tak

English: tack

Scots: tak, take

From Old Norse taka (“revenue”) (from the verb taka (“to take”)) and from Middle English taken (“to take”), itself from Old Norse.

tack (a fee paid to a lord or king for the right to keep swine)


tak

enm-verb

tak (third-person singular simple present takketh, present participle takkende, takkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle takked)

takketh (present singular third-person)
takkende (participle present)
takkynge (participle present)
takked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


tak

tak (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative toke, past participle taken)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takinge (participle present)
toke (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
taken (participle past)


tak

Alternative form of take: imperative of taken

Alternative form of taken: past participle of taken


he

head

he (accusative him or hine, genitive his or hisen, possessive determiner his)

him (accusative)
hine (accusative)
his (genitive)
hisen (genitive)
his (determiner possessive)

English: he

Scots: he

Yola: hea, he, hey, hay

From Old English hē, from Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”).

14th century, Chaucer, General Prologue

Benynge he was, and wonder diligent
Kind he was, and very diligent

Third-person singular masculine pronoun: he

(impersonal) Third-person singular impersonal pronoun: one; you


he

he (accusative hem or he, genitive heres or heren, possessive determiner here)

hem (accusative)
he (accusative)
heres (genitive)
heren (genitive)
here (determiner possessive)

Yola: hi, h'

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.

Third-person plural nominative pronoun: they

Third-person plural accusative pronoun: them


he

enm-verb

he (third-person singular simple present heth, present participle hende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hed)

heth (present singular third-person)
hende (participle present)
hed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of hyen (“to go quickly”)


ear

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


tear

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of teer (“tear”)


given

English: give

Scots: gie, geve, gewe, gif, gyf, gefe

Yola: gee

Alternative form of ȝiven (influenced by Old Norse)


that

English: that

Scots: that

Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

From Old English þæt, þat, þet (“the, that”), from Proto-Germanic *þat.


that

English: that

Scots: that


that

English: that

Scots: that


that

English: that

Scots: that


flesh

English: flesh

Scots: flesch

Yola: vleash, vlesh

Inherited from Old English flǣsċ, from Proto-West Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).

der

(Christianity, theology) A communion wafer

The body, physical existence, nature (especially that of a human)


face

English: face (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: fyece

Scots: face

Yola: faace

Borrowed from Old French face, from Late Latin facia, from Classical Latin faciēs.

14ᵗʰ C., Chaucer, General Prologue
Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.
Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


thyself

English: thyself

Yola: theezil

from Old English þīnes selfes., equivalent to thy + self.


axe

English: ask (if not formed from the verb)

From Old English ǣsce, from Proto-Germanic *aiskijǭ.


axe

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


axe

NOw loueres axe I now this question
Who hath the worse Arcite or Palamon?
That oon may seen his lady day by day
But in prison he moot dwelle alway
That oother wher hym list may ride or go

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Knight's Tale", Canterbury Tales (Ellesmere MS), ll. 1346–52

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


hard

English: hard

Yola: hard

From Old English heard, from Proto-West Germanic *hard(ī), from Proto-Germanic *harduz.


ba

Com neer, my spouse, lat me ba thy cheke!

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Come here, my spouse, let me kiss your cheeks!


science

English: science

Scots: science

From Old French science, from Latin scientia.

A science; the body of knowledge composing a specific discipline.

learnt knowledge, especially from written sources.

facts, knowledge; that which is known:
applied or situational knowledge.

facts, knowledge; that which is known:
truth, reality, verified information.

One's faculty of finding information; knowing or insight

One's faculty of making sound decisions; sagaciousness.

One's aptitude or learning; one's knowledge (in a field).

A non-learned discipline, pursuit, or field.

(rare) verifiability; trust in knowledge.


myself

English: myself

Scots: mysel

Yola: meezil

From Old English mē self, mē seolf, equivalent to my + self.


we

head

we (accusative us, we, genitive oure, possessive determiner oures)

us (accusative)
we (accusative)
oure (genitive)
oures (determiner possessive)

desctree

English: we
Jamaican Creole: wi
Sranan Tongo: wi

Scots: we, oo

Yola: wough, wu, wee, we, w'

from Old English wē (“we”), from Proto-West Germanic *wiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, *wiz (“we”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéy (“we (plural)”). Compare wit (first person dual pronoun).

inh

First-person plural accusative pronoun: us


we

From Old English wēa, from Proto-Germanic *waiwô. Doublet of wowe.


all

From Old English eall, from Proto-West Germanic *all, from Proto-Germanic *allaz.


all

English: all

Geordie English: a'

Scots: a', a, aw, aa, aal (Shetland)

Yola: aul, aal, all, al

⁊ whanne I was a mong ȝou ⁊ hadde nede .· I was chargeouſe to no man / foꝛ bꝛiþeren þat camen fro macedonye fulfilliden þat þat failide to me / ⁊ in alle þingis I haue kept and ſchal kepe me wiþouten charge to ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·ii· 11:9, page 72r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when I was amongst you and felt need, I wasn't burdensome to anybody, because brothers who came from Macedonia provided whatever I didn't have. So in everything, I've kept, and will keep, myself from burdening you.


keep

English: keep

From the verb kepen (“to keep, to care about”).

taken keep

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I have so many idle thoughts / Purely from lack of sleep / That I swear I take no heed / Of anything, whether it comes or goes, / And nothing is either dear to me or hated.

I have so many an ydel thoght / Purely for defaulte of slepe / That by my trouthe I take no kepe / Of noo thinge how hyt cometh or gooth / Ne me nys no thynge leve nor looth

And shame it is, if a preest take keep
A shiten shepherde, and a clene sheep

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 8, recto, lines 503-4:

And—if a priest may take note—it’s a shame:
A shit-stained shepherd and a clean sheep.


bet

English: bet (obsolete)

From Old English bet, from Proto-West Germanic *bati, from Proto-Germanic *batiz. In adverbial senses, later supplemented by bettre.


bet

English: bet (obsolete)


bet

English: bet (obsolete)

Something or someone which is more wel (i.e. better).


shone

English: sheen

From Old English scȳne, scēone (“beautiful, fair, bright”), from Proto-Germanic *skauniz, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ḱoun- (“quick, dashing, beautiful”). Compare Middle Dutch scone (“beautiful, bright”), Dutch schoon (“beautiful”), German schön (“beautiful”).

cog

St. Nicolas, beloved by God, build us beautiful, resplendent houses!

Sainte Nicholaes, godes druþ, tymbre us faire scone hus! — Sainte Nicholaes godes druþ, 1225

As glistening gold ... So beautiful that sheen ... Longingly I looked at her.

As glysnande golde ... So schon þat schene ... On lenghe I loked to hyr. — Pearl, 1400

beautiful, glorious, excellent, resplendent, noble


among

Etymology tree
Old English on
Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-?
Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm
Proto-Germanic *ga-
Proto-West Germanic *ga-
Old English ġe-
Old English mang
Old English ġemang
Old English onġemang
Old English amang
Middle English among
From Old English amang, onġemang, equivalent to a- + mong.


among

English: among

Geordie English: amang

Scots: amang

Yola: amang, mang (aphetic)


me

English: me

Scots: me

Yola: mee, me

From Old English mē, from Proto-Indo-European. More at English me.

me (first-person singular accusative pronoun)


me

From man, men, by way of phonemic reduction in unstressed positions.

Typically singular, indefinite pronoun: one, you (indefinite).


get

English: jet

From a northern form of Old French jayet, jaiet, gaiet, from Latin gagātēs, from Ancient Greek Γαγάτης (Gagátēs).


seen

seen (infinitive)
to seen (infinitive)
see (infinitive)
sene (infinitive)
see (first-person present singular)
saugh (first-person past singular)
seigh (first-person past singular)
saw (first-person past singular)
sey (first-person past singular)
seest (present second-person singular)
sixt (present second-person singular)
sawe (past second-person singular)
seye (past second-person singular)
saugh (past second-person singular)
seigh (past second-person singular)
saw (past second-person singular)
sey (past second-person singular)
seeth (present singular third-person)
sikth (present singular third-person)
saugh (past singular third-person)
seigh (past singular third-person)
saw (past singular third-person)
sey (past singular third-person)
see (present singular subjunctive)
sawe (past singular subjunctive)
seye (past singular subjunctive)
see (imperative present singular)
seen (plural present)
see (plural present)
sawen (past plural)
sawe (past plural)
seyen (past plural)
seye (past plural)
seeth (imperative plural present)
see (imperative plural present)
seynge (participle present)
seende (participle present)
seen (participle past)
yseen (participle past)
see (participle past)
ysee (participle past)
seyn (participle past)
yseyn (participle past)
sey (participle past)
ysey (participle past)

English: see

Scots: se, sie, see

Yola: zee, zey, zie, ze, sau

From Old English sēon, from Proto-West Germanic *sehwan, from Proto-Germanic *sehwaną.


ridden

ridden (infinitive)
to ridden (infinitive)
ridde (infinitive)
ridde (first-person present singular)
ridded (first-person past singular)
riddest (present second-person singular)
riddedest (past second-person singular)
riddeth (present singular third-person)
ridded (past singular third-person)
ridde (present singular subjunctive)
ridded (past singular subjunctive)
ridde (imperative present singular)
ridden (plural present)
ridde (plural present)
riddeden (past plural)
riddede (past plural)
riddeth (imperative plural present)
ridde (imperative plural present)
riddynge (participle present)
riddende (participle present)
ridded (participle past)
yridded (participle past)

English: rid

Yola: red

From Old English *ryddan, past participle of geryd.


who

head

who (singular or plural, nominative case, accusative/dative whom, genitive whos, inanimate what)

whom (accusative dative)
whos (genitive)
what (inanimate)

English: who

Geordie English: whe

Scots: wha

Yola: fho, fo, vo

From Old English hwā, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷis.

