abit

He is so variaunt, he abit nowhere.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; Charles Cowden Clarke, editor, The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer. […], 2nd edition, volume III, Edinburgh: James Nichol; London: James Nisbet & Co.; Dublin: W. Robertson, 1860, →OCLC, page 163, line 1175:

third-person singular simple present indicative of abide


abawed

Perhaps past participle of a verb from Old French abaubir (“to frighten, disconcert”), from Latin ad- + balbus (“stammering”).

der

I was abawed for marveyle, / For ever the fayrer that it was, / The more I am bounded in Loves laas.

c. 1440, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Romaunt of the Rose:


abay

English: abay

(rare) The state of being defenceless against one's enemies.

(rare, Late Middle English) The baying of hounds in order to stop prey from escaping.


abreggen

enm-verb

abreggen (third-person singular simple present abreggeth, present participle abreggende, abreggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle abregged)

abreggeth (present singular third-person)
abreggende (participle present)
abreggynge (participle present)
abregged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
abreggen (infinitive)
to abreggen (infinitive)
abregge (infinitive)
abregge (first-person present singular)
abregged (first-person past singular)
abreggest (present second-person singular)
abreggedest (past second-person singular)
abreggeth (present singular third-person)
abregged (past singular third-person)
abregge (present singular subjunctive)
abregged (past singular subjunctive)
abregge (imperative present singular)
abreggen (plural present)
abregge (plural present)
abreggeden (past plural)
abreggede (past plural)
abreggeth (imperative plural present)
abregge (imperative plural present)
abreggynge (participle present)
abreggende (participle present)
abregged (participle past)
yabregged (participle past)

English: abridge

From Old French abreger, from Latin abbreviō.

Al mowe they yet tho dayes wel abregge, / Ther nedeth noght noon auctoritee t'allegge

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2999–3000:

Though they could potentially make those days shorter, / No authority is needed to assert that […]

To shorten or reduce in duration or time.

To abridge or condense; to make into less words.

To palliate, mitigate, or ameliorate; to make less dire.

To terminate, stop, or block; to cause the end of.

(rare) To restrict one's rights or privileges.


abord

English: aboard

Scots: aboord, abaird

On board of; onto or into a ship, boat, train, plane.


patronage

English: patronage

From Old French patronage; equivalent to patroun + -age.

The privilege of being able to choose ecclesiastical appointees; advowson.


abstractly

English: abstractly

(rare) reclusively; while practising a monastic lifestyle.


accidie

English: accidie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman accidie and Old French accide, accidie, from Late Latin accīdia, alteration of earlier acēdia, from Ancient Greek ἀκήδεια (akḗdeia).

Aftere þe synnes of Envie I wil speke of þe synne of Accidie.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

After the sins of Envy I will speak of the sin of Sloth.


abbey

English: abbey

Scots: aibbey, aibey

Borrowed from Old French abaie, from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbātia. Doublet of abbathie.

An abbey (a building or monastic institution).


craft

A prentis whilom dwelt in our citee, / And of a craft of vitaillers was he […]

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Cokes Tale, page 50:

The lyf so short, the craft so longe to lerne […]

c. 1381, Geoffrey Chaucer, Parlement of Foules:


able

English: able

Scots: able, abel, awbel, yible

→ Welsh: abl

From Old French able, habile, from Latin habilis.

capable, expert, qualified, skilful, competent.


noun

English: noun

From Anglo-Norman noun, non, nom, from Latin nōmen, a semantic loan from Koine Greek ὄνομα (ónoma). Doublet of name.

(grammar) noun (part of speech; a category of words including substantives or nouns in the strict sense and adjectives)


abacus

English: abacus

Learned borrowing from Latin abacus, from Ancient Greek ἄβαξ (ábax).


crude

English: crude (see there for further descendants)

unprocessed, uncooked, unworked (in a negative way)


Edward

English: Edward

Yola: Edweard (<*Edweard)

From Old English Ēadweard, from Proto-West Germanic *Audawardu, from Proto-Germanic *Audawarduz.

a male given name, equivalent to English Edward


seme

Borrowed from Old Norse sœmr, from Proto-Germanic *sōmiz.


seme

Alternative form of semen (“to sort out”)


seme

Alternative form of semen (“to load up”)


ik

Scots: ik

From Old English ic, perhaps with influence from Old Norse ek; both from Proto-Germanic *ik, *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂ (“I”).

Forthi wil I of my pouert, Schau sum thing that ik haf in hert, [...]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Her ik haf a litil spend, In word eftir þat ik entend, [...]

circa 1390, Chaucer

But ik am oold me list not pleye for age.

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of I


hund

From Old English hund (“hundred”), from Proto-Germanic *hundą.


abandon

His ribbes and scholder fel adoun / Men might se the liver abandoun.

His ribs and shoulder fell down / Men might see the liver entirely.


fere

English: fear

Scots: fere, feir

Yola: vear

From Old English fǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *fāru, from Proto-Germanic *fērō.


fere

From Old English feorh, from Proto-West Germanic *ferh, from Proto-Germanic *ferhuz.


Friday

desctree

English: Friday
Tok Pisin: Fraide
→ Maori: Paraire

Scots: Friday

Yola: Vreedie, Vridei, vreedei

From Old English frīġedæġ. Forms with -e- are possibly after Old Norse freadagr, frjádagr, but may also represent the regular phonological development of frīġedæġ in some dialects.


the

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1-2.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote


fa

From the oblique stem of Old English ġefāh.


cod

English: cod

Scots: cod

From Old English codd (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-West Germanic *koddō, from Proto-Germanic *kuddô, from Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”). The "pillow" sense is from Old Danish kodde or Old Norse koddi, from the same Proto-Germanic source.

der

A seedpod; a plant's natural casing for its seeds.

A scrotum, ballsack; a case for the testicles.

A pillow or cushion; a piece of cushioning.

(rare) A sack or pouch; a case for items.

(rare) The gullet, windpipe or esophagus.

(rare) A ball bearing; a metal ball acting to cushion.


cod

English: cod


pound

enm-noun

pound (plural poundes or pounden or pound)

poundes (plural)
pounden (plural)
pound (plural)

English: pound

Scots: pund, poond

From Old English pund, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą, from Latin pondō.

A measurement for weight, most notably the Tower pound, merchant's pound or pound avoirdupois, or a weight of said measurement.

A pound or other silver coin (including ancient coins), weighing one Tower pound of silver.

Money or coinage in general, especially a great amount of it.


wage

English: wage

Scots: wage

From Old Northern French wage, from Frankish *wadi, from Proto-Germanic *wadją. Doublet of gage and wed.

Money reserved for the payment of salaries.


are

(chiefly Kent and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


are

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of ore (“honour”)


are

(Northern) Alternative form of ore (“oar”)


deal

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of del


season

IN Maẏ whan eúý harte floryſhyth́ ⁊ burgruyth́ for as the ſeaſon ys luſty to be holde and comfortable ſo man and woman reioyſyth and gladith of ſom[er] cõmynge wᵗ his freyſhe floures

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto:

IN May, when every heart flourisheth and burgeneth; for as the season is lusty to behold, and comfortable, so man and woman rejoice and be glad of summer coming with his fresh flowers.


quarter

English: quarter

Scots: quarter, corter

Yola: curthere, cortere

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quarter, from Latin quartārius.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
A quarter of a whole chicken.

One of the four divisions of the earth or sky.

A quarter of the year; a three-month period.

A quarter of the night; a three-hour period.

A quarter of an hour; a 15-minute period.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
One of the moon's four phases.

(heraldry) A fourth part of a coat of arms.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
A fourth part of a coat of arms.

A unit of capacity (being a quarter of another measure).

A unit of weight (often a quarter of an ounce or pound).

A unit of length (nine inches; being quarter of an ell).


alien

English: alien

Scots: alien, awlien

From Old French alien, aliene, from Latin aliēnus. Some forms (chiefly nominal) show assimilation to the suffix -ant.

But þei ſuen not an alien · but fleen from hym .· foꝛ þei han not knowen þe vois of aliens

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 10:5, page 49v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But they don't follow a stranger; they'll flee from them instead, because they don't recognise strangers' voices.

An outsider or foreign person, especially if resident in one's nation.

One who is alien in some other way (e.g. religion, family)

(rare) An unlawful occupier or possessor of land.


alien

English: alien

Scots: alien, awlien

Outside, alien, foreign; from or relating to another nation.

Religiously outside; heretical, erring; of false religion or morals.

Distant, isolated, secure, away (from something)

(rare) Under the authority of other nation's religious institutions.

(rare) Not relating to or of oneself; not natural (to one's body).


