acheken

acheken (infinitive)
to acheken (infinitive)
acheke (infinitive)
acheke (first-person present singular)
acheked (first-person past singular)
achekest (present second-person singular)
achekedest (past second-person singular)
acheketh (present singular third-person)
acheked (past singular third-person)
acheke (present singular subjunctive)
acheked (past singular subjunctive)
acheke (imperative present singular)
acheken (plural present)
acheke (plural present)
achekeden (past plural)
achekede (past plural)
acheketh (imperative plural present)
acheke (imperative plural present)
achekynge (participle present)
achekende (participle present)
acheked (participle past)

desctree

⇒ Middle English: choken, cheke, chekyn
English: choke
Scots: choke

/aˈt͡ʃɛːkən/

/aˈt͡ʃɔːkən/

From Old English āċēocian; equivalent to a- + cheke + -en (infinitival suffix).


swymmen

enm-verb

swymmen (third-person singular simple present swymmen, present participle swymmynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative swam, past participle swummen)

swymmen (present singular third-person)
swymmynge (participle present)
swam (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
swummen (participle past)
swymmen (infinitive)
to swymmen (infinitive)
swymme (infinitive)
swymme (first-person present singular)
swam (first-person past singular)
swymmed (first-person past singular)
swymmest (present second-person singular)
swumme (past second-person singular)
swam (past second-person singular)
swymmedest (past second-person singular)
swymmeth (present singular third-person)
swam (past singular third-person)
swymmed (past singular third-person)
swymme (present singular subjunctive)
swumme (past singular subjunctive)
swymmed (past singular subjunctive)
swymme (imperative present singular)
swymmen (plural present)
swymme (plural present)
swummen (past plural)
swumme (past plural)
swymmeden (past plural)
swymmede (past plural)
swymmeth (imperative plural present)
swymme (imperative plural present)
swymmynge (participle present)
swymmende (participle present)
swummen (participle past)
swumme (participle past)
swymmed (participle past)

English: swim

Scots: sweem, soom

From Old English swimman, from Proto-West Germanic *swimman, from Proto-Germanic *swimmaną.
Forms in -e- and weak forms are possibly due to the conflation of this verb with an Old English *swemman.

To be on a moving object floating on water.


serjaunt

enm-noun

serjaunt (plural serjauntes or serjauns)

English: sergeant

→ Manx: sarjant

Scots: sairjint

Borrowed from Old French sergeant, from Medieval Latin serviēns. Doublet of servaunt.

A servant or attendant at a noble household:

(by extension) One who serves a religious cause.

The chief officer of a household department.

A law enforcement officer charged with apprehending and ordering summons.


ymake

Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


imake

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


imaken

(Early Middle English) plural of make (“equal, partner”)


servitour

English: servitor

Borrowed from Latin servītōr, servītōrem; compare serven.


icumen

Alternative form of comen (past participle)


servyle

English: servile

Borrowed from Old French servil, servile, from Latin servīlis; equivalent to serven + -yle.

Fitting for or pertaining to a servant or slave; servile.


servisable

English: serviceable

Borrowed from Old French servisable; equivalent to servise + -able. Compare serviable.


surcote

English: surcoat

Borrowed from Old French surcote; equivalent to sur- + cote.

An overcoat or overdress; an overgarment.

(specifically) A surcoat (garment worn with armour)


sermontayne

English: sermountain (now rare)

Borrowed from Old French sermontain; compare montayne.

(Late Middle English) laserwort (Laserpitium siler)


surnape

English: surnape

Borrowed from Old French surnappe; equivalent to sur- + nape.

(chiefly Late Middle English) An overcloth laid for handwashing.


surmounten

surmounten (infinitive)
to surmounten (infinitive)
surmounte (infinitive)
surmounte (first-person present singular)
surmounted (first-person past singular)
surmountest (present second-person singular)
surmountedest (past second-person singular)
surmounteth (present singular third-person)
surmounted (past singular third-person)
surmounte (present singular subjunctive)
surmounted (past singular subjunctive)
surmounte (imperative present singular)
surmounten (plural present)
surmounte (plural present)
surmounteden (past plural)
surmountede (past plural)
surmounteth (imperative plural present)
surmounte (imperative plural present)
surmountynge (participle present)
surmountende (participle present)
surmounted (participle past)

English: surmount

From Old French surmonter; equivalent to sur- + mounten.

To surpass; to be superior (than something).

To be or go above; to be higher than:
To go beyond; to transcend.

(rare) To exceed; to be more numerous than.


manacen

manacen (infinitive)
to manacen (infinitive)
manace (infinitive)
manace (first-person present singular)
manaced (first-person past singular)
manacest (present second-person singular)
manacedest (past second-person singular)
manaceth (present singular third-person)
manaced (past singular third-person)
manace (present singular subjunctive)
manaced (past singular subjunctive)
manace (imperative present singular)
manacen (plural present)
manace (plural present)
manaceden (past plural)
manacede (past plural)
manaceth (imperative plural present)
manace (imperative plural present)
manacynge (participle present)
manacende (participle present)
manaced (participle past)
ymanaced (participle past)

English: menace

Borrowed from Old French menacier, from Vulgar Latin *mināciō, mināciāre; equivalent to manace + -en (infinitival suffix).

To make threats against (someone); to intimidate or threaten.

To endanger or imperil (someone or something).

(rare) To compel someone (into doing something).


meyneal

English: menial

Borrowed from Old French mesnal; equivalent to and remodelled on meyne + -al.


meyneal

English: menial


horete

a word of uncertain meaning, denoting an item of armor, possibly an oreillette


curtylage

English: curtilage, courtledge, courtlage

Fingallian: curtlagh

Borrowed from Old French cortillage, curtillage; compare court.

A small personal garden surrounding a house.


courteour

English: courtier

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman corteour; equivalent to court + -our.


couren

couren (infinitive)
to couren (infinitive)
coure (first-person present singular)
coured (first-person past singular)
courest (present second-person singular)
couredest (past second-person singular)
coureth (present singular third-person)
coured (past singular third-person)
coure (present singular subjunctive)
coured (past singular subjunctive)
coure (imperative present singular)
couren (plural present)
coure (plural present)
coureden (past plural)
courede (past plural)
coureth (imperative plural present)
coure (imperative plural present)
courynge (participle present)
courende (participle present)
coured (participle past)

English: cower

Scots: cour, coor

Borrowed from either Middle Low German kûren (“to lie in wait; linger”) or a similar North Germanic word (e.g. Icelandic kúra (“to doze”)).

bor

To crouch, especially in fear; to cower.


buhsumliche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of buxumly


curteisly

English: courteously

In a way showing due deference; respectfully, humbly.


cristenly

English: christenly


coursly

English: coarsely

According to its nature; naturally, logically.


deyntevously

From deyntevous + -ly (adverbial suffix).

(rare) finely, richly (especially of eating)


deynously

And with that worde on me she gave a glome / With browes bente and gan on me to stare / Full daynnously, and fro me she dyde fare, / Levynge me stondynge as a mased man [...].

(Late Middle English, rare) disdainfully


derkly

English: darkly

From derk + -ly (adverbial suffix); compare Old English deorclīċe.

(rare) Incomprehensibly; with difficulty.


certeynly

English: certainly

From certeyn + -ly (adverbial suffix); probably a calque of Old French certainement.

Without approximation; perfectly, precisely.

An emphatic affirmative answer; certainly, of course.


buxumly

English: buxomly

þat it apertly was apayed · foꝛ pꝛofite þat he feld / ⁊ buxumly by þe beſtes wille · in wiſe as it couþe

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 1-2; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

It was unquestioningly obeyed, as he felt benefit, so [he] was compliantly [moulded] by the animal's will through whatever means it had.


curteisie

English: courtesy, curtsey

Scots: curchy

From Anglo-Norman curteisie, curtesie; equivalent to curteis + -ie.

Chivalric values; chivalrousness, honour, valour.

Kindness; charitable or courteous behaviour.


grely

From gre (“step”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


wlonk

From Old English wlanc, from Proto-West Germanic *wlank.


brandellet

Perhaps a diminutive of brand (“sword”).

, Richard Coer de Lyon, (2015 Peter Larkin / ISD LLC edition: →ISBN), page 30

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Kynge Rycharde of hym was ware, And a spere to hym he bare, And encountred hym in the felde; He bare awaye halfe his shelde, His pusen therwith gan gone, And also his brandellet bone, His vyser and his gorgere.

a word of uncertain meaning, denoting some part of a knight's equipment, perhaps a small sword


wlispen

wlispen (infinitive)
to wlispen (infinitive)
wlispe (first-person present singular)
wlisped (first-person past singular)
wlispest (present second-person singular)
wlispedest (past second-person singular)
wlispeth (present singular third-person)
wlisped (past singular third-person)
wlispe (present singular subjunctive)
wlisped (past singular subjunctive)
wlispe (imperative present singular)
wlispen (plural present)
wlispe (plural present)
wlispeden (past plural)
wlispede (past plural)
wlispeth (imperative plural present)
wlispe (imperative plural present)
wlispynge (participle present)
wlispende (participle present)
wlisped (participle past)

English: lisp

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">wlisp</i>

Scots: lisp (obsolete wlisp)


ferventnesse

English: ferventness

(rare, Late Middle English) heat, heatedness, intensity


ardauntly

English: ardently


ardaunt

English: ardent

Scots: ardent

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ardent and Old French ardant, from Latin ardēns, ardentem; compare ardour.


ofcast

English: offcast

Scots: affcast

From ofcasten and cast; equivalent to of- + cast.

(hapax) The normally uneaten refuse of plants.


solucioun

English: solution

Borrowed from Old French solucion, from Latin solūtiō, solūtiōnem; compare solven.

The answer to or explanation for a problem.

(alchemy, rare) A solution (mixture formed by dissolution)


resolucioun

English: resolution

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman resolucion or its etymon Latin resolūtiō, resolūtiōnem; equivalent to re- + solucioun. Compare resolven.

(figuratively) Death (as the parting of body and soul)

Decomposition, dissolution, splitting:
Death (as the parting of body and soul)

(medicine) The decomposition of humours or the ability to cause it.


dissolucioun

English: dissolution

Borrowed from Old French dissolucion, from Latin dissolūtiō, dissolūtiōnem; equivalent to dis- + solucioun. Compare dissolven.


countesse

English: countess

Borrowed from Old French contesse; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -esse.