⁊ I seide .· who art þou, loꝛd? / ⁊ þe loꝛd ſeide / I am iheſus whom þou purſueſt.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 26:15, page 107v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And I asked, "Who are you, Lord?". The Lord replied, "I am Jesus, who you are persecuting".

(relative) whoever, anyone who (usually nominative)

(indefinite) anyone, someone (nominative)


cable

English: cable

Scots: cable

Borrowed from Old Northern French cable, from Late Latin capulum.

A cable or strong rope (as used in nautical applications)

Any kind of rope or cable; a supporting wire.


eye

English: ey (obsolete)

From Old English eġe, from Proto-West Germanic *agi, from Proto-Germanic *agaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂égʰos. Doublet of awe.

that which creates reverence; the exercise of power


led

English: lead

Scots: leid, lede

Yola: leed

Inherited from Old English lēad, from Proto-West Germanic *laud, from Gaulish *laudon, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom.


lay

Alternative form of leie: simple past of lien


striven

striven (infinitive)
to striven (infinitive)
strive (infinitive)
strive (first-person present singular)
strof (first-person past singular)
strived (first-person past singular)
strivest (present second-person singular)
strive (past second-person singular)
strove (past second-person singular)
strof (past second-person singular)
strivedest (past second-person singular)
striveth (present singular third-person)
strof (past singular third-person)
strived (past singular third-person)
strive (present singular subjunctive)
strive (past singular subjunctive)
strove (past singular subjunctive)
strived (past singular subjunctive)
strive (imperative present singular)
striven (plural present)
strive (plural present)
striven (past plural)
strive (past plural)
stroven (past plural)
strove (past plural)
striveden (past plural)
strivede (past plural)
striveth (imperative plural present)
strive (imperative plural present)
strivynge (participle present)
strivende (participle present)
striven (participle past)
strive (participle past)
strived (participle past)
ystriven (participle past)
ystrive (participle past)
ystrived (participle past)

English: strive

Yola: streu (preterite)


mow

Feom Old English magan (“to use, to win, to be able to”).

inh

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


ye

head

ye (accusative yow, genitive youres, youren, possessive determiner your)

yow (accusative)
youres (genitive)
youren (genitive)
your (determiner possessive)

English: ye, yee

Scots: ȝe, ye

Yola: ye

From Old English ġē, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (with the nominative ending added). Compare the second-person dual pronoun ȝit.

Ant ȝe mine leoue ſuſtren habbeð moni dei icrauet on me efter riƿle

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 1, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

And you, my beloved sisters, have asked me for a rule many times.

iheſus ſeide to hem / but whom ſeyn ȝe me to be .·?

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 16:15, page 9r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus said to them, "But who do you say I am?"

Second-person plural pronoun: ye, you (plural).

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]

(formal) second-person singular pronoun: you (singular).


ye

1511, Promptorium Parvulorum (de Worde), sig. M.iiiᵛ/2

Address a single person by the use of the pronoun ye instead of thou.


ye

English: yea

Yola: yee, yea

From Old English gēa, from Proto-West Germanic *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja.


ye

And smale foweles maken melodye, / That slepen al the nyght with open yë.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 9–10:


ye

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þe (“the”)


ye

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þe (“thee”)


substance

English: substance

God demyth vs vpon oure kyndely substance, whych is evyr kepte one in hym, hole and safe without ende;

Mirabai Starr (2013) chapter 45, in Julian of Norwich: The Showings: A Contemporary Translation, Canterbury Press, published 2014, →ISBN, “Human Judgment”, page 111

God judges us according to our true essence, which he keeps inside himself, whole and safe, always.


sprung

(Early Middle English, West Midlands) Alternative form of spryng


risen

risen (infinitive)
to risen (infinitive)
rise (infinitive)
rise (first-person present singular)
ros (first-person past singular)
risest (present second-person singular)
rise (past second-person singular)
rose (past second-person singular)
ros (past second-person singular)
riseth (present singular third-person)
ros (past singular third-person)
rise (present singular subjunctive)
rise (past singular subjunctive)
rose (past singular subjunctive)
rise (imperative present singular)
risen (plural present)
rise (plural present)
risen (past plural)
rise (past plural)
rosen (past plural)
rose (past plural)
riseth (imperative plural present)
rise (imperative plural present)
risynge (participle present)
risende (participle present)
risen (participle past)
rise (participle past)
yrisen (participle past)
yrise (participle past)

English: rise

Yola: rize

From Old English rīsan, from Proto-West Germanic *rīsan, from Proto-Germanic *rīsaną.


blow

English: blow

Yola: blowe


undertaken

enm-verb

undertaken (third-person singular simple present undertaketh, present participle undertakende, undertakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative undertok, past participle undertaken)

undertaketh (present singular third-person)
undertakende (participle present)
undertakynge (participle present)
undertok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
undertaken (participle past)

English: undertake

[…] therfore, for Cristes sake,
Kepeth wel tho that ye undertake.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Doctour of Physyckes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 81-82:

As leene was his hors as is a rake,
And he nas nat right fat, I undertake,
But looked holwe and therto sobrely.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 289-291:

To pledge; to assert, assure; to dare say.


said

god thanke your hyhenes ſaid Balen / your bounte and hyhenes may no man preyſe half to the valewe / but at this tyme I muſt nedes departe / byſechyng yow alwey of your good grace /

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 39, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 78, lines 32–35:


woken

woken (infinitive)
to woken (infinitive)
woke (infinitive)
woke (first-person present singular)
woked (first-person past singular)
wokest (present second-person singular)
wokedest (past second-person singular)
woketh (present singular third-person)
woked (past singular third-person)
woke (present singular subjunctive)
woked (past singular subjunctive)
woke (imperative present singular)
woken (plural present)
woke (plural present)
wokeden (past plural)
wokede (past plural)
woketh (imperative plural present)
woke (imperative plural present)
wokynge (participle present)
wokende (participle present)
woked (participle past)
ywoked (participle past)

From Old English wācian; equivalent to woke + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare weyken and Old English wǣcan.

To add water to; to make watery or soft.


attend

attend (third-person singular simple present attendeth, present participle attendende, attendynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle attended)

attendeth (present singular third-person)
attendende (participle present)
attendynge (participle present)
attended (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


rode

English: rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: Rhode, Rhodes

From Old English rōd, from Proto-West Germanic *rōdu, from Proto-Germanic *rōdō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

The cross on which Christ was crucified, and derived uses such as:

Christlike torment, suffering, or tribulation, as in "an oðer rode to berene" (another cross to bear)


rode

English: road

desctree

Scots: raid
→ English: raid, rade (Scotland)
→ Spanish: raid
→ French: raid
→ Italian: raid
→ Polish: rajd
→ Romanian: raid
→ Swedish: räd

→ Old French: *rade

Middle French: rade

French: rade
→ Catalan: rada
→ Italian: rada
→ Spanish: rada

From Old English rād, from Proto-West Germanic *raidu, from Proto-Germanic *raidō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


rode

English: rud

Scots: rud, rudd

Pot marigold, calendula (Calendula officinalis)


rode

English: Rhude

English: Rudd


slay

English: sley

From metaphorical usage of Old English slege, from Proto-West Germanic *slagi, from Proto-Germanic *slagiz.


hurt

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation from hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:

A wound or disease; damage to one's body.

Monetary loss; damage to one's finances.

(law) A transgression; the act of violating.

(rare) A blunder or that which causes one.


hide

hides (plural)
hiden (plural)
hide (plural)

English: hide

Scots: hyd, hid

from Old English hīd, hȳd, hīġed, hīġid (“a measure of land”), from earlier *hīwid (“the amount of land needed to support one family”), a derivative of Proto-Germanic *hīwaz, *hīwō (“relative, fellow-lodger, family”), related to *hīwô (“household”).


hide

English: hide

Scots: hide


hide

Alternative form of hythe (“landing place, port”)


hide

enm-verb

hide (third-person singular simple present hideth, present participle hidende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hidde)

hideth (present singular third-person)
hidende (participle present)
hidde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


taken

taken (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative tok, past participle taken)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takinge (participle present)
tok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
taken (participle past)
taken (infinitive)
to taken (infinitive)
take (infinitive)
take (first-person present singular)
tok (first-person past singular)
takest (present second-person singular)
toke (past second-person singular)
tok (past second-person singular)
taketh (present singular third-person)
tok (past singular third-person)
take (present singular subjunctive)
toke (past singular subjunctive)
take (imperative present singular)
taken (plural present)
take (plural present)
token (past plural)
toke (past plural)
taketh (imperative plural present)
take (imperative plural present)
takynge (participle present)
takende (participle present)
taken (participle past)
take (participle past)
ytaken (participle past)
ytake (participle past)

English: take

Geordie English: tyek

Scots: tak, ta

Yola: taake

From late Old English tacan, from Old Norse taka, from Proto-Germanic *tēkaną (“to touch, grasp”).

der

And made forward erly for to ryse / To take our wey, ther as I yow devyse.

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 33–34:

And made agreement that we'd early rise / To take the road, as I will to you apprise.


taken

present indicative/subjunctive plural of taken (“to take”)


taken

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of token


taken

enm-verb

taken (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takende, takynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle taked)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takende (participle present)
takynge (participle present)
taked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


er

English: ere

Scots: air

Yola: ear

From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.


er

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


er

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


er

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


sew

English: sew (obsolete)

From Old English sēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *sauw.

broth, gravy (liquid or sauce for boiling)

(Early Middle English) sap, juice (of a plant)


cruel

English: cruel

Scots: cruel

From Old French crual, from Latin crūdēlis.