Irish

English: Irish

Yola: Eeerish, Eerish

From Old English Īras (“Irishmen”), from Old Norse Írar, from Old Irish Ériu (modern Irish Éire (“Ireland”)).


also

IN suche maner they kepte launcelot four and twenty dayes and also many nyghtes that euer he laye stylle as a dede man / and at the xxv daye byfelle hym after myddaye that he opened his eyen

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xvj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVII:

also: to the same degree or extent; so, as


mars

From Mars, borrowed from Latin Mars. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

In þat wiyn or watir ȝe quenche mars manye tymes.

(rare) The blackish, magnetic metal susceptible to rust; iron.


Thursday

English: Thursday

Scots: Fuirsday, Försday

Yola: Thorsdei

From Old English þurresdæġ, þursdæġ, late form of þunresdæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *Þunras dag. Possibly influenced by Old Norse þórsdagr, though compare the development of early Middle English are from ānre.


seven

English: seven

Middle Scots: sevin, sewin

Scots: seiven, seeven

Yola: zeven

From Old English seofon. Forms with final /ə/ are from Old English inflected forms.

⁊ þis is þe wit who þat haþ wiſdom / þe ſeuene heedis ben ſeuene hillis .· on which þe womman ſittiþ

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 17:9, page 123r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the mind that has wisdom thinks: "The seven heads are the seven hills that the woman sits on […]


Monday

English: Monday (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Monanday

Yola: Mondei


most

second-person singular present indicative of moten (“to have to”)


thou

head

thou (objective the, possessive determiner thy, possessive pronoun thyn)

the (objective)
thy (determiner possessive)
thyn (possessive pronoun without-noun)


inc

From Old English inc, dative form of ġit, from Proto-Germanic *inkwiz, dative form of *jut. Initial /j/ is due to the influence of ȝit.

Second-person dual accusative pronoun: you twain, the two of you.


fart

This Nicholas anon leet flee a fart,
As greet as it had been a thonder-dent,
That with the strook he was almost y-blent;
And he was redy with his iren hoot,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Miller's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3806-3810

This Nicholas immediately let fly a fart
As great as if it had been a thunder-bolt,
So that with the stroke he was almost blinded;
And he was ready with his hot iron,
And he smote Nicholas in the middle of the ass.


rape

So ofte a-daye I mot thy werk renewe, It to correcte and eek to rubbe and scrape; And al is thorugh thy negligence and rape.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Wordes Unto Adam:


and

English: and

Scots: an

Yola: an, an', and

From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:

But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]

"Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […]"

c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:

"Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "

ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)

(rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.


Wednesday

English: Wednesday
→ Maori: Wenerei

Scots: Wadensday

Yola: Wennesdei

From Old English *wēdnesdæġ, a by-form of wōdnesdæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *Wōdanas dag.


winter

English: winter

Scots: winter

Yola: wonter

From Old English winter, from Proto-West Germanic *wintru, from Proto-Germanic *wintruz.

⁊ ð laſtede þa ·xix· ƿintre ƿile Stephne ƿaſ king ⁊ æure it ƿaſ uuerſe ⁊ uuerſe.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

And this lasted the 19 winters when Stephen was king, and it continually got worse and worse.


port

And of his port as meeke as is a mayde.

late 14th c., Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in Canterbury Tales, line 69:


absence

English: absence

Scots: absence

From Old French absence, ausence, from Latin absentia, from absēns (“absent”), present active participle of absum (“I am away or absent”), from ab (“of, by, from”) + sum (“I am”).

Nonattendance or nonexistence; failure to appear.


is

English: ice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ice

From Old English īs, from Proto-West Germanic *īs.

ice (frozen water):
A layer of frozen water as a surface.

ice (frozen water):
(rare) An individual portion of ice.

ice (frozen water):
An individual portion of ice.

(rare, figurative) That which is short-lived like ice.


is

English: is

Scots: is

Yola: is, ez

From Old English is, third-person present singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *isti, third-person present singular of *wesaną (“to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

third-person singular present indicative of been


Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

From Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -es.

Wales (constituent part of the United Kingdom)


pulpit

English: pulpit

Scots: poopit, poupit


wolf

wolf (plural wolves, diminutive wolfy, wolfie)

wolves (plural)
wolfy (diminutive)
wolfie (diminutive)

desctree

English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)

Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff

From Old English wulf, from Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.


on

From Old English on, an, from Proto-West Germanic *an, from Proto-Germanic *ana (“on, at”).


on

English: on

Scots: an, on

Yola: on


on

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of a (indefinite article)


on

(Early Middle English) first/third-person singular present of unnen


yourself

English: yourself

Yola: yerzel


ache

English: ache

Scots: ake

From Old English eċe, ace, æċe, from Proto-West Germanic *aki, from Proto-Germanic *akiz. Some forms are remodelled on aken.


ache

English: ache

A plant of the genus Apium, especially celery.


wall

Alternative form of wale (“selection, preference”)


grey

English: gray, grey

Scots: gray

Yola: gry

From Old English grǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *grāu, from Proto-Germanic *grēwaz.


grey

English: gray, grey

Scots: gray

Yola: gry


yesterday

From Old English ġiestrandæġ; equivalent to yester- + day.

At another preceding point in time; in the past


yesterday

English: yesterday

Scots: ȝisterday, ȝesterday

Yola: yersthei, yerstei, yerstey


day

dayes (plural)
days (plural)
dawes (plural)

English: day

Scots: day

Yola: die, dei, dey, daie

Inherited from Old English dæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *dag.

Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.

You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.

Toward Saluces / shapyng hir iourney / ffro day to day / they ryden in hir wey […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 184, verso, lines 783-784:

Towards Saluzzo they make their journey, / From day to day they ride on their way […]

and he clepide the liȝt, dai, and the derkneſſis, nyȝt. And the euentid and morwetid was maad, o daie.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 1:5”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And he called light "day" and the darkness "night". And the evening and morning was made; one day.


sky

English: sky

Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske

Yola: skee, skir (verb)

From Old Norse ský, from Proto-Germanic *skiwją. Doublet of skew.

The atmosphere or sky; that which lies above the ground.

A cloud or mist (mass of water droplets).

(rare, astronomy) A certain layout or part of the sky.


cat

English: cat

Scots: cat

Yola: kaudès, kauddès, kaudes (plural)

From Old English catt (“male cat”), catte (“female cat”), this is in turn from Proto-Germanic *kattuz.


open

head

open (comparative more open, superlative most open)

more open (comparative)
most open (superlative)

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">ope</i>

English: open (obsolete ope)

Scots: appen, apen

From Old English open, from Proto-West Germanic *opan.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 9-11.
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);
And many little birds make melody
That sleep through all the night with open eye

(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)


market

enm-noun

market (plural marketes, dative markete)

English: market (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: market, mercat

Scots: market

Yola: maarkeet, markeat

From late Old English market (“market”), from Old Northern French markiet (Old French marchié), Old Saxon markat, and/or Old Norse markaðr; all ultimately from Vulgar Latin marcātus, from classical Latin mercātus (“trade, market”).
Variants ending /t/ are from either Old Saxon or Old Picard, while those ending in /θ/ are from other varieties of Old Northern French (e.g. Walloon).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

A market; (periodic public assembly for buying or selling).

A marketplace; a square for holding markets.

(rare) A market town; a town where markets are held.


today

English: today

Yola: to-die, to die

From Old English tōdæġ, equivalent to to- + day.


word

English: word

Scots: wird, wourd

From Old English word, from Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om. Doublet of verbe.

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho / That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge / Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now.

A word (separable, discrete linguistic unit)

A statement; a linguistic unit said or written by someone:

A byword or maxim; a short expression of truth.

A motto; an expression associated with a person or people.

A piece of news (often warning or recommending)

An order or directive; something necessary.

A religious precept, stricture, or belief.

The act of speaking (especially as opposed to action):

The basic, non-figurative reading of something.

The way one speaks (especially with modifying adjective)

IN þe bigynnyng was þe woꝛd .· ⁊ þe woꝛd was at god / ⁊ god was þe woꝛd

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:1, page 44r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word.

(rare) The human faculty of language as a whole.


sixty

English: sixty

Scots: sexty, saxty

From Old English sixtiġ, from Proto-Germanic *sehs tigiwiz; equivalent to six + -ty.


seventy

English: seventy

Scots: seiventy

From Old English seofontiġ, alteration of hundseofontiġ, itself a modification of Proto-Germanic *sebuntēhundą; equivalent to seven + -ty.


create

first-person/subjective/imperative singular present indicative of createn

subjective/imperative plural present indicative of createn

first-person/third-person/subjective singular past indicative of createn


blood

English: blood

Geordie English: bluid

Scots: bluid

Yola: blooed

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃tóm?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blōd
Middle English blood
From Old English blōd, from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of uncertain origin.