A countess (wife of a count, earl, or analogous noble)


aforthen

aforthen (infinitive)
to aforthen (infinitive)
aforthe (infinitive)
aforthe (first-person present singular)
aforthed (first-person past singular)
aforthest (present second-person singular)
aforthedest (past second-person singular)
afortheth (present singular third-person)
aforthed (past singular third-person)
aforthe (present singular subjunctive)
aforthed (past singular subjunctive)
aforthe (imperative present singular)
aforthen (plural present)
aforthe (plural present)
afortheden (past plural)
aforthede (past plural)
afortheth (imperative plural present)
aforthe (imperative plural present)
aforthynge (participle present)
aforthende (participle present)
aforthed (participle past)

English: afford

desc

Scots: affuird, affoord, affeurd (Orkney)

A remodelling as a- + forthen of earlier iforthen, itself from ġeforþian (“to further, accomplish, afford”), an extension of forþian, from Proto-West Germanic *forþōn,
from Proto-Germanic *furþōną.


solven

solven (infinitive)
to solven (infinitive)
solve (infinitive)
solve (first-person present singular)
solved (first-person past singular)
solvest (present second-person singular)
solvedest (past second-person singular)
solveth (present singular third-person)
solved (past singular third-person)
solve (present singular subjunctive)
solved (past singular subjunctive)
solve (imperative present singular)
solven (plural present)
solve (plural present)
solveden (past plural)
solvede (past plural)
solveth (imperative plural present)
solve (imperative plural present)
solvynge (participle present)
solvende (participle present)
solved (participle past)
ysolved (participle past)

English: solve

(chiefly medicine) To break up; to drive out.

(rare) To dissolve; to cause dissolution.


dissolven

dissolven (infinitive)
to dissolven (infinitive)
dissolve (infinitive)
dissolve (first-person present singular)
dissolved (first-person past singular)
dissolvest (present second-person singular)
dissolvedest (past second-person singular)
dissolveth (present singular third-person)
dissolved (past singular third-person)
dissolve (present singular subjunctive)
dissolved (past singular subjunctive)
dissolve (imperative present singular)
dissolven (plural present)
dissolve (plural present)
dissolveden (past plural)
dissolvede (past plural)
dissolveth (imperative plural present)
dissolve (imperative plural present)
dissolvynge (participle present)
dissolvende (participle present)
dissolved (participle past)

English: dissolve

Borrowed from Latin dissolvō, dissolvere; equivalent to dis- + solven. Compare dissolucioun.

To unbind (usually the soul from the body)

(rare) To renounce a relationship; to violate a compact.


resolven

enm-verb

resolven (third-person singular simple present resolveth, present participle resolvende, resolvynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle resolved)

resolveth (present singular third-person)
resolvende (participle present)
resolvynge (participle present)
resolved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
resolven (infinitive)
to resolven (infinitive)
resolve (infinitive)
resolve (first-person present singular)
resolved (first-person past singular)
resolvest (present second-person singular)
resolvedest (past second-person singular)
resolveth (present singular third-person)
resolved (past singular third-person)
resolve (present singular subjunctive)
resolved (past singular subjunctive)
resolve (imperative present singular)
resolven (plural present)
resolve (plural present)
resolveden (past plural)
resolvede (past plural)
resolveth (imperative plural present)
resolve (imperative plural present)
resolvynge (participle present)
resolvende (participle present)
resolved (participle past)

English: resolve

Borrowed from Latin resolvō, resolvere; equivalent to re- + solven. Compare resolucioun.

To transmute; to change state:
To cause to disintegrate or decompose.

To transmute; to change state:
To cause to melt or evanesce.

To transmute; to change state:
To dissolve or intermix.

(writing, mathematics) To put into an intelligible form.


kinraden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kynrede


ofputtinge

English: offputting

desc

Scots: affpittin, affputting, aff-pitting, aff-putting, aff-pitten, aff-pettin'


ofcastyng

English: offcasting

Scots: affcastins (plural)


afrounten

afrounten (infinitive)
to afrounten (infinitive)
afrounte (infinitive)
afrounte (first-person present singular)
afrounted (first-person past singular)
afrountest (present second-person singular)
afrountedest (past second-person singular)
afrounteth (present singular third-person)
afrounted (past singular third-person)
afrounte (present singular subjunctive)
afrounted (past singular subjunctive)
afrounte (imperative present singular)
afrounten (plural present)
afrounte (plural present)
afrounteden (past plural)
afrountede (past plural)
afrounteth (imperative plural present)
afrounte (imperative plural present)
afrountynge (participle present)
afrountende (participle present)
afrounted (participle past)

English: affront

Scots: affront

From Old French afronter (“to defy”), from Vulgar Latin *affrontāre (“to hit in the face”).


enviouse

inflection of envious:
strong/weak plural


envye

Alternative form of envien (“to compete”)


myslyuyng

therfor sir Launcelot goo to thy royame & there take the a wyf & lyue with hir with Ioye & blysse / & I praye the hertelye praye for me to our lord that I may amended my myslyuyng / Now swete madam sayd syr Launcelot wold ye that I shold torne ageyn vnto my cuntreye & there to wedde a lady Nay Madam wyt you wel that shal I neuer do

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter IX, in Le Morte Darthur, book XXI:


departycyon

Kynge Arthur / that said to sir Launcelot had not ye ben / we had not lost syre Tristram for he was here dayly vnto the tyme ye mette with hym / and in an euylle tyme sayd Arthur ye encountred with hym / My lord Arthur said Launcelot ye putte vpon me that I shold ben cause of his departycyon / god knoweth hit was ageynste my wille

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxxvj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IX:


oldenes

So that I may reste bitwene thyn armes
 for thow arte a clene vyrgyn aboue all knyghtes as the floure of the lyly
 in whome vyrgynyte is sygnefyed
 and thou arte the rose the whiche is the floure of al good vertu
 & in coloure of fyre
 For the fyre of the holy ghoost is take so in the
 that my flesshe which was al dede of oldenes
 is become yonge ageyne

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xviij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVII:


cravant

English: craven

Either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).


creaunsour

English: creancer (historical)

Borrowed from Old French creanceor; equivalent to creaunce + -our.


creaunt

Possibly from Old French creant, past participle of creire, but more likely an aphetic form of recreaunt, as creant does not mean "defeated".


recreaunt

English: recreant

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Middle French recreant; equivalent to recreyen + -ant or re- + creaunt.


myscreaunce

English: miscreance

Borrowed from Old French mescreance; equivalent to mys- + creaunce. Compare myscreaunt.

Belief in a false religion, especially paganism.

(rare) Religious disbelief or deviation.


creauncen

creauncen (infinitive)
to creauncen (infinitive)
creaunce (infinitive)
creaunce (first-person present singular)
creaunced (first-person past singular)
creauncest (present second-person singular)
creauncedest (past second-person singular)
creaunceth (present singular third-person)
creaunced (past singular third-person)
creaunce (present singular subjunctive)
creaunced (past singular subjunctive)
creaunce (imperative present singular)
creauncen (plural present)
creaunce (plural present)
creaunceden (past plural)
creauncede (past plural)
creaunceth (imperative plural present)
creaunce (imperative plural present)
creauncynge (participle present)
creauncende (participle present)
creaunced (participle past)
ycreaunced (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French creancier; equivalent to creaunce + -en (infinitival suffix).


recreyen

recreyen (infinitive)
to recreyen (infinitive)
recreye (first-person present singular)
recreyed (first-person past singular)
recreyest (present second-person singular)
recreyedest (past second-person singular)
recreyeth (present singular third-person)
recreyed (past singular third-person)
recreye (present singular subjunctive)
recreyed (past singular subjunctive)
recreye (imperative present singular)
recreyen (plural present)
recreye (plural present)
recreyeden (past plural)
recreyede (past plural)
recreyeth (imperative plural present)
recreye (imperative plural present)
recreyynge (participle present)
recreyende (participle present)
recreyed (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French recroire, recreire, from re- + creire.


cradel

English: cradle

Scots: cradle, craddle, creddle

From Old English cradol, from Proto-West Germanic *kradul, from Proto-Germanic *kradulaz. Compare cart.


myscreaunt

English: miscreant

Borrowed from Old French mescreant; possibly equivalent to mys- + creaunt. Compare myscreaunce.


myscreaunt

English: miscreant

A believer in a false religion: a pagan or heretic.


mys-

English: mis-

Scots: mis-

From Old English mis-, from Proto-West Germanic *missa-, from Proto-Germanic *missa-. Reinforced by Old French mes-, ultimately from the same Proto-Germanic source.
While forms in -y- are definitely partly attributable to a desire to avoid the confusion of minims, they may have been encouraged by association with words such as mysterie.


splayen

enm-verb

splayen (third-person singular simple present splayeth, present participle splayende, splayynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle splayed)

splayeth (present singular third-person)
splayende (participle present)
splayynge (participle present)
splayed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
splayen (infinitive)
to splayen (infinitive)
splaye (first-person present singular)
splayed (first-person past singular)
splayest (present second-person singular)
splayedest (past second-person singular)
splayeth (present singular third-person)
splayed (past singular third-person)
splaye (present singular subjunctive)
splayed (past singular subjunctive)
splaye (imperative present singular)
splayen (plural present)
splaye (plural present)
splayeden (past plural)
splayede (past plural)
splayeth (imperative plural present)
splaye (imperative plural present)
splayynge (participle present)
splayende (participle present)
splayed (participle past)

English: splay

Scots: splay

(rare) To spread as to display or make visible.


displayen

displayen (infinitive)
to displayen (infinitive)
displaye (first-person present singular)
displayed (first-person past singular)
displayest (present second-person singular)
displayedest (past second-person singular)
displayeth (present singular third-person)
displayed (past singular third-person)
displaye (present singular subjunctive)
displayed (past singular subjunctive)
displaye (imperative present singular)
displayen (plural present)
displaye (plural present)
displayeden (past plural)
displayede (past plural)
displayeth (imperative plural present)
displaye (imperative plural present)
displayynge (participle present)
displayende (participle present)
displayed (participle past)

English: display

Scots: display

Yola: displayte (ppl.)

From Anglo-Norman and continental Old French despleier, from Medieval Latin displicō, displicāre; compare plien and splayen.

