kiteling

English: kitling (obsolete)

Scots: kitlin

From Old Norse ketlingr; equivalent to cat + -ling.


simphane

enm-noun

simphane (plural simphanes or simphannes)

A device used to produce music, especially a string instrument.


steire

English: stair

Scots: stair

Yola: sthiers (plural)

→ Irish: staighre

From Old English stǣġer, from Proto-West Germanic *staigri, from Proto-Germanic *staigriz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


symphonye

desctree

English: symphony
→ Burmese: ဆင်ဖိုနီ (hcanghpuini)
→ Japanese: シンフォニー (shinfonī)
→ Khmer: ស៊ីមហ្វូនី (siimfounii)
→ Malay: simfoni
→ Punjabi: ਸਿੰਫਨੀ (simphani)
→ Thai: ซิมโฟนี (sim-foo-nîi)
→ Welsh: symffoni

From Old French simphonie, sinfonie, from Latin symphōnia (“harmony; musical instrument”).


cokswain

English: coxswain


kychyn

English: kitchen (see there for further descendants)

desc

Scots: kitchen, kitchin, ketchin, keetchen

→ Middle Irish: cisten

Irish: cistin

Manx: kishteen, kishtyn

Scottish Gaelic: cidsin

From Old English cyċene, from Proto-West Germanic *kukinā, from Late Latin cocīna, from earlier coquīna.


swayn

English: swain

Scots: swaine, swane

From Old English sweġen, from Old Norse sveinn, from Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of swon.


encensen

enm-verb

encensen (third-person singular simple present encenseth, present participle encensende, encensynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle encensed)

encenseth (present singular third-person)
encensende (participle present)
encensynge (participle present)
encensed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
encensen (infinitive)
to encensen (infinitive)
encense (infinitive)
encense (first-person present singular)
encensed (first-person past singular)
encensest (present second-person singular)
encensedest (past second-person singular)
encenseth (present singular third-person)
encensed (past singular third-person)
encense (present singular subjunctive)
encensed (past singular subjunctive)
encense (imperative present singular)
encensen (plural present)
encense (plural present)
encenseden (past plural)
encensede (past plural)
encenseth (imperative plural present)
encense (imperative plural present)
encensynge (participle present)
encensende (participle present)
encensed (participle past)
yencensed (participle past)

English: incense

English: incense

To use incense or its smoke upon an object


encensen

encensen (infinitive)
to encensen (infinitive)
encense (infinitive)
encense (first-person present singular)
encensed (first-person past singular)
encensest (present second-person singular)
encensedest (past second-person singular)
encenseth (present singular third-person)
encensed (past singular third-person)
encense (present singular subjunctive)
encensed (past singular subjunctive)
encense (imperative present singular)
encensen (plural present)
encense (plural present)
encenseden (past plural)
encensede (past plural)
encenseth (imperative plural present)
encense (imperative plural present)
encensynge (participle present)
encensende (participle present)
encensed (participle past)
yencensed (participle past)

English: incense

Scots: incense


lyoun

English: lion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lion

Yola: leeoon, leioon

From Old French leon, leun, liun, from Latin leōnem, accusative of leō, from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

Leo (the constellation or astrological sign)

(figurative) An unjust or ferocious individual.


cokke

English: cock

From Old English -cocc, from Old Norse kǫkkr, from Proto-Germanic *kukkaz.


cokke

From Old English *cocc (found in sǣcocc) and Old French coque (“shell”).


fithelere

English: fiddler

Scots: fiddler

Yola: vidler

From Old English fiþelere; equivalent to fithele + -er.

A musician who plays a bowed string instrument; a viol player.


nyce

English: nice

Scots: nice

⇒ Yola: nicest

From Old French nice, from Latin nescius.

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]


fithele

desctree

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feddle</i>

English: fiddle (dialectal feddle)
→ Swahili: fidla

Scots: fiddle

Yola: videl

→ Irish: fidil

→ Scottish Gaelic: fìdheall

From Old English *fiþele, from Proto-West Germanic *fiþulā; probably related to Latin vitula.

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


floute

English: flute
→ Irish: fliúit
→ Welsh: ffliwt

Scots: fluit

A reedless woodwind instrument sounded by air passing over an opening; a flute.


shalemye

From Old French chalemie, perhaps from Late Latin calamellus (“little reed”), under the influence of Old French muse (“wind instrument”). Compare French chalumeau.

A woodwind instrument constructed with a double reed; shawm.


shalmuse

enm-noun

shalmuse (plural shalmuse or shalmuses or shalmuys)

shalmuse (plural)
shalmuses (plural)
shalmuys (plural)

From Old French chalemais, perhaps from Late Latin calamellus (“little reed”), under the influence of Old French muse (“wind instrument”). Compare French chalumeau.


cok

English: cock

Scots: cock, cok

Yola: cuck

From Old English coc, cocc, from Proto-West Germanic *kokk.


cok

English: cock

From Old French coque; see cog (sense 2).


behovelynesse

The quality of being beneficial or profitable.

The quality of being necessary; needfulness.


friþþ

(Ormulum) Alternative form of frith (“peace”)


friþe

bot þis tree ys done in my friþe / for I. wil þat hit haue griþe[…]

c. 1300, “Of þe state of þingis be-fore adam synnid”, in Þe Cours of þe Werlde (Cursor Mundi, Fairfax Ms. 14), page 7b, lines 657–658:

But this tree was put in my forest, because I want it to have protection […]


frightilike

English: frightily (obsolete)


frightly

English: frightly (obsolete)


frightihed

English: frightihead (obsolete)


schanke

English: shank

Scots: schank, schanck

From Old English sċanca, from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô.


frighti

English: frighty (obsolete)


biheve

Fitting to a situation or context; appropriate.


behofþe

(religion) Worship, glory (with reference to God)


wisliche

Under the direction of reason; sensible.

Guided by discretion, prudence or sagacity; wise.


wisliche

English: wisely, wiselike

With discretion or reflection; prudently.

With understanding, especially of spiritual matters.


delitous

English: delightous

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 487-9.
For swich solace, swich Ioye, and play,
I trowe that never man ne say,
As in that place delitous.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


disrewlily

English: disrulily

c. 1370s. Unknown, The Romaunt of the Rose. 4897-901.
It ledith man now up, now doun,
In mochel dissolucioun,
And makith him love yvel company,
And lede his lyf disrewlily,
And halt him payed with noon estate.


baundon

English: bandon

From Old French bandon (“jurisdiction”).

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 1162-4.
For both wys folk and unwys
Were hoolly to hir baundon brought.
So wel with yiftes hath she wrought.


trayteresse

The trayteresse fals and ful of gyle,
That al behoteth and no-thing halt,

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 620-3


gadeling

English: gadling

Scots: gedling, getling

From Old English gædeling (“kinsman, fellow, companion in arms, comrade”), from Proto-West Germanic *gaduling. By surface analysis, gade + -ling.

inh

c. 1370s. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose. 937-8.
These bowes two held Swete-Loking,
That seemed lyk no gadeling.


-lyese

(chiefly Kentish dialectal) Alternative form of -les


wommanhede

English: womanhood; womanhead

The traits or qualities characteristic of women; femininity, womanliness.

Ne did servise to ȝoure wommanhed.

(with possessive determiner) A general honorific title for a woman.


wifkin

From Old English wīfcynn, from wīf (“wife”) and cynn (“kin”).


rehete

enm-verb

rehete (third-person singular simple present reheteth, present participle rehetende, rehetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reheted)

reheteth (present singular third-person)
rehetende (participle present)
rehetynge (participle present)
reheted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Wolde I visyte and drawe nere;
Him wol I comforte and rehete,
For I hope of his gold to gete.

c. 1370s, Unknown, The Romaunt of the Rose, 6508-10:

some songen in the stede of mynstrelsy that swete songe of heuen: and soo they reheteden and coūforted her lord as it longen to them with mykel Joye medled with cōpassion

c. 1400, Nicholas Love, chapter 15, in Incipit Speculum Vite Cristi, Westminster, published 1494:

Some bookes sayen, he poysoned was to dead
Of plummes so syttyng at his meate
In thabbey of Cistews at Swynsheade
With whiche a monke, there hym did rehete
Wenyng of God greate thanke to gette

c. mid-1400s, John Hardyng, chapter 162, in The Chronicle of Ihon Hardyng in Metre, London, published 1543:


wommankin

The side of one's extended family connected by one's mother.


wommankynde

English: womankind


wommanles

English: womanless, womenless

womman and -les for alternative forms and spellings

Being without a woman who would provide a service, e.g. a maidservant or midwife.


wommanly

head

wommanly (comparative wommanlyere, superlative wommanlyeste)

wommanlyere (comparative)
wommanlyeste (superlative)

English: womanly

Resembling or characteristic of a woman; feminine, womanly.


wommanyssh

English: womanish, womannish


thikly

English: thickly


thickenen

thickenen (infinitive)
to thickenen (infinitive)
thickene (infinitive)
thickene (first-person present singular)
thickened (first-person past singular)
thickenest (present second-person singular)
thickenedest (past second-person singular)
thickeneth (present singular third-person)
thickened (past singular third-person)
thickene (present singular subjunctive)
thickened (past singular subjunctive)
thickene (imperative present singular)
thickenen (plural present)
thickene (plural present)
thickeneden (past plural)
thickenede (past plural)
thickeneth (imperative plural present)
thickene (imperative plural present)
thickenynge (participle present)
thickenende (participle present)
thickened (participle past)
ythickened (participle past)

English: (to) thicken

To coagulate, solidify, increase in viscosity, cause to be thick


thikken

thikken (infinitive)
to thikken (infinitive)
thikke (infinitive)
thikke (first-person present singular)
thikked (first-person past singular)
thikkest (present second-person singular)
thikkedest (past second-person singular)
thikketh (present singular third-person)
thikked (past singular third-person)
thikke (present singular subjunctive)
thikked (past singular subjunctive)
thikke (imperative present singular)
thikken (plural present)
thikke (plural present)
thikkeden (past plural)
thikkede (past plural)
thikketh (imperative plural present)
thikke (imperative plural present)
thikkynge (participle present)
thikkende (participle present)
thikked (participle past)
ythikked (participle past)

English: thick (archaic)

Scots: thik


-lichere

Alternative form of -lyere (“adjectival suffix”)


-lichere

Alternative form of -lyere (“adverbial suffix”)


-liche

Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-liche

Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


-lyest

superlative degree of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-lyest

superlative degree of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


-les

English: -less

Scots: -less

Inherited from Old English -lēas (“-less”) (akin to lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”)), from Proto-West Germanic *-laus, from Proto-Germanic *-lausaz, from *lausaz (“loose”).

inh+

Lacking (something); without (something).


houshold

English: household

desc

Scots: houshald, housald, housell, howsell

From hous + hold (“grip, rule, domain”), as a calque of Middle Dutch huushout (modern Dutch huishouden).


inderly

head

inderly (comparative inderlyere, superlative inderlyest)

inderlyere (comparative)
inderlyest (superlative)

From innere + -ly (adverbial suffix); the adjective is from the adverb.