England

Which armes I the seid Clarensewe King of Armes conferme unto the seid John and wᵗnesse here that nos ꝑsone wᵗin the Raume of England ought for to bere hem but the seid John and the heirs of his body lawfully begaten. In wᵗnesse wherof to thise ꝉres I have sette my seall of armes and my signe manuell.

1454, Roger Leigh, Clarenceux King of Arms, Confirmation of Arms to John Aleyn of Buckinghamshire


abstract

English: abstract

Scots: abstract

Drawn away or out of; detached:
Excerpted; quoted from another text.

Out of one's mind or detached from reality; temporarily insane.

Having been (pulled or moved) above the ground.

Drawn away or out of; detached:
Barely comprehensible; hard to read.

Drawn away or out of; detached:
(grammar) Abstract (of a noun).

Drawn away or out of; detached:
Abstract (of a noun).


abstract

English: abstract

Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt

Scots: abstract

(Late Middle English, rare) abstract, synopsis


writer

English: writer

Scots: writer

From Old English wrītere. By surface analysis, writen + -er.

A draughtsman, or copyist; one who notes down the words of another.

A record-keeper or annalist; one who records significant events.


twig

English: twig

Scots: twigg, tuigg

Inherited from Old English twig, from Proto-West Germanic *twīg, from Proto-Germanic *twīgą.

Any part of a tree, especially a branch or cutting:

A twig or tillow; a shoot branching off a tree.

An easily bending branch used in crafts.

(figurative, rare) A subtype or part of something; the result or descendant of something.


been

enm-verb

been (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle been)

is (present singular third-person)
beynge (participle present)
was (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
been (participle past)
been (infinitive)
to been (infinitive)
be (infinitive)
am (first-person present singular)
be (first-person present singular)
was (first-person past singular)
art (present second-person singular)
bist (present second-person singular)
were (past second-person singular)
is (present singular third-person)
bith (present singular third-person)
was (past singular third-person)
be (present singular subjunctive)
were (past singular subjunctive)
be (imperative present singular)
aren (plural present)
are (plural present)
been (plural present)
be (plural present)
weren (past plural)
were (past plural)
been (plural present subjunctive)
be (plural present subjunctive)
weren (past plural subjunctive)
were (past plural subjunctive)
beth (imperative plural present)
be (imperative plural present)
beynge (participle present)
beende (participle present)
been (participle past)
be (participle past)
ybeen (participle past)
ybe (participle past)

English: be; been (dialectal)

Scots: be

Yola: ba, bee, be, b'

From a conflation of Old English bēon and wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *beun and *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *beuną and *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewHeti and a conflation of *h₂wéseti and *h₁ésti.

(intransitive) To be; to exist or have existence:

To be; to exist or have existence:
To occur; to come to be.

(with adjective or adverb) To be with a certain quality or in a certain situation.

(transitive) To be to or for someone or something.

To be; to exist or have existence:
To be to or for someone or something.

(copulative) To be something or someone.

(with genitive) To be someone's; to be in someone's possession.

Sone ſo iudaſ of ſlepe waſ awake. / þritti platen of ſelu[er] from hym weren itake.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 16-17; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

As soon as Judas had awakened from his rest, / Thirty pieces of silver had been taken from him.

(auxiliary) Forms the continuous present and perfect.

(auxiliary) Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs.

I woot þi werkis · foꝛ nei[þer] þou art coold nei[þer] þou art hoot / I wolde þat þou were coold ei[þer] hoot

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 3:15, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I know your actions: you aren't cold, but neither are you hot. I'd like it if you were either cold or hot.

[…]Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent[…]

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

(auxiliary) Forms various passive constructions.


been

English: ben

From Old French and Medieval Latin, from Arabic بَان (bān, “ben tree”).


been

From Old English bēon, nominative plural form of bēo, from Proto-Germanic *bijōniz, nominative plural form of *bijǭ. Equivalent to bee + -en (plural suffix).


been

English: been

Scots: been

From Old English ġebēon, past participle of bēon (“to be”); equivalent to y- + be + -en (participial suffix).


been

English: been (obsolete as the plural)

From (with the -þ replaced with an -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive) Old English bēoþ, present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

plural present indicative of been (“to be”)


been

English: be

Scots: be

From Old English bēon, present subjunctive plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).

plural present subjunctive of been (“to be”)


first

English: first

Scots: first

Yola: vursth, vurst, virst, vrist

From Old English fyrest, from Proto-West Germanic *furist, from Proto-Germanic *furistaz.


latin

From Old English latin and Old French latin.


latin

From Old English Latin and Old French latin.


cane

English: cane

Scots: cane

From Old French cane, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).

bamboo, sugar cane, flax, or a similar simple-stemmed plant

the stem or stalk of such a plant, often used to write with

(rare) a metal implement used for surgery

(rare) a bodily passage or tube, such as the trachea


trumpet

English: trumpet

Scots: trumpet

From Old French trompette; equivalent to trumpe + -et.

One who uses or plays such an instrument.


bot

desctree

English: boat
Belizean Creole: boat
→ Esperanto: boato
→ Dhivehi: ބޯޓު (bōṭu)
→ Fijian: boto
→ Hijazi Arabic: بوت (bōt)
→ Japanese: ボート (bōto)
→ Pitcairn-Norfolk: boet (Norfuk)
→ Sinhalese: බෝට්ටුව (bōṭṭuwa)
→ Swahili: boti
→ Scots: boat, bote (compare native bait, bate)
→ Tahitian: poti
Tok Pisin: bot

Scots: bate, bait

→ Middle Dutch: boot

Dutch: boot

Afrikaans: boot

→ Middle Low German: bôt, bott

Low German: Boot

Plautdietsch: Boot

→ German: Boot

→ North Frisian: böötj

→ Saterland Frisian: Boot

→ West Frisian: boat

→ Catalan: bot

→ Galician: bote

→ Old French: bot

→ Portuguese: bote

→ Spanish: bote

→ Cebuano: bote

A seafaring vessel or watercraft; a device for navigating the waters:

A boat (a watercraft or vessel smaller than a ship).

A boat stowed on a ship for utility purposes, especially for tendering.

(figurative) The path or course of one's life; one's direction.


bot

Alternative form of bote (“help, benefit”)


name

English: name

→ Sranan Tongo: nen

→ Japanese: ネーム

Geordie English: nyem

Scots: name, naim, nem, nome

Yola: naame, naume, name

From Old English nama, from Proto-West Germanic *namō, from Proto-Germanic *namô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.


ten

English: ten

Scots: ten

Yola: dhen


ten

enm-verb

ten (third-person singular simple present teth, present participle teende, teynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative tegh, past participle towen)

teth (present singular third-person)
teende (participle present)
teynge (participle present)
tegh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
towen (participle past)
ten (infinitive)
to ten (infinitive)
te (infinitive)
te (first-person present singular)
tegh (first-person past singular)
test (present second-person singular)
towe (past second-person singular)
tegh (past second-person singular)
teth (present singular third-person)
tegh (past singular third-person)
te (present singular subjunctive)
towe (past singular subjunctive)
te (imperative present singular)
ten (plural present)
te (plural present)
towen (past plural)
towe (past plural)
teth (imperative plural present)
te (imperative plural present)
teynge (participle present)
tende (participle present)
towen (participle past)
towe (participle past)

From Old English tēon, from Proto-West Germanic *teuhan (“to pull, lead”), from Proto-Germanic *teuhaną (“to draw, lead, bring, pull, help”), from Proto-Indo-European *dewk- (“to pull, lead”).

der

(intransitive) To draw away; go; proceed.


ten

From Old Norse tennr, nominative indefinite plural of tǫnn (“tooth”).


world

English: world

Scots: warld

Inherited from Old English woruld, worold, from Proto-West Germanic *weraldi, from Proto-Germanic *weraldiz.

He was in þe woꝛld · ⁊ þe woꝛld was maad bi him .· ⁊ þe woꝛld knew him not

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:10, page 44r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He was in the world and the world was made by him, but the world didn't know him.

A dimension, realm, or existence, especially human existence.

Ac hy habbeþ hire heꝛten zuo areꝛed ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dredeþ kyng. ne eꝛl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

The trappings and features of human life.

The people of the world, especially when judging someone.

The universe, the totality of existence.


elk

desctree

English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

Apparently from Old English eolh, though it is not found before 1475 and the phonetic development is unexpected, though compare dialectal English fleck (“flea”).