Merciless, cruel; revelling in another's pain.

Deleterious, injurious; conducive to suffering.

Savage, vicious, dangerous; displaying ferocity.


spoke

English: spoke

Scots: spaik

Yola: spagh

From Old English spāca, from Proto-West Germanic *spaikā, from Proto-Germanic *spaikǭ.

a spoke (support radiating from the middle of a wheel)

a sharp spike or projection on the edge of a wheel


chalk

English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk

Scots: cauk, cawk

From Old English cealc, from Proto-West Germanic *kalk.


worden

worden (infinitive)
to worden (infinitive)
worde (infinitive)
worde (first-person present singular)
worded (first-person past singular)
wordest (present second-person singular)
wordedest (past second-person singular)
wordeth (present singular third-person)
worded (past singular third-person)
worde (present singular subjunctive)
worded (past singular subjunctive)
worde (imperative present singular)
worden (plural present)
worde (plural present)
wordeden (past plural)
wordede (past plural)
wordeth (imperative plural present)
worde (imperative plural present)
wordynge (participle present)
wordende (participle present)
worded (participle past)
yworded (participle past)

English: word


make

English: make (dialectal)

Scots: make, maik, mak

From Old English maca, ġemaca, from Proto-West Germanic *makō, *gamakō, from Proto-Germanic *makô. Compare macche (“bride, equal”).


make

English: make

Scots: mak


make

[...] She gadereth floures, party whyte and rede,
To make a sotil gerland for hir hede, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1053-1054

… She gathers flowers, mixed white and red,
To make an intricate garland for her head, …


woke

head

woke (plural and weak singular woke, comparative wakker, superlative wakkest)

woke (plural)
woke (singular weak)
wakker (comparative)
wakkest (superlative)

Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with weyk)

Inherited from Old English wāc, from Proto-West Germanic *waikw, from Proto-Germanic *waikwaz. Doublet of weyk.

Physically weak or feeble; lacking strength or energy:

Weak or feeble due to illness, affliction or aging.

Lacking competency in combat or on the battlefield.

Helpless; lacking power, authority, or control.

(rare) Fruitless, barren (agriculturally unusable).

Weak-minded; lacking mental force, power or endurance:

Religiously weak; vulnerable to sin or moral turpitude.

(rare) Fearful, afraid; lacking bravery or courage.

(rare) Unintelligent; lacking intelligence or mental willpower.

(rare) Indecisive (unable to commit or take action).

(rare) Morally suspect or corrupt; selfish.

Unimportant, valueless (of little value or import).

(rare) Bendable; able to be plied or flexed.


smelt

English: smelt

Scots: smelt

From Old English smelt, smylt, from Proto-West Germanic *smelt, from Proto-Germanic *smeltaz.


bat

English: bat, batt

Scots: bat

Yola: bath, bat

→ Irish: bata

→ Scottish Gaelic: bata

From Old English batt, from Celtic; influenced by Old French batte.

A mace, bat, or morningstar (blunt weapon)

(rare, Late Middle English) A strike or hit from a weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) A clump of soft material.


bat

(Northern) Alternative form of bot (“boat”)


self

English: self

Scots: self, sel

Inherited from Old English self, from Proto-West Germanic *selb, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz.

(the) (very/self) same, (the) aforementioned

Intensifies the pronoun or noun it follows or precedes; very


self

English: self (obsolete in most pronominal senses)

Scots: self, sel

Yola: zil, zill

themself, themselves; a reflexive pronoun


self

(the) same thing, (the) aforementioned thing


heron

English: heron, hern

Scots: hern

From Anglo-Norman heiron, from Medieval Latin hairō, *haigrō, from Frankish/Proto-West Germanic *hraigrō, from Proto-Germanic *haigrô, from earlier *hraigrô via dissimilation.

Ardea cinerea
Ardea cinerea#Translingual

the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), or (rarely) a representation of it used in heraldry


what

English: what

desc

Scots: what, whate, whit, whut, wha', quhat, quat, fat, faht, phat, fit, fut, fout, at

Yola: faade, fhaade, faad, fade, f'ad

From Old English hwæt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷód.


what

Yola: fad

What shulde I tel the answere of the knyght?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Why should I tell the answer of the knight?

But what do I stand reckoning upon advantages and gains lost by the misrule and turbulency of the prelates?

1641 May, John Milton, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England: And the Cavvses that hitherto have Hindred it; republished as Will Taliaferro Hale, editor, Of Reformation Touching Church-Discipline in England (Yale Studies in English; LIV), New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1916, →OCLC:

And as for on C good knyghtes I haue my self / but I fawte / l / for so many haue ben slayne in my dayes / and so Ladegreans delyuerd his doughter Gweneuer vnto Merlyn / and the table round with the C knyghtes / and so they rode fresshly with grete royalte / what by water and what by land / tyl that they came nyghe vnto london

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “primum”, in Le Morte Darthur, book III:

Used to introduce each of two coordinate phrases or concepts; both...and...


hold

From Old English hold, from Proto-Germanic *hulþaz, a variant on a root meaning ‘lean, incline’ (compare Old English heald, hieldan).
Cognates include Old Frisian hold, Old Saxon hold, Old High German hold (German hold), Old Norse hollr (Danish huld, Swedish huld), Gothic 𐌷𐌿𐌻𐌸𐍃 (hulþs).


hold

From Old English hold, from Proto-Germanic *huldą, from Proto-Indo-European *kol-, *kwol-. Cognates include Old Norse hold (“flesh”) (Icelandic hold, Swedish hull), and (from Indo-European) Old Irish colainn, Welsh celain.


with

1300s?, Political, Religious and Love Poems, “An A B C Poem on the Passion of Christ”, ed. Frederick James Furnivall, 1866

Al þus with iewys I am dyth, I seme a wyrm to manus syth.

1430?, “The Love of Jesus” in Hymns to the Virgin and Christ, ed. Frederick James Furnivall, 1867, p.26

Hypſiphile, betrayed with Jaſoun, / Maketh of your trouth neyther boſte ne ſoun

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Prologue”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxvii, verso, column 2:

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

When Zephyr also with his sweet breath
Hath inspired in every wood and heath


won

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whon


won

Alternative form of wane (“deprivation”)


won

Alternative form of wane (“woeful state”)


won

enm-verb

won (third-person singular simple present woneth, present participle wonende, wonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle woned)

woneth (present singular third-person)
wonende (participle present)
wonynge (participle present)
woned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


won

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of on


won

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whanne


won

Alternative form of wounden: past participle of wynden


won

Alternative form of wanne: singular simple past of winnen

Alternative form of wonnen: past participle of winnen


wine

From Old English wine, from earlier wini.


stay

stayes (plural)
stay (accusative nominative singular)
stayes (accusative nominative plural)
stayes (genitive singular)
staye (genitive plural)
staye (dative singular)
stayen (dative plural)

Scots: stay

English: stay

From Old English stæġ (“stay, a rope supporting a mast”), from Proto-Germanic *stagą (“stay, rope”), from Proto-Indo-European *stek-, *stāk- (“stand, pole”), from Proto-Indo-European *stā- (“to stand”).


hit

head

hit (accusative hit, genitive hit, his, possessive determiner hit, his)

hit (accusative)
hit (genitive)
his (genitive)
hit (determiner possessive)
his (determiner possessive)

English: it

Scots: hid

Yola: it, yt

From Old English hit, from Proto-West Germanic *hit, from Proto-Germanic *hit (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”).

Third-person singular neuter pronoun: it

Sometimes used in reference to a child or man: he, she

Third-person singular neuter accusative pronoun: it

Third-person singular neuter genitive pronoun: its

Hit bi fel in þat foreſt · þere faſt by ſide / þer woned a wel old cherl · þat was a couherde

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 3-4; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

It so happened that right there in that forest / there was a very old peasant; a cowherd.

(impersonal, placeholder) Third-person singular impersonal placeholder pronoun: it


hit

Third-person singular neuter possessive determiner: it


stork

English: stork

Scots: stork

From Old English storc, from Proto-Germanic *sturkaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥ǵos.


saw

Þe more comoun sawe is þat Remus was i-slawe for he leep ouer þe newe walles of Rome.

1387, Ranulf Higden, translated by John of Trevisa, Polychronicon:

The more common opinion is that Remus was slain for he lept over the new walls of Rome.


acorn

English: acorn

Scots: aicorn

From Old English æcern, from Proto-West Germanic *akran, from Proto-Germanic *akraną.
The last element of this word is often remodelled on corn.


lynx

English: lynx

Scots: lynx (obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin lynx, from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx).


cloth

English: cloth

Scots: clath, clathe, claith

From Old English clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

Cloth; fabric or an individual piece of it, especially made by weaving:

Table linen; a decorative cloth for the table.

An ornamental cloth or carpet with fine detailing.

A specific standard length or area of cloth.

A cloth used to filter or sieve unwanted materials (usually in the kitchen).

The cloth babies are wrapped in; babywear.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

(often in the plural) An item of clothes; a garment; something to be worn.

⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſeete.· weren foure ⁊ twentı ſmale ſeetıs ⁊ abouen þe troones foure ⁊ twentı eldere men ſıttynge. hılıd aboute wıþ whıte cloþıs.· ⁊ in þe heedıs of hem golden coꝛouns

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:4, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And around the perimeter of the seat there were twenty-four small seats, and on those seats twenty-four elders sat, wearing white clothing and having golden crowns on their heads.

(Late Middle English) A bodily tissue or layer.