Regarding what is inside; inner, internal.


inderly

English: innerly


mysti

Alternative form of mysty (“figurative”)


thinne

English: thin

Scots: thin

From Old English þynne.
Akin to Middle High German dünne, Middle Low German dünne, Middle Dutch dunne, and Old Danish thun.


thinne

thinness, narrowness, skinniness, slenderness


thikke

thikke (plural and weak singular thikke, comparative thikkere, superlative thikkest)

thikke (plural)
thikke (singular weak)
thikkere (comparative)
thikkest (superlative)

English: thick

Scots: thik, thicke, thick

From Old English þicce. Akin to Middle High German dick, Middle Low German dicke, Middle Dutch dicke, and Old Danish thyk.


teart

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tarte


mysty

mysty (comparative mystiere, superlative mystiest)

mystiere (comparative)
mystiest (superlative)

English: misty

From myst, from Old English mist (“mist; darkness; dimness (of eyesight)”), from Proto-Germanic *mihstaz (“mist, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃migʰ-, *h₃migʰ-lo- (“drizzle, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃meygʰ- (“to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist”).

der

Containing or obscured by mist; foggy, misty.

(figurative) Difficult to understand; abstruse, mysterious.


mysty

Likely related to Latin mysticus (“secret, mystical”).

Subject to interpretation, either symbolically or spiritually.


flæsch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flesh


æȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ey (“egg”)


bathen

enm-verb

bathen (third-person singular simple present batheth, present participle bathende, bathynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bathed)

batheth (present singular third-person)
bathende (participle present)
bathynge (participle present)
bathed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bathen (infinitive)
to bathen (infinitive)
bathe (infinitive)
bathe (first-person present singular)
bathed (first-person past singular)
bathest (present second-person singular)
bathedest (past second-person singular)
batheth (present singular third-person)
bathed (past singular third-person)
bathe (present singular subjunctive)
bathed (past singular subjunctive)
bathe (imperative present singular)
bathen (plural present)
bathe (plural present)
batheden (past plural)
bathede (past plural)
batheth (imperative plural present)
bathe (imperative plural present)
bathynge (participle present)
bathende (participle present)
bathed (participle past)
ybathed (participle past)

English: bathe

Scots: bathe, baith, bauthe

From Old English baþian, from Proto-West Germanic *baþōn, from Proto-Germanic *baþōną; equivalent to bath + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare bethen.

To bath or wash (especially for medicinal reasons)

To put or cover in water:
To dip; to quickly immerse someone.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

To shower or drench something or someone (usually in liquid).

To bathe; to have a bath or immerse oneself in liquid:

To enjoy or relax in something; to benefit from something.


ofet

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ovet


erðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of erthe (“earth”)


wiff

Yola: wuf, wof (figurative)

A bundle of harvested plants, a bound sheaf?


cwick

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quyk


limæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lyme


salthous

English: salthouse

From Old English sealthūs; equivalent to salt + hous.


quyk lym

English: quicklime


quyksande

English: quicksand

From Old English cwecesand, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwasamdaz. Equivalent to quyk + sand.


quyk silver

English: quicksilver

From Old English cwicseolfor. Equivalent to quyk + silver.


leome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of leme


leome

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lome (“loom”)


yesternyght

English: yesternight

From Old English ġiestranniht; equivalent to yester- + nighte.


gravey

English: gravy


graveston

English: gravestone


slyke

English: slick, sleek


stoonen

Alternative form of stonen (“made of stones”)


flynt ston

English: flintstone

Scots: flynt-stane

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones.

A flintstone; a piece of flint used as a firestarter.


quyk

head

quyk (plural and weak singular quyke, superlative quykest)

quyke (plural)
quyke (singular weak)
quykest (superlative)

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">wick</i>

English: quick (dialectal wick)

→ Ido: quik

Scots: quick, queek

Inherited from Old English cwic, from Proto-West Germanic *kwiku, from Proto-Germanic *kwikwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷih₃wós.

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 131r

Send me grace to sleep and dream / Some trustworthy dream in my sleep / Through which I might know exactly / Whether my lord is alive or dead.

Sende me grace to slepe and mete / In my slepe some certeyn sweven / Wher thorgh that I may knowe even / Whethir my lorde be quyke or ded

vibrant, powerful, forceful, effective, apparent


sliken

sliken (infinitive)
to sliken (infinitive)
slike (infinitive)
slike (first-person present singular)
sliked (first-person past singular)
slikest (present second-person singular)
slikedest (past second-person singular)
sliketh (present singular third-person)
sliked (past singular third-person)
slike (present singular subjunctive)
sliked (past singular subjunctive)
slike (imperative present singular)
sliken (plural present)
slike (plural present)
slikeden (past plural)
slikede (past plural)
sliketh (imperative plural present)
slike (imperative plural present)
slikynge (participle present)
slikende (participle present)
sliked (participle past)
ysliked (participle past)

English: (to) slick, slike

(figurative) To deceive with the tongue, butter up, flatter


realle

Borrowed from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis.


realle

From Anglo-Norman reial, from Latin rēgālis.


brymston

English: brimstone

Scots: brunstane

Inherited from Old English brynstān; equivalent to brende (past participle of brennen) + ston.

af

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">brennen</i>

(Christianity) The burning sulphur of Hell.


roialme

English: royalme


reeme

Inherited from Old English hrȳman, hrēman.


flynt

English: flint

Scots: flint

→ Welsh: fflint

From Old English flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz.

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones, especially flint.


wheston

English: whetstone

Tok Pisin: wetston

Scots: whatstane

Inherited from Old English hwetstān, from Proto-West Germanic *hwattjastain. Equivalent to whetten + ston.

whetstone (stone for sharpening). Other purposes include:

A whetstone mounted on a necklace signifying that the wearer is a liar.

A stone suitable for use as a whetstone.


eende

Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


priken

enm-verb

priken (third-person singular simple present priketh, present participle prikende, prikynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle priked)

priketh (present singular third-person)
prikende (participle present)
prikynge (participle present)
priked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 9-11.
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);
And many little birds make melody
That sleep through all the night with open eye

(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)


brekefast

desctree

English: breakfast
→ Afrikaans: brekfis
→ Irish: bricfeasta
→ Maori: parakuihi
→ Scottish Gaelic: bracaist
→ Portuguese: brequefeste, brequefesta
→ Welsh: brecwast

Scots: brekfast

Yola: brekvast

(Late Middle English) breakfast (a meal consumed at the beginning of the day)


todæig

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of today


awles

English: aweless


agheful

English: awful


-lece

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


straunger

English: stranger

From Old French estrangier; equivalent to straunge + -er.

An outsider or foreigner (person from an outside group or country)

A guest or journeyer; someone travelling or staying.


toayens

From toyenes (“against, toward”), influenced by ayenes (“opposite, against”).

In opposition to something, often for moral or philosophical reasons.


-loche

Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


-leche

From Old English -lǣċ, from Old English -lǣċan.

knowleche, wohlech, godleich


-luche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


abhomynable

English: abominable

→ Norwegian Bokmål: abominabel

Scots: abhominabil

From Old French abominable, from Late Latin abōminābilis. Some forms are influenced by a purported but false relationship with Latin hominem.

repulsive, revolting, causing sickness, physically disgusting

offensive, abominable, wicked, emotionally disgusting


dæȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of day


sorcerere

English: sorcerer


sorceresse

English: sorceress

From Anglo-Norman sorceresse, equivalent to sorcerere + -esse.


wekely

English: weekly


wicchecraft

English: witchcraft

From Old English wiccecræft; equivalent to wicche + -craft.

And in þat ilond is sortilege and wicchecraft [translating superstitiones, atque præstigia] i-vsed. For wommen þere selliþ schipmen wynde, as it were i-closed vnder þre knottes of þrede, so þat þe more wynd he wol haue, he wil vnknette þe mo knottes.

1387, chapter XLIV, in John Trevisa, transl., Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis:

spell, a particular instance of witchcraft


dæi

(Early Middle English) Alternative spelling of day


weke-day

English: weekday

From Old English wicdæġ. Equivalent to weke (“week”) + day (“day”).


wikked

head

wikked (plural and weak singular wikkede)

wikkede (plural)
wikkede (singular weak)

English: wicked

Scots: wicked, wicket

Yola: wicked

powerful, strong, mighty (used negatively)


halyday

English: holiday

Scots: haliday

Yola: hollydie, holy die

From Old English hāliġdæġ; equivalent to holy + day.

A religious holiday or celebration (especially a Christian one)


wikkednesse

English: wickedness


wicchen

From Old English wiċċan, plural of wiċċe; equivalent to wicche + -en (plural suffix).


wicchen

wicchen (infinitive)
to wicchen (infinitive)
wicche (infinitive)
wicche (first-person present singular)
wicched (first-person past singular)
wicchest (present second-person singular)
wicchedest (past second-person singular)
wiccheth (present singular third-person)
wicched (past singular third-person)
wicche (present singular subjunctive)
wicched (past singular subjunctive)
wicche (imperative present singular)
wicchen (plural present)
wicche (plural present)
wiccheden (past plural)
wicchede (past plural)
wiccheth (imperative plural present)
wicche (imperative plural present)
wicchynge (participle present)
wicchende (participle present)
wicched (participle past)
ywicched (participle past)

English: witch

From Old English wiccian; equivalent to wicche + -en (infinitival suffix).


wicche

enm-noun

wicche (plural wicches or (early) wicchen)

English: witch

Scots: wich, wech, witch

From the merger (due to regular sound change) of Old English wiċċe and wicca, from Proto-Germanic *wikkô.

