwelte a tercelet / me faſte by /That semed welle / of alle gentilleſſe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Squiers Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 135, recto:

There flew a tercelet close by me / which seemed full of graciousness.


bagage

English: baggage

Scots: baggage

→ Irish: bagáiste

Borrowing from Old French bagage, compare Old French bague. Equivalent to bagge + -age.


twynne

And ther I wol eternaly compleyne / My wo, and how that twynned be we tweyne.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Troilus and Criseyde”, in Larry Dean Benson, editor, The Riverside Chaucer, 2008 paperback edition, published 1987, page 544:

c. 1387-1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, 2011, Mark Allen, John H. Fisher (editors), The Complete Poetry and Prose of Geoffrey Chaucer, 3rd Edition (electronic version), page 200,
"[…]Fortune wolde that he moste twynne" / Out of that place which that I was inne.


craved

first/third-person singular past indicative of craven

(dialectal) second-person singular past indicative of craven


gloriously

English: gloriously

In a glorious or wonderful way (especially in religious contexts)

(Late Middle English) In an attractive or pleasing way; in a way that displays beauty.


Phebe

From Latin Phoebē, from Ancient Greek Φοίβη (Phoíbē).

(mythology) The Greek Titan and goddess of the Moon; Phoebe.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.


dere

English: dear

Scots: dere, deir

Yola: dear

From Old English dīere, from Proto-West Germanic *diurī, from Proto-Germanic *diurijaz.


wonen

wonen (third-person singular simple present woneth, present participle wonende, wonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle woned)

woneth (present singular third-person)
wonende (participle present)
wonynge (participle present)
woned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wone

From Old English wunian (“to dwell, be accustomed to”).

inh

Therin wonneth a wyght that Wronge is Ihote / Father of falſhead, and founded it him ſelfe / Adam and Eue he egged to yll, / Councelled Cayne to kyll his brother

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus primus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio v, verso:

Therein dwells a creature that Wrong is named, / Father of falsehood, and founded it himself. / Adam and Eve he egged to ill, / Counselled Cain to kill his brother


potful

English: potful

Scots: patfu


tume

(Northern) Alternative form of tome (“empty”)


tissu

English: tissue

Scots: tishie

Borrowed from Old French tissu, past participle of tistre.
Forms with /ʃ/ do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.


canne

English: can

Scots: can

→ Scottish Gaelic: cana

Yola: cooan, koan, kon

From Old English canne, from Proto-West Germanic *kannā, from Proto-Germanic *kannǭ.

A pitcher or cup; a container for liquid.


mesel

English: measle, measles, mesel

From Old French mesel, from Late Latin misellus (“leper”), from Latin miser (“wretched”).

For she is […] As comune as a cartwey · to eche a knaue þat walketh / To monkes to mynstralles · to meseles in hegges.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:

Verily he suffride oure sikenesses, and he bar oure sorewis; and we arettiden him as a mysel and smytun of God and maad low.

1395, John Wycliffe, Bible, Isaiah LIII:

So hit befelle many yerys agone there happened on her a malodye, and whan she had lyene a grete whyle she felle unto a mesell, and no leche cowde remedye her [...].

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XVII:


masse

English: mass

Scots: mass

Yola: messe

From Anglo-Norman masse, from Latin massa, from Ancient Greek μᾶζα (mâza).

A collection or mass of small objects that are fused together.

(anatomy) blood (believed in medieval times to be a mixture of the four humours)


masse

Alternative form of messe (“mass, religious service”)


masse

Alternative form of mase (“a bewildering thought or thing”)


gaf

English: gave

Yola: gae, ga, gaed


wive

A version of wyf with the voiced consonant analogically brought in from the plural forms.


wive

From Old English wīfa, nominative plural of wīf.


spile

From spilen. Alternatively from an Old English *spil, from Proto-West Germanic *spil.

(rare) amusement, entertainment, celebration


handy dandy

To maken his pees with his pens, handy dandy payed.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “(please specify the passus number)”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:

A children's game in which one child guesses in which closed hand the other holds some small object, winning the object if right and forfeiting an equivalent if wrong.


betel

English: beetle

Yola: balbeedhel

From Old English bȳtel, bīetel (“hammer”), from Proto-West Germanic *bautil (“hammer, mallet”), equivalent to beten + -le.


sursanure

From Old French sursaneüre, from a contraction of Latin sursum sānātum (“upwardly healed”).

der

And wel ye knowe that of a sursanure / In surgerye is perilous the cure

Late C14, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Franklin's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

A scab, or wound which has superficially healed over.


breyde

From a conflation of Old English brægd, Old English gebregd, and Old Norse bragð.


mansioun

English: mansion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mansion, mansiun, from Latin mansiō.

A place where one makes their home or dwells; a home:

A house, hostel, palace, etc; a purpose-built dwelling or habitation.

(figurative) The abode of a human behaviour.

(rare) A temporary waypoint on a journey.

The action of living somewhere; residence.


herberwe

English: harbor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: harbery, harbory, hairbour

From Old English herebeorg, from Proto-West Germanic *harjabergu; equivalent to here (“army”) + bergh. The final vowel is levelled in from the Old English oblique cases; forms ending in /iː/ may be from the Old English dative singular.

Accommodation, shelter; a temporary residence.

A place of residence; habitations:
A military base or camp.

A place of residence; habitations:
(figurative) The womb; the uterus.

A place of residence; habitations:
The womb; the uterus.