(Late Middle English, rare) elk, moose (Alces alces)


ground

ground (accusative nominative singular)
groundes (accusative nominative plural)
grounde (genitive singular)
grounde (genitive plural)
groundes (genitive plural)
groundes (dative singular)
grounden (dative plural)

English: ground

→ Fiji Hindi: garaund

→ Maltese: grawnd

Geordie English: grund, groond

Scots: grund, groond, greund

Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

From Old English grund, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz.


in

English: inn

Scots: inn

Any kind of accommodation; particularly:

A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accommodation.

An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.

For who so wolde senge a cattes skyn / Thanne wolde the cat wel dwellen in his In

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 62, recto:

For if someone wants to singe a cat’s skin, the cat would rather stay in its house.

A home or house; habitation or housing one lives in.


in

English: in

Scots: in, i, i'

Yola: ing, in, yn, i, ee, eee

From Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

in, inside; encircled or confined by, with the following special senses:

in; with the following special senses:
wearing, having on, clad in

in a quality or mode: with the following special senses:

in; with the following special senses:
inside, at or on a location or place.

in; with the following special senses:
secured with; bound with

in; with the following special senses:
in the midst of, while, currently doing

in; with the following special senses:
in (pieces or portions), into.

in; with the following special senses:
about; of, on the matter of.

versus; in conflict with; fighting with.


in

English: in

Scots: in

From Old English inne, from Proto-Germanic *innai.

in; with the following special senses:
in, inside; encircled or confined by.

in; with the following special senses:
inside, in, in the centre of.

in; with the following special senses:
in a quality or mode.


be

From Old English bēo, bēom, first-person singular of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *biumi, first-person singular of *beuną.

first-person singular present indicative of been


be

English: be

Scots: be

From Old English bēo, singular subjunctive of bēon.


be

English: be

Scots: be

From Old English bēo, 2nd-person singular imperative of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *beu, 2nd-person singular imperative of *beuną.


be

English: be (obsolete or dialectal as the plural)

Scots: be

Old English bēoþ (with the -þ replaced with an -n levelled in from the past and subjunctive, then lost), present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).


violet

English: violet

From Old French violette, from Latin viola.


violet

English: violet


twelve

English: twelve

Scots: twal, twol (obsolete twelf, twalf, tuelf)

From inflected froms of Old English twelf, from Proto-West Germanic *twalif, in turn from Proto-Germanic *twalif.


take

enm-verb

take (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takende, first-/third-person singular past indicative toke, past participle taken)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takende (participle present)
toke (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
taken (participle past)


take

Alternative form of taken: past participle of taken


take

Alternative form of tak (“tack (small nail)”)


take

take (third-person singular simple present taketh, present participle takende, takynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle taked)

taketh (present singular third-person)
takende (participle present)
takynge (participle present)
taked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


take

Alternative form of tak (“tack (fee paid to keep swine)”)


win

English: win

From Old English winn, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winną, *winnaną; akin to winnen. Reinforced by earlier iwin, from Old English ġewinn.

(Early Middle English) discord, conflict, turmoil

(Early Middle English, rare) exertion, work


six

English: six

Sranan Tongo: siksi

Aukan: siksi

→ Wayana: siksi

Saramaccan: sigisi

Scots: sax, sex, six

Yola: zeese

From Old English six, from Proto-West Germanic *sehs, from Proto-Germanic *sehs, from Proto-Indo-European *swéḱs.


bank

English: bank

From Old English hōbanca (“couch”) and Old English banc (“bank, hillock, embankment”), from Proto-Germanic *bankô. Akin to Old Norse bakki (“elevation, hill”), Norwegian bakke (“slope, hill”).


your

From Old English ēower, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz. Initial /j/ is by analogy with ye.

Second-person plural genitive determiner: your (plural)

(formal) Second-person singular genitive determiner: your (singular).


your

English: your (ya, yer, yo)

Scots: your (yer)

Yola: yer, ye

Second-person plural possessive pronoun: yours, of you (plural)


but

English: but

Scots: but

Yola: mot

From Old English būtan, from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, *biūtini, equivalent to be- + out.


but

(Northern) Alternative form of bote (“boot”)


noon

And up into his contour-hous gooth he / To rekene with hymself, wel may be, / Of thilke yeer how that it with hym stood, / And how that he despended hadde his good, / And if that he encresses were or noon.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shipman's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:


noon

English: none

Scots: nane

14th Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Ther was noon auditour koude on him wynne.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


silver

desctree

English: silver, ☽, ☾ (alchemy)
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva

Scots: silver, siller

From Old English seolfor, seolofor (“silver”).

As soon as Judas had awakened from his rest, / thirty pieces of silver had been taken from him.


skew

From an earlier form of Old Norse ský, from Proto-Germanic *skiwją; doublet of sky.


skew

From Old French escu, from Latin scūtum.

A segment of carved stone to cover a gable with.


five

English: five

Scots: five, fif, fife, fyve

Yola: veeve

From Old English fīf, from Proto-West Germanic *fimf, from Proto-Germanic *fimf, from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe.
Though Old English fīf was usually indeclinable, inflected forms of it are far from unknown. Forms with final -v- originate from intervocalic voicing in these inflected forms.


worst

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">wust</i>

English: worst (dialectal wust)

Scots: warst, waurst

From Old English wierst, contraction of wierrest, from Proto-West Germanic *wirsist, from Proto-Germanic *wirsistaz.


worst

English: worst

Scots: warst, waurst


worst

English: worst

Scots: warst, waurst

Something or someone which is the most yvel or ille; the worst.

(specifically) The worst-case scenario or eventuality.

(figuratively) A rout or loss in battle.


green

green (infinitive)
to green (infinitive)
gree (infinitive)
gree (first-person present singular)
greed (first-person past singular)
greest (present second-person singular)
greedest (past second-person singular)
greeth (present singular third-person)
greed (past singular third-person)
gree (present singular subjunctive)
greed (past singular subjunctive)
gree (imperative present singular)
green (plural present)
gree (plural present)
greeden (past plural)
greede (past plural)
greeth (imperative plural present)
gree (imperative plural present)
greynge (participle present)
greende (participle present)
greed (participle past)
ygreed (participle past)

English: gree (obsolete)

Scots: gree

Borrowed from Old French greer; equivalent to gre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To come to an understanding or agreement.

(rare) To make a compact of reconciliation.


second

Alternative form of secunde (“after the first”)


ostrich

English: ostrich

Scots: ostriche (obsolete)

→ Welsh: estrys

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ostrige and continental Old French ostruce, from Vulgar Latin *austrūthiō.

Struthio camelus
Struthio camelus#Translingual

(rare, heraldry) A heraldic image of an ostrich.


king

head

king (nominative plural kinges, also the early forms kingas or kingæs)

kinges (nominative plural)
the early forms kingas (also)
kingæs (also)

English: king (see there for further descendants)

Scots: keeng, king

Yola: kinge, king

Inherited from the Old English cyning, from Proto-West Germanic *kuning, from Proto-Germanic *kuningaz. The forms kug (attested in the compounds kugdom, kuglond, and kugriche) and gug (attested in the compound guglond) show the influence of the Old Norse konungr, whence they borrow their root vowel. The early forms featuring syncope (chinge, chinȝ, cing, and cinȝ) may have long ī.


qualm

English: qualm (possibly)

Scots: qualm (possibly)

From Old English cwealm, from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm.

Plague, disease or sickness; that which afflicts.

The effects, fruits, or ravages of plague.

(rare) Killing (as a concept or as an instance)


fifty

English: fifty

Scots: fifty, fyfty

From Old English fīftiġ, from Proto-Germanic *fimf tigiwiz; equivalent to five + -ty.


here

Scots: here, heir, heyr

From Old English here, from Proto-West Germanic *hari, from Proto-Germanic *harjaz (“army; commander”).

inh

a military force; a troop, host, or army

a group of people; a team, band, throng, or mass

fighting, battle; conflict between armed forces

(rare) participation in the armed forces


here

From Old English heora, hira, genitive of hīe (“they”).

Third-person plural genitive determiner: their


here

English: her (obsolete)

Yola: aar, 'ar

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


here

English: here

From Old English hēore, hȳre (“pleasant”), from Proto-Germanic *hiurijaz (“familiar; mild”).


here

heres (plural)
heren (plural)
here (plural)

English: haire

Scots: heir

From Old English hǣre, hēre and Old French haire, itself from Germanic.


here

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


here

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


four

English: four

Geordie English: fower

Scots: fower

Yola: vour, voure, vowre

⁊ lo a pale hoꝛs .· and þe name was deþ to him þat ſat on hym and helle ſuede him / and power was ȝouen to him on foure partis of þe erþe .· to ſle with ſwerd / ⁊ wiþ hungur / ⁊ wiþ deþ / ⁊ wiþ beeſtis of þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:8, page 119r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And lo! A pale horse, and the name was Death for who that sat on him, and hell trailed him. And power was given to him over four parts of the earth, to slay with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the earth's creatures.


wrong

English: wrong

Geordie English: wrang

Scots: wrang

Semantic loan from Old Norse rangr, while the form is from Old English wrang (“rough, uneven”); ultimately from Proto-Germanic *wrangaz.


wrong

English: wrong

Northumbrian: wrang

Scots: wrang


coin

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


age

English: age

Scots: age

Borrowed from Old French aage, from Vulgar Latin *aetāticum, derived from Latin aetātem.