þerfoꝛ greet ioie was maad in þat citee but þer was a man in þat citee whos name was ſymount a wicch þat hadde diſſeyued þe folk of ſamarie. ſeiynge þat him ſelf was ſum greet man / whom alle herknyden. fro þe leest to þe moost .· ⁊ ſeiden / þis is þe vertu of god .· which is clepid greet

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 8:9-10, page 96r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So plenty of rejoicing occurred in that city. But there was a man in that city whose name was Simon; a sorceror who'd deceived the people of Samaria, saying that he was someone important. / Everyone listened, from the low to the high, and said "This is the power of God which is called great!".


weyk

head

weyk (plural and weak singular weyke, comparative weyker, superlative weykest)

weyke (plural)
weyke (singular weak)
weyker (comparative)
weykest (superlative)

English: weak

Scots: waik, wake, wak (conflated with woke)

Borrowed from Old Norse veikr, from Proto-Germanic *waikwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, wind”); forms with /ɛː/ are borrowed from Old Norse dialects which underwent East Nordic monophongisation. Doublet of woke; akin to Old English wīcan (“to yield”).

der

weak (feeble; lacking bodily strength, might, or energy):

Weak or feeble due to illness, affliction or aging.

Tired; weak or feeble due to overexertion (physical or not)

(of a body part) Vulnerable, inflexible, frail.

(rare) Lacking competency in combat or on the battlefield.

Lacking mental strength, force, power or endurance:

Weak religiously; in danger of sinning or moral failure.

Fearing, afraid; lacking bravery, heart, or courage.

Unintelligent; lacking intelligence or mental willpower.

(rare) Lazy, indolent, slothful; unwilling to exert.

weak (lacking force or strength otherwise):

Lacking military force or might; militarily weak.

Useless or ineffectual; lacking effect, utility or power.

(rare) Helpless; lacking authority or control.

(rare) Weakened; lacking presence or magnitude.

(of sound, rare) Hard to hear or detect; quiet.

Lacking physical rigidity, permanence, or solidness.

(rare) Bendable; able to be plied or flexed.

(rare) Easily damaged, attacked, or destroyed; fragile.

Having a tendency to be ill or sick; infirm or frail.


laumpe

desctree

English: lamp
Tok Pisin: lam
→ Korean: 램프 (raempeu)

Scots: lamp

From Old French lampe, from Latin lampas.

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene lau[m]pıs bꝛe[n]nynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

(figurative) A metaphorical light or fire.


armurer

English: armorer, armourer

From Old French armurier; equivalent to armure + -er.


cote armure

English: coat armour (archaic)

A overcoat with a coat of arms embroidered into it.


heomen

(Early Middle English) plural of hom (“home”)


armurie

English: armory, armoury

From Old French armoierie; equivalent to armure + -ie.


homwardes

English: homewards

Scots: hamewards

From Old English hāmweardes; equivalent to homward + -es (“adverb-forming ending”).


homward

English: homeward

Scots: hameward

From Old English hāmweard; equivalent to home + -ward.

To the town or nation a person inhabits; to a homeland.

During the return (portion of a journey).


homly

From Old English *hāmlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *haimalīk. Equivalent to home + -ly.

Familiarly, in a way denoting a close relationship.

With consideration, kindness, and humility.

Without grandeur; in a simple and direct way.


homly

English: homely

Scots: hamely

Domestic, home-related; of or in a home.

Endemic; belonging inside a domain or thing.

and þe enemyes of a man ben þei þat ben homeli wiþ hym

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:36, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And a person's enemies will be those who're at home with them.

Of the household; part of the household.


outwardes

English: outwards

From Old English ūtweardes; equivalent to outward + -es (“adverb-forming ending”).


inwardnesse

English: inwardness

The centre of primal emotions, usually thought to be the intestines


elvyssh

English: elvish

From Old English ielfisċ. Equivalent to elf + -yssh.


tomiddes

From Old English tō-middes, equivalent to to- + middes.

In the middle of or among some group; amidst.


tomorwe

English: tomorrow; tomorn

From Old English tōmorgen, tō morgenne (“tomorrow”), from tō (“at, on”) + morgene, mergen (dative of morgen (“morning”)), from Proto-Germanic *murganaz (“morning”), perhaps, from Proto-Indo-European *mergʰ- (“to blink, to twinkle”). Equivalent to to- + morwe.


tomorwe

English: tomorrow; tomorn


tomorwe

Belonging to the day after today; tomorrow's.


tonyght

From Old English tō niht, equivalent to to- + nyght.

On the night that will follow the current day.

On the night preceding the current day; last night.


tonyght

English: tonight, to-night

The night which shall occur after the current day.


totwene

In the position that separates (two things); in the middle.


tosamen

Two or more gathered in one place; sharing each other's company.

In a state of being an assembled whole or single entity. (of parts)

(by extension) Joined by spiritual or mental union.

With everything taken into account; all told.


towhile

For as long as; for the duration of; while


towhiles

For as long as; during the time that; while


towhiles

English: to-whiles


toȝæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of toyen


toȝæines

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of toyenes


toyenes

In opposition to something, often for moral or philosophical reasons.

Placed in physical proximity to; abutting.


toyenes

As part of an exchange; in reply, in return.


towardes

English: towards

Yola: toowards


toyere

English: toyear, to-year

Yola: t'year


toyere

(agriculture) grown this year; this year's


toþeþur

Unknown; possibly a combination of þider and togidere.


todraght

A consort of attendants in service of an important person.


Everwichescyre

Everwich schire
Everwich schire#Middle_English


toflight

A place which provides shelter or safety; a refuge.


Rychemund

English: Richmond

From a name cognate to French Richemont (“town in Normandy”). Equivalent to riche + mund.


Everwik

→ Old French: Everwich

From Old English Eoforwīċ, from Latin Eborācum. Doublet of York.


Everwich schire

From Old English Eoforwīcsċīr, a compound of Eoforwīċ (“York”) + sċīr (“county”); equivalent to Everwik + shire.


schyre

English: shire (obsolete, dialectal), sheer

Scots: schyre

From Old English sċīr (“bright”, adjective) and sċīre (adverb), from Proto-West Germanic *skīr, from Proto-Germanic *skīriz. Doublet of skyr.

bright, shimmering, glistening, luminous, radiant

(rare) untarnished; not dirty or stained.


schyre

English: shire (obsolete, dialectal)


surete

English: surety

From Anglo-Norman seurté, from Latin sēcūritās; equivalent to sure + -te. Doublet of securite.

A pledge or agreement assuring something, or a method of verification for such:

A written instrument certifying such a pledge.

Surety money; a bond or deposit certifying such a pledge.

A person holding themselves as surety for the purpose of certifying such a pledge.


surenes

English: sureness


hasel

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">halse</i>

English: hazel (dialectal halse)

Scots: hazel

Yola: hawlse

The hazel tree, one of its branches, or its wood.


tosupporte

A person who provides legal support to someone; an advocate.


totagge

A circumstance or condition that affects or obscures the weight or nature of a sin.


toturn

A place, state or person who provides shelter or protection; refuge.


towardnesse

The wont or inclination to behave a certain way or to do something specific.


gaugen

gaugen (infinitive)
to gaugen (infinitive)
gauge (infinitive)
gauge (first-person present singular)
gauged (first-person past singular)
gaugest (present second-person singular)
gaugedest (past second-person singular)
gaugeth (present singular third-person)
gauged (past singular third-person)
gauge (present singular subjunctive)
gauged (past singular subjunctive)
gauge (imperative present singular)
gaugen (plural present)
gauge (plural present)
gaugeden (past plural)
gaugede (past plural)
gaugeth (imperative plural present)
gauge (imperative plural present)
gaugynge (participle present)
gaugende (participle present)
gauged (participle past)
ygauged (participle past)

English: (to) gauge

Scots: (to) gauge

/ˈɡau̯d͡ʒən/

From Old Northern French gauger; equivalent to gauge + -en (infinitival suffix).

(transitive) To formally measure; make a measurement of.


toborstennysse

(medicine) A cavity or break in tissue; a rupture, abscess.


knoppe

From Middle Low German and Middle Dutch knoppe


knaven

From Old English cnafan; equivalent to knave + -en (plural suffix).


knave children

From knave childre with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en.


knotte

English: knot

Scots: knot

From Old English cnotta, from Proto-West Germanic *knottō, from Proto-Germanic *knuttô. Doublet of node.

(figurative) bond, compact (of two parties)


waȝȝn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of wayn (“wagon”)


knave child

enm-noun

knave child (plural knave children or knave childre)

knave children (plural)
knave childre (plural)

English: knave-child (archaic)


Charlewayn

English: Charles' Wain

From Old English carles wǣġn, an alternative form of Old English carles wǣn; modified under influence of Old French Carles li magnes.


gaynest

superlative degree of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”)


clokken

clokken (infinitive)
to clokken (infinitive)
clokke (infinitive)
clokke (first-person present singular)
clokked (first-person past singular)
clokkest (present second-person singular)
clokkedest (past second-person singular)
clokketh (present singular third-person)
clokked (past singular third-person)
clokke (present singular subjunctive)
clokked (past singular subjunctive)
clokke (imperative present singular)
clokken (plural present)
clokke (plural present)
clokkeden (past plural)
clokkede (past plural)
clokketh (imperative plural present)
clokke (imperative plural present)
clokkynge (participle present)
clokkende (participle present)
clokked (participle past)
yclokked (participle past)

English: cluck, clock

Scots: clok, clock, cleck

From Old English cloccian, from Proto-Germanic *klukkwōną.


geyner

comparative degree of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”)


geyn

Alternative form of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”)


geyn

Alternative form of gayn (“gain, reward, advantage”)


clokke

English: clock

Scots: clock

From Middle Dutch clocke, from Old Northern French cloque, from Medieval Latin clocca, probably of Celtic origin, from Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”) (compare Welsh cloch, Irish clog), from Proto-Indo-European *klēg-, *klōg- (onomatopoeia).
Doublet of cloke (“cloak”).


gaynly

English: gainly

From gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”) + -ly (adverbial suffix). The adjective is from the adverb.


gaynly

English: gainly


gaynen

gaynen (infinitive)
to gaynen (infinitive)
gayne (infinitive)
gayne (first-person present singular)
gayned (first-person past singular)
gaynest (present second-person singular)
gaynedest (past second-person singular)
gayneth (present singular third-person)
gayned (past singular third-person)
gayne (present singular subjunctive)
gayned (past singular subjunctive)
gayne (imperative present singular)
gaynen (plural present)
gayne (plural present)
gayneden (past plural)
gaynede (past plural)
gayneth (imperative plural present)
gayne (imperative plural present)
gaynynge (participle present)
gaynende (participle present)
gayned (participle past)
ygayned (participle past)

English: (to) gayne (obsolete)

From Old Norse gegna; equivalent to gayn + -en (infinitival suffix).

(transitive, intransitive) To be helpful, to help or aid.

(transitive) To win against, gain victory over.