(Late Middle English, rare) An illness or medical condition evident from boils.


come

English: come (obsolete)

Scots: come

From Old English cyme, from Proto-West Germanic *kumi, from Proto-Germanic *kumiz.
The predominance of /u/, /oː/ is due to the influence of the related verb comen.


come

From Old English cuma, from cuman (“to come”).


basket

English: basket

Scots: basket

Yola: baskaate, baskeat

From Anglo-Norman bascat, possibly from Late Latin bascauda.

(rare) The amount that fits in a basket.


wake

English: wake

Yola: wake

From Old English wacu, from Proto-Germanic *wakō, related to the verb *wakjaną.


mouth

English: mouth

Scots: mooth

Yola: meouth, moweth, mouth

From Old English mūþ, from Proto-West Germanic *munþ, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz.


thought

English: thought

Scots: thocht

Yola: thaugkt

From Old English þōht, from Proto-West Germanic *þą̄ht, from Proto-Germanic *þanhtaz.


jay

English: jay

Scots: jay

From Old French jai, from Frankish *gāhi or Late Latin gaius. Doublet of gay.


cough

English: cough

Yola: keough


sot

enm-noun

sot (plural sottes or (Early ME) sotten)

sottes (plural)
sotten (Early-Middle-English plural)

English: sot

Scots: sot

From Old English sot, sott, from Medieval Latin sottus, reinforced by Old French sot (“idiotic”), of obscure origin. Possibly an expressive interjection, similar to modern French zut! (“damn it!”).

onomatopoeic

expressive

One who lacks wisdom, knowledge, or intelligence; a stupid person.

A villainous or dishonest individual; a rogue or scoundrel.

(derogatory) Used as a general-purpose insult.


sot

expressive


thing

English: thing

Scots: thing, ting, hing

Yola: dhing

From Old English þing, from Proto-West Germanic *þing, from Proto-Germanic *þingą.


difference

enm-noun

difference (plural differences or difference)

differences (plural)
difference (plural)

English: difference

Scots: difference

From Old French difference, from Latin differēntia; equivalent to differren (“to postpone”) + -ence.

Difference; the state of being different.

A difference; an element which separates.

Distinguishment; the finding or creation of dissimilarity.

(heraldry, rare) A heraldic cadency for a family's junior branch.

(mathematics, rare) The result of subtraction; an amount left over.

(mathematics, rare) An order in decimal representation of numbers.

(rare) Something that people do not agree upon.


care

English: care

Scots: care

Yola: caure, caare, caar

From Old English caru, ċearu (“care, concern, anxiety, sorrow, grief, trouble”), from Proto-West Germanic *karu, from Proto-Germanic *karō. See Modern English care for more.

Than Feraunte his cosyn had grete care and cryed full lowde[…].

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


bir

English: birr

From Old English byre (“strong wind, storm”).

Were blouen to þe brode se in a bir swithe.

A ᵹonge knight..suet to þe Duke With a bir on þe brest, þat backeward he ᵹode.

An armed assault or sally; a clash or encounter; a blow or stroke; an attack or affliction.

With alle þe bur in his body he ber hit on lofte.

c. 1400, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:

1425, Wycliffe Bible, Judges 5:22

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1415, Account Rolls of the Abbey of Durham

Item in l bir de debito versus Rad'm Forster, 13 d.


there

And spende hir good ther it is resonable;

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


cake

English: cake (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: kyek

Scots: cake

Yola: caake, kaake

From Old Norse kaka, from Proto-Germanic *kakǭ.

(medicine) A cake prepared to cure disease or illness.

A cake (any sort of flat doughy food):
(Christianity, rare) A communion wafer.

A cake (any sort of flat doughy food):
A communion wafer.


cause

English: cause

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
He knew the cause of everich maladye
He knew the cause of every illness


dream

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of drem


different

head

different (plural and weak singular differente)

differente (plural)
differente (singular weak)

English: different

Scots: different

From Old French different, from Latin differēns, present active participle of differō; equivalent to differren (“to postpone”) + -ent.


bread

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bred (“bread”)


bible

English: Bible

Scots: Bible

From Old French bible, from Medieval Latin biblia, from biblia), from Ancient Greek βιβλία (biblía).

The Bible (Christian holy book); a copy of the Bible.


bible

English: bible

Scots: bible

A compendium, collection, or storehouse of books.


blade

English: blade

Scots: blad, blade, blaud, blaid

From Old English blæd, from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃otom.

A leaf or blade; a piece foliage in general.

Any sharp-bladed slashing or stabbing weapon.

(rare) A wooden tile or chip for roofing.

(rare) Anything close in appearance or form to a blade.


comb

English: comb

Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem

Yola: cowm, khime

From Old English camb, comb, from Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.

A comb (toothed tool for holding or grooming hair)

An instrument similar to a comb used for differing things.

A honeycomb (hexagonal structure of bees)

(rare) The palm or the analogous part of the foot.


cook

desctree

English: cook
Sranan Tongo: kukru (via cook room)
Aukan: kukuu
Tok Pisin: kuk
→ Norman: couque
→ Portuguese: cuca
→ Thai: กุ๊ก (gúk)
→ Tokelauan: kuka

Scots: cuke, cuik

From Old English cōc, from Vulgar Latin cocus, from Latin coquus.


base

English: base

Scots: base

Borrowed from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βᾰ́σῐς (básis), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷémtis.

A foundation or base; the bottom of a building.

The foundation, base, or bottom of a column, statue, or vase.

(rare) Padding inserted below a horse's bridle.

(rare) A hand's palm; the section of a hand below the fingers.

(rare, alchemy) The mix of metals used as a base for alchemical operations.


hilt

Alternative form of hiled: past participle of hilen (“to cover”)


cover

English: cover

Yola: neckarès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French covert, and was influenced by coveren.


camel

English: camel

Scots: camel

From Old Northern French camel, cameil, from Latin camēlus. Some forms are from or influenced by Old French chamel, chamoil.


ram

English: ram

Scots: ram

From Old English ramm, from Proto-Germanic *rammaz.


sap

English: sap

Scots: sap, saup

From Old English sæp, from Proto-West Germanic *sap, from Proto-Indo-European *sep-.


hare

English: hare

Scots: hare, hair

Yola: haar

From Old English hara; some forms have the vowel of Old Norse heri.

A hare or its meat (lagomorph of the genus Lepus)

(rare) Someone who is easily scared or frightened.


hare

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


hare

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


hare

(chiefly West Midland and Kent) Alternative form of here (“their”)


flat

English: flat

Yola: vlat

From Old Norse flatr, from Proto-Germanic *flataz.


Europe

English: Europe, Europa (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Europe

Learned borrowing from Latin Eurōpa, from Ancient Greek Εὐρώπη (Eurṓpē), Εὐρώπᾱ (Eurṓpā).


if

English: if, yif

Scots: gif, gyf, gin

Yola: yith, if

From Old English ġif, from Proto-West Germanic *jabē, *jabu, from Proto-Germanic *jabai.


wet

English: wet (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wat

Yola: weate

From Old English wǣt, wāt, and weten (“to wet”).

(alchemy, medicine) Something that is considered alchemically wet


wet

English: wet

Scots: wat

Lord, what they are weyll / that hens ar past! / ffor thay noght feyll / theym to downe cast. / here is makyll vnceyll / and long has it last, / Now in hart, now in heyll / now in weytt, now in blast / Now in care, / Now in comforth agane, / Now is fayre, now is rane, / Now in hart full fane, / And after full sare.

15th c., “Pagina pastorum [Shepherds' Play, I]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 100, lines 1–9:

Lord! They are well that are gone from here! For they do not feel anything, those who have been cast down. Here, there is much misery, and it lasts a long time: in one's heart, in hail, in rain, in wind or thunder, in care, then in comfort again, then fairness, then rain; at one point glad in heart, and after most grieved.


sand

English: sand

Scots: sand

Yola: zoane

From Old English sand, from Proto-West Germanic *samd, from Proto-Germanic *samdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sámh₂dʰos.


kith

English: kith

Scots: kith, kyth, kythe

From Old English cȳþþ, cȳþþu, from Proto-Germanic *kunþiþō.

One's motherland or birthplace; the region or territory where one belongs

One's kin, ethnicity, or lineage; the people one belongs to.

One's descendant; a person from one's line.

Relation; connection by blood, heritage.


cloud

English: cloud

Scots: clud, clood

From Old English clūd, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz.

A cloud (mass of water vapour) or similar.

The sky (that which is above the ground).


long

English: long

Geordie English: lang

Scots: lang

Yola: lhaung, long

From Old English lang, from Proto-West Germanic *lang.


potable

English: potable

Borrowed from Old French potable, from Latin pōtābilis.


empire

English: empire

Scots: empire

Borrowed from Old French empire, empere, from Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”). Doublet of emperie.

Emperorship; the office, power or title of emperor.

An empire; the domain of an emperor or empress.

[⁊ of iheſu criſt] þat is a feiþful witneſſe .· þe firſte bigeten of deed men · ⁊ pꝛynce of kyngis of þe erþe / which louyde vs / ⁊ waiſchide vs fro oure ſynnes in his blood .· / ⁊ made vs a kyngdom / ⁊ pꝛeſtis to god ⁊ to his fadir / to hym be gloꝛie ⁊ empire .· in to woꝛldis of woꝛldis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:5-6, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[of Jesus Christ,] / who is a reliable witness, the firstborn of the dead, and sovereign over the rulers of the Earth, who loved us, cleansed us from our sins with his blood, / and made us a kingdom / and priests of God and his father. To him are glory and power for many ages.

(rare) Total power or influence, especially when wielded by gods.

(rare) A region of control; a field or zone.

(rare, Christianity) God's kingdom in the heavens.


heaven

(Late Middle English) Rare form of hevene.


vein

English: vain

Scots: vane, vain, vaine

From Old French vain, from Latin vānus (“empty”). The noun is derived from the adjective.