To display or demonstrate; to make clear.


dongeoun

English: dungeon, donjon

Scots: dungeon

Borrowed from Old French donjon (“main residence of a castle, fortified tower”). The sense "underground cell below the keep of a castle", first attested in Anglo-Norman (13th c.) and not in other varieties of Old French, may have been influenced by the etymologically unrelated Old English dung (“underground prison cell”). An early manuscript (c1300) of the Middle English poem A disputacion bytwene þe bodi and þe soule uses the word "donge" in the same line, cited below, where the later Vernon manuscript (c. 1380-1400) uses the word "dungoun" ("Þe erþe hemsulf it lek aȝeyn, Anon þe donge it was fordit").

m+

The eorthe closede hit self aȝeyn, And the dungoun was for-dit.

c. 1325 – 1390, A disputacion bytwene þe bodi and þe soule, (Vernon manuscript)

(figurative) An abyssal prison, such as Hell or the world.


cressaunt

English: crescent

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cressaunt and continental Old French creissant, both from Latin crēscēns, crēscēntem; equivalent to cresen + -ant.


lumpe

lump


glacen

glacen (infinitive)
to glacen (infinitive)
glace (infinitive)
glace (first-person present singular)
glaced (first-person past singular)
glacest (present second-person singular)
glacedest (past second-person singular)
glaceth (present singular third-person)
glaced (past singular third-person)
glace (present singular subjunctive)
glaced (past singular subjunctive)
glace (imperative present singular)
glacen (plural present)
glace (plural present)
glaceden (past plural)
glacede (past plural)
glaceth (imperative plural present)
glace (imperative plural present)
glacynge (participle present)
glacende (participle present)
glaced (participle past)
yglaced (participle past)

Yola: galshied (preterite)

to strike with a glancing blow; to penetrate (of weapon)

(figurative) to fail to hit the mark (of lies)


acresen

acresen (infinitive)
to acresen (infinitive)
acrese (first-person present singular)
acresed (first-person past singular)
acresest (present second-person singular)
acresedest (past second-person singular)
acreseth (present singular third-person)
acresed (past singular third-person)
acrese (present singular subjunctive)
acresed (past singular subjunctive)
acrese (imperative present singular)
acresen (plural present)
acrese (plural present)
acreseden (past plural)
acresede (past plural)
acreseth (imperative plural present)
acrese (imperative plural present)
acresynge (participle present)
acresende (participle present)
acresed (participle past)

English: accrease (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman acreistre, acrestre, from Latin accrēscō, accrēscere; equivalent to a- + cresen.


encresynge

English: increasing

Growth, enhancement; increase in number or magnitude.

An addition or augment; another part or portion.


encresen

encresen (infinitive)
to encresen (infinitive)
encrese (infinitive)
encrese (first-person present singular)
encresed (first-person past singular)
encresest (present second-person singular)
encresedest (past second-person singular)
encreseth (present singular third-person)
encresed (past singular third-person)
encrese (present singular subjunctive)
encresed (past singular subjunctive)
encrese (imperative present singular)
encresen (plural present)
encrese (plural present)
encreseden (past plural)
encresede (past plural)
encreseth (imperative plural present)
encrese (imperative plural present)
encresynge (participle present)
encresende (participle present)
encresed (participle past)

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">encrease</i>

English: increase (obsolete encrease)

Scots: increase

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman encreistre, encrestre, from Latin incrēscō, incrēscere; equivalent to en- + cresen.

To grow or increase in size, power, or magnitude.

To cause to grow or increase in size, power, or magnitude.

To multiply; to grow or cause to grow in number.


quyrre

English: quarry

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quiree (continental Old French cuiriee), from Late Latin *corāta, from cor (“heart”), with influence from Old French cuir (“skin”).

The entrails given to hunting dogs as a reward; the quarry.

The animals killed in a hunt or the place where they are found.

(rare) The target given to a hawk by a falconer.


quyrre

Borrowed from Old French cuirie, from cuir (“skin”).

blake of lyre Queyers a-namelynges

with oute haberion or quyrre


discres

English: decrease

From Old French descreis, decreis, from descreistre. Compare discresen.


discresen

discresen (infinitive)
to discresen (infinitive)
discrese (infinitive)
discrese (first-person present singular)
discresed (first-person past singular)
discresest (present second-person singular)
discresedest (past second-person singular)
discreseth (present singular third-person)
discresed (past singular third-person)
discrese (present singular subjunctive)
discresed (past singular subjunctive)
discrese (imperative present singular)
discresen (plural present)
discrese (plural present)
discreseden (past plural)
discresede (past plural)
discreseth (imperative plural present)
discrese (imperative plural present)
discresynge (participle present)
discresende (participle present)
discresed (participle past)

English: decrease

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman descreistre, descrestre, alteration of Latin dēcrēscō, dēcrēscere. Equivalent to dis- + cresen, but sometimes remodelled as if de- + cresen due to Latin influence.

To diminish or weaken; to decrease in magnitude.


daungere

That euerych of yon ſhall go where him lyſt / Freely, wythout randſome or daungere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, column 1, lines 989-991:

That every one of you shall go where go where he desires / Freely, without randsome or difficulty


avysily

Over alle thinges ye schal do youre diligence to kepe youre persone, and to warmstore youre house; and seyden also, that in this yow aughte for to wirche ful avysily and with gret deliberacioun.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of Chaucer”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


sixtiȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sixty


soventi

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seventy


goslyng

English: gosling, gesling

Yola: gozleen

From Old Norse gæsling, géslingr; equivalent to goos + -ling. Some forms are altered due to the influence of goos.


nigneti

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nynty


nynty

English: ninety

Scots: ninety

From Old English nigontiġ, alteration of hundnigontiġ, itself a modification of Proto-Germanic *newuntēhundą; equivalent to nyne + -ty.


thwitel

A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


wardecorps

Though thou praydest Argus with his hundrid yen To be my wardecorps

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

a guardian; one set to watch over another


roundell

And songen all the roundell lustely

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(music) roundel: a roundelay or rondelay


lokyng

Al drery was his chere, and his lokyng

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

the manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance


ceynt

[…]Girt with a ceynt of sylk[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 6, recto:


spousaille

Boweth ẏoure nekke / vnder that bliſful yok /[…]Which that men clepe / spouſaille / or wedlok /

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 175, recto, lines 8 and 10:


wallysshe

By my hede sayd syr Gareth I wylle ryde vnto my lord sir launcelot for to helpe hym /[…]/ ye shalle not soo said sir Bors by my counceylle / onles that ye were desguysed / ye shalle see me dysguysed said syre Gareth / and there with al he aspyed a wallysshe knyghte where he was to repose hym

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxiij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVIII:


crystendome

And also sire Palomydes auowed neuer to take ful crystendome vnto the tyme that he had done seuen batails within the lystys

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “lxiij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X:


aduysyon

And whanne this old man had sayd thus he came to one of tho knyghtes and sayd I haue lost alle that I haue sette in the / For thou hast rulyd the ageynste me as a warryour and vsed wrong werres with vayne glory[…]/ therfor thow shalt be confounded withoute thow yelde me my tresour / Alle this aduysyon sawe sir Launcelot at the Crosse

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “Tercium”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XV:


makeles

English: makeless

I syng of a mayden
þat is makeles,
kyng of alle kynges

15th century, “I syng of a mayden”, first stanza

I sing of a maiden
That is matchless,
King of all kings
For her son she chose.

it happed the kynge and launcelot stode in a wyndowe / and sawe syre Tristram ryde and Isoud / Syre sayd Launcelot yonder rydeth the fayrest lady of the world excepte youre quene Dame Gueneuer / who is that said sir Arthur / Sir sayd he / it is quene Isoud that oute taken my lady your quene she is makeles

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “lxxiij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X:


goodely

Thenne he sente for the thre knyghtes & they came afore hym / and he cryed hem mercy of that he had done to them / and they forgaf hit hym goodely and he dyed anone / Whanne the kynge was dede / alle the cyte was desmayed and wyst not who myghte be her kynge

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVII:

goodly: in a goodly way; courteously, graciously


knyghtely

Syr said Palomydes ye shalle haue myn aduyse to be ageynst Kynge Arthur as to morne for on his party wille be syre Launcelot and many good knyghtes of his blood with hym / And the moo men of worship that they be / the more worship we shalle we wynne / That is full knyghtely spoken said sir Tristram / and ryght soo as ye counceile me / soo wille we doo

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “lxviij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X:


open mouthed

and so they loued to gyder more hotter than they did to fore hand / and had suche preuy draughtes to gyder that many in the Courte spak of hit / and in especial sir Agrauayne/ sir Gawayns broder / for he was euer open mouthed / So bifel that syre Launcelot had many resortes of ladyes and damoysels that dayly resorted vnto hym / that besoughte hym to be their champyon

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter I, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVIII:


thorugh oute

Syr she said here came a knyght rydyng as my lord and I rested vs here / and asked hym of whens he was / and my lord said of Arthurs courte / therfore said the stronge knyght I wille Iuste with the / for I hate alle these that ben of Arthurs Courte / And my lord that lyeth here dede amounted vpon his hors / and the stronge knyght and my lord encountred to gyder / and there he smote my lord thorugh oute with his spere

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “iij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book X:

completely through, right the way through


rethore

And if a rethore coude faire endite

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


octogamie

Eek wel I woot, he seyde myn housbonde / Sholde lete fader and mooder, and take to me. / But of no nombre mencion made he, / Of bigamie, or of octogamie; / Why should men thanne speke of it vileynie?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 30-34:


semy cope

Of double worstede was hys semy cope / So rounded was as a bell out of presse

a short cope, or an inferior kind of cope.


walk-mylne

English: waulkmill, walkmill, waukmill

Scots: waulk-mill

From walken + mylne; compare parallel formations in other West Germanic languages such as Middle Dutch walcmōlen.


manquellere

English: manqueller

From man (“man, person”) + quellere (“killer”).

af

One entrusted with the duty of execution; a hangman.

A killer or murderer; one who illegally kills.

(Christianity, figurative) One who leads others towards eternal damnation.


walkere

English: walker


walkere

English: waulker, walker

Scots: waulker

From Old English wealcere, from Proto-West Germanic *walkārī; equivalent to walken + -er.


beodemon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bedeman


ameral

From Anglo-Norman and Old French ameral etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).