(transitive, intransitive) To be proper or right for the situation.


waynen

waynen (infinitive)
to waynen (infinitive)
wayne (infinitive)
wayne (first-person present singular)
wayned (first-person past singular)
waynest (present second-person singular)
waynedest (past second-person singular)
wayneth (present singular third-person)
wayned (past singular third-person)
wayne (present singular subjunctive)
wayned (past singular subjunctive)
wayne (imperative present singular)
waynen (plural present)
wayne (plural present)
wayneden (past plural)
waynede (past plural)
wayneth (imperative plural present)
wayne (imperative plural present)
waynynge (participle present)
waynende (participle present)
wayned (participle past)
ywayned (participle past)

English: wain (in part)

Scots: wain, wane

(transitive) To move or transport by wagon or cart.

(transitive, Late Middle English) To send or deliver.

(transitive, Late Middle English) To renounce or reject (for semantic development see give up)


waynen

English: wain (in part)

(transitive) To move away, leave, abscond.


tolætenysse

The mental or spiritual state of being without hope; despair.


todræfednysse

(Early Middle English, hapax) A scattering of something.


tosetnesse

From Old English tōsetedness, tōsetetnesse.

A particular organization of things; an order, arrangement.


toȝotenysse

(Early Middle English, medicine, rare) The seeping of fluid into a cavity; effusion.


Carlel

Alternative form of Carlele (“Carlisle”)


toðundennysse

(Early Middle English, medicine) A lump on the body, such as a swelling or tumor.


Carlele axe

A sort of axe associated with the city of Carlisle.


waynscot

English: wainscot

Borrowed from Middle Low German wagenschot.

bor+

A variety of foreign oak commonly utilised for furniture and furnishings.


Carlele

English: Carlisle, Carlyle

From Old English Carlēol, from Old Welsh Caer Lualid.

Carlisle (a city in modern Cumberland, England)


penne knyfe

English: penknife

From penne + knyf; as these were commonly used for cutting the nib of a quill.


coteler

English: cutler

Scots: cuitlar (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman cuteler, from Old French coutelier.


keorven

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kerven


pichfork

English: pitchfork

From picchen (for which see pitch) + forke.

A pitchfork (implement used for lifting).


knyf

English: knife

Sranan Tongo: nefi

Korean: 나이프 (naipeu)

Portuguese: naifa

Samoan: naifi

Japanese: ナイフ

Scots: knyfe, knife

Yola: kunnife

French: canif

From Old English cnīf, from Old Norse knífr, from Proto-Germanic *knībaz.

A knife as a tool or instrument; the following special senses exist:


extre

English: axtree

Scots: axtrie (obsolete)

From ax (“axle”) + tre. Compare axiltre.

axletree (pole connecting the wheels of a wheeled vehicle)

axle (pole which a wheel revolves around)


axiltre

English: axletree

Scots: aixle-tree

From axil (“axle”) + tre (“tree”). Compare extre.

axle (pole around which a wheel revolves)

axis (pole around which the earth revolves)


forkerven

forkerven (infinitive)
to forkerven (infinitive)
forkerve (infinitive)
forkerve (first-person present singular)
forcarf (first-person past singular)
forkervest (present second-person singular)
forcurve (past second-person singular)
forcorve (past second-person singular)
forcarf (past second-person singular)
forkerveth (present singular third-person)
forcarf (past singular third-person)
forkerve (present singular subjunctive)
forcurve (past singular subjunctive)
forcorve (past singular subjunctive)
forkerve (imperative present singular)
forkerven (plural present)
forkerve (plural present)
forcurven (past plural)
forcurve (past plural)
forcorven (past plural)
forcorve (past plural)
forkerveth (imperative plural present)
forkerve (imperative plural present)
forkervynge (participle present)
forkervende (participle present)
forcorven (participle past)
forcorve (participle past)

English: forcarve

From Old English forċeorfan. Equivalent to for- + kerven.

To divide, separate, cleave (in two pieces)

(rare, medicine) To make soft, to disintegrate


sysse

Alternative form of syse (“size, assize”)


cothe

English: coath, cothe

From Old English coþu, from Proto-Germanic *kuþō.


cyse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chese


barnhede

(Late Middle English) The duration when one is a child; childhood.


bernteam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of barntem


tæmenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of temen (“to bear, to support”)


barnles

English: bairnless

Scots: bairnless

From Old English bearnlēas; equivalent to barn (“child”) + -les.


timæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


teyme

Alternative form of temen (“to drain, to empty”)


teyme

(Northern) Alternative form of tyme (“time”)


temyn

Alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


barneschen

barneschen (infinitive)
to barneschen (infinitive)
barnesche (infinitive)
barnesche (first-person present singular)
barnesched (first-person past singular)
barneschest (present second-person singular)
barneschedest (past second-person singular)
barnescheth (present singular third-person)
barnesched (past singular third-person)
barnesche (present singular subjunctive)
barnesched (past singular subjunctive)
barnesche (imperative present singular)
barneschen (plural present)
barnesche (plural present)
barnescheden (past plural)
barneschede (past plural)
barnescheth (imperative plural present)
barnesche (imperative plural present)
barneschynge (participle present)
barneschende (participle present)
barnesched (participle past)
ybarnesched (participle past)

Unknown; probably related to barn (“child”).

(Late Middle English, rare) To develop a visible pregnancy.

(Late Middle English, rare) To become mighty.


tymeful

English: timeful (archaic)

(rare) Having a duration or period of time.


tymen

From Old English tīman (“times”), from Proto-Germanic *tīmaniz (“times”). Equivalent to tyme + -en (“plural ending”).


barntem

English: bairn-team

Scots: bairn-time (influenced by time)

Inherited from Old English bearntēam; equivalent to barn (“child”) + tem (“group”).

(rare, Late Middle English) One's kinfolk or family.


syse

English: size

Scots: size

From Old French cise, sise. Compare assise.

(law) a court of assize; a regularly scheduled regional court

(law) a assize; a legal ruling or verdict


syse

English: size

Of unclear origin; related to Old Italian sisa; perhaps ultimately related to syse (“amount”). See size for more.

a varnish that underlies gold or silver leaf


tymely

English: timely (archaic as an adverb)

Scots: tymely (obsolete)

From Old English tīmlīce; equivalent to and reinforced by tyme (“time”) + -ly.


tymely

English: timely

Scots: tymely (obsolete)


cheston

Alternative form of chesteyne (“chestnut”)


gestyn

Alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)


gestyng

English: guesting (obsolete)

Equivalent to the present participle of gesten (“to host a guest”); see there for more information.

A party; a dinner or supper with guests.


gestning

English: gestning, gestening (obsolete)

Equivalent to the present participle of gestenen; see there for more information.

The provision of accommodation or dining for guests.

hospitableness; the provision of care for guests.


chesteyne

English: chesten (obsolete)

⇒ English: chestnut

→ Middle Scots: chastnut (calque)

Scots: chestnut

desc

Middle Scots: chastan, chasten, chestane

From a combination of Old French chastaigne and Old English ċisten, both from Latin castanea, from Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia).

A chestnut tree (tree of the genus Castanea)

A chestnut; the nut of the chestnut tree.


captivite

English: captivity

Scots: captivitie (obsolete)

From Latin captīvitās; equivalent to captif + -ite.

(Late Middle English) captivity or imprisonment.

(figurative, Late Middle English) conquering, control.

(rare, Late Middle English) slavery, enthrallment.

(rare, Late Middle English) A group of hostages or prisoners.


gestenen

gestenen (infinitive)
to gestenen (infinitive)
gestene (infinitive)
gestene (first-person present singular)
gestened (first-person past singular)
gestenest (present second-person singular)
gestenedest (past second-person singular)
gesteneth (present singular third-person)
gestened (past singular third-person)
gestene (present singular subjunctive)
gestened (past singular subjunctive)
gestene (imperative present singular)
gestenen (plural present)
gestene (plural present)
gesteneden (past plural)
gestenede (past plural)
gesteneth (imperative plural present)
gestene (imperative plural present)
gestenynge (participle present)
gestenende (participle present)
gestened (participle past)
ygestened (participle past)

English: gesten, guesten

Probably from an Old Norse form; in any case equivalent to gest (“guest”) + -enen.

To provide accommodation or hospitality for a visitor.

To stay in accommodation; to be a guest.


cheste

English: chest

Scots: kist

From Old English ċest, ċist, from Proto-West Germanic *kistu, from Latin cista, from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē). The final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

A large container; a chest or footlocker.

A safe, strongbox; a secure chest for treasured items and possessions.

A coffin or casket (a box where the remains of the dead are stored)

chest, abdomen (central portion of the body; home of the soul in medieval thought)

(rare) A basket or bowl; a container without a top side.

(rare) A separated or divided area; a section.


esscen

Alternative form of asshen (“made of ashwood”)


Cristemasse

English: Christmas (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Christenmas

From Old English Cristes mæsse; equivalent to Criste + messe.


Cristenhode

English: Christianhood

The condition of believing in Christianity; Christian belief.

(rare) Christianity as an organised faith.


Cristien

English: Christian

Scots: Christian

Borrowed from Old French chrestien, from Latin Christiānus, from Ancient Greek Χριστιανός (Khristianós); equivalent to Crist + -ien. Compare Cristen.

Christian; of those who believe in Christ.


Cristendom

English: Christendom

Scots: Christendom

From Old English crīstendōm; equivalent to Cristen + -dom.

Christian belief; faith in Jesus Christ.

baptism; the induction of someone into the Christian faith.

The nations of the world that have a Christian ruler or government.

The whole of the Christian people; Christendom.

Christianity; the practice of believing in Christ.

The customs and habits of Christians and Christianity.


Cristiente

English: Christianity

Scots: Christendie

From Old French crestienté, from Medieval Latin Christiānitās; equivalent to Cristien + -te. Some forms are influenced by Cristen.

Christianity; belief or faith in Christ.


meassen

Alternative form of messen (“to hold mass”)


Messyas

English: Messiah, messiah, Messias

Scots: Messiah

From Latin Messias, from Ancient Greek Μεσσίας (Messías), from Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā), from Biblical Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (māšîaḥ).

der

Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā)

The Messiah as mentioned in the Old Testament.


Antecrist

English: Antichrist

Scots: Antichrist

From Middle French antecrist, antichrist, from Medieval Latin Antichristus, from Ancient Greek Ἀντίχριστος (Antíkhristos). Compare Old English Antecrist.


masednesse

And she for wonder took of it no keep;
She herde nat what thing he to hir seyde;
She ferde as she had stert out of a sleep,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1058-1061

And she for amazement took of it no notice;
She heard not what thing he said to her;
She fared as if she had suddenly awakened out of a sleep,
Until out of her bewilderment she suddenly awoke.


masedliche

English: mazedly


Nowel

English: Noel, noel

From Middle French noel or Anglo-Norman noel, from Latin nātālis [diēs Dominī] (“birthday of the Lord”).