(of a person, the heart, the mind, etc.) foolish, gullible

the heart; the mind; the heart; the mind


vein

English: vain


seem

English: seam

Scots: seam

Inherited from Old English sēam (“seam”), from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz. The "nail" sense is a semantic loan from Old Norse saumr.

inh+

A furrow or trench; a depression in the ground.

A depression or indentation:
A seam (scar or cicatrix).

A depression or indentation:
A seam (suture or stitching).

(anatomy) A bodily depression or furrow.

A depression or indentation:
A bodily depression or furrow.


seem

English: seam (historical)

Inherited from Old English sēam, from Proto-West Germanic *saum (“load”), from Late Latin sauma, from Latin sagma, from Ancient Greek σάγμα (ságma).


halm

English: haulm, halm, helm

Inherited from Old English healm, from Proto-West Germanic *halm, from Proto-Germanic *halmaz.

The stalks remaining after cultivation; haulm, straw.


light

English: light

Geordie English: leet

Scots: licht

Yola: lhygt

From Old English lēoht (“light, daylight; power of vision; luminary; world”), from Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from the root *lewk- (“light”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English lēoht
Middle English light

etymon

The radiation which allows for vision by brightening objects and colours.

Illumination in general, or any source thereof.

The metaphorical clarity resulting from philosophical or religious ideals such as truth, wisdom, righteousness, etc.

Mental or spiritual acuity; the presence of life in a living being.

(chemistry) The property of lustre; how shiny a substance is.

(architecture) an opening in a wall allowing for the transmission of light; a window.


ewe

English: ewe

Scots: yowe, yhow

Yola: yowe

Inherited from Old English eowu, from Proto-West Germanic *awi, from Proto-Germanic *awiz.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


ash

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


san

A contracted form of earlier sægen, from Old English sæċġan, alternative form of seċġan.


san

From Old French san, alternative form of senz.


ese

English: ease

Physical comfort, or that which is conducive thereto.

1370-90, William Langland, Piers Plowman
For if hevene be on this erthe, and ese to any soule,
It is in cloistre or in scole.

Spiritual comfort; equanimity, tranquility.

[…]hƿen þe delit i þe luſt iſ igan ſe ouerforð · þet ter nere nan ƿiðſeggunge ȝef þer ƿere eiſe to fulle þe dede ·

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 78, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

[…] when the delight taken in the craving has gone so far that there will be no denying it if there's any way whatsoever to do it.

The opportunity by which something is possible; means, ability.

The mitigation or alleviation of discomfort, burden or suffering.

(law) The right to utilize the property of a neighbour for certain ends; easement.


sword

enm-noun

sword (plural swordes or (early) sweorden)

English: sword

Scots: swerd, sword

From Old English sword, a Mercian form of sweord (which some forms are directly from), from Proto-West Germanic *swerd, from Proto-Germanic *swerdą.

Nile ȝe deme þat I cam to ſende pees in to erþe / I cam not to ſende pees .· but swerd

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:34, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Don't feel that I came to bring peace to Earth. I didn't come to bring peace, but a sword.


colt

English: colt

Scots: colt, cout, cowt

Yola: caule, caul, cawl, kawle

From Old English colt, from Proto-Germanic *kultaz.


metal

English: metal, mettle

Scots: metal

→ Welsh: metel

Borrowed from Old French metal, from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

(heraldry, rare) metal (class of tinctures)


yon

English: yon

desc

⇒ English: thon (under the influence of this, that)

Scots: yon, thon

Inherited from Old English ġeon, from Proto-West Germanic *jain, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz.

(somewhat uncommon) that (over there), yon


yon

English: yon

Scots: yon, thon

(rare) afterwards, next (chronologically)


yon

English: yon

Scots: yon, thon


cotton

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of coton


vessel

English: vessel

Scots: veshel

Yola: veseal

Borrowed from Old French vaissel, vessel, from Late Latin vāscellum.

A container or vessel; a box for storage:

A vessel; any open container used in the kitchen:

(by extension) A decorative container; a vase used for adornment.

(by extension) A piece of cookware; a container used for cooking.

(by extension) Any sort of kitchen tool or utensil.

A container used for the storage of medicines; a pharmaceutical container.

Any object, especially a container, used in religious ceremonies or rituals.

A large container or vat used for bulk storage.

(alchemy) Alchemical equipment, ware, or tools.

(figurative) A human being or the body of a human being.

Blood vessels; the tubes that blood travels in.

Any sort of tube, duct or canal in the body (e.g. the intestines)

(figurative, rare) The heart (as the seat of feelings).

In several anatomical senses:
The heart (as the seat of feelings).

(mainly Biblical) A machine, device, or method.


incorrigible

English: incorrigible

Borrowed from Middle French incorrigible, from Latin incorrigibilis.


by

desctree

English: by
→ Mandarin: by (bāi), BY (bāi)

Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'

Yola: bee, bie, be, by

Inherited from Old English bī, from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


dew

English: dew

Scots: dew, deow, dyow

Yola: dhew

Inherited from Old English dēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *dauw, from Proto-Germanic *dawwaz, *dawwą.


hospital

English: hospital (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hospital

Borrowed from Old French hospital, from Latin hospitālis, hospitāle. Doublet of hostel.

A hostel or guesthouse; a place of accommodation or lodging.

A shelter for the poor, ill or otherwise needy.

A place of refuge; a retreat or redoubt.

The Knights Hospitaller (a religious order)


hospital

English: hospital (obsolete)


moisture

English: moisture

Borrowed from Old French moistour; equivalent to moiste + -ure.


dust

English: dust

Scots: dust, dist

Forms with a long vowel are from Old English dūst, from Proto-Germanic *dunstą. Forms with a short vowel are from Old English *dust, from Proto-Germanic *dustą.


gain

English: gain (obsolete)

Scots: gain, gin

From Old English ġeġn, gæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *gagin, from Proto-Germanic *gagin; also influenced by Old Norse gegn, from the same Proto-Germanic form. Doublet of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”).

doublet

(figurative) against, opposed to, counter to, opposing (usually used in religious and spiritual contexts)


gain

Alternative form of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”)


gain

Alternative form of gayn (“gain, reward, advantage”)


Jew

Jewes (plural)
Jew (accusative nominative singular)
Jewes (accusative nominative plural)
Jewes (genitive singular)
Jewes (genitive plural)
Jewen (genitive plural)
Jewe (dative singular)
Jewen (dative plural)

English: Jew
Sranan Tongo: Dyu

Scots: Jew

From Old French juiu, from Latin iūdaeus, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Hebrew יְהוּדִי (y'hudí); Doublet of Judew.

Israelite (inhabitant of Biblical Israel)


lift

English: left

Yola: left


box

English: box

Inherited from Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, from Latin buxus, possibly from Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos).

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual

A box tree (the tree Buxus sempervirens)


box

English: box (see there for further descendants)

Scots: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, from Latin buxus in extended use.


box

English: box

Scots: box

Unknown; see English box (“blow with the fist”) for more.


gram

English: gram

From Old English gram, from Proto-Germanic *gramaz; cognate to Old Norse gramr. Related to grim.

For he knew, the swike dam, / Euerildel God was him gram.


wal

English: wall

Scots: wa, waa, waw

Yola: wul, vall

→ Middle Irish: *balla

Irish: balla

Manx: boalley

Scottish Gaelic: balla

From Old English weall, from Proto-West Germanic *wall (“wall, rampart, entrenchment”), from Latin vallum (“wall, rampart, entrenchment, palisade”).


wal

Alternative form of wale (“selection, preference”)


maselyn

Made him eke in a maselyn

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


fox

English: fox

Scots: fox

Yola: voxe, vox

From Old English fox, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.


calf

enm-noun

calf (plural calver(e) or calveren or calves)

calver (plural)
calveren (plural)
calves (plural)

English: calf

Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf

Yola: callef, calef, calluf

From Old English cælf, Anglian form of ċealf, from Proto-Germanic *kalbaz.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

A representation of a calf; something that looks like a calf.


calf

English: calf

Scots: cauf


maser

English: mazer

Scots: maser

From Old English *maser, *mæser, from Proto-Germanic *masuraz; reinforced by Anglo-Norman mazer.

A maple bowl or cup, often with metal inlay; a mazer.

The wood of the maple tree or similar wood.

(rare, surgery) An artificial bone made of maple to repair skull injuries

Acer campestre
Acer campestre#Translingual


mase

English: maze

Scots: maze

Yola: mize

Probably from masen; further etymology is disputed.

Something that causes bewilderment or mystery (e.g. a wild fancy; a confused notion)

Something that causes misleadingness or chicanery.


instrumental

English: instrumental

From Medieval Latin instrumentalis; equivalent to instrument + -al.

Resembling an instrument in role; instrumental (serving as a means)

Resembling an instrument in use (i.e. being used as a tool)

Resembling a (specific kind of) instrument in appearance.


snow

English: snow

Scots: snaw

Yola: sneow, sneew, snowe, snow

From Old English snāw, from Proto-West Germanic *snaiw, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

snow (frozen water as precipitation, either while falling or once landed)


liver

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


ore

English: oar

Scots: air

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“oar”), from Proto-West Germanic *airu, from Proto-Germanic *airō.


ore

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“honour”), from Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō.

grace, favour (positivity towards someone)::

permission, approval (to engage in a behaviour)

mercy, clemency (remission of punishment)


ore

English: ore

Scots: ure, uir

From both Old English ōra (“ore, unwrought metal”) and Old English ār (“brass”).


ore

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


smoke

English: smoke

Yola: smock

From Old English smoca, from Proto-Germanic *smukô (“smoke, nebulous air”).


note

From Old French note (noun) and the verb noter.