Alternative form of amiral, emir or admiral.


amerail

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amerail etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


admiralle

English: admiralle

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral, admiralle, etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


admirail

English: admirail

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral, admirail, etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


admirall

English: admirall

From Anglo-Norman and Old French admiral, admirall, etc., from Medieval Latin admiralis, admirallus, and admiralius, from irregular modification of amiralis etc. under the influence of the prefix ad- and particularly admirari (“to admire, to respect”), from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


amerale

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amerale etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).


ortographie

English: orthography

Borrowed from Middle French orthographie, Anglo-Norman ortographie, and their etymon Latin orthographia, from Ancient Greek ὀρθογραφία (orthographía).

bor+

(rare, Late Middle English) spelling, orthography


comparisounen

comparisounen (infinitive)
to comparisounen (infinitive)
comparisoune (infinitive)
comparisoune (first-person present singular)
comparisouned (first-person past singular)
comparisounest (present second-person singular)
comparisounedest (past second-person singular)
comparisouneth (present singular third-person)
comparisouned (past singular third-person)
comparisoune (present singular subjunctive)
comparisouned (past singular subjunctive)
comparisoune (imperative present singular)
comparisounen (plural present)
comparisoune (plural present)
comparisouneden (past plural)
comparisounede (past plural)
comparisouneth (imperative plural present)
comparisoune (imperative plural present)
comparisounynge (participle present)
comparisounende (participle present)
comparisouned (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French comparisoner, comparaisoner; equivalent to comparisoun + -en (infinitival suffix).

To give something identical or similar value to something else.

To compare; to examine the similarities and differences between two things.

(rare) To make something comparable or similar to another.


comparisoun

English: comparison

Scots: comparison

Borrowed from Old French comparison, comparaison, from Latin comparātiō, comparātiōnem; equivalent to comparen + -isoun.

The act of giving a thing similar or identical value to another; similitude in value.

(more generally) Similitude, relation; the state of being similar.

Comparison; the state of comparing or measuring.

(rhetoric) A figure of speech relying on comparison.

(grammar) Grammatical comparison (of adjectives and adverbs)

(rare) A distinction; the state of having a distinct feature.


acrewen

acrewen (infinitive)
to acrewen (infinitive)
acrewe (first-person present singular)
acrewed (first-person past singular)
acrewest (present second-person singular)
acrewedest (past second-person singular)
acreweth (present singular third-person)
acrewed (past singular third-person)
acrewe (present singular subjunctive)
acrewed (past singular subjunctive)
acrewe (imperative present singular)
acrewen (plural present)
acrewe (plural present)
acreweden (past plural)
acrewede (past plural)
acreweth (imperative plural present)
acrewe (imperative plural present)
acrewynge (participle present)
acrewende (participle present)
acrewed (participle past)

English: accrue

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman acreu, past participle of acreistre, acrestre; compare acresen.

(rare, Late Middle English) To come into one's possession; to accrue.


achaufen

achaufen (infinitive)
to achaufen (infinitive)
achaufe (infinitive)
achaufe (first-person present singular)
achaufed (first-person past singular)
achaufest (present second-person singular)
achaufedest (past second-person singular)
achaufeth (present singular third-person)
achaufed (past singular third-person)
achaufe (present singular subjunctive)
achaufed (past singular subjunctive)
achaufe (imperative present singular)
achaufen (plural present)
achaufe (plural present)
achaufeden (past plural)
achaufede (past plural)
achaufeth (imperative plural present)
achaufe (imperative plural present)
achaufynge (participle present)
achaufende (participle present)
achaufed (participle past)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman achaufer; equivalent to a- + chaufen.

(figurative) To inflame (an emotion or organ).


enchaufen

enchaufen (infinitive)
to enchaufen (infinitive)
enchaufe (infinitive)
enchaufe (first-person present singular)
enchaufed (first-person past singular)
enchaufest (present second-person singular)
enchaufedest (past second-person singular)
enchaufeth (present singular third-person)
enchaufed (past singular third-person)
enchaufe (present singular subjunctive)
enchaufed (past singular subjunctive)
enchaufe (imperative present singular)
enchaufen (plural present)
enchaufe (plural present)
enchaufeden (past plural)
enchaufede (past plural)
enchaufeth (imperative plural present)
enchaufe (imperative plural present)
enchaufynge (participle present)
enchaufende (participle present)
enchaufed (participle past)

English: enchafe

Modification of eschaufen as if en- + chaufen.

a good knyght, Sir Patryse, which was cosyn unto Sir Mador de la Porte, toke an appyll, for he was enchaffed with hete of wyne.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

Sir Patrice, a good knight who was the cousin of Sir Mador de la Porte, took an apple because he was enervated with drunken passion.


assheler

English: ashlar, ashler

Scots: aislar, aisler, aishler, estler

From Old French esselier, from Medieval Latin ascelāris, assellāris (for *axillāris, which is in fact attested, but only from Renaissance Latin onwards).


eschaufen

eschaufen (infinitive)
to eschaufen (infinitive)
eschaufe (first-person present singular)
eschaufed (first-person past singular)
eschaufest (present second-person singular)
eschaufedest (past second-person singular)
eschaufeth (present singular third-person)
eschaufed (past singular third-person)
eschaufe (present singular subjunctive)
eschaufed (past singular subjunctive)
eschaufe (imperative present singular)
eschaufen (plural present)
eschaufe (plural present)
eschaufeden (past plural)
eschaufede (past plural)
eschaufeth (imperative plural present)
eschaufe (imperative plural present)
eschaufynge (participle present)
eschaufende (participle present)
eschaufed (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French eschaufer, from Latin excalfaciō, excalfacere; compare chaufen.

(figurative) To inflame (an emotion or individual).

(figurative, rare) To become inflamed or impassioned.


sputen

Whatt! þay sputen & speken of so spitous fylþe,

14th century / 1864, Early English alliterative Poems in the West-Midland Dialect of the fourteenth Century. Copied and edited from a unique Manuscript in the Library of the British Museum. With an Introduction, Notes, and glossarial Index, p. 63, l. 845, and p. 195


overchaufen

overchaufen (infinitive)
to overchaufen (infinitive)
overchaufe (first-person present singular)
overchaufed (first-person past singular)
overchaufest (present second-person singular)
overchaufedest (past second-person singular)
overchaufeth (present singular third-person)
overchaufed (past singular third-person)
overchaufe (present singular subjunctive)
overchaufed (past singular subjunctive)
overchaufe (imperative present singular)
overchaufen (plural present)
overchaufe (plural present)
overchaufeden (past plural)
overchaufede (past plural)
overchaufeth (imperative plural present)
overchaufe (imperative plural present)
overchaufynge (participle present)
overchaufende (participle present)
overchaufed (participle past)


legge herneys

There is in pypes[…]moo than CC legge herneys.

1442, Let.Bekynton in RS 56.2, section 247:


leggharnes

Item lego predicto Will’o duas integras armaturas de optimis, viz. duas basynetlas, umbras, et rere brace, gloves de plaite, et paunce de alwite, cum le leggharnes eisdem pertin. et loricam de optimis, et optimum batleaxe, et unum gladium de Burdeux argento ornatum.

1439, Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, volume II, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, published 1835, pages 150 (written in a mix of Middle French, Latin and Middle English):


leggeharnes

Lego prefato Willelmo Bowes[…]gloves de plaite et pannce [read: paunce] de plaite, cum le leggeharnes eisdem pertinente.

1437, Will York in Sur.Soc.30, section 70:


legharnoys

Legharnoys.

1386, Inquis.Miscel.(PRO), section 4.200:


legharneis

English: legharness

Stelyn legharneis [WB(2): bootis of bras; L ocreas aereas] he [Goliath] hadde in the hipis.


legge harneyse

Sir Thomas Keriel is take prisoner, and alle the legge harneyse, and abowte iij ml. Englishe men slayn.


escheten

escheten (infinitive)
to escheten (infinitive)
eschete (first-person present singular)
escheted (first-person past singular)
eschete (first-person past singular)
eschetest (present second-person singular)
eschetedest (past second-person singular)
eschetest (past second-person singular)
escheteth (present singular third-person)
escheted (past singular third-person)
eschete (past singular third-person)
eschete (present singular subjunctive)
escheted (past singular subjunctive)
eschete (past singular subjunctive)
eschete (imperative present singular)
escheten (plural present)
eschete (plural present)
escheteden (past plural)
eschetede (past plural)
escheten (past plural)
eschete (past plural)
escheteth (imperative plural present)
eschete (imperative plural present)
eschetynge (participle present)
eschetende (participle present)
escheted (participle past)
eschet (participle past)

English: escheat

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːtən/

Borrowed from Old French escheoiter, from escheoit, past participle of escheoir (“to fall”); equivalent to eschete + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare acheten.

To take property from one's feudal subjects; to escheat.


eschete

English: escheat

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːt(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French escheoit m, escheoite f, past participle of escheoir (“to fall”). Compare escheten and achete.

The taking of property from a feudal subject due to extinction of their line or crimes committed; escheat.

Any property taken in this way (sometimes given to another subject)

(rare, law) A writ for the escheat of a given property.


eschetour

English: escheator, escheater

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛːˈtuːr/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschetour; corresponding to escheten + -our.

escheator (royal officer that records escheated property)


escheterie

→ English: escheatery (calque)

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛːtəˈriː(ə)/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːtəriː(ə)/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman escheterie; corresponding to escheten + -erie.

(rare) The medieval English governmental office that recorded escheated property; the escheatery.


sculke

a Sculke of foxes

c. 1450, Juliana Berners, “The companyes of bestys & foules”, in Book of Saint Albans, Westminster: Wynkyn de Worde, published 1496:


two hand sword

c. 1490s, Henry Medwall, Nature, London, c. 1530s, Part 1,
Sometyme he serueth me at borde
sometyme he bereth my two hand sword


achete

English: cheat

/ˈt͡ʃɛːt(ə)/

A modification of eschete paralleling the formation of acheten from escheten.