Nowel

An gleeful exclamation upon hearing Jesus being born in representations of the event.


Cristen

English: Christen

From Old English cristen, from Latin Christiānus, from Ancient Greek Χριστιανός (Khristianós). Compare Cristien.

Christian (related, controlled, characteristic of, or belonging to those who believe in Christ)


Cristen

(rare) The whole of Christianity; the Christian peoples of the world.


mazidnesse

English: mazedness (obsolete)


leore

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lore


amased

English: amazed

From Old English āmasod, from Old English āmasian. Alternatively from a Middle English *amasen.

shocked; incapable of action or movement.

distraught; put off from doing something.


asshen

English: ashen

Scots: aishen

From Old English æsċen (“made of ashwood”); equivalent of asshe (“ash tree”) + -en (“made of”).


asshen

English: ashen

From asshe (“burnt matter”) + -en (“pertaining to”).


asshen

From asshe (“burnt matter”) + -en (plural suffix).


asshen

From asshe (“ash tree”) + -en (plural suffix).


mased

English: mazed

Scots: mazed

Bewildered, amazed, perplexed, or misled.

Terrified, scared, worried, or despairing; experiencing trauma or distress.

Insane, psychotic, mad or angry; not of sound or calm mind

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

Everything is equally good to me— / Joy or sorrow, however it might be— / For I feel nothing about anything, / But am like some dazed thing, / Always on the brink of falling down.

Al is ylyche goode to me / Ioy or sorowe wherso hyt be / For I haue felynge in no thynge / But as it were a mased thynge / Alway in poynt to falle a down


bracen

bracen (infinitive)
to bracen (infinitive)
brace (infinitive)
brace (first-person present singular)
braced (first-person past singular)
bracest (present second-person singular)
bracedest (past second-person singular)
braceth (present singular third-person)
braced (past singular third-person)
brace (present singular subjunctive)
braced (past singular subjunctive)
brace (imperative present singular)
bracen (plural present)
brace (plural present)
braceden (past plural)
bracede (past plural)
braceth (imperative plural present)
brace (imperative plural present)
bracynge (participle present)
bracende (participle present)
braced (participle past)
ybraced (participle past)

English: brace

From Old French bracier, from brace; equivalent to brace + -en (infinitival suffix).

To attach or connect two objects to each other.

(rare) To cover or surround with a cover; to veil.


cleyen

English: clayen

From cley (from Old English clǣg) + -en.


hæþenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of hethen (“heathen”)


lorþein

/ˈlɔːrðɛi̯n/

From lore (“knowledge”) + theyn (“noble, man”).

(Early Middle English, rare) An educator or instructor, especially a religious one.


heþennwarrd

(Ormulum) Alternative form of hethen-ward


lorfadyr

From lore (“knowledge”) + fader (“father”).

(mainly Early ME) A tutor or instructor.


hethens

From hethen (“away”) + -es (“adverbial suffix”).


larspel

English: lorespell (obsolete)

From Old English lārspel; equivalent to lore (“knowledge”) + spel (“tale, quip”).

(mainly Early ME) doctrine, teachings, orthodoxy

(mainly Early ME) A religious tract or speech.


larðewe

English: lorthew (obsolete)

/ˈlaːrðøːwə/

From Old English lārþēow; equivalent to lore (“knowledge”) + thew (“thrall”).

(mainly Early ME) A tutor or mentor; a guide; usually used to refer to religious instructors.


haithen-hede

/ˈhɛːðənhɛːd/

/ˈhɛːðənhɔːd/

(rare) The nations of the world which follow paganism.


hæthendom

q

English: heathendom (potentially borrowed or a new formation)

/ˈhɛːðəndɔm/

From Old English hǣþendōm; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -dom.


hæðene-scipe

English: heathenship

From Old English hǣþenscipe; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -scipe.


hethenesse

English: heathenesse

From Old English hǣþenes, hǣþennes; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -nesse, but vowel reduction shows that by the Late ME period it was no longer analysed as such.

The portion of the world controlled or populated by pagans or Muslims, or any part of this portion of the world.

heathenry, paganism; belief in a pagan religion.

As well in Christendom as in Heatheness, Chaucer, Canterbury Taleshttp://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/2383/pg2383-images.html

Pagan doctrine or habits; the trappings of a pagan religion.


hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

From Old English hǣþen, from Proto-Germanic *haiþinaz; possibly equivalent to heeth + -en (pertaining to).

heathen, pagan; of those who are not Christian


hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

heathen, pagan; those who are not Christian


hethen

English: hethen (obsolete)

away, outwards, not here (referring to movement)

away, far off, not around (referring to location)

Outside or away from this world or realm.

Starting or beginning from this time; from now.


erthen

English: earthen

Scots: erthen

From Old English eorþen, from Proto-Germanic *irþīnaz. By surface analysis, erthe (“earth”) + -en (“made of”).


glæsene

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of glasene


glasene

inflection of glasen:
strong/weak plural


glasyn

head

glasyn (plural and weak singular glasyne)

glasyne (plural)
glasyne (singular weak)


glasyn

Alternative form of glasen (“to glaze”, verb)


hethenli

English: heathenly

/ˈhɛːðənliː/

(biblical) In the manner of the Gentiles.


baptisynge

English: baptising

The practice of baptism (Christian sacrament involving dipping or sprinkling with water)


bapteme

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">baptisme</i>

English: baptism (< baptisme)

Scots: bapteesm (< baptisme)

Borrowed from Old French bapteme, baptesme, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptisma, Ancient Greek βάπτισμα (báptisma, “dipping, baptism”), from βαπτίζω (baptízō, “I dip in liquid”).

der

(figurative) Belief in the tenets of Christianity.

(biblical) The water that came from Jesus after being stabbed during his crucifixion.

(rare) A similar religious ceremony or practice (often involving water)


baptisen

baptisen (infinitive)
to baptisen (infinitive)
baptise (infinitive)
baptise (first-person present singular)
baptised (first-person past singular)
baptisest (present second-person singular)
baptisedest (past second-person singular)
baptiseth (present singular third-person)
baptised (past singular third-person)
baptise (present singular subjunctive)
baptised (past singular subjunctive)
baptise (imperative present singular)
baptisen (plural present)
baptise (plural present)
baptiseden (past plural)
baptisede (past plural)
baptiseth (imperative plural present)
baptise (imperative plural present)
baptisynge (participle present)
baptisende (participle present)
baptised (participle past)
ybaptised (participle past)

English: baptize, baptise

Scots: bapteese

Borrowed from Old French baptiser, batisier, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptizare, from Ancient Greek βαπτίζω (baptízō, “to immerse, plunge, baptize”).

To baptise, christen (perform a baptism).


cristened

English: christened

Scots: kirstent

From the past participle of Old English cristenen.

Christian (of the followers of Christianity)


cristened

(rare) Christians (followers of Christianity)


cristenen

cristenen (infinitive)
to cristenen (infinitive)
cristene (infinitive)
cristene (first-person present singular)
cristened (first-person past singular)
cristenest (present second-person singular)
cristenedest (past second-person singular)
cristeneth (present singular third-person)
cristened (past singular third-person)
cristene (present singular subjunctive)
cristened (past singular subjunctive)
cristene (imperative present singular)
cristenen (plural present)
cristene (plural present)
cristeneden (past plural)
cristenede (past plural)
cristeneth (imperative plural present)
cristene (imperative plural present)
cristenynge (participle present)
cristenende (participle present)
cristened (participle past)
ycristened (participle past)

English: christen

Scots: kirsten

From Old English crīstnian; equivalent to Christen + -enen.

To baptize, christen (perform a baptism)

To make Christian; win over to Christianity.


Temese

English: Thames

From Old English Temese, from Latin Tamesis, potentially from Proto-Celtic *tamesās.

The Thames (river in SE England, notably having London on its bank)


cristenynge

Inherited from Old English cristnung; equivalent to Christen + -ing.


cristenynge

English: christening

Scots: kirstenin

Baptism or christening (Christian sacrament)


shryver

English: shriver (obsolete)


shryven

shryven (infinitive)
to shryven (infinitive)
shryve (infinitive)
shryve (first-person present singular)
shrof (first-person past singular)
shryvest (present second-person singular)
shrove (past second-person singular)
shryve (past second-person singular)
shreve (past second-person singular)
shrof (past second-person singular)
shryveth (present singular third-person)
shrof (past singular third-person)
shryve (present singular subjunctive)
shrove (past singular subjunctive)
shryve (past singular subjunctive)
shreve (past singular subjunctive)
shryve (imperative present singular)
shryven (plural present)
shryve (plural present)
shroven (past plural)
shrove (past plural)
shryven (past plural)
shryve (past plural)
shreven (past plural)
shreve (past plural)
shryveth (imperative plural present)
shryve (imperative plural present)
shryvynge (participle present)
shryvende (participle present)
shryven (participle past)
shryve (participle past)
shreven (participle past)
shreve (participle past)

English: shrive

Scots: schrive

From Old English sċrīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *skrīban.

To listen to or hear the sacrament of confession.

To impose either penance or absolution in response to a confession.

(usually in translation) To give thanks to God.


letheren

English: leathern

Scots: letherin, ledrin

From Old English leþeren, liþren; equivalent to lether + -en (“made of”).

but ȝyf he haue a tent of xv enche wyt letheryn knappes

But if he has a dick with fifteen-inch white leather balls

Made of the hide of a living creature, often tanned; made of leather.


lynnen

English: linen

From Old English līnen, equivalent to lyne + -en (“made of”).


læuued

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lewed


lewidhed

(rare) A deficiency in education or learning.


leawde mon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lewed man


lewedly

English: lewdly

With ignorance or a lack of knowledge; in an ignorant way.

(Late Middle English) In a way showing a lack of mental acuity; idiotically.

(rare, Late Middle English) Unsophisticatedly; in a way befitting a simpleton.

(rare, Late Middle English) In a morally unsanctioned manner; evilly, maliciously.


mæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of man (“man”)


mæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of man (“one, you”)


lewednesse

English: lewdness

A deficiency or absence of knowledge; unlearnedness.

idiocy, ridiculousness; the state of being stupid.

ineptitude; the state of being unsuitable for a task.


lewed man

Somebody who is not a cleric; a member of the laity.

An unlearned person; one without knowledge.

A lay person; an unqualified or untrained individual.

(rare) A careless person; an excessive risk-taker.


auctour

English: author

Scots: author

From Anglo-Norman autour, from Latin auctor.