The age of someone (or rarely something); how old someone is.

The correct or traditional age for something (especially the age of maturity)

Old age or senescence; the state of being old or elderly.

The life of something or someone; an extent of existence.

A period or portion of time; an age, epoch, or era.

Time (as an abstract concept); the passing of time.

(rare, in every age) A person or individual who is a particular age.


nature

English: nature

Scots: natur, naitur, naeter, nature

Yola: naatur

→ Welsh: natur

Borrowed from Old French nature, from Latin nātūra.

natural inevitability, nature (as opposed to nurture)

...vnkyndely synne by which man or womman shedeth hire nature in manere or in place ther as a child may nat be conceyued...

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


adamant

English: adamant

Scots: adamant (obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin adamantem, accusative of adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Doublet of dyamaunt and adamas.


two

desctree

English: two, twain (dated), twey (archaic)
Solombala English: ту (tu)

Geordie English: twe

Scots: twa, twae

From Old English twā, feminine of twēġen.

Gif tƿa men oþer ·iii· coman ridend to an tun · al þe tunſcipe flugæn foꝛ heom. ƿenden ð hi ƿæron ræuereſ.

If two or three men came riding into a town, the whole town ran away from them, concluding that they were robbers.


qua

(Northern) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


of

English: of

Scots: o, o'

Yola: ov, of, af, av

From Old English of, an unstressed form of af, ob, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“away; away from”).

Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 1–3:

When in April the sweet showers fall
That pierce the drought of March to the root and all


of

English: off

Scots: aff


of

An alteration of oth, from Old English oþ.


of

Apheresis of thof, a variation of though, from Old English þēah.


general

English: general

Scots: general

Yola: generale

From a mixture of Anglo-Norman general, Middle French general, and Latin generālis.


twenty

English: twenty
Tok Pisin: twenti

Scots: twinty, twenty, tuenty

Yola: dwanty

From Old English twēntiġ, from Proto-Germanic *twai tigiwiz; equivalent to twei + -ty.

At nyght was come into that hostelrye
Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 23–24:

There came at nightfall to that hostelry
Some nine and twenty in a company


one

enm-verb

one (third-person singular simple present oneth, present participle onende, onynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle oned)

oneth (present singular third-person)
onende (participle present)
onynge (participle present)
oned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


one

one (third-person singular simple present an, present participle onende, first-/third-person singular past indicative oðe, past participle onen)

an (present singular third-person)
onende (participle present)
oðe (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
onen (participle past)

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of unnen


almost

English: almost

⇒ Yola: almostly

From Old English eallmǣst (“nearly all, almost, for the most part”), equivalent to al- (“all”) + most.


his

head

his (nominative masculine pronoun he, nominative neuter pronoun hit)

he (masculine nominative pronoun)
hit (neuter nominative pronoun)

English: his

Scots: his

Yola: his, hys, hays

From Old English his, from Proto-Germanic *hes (“of this”), genitive of Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this”).

Third-person singular masculine possessive determiner: his, of him.

Third-person singular neuter possessive determiner: its, of it.

And Claudas his knyghts brake theire spearis

Used in place of the possessive suffix -es to denote possession by an antecedent noun.


his

English: his

Third-person singular masculine genitive pronoun: his.


his

Third-person singular feminine genitive determiner: her, of her.


o

English: oh

Yola: o


o

English: o', o, a

Scots: o', o

Yola: o', o, a


o

(rare) Alternative form of an (preconsonantal)


or

Inherited from Old English ōr, from Proto-West Germanic *ōʀ, from Proto-Germanic *ōsaz, form Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os (“mouth”).

(Early Middle English, hapax) beginning, start


or

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midland) Alternative form of here (“their”)


bombard

English: bombard

Scots: bombard


love

English: love

Scots: luve, lufe

Yola: loove

Inherited from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō.

Sexual or romantic desire (in humans and other animals)

Theosis, sanctification, or love as a means to attain it.

One who one loves; a loved individual:
A lover; a sexual or romantic partner.

A personification or embodiment of love.

(Christianity) The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally).

A peace treaty; the ending of hostilities.


love

English: lave

Scots: lave

Inherited from Old English lāfe, oblique singular of lāf, from Proto-West Germanic *laibu, from Proto-Germanic *laibō; compare leven (“to halt”), which some forms are influenced by.

Thyꝛwall þ[at] was þ[air] capitain / Wes þ[air] in þe baꝛgain slain / ⁊ off his men þe maſt p[ar]ty / Ϸe laue fled full affrayitly

c. 1375, “Book VI”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 21, recto, lines 431-434; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Thirlwall, who was their commander / was killed there in the struggle / with the greatest part of his men; / the rest fled very frightened.

The remainder or rest; that which is left.

(rare) A widow; a woman whose husband has died.


love

English: loof

Scots: luif, lufe, luff

Borrowed from Old Norse lófi, from Proto-Germanic *lōfô; compare glove.

(chiefly Northern) The palm (inner part of the hand)


hers

Alternative form of ars (“anus; buttocks”)


hers

Alternative form of hereth: third-person singular present of heren (“to hear”)

hereth

Alternative form of heren: plural present of heren (“to hear”)


storm

desctree

English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm

Scots: storm

Yola: stharm, starm

A storm; an instance of intense wind and precipitation (including a snowstorm)

An armed dispute, brawl or fight; an instance of combativeness.

(rare) Any intense event, happening, or force.


baby

English: baby, babby, babbie (see there for further descendants)

Scots: babbie


was

English: was

Scots: was, wis

desc

Yola: waas, was, waz, 'as, as (after Ich)

From Old English wæs (first/third person singular indicative past of wesan), from Proto-Germanic *was (first/third person singular indicative past of *wesaną).

first/third-person singular past indicative of been

(dialectal) second-person singular past indicative of been

(dialectal) plural past indicative of been


was

Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


el

English: eel

Scots: eel

Yola: eale

From Old English ǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz.


lob

From Old English lobbe, variant of loppe.


angry

English: angry

Scots: angry

From anger + -y, from Old Norse angr (“affliction, sorrow”).

Angry; displaying angriness (usually of actions)

Easily annoyed or angered; irous or spiteful.


welcome

English: welcome

Yola: welkome, welcome

From Old English wilcuma, equivalent to wille + come. Forms with /ɛ/ have been assimilated to wel.


mi

English: my

Geordie English: my, maw

Scots: my, ma, me

Yola: mee

An apocopic form of min, myn, from Old English mīn (“my, mine”), from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my, mine”, pron.).

inh

And he ſeide to hem þat ſelden culueris / take ȝe awei from hennes þeſe þingis .· ⁊ nyle ȝe make þe hous of my fadir an hows of marchaundiſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:16, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he said to those who sold doves: "Take those things out of here; you won't make my father's house a place of business!"

First-person singular genitive determiner: my.


future

English: future

Scots: futur

Borrowed from Old French futur, from Latin futūrus, past participle of sum (cognate to Middle English been).

(rare) A future action or doing; that which happens in the future.

(rare) The future; the time beyond the present.


future

English: future

Scots: futur

Occurring after the present; future or upcoming.

(rare, grammar) Having the future tense; grammatically marking futureness.


for

From Old English for, from Proto-Germanic *fura, *furi.


for

English: for

Scots: for

Yola: vor, var


pigment

English: pigment


rue

English: rue

Scots: rew

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rue, from Latin rūta, from Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ).

A kind of plant belonging to the genus Ruta; rue.

(rare) meadow-rue (plants in the genus Thalictrum)


kingdom

English: kingdom

Scots: kingdom

From Old English cyningdōm, from Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz. Equivalent to king + -dom.
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom

etymon

(Christianity) The dominion and authority of God

(astrology) The region where a planet's influence predominates


gold

English: gold

Scots: gowd, goold

From Old English gold (“gold”), from Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥tóm (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow; gleam; to shine”).


see

English: sea

Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie

Yola: zea, zee

Inherited from Old English sǣ, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwi, from Proto-Germanic *saiwiz.


see

English: see

Borrowed from Old French sei, from Latin sedes.


colour

English: color, colour

Scots: colour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Latin color.

justification, explanation (often feigned)


her

English: hair

Scots: hair, hayr, hare

Yola: haar

Inherited from Old English hǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *hār, from Proto-Germanic *hērą.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

Tho rad he me how sāpson lost his heeres

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(countable) a hair (follicular growth on the skin)

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

(uncountable) hair (follicular growths on the skin)

Something similar in appearance to hair (e.g. a botanical hair)

(figurative) small part, any part (of a person)


her

English: here

Scots: here, her

Yola: haar, here

Inherited from Old English hēr, from Proto-West Germanic *hēr, from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r.


her

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


her

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


wax

English: wax

Scots: wax

From Old English weax, from Proto-West Germanic *wahs, from Proto-Germanic *wahsą.