Escheat; the acquisition of property left without an inheritor.


chetour

desc

English: cheater (obsolete in this sense)

/t͡ʃɛːˈtuːr/


acheten

acheten (infinitive)
to acheten (infinitive)
achete (first-person present singular)
acheted (first-person past singular)
achetest (present second-person singular)
achetedest (past second-person singular)
acheteth (present singular third-person)
acheted (past singular third-person)
achete (present singular subjunctive)
acheted (past singular subjunctive)
achete (imperative present singular)
acheten (plural present)
achete (plural present)
acheteden (past plural)
achetede (past plural)
acheteth (imperative plural present)
achete (imperative plural present)
achetynge (participle present)
achetende (participle present)
acheted (participle past)

English: cheat

Scots: cheat, chate, chait

/aˈt͡ʃɛːtən/

Modification of escheten, possibly reflecting the loss of French preconsonantal /s/; equivalent to achete + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To take property from one's feudal subjects; to escheat.


costret

Borrowed from Old French costeret, ultimately from a suffixed form of Latin costa.


Pentecosten

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Pentecoste


chyvachie

English: chevauchee (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Old French chevauchie, chevauchée, from Medieval Latin caballicāta.

A band of mounted warriors; a cavalcade.


cæȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of keye (“key”)


keyen

From Old English cǣġan, plural of cǣġe, variant of cǣġ; equivalent to keye + -en (plural suffix).


chivaler

English: chevalier (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chevaler and Middle French chevalier, from Late Latin caballārius.

(Late Middle English) knight (noble equestrian soldier)


chivalerie

English: chivalry (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French chevalerie; equivalent to chivaler + -ie.

A retinue of knights or mounted soldiers.

The state of being a knight; knighthood.

Prowess at making war; bravery or military training.

War, fighting, conflict:
An exemplary martial deed or feat.


chivalerous

English: chivalrous (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French chevalerous; equivalent to chivaler + -ous.


moddrie

Inherited from Old English mōdriġe, from Proto-West Germanic *mōdrijā.

(Early Middle English, rare) aunt (sister of one's parents)


eyme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of em


æem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em


scuage

English: escuage (restored from the etymon)

Borrowed from Old French escuage; equivalent to Old French escu + -age.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


pencioun

English: pension

Scots: pension

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French pencion, pension, from Latin pēnsiō, pēnsiōnem.

A regularly (usually annually) paid stipend; an annuity.

A payment or stipend given from church finances.

A tax, charge, or expense; money due to another.


moonelight

His bridle as the sunne shone,
Or as the moonelight.

His bridle shone as the sun,
Or as the moonlight.


corrant

Lik to the corrant fyr that renneth / Upon a corde

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


Lauerd

Lauerd god we biddeð þus
(please add an English translation of this quotation)
ante''' 1300, Cursor Mundi, 601 f.
Als oure lauerd has heuen in hand

Lord: the Abrahamic deity of the Jewish and Christian Islamic faiths


Petres peny

English: Peter's pence

From Petres (genitive of Peter (“Peter”)) + peny (“penny”) or pens (“pence”) or other similar formations.

af

genitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">Peter</i> (“Peter”)

Peter's pence, alms-fee (tax due to Rome collected from English homes)


servauntesse

and he seide to hir, Who art thou? Sche answeride, Y am Ruth, thin handmayde; stretche forth thi cloth on thi seruauntesse, for thou art nyy of kyn.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume I, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Ruth III:9, page 684, column 2:

and he said to her, Who are you? She answered, I am Ruth, your handmaid; stretch forth your cloth on your servantess, for you are nigh of kin.


warous

Curatours of holy kyrke as clerkes yᵉ bene warous, / Lightly that they leven, loſels it habbeth, / Or dyeth inteſtat, and the biſſhop entreth, [...]

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus. xv. finit de dowell, et incipit dobet”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio lxxix, recto:


selberles

he sente hem forth selberles, in a somer garnement

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “(please specify the passus number)”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:


all kynne

Of all kynne lybbynge laborers lopen forth ſome / As dikers and deluers that done their dedes yll […]

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Prologue]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio iiii, recto:

Of all kinds of living labourers, strode forth some / [As] dikers and delvers that do their work ill […]


hatungæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hatynge


freoten

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of freten (“to eat”)


ffret

Alternative form of fret (“eating away”)


bi-queðen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of biquethen


ðusent

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thousend


þusendfeld

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thousendfold


forfreten

enm-verb

forfreten (third-person singular simple present forfreteth, present participle forfretynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative forfrat, past participle forfreten)

forfreteth (present singular third-person)
forfretynge (participle present)
forfrat (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forfreten (participle past)
forfreten (infinitive)
to forfreten (infinitive)
forfrete (infinitive)
forfrete (first-person present singular)
forfrat (first-person past singular)
forfretest (present second-person singular)
forfrete (past second-person singular)
forfrat (past second-person singular)
forfreteth (present singular third-person)
forfrat (past singular third-person)
forfrete (present singular subjunctive)
forfrete (past singular subjunctive)
forfrete (imperative present singular)
forfreten (plural present)
forfrete (plural present)
forfreten (past plural)
forfrete (past plural)
forfreteth (imperative plural present)
forfrete (imperative plural present)
forfretynge (participle present)
forfretende (participle present)
forfreten (participle past)
forfrete (participle past)

From for- + freten (“to eat (at)”); compare West Frisian forfrette (“to eat up, devour”), German verfressen (“greedy”).


biquethen

biquethen (infinitive)
to biquethen (infinitive)
biquethe (infinitive)
biquethe (first-person present singular)
biquath (first-person past singular)
biquethest (present second-person singular)
biquethe (past second-person singular)
biquath (past second-person singular)
biquetheth (present singular third-person)
biquath (past singular third-person)
biquethe (present singular subjunctive)
biquethe (past singular subjunctive)
biquethe (imperative present singular)
biquethen (plural present)
biquethe (plural present)
biquethen (past plural)
biquethe (past plural)
biquetheth (imperative plural present)
biquethe (imperative plural present)
biquethynge (participle present)
biquethende (participle present)
biquethen (participle past)
biquethe (participle past)

English: bequeath

Inherited from Old English becweþan; equivalent to bi- + quethen.

To bequeath; to hand down to one's successors by will.

(by extension) To transmit or give to one's successors.

To set apart oneself for another or another's sake.

(rare) To set apart resources for another.

(rare) To say; to make an assertion or statement.


thousendfold

English: thousandfold

Inherited from Old English þūsendfeald; equivalent to thousand + -fold.


thousendfold

English: thousandfold


thousend

desctree

English: thousand
→ Hawaiian: kaukani, tausani

Scots: thousand, thoosan, thoosand

Inherited from Old English þūsend, from Proto-West Germanic *þūsundi, from Proto-Germanic *þūsundī; some forms are remodelled on the participial ending -and.

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.


devourere

English: devourer

From devour + -er; compare Old French devoreor.

One who destroys or devastates; a destroyer.


devouren

devouren (infinitive)
to devouren (infinitive)
devoure (infinitive)
devoure (first-person present singular)
devoured (first-person past singular)
devourest (present second-person singular)
devouredest (past second-person singular)
devoureth (present singular third-person)
devoured (past singular third-person)
devoure (present singular subjunctive)
devoured (past singular subjunctive)
devoure (imperative present singular)
devouren (plural present)
devoure (plural present)
devoureden (past plural)
devourede (past plural)
devoureth (imperative plural present)
devoure (imperative plural present)
devourynge (participle present)
devourende (participle present)
devoured (participle past)

English: devour

Scots: devour, devoor

Borrowed from Old French devorer, from Latin dēvorō, dēvorāre.

To devour or eat up; to ravenously feed on.

To overwhelm or engulf; to immerse as to destroy.

To devastate or destroy; to cause destruction.


sqwyne

Alle that euyr was his and myne,
Hors and naute, shepe and sqwyne,
A-way thay drafe and bare ;

Alle wrothe wex that sqwyne,
Blu, and brayd vppe his bryne,
As kylne other kechine ;
Thus rudely he rekes.

circa 14th-15th c., The Avowynge of King Arther, Sir Gawan, Sir Kaye, and Sir Bawdewyn of Bretan:


brunswyn

From broun (“brown, dark”) + swyn (“pig”).

(Late Middle English, hapax) porpoise (cetacean of family Phocoenidae)


porpeys

English: porpoise

Scots: porpoise

Borrowed from Old French porpeis, from Vulgar Latin *porcopiscis; compare pork.


swynherde

English: swineherd

Inherited from Old English swīnhierde; equivalent to swyn (“pig”) + herde (“herder”).


delphyn

English: dolphin

Scots: dowphin

Borrowed from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of Dauphin.
Forms with -o- are probably influenced by the pronunciation of Middle French dauphin (approximately /dɔˈfĩː/).

(Late Middle English, rare) dolphin (cetacean of family Delphinidae)


couherde

English: cowherd

Inherited from Old English cūhyrde; equivalent to cou (“cow”) + herde (“herder”).

Hit bi fel in þat foreſt · þere faſt by ſide / þer woned a wel old cherl · þat was a couherde

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 3-4; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

It so happened that right there in that forest / there was a very old peasant; a cowherd.


mereswyn

English: mereswine

Scots: mereswine

Inherited from Old English mereswīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mariswīn, from Proto-Germanic *mariswīną; equivalent to mere (“lake, sea”) + swyn (“pig”).


mensca

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of menske


gulchen

gulchen (infinitive)
to gulchen (infinitive)
gulche (infinitive)
gulche (first-person present singular)
gulched (first-person past singular)
gulchest (present second-person singular)
gulchedest (past second-person singular)
gulcheth (present singular third-person)
gulched (past singular third-person)
gulche (present singular subjunctive)
gulched (past singular subjunctive)
gulche (imperative present singular)
gulchen (plural present)
gulche (plural present)
gulcheden (past plural)
gulchede (past plural)
gulcheth (imperative plural present)
gulche (imperative plural present)
gulchynge (participle present)
gulchende (participle present)
gulched (participle past)

English: gulch

Scots: gulch


menske

English: mense (dialectal)

Scots: mense

Borrowed from Old Norse mennska (“humanity”), a substantivisation of mennskr (“human”), ultimately reflecting the weak inflection of Proto-Germanic *manniskaz; compare the development of modern English mensch.

bor+

[…]ah aſe feole ſiðen aſ þu ouerkimeſt him · aſe feole crunen · þet iſ to ſeggen · aſe feole menſken of miſliche murhðen ·

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 64, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

[…] but as many crowns as there are times you overcame him, that is to say, many honors in the form of various joys.

foꝛ ſoþe ſire quaþ aliſaundrine ⁊ · to ſaue ȝour mensk / i wol ȝou telle tiȝtly · what turn ſche as wꝛouȝt[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 34, recto, lines 2028-2029; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 70:

"Truthfully, sir" said Alexandrine, "to save your honour, I'll tell you all about the thing she's done […]

amid te menſke of þi neb þet iſ þe fehereſte deal · bitƿeonen muðeſ ſmech ⁊ neaſeſ ſmeal[…]

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 75, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

Amidst the beauty of your face, which is the nicest part [of the body], between the mouth's taste and the nose's smell […]


menskin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mensken


barnteam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of barntem


arudde

(West Midlands) Alternative form of aredden


menskly

From menske (“honour”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

af

Nobly, respectfully; with honour, grace, or respect.


menskfully

From menskful (“honourable”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Nobly, honourably; with honour, dignity, or respect.