The myller gothe agayne, no worde he ſaide / But doth his note, & wͪ theſe clerkes playde / Tyl yͭ her corne was fayre & wel ygrounde

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xvii, recto:

The miller goes back, no words he said / But does his business, & with these clerks did ply / Until their grain was refined and well-ground

But þefte serueþ of wykkede note, / Hyt hangeþ hys mayster by þe þrote, / Or doþe hym lese hys godë fame, / Or bryngeþ hym oute of þe towne for shame.

1303, Roberd of Brunnè, “The Seventh Commandment”, in Frederick James Furnivall, editor, Handlyng Synne, London: J. B. Nichols and Sons, published 1862, page 67, lines 2073–6:

note: That which is needed or necessary; business; duty; work.


stroke

English: stroke

Scots: strake, straik, strak

Yola: stroke

From Old English *strāc, from Proto-West Germanic *straik.

A strike or hit from a weapon or instrument of torture

A strike or hit from one's hands or other limbs

A strike or hit from a tool against an object.

The force of death; the origin or effect of one's demise.

(Late Middle English) The feeling of an intense emotion or mood.

(Late Middle English) The process of making a striking or hitting motion.

A loud sound caused by weather (e.g. heavy rain)

The result of a striking or hitting motion; a wound.

(rare) A jerking or pulsing motion (e.g. a heartbeat)


stroke

From Old English strācian, from Proto-West Germanic *straikōn.


salt

English: salt

Scots: sawt, salt, saut

Yola: zall

From Old English sealt, from Proto-West Germanic *salt, from Proto-Germanic *saltą (noun) and Proto-Germanic *saltaz (adjective).

Something containing or for storing salt

Any of a group of crystalline compounds that resemble salt


salt

head

salt (plural and weak singular salte, comparative salter, superlative saltest)

salte (plural)
salte (singular weak)
salter (comparative)
saltest (superlative)

English: salt

Scots: sawt, salt, saut


hem

English: 'em, hem

Fingallian: a'me

Yola: aam

From Old English heom, from Proto-Germanic *himaz, masculine and neuter dative plural of *hiz. Compare þem.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 9–11.
And smale foweles maken melodye, / That slepen al the nyght with open eye- / (So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);

And many little birds make melody / That sleep through all the night with open eye / (So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)

And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew.

He prayis hem to lyue releg[ious] lyff[is] and to luk waraly for the cummyng of the lord.

c. 1539, Murdoch Nisbet, The New Testament:

Third-person plural accusative pronoun: them


hem

English: hem

Scots: hem, heme

From Old English hem. See English hem for more.


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A pipe; a piece of tubing used as a channel (often for fluids):

A piece of tubing which string or rope is inserted into.

(medicine) A syringe; a hollow tube for medical removal or insertion.

Any other medical device or equipment based around a chamber or pipe.

A pipe (musical instrument) or a similar wind instrument.

(rare) A pipe as part of a musical instrument (e.g. bagpipes)

A barrel or tub; a container or vessel for the storage of bulk goods, especially wine.

A unit measuring the mass or amount (equivalent to such a container).

A record of a payment or audit acting as part of the Pipe Rolls.

An anatomical or bodily channel or passage, especially one used for respiration.

(rare) A tube-shaped support or holder; something resembling a pipe but not used as one.


han

Contracted infinitive and plural present of haven.

Him thanken all, and thus they han an end

(Can we date this quote?), Geoffrey Chaucer, (Please provide the book title or journal name):

(transitive) Alternative form of haven - Piers Plowman.


unwisdom

English: unwisdom

From Old English unwīsdōm; equivalent to un- + wisdom.


home

Alternative form of hamme (“enclosure; meadow”)


home

Alternative form of hame (“hame (part of a harness)”)


home

enm-verb

home (third-person singular simple present hometh, present participle homende, homynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle homed)

hometh (present singular third-person)
homende (participle present)
homynge (participle present)
homed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


than

English: than

Now is þ[er] ony ſeyde Marlyon that ye love more than a noþ[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 10–11:


than

English: then

Yola: than

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn,
Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn.
And when he had drunk all the wine
He would not speak a word other than Latin


happy

English: happy

Yola: happie


aa

Borrowed from Old Norse á, from Proto-Germanic *ahwō (“water, stream”). Doublet of ee.

(Late Middle English, hapax) river, stream (in place name)


brat

Whicħ þat þey myght / wrape hem in at nyght / And a brat / to walk in / by day-light

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Line 881”, in The Canon's Yeoman's Tale:


up haf

And Arcita anon his hand up haf,
And moore encens into the fyr he cast

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


cornet

English: cornet

Borrowed from Old French cornet; equivalent to corne (“callus”) + -et.

(rare) A triangle-shaped slice of bread.


kernel

desctree

English: kernel
→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

Scots: kirnel; churnel

From Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil; equivalent to corn + -el (agentive suffix). Some forms are influenced by corn.

The seed, grain or stone of a fruit or nut.

(by extension) A granule; a small grain, flake, or ball.

(figurative) The fundamental, superior or essential part.

(anatomy) An organ responsible for production of substances.


udder

English: udder

Scots: udder, uther, ether

From Old English ūder, from Proto-Germanic *ūdarą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥.


original

head

original (plural and weak singular originale)

originale (plural)
originale (singular weak)

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

From Old French original, from Late Latin orīginālis; equivalent to origyne + -al.

original, primordial; preceding everything else

connected to the origin or beginning of something


original

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

the origin, lineage, or provenance of something

the authoritative, authorial, or primordial version of a work or source

(rare) something that isn't living or artificial; a primordial element

(rare) a reason, factor, or generator of something

(rare) the root or etymological ancestor of a word

(rare, religion) the making of the universe

(rare, law) a legal document beginning legal action


dampne

Thy lore I dampne, it is adversity


kerf

English: kerf, carf

Scots: kerf, carf

From Old English cyrf, from Proto-West Germanic *kurbi, from Proto-Germanic *kurbiz.
The predominance of forms in -e- is probably due to the influence of kerven.

The act of cutting or carving; a stroke or slice.

(rare) An incision; the result of cutting.


fervent

English: fervent

Scots: fervent

Borrowed from Old French fervent, from Latin fervēns, ferventem; compare fervour.


game

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">gam</i>

English: game (see there for further descendants); (dialectal gam)

⇒ Fingallian: gamshoge

Scots: gemme, gem, gyem, game

Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *gamaną
Proto-West Germanic *gaman
Old English gamen
Middle English game
From Old English gamen／gomen, from Proto-West Germanic *gaman, from Proto-Germanic *gamaną, of disputed origin.

etymon

Entertainment or an instance of it; that which is enjoyable:

A sport or other outdoor or physical activity.

A game; a codified (and often competitive) form of entertainment.

Sexual or romantic entertainment or activity (including intercourse in itself).

An amusing, joking, or humorous activity or event.

Any kind of event or occurrence; something that happens:

An endeavour; a set of actions towards a goal.

Any kind of activity having competition or rivalry.

(rare) One's quarry; that which one is trying to catch.


game

From Old English gæmnian, gamnian, gamenian.


quest

English: quest

Scots: quest

Partly from Anglo-Norman queste, Old French queste, and partly from their source, Latin quaesta.

(Late Middle English) A legal inquest or investigation; a session of court.

(Late Middle English) A group or body of jurors

(rare) A body of judges or other individuals commissioned to make a decision or verdict

(rare) The decision or verdict reached by such a body of judges.

(rare) The finding of prey by hunting dogs during a hunt.

(rare, Late Middle English) The howling upon finding prey by hunting dogs during a hunt.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


las

English: lace

Yola: laace, laase

Borrowed from Old French las, from the verb lacier (“to lace”).

Vulcanus had caught thee [Venus] in his las.


hey

English: hay

Scots: hey

Yola: hye, hey

From Old English hīġ, hīeġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hawi, from Proto-Germanic *hawją (“hay”).


hey

English: hey

Scots: hey

Yola: ha

From Old English *hē, ēa. See English hey for more.


hey

enm-verb

hey (third-person singular simple present heyeth, present participle heyende, heyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle heyed)

heyeth (present singular third-person)
heyende (participle present)
heyynge (participle present)
heyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of heien (“to lift up”)


hey

head

hey (comparative heyer, superlative heyest)

heyer (comparative)
heyest (superlative)


paper

desctree

English: paper
Tok Pisin: pepa
→ Rotokas: pepa
→ Dutch: paper
→ Eastern Arrernte: pipe
→ Esperanto: papero
Ido: papero
→ Hawaiian: pepa
→ Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
→ Malay: kertas (semantic loan)
→ Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
→ Maori: pepa
→ Marshallese: peba
→ Mokilese: peipa
→ Niuean: pepa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
→ Southern Ndebele: iphepha
→ Spanish: paper
→ Swazi: líphepha
→ Xhosa: iphepha
→ Yoruba: bébà, pépà
→ Zulu: iphepha

Scots: paper

→ Welsh: papur

paper (thin, white writing surface made of wood pulp)

A message or note; something that is written.


damp

(when preceding labials) Alternative form of dan


sense

English: sense

Yola: zense

From Old French sens, from Latin sensus.


tare

English: tare

Scots: tare, teer, tere

Either from an Old English *taru or borrowed from Middle Low German and/or Middle Dutch tarwe; in any case, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *taru.

Vetch or tare; a member of the genus Vicia.

The seed of vetch, especially in reference to something worthless.

Lolium temulentum
Lolium temulentum#Translingual

(rare) Lolium temulentum (poison darnel).


bath

English: bath

Scots: bath

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁-
Proto-Germanic *baþą
Proto-West Germanic *baþ
Old English bæþ
Middle English bath
Inherited from Old English bæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *baþ, from Proto-Germanic *baþą.

etymon

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A medicinal or curative bath.