This [Par]doner / hadde heer / as yelow as wex / But smothe it heeng as dooth a stryke of flex […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 10, verso:

This Pardoner had hair as yellow as wax, / but it hung smoothly like a bushel of flax […]


wax

English: wax

A back-formation from waxen (“to grow”).


case

English: case

Yola: kaase

From Anglo-Norman casse, from Old French chasse, from Latin capsa.


men

From Old English menn, plural of mann, from Proto-Germanic *manniz, plural of *mann-.


lavender

English: launder

Scots: launer

Borrowed from Old French lavandier, lavandiere, from Medieval Latin lavandārius.

A washer; one (especially a woman) who washes clothes.

(euphemistic) A woman employed in prostitution or who has loose morals.


square

English: square

Scots: square

From Old French esquarre, esquerre (modern French équerre), from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, from Latin ex- + quadro, from quadrus.

A square (tool used to ensure a right angle)

A square (equilateral rectangle); a square plot of land.


animal

English: animal (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ainimal

Borrowed from Old French animal, from Latin animal.

An animal (considered to include humans)


animal

English: animal

Related to the soul or spirit of a living being (i.e. sentience or sapience)


adel

English: addle

Scots: addle, addil, aidle, aidil, adle

From Old English adel, adela, from Proto-West Germanic *adal, from Proto-Germanic *adalaz.


hundred

desctree

English: hundred
→ Hawaiian: haneli, hanele, haneri

Scots: hunder, hunner

desc

Yola: hindreth, hundreth, hundereth, hunderth, hunnert

From Old English hundred, from Proto-West Germanic *hundarad, from Proto-Germanic *hundaradą (“hundred”); some forms are remodelled on Old Norse hundrað.

[Þ]au pilatuſ him come wid ten hu[n]dꝛed cniſteſ. / yet ic wolde louerd foꝛ þi loue fiſte.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 34-35; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"If Pilate himself came with ten hundred knights, / Lord, I would still fight for your sake."


hundred

English: hundred

The assembly or court of such a division.


hundred

English: hundredth

A combination of specialised use of the cardinal and hundred (“hundred”) + -the (ordinal suffix).


red

English: rede

Scots: rede

From Old English rǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *rād, from Proto-Germanic *rēdaz.


red

English: reed

Scots: reed

From Old English hrēod, from Proto-West Germanic *hreud.


red

head

red (comparative redder, superlative reddest)

redder (comparative)
reddest (superlative)

English: red

Scots: rede, reid

Yola: reed

From Old English rēad, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós.

(alchemy) causing transmutation into gold


red

English: red

Scots: rede, reid

Yola: reed


ass

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


fortune

English: fortune

→ Welsh: ffortiwn

Scots: fortuin

From Old French fortune, from Latin fortuna.


bef

English: beef (see there for further descendants)

Scots: beef

From Anglo-Norman beof, Old French buef; ultimately from Latin bovem, accusative of bōs. Doublet of cou.


ruby

English: ruby

Borrowed from Old French rubi, itself borrowed from Latin rubeus.


brother

enm-noun

brother (plural brether or brethren or brotheren or (rare) brothers, genitive brother or brothers)

brether (plural)
brethren (plural)
brotheren (plural)
brothers (plural rare)
brother (genitive)
brothers (genitive)

English: brother (see there for further descendants)

Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder

Yola: brover, brower

From Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frere.

Nu bꝛoþerr Wallterr bꝛoþerr min / Affterr þe flæſheſſ kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Criſſtendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

A brother or brother-in-law; a male sibling.

I ioon ȝoure bꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:9, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I, John, your brother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.

A (Christian) man (i.e. as a "brother in life/brother in Christ").

A blood brother; one in a mutual pact of loyalty between two.

Another member of a religious community or order (when one is a member)

Another member of a guild or craft association (when one is a member)

A male individual who one has a close platonic relationship with.

(rare) One of one's peers as a ruler; (another) ruler.

(rare) A relative or family member who is a man.

(rare, alchemy) Something similar to something else.


art

English: art (archaic, dialectal)

Yola: yarth, yart

From Old English eart, second person singular of wesan (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *art,
second person singular of *iraną.

second-person singular present indicative of been


art

English: art

Scots: airt

Borrowed from Old French art, from Latin artem, accusative form of ars, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís.

A member of the seven medieval liberal arts (the trivium and quadrivium).

The seven medieval liberal arts as a group; the trivium and quadrivium combined.

The foundational knowledge and activities of a field or subject (either academic or trade).

Applied or practical knowledge; the execution or realisation of knowledge.

Guile, craft or an instance of it; the use of deception or sleight-of hand.

Competency, skill; one's aptitude or ability in a given area or at a given task.

A set of rules or guidelines for conducting oneself; a code of conduct.

(rare) Knowledge, information; the set of things which one has learned about (through formal study).

(rare) Rhetoric; skill in oration, argument, speech, or speaking.

(rare) Human behaviour or action (as opposed to natural happenings).


art

Scots: airt

Yola: ete

From Old English eard, from Proto-West Germanic *ard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz (“nature; type”). Doublet of erd (“nature, disposition”).


uncle

English: uncle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: uncle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman uncle, from Vulgar Latin *aunclum, from Latin avunculus.


saffron

desctree

English: saffron
→ Japanese: サフラン (safuran)
→ Korean: 사프란 (sapeuran)

Scots: sefron

c. 1200, borrowed from Old French safran, from Medieval Latin safranum, from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān);
as a colour adjective from the late 14th century.

Crocus sativus
Crocus sativus#Translingual

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11

saffron (yellow powder used in cooking, pharmaceuticals, and dyes)


saffron

English: saffron

Scots: sefron


warm

head

warm (plural and weak singular warme, comparative warmer, superlative warmest)

warme (plural)
warme (singular weak)
warmer (comparative)
warmest (superlative)

Scots: wairm

English: warm

(locations or garments) having a tendency to be warm; designed to stay warm


mustard

English: mustard

Fingallian: mustard

Scots: mustard, mustart

A mustard plant; the plant where mustard seeds originate.

The seeds of this plant used as a spice or flavouring.

Mustard; a condiment made from mustard seeds.


child

enm-noun

child (plural children or childre or child or childres)

children (plural)
childre (plural)
child (plural)
childres (plural)

English: child

Scots: child; chield

From Old English ċild, from Proto-Germanic *kelþaz.

A baby, infant, toddler; a person in infancy.

(Christianity) The Christ child; Jesus as a child.

(figurative) A member of a creed (usually with the religion in the genitive preposing it)

A young male, especially one employed as an hireling.

A young noble training to become a knight; a squire or childe.


hole

English: whole

Scots: hole, holl

Yola: haoleghey


hole

English: hole (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hole

Yola: hullès (plural)


hole

English: hull

Scots: huil

Inherited from Old English hulu; see hull for more.

hull (the outer covering of a fruit or seed)


gripe

English: grip

→ Dutch: grip

Scots: grip, grup

Yola: grip

Inherited from Old English gripe, from Proto-West Germanic *gripi, from Proto-Germanic *gripiz.

Gripping or grabbing; taking with the hand.

(rare) A small group or collection of things.


gripe

English: grip (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French gripe, from Latin gryps, grȳphus, from Ancient Greek γρῡ́ψ (grū́ps).

A griffin (mythological beast; also in heraldry).

A vulture (compare modern English griffon vulture).


sol

From Latin sōl (“sun”), or perhaps from Old English sōl (“sun”), both of which hail from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.

The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun (the center of our solar system).

c. 1395 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. Canon Yeoman's Prologue and Tale
Mercurie..and brymstoon..out of Sol and Luna were ydrawe.


yes

(East Anglia) Alternative form of þes (“these”)


yes

(Late Middle English) plural of ye (“eye”)


hand

English: hand


father

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of fader


-able

English: -able

Scots: -able

Borrowed from Old French -able, from Latin -ābilis.

Forming adjectives denoting ability, relevance or inclination; -able.


del

English: deal

Scots: dele

Yola: daal

A part, proportion or section of something.