With grace, courteousness or care; magnificently.


hugenesse

English: hugeness


seym

English: seam, saim (dialectal, obsolete)

Scots: seam, saim, sawm

→ Welsh: saim

Borrowed from Old French saim (“fat”), from Vulgar Latin *sagīmen. See Modern English seam.

Ȝe ne ſchulen naƿt eoten fleſch ne ſeim · bute foꝛ muche ſecneſſe oðer hƿa ſe iſ ouer feble ·

c. 1225, “Eahtuðe dale: þe uttre riwle”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 112, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

You shouldn't eat meat or fat, except in the case of extreme frailty or a strong illness.


mensken

enm-verb

mensken (third-person singular simple present mensketh, present participle menskynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mensked)

mensketh (present singular third-person)
menskynge (participle present)
mensked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mensken (infinitive)
to mensken (infinitive)
menske (infinitive)
menske (first-person present singular)
mensked (first-person past singular)
menskest (present second-person singular)
menskedest (past second-person singular)
mensketh (present singular third-person)
mensked (past singular third-person)
menske (present singular subjunctive)
mensked (past singular subjunctive)
menske (imperative present singular)
mensken (plural present)
menske (plural present)
menskeden (past plural)
menskede (past plural)
mensketh (imperative plural present)
menske (imperative plural present)
menskynge (participle present)
menskende (participle present)
mensked (participle past)

English: mense (dialectal)

Scots: mense

From menske (“honour”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To worship or supplicate; to give reverence to.


aredden

aredden (infinitive)
to aredden (infinitive)
aredde (infinitive)
aredde (first-person present singular)
aredde (first-person past singular)
areddest (present second-person singular)
areddest (past second-person singular)
areddeth (present singular third-person)
aredde (past singular third-person)
aredde (present singular subjunctive)
aredde (past singular subjunctive)
aredde (imperative present singular)
aredden (plural present)
aredde (plural present)
aredden (past plural)
aredde (past plural)
areddeth (imperative plural present)
aredde (imperative plural present)
areddynge (participle present)
areddende (participle present)
ared (participle past)

Inherited from Old English āhreddan; equivalent to a- + redden.

Me lauerd þu ſeiſt hƿerto · ne mahte he wið leaſſe gref habben arud us:̃

c. 1225, “Seoueðe dale: luue”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 106, recto; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

"But master," you'll say, "why couldn't he have saved us with less trouble?"

(Early Middle English) To save or rescue; to remove from penury or captivity.


lardener

English: lardiner (historical)

Scots: laidner (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lardiner, apparently an alteration of larder (“larder”) after gardiner (“gardener”).

Þ[ar]for þe men off þat countꝛe / ffor ſwa fele þar mellit wer / Callit it þe Dowglas laꝛdner

c. 1375, “Book V”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 17, verso, lines 408-410; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

So people from that region, / because so many [corpses] were jumbled there, / called it "the Douglas larder".


larden

enm-verb

larden (third-person singular simple present lardeth, present participle lardende, lardynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle larded)

lardeth (present singular third-person)
lardende (participle present)
lardynge (participle present)
larded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
larden (infinitive)
to larden (infinitive)
larde (first-person present singular)
larded (first-person past singular)
lardest (present second-person singular)
lardedest (past second-person singular)
lardeth (present singular third-person)
larded (past singular third-person)
larde (present singular subjunctive)
larded (past singular subjunctive)
larde (imperative present singular)
larden (plural present)
larde (plural present)
lardeden (past plural)
lardede (past plural)
lardeth (imperative plural present)
larde (imperative plural present)
lardynge (participle present)
lardende (participle present)
larded (participle past)

English: lard

Borrowed from Old French larder or Medieval Latin lardō; equivalent to lard + -en (infinitival suffix).


malard

English: mallard

Borrowed from Old French mallart, probably from masle (“male”) + -art, in which case equivalent to male (“male”) + -ard. Alternatively, the Old French term may be from Old High German Madelhart.

Anas platyrhynchos
Anas platyrhynchos#Translingual

A mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), especially the male.


mawmene

→ English: mawmenny

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman maumenee, an alteration of Arabic مأمونية (maʔmūniyya) after malmener, maumener (“to mistreat”).


launde

English: laund

And in a launde, vpon an hyl of floures
was sette this noble goddesse Nature

1343?–1400 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Assemble of Foules”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cclxxv, recto:

A grassy plain or pasture, especially surrounded by woodland; a glade.


houswyf

English: housewife, hussy

→ Latin: hūswīva

From hous (“house, home”) + wyf (“wife, woman”).

af

A housewife (chief woman of the household)


femynyne

English: feminine

Borrowed from Old French feminin; compare femele.

feminine (having positive womanly qualities)

effeminate (having negative womanly qualities)

(grammar) Of feminine grammatical gender.


mayled

English: mailed

⇒ English: mail (verb)

Made out of mail or resembling something made in that way.


mayle

English: mail

Scots: mail

Borrowed from Old French maille, from Latin macula. Doublet of macula.

(falconry, rare) The chest plumage of an adult hawk.


wyndmylne

English: windmill

Equivalent to wynd + mylne; compare parallel formations in other West Germanic languages such as Middle Dutch wintmōlen.


moleyne

English: mullein

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman moleine, of unclear origin.


malvesye

English: malvesey, malvoisie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman malvesie, malvesey, from Old Italian Malvasia, from Ancient Greek Μονεμβασία (Monembasía). Doublet of malmesye.


margyn

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">margent</i>

English: margin (obsolete margent)

Scots: margin (obsolete margent)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman margin, from Latin margō, marginem.

(specifically) The edge of a page; the margin.


mylneston

English: millstone

Scots: millstane

Inherited from Old English mylnestān, mylenstān; equivalent to mylne + ston.


malmesye

English: malmsey

Borrowed from Middle Dutch malemeseye, from Old Italian Malvasia, from Ancient Greek Μονεμβασία (Monembasía). Doublet of malvesye.


femynyte

English: feminity, femininity

Borrowed from Middle French feminite; sometimes remodelled as if femynyne + -ite.

Womanliness, femininity; the qualities that typify a woman.


burdowne

Alternative form of burdoun (“accompaniment”)


bordun

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


masculyn

English: masculine

Borrowed from Old French masculin, from Latin masculīnus; compare male.

(grammar) Of masculine grammatical gender.


burdoun

→ English: bourdon

Middle Scots: burdoun

Borrowed from Old French bordon, from Medieval Latin burdō, burdōnem (“pilgrim's staff”).


burdoun

English: burden, bourdon

→ Irish: burdún

Borrowed from Old French bordon, from Medieval Latin burdō, burdōnem (“drone”).

(music) An undersong or accompaniment (typically low in pitch).


rixen

rixen (infinitive)
to rixen (infinitive)
rixe (first-person present singular)
rixed (first-person past singular)
rixest (present second-person singular)
rixedest (past second-person singular)
rixeth (present singular third-person)
rixed (past singular third-person)
rixe (present singular subjunctive)
rixed (past singular subjunctive)
rixe (imperative present singular)
rixen (plural present)
rixe (plural present)
rixeden (past plural)
rixede (past plural)
rixeth (imperative plural present)
rixe (imperative plural present)
rixynge (participle present)
rixende (participle present)
rixed (participle past)
yrixed (participle past)

Inherited from Old English rīxian, rīcsian (“to reign, dominate, tyrannize, prevail”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkisōn (“to rule”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“chief, king”). Cognate with Middle High German richsen (“to reign”), Lithuanian rikis (“knight”).


mersshy

English: marshy


marowy

English: marrowy

Containing or resembling bone marrow; marrowy.


merssh

English: marsh

Scots: mersk, merse

From Old English merisċ, mersċ, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *marisk; equivalent to mere (“sea”) + -yssh. Doublet of mareys.

A region of marshland or damp meadowland.


mareys

English: marish

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareis, mereis or Middle French mares, marest, both from Late Latin mariscus, from Proto-West Germanic *marisk; forms ending in /iʃ/ may represent the influence of the suffix -yssh, though it reflects a regular tendency in the borrowing of Anglo-Norman and Middle French. Doublet of merssh.


marow

English: marrow

Scots: merch, mery, mairch

Yola: marrough

From Old English mearg, from Proto-West Germanic *maʀg, from Proto-Germanic *mazgą, from Proto-Indo-European *mosgʰós.

The marrow (internal substance of bones)

The spinal cord (nerve tissue running down the spine)

The inside of fruits, grains, nuts, or seeds.

The soft interior portion of something:
The interior of a loaf of bread.

(figurative) The most important or best part.

The soft interior portion of something:
The most important or best part.


earnin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ernen


myteyne

English: mitten

Scots: mitten

Borrowed from Old French mitaine, of unclear further etymology.


kuvele

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of coule


ernen

enm-verb

ernen (third-person singular simple present erneth, present participle ernende, ernynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle erned)

erneth (present singular third-person)
ernende (participle present)
ernynge (participle present)
erned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
ernen (infinitive)
to ernen (infinitive)
erne (infinitive)
erne (first-person present singular)
erned (first-person past singular)
ernest (present second-person singular)
ernedest (past second-person singular)
erneth (present singular third-person)
erned (past singular third-person)
erne (present singular subjunctive)
erned (past singular subjunctive)
erne (imperative present singular)
ernen (plural present)
erne (plural present)
erneden (past plural)
ernede (past plural)
erneth (imperative plural present)
erne (imperative plural present)
ernynge (participle present)
ernende (participle present)
erned (participle past)

English: earn

Scots: earn

Inherited from Old English earnian, from Proto-West Germanic *aʀanōn, from Proto-Germanic *azanōną.