A creator or author; the person who authors something; especially used to refer to God.

An author or writer; someone who authors a written work.

A establisher or founder; the person who establishes something.

A person or people who act as a trusted source.

(rare, law) A person who makes a legal accusation.


universalite

English: universality

From Middle French universalité, from Late Latin universalitas; equivalent to universal + -ite.

(Late Middle English, rare) the features common to everything in a class, discerned from the analysis of each thing in the class.

(Late Middle English, rare) the ability to generalise the features of each thing in a class to derive the common features.


universite

English: university

Scots: university, universitie

From Anglo-Norman université, from Latin ūniversitātem, accusative of ūniversitās; equivalent to universe + -ite.

A university or college (a facility offering tertiary education and higher learning).

The totality of students and faculty that study and work at a university.

The entirety or totality of existence; all that exists.


copren

English: coppern

From Old English cyperen, equivalent to coper + -en (“made of”).

Formed from copper or an alloy thereof, such as bronze.


sylveren

English: silvern

From Old English seolfren, re-formed in analogy to silver.


sylveren

(collectively) Items made of silver, such as dishes.


shirrevehod

English: sheriffhood


shirevewyk

English: sheriffwick

From shirreve + wike (“official, position”).

The area that a sheriff administrates or serves.


shirreve

English: sheriff, shrieve

Scots: shirra

From Old English sċīrġerēfa; equivalent to shire (“shire”) + reve.

A sheriff; a person responsible for a number of different tasks, including law enforcement and judicial responsibilities.


Shorthursday

Schyre Thursday
Schyre Thursday#Middle_English


skyrte

English: skirt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: skirt

Borrowed from Old Norse skyrta, from Proto-Germanic *skurtijǭ. Doublet of sherte.

The lower half of a robe, overcoat, or vest.

A hem or edge of a garment; a flap or piece of fabric (as part of a garment)


sherte

English: shirt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: schirt, shurt

Yola: shoorth, skoorth

From Old English sċyrte. Doublet of skyrte.

A shirt (garment for the top of the body)

(rare) A skirting; a hem (the border of an item of clothing)


sherten

sherten (infinitive)
to sherten (infinitive)
sherte (infinitive)
sherte (first-person present singular)
sherted (first-person past singular)
shertest (present second-person singular)
shertedest (past second-person singular)
sherteth (present singular third-person)
sherted (past singular third-person)
sherte (present singular subjunctive)
sherted (past singular subjunctive)
sherte (imperative present singular)
sherten (plural present)
sherte (plural present)
sherteden (past plural)
shertede (past plural)
sherteth (imperative plural present)
sherte (imperative plural present)
shertynge (participle present)
shertende (participle present)
sherted (participle past)
ysherted (participle past)

English: shirt

(rare) To cover (something) in a manner reminiscent of a shirt.


Schyre Thursday

English: Sheer Thursday (dated, with shire replaced by sheer)

Scots: Skyre Thuirsday (with schyre replaced by skyre)

The celebrations that occur at Maundy Thursday.


shirten

shirten (infinitive)
to shirten (infinitive)
shirte (infinitive)
shirte (first-person present singular)
shirted (first-person past singular)
shirtest (present second-person singular)
shirtedest (past second-person singular)
shirteth (present singular third-person)
shirted (past singular third-person)
shirte (present singular subjunctive)
shirted (past singular subjunctive)
shirte (imperative present singular)
shirten (plural present)
shirte (plural present)
shirteden (past plural)
shirtede (past plural)
shirteth (imperative plural present)
shirte (imperative plural present)
shirtynge (participle present)
shirtende (participle present)
shirted (participle past)
yshirted (participle past)

English: shurt (obsolete)

(reflexive, rare) To entertain; to not be bored.


froggen

From Old English frocgan; equivalent to frogge + -en (plural suffix).


skyren

skyren (infinitive)
to skyren (infinitive)
skyre (infinitive)
skyre (first-person present singular)
skyred (first-person past singular)
skyrest (present second-person singular)
skyredest (past second-person singular)
skyreth (present singular third-person)
skyred (past singular third-person)
skyre (present singular subjunctive)
skyred (past singular subjunctive)
skyre (imperative present singular)
skyren (plural present)
skyre (plural present)
skyreden (past plural)
skyrede (past plural)
skyreth (imperative plural present)
skyre (imperative plural present)
skyrynge (participle present)
skyrende (participle present)
skyred (participle past)
yskyred (participle past)

English: skire (obsolete)

From Old Norse skíra, from Proto-Germanic *skīrijaną. Doublet of schiren.

(rare) To undergo spiritual purification.


schiren

schiren (infinitive)
to schiren (infinitive)
schire (infinitive)
schire (first-person present singular)
schired (first-person past singular)
schirest (present second-person singular)
schiredest (past second-person singular)
schireth (present singular third-person)
schired (past singular third-person)
schire (present singular subjunctive)
schired (past singular subjunctive)
schire (imperative present singular)
schiren (plural present)
schire (plural present)
schireden (past plural)
schirede (past plural)
schireth (imperative plural present)
schire (imperative plural present)
schirynge (participle present)
schirende (participle present)
schired (participle past)
yschired (participle past)

English: shire (obsolete)

From Old English sċīran, from Proto-Germanic *skīrijaną. Doublet of skyren.

(rare) To cleanse (especially referring to sins)


frogge

English: frog, frock (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: frog, froig

→ Welsh: broga

From Old English frocga, from Proto-West Germanic *froggō.

a frog or toad (member of the order Anura)


fonnen

fonnen (infinitive)
to fonnen (infinitive)
fonne (infinitive)
fonne (first-person present singular)
fonned (first-person past singular)
fonnest (present second-person singular)
fonnedest (past second-person singular)
fonneth (present singular third-person)
fonned (past singular third-person)
fonne (present singular subjunctive)
fonned (past singular subjunctive)
fonne (imperative present singular)
fonnen (plural present)
fonne (plural present)
fonneden (past plural)
fonnede (past plural)
fonneth (imperative plural present)
fonne (imperative plural present)
fonnynge (participle present)
fonnende (participle present)
fonned (participle past)
yfonned (participle past)

English: fon

Unknown; perhaps related to fonne (“idiot”).

(Late Middle English) To be insane, stupid, or ridiculous.

(Late Middle English) To trick or misguide.


floteren

floteren (infinitive)
to floteren (infinitive)
flotere (infinitive)
flotere (first-person present singular)
flotered (first-person past singular)
floterest (present second-person singular)
floteredest (past second-person singular)
flotereth (present singular third-person)
flotered (past singular third-person)
flotere (present singular subjunctive)
flotered (past singular subjunctive)
flotere (imperative present singular)
floteren (plural present)
flotere (plural present)
flotereden (past plural)
floterede (past plural)
flotereth (imperative plural present)
flotere (imperative plural present)
floterynge (participle present)
floterende (participle present)
flotered (participle past)
yflotered (participle past)

English: flutter

To be held up or be supported by water; to float.

(rare) To be held up or be supported by air; to fly in an erratic manner.

(rare) To lack a consistent opinion; to constantly change one's mind.

(rare) To change constantly; be in eternal motion.


selken

English: silken

Scots: selkin, silkin

From Old English seolcen (“made of silk”); equivalent to selk + -en (“made of”).


fenygreke

English: fenugreek

From Old French fenigrec, from Latin foenum graecum.

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trigonella foenum-graecum#Translingual


venymoushede

(medicine) An infection; a malign tumour.


venym

English: venom

Yola: vengem

A poison or venom, especially one from an animal.

(medicine) An infection or disease; a malignant presence in the body.

(figurative) Sinful, harmful, or evil acts or speech; maliciousness.

(rare) A potion or liquid used for dyeing.


venym

English: venom (obsolete as an adjective)

Poisonous or toxic (especially of an animal)


venymously

English: venomously


venymynge

(rare) Venom or the making or application of it.


venymouste

From Old French venimosete; by surface analysis, venymous + -te.


envenymous

English: venomous

Borrowed from Middle French envenimeux; equivalent to en- + venym + -ous.


venymous

English: venomous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French venimos; by surface analysis, venym + -ous.

Poisonous, toxic; bearing poison or toxins:

Intrinsically venomous or poisonous; having inherent poison

Malignant, tumorous; bearing an infection or disease.

Malicious, angry, sinful, or destructive.


envenymynge

English: envenoming


Paske day

Scots: Pace Day


venymen

enm-verb

venymen (third-person singular simple present venymeth, present participle venymende, venymynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle venymed)

venymeth (present singular third-person)
venymende (participle present)
venymynge (participle present)
venymed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
venymen (infinitive)
to venymen (infinitive)
venyme (infinitive)
venyme (first-person present singular)
venymed (first-person past singular)
venymest (present second-person singular)
venymedest (past second-person singular)
venymeth (present singular third-person)
venymed (past singular third-person)
venyme (present singular subjunctive)
venymed (past singular subjunctive)
venyme (imperative present singular)
venymen (plural present)
venyme (plural present)
venymeden (past plural)
venymede (past plural)
venymeth (imperative plural present)
venyme (imperative plural present)
venymynge (participle present)
venymende (participle present)
venymed (participle past)
yvenymed (participle past)

English: venom (obsolete as a verb)

Borrowed from Old French venimer; equivalent to venym + -en (infinitival suffix).

To envenom; to use venom or poison to kill or injure.

To smear with venom or poison; to make poisonous.

To spread disease or malignancy; to bring ruin or discord.

To plant sinful ideas, corruption, or evil in a person or group of people.


envenymen

envenymen (third-person singular simple present envenymeth, present participle envenymende, envenymynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle envenymed)

envenymeth (present singular third-person)
envenymende (participle present)
envenymynge (participle present)
envenymed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
envenimen (infinitive)
to envenimen (infinitive)
envenime (infinitive)
envenime (first-person present singular)
envenimed (first-person past singular)
envenimest (present second-person singular)
envenimedest (past second-person singular)
envenimeth (present singular third-person)
envenimed (past singular third-person)
envenime (present singular subjunctive)
envenimed (past singular subjunctive)
envenime (imperative present singular)
envenimen (plural present)
envenime (plural present)
envenimeden (past plural)
envenimede (past plural)
envenimeth (imperative plural present)
envenime (imperative plural present)
envenimynge (participle present)
envenimende (participle present)
envenimed (participle past)

English: envenom

Borrowed from Old French envenimer; equivalent to en- + venym + -en (infinitival suffix).


wermode

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormwode</i>

English: wormwood (< wormwode)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormet</i>

Scots: wormit (< wormet)

→ Irish: mormónta

From Old English wermōd, wormōd, from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā. Some forms remodelled on the basis of worm + wode.