The part or proportion that one is assigned or entitled to.

One's fate, inevitability or luck; what is ordained to occur.

A quantity or number of something; a deal or lot.

(often used in negations) A thing; a small amount.


whom

head

whom (singular or plural, accusative and dative case, nominative who)

English: whom

Scots: wham

From Old English hwām, hwǣm (dative of hwā), from Proto-West Germanic *hwammē (dative of *hwaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *hwammai (dative of *hwaz), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷósmey (dative of *kʷós).
Forms with short /a/ are generalised unstressed forms.

(interrogative) (to) who, whom (accusative or dative)

and þis is euerlaſtynge lijf .· þat þei knowen þee veri god aloone · ⁊ whom þou haſt ſent iheſu criſt

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 17:3, page 62v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Now this is eternal life, so they can know you, the true God alone, and Jesus Christ, who you have sent.

(relative) (to) who, whom (accusative or dative)

(relative) (to) whoever, whomever (accusative or dative)

(relative, uncommon) that (accusative, inanimate)

(indefinite, rare) (to) anyone, someone (usually accusative or dative)


bran

English: bran

Yola: bran

From Old French bren, from Gaulish *brennos (“rotten”), from Proto-Celtic *bragnos (“foul, rotten”).


mother

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of moder


clause

English: clause

From Old French clause, from Medieval Latin clausa.

A section or portion of a text; a part of a series of quotes

(law) A clause, term, or consideration; a section in a legal document.


cold

cold (plural and weak singular colde, comparative colder, superlative *coldest)

colde (plural)
colde (singular weak)
colder (comparative)
*coldest (superlative)

English: cold

Geordie English: cawd, cauld

Scots: cald, cauld

Yola: coale, khoal, cole

from the form stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

From Old English cald, an Anglian form of ċeald.

(locations) having a tendency to be cold

cold-feeling, cold when touched, cooled, chilly

(alchemy, medicine) Considered to be alchemically cold


cold

English: cold

Scots: cald, cauld


bal

English: ball

Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball

Yola: ball, balbeedhel

Inherited from Old English *beall, from Proto-West Germanic *ballu, from Proto-Germanic *balluz.

A rounded or spherical lump or bump, especially in medical terminology; a boil.

A ball used in sports or other entertainment.

The eyeball; the eye viewed as a spherical object.

A sport with a ball as a key component of play.

(rare) A node of muscles supporting the fingers or toes.

(rare, vulgar) One's testes (compare to the much more frequent Modern English sense)


regnen

enm-verb

regnen (third-person singular simple present regneth, present participle regnende, regnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle regned)

regneth (present singular third-person)
regnende (participle present)
regnynge (participle present)
regned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: reign

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman regner, from Old French reignier.


them

Alternative spelling of þem (“the, that, this”)


them

Alternative form of temen (“to produce offspring”)


vert

English: vert

Borrowed from Old French vert, from Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis.


vert

English: vert


other

From Old English ōþer. Compare German oder.

And if that I had nat had my prevy thoughtis to returne to youre love agayne as I do, I had sene as grete mysteryes as ever saw my sonne Sir Galahad other Percivale, other Sir Bors.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


other

English: other

Yola: oother, other


other

[…]it ſhal none other be.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xviii, recto, column 1, line 5:


how

English: how

Geordie English: hoo

Scots: hoo, how, foo

Yola: fowe, how

From Old English hū, from Proto-West Germanic *hwō, from Proto-Germanic *hwō.


how

English: how

Geordie English: hoo

Scots: hoo, how, foo


how

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


you

(chiefly Northern and East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þou


bee

English: bee

Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea

Yola: been (plural)

From Old English bēo, from Proto-West Germanic *biju, from Proto-Germanic *bijō.

Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1693–1696:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...


him

English: him

Yola: him, ham, em

From Old English him. Originally a dative form; gradually displaced accusative hine.

Third-person singular masculine pronoun indicating a grammatical object: him.

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows (himself)."

Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object: it.

(impersonal) Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object one, you.


from

English: from

→ Scots: from, frome

Yola: vrem, vrim, vreem, vream, vrom

From Old English from, fram and Old Norse frá, both from Proto-Germanic *fram.

And specially from every shires ende / Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 15–16:

And specially from every shire's end / Of England they to Canterbury went,


us

English: us

Scots: us, hus

Yola: ouse, ouz, uz

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé
Proto-Germanic *uns
Old English ūs
Middle English us
From Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n-sme- (“us”).

inh

First-person plural accusative pronoun: us.


vers

English: verse

Scots: varse (obsolete)

From a combination of Old French vers and Old English fers, both from Latin versus.

A line or passage of a text or work:
A line in a poem; part of a stanza.

A line or passage of a text or work:
A line in a non-poetic literary work.

A Biblical verse, especially of a psalm.

A line or passage of a text or work:
A maxim or similar short phrase.

A stanza; a group of lines equivalent to the prose paragraph.

A portion of a liturgical prayer or recitation.

Verse, poetry; the poetic form and art as a whole.


at

English: at

Scots: at

Yola: adh, ad

From Old English æt, from Proto-Germanic *at, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd.


at

(Northern, northern East Midlands) to (infinitive-marker)


male

English: male

Scots: male

Borrowed from Old French masle, malle, from Late Latin masclus, from Latin masculus; compare femele and masculyn.

(rare) Manhood; the state of being male.


male

English: male

Scots: male

Used in extended reference to supposedly "male" gems, plants, or astrological portents.


male

English: mail

Scots: mail

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French male, from Frankish *malhu, from Proto-Germanic *malhō.

The belly or one of its contents; a gut.


male

Borrowed from Latin mālum, from Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon), of unknown origin.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(chiefly Late Middle English, uncommon) The appletree (Malus domestica) or its fruit.


teman

Alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


to

English: toe

Scots: tae

Yola: toan (plural)

From Old English tā, tāhe, from Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ (“toe”).


to

English: to

Scots: tae

From Old English tō, ta, te, from Proto-Germanic *tō, *ta.


to

English: to

Scots: tae

Yola: ta, to, t'


to

English: to

Scots: tae


to

English: too

Scots: tae

Yola: too


whose

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


al

And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue

And many little birds make melody
That sleep through all the night with open eye
(So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)


al

And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

And with this he was named, as I believe worthily, an excellent ruly and innocent man in all his living.


bel

From Old French bel, biau, from Latin bellus, from Old Latin *duenelos. Doublet of beau.

Physically appealing; attractive, pretty.


south

English: south

Scots: sooth

Yola: zouth

From Old English sūþ, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *sunþr, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrą.


south

English: south

Scots: sooth


south

English: south

Scots: sooth


lane

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">loan</i>

English: lane (dialectal loan)

⇒ English: lonnen, loanen, lonnin

→ Middle Scots: lane

→ Welsh: lôn

Scots: lone, loan

Yola: laane

→ Irish: lána

From Old English lanu, from Proto-West Germanic *lanu, from Proto-Germanic *lanō.
The form lone continues Mercian Old English lone, reflecting the dialectal rounding of Germanic */ɑn/. In most words, this rounding is only apparent in Western Middle English, but lone is the usual Northern form as well, making it a relic of the wider Old English distribution.

lane, alley (narrow passage between buildings)


rice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of riche (“rich”)


rice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of riche (“realm”)


west

English: west

Scots: wast

From Old English west, from Proto-West Germanic *west, *westr, from Proto-Germanic *westrą, from *westraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wek(ʷ)speros (“evening”).


west

English: west

Scots: wast


west

English: west

Scots: wast


west

Alternative form of westen (“to move west”)


rose

English: rose (see there for further descendants)

Scots: rose

From Old English rōse, from Latin rosa. Reinforced and remodelled on Old French rose, from the same Latin source.

rose (plant belonging to the genus Rosa)

(heraldry) The rose as a heraldic emblem.

(figurative) A morally upstanding and virtuous individual.


tin

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þin (“thy”)


tin

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þin (“thine”)


as

English: as

Scots: as

Yola: az, as

Reduction of alswo, alswa, also, from Old English eallswā. The reduced form is more common in this sense from c. 1200.


as

English: ace (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ace

From Old French as (“ace”), from Latin as, assis (“as (Roman coin)”).

(dice games) The lowest possible throw in dice.


talent

English: talent

Scots: talent

From Old French talent and Old English talente, both from Latin talentum, from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton).

A talent (ancient unit of money or weight)

A base inclination or urge (especially lustful or for food)

An emotion or feeling (especially positive or affectionate)


which

English: which

Scots: whilk, whulk, quhilk, whilke

Yola: wich, which, whilke

From Old English hwelċ, from Proto-Germanic *hwilīkaz.