To earn (to merit or achieve what one merits)


quilte

English: quilt

Scots: twilt, twult

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quilte and continental Old French coilte, from Latin culcita. For the variant cowlte, compare Middle French coulte, coute.


sclavyne

Borrowed from Old French esclavine, from Medieval Latin sclavīna; equivalent to either Sclave (“Slav”) or sclave (“slave”) + -ine.


pilche

English: pilch (obsolete)

Scots: pilch, pilsh

Inherited from Old English pylċe, pyleċe, from Late Latin pellicia, from Latin pellis.


surplys

English: surplice

Borrowed from Old French surpeliz, from Medieval Latin superpelliceum.

A surplice (clerical vestment, also referring to an ephod)


arounde

English: around

Scots: aroon, aroun, arown, aroond

Yola: arent, a rent

a- + round；Displaced earlier umbe, embe (“around”).


awbe

English: alb

From Old French and Old English albe, both from Latin alba, feminine of albus (“white”), in tunica alba (“white tunic”), vestis alba (“white garment”), etc.


mantellen

mantellen (third-person singular simple present mantelleth, present participle mantellende, mantellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mantelled)

mantelleth (present singular third-person)
mantellende (participle present)
mantellynge (participle present)
mantelled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mantellen (infinitive)
to mantellen (infinitive)
mantelle (infinitive)
mantelle (first-person present singular)
mantelled (first-person past singular)
mantellest (present second-person singular)
mantelledest (past second-person singular)
mantelleth (present singular third-person)
mantelled (past singular third-person)
mantelle (present singular subjunctive)
mantelled (past singular subjunctive)
mantelle (imperative present singular)
mantellen (plural present)
mantelle (plural present)
mantelleden (past plural)
mantellede (past plural)
mantelleth (imperative plural present)
mantelle (imperative plural present)
mantellynge (participle present)
mantellende (participle present)
mantelled (participle past)

English: mantle

Probably a Middle English formation from mantel + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Old French manteler.

(figurative) To conceal or hide (damning truths).


þeign

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of theyn


gretly

English: greatly

Yola: greatly


ðral

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thral


ðraldom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thraldom


þreldom

(Early Middle English or Kent) Alternative form of thraldom


enthrallen

enthrallen (third-person singular simple present enthralleth, present participle enthrallende, enthrallynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enthralled)

enthralleth (present singular third-person)
enthrallende (participle present)
enthrallynge (participle present)
enthralled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
enthrallen (infinitive)
to enthrallen (infinitive)
enthralle (infinitive)
enthralle (first-person present singular)
enthralled (first-person past singular)
enthrallest (present second-person singular)
enthralledest (past second-person singular)
enthralleth (present singular third-person)
enthralled (past singular third-person)
enthralle (present singular subjunctive)
enthralled (past singular subjunctive)
enthralle (imperative present singular)
enthrallen (plural present)
enthralle (plural present)
enthralleden (past plural)
enthrallede (past plural)
enthralleth (imperative plural present)
enthralle (imperative plural present)
enthrallynge (participle present)
enthrallende (participle present)
enthralled (participle past)

English: enthrall

(hapax, Late Middle English) To bring into subjection.


thrallen

thrallen (third-person singular simple present thralleth, present participle thrallende, thrallynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle thralled)

thralleth (present singular third-person)
thrallende (participle present)
thrallynge (participle present)
thralled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
thrallen (infinitive)
to thrallen (infinitive)
thralle (infinitive)
thralle (first-person present singular)
thralled (first-person past singular)
thrallest (present second-person singular)
thralledest (past second-person singular)
thralleth (present singular third-person)
thralled (past singular third-person)
thralle (present singular subjunctive)
thralled (past singular subjunctive)
thralle (imperative present singular)
thrallen (plural present)
thralle (plural present)
thralleden (past plural)
thrallede (past plural)
thralleth (imperative plural present)
thralle (imperative plural present)
thrallynge (participle present)
thrallende (participle present)
thralled (participle past)

English: thrall

Scots: thirl

From thral + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Old Norse þræla.

To enslave; to bring into subjection or bondage.

To submit or subject oneself to thraldom or servitude.


goderhayll

(Northern) Alternative form of goderhele


thral

English: thrall

Scots: thirl

Inherited from Old English þrǣl, from Old Norse þræll, from Proto-Germanic *þragilaz. The short vowel is presumably from compounds such as thraldom.

A slave or serf; one in bondage or slavery.

A follower or servant of a deity or vice.

Thraldom, servitude; the state of being servile.


thral

English: thrall

Scots: thirl

In slavery or servitude; subjugated, enslaved.

Debased, low; experiencing misery or misfortune.

Enthralled by Satan or sins; under the control of evil.


goderhele

Probably from an unrecorded Old English *gōdre hǣlu, calquing Old Norse góðu heilli (“fortunately”), thus equivalent to good + -er + hele (“health”). The last element is often replaced with its synonym heil in Northern Middle English.


wærnen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wernen


garnyssh

English: garnish

Scots: gairnish

(collectively) Precious metal vessels for the table.


garnysshen

garnysshen (infinitive)
to garnysshen (infinitive)
garnysshed (first-person past singular)
garnysshedest (past second-person singular)
garnysshed (past singular third-person)
garnysshed (past singular subjunctive)
garnyssheden (past plural)
garnysshede (past plural)
garnysshed (participle past)

English: garnish

Scots: gairnish

Borrowed from Old French garniss-, extended stem of garnir, from Frankish *warnijan. Doublet of warnysshen and wernen; also compare garnement and garnysoun.

To garrison or fortify; to prepare for military use.

To ready or prepare oneself (especially for fighting)

To furnish with decorations or adornments.


warnestore

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman warnesture, warniture, from warnir; compare warnysshen. Often remodelled as if warnen + store.

A stock of supplies and provisions for a fortress.

(specifically) Food, nutriments, nourishment.


warnestoren

warnestoren (infinitive)
to warnestoren (infinitive)
warnestore (infinitive)
warnestore (first-person present singular)
warnestored (first-person past singular)
warnestorest (present second-person singular)
warnestoredest (past second-person singular)
warnestoreth (present singular third-person)
warnestored (past singular third-person)
warnestore (present singular subjunctive)
warnestored (past singular subjunctive)
warnestore (imperative present singular)
warnestoren (plural present)
warnestore (plural present)
warnestoreden (past plural)
warnestorede (past plural)
warnestoreth (imperative plural present)
warnestore (imperative plural present)
warnestorynge (participle present)
warnestorende (participle present)
warnestored (participle past)

From warnestore + -en (infinitival suffix).

To provide with fortifications or defences.

To provide with food, equipment, or supplies.


warnysshen

warnysshen (infinitive)
to warnysshen (infinitive)
warnysshe (infinitive)
warnysshe (first-person present singular)
warnysshed (first-person past singular)
warnysshte (first-person past singular)
warnysshest (present second-person singular)
warnysshedest (past second-person singular)
warnysshtest (past second-person singular)
warnyssheth (present singular third-person)
warnysshed (past singular third-person)
warnysshte (past singular third-person)
warnysshe (present singular subjunctive)
warnysshed (past singular subjunctive)
warnysshte (past singular subjunctive)
warnysshe (imperative present singular)
warnysshen (plural present)
warnysshe (plural present)
warnyssheden (past plural)
warnysshede (past plural)
warnysshten (past plural)
warnysshte (past plural)
warnyssheth (imperative plural present)
warnysshe (imperative plural present)
warnysshynge (participle present)
warnysshende (participle present)
warnysshed (participle past)
warnyssht (participle past)
ywarnysshed (participle past)
ywarnyssht (participle past)

Scots: warnish

Borrowed from Old Northern French warniss-, extended stem of warnir (central Old French garnir, guarnir), from Frankish *warnijan. Doublet of garnysshen and wernen; also compare warnen, warnestore, and warnisoun.

bor+

To provide or supply combatants with gear or armour.

(rare) To implore or entreat; to make an urgent request.

(figurative, rare) To strengthen; to make strong or powerful.


thyrldome

(Early Scots) Alternative form of thraldom


dauncynge

English: dancing

Yola: danceen


sour dogh

English: sourdough

From sour (“sour”) + dogh (“dough”), paralleling similar formations in other Germanic languages such as Middle High German sūrteic and Old Swedish sūrdegher.


sourden

enm-verb

sourden (third-person singular simple present sourdeth, present participle sourdende, sourdynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sourded)

sourdeth (present singular third-person)
sourdende (participle present)
sourdynge (participle present)
sourded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
sourden (infinitive)
to sourden (infinitive)
sourde (infinitive)
sourde (first-person present singular)
sourded (first-person past singular)
sourdest (present second-person singular)
sourdedest (past second-person singular)
sourdeth (present singular third-person)
sourded (past singular third-person)
sourde (present singular subjunctive)
sourded (past singular subjunctive)
sourde (imperative present singular)
sourden (plural present)
sourde (plural present)
sourdeden (past plural)
sourdede (past plural)
sourdeth (imperative plural present)
sourde (imperative plural present)
sourdynge (participle present)
sourdende (participle present)
sourded (participle past)

English: sourd (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French sourdre, from Latin surgō, contraction of earlier subrigō. Compare sours.


smakie

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of smaken


smech

(Early Middle English, Southern) Alternative form of smak


smatche

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of smak


smacchen

smacchen (infinitive)
to smacchen (infinitive)
smacche (first-person present singular)
smaughte (first-person past singular)
smacchest (present second-person singular)
smaughtest (past second-person singular)
smaccheth (present singular third-person)
smaughte (past singular third-person)
smacche (present singular subjunctive)
smaughte (past singular subjunctive)
smacche (imperative present singular)
smacchen (plural present)
smacche (plural present)
smaughten (past plural)
smaughte (past plural)
smaccheth (imperative plural present)
smacche (imperative plural present)
smacchynge (participle present)
smacchende (participle present)
smaught (participle past)
ysmaught (participle past)

English: smatch (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English smæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *smakkijan; equivalent to smak + -en (infinitival suffix).