To ech of hem his tyme and his seson, / As thyn herberwe chaungeth lowe or heighe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(rare) Providing for guests; hospitality.


rewe

English: rue (archaic)

Scots: rew, rue

From the oblique forms of Old English hrēow, from Proto-West Germanic *hreuwu.


rewe

English: row

Scots: raw

Yola: reoue, rooe

From the oblique forms of Old English rǣw, rāw; from Proto-Germanic *raiwō, *raih- (“row”).


rewe

Alternative form of rowen (“to emit light”)


Stafford

Anglo-Norman: de Stafford

Norman: de Stafford

English: Stafford

Yola: Staffort, Staafforthe


roper

English: roper

They could not by their conscience accorden in truthe, / Tyll Robyn the roper arose by the south

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Passus 5]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio xxv, verso:


lisse

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Franklin's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

And on his wey forthward thanne is he fare / In hope for to been lissed of his care.

(obsolete) To relieve, mitigate, assuage (pain etc.).


dewy

English: dewy

From Old English dēawiġ, from Old English dēaw. Equivalent to dew + -y.


merk

Which mankynde is so fair part of thy werk / That thou it madest lyk to thyn owene merk.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


ert

Alternative form of art: second-person singular present of been (“to be”)


hempen

English: hempen

Scots: hempen

Possibly from an Old English *hænepen; however this word is attested relatively late and was probably formed anew in Middle English. Equivalent to hemp + -en (“made of”).


gie

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of ye (“you”)


aches

From ache (“aching”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


aches

From ache (“celery”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


sapience

English: sapience

From Old French sapience, from Latin sapientia.

Povert is hateful good, and, as I gesse, / A ful greet bringer out of bisinesse; / A greet amender eek of sapience / To him that taketh it in pacience.

1478, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, 1195-8:

wisdom, discernment (especially religious)


pryvely

Ful riche he was astored pryvely: / His lord wel koude he plesen subtilly, / To yeve and lene hym of his owene good, / And have a thank, and yet a cote and hood.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 611-614:


savable

English: savable

Borrowed from Middle French sauvable, from Old French salvable, sauvable, from Medieval Latin salvābilis; equivalent to saven + -able.

(theology) Able to be delivered from perdition.

(medicine) Able to be cured; remediable.


ethe

English: eath

Scots: eith

Yola: eeth, eêth, eafe, eeefe

From Old English īeþe, ēaþe, from Proto-West Germanic *auþī, modification of Proto-Germanic *auþuz.


balene

From Latin balaena, from Ancient Greek φάλαινα (phálaina), probably cognate with Old English hwæl.


bref

English: brief

Fingallian: brief

Scots: brief

Borrowed from Old French brief, and its feminine form brieve, from Latin brevis, form Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of mery.


bref

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

A message, especially one that gives approval or authorises.

A written text or part of one acting as a record.


feste

English: feast

Borrowed from Old French feste, from Late Latin festa < Latin festum.


blench

c. 1210, MS. Cotton Caligula A IX f.246.
Feir weder turneð ofte into reine;
An wunderliche hit makeð his blench.


breid

English: braid

Scots: braid

From a conflation of Old English brægd, Old English gebregd, and Old Norse bragð; influenced by breiden.

An action done passionately and impulsively:

A hasty movement; especially without forewarning.

An quickly-made and ill-thought action or decision.

A passionate or heartfelt cry or protest.

An action of conflict; assailment or attack:

A physical attack; a strike with a weapon.

An injury or torture; something that wounds.


taxe

English: tax (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tax

Either a back-formation from taxen or borrowed from Middle French taxe. Doublet of taske.


spikenard

English: spikenard

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman spicanarde, from Medieval Latin spīca nardī.

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.


flees

English: fleece

→ Finnish: fliisi

→ German: Fleece

Scots: fleis

Yola: flaase

From Old English flēos, from Proto-West Germanic *fleus, from Proto-Germanic *fleusaz.

A sheepskin or fleece; the skin of a sheep.


Damian

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1380s-1390s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: The Merchant's Prologue and Tale O January, drunken in pleasance / Of marriage, see how thy Damian, / Thine owen squier and thy boren man, / Intendeth for to do thee villainy


no

English: no

Yola: na, no, nae


no

English: no

Yola: no, na


deferre

Alternative form of differren (“to postpone”)


deferre

Alternative form of differren (“to refer for judgement”)


pye

English: pie

Scots: pie

Yola: pee

From Medieval Latin pīca (“pie”), from Latin pīca (“magpie”).


pye

English: pie

Yola: pee

From Old French pie, from Latin pīca (“magpie”).


cresset

English: cresset

Borrowed from Old French crasset, cresset, possibly from a West Germanic language.


rade

inflection of rad (“quick”):
weak singular

inflection of rad (“quick”):
strong/weak plural


huo

(especially Kent) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


horse

Alternative form of horsen (“to provide with a horse”)


behovely

Of use for the benefit or gain of somebody or something; beneficial, profitable.

Fitting or appropriate to a given context.


behovely

English: behovely

According to what is fitting or accepted; properly.


sarsen

sarsen (infinitive)
to sarsen (infinitive)
sarse (infinitive)
sarse (first-person present singular)
sarsed (first-person past singular)
sarsest (present second-person singular)
sarsedest (past second-person singular)
sarseth (present singular third-person)
sarsed (past singular third-person)
sarse (present singular subjunctive)
sarsed (past singular subjunctive)
sarse (imperative present singular)
sarsen (plural present)
sarse (plural present)
sarseden (past plural)
sarsede (past plural)
sarseth (imperative plural present)
sarse (imperative plural present)
sarsynge (participle present)
sarsende (participle present)
sarsed (participle past)
ysarsed (participle past)

English: searce, sarse

Scots: search

From sars (“sieve”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


reaving

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revynge


damne

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 843-844

[...] ‘Mankind was lorn and damned ay to dye,
For which thy child was on a croys y-rent;’ [...]
… ‘Mankind was lost, and damned forever to die,
For which thy child was on a cross stretched;’ …