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

wormwood (Artemisia absinthium or other related plants)

Something that induces bitterness or unlikeability.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.

(biblical) Wormwood (object in the Book of Revelation)


egremauncye

[...] a feire mayden [...] suster to Hardogebrant that moche knoweth of egremauncye, [...]

c. 1450–1460, Merlin or The Early History of King Arthur: A Prose Romance (about 1450–1460 A.D.). Edited from the Unique MS. in the University Library, Cambridge, by Henry B. Wheatley …, vol. I, London, 1899, p. 176 (google-US)

[...] she [...] lerned so moche of egremauncye, that the peple cleped hir afterward Morgain le fee, [...]

c. 1450–1460, Merlin or The Early History of King Arthur: A Prose Romance (about 1450–1460 A.D.). Edited from the Unique MS. in the University Library, Cambridge, by Henry B. Wheatley …, vol. II, London, 1899, p. 508 (google-US)

And in the same yere there were take certayne traytourys, the whyche purposyd to slee oure lege lorde the kyng by crafte of egremauncey,ᵃ [...]

1475, Gregory's Chronicle, in: The Historical Collections of Citizen of London in the Fifteenth Century, containing: I. John Page's Poem on the Siege of Rouen. II. Lydgate's Verses on the Kings of England. III. William Gregory's Chronicle of London. Edited by James Gairdner, 1876, p. 183 (google, google)

Sorcery or divination involving death or the dead; necromancy.


almaunden

English: almondine


bechen

English: beechen

From Old English bēcen, or from an inflected form of beche.

Made of beechwood; pertaining to beech trees.


mapelyn

From mapel (from Old English mapultrēow, mapulder) + -en.


lynde

English: lind, lime

Scots: lind, lynde, leind

Any of a number of trees of the genus Tilia; linden.


lynde

Alternative form of lenden (“to come, dwell”)


eunuk

English: eunuch

From Middle French eunuque and Latin eunūchus, from Ancient Greek εὐνοῦχος (eunoûkhos).

(Late Middle English, rare) A eunuch, especially one working as a guard at a harem.


auctorite

English: authority

Scots: authority, authoritie

Borrowed from Old French auctorité, from Latin auctōritātem, accusative of auctōritās; equivalent to auctour + -ite.

And who ſo fyndeth hym out of ſuche blame / Commeth up and offre in goddes name / And I assoyle hym by the auctorite / Such as by bulle was graunted to me.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxx, recto, column 2:

Legal authority or control; the privilege of exercising control.

The right to perform a given action; approval, permission.

A mixture of charisma and willpower; conviction.

Legal effectiveness or standing; genuineness.

The state of being recognized and regarded as useful; worthiness.

The book, quotation, or source that settles an argument; a definitive, reliable, or precise document or text.


ilome

From Old English ġelōme, from Proto-Germanic *galōma, from Proto-Germanic *galōmiz. Compare lome (“often”).


tolboth

English: tollbooth

Scots: towebuith

A tollhouse or tollbooth; a facility that tolls or fees are paid at.


seldere

From Old English seldor (“more infrequent”); also see selde (“seldom”).


toln

English: tolne (obsolete)

Scots: tolne, tholone, tholonie

From Old English toln; potentially from Latin telōnium.

A toll or levy; especially one on grains that is paid in kind.


tollynge

From tollen (“to toll”) + -ing (“gerund ending”).

af

(rare) A levy in kind collected by a miller for milling.


tollynge

Alternative form of tolling (“temptation”)


baðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


lentile

English: lentil

From Old French lentille, from Latin lenticula.

Lens culinaris
Lens culinaris#Translingual

The seed of the lentil (Lens culinaris) used as food.


tylles

Either from tillen or Anglo-Norman tylle.


seldscene

English: seldseen

From Old English seldsīene, seldsēne; equivalent to selde (“uncommon”) + seen.


tulden

Alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


tilen

Alternative form of tillen (“to stretch”)


toilous

English: toilous (obsolete)


tilier

English: tiller

An agriculturalist; a cultivator (one who makes their living from agriculture)

A tiller; a plower (someone who tills soil)

Someone who lives in a given location or who is from a given place.


tylman

English: tillman

Someone who is employed at a farm; an agricultural labourer.


toilen

toilen (infinitive)
to toilen (infinitive)
toile (infinitive)
toile (first-person present singular)
toiled (first-person past singular)
toilest (present second-person singular)
toiledest (past second-person singular)
toileth (present singular third-person)
toiled (past singular third-person)
toile (present singular subjunctive)
toiled (past singular subjunctive)
toile (imperative present singular)
toilen (plural present)
toile (plural present)
toileden (past plural)
toilede (past plural)
toileth (imperative plural present)
toile (imperative plural present)
toilynge (participle present)
toilende (participle present)
toiled (participle past)
ytoiled (participle past)

English: toil

Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe

Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen. Compare tilyen.

To fight, war, attack; to participate in a conflict.

To enter into a legal case; to debate or promote a view.

To toil, exert oneself; to perform agricultural work.

To drag, draw; to forcibly move towards oneself.

(cooking) To combine the components of a meal.

(rare) To promote anguish or distraughtness; to taunt or bully.


tilyen

tilyen (infinitive)
to tilyen (infinitive)
tilye (infinitive)
tilye (first-person present singular)
tilyed (first-person past singular)
tilyest (present second-person singular)
tilyedest (past second-person singular)
tilyeth (present singular third-person)
tilyed (past singular third-person)
tilye (present singular subjunctive)
tilyed (past singular subjunctive)
tilye (imperative present singular)
tilyen (plural present)
tilye (plural present)
tilyeden (past plural)
tilyede (past plural)
tilyeth (imperative plural present)
tilye (imperative plural present)
tilyynge (participle present)
tilyende (participle present)
tilyed (participle past)
ytilyed (participle past)

English: till

Scots: tele, teel, teil

From Old English tilian, from Proto-Germanic *tilōną. Compare toilen.

To cultivate or ready soil for planting; to till.

To plough soil; to make indentations in it with a plough.

To grow or nurture agricultural produce or any other plant.

To create a conducive environment for; to nurture.

To struggle for; labour for; perform work for.

(rare) To open up land for future tilling; to clear land.

(rare) To rid of or eliminate disease or illness.


tilthe

English: tilth

Inherited from Old English tilþ; equivalent to tilyen + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

The process of agriculture; managing a farm, especially crops.

Agricultural produce; the results of agriculture.

A portion or section of land utilised for agriculture.

(rare) An indentation in the soil for planting.


tylle

English: till


tylle

English: till

(rare) A footlocker for the storage of armaments.


tylle

Alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


tylle

Than the knyghtes parters of the lystis toke up Sir Madore and led hym tylle hys tente.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum vii”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


tyllyng

English: tilling

From Old English tilung; equivalent to tilyen + -ing.

The procedure of tilling or tillage; taking care of the land or an orchard.

(rare) The procedure of furrowing the soil to prepare for planting.


ȝeteþ

third-person singular present indicative of ȝeten


thouen

From thou (“you (singular)”) + -en (“infinitive marker”).

To address someone with "thou", i.e. with familiarity or informality.


arveðliche

From Old English earfoþlīc (adjective), earfoþlīce (adverb); equivalent to arveð + -liche (adverbial suffix).


arveð

From Old English earfoþe, from Proto-West Germanic *arbaiþi, from Proto-Germanic *arbaidiz.

(Early Middle English) laborious, demanding, challenging


clubbyd

English: clubbed


ærfeðnesse

From Old English earfoþnes; equivalent to arveð + -nesse.

(Early Middle English) toil, difficult labour.

(Early Middle English) torment, distress, painfulness.


clompe

English: clump

Scots: clump

Probably from Old English clymppe, *clympe, from Proto-Germanic *klumpô. Doublet of clubbe.


clubbe

English: club

From Old Norse klubba, klumba, from Proto-Germanic *klumpô. Doublet of clompe.


flon

English: flone

Scots: flane, flain

From Old English flān, from Proto-West Germanic *flain, from Proto-Germanic *flainaz. Compare flo.

An arrow, especially one used with a long bow (projectile weapon emitted from a bow)

(figurative) Anything felt to have a (metaphorically) piercing effect.


flon

From Old English flān reanalysed as a plural; equivalent to flo + -en (plural suffix).


thouten

From thou (“you (singular)”) + -ten (“causative suffix”).


shifftinng

(Ormulum) Alternative form of schyftynge


schyft

English: shift

Scots: shift


schyftynge

English: shifting

(rare) modification, alteration, the causing of difference.


schelfe

English: shelf

Scots: shelf

Probably from Old English scylfe, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH-.

A shelf or ledge (a plane designated for storing items on)

(rare) A cupboard; a piece of furniture that is equipped with shelves.

(rare) A sloping area covered with grass.


yeten

enm-verb

yeten (third-person singular simple present yeteth, present participle yetende, yetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative yet, past participle yoten)

yeteth (present singular third-person)
yetende (participle present)
yetynge (participle present)
yet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yoten (participle past)
yeten (infinitive)
to yeten (infinitive)
yete (infinitive)
yete (first-person present singular)
yet (first-person past singular)
yeted (first-person past singular)
yetest (present second-person singular)
yote (past second-person singular)
yet (past second-person singular)
yetedest (past second-person singular)
yeteth (present singular third-person)
yet (past singular third-person)
yeted (past singular third-person)
yete (present singular subjunctive)
yote (past singular subjunctive)
yeted (past singular subjunctive)
yete (imperative present singular)
yeten (plural present)
yete (plural present)
yoten (past plural)
yote (past plural)
yeteden (past plural)
yetede (past plural)
yeteth (imperative plural present)
yete (imperative plural present)
yetynge (participle present)
yetende (participle present)
yoten (participle past)
yote (participle past)
yeted (participle past)
yyoten (participle past)
yyote (participle past)
yyeted (participle past)

English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete), yeet

Scots: ȝet, yet, yat

q

via past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">yoten</i>

⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)

From Old English gēotan, from Proto-West Germanic *geutan.

(transitive) To pour out from a container.

(transitive, medicine) To emit fluid from the body.

(transitive, figurative) To send out, to send forth; to express.

(transitive, medicine) to administer medication by drop or injection.

(transitive, chemistry) To melt or soften; to dissolve.

(transitive, smithing) To cast; to found.

(transitive) To take out for use; to brandish.


yeten

yeten (infinitive)
to yeten (infinitive)
yete (infinitive)
yete (first-person present singular)
yeted (first-person past singular)
yetest (present second-person singular)
yetedest (past second-person singular)
yeteth (present singular third-person)
yeted (past singular third-person)
yete (present singular subjunctive)
yeted (past singular subjunctive)
yete (imperative present singular)
yeten (plural present)
yete (plural present)
yeteden (past plural)
yetede (past plural)
yeteth (imperative plural present)
yete (imperative plural present)
yetynge (participle present)
yetende (participle present)
yeted (participle past)
yyeted (participle past)

English: yeet

From ye (“you (plural)”) + -ten (“causative suffix”).

af

To address someone with "ye", i.e. with formality or politeness


þhi

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


ichc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of I (“I”)


ichs

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of I


berier

English: burier


ballok

English: ballock, bollock

Scots: ballok

From Old English bealluc; equivalent to ball + -ok.


buryinge

English: burying

Scots: buiryin

A burial or burying; the process of preparing a grave.

A sepulchre; a place where one is entombed.

A gravesite or graveyard; the location where one is buried.


toumben

enm-verb

toumben (third-person singular simple present toumbeth, present participle toumbende, toumbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle toumbed)

toumbeth (present singular third-person)
toumbende (participle present)
toumbynge (participle present)
toumbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


towmben

towmben (third-person singular simple present towmbeth, present participle towmbende, towmbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle towmbed)

towmbeth (present singular third-person)
towmbende (participle present)
towmbynge (participle present)
towmbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


burynes

English: buriness (obsolete)

From Old English byriġnes; equivalent berien + -ness.


beriel

English: burial

Scots: buirial

From Old English byrġels; equivalent to berien + -els.


theyn

English: thane

Scots: thane

→ Irish: taen

Inherited from Old English þeġn, from Proto-West Germanic *þegn, from Proto-Germanic *þegnaz.

A thane; a noble, especially of minor or lesser status.

A freeman; one who is not in thraldom or servitude.

A servant or attendant; one who serves another.


ȝweol

(Southern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of whel (“wheel”)


berwen

berwen (infinitive)
to berwen (infinitive)
berwe (infinitive)
berwe (first-person present singular)
bargh (first-person past singular)
berwest (present second-person singular)
borwe (past second-person singular)
bargh (past second-person singular)
berweth (present singular third-person)
bargh (past singular third-person)
berwe (present singular subjunctive)
borwe (past singular subjunctive)
berwe (imperative present singular)
berwen (plural present)
berwe (plural present)
borwen (past plural)
borwe (past plural)
berweth (imperative plural present)
berwe (imperative plural present)
berwynge (participle present)
berwende (participle present)
borwen (participle past)
borwe (participle past)
yborwen (participle past)
yborwe (participle past)

From Old English beorgan; equivalent to berg + -en (infinitival suffix). Cognate with Dutch bergen (“to store, save, rescue”), German bergen (“to salvage, recover, hise, rescue, save”), Icelandic bjarga (“to save”).


berien

berien (infinitive)
to berien (infinitive)
berie (infinitive)
berie (first-person present singular)
beried (first-person past singular)
beriest (present second-person singular)
beriedest (past second-person singular)
berieth (present singular third-person)
beried (past singular third-person)
berie (present singular subjunctive)
beried (past singular subjunctive)
berie (imperative present singular)
berien (plural present)
berie (plural present)
berieden (past plural)
beriede (past plural)
berieth (imperative plural present)
berie (imperative plural present)
beriynge (participle present)
beriende (participle present)
beried (participle past)
yberied (participle past)

English: bury

Scots: buiry

From Old English byrġan, byriġan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną. Doublet of bargaynen.

To hide; make non-visible by means of covering.

(rare) To practice the ceremony associated with burial.


toumbe

enm-verb

toumbe (third-person singular simple present toumbeth, present participle toumbende, toumbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle toumbed)


thoumbe

Alternative spelling of þoumbe (“thumb”)


whelwryghte

English: wheelwright

From whel (“wheel”) + wryghte, from Old English wyrhta.

(rare) A person employed in building and maintaining wheels; a wheelmaker.

(rare) A person involved with or connected to wheels.


bargaynen

bargaynen (infinitive)
to bargaynen (infinitive)
bargayne (infinitive)
bargayne (first-person present singular)
bargayned (first-person past singular)
bargaynest (present second-person singular)
bargaynedest (past second-person singular)
bargayneth (present singular third-person)
bargayned (past singular third-person)
bargayne (present singular subjunctive)
bargayned (past singular subjunctive)
bargayne (imperative present singular)
bargaynen (plural present)
bargayne (plural present)
bargayneden (past plural)
bargaynede (past plural)
bargayneth (imperative plural present)
bargayne (imperative plural present)
bargaynynge (participle present)
bargaynende (participle present)
bargayned (participle past)
ybargayned (participle past)

English: bargain

Scots: bargain

→ Welsh: bargeinio

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bargaigner, from Frankish *borganjan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną. Doublet of berien.

To bargain; to engage in negotiations over a sale.

(rare) To make a sale; to agree on a bargain.


whele

English: wheal

From Old English *hwele; related to Old English hwelian.

A boil or wheal; a malignant lump or wound.


whele

Alternative form of whelen (“to rotate”)


whelyn

whelyn (infinitive)
to whelyn (infinitive)
whele (infinitive)
whele (first-person present singular)
wheled (first-person past singular)
whelest (present second-person singular)
wheledest (past second-person singular)
wheleth (present singular third-person)
wheled (past singular third-person)
whele (present singular subjunctive)
wheled (past singular subjunctive)
whele (imperative present singular)
whelen (plural present)
whele (plural present)
wheleden (past plural)
whelede (past plural)
wheleth (imperative plural present)
whele (imperative plural present)
whelynge (participle present)
whelende (participle present)
wheled (participle past)
ywheled (participle past)

English: wheal

From Old English hwelian; equivalent to whele (“boil”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(medicine, rare) To become pustulous and swollen.

(medicine, rare) To become septic and infected.


whel

English: wheel

→ Maori: wīra

desc

Middle Scots: quhel, quhele, quheil, quheile

Scots: wheel

Yola: wheel

From Old English hwēol, from Proto-Germanic *hweulu, plural of *hwehwl, from Proto-Germanic *hwehwlą, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos.

The wheel as a symbol of fluctuation or repetition.

A breaking wheel; a wheel used as for torture.

A wheel as or in a machine (e.g. a waterwheel; a potter's wheel).

A circular movement or figure (especially in astronomy).


bargayne

English: bargain

→ Scottish Gaelic: bargan

→ Welsh: bargen, bargain

Scots: bargain

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bargaigne, from bargaigner, from Old French bargaine (noun), bargaignier (verb), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *borganjan (“to borrow, lend”), from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną (“to borrow, lend”).

der

A pact or concord; a legal agreement with legal force:

(rare) A promise or commitment; an obligation due to agreement.

(rare) A situation as an outcome of others' prior behaviour.

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.


barow

English: barrow

Inherited from Old English bearg, bearug, from Proto-West Germanic *barug, from Proto-Germanic *barugaz.


whelere

English: wheeler

(rare) A person employed in building and maintaining wheels.


barwe

English: barrow

→ Zulu: ibhala

Scots: barrae, barrow, barow

Inherited from Old English bearwa, from Proto-West Germanic *barwijā, from Proto-Germanic *barwijǭ.

(rare) The amount that can be contained in a handbarrow.


whelen

enm-verb

whelen (third-person singular simple present hweleth, present participle hwelende, hwelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hweled)

hweleth (present singular third-person)
hwelende (participle present)
hwelynge (participle present)
hweled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
whelen (infinitive)
to whelen (infinitive)
whele (infinitive)
whele (first-person present singular)
wheled (first-person past singular)
whelest (present second-person singular)
wheledest (past second-person singular)
wheleth (present singular third-person)
wheled (past singular third-person)
whele (present singular subjunctive)
wheled (past singular subjunctive)
whele (imperative present singular)
whelen (plural present)
whele (plural present)
wheleden (past plural)
whelede (past plural)
wheleth (imperative plural present)
whele (imperative plural present)
whelynge (participle present)
whelende (participle present)
wheled (participle past)
ywheled (participle past)

English: wheel

Scots: wheel

Yola: whil

From whel (“wheel”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(rare) To rotate; move in a circular motion.

(rare) To stretch or extend in a circular motion.


flindre

English: flinder

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *fî-faldrôn (“flying, folding”), from *fifaldǭ (“butterfly”). If so, related to Faroese firvaldur and German Falter.
Probably also related to West Frisian flinter (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinder (“butterfly; moth”). Compare also Saterland Frisian Flinnerke (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinderen (“to flutter; fly”), and Albanian flutur (“butterfly”).


tryppingly

English: trippingly


trippyng

English: tripping

Scots: trippin

From trippen + -ing; equivalent to that verb's past participle.

(rare) The act of performing a dance; dancing.


bargaynynge

English: bargaining

Negotiation; the achievement of agreement by discussion:

(rare) Unscrupulous or deceptive negotiating.

(rare) An item demanded as compensation.


tryppe

English: trip

A group of animals; especially ovines or caprids; a herd.


spurnynge

English: spurning

A falling; the act of being knocked over.


pikerel

English: pickerel

Scots: pickerel


pikyng

English: picking

(rare) The utilisation of an implement for removing the ground; digging up.

(rare) A process of tidying, cleaning, purging, or expunging.


pykeharneys

enm-noun

pykeharneys (plural pykeharneyses or pykeharneys)

pykeharneyses (plural)
pykeharneys (plural)

(rare) A pillager; a looter of dead bodies lying on the battlefield.


spurnen

spurnen (infinitive)
to spurnen (infinitive)
spurne (infinitive)
spurne (first-person present singular)
spurned (first-person past singular)
spurnest (present second-person singular)
spurnedest (past second-person singular)
spurneth (present singular third-person)
spurned (past singular third-person)
spurne (present singular subjunctive)
spurned (past singular subjunctive)
spurne (imperative present singular)
spurnen (plural present)
spurne (plural present)
spurneden (past plural)
spurnede (past plural)
spurneth (imperative plural present)
spurne (imperative plural present)
spurnynge (participle present)
spurnende (participle present)
spurned (participle past)
yspurned (participle past)

English: spurn

Scots: spurn

Inherited from Old English spornan, spurnan, from Proto-West Germanic *spurnan, from Proto-Germanic *spurnaną; equivalent to spurn (“stumbling”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

The myller spurnde on a stone. / And downe he fyl backwarde upon his wyfe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To fall over, to misstep; to bump into something.

(rare) To scorn; to hold in low regard or standing.

(rare) To make a mistake or error; to mischoose.