And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


ilkon

And from Maximius and from his folk ilkon
þe false feiþ to trowe in gol allon

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Seconde Nonnes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


snake

enm-noun

snake (plural snakes or snaken or snake)

snakes (plural)
snaken (plural)
snake (plural)

English: snake (see there for further descendants)

Scots: snake

From Old English snaca, from Proto-West Germanic *snakō.


beaten

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beten (“to beat”)


ilke

English: ilk

Scots: ilk

From Old English ilca, conjectured as from Proto-Germanic *ilīkaz, a compound of *iz and *-līkaz from the noun *līką (“body”).

Than maystow chese wheither thou wolt sippe

2011 July 20, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife Of Bath's Prologue”, in Librarius, retrieved 2016-10-04:

Of thilke tonne that I shal abroche,


arisen

arisen (infinitive)
to arisen (infinitive)
arise (infinitive)
arise (first-person present singular)
aros (first-person past singular)
arisest (present second-person singular)
arose (past second-person singular)
arise (past second-person singular)
aros (past second-person singular)
ariseth (present singular third-person)
arist (present singular third-person)
aros (past singular third-person)
arise (present singular subjunctive)
arose (past singular subjunctive)
arise (past singular subjunctive)
arise (imperative present singular)
arisen (plural present)
arise (plural present)
arosen (past plural)
arose (past plural)
arisen (past plural)
arise (past plural)
ariseth (imperative plural present)
arise (imperative plural present)
arisynge (participle present)
arisende (participle present)
arisen (participle past)
arise (participle past)
aresen (participle past)
arese (participle past)

English: arise

Scots: arise, aryse

From Old English ārīsan, equivalent to a- + risen.


arm

English: arm

Scots: airm

Yola: arrm

From Old English earm (“arm”), from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), from Proto-Indo-European *arəm- (“arm”).


arm

English: arm

Scots: arm

From Old English earm (“poor, wretched”), from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“poor”), from Proto-Indo-European *erm- (“poor, ill”).


hot

English: hot

Geordie English: het

Scots: hat, hait, hate

Yola: hoat, hote, hoate


song

songes (plural)
song (accusative nominative singular)
songes (accusative nominative plural)
songes (genitive singular)
songe (genitive plural)
songes (genitive plural)
songe (dative singular)
songen (dative plural)

English: song

Scots: song, sang

Yola: zong

From Old English sang, song, from Proto-West Germanic *sangw, from Proto-Germanic *sangwaz.

Religious or spiritual chanting or hymns.

An exposition or story, especially a sung one.

A song supposed to have occult or magical power.

The practice or an instance of singing songs.

The sound produced by a bird (rarely other creatures)


path

English: path

Scots: peth, paith

Inherited from Old English pæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz, from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs.

An informal or unpaved path or trail; a track.

(rare, Late Middle English) A course or route.

(rare, Late Middle English) A vessel or vein.


leche

English: leach, letch

Yola: letch

Probably from Old English *læc, *lec, compare leccan (“to wet, moisten”).


leche

English: leech (archaic)

Yola: leech, leache

From Old English lēce, lǣce, from Proto-West Germanic *lākī.


leche

English: leech


hungry

English: hungry

Scots: hungry

Yola: hungree

From Old English hungriġ, from Proto-Germanic *hungragaz; equivalent to hunger + -y.

Hungry or starving; afflicted by hunger or starvation.

Voracious; having a great desire or compulsion to eat.

Haggard, scrawny; shriveled due to hunger or starvation.

(rare) Due to hunger; because of one's appetite.

(rare) Desirous; wanting something to a great degree.


hungry

Those who are hungry, starving, or of little means.


swan

English: swan

Scots: swan

From Old English swan, from Proto-West Germanic *swan, from Proto-Germanic *swanaz.


north

English: north

Scots: north

Yola: nordh, noardth


north

English: north

Scots: north

Yola: nordh


north

English: north

Scots: north

Yola: nordh


flaxen

English: flaxen

Yola: vlaxen

Inherited from Old English fleaxen; equivalent to flax + -en (“made of”).


pen

English: pen

Scots: pen

From Old English penn, from Proto-Germanic *pennō, perhaps from the root of pinn (“peg, pin”).

An enclosed structure for securing animals.


ban

Of unknown origin. Possibly onomatopoeic. Compare English mwa, mwah (“the sound made by a kiss”). Compare also Old French baisier (“to kiss”).

unk

unknown

Com neer, my spouse, lat me ba thy cheke!

Geoffrey Chaucer, The Tale of the Wyf of Bathe


driven

driven (infinitive)
to driven (infinitive)
drive (infinitive)
drive (first-person present singular)
drof (first-person past singular)
drivest (present second-person singular)
drive (past second-person singular)
drove (past second-person singular)
drof (past second-person singular)
driveth (present singular third-person)
drof (past singular third-person)
drive (present singular subjunctive)
drive (past singular subjunctive)
drove (past singular subjunctive)
drive (imperative present singular)
driven (plural present)
drive (plural present)
driven (past plural)
drive (past plural)
droven (past plural)
drove (past plural)
driveth (imperative plural present)
drive (imperative plural present)
drivynge (participle present)
drivende (participle present)
driven (participle past)
drive (participle past)
ydriven (participle past)
ydrive (participle past)

English: drive

Scots: dryve

desc

Yola: dhreeve, dhrive, dreeve, drieve, drive

From Old English drīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *drīban.


leg

desctree

English: leg
→ Finnish: legi
→ Hungarian: leg

Scots: leg

From Old Norse leggr, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz.


were

English: were (dialectal war, ware)

Scots: war, waar, ware, waur, wur, wir

Yola: war, ware

From Old English wǣre (second-person singular indicative and subjunctive past of wesan).

inflection of been:
second-person singular indicative past

inflection of been:
singular subjunctive past


were

English: wear

Yola: were, wer


right

English: right
→ Spanish: right
→ Welsh: reit

Geordie English: reet

Scots: richt

Yola: reights (plural)

right (direction; as opposed to the left)


right

head

right (plural and weak singular righte, comparative rightre, superlative rightest)

righte (plural)
righte (singular weak)
rightre (comparative)
rightest (superlative)

Scots: richt

Yola: reicht, riaught, ryaught

On the or at the right (as opposed to left)

Morally or legally correct or justified.


good

good (plural and weak singular gode, comparative bettre, superlative best)

gode (plural)
gode (singular weak)
bettre (comparative)
best (superlative)

desctree

English: good
Solombala English: гудъ (gud)

Scots: guid

Yola: gooude, gude, gayde

Inherited from Old English gōd, from Proto-West Germanic *gōd, from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz.

14th c., Chaucer, General Prologue

advantageous, wealthy, profitable, useful

For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1381, Pegge Cook, Recipes, page 114, quoted in 1962, Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, eds., Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-01044-8, page 1242

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]


man

English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)

Scots: man

Yola: man

Inherited from Old English mann, from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-, from Proto-Indo-European *mon-.

bleſſid is þe man þat ſuffriþ temptacioun / foꝛ whanne he ſchal be pꝛeued .· he ſchal reſſeyue þe coꝛoun of lijf · which god bihiȝte to men þat louen hym

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 1:12, page 109v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

A person who endures temptation is blessed, because when they've been tested, they'll receive the crown of life that God promised to the people who love him.


man

From Old English man, reduced form of mann; see Etymology 1 above.

Typically singular, indefinite pronoun: one, you (indefinite).


man

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of mone (“shall”)


an

English: an, a

Scots: a

Yola: a, e

An unstressed form of oon (“one”), from the occasional use of Old English ān (“one”) as an article.

a, an (indefinite article):
Any example or instance of a thing.

a, an (indefinite article):
A certain or particular thing.

Any, every; several or all instances of a thing.

Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.

And but ye do / c[er]teyn we shal yow teche / that it is fair / to han a wyf in pees / Oon of vs two / moſte bowen doutelees

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Prologe of the Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 63, verso, lines 438-440:

And unless you do, we'll certainly teach you / that it's fair to have a wife in peace; / one of the two of us must without doubt submit.

Used in conjunction with numerals (especially hundred, thousend)


not

English: not

Geordie English: nut

Scots: nat (obsolete)

Yola: nat

Reduction of nought (from Old English nāwiht, nōwiht).

Þei ne bileveden hire not.

Þou art not weyke.

foꝛ þis is þe charite of god .· þat we kepe hiſe comaundementis / ⁊ his maundementis ben not heuy.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:3, page 115v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Now this is the love of God: us keeping his commandments. And his commandments aren't onerous.


not

English: not

Scots: nat (obsolete)


not

Yola: note

From Old English nāt, first and third person singular of nitan, equivalent to ne + woot and ne + witen.

I