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A spiritually cleansing bath.

(alchemy, rare) A bath for distilling water.

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A bath for distilling water.


bath

(Northern) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


sei

English: sea


tre

English: tree

Scots: tree

Yola: tren (plural)

From Old English trēow, from Proto-West Germanic *treu, in turn from Proto-Germanic *trewą. Ultimately descended from Proto-Indo-European *dóru.

In a great house ben not only vessels of gold and of silver but also of tree and of earth.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, III, or IV), Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, II. Timothy II:20:


ha

(chiefly eastern Southern dialectal) Alternative form of he (“he”)


cop

English: cop

Scots: cop, coppe

Yola: kappas (plural)

→ Welsh: copa

From Old English cop, from Proto-West Germanic *kopp.


dame

English: dame; dam

Scots: dame, deem; dam

From Old French dame, from Latin domina.

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
abbess (governor of a nunnery)

(rare) A female anchorite (with servants)

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
A female anchorite (with servants)

A mother (of humans, animals, or plants)

A respectful term of address for any woman (sometimes sarcastic).


flor

English: floor

desc

Scots: flure, fluir, flair, fleur, fleer

From Old English flōr, from Proto-West Germanic *flōru, *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros.

floor (bottom surface of a room or building)

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

A flat area or platform (often for preparation)

The surface of the earth, especially when flat; a plain.

(rare) The substructure or support of a building.

(rare) The bottom of one's eyelid or eyelash.


fast

English: fast

→ Irish: feiste


lune

English: Luna

From Old French lune (“moon”), from Latin lūna.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens.

He vnderstood, and brymstoon by his brother, That out of Sol and Luna were ydrawe.

1395, Chaucer, “Canon Yeoman's Prologue and Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:

(rare, sometimes capitalised) A white, precious metal; silver.


elf

English: elf (see there for further descendants)

Scots: elf

Yola: elf

From Old English elf, Anglian form of ælf, from Proto-West Germanic *albi, from Proto-Germanic *albiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”).

Scho was so faire & so fresche · as faucon hire semed, / An elfe out of an-othire erde · or ellis an Aungell

c. 1450, Wars of Alexander, Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, passus 24, line 5258:

She was so fair and beautiful; her elegance seemed like / An elf out of another world, or else an angel.

he was takyn with an elfe / I saw it myself / when the clok stroke twelf / was he forshapyn

c. 1450, “The Second Shepherds' Play”, in The Towneley Plays, Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, line 616:

He was taken by an elf; I saw it myself. / When the clock struck twelve, he was transfigured.


beverage

English: beverage

Scots: beverage, baiverage

From Old French beverage, variant of bevrage; equivalent to bever + -age. For forms such as berage, compare Middle French berage, variant of breuvage.

Such a beverage used to close negotiations; said negotiations in themselves.

Hardship, pain, torment; events that are hard to handle.


ham

Inherited from Old English ham, hamm (“enclosure”), from Proto-West Germanic *hamm, from Proto-Germanic *hammaz.


ham

Alternative form of hamme (“back of the knee”)


ham

c1225, Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene, ed. S. T. R. O. d'Ardenne, pp. 3-71.
[Juliana] custe ham coss os peis [Roy: acos of pes] alle as ha stoden.

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hem (“them”)


ham

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of hom (“home”)


Athens

English: Athens

From Old French Athenes, Atenes, from Latin Athēnae pl (acc. Athēnās), from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι pl (Athênai), the plural form of Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athena”), the goddess. More at Athena.

Þe grete worþi Dionisius, Whiche at Athens..Was called in scolis Aropagite [vr. the Ariapogite].


stien

stien (infinitive)
to stien (infinitive)
stie (infinitive)
stie (first-person present singular)
stie (first-person past singular)
stied (first-person past singular)
stiest (present second-person singular)
stie (past second-person singular)
stiedest (past second-person singular)
stieth (present singular third-person)
stie (past singular third-person)
stied (past singular third-person)
stie (present singular subjunctive)
stie (past singular subjunctive)
stied (past singular subjunctive)
stie (imperative present singular)
stien (plural present)
stie (plural present)
stien (past plural)
stie (past plural)
stieden (past plural)
stiede (past plural)
stieth (imperative plural present)
stie (imperative plural present)
stiynge (participle present)
stiende (participle present)
stien (participle past)
stie (participle past)
stied (participle past)
ystien (participle past)
ystie (participle past)

English: sty (obsolete)

From Old English stīgan, from Proto-Germanic *stīganą, from Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti.

To travel vertically; to ascend or descend:

To drop or tumble downwards; to descend not of one's volition.

To rise or move upwards; to move into the sky:

(figurative) To aim to increase one's knowledge or virtue.

(figurative) To increase one's position in society.

(figurative) To intensify, strengthen, or to be magnified.

(figurative, rare) To become apparent mentally; to realise.

(rare) To get up; to rise from a seat or bed.

To move up a vertical surface; to scale.

(religion) To enter heaven by ascension.

To go or travel towards; to journey or venture.

(rare) To arrive; to make an entrance into.


seconde

Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)


seconde

Alternative form of secunde (“sixtieth part of a minute”)


rot

English: rot

Rotting or decomposition; the situation where something rots.

Any disease which causes decaying and decomposition in humans.

A disease that afflicts sheep; footrot, the rot.


mot

English: mote

Yola: mothe, mot


mot

Yola: mot

From Old English mōt, from Proto-West Germanic *mōtu, from Proto-Germanic *mōtō (“tax, toll”).


mot

English: moot

Scots: mut, mote

Yola: moude, maude, moud

From Old English *mōt, ġemōt (“meeting”), from Proto-Germanic *mōtą.


mot

first/third-person singular present indicative of moten (“to have to”)


appel

English: apple (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aipple

From Old English æppel, from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz, from *h₂bl-, the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual


London

English: London

Norwegian Bokmål: London

Scots: Lunnon

From Old English Lunden, from Latin Londinium - see for details.


tort

English: tort

Scots: tort

From Old French tort, from Latin tortum.


prune

English: prune

Borrowed from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *prūna, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), προῦμνον (proûmnon). Doublet of plomme.

Prunus domestica
Prunus domestica#Translingual


personne

And by þis skill comes man to þe knawynge of Godd, þat he es a Godd in hymself and thre in personnes.[…]The IIᵈᵉ is, that when they goo abowte eny procuratyoun that in noo wyse they may present eny personne to whom the almys may be gevynn, for and yf they doo they resceive money by a mene persone, therfor when they go for suche almys they shall exhorte them that gevith hit he wille wytsaff to doo the almes them self, or ellis to commyt yt to a nother, the whiche may do hit in his name; but yf it wille nat please hym soo too doo then the bretherne may name a personne, the whiche in his name that gevethe yt may doo the almys, as Pope Nicholas saith in his declaration.

15th century, from Robert Cotton’s manuscript Faustina D. iv., “Appendix VII.”, in Brewer, John Sherren, editor, Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages: Monumenta Franciscana, London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts, published 1858, pages 45, 569:

The toþer artecle es þat we sall trowe þat He, Godd and man bathe in a personne, was sothefastly of þat blessyde maydene, Godd getyne of his ffadire be-fore any tyme, and man borne of his modir and broghte furthe in tyme. […] The sexte artecle es þat we sall trowe þat one þe fourtede day eftyr þat He rase thurgh strenghe of hym-selfe, He steye in till Heuene, whare oure kynde es now in his blyssyde personne, noghte anely euyne ne mete till his angells, bot hey coround kynge abowne all His angells, þat before tyme was lesse þan þe kynde of angells.

c. 1440, from Robert Thornton’s manuscript, “I. Dan Jon Gaytryge’s Sermon”, in Perry, George, editor, Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse, London: N. Trübner & Co., published 1867, pages 3–4:

Laſtly, Where the ſaid Sir Nicholas hath ſeruyd your Majeſtie as Cheiff Comyſſioner in the Province of Vlſter xj Yeres, and hetherto hath not had any ordinary Allowaunce for the ſame, aſſuring him ſelf, that thoſe whome hath bin Lord Deputies, and the whole Realme, will ſaye that his Chardges and Expences therin, hath not bin inferior to either the Preſydents of Connaught or Mounſter: He humblie beſecheth your Majeſtie, that if he be thought a fytt Perſonne to contynewe the ſaid Chardge, then he maye have ſomme convenyent Allowaunce to him aſſigned for Thexecucion therof. […] The cheife Perſonne who kept his Howſe, before vs all, burthened the ſaied Sir Nicholas, with no more Hurtes donne vnto the ſaid Viſcount hym ſelfe, then the Takinge of a Barrell of Drincke; a Bacon, and certeine Oetes, all which his Man delyvered for Enterteinemente, beinge of no ſoche Value, as for ſoche a Perſonne, to ſoch a Servitor, in his Tyme of Service to be accompted of.[…]For by the Declaration of Henrie Davills, Robert Harpooll, Capten Macwoorthe, and v or vj other Perſonnes of Creditt, who were with Sir Nicholas, it apearethe, that after he tooke vp Lodginge, he gave Chardge to everie Capten, to foreſee that there ſhould be no Spoile committed by the Soldiours, beinge in Nombre Cxl, nor any Thinge to be taken withouthe Payment, proteſtinge Hanginge to any, that ſhould take the Value of a Mutton.

a. 1578, Letters and Memorials of State, in the Reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the First, Part of the Reign of King Charles the Second, and Oliver’s Usurpation, London, published 1746, pages 190, 268, 269:


mile

English: mile (obsolete)

From Old English mīl (“millet”) and Latin milium (“millet”).


yu

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of yow


ol

Alternative form of hole (“healthy, whole”)


flight

English: flight

Scots: flycht, flicht


universe

English: universe

Scots: universe

From Old French univers, from Latin ūniversus.