(transitive, intransitive) To have a taste; to taste (something).

(transitive, intransitive) To smell (of); to emit or sample an odour.

(transitive, intransitive) To be contaminated (by); to be blemished (with).


savyne

English: savin

Borrowed from Old French savine, from Late Latin sabīna.

Juniperus sabina
Juniperus sabina#Translingual

Savin (Juniperus sabina) or a similar plant.


salvatour

English: salvator

Learned borrowing from Latin salvātor; equivalent to saven + -atour. Doublet of saveour.

(Christianity) Jesus or a depiction of him.

(rare) A saviour (one who rescues from harm).


saveour

English: savior, saviour; Savior, Saviour

Scots: saviour; Saviour

Borrowed from Old French sauveor, salveor, from Latin salvātor; equivalent to saven + -our. Doublet of salvatour.

A saviour or deliverer; one who rescues from harm.

(theology) A salvific religious figure, especially Jesus.

(by extension) A communion wafer; Eucharistic bread.


sapour

English: sapor, sapour

Borrowed from Latin sapor, sapōrem. Doublet of savour.


salvaciun

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of savacioun


savete

English: safety

Scots: safety, sauftie, safity

Borrowed from Old French sauvete, salvete, from Medieval Latin salvitās, salvitātem; equivalent to saven + -te.

Safety, security; being unharmed or unharmable.

Salvation; deliverance from eternal doom.


sauven

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of saven


scarth

Borrowed from Old Norse skarð, from Proto-Germanic *skardą. Doublet of scherd.


scealfe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of salve


naperoun

English: apron

Scots: apern, aupron, awpron

Borrowed from Old French napperon (“tablecloth”); related to nape (“tablecloth”). The initial n was frequently reinterpreted as part of the preceding article in this word.

bor+

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

An apron or smock (garment worn over torso)


sealve

(Early Middle English or Kent) Alternative form of salve


savenape

From saven (“to save, protect”) + nape (“tablecloth”).


savynge

English: saving


savynge

English: saving

Saving, preservation; the act of making safe or functional.

(Religious) salvation; deliverance from eternal torment.


savynge

English: saving


salow

English: sallow, sally, selly

Scots: sauch

Inherited from Old English sealh, from Proto-West Germanic *salh, from Proto-Germanic *salhaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂lk-, *sh₂lik-.


wylow

English: willow

Scots: willy, willie

Inherited from Old English welig, from Proto-West Germanic *wilig, from Proto-Germanic *wiligaz, from Proto-Indo-European *welik-, *weliḱ-.


olr

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of aldre


sonnebeame

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sonnebeem


beume

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beme


Wyrcestreschire

From Old English Weogorna ċeaster (“fort of the Weogoran”) + Old English sċīr (“office”).


cipre

A back-formation from cipres, interpreted as a plural.

Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens#Translingual

(rare) A cypress (the tree Cupressus sempervirens)


cipre

Borrowed from Latin cyprus, from Ancient Greek κῠ́προς (kúpros); compare Cipre (“Cyprus”).

Lawsonia inermis
Lawsonia inermis#Translingual

(rare) henna (the shrub Lawsonia inermis)


dragoune

Therfor Daniel took pitch, and talow, and heeris, and sethide togidere; and he made gobetis, and yaf in to the mouth of the dragun; and the dragun was al to-brokun.

1380-1399 — Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson's Tale
For God seith thus by Moyses: they shul been wasted with hunger, and the briddes of helle shul devouren hem with bitter deeth, and the galle of the dragon shal been hire drynke, and the venym of the dragon hire morsels.


sonnebeem

English: sunbeam

Scots: sunbeam

Inherited from Old English sunnebēam, sunnbēam; equivalent to and often remodelled on sonne + beem.


saȝel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sowel (“staff, stake”)


sowayle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sowel (“food”)


bemere

Inherited from Old English bȳmere, bēmere, equivalent to bemen (“to trumpet”) + -er.


sauled

Partial calque of Middle French saoulée, soûlée, past participle of saouler, soûler; compare saule.

(rare, Late Middle English) satisfied, filled


pallioun

Borrowed from Old French pallion, from Latin pallium. Compare pal.

(Christianity) A pallium or a similar vestment.


sauele

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of soule


saul-hele

(Northern) Alternative form of soule-hele


sawle heale

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of soule-hele


soulen

(chiefly Southern or West Midlands) plural of soule


soule-hele

One's spiritual wellbeing; the health of one's soul.

That which provides spiritual wellbeing or healing.


soundre

English: sounder

Borrowed from Old Northern French sondre, from a Germanic language (compare Old English sunor).

bor+

(Late Middle English) sounder (herd of boars)


saudeour

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of soudeour


bemen

bemen (infinitive)
to bemen (infinitive)
beme (infinitive)
beme (first-person present singular)
bemed (first-person past singular)
bemest (present second-person singular)
bemedest (past second-person singular)
bemeth (present singular third-person)
bemed (past singular third-person)
beme (present singular subjunctive)
bemed (past singular subjunctive)
beme (imperative present singular)
bemen (plural present)
beme (plural present)
bemeden (past plural)
bemede (past plural)
bemeth (imperative plural present)
beme (imperative plural present)
bemynge (participle present)
bemende (participle present)
bemed (participle past)
ybemed (participle past)

Inherited from Old English bȳmian; equivalent to beme + -en (infinitival suffix).

(Early Middle English, rare) To trumpet.


bemen

>? English: beam

(Late Middle English, rare) To illuminate; to make bright.


bemen

From Old English bīeman (“trumpets”); equivalent to beme + -en (plural suffix).


soudeour

English: soldier (dialectal sodger, soger)

Scots: sodger

From a combination of two distinct Old French nouns:
* Old French soldeier, soudoier, from Medieval Latin soldātārius, extension of soldārius, soldārius; equivalent to soude (“wages”) + -er.
* Old French soldeior, from Medieval Latin solidātor, solidātōrem; equivalent to soude (“wages”) + -our.

A soldier; a member of an organised army.

(figurative) A fighter for God, Satan, etc.


beþien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bethen


flourynge

English: flowering


slykeston

English: sleekstone; slickstone

sleekstone, slickstone (stone for polishing)


gunneston

English: gunstone (obsolete)

Scots: gunstane (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) A cannonball; a missile used by a cannon.

(rare, Late Middle English) A missile used by a trebuchet or similar device.


bethen

enm-verb

bethen (third-person singular simple present betheth, present participle bethende, bethynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bethed)

betheth (present singular third-person)
bethende (participle present)
bethynge (participle present)
bethed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bethen (infinitive)
to bethen (infinitive)
bethe (first-person present singular)
bethed (first-person past singular)
bethest (present second-person singular)
bethedest (past second-person singular)
betheth (present singular third-person)
bethed (past singular third-person)
bethe (present singular subjunctive)
bethed (past singular subjunctive)
bethe (imperative present singular)
bethen (plural present)
bethe (plural present)
betheden (past plural)
bethede (past plural)
betheth (imperative plural present)
bethe (imperative plural present)
bethynge (participle present)
bethende (participle present)
bethed (participle past)
ybethed (participle past)

English: beath (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English beþian, beþþan, from Proto-West Germanic *baþþjan, from Proto-Germanic *baþjaną; compare bath (“bath”) and bathen (“to bathe”).

(chiefly Early Middle English) To bathe; to immerse oneself in water.

(rare) To immerse wood in a heated bath to soften it.


corner ston

desc

English: cornerstone, corner-stone, corner stone

Scots: cornerstane

Compound of corner + ston; a calque of Latin lapis angularis.

foꝛ which þing þe ſcripture ſeiþ / lo I ſchal ſette in ſyon þe hiȝeſt coꝛner ſtoo[n] [translating lapidem angularem] choſen ⁊ [pꝛe]ciouſe / ⁊ he þat ſchal bileue in hi[m] ſchal not be confou[n]dide

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Petre ·i· 2:6, page 111v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because Scripture says the following: "I'll lay the topmost cornerstone, chosen and precious, in Zion; anyone who believes in him will not be troubled."

(figurative) A foundation on which something is built; an innovator.


ssip

(Southern or Kent) Alternative form of schip


scipmon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schipman


scyp

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of schip


schip bord

English: shipboard


schipman

English: shipman

Middle Scots: schipman

Inherited from Old English sċipmann, from Proto-West Germanic *skipamann, from Proto-Germanic *skipamann-; equivalent to schip (“ship”) + man (“man”).

sailor (individual working on or navigating a ship)


marinel

English: marinell (obsolete)

Middle Scots: marinell, marinall

→⇒ Middle Irish: mairnélach

Irish: mairnéalach

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman marinel; equivalent to marin + -el (diminutive suffix). Compare Medieval Latin marīnellus.


stið

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of stith (“hard”)


stithe

inflection of stith (“hard”):
weak singular

inflection of stith (“hard”):
strong/weak plural


hastelet

English: haslet, acelet, harslet, hasslet

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman hastilet (compare continental Old French hastelet, modern Norman hâtelet), diminutive of haste (“spear, spit, roast meat”).

(hunting, in the plural) One of thirty-two choice parts of a boar for roasting.


anvelt

English: anvil

Inherited from Old English anfealt, anfilte, from Proto-West Germanic *anafalt, *anafaltī; some forms are apparently modified on the analogy of other words, such as feeld (“field”) or felde, past of fellen (“to fell”).


sæ-man

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seeman


sæm

(Ormulum) Alternative form of seem (“load”)


webbestere

English: webster

Scots: wabster

From Old English webbestre; equivalent to web + -estere.


brewynge

English: brewing

brewing (the manufacture of alcoholic beverages)


semestere

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">semster</i>

English: seamster, sempster (obsolete semster)

⇒ English: seamstress

Inherited from Old English sēamestre; equivalent to seem (“seam”) + -estere.

A seamster or seamstress; a person (often female) employed in sewing.


semlynesse

English: seemliness


semlyhede

English: seemlihead, seemlihed; seemlihood, seemlyhood


-estere

English: -ster

⇒ English: -stress

Scots: -ster

Inherited from Old English -estre, from Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā. The change from -estre to -estere is probably due to analogy with -ere and apocopated forms of this suffix (i.e. -ester).

Forms (often feminine) agent nouns from other nouns or verbs; -ster, -ress.