(Late Middle English, rare) The universe; the stars.


mint

Alternative form of mynte (“mint (plant)”)


line

English: line

From Old English līne, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ. Some forms and meanings are from Old French ligne.

(figurative) rule, direction, command, edict

line, straight mark; also a fictitious line


fe

Robin sat on gude green hill,
Kepand a flock of fe

a. 1500, Robert Henryson, Robin and Makyne:

Robin sat on a good green hill,
keeping a flock of cattle.


em

English: eam, eme (dialectal)

Scots: eme

Inherited from Old English ēam (“maternal uncle”), from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim, from Proto-Germanic *awahaimaz.


natural

English: natural

Scots: naitural

From Old French natural, from Latin nātūrālis; equivalent to nature + -al.

intrinsic, fundamental, basic; relating to natural law.

natural (preexisting; present or due to nature):

usual, regular (i.e. as found in nature)

inborn; due to one's natural reasoning (rather than a deity's intervention)

Nourishing; healthful or beneficial to one's body.

Misbegotten; conceived outside of marriage

Diligent in performing one's societal obligations.

(rare) Bodily; relating to one's human form.


milk

English: milk

Scots: milk, melk, mylk

Yola: mulk

From Old English milc, meolc, from Proto-West Germanic *meluk, from Proto-Germanic *meluks.


drie

head

drie (plural and weak singular drie, comparative *drier, superlative *driest)

drie (plural)
drie (singular weak)
*drier (comparative)
*driest (superlative)


parlement

English: parliament, Parliament

Scots: parliament

desc

→ Old French: parlement (“legislative assembly, legislative body”) (semantic loan)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French parlement; equivalent to parlen + -ment. Compare Medieval Latin parliamentum.

A parliament (formal council of importance)

A consultation, council, or conference:
A parliament (legislative assembly).

(specifically) The parliament of England.


pers

English: perse

From Old French pers, from Medieval Latin persus.


pers

English: perse


lauriol

From Middle French laureole, from Latin laureola.

Of wormes, er ye take your laxatyves,
Of lauriol, centaure, and fumetere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


ac

From Old English ac, from Proto-West Germanic *ak, from Proto-Germanic *ak.

Ich liuie, nout ich, auh crist liueð in me

louerd, for þi muchele grace / graunt vs in heouene one place; / Let vs neuer be forloren / for no sinne, crist ycoren / ah bring vs out of helle pyne […]

c. 1325, Harrowing of Hell, lines 241–245:

Lord, for your great grace / give us a place in heaven; / Don't let us ever be lost / to any sin, chosen Christ / but bring us out of Hell's torment. […]

Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

"Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]"

c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:

"Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "


laus

English: loose

Scots: lous, lows, loose

From Old Norse lauss, of Germanic origin.


laurer

English: laurel

Scots: laurie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lorer (Old French lorier), from Vulgar Latin *laurārius, from Latin laurus, which forms with /au̯/ are influenced by.
Forms with final /l/ are presumably due to a combination of dissimilation (as in marble, variant of marbre) and the influence of laureola, but are often reshaped after the suffix -(i)al.

With his tryumphe and laurer-corouned thus,

Circa 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Anelida and Arcite, lines 44-45


universal

English: universal

From Old French universel, from Latin ūniversālis; equivalent to universe + -al.

all-encompassing, subject to everything and everyone; having universal significance.

(Late Middle English) absolute, subject to everything in a given area or subject (e.g. a settlement; a person)

(Late Middle English) frequently practiced, usual, customary.

(Late Middle English, rare) Given total leeway and control; with universal power.

(Late Middle English, rare) unbiased, unprejudiced, nonpolitical

(Late Middle English, rare) general, non-specific, generic

(Late Middle English, philosophy, rare) unformed, uncreated, unmade.

(Late Middle English, philosophy, rare) theoretical, abstract, general.


universal

English: universal

(Late Middle English, philosophy, rare) A category, class, or classification.


universal

(Late Middle English) The whole, all of, every portion of, all parts of.

(Late Middle English, rare) Every kind of; all sorts of


langage

English: language

From Old French language; from Vulgar Latin *linguāticum.


ce

English: sea


ce

English: see


sex

Of all þingez hauyng soule of eny flesch: two þou schalt brynge in to þe ark, þat male sex & female […]

a. 1382, Bible (Wycliffite), Genesis, Chapter vi, Verse 19


sex

From Old English sex, alternative form of six.


sonne

English: sun

Scots: sun

Yola: zin

From Old English sunne, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnā, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 7-8.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,

The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun.

The light and warmth that radiates from the sun; sunlight.


dok

English: dock

Scots: dock

From Old English *docce, *docca, from Proto-Germanic *dukkǭ.


dam

English: dam

Scots: dam

From Old English *damm, from Proto-West Germanic *damm.


dam

(when preceding labials) Alternative form of dan


launce

English: lance, launce

Scots: lance

From Old French lance, from Latin lancea.

(rare) A lancer; someone armed with a lance.

(figurative, rare) That which is long and pointed.


launce

Alternative form of launcen (“to push forwards”)


eu

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yow


accusement

Than þenk I þis were here accusement.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus & Criseyde, IV.50:


cursed

English: cursed

Yola: cursed


worldly

English: worldly

Scots: warldly, wardly

From Old English woruldlīċ, worldlīċ, weoroldlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *weraldilīk, from Proto-Germanic *weraldilīkaz; equivalent to world + -ly (adjectival suffix).

Of the material world:
Made of matter; material, physical.

Of the material world:
Not eternal; temporal.

Of the material world:
Subject to death; mortal.

Mundane, secular; unrelated to religion:


worldly

English: worldly

From Old English woroldlīċe, weoroldlīċe; equivalent to world + -ly (adverbial suffix).


luff

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of love (“love”)


luff

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“palm”)


laughter

English: laughter

Scots: lachter, lauchter

From Old English hleahtor, from Proto-Germanic *hlahtraz.

She was right swich to seen in hir visage / As is that wight that men on bere binde / Hir face, lyk of Paradys the image / Was al y-chaunged in another kinde. / The pleye, the laughtre men was wont to finde / On hir, and eek hir Ioyes everychone, / Ben fled, and thus lyth now Criseyde allone.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book IV”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 862–868:

She was such to see in her visage / like that woman that men on a bier notice; / Her face which was the image of Paradise / had totally changed to another kind; / the play, the laughter men tended to find / on her, and all her joys as well / had left, and there Cressida now lies alone.

Laughter; the production of laughs or snickers.

An instance or bout of laughing or laughter.

A humorous matter; something worthy of being derided.


supernatural

English: supernatural

Scots: supernatural

From Middle French supernaturel, from Latin supernātūrālis; equivalent to super- + natural.

(Late Middle English, religion) Deity-related; from God.


ea

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ee


grove

English: grove

Scots: grave (obsolete)


am

English: am

Scots: am

Yola: aam, am

From Old English eam, eom, from Proto-West Germanic *im, from Proto-Germanic *immi, first-person singular of *wesaną.

he ſeide / I am a vois of a crier in deſert .· dꝛeſſe ȝe þe weie of þe loꝛd. as yſaie þe pꝛophete ſeide

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:23, page 43v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He said: "I am the voice of a crier in the wilderness; straighten the way of the Lord, as the prophet Isaiah said."

first-person singular present indicative of been


ga

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of gon (“to go”)


doom

English: doom

Middle Scots: dome, dume

Inherited from Old English dōm, from Proto-West Germanic *dōm, from Proto-Germanic *dōmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos.

a judgement, (legal) decision or sentence


eternal

English: eternal, tarnal

Scots: eternal

/ɛːtɛrˈnɛːl/

Borrowed from Old French eternal, eternel, from Latin aeternālis; equivalent to eterne + -al.

Eternal, permanent; having existed (and existing) forever.


tar

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of þeir


requiem

English: requiem

Scots: requiem (obsolete)

From Latin requiem, the first word of the introit for the traditional requiem mass.

requiem (mass for commemoration of the dead)


ho

English: ho

Yola: ho

Probably from Old Norse hó! (interjection, also, a shepherd's call).


ho

Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


ho

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


ho

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


aqua

English: aqua

Scots: aqua


surname

English: surname

Partial calque of Old French surnoun, from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen; equivalent to sur- + name. Forms beginning with sir-, syr-, etc. represent reanalysis of the first element as sire.

Þe .xxxix. Osoman, cert, His surname was: hardi of hert.

c. 1330, Arthour and Merlin, section 5488:

c. 1400, "St. John Baptist", 928 in W. M. Metcalfe, Legends of the saints: in the Scottish dialect of the fourteenth century (1896), II 249

Þe thred herrod had alsua til his suornome agrippa.

Þat is noȝt reisonable...to refusy my syres sorname.

1393, William Langland, Piers Plowman, C iv 369:

c. 1395, Wycliff's Bible, Ecclus. XLVII 19

In the name of the Lord, to whom the surname [toname in the 1382 ed.] is God of Israel.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


mercurial

Borrowed from Latin mercuriālis, Mercuriālis (“pertaining to the Roman god Mercury”).

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium; a goosefoot.


mercurial

English: mercurial

The ſixte ſuende after this / By name Canis minor is. / The which ſterre is Mercuriall / By wey of kinde, and forth withall / As it is writen in the carte / Complexion he taketh of Marte.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, “Book VII”, in Reinhold Pauli, editor, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume III, London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC, page 130:

(astrology, astronomy) mercurial; pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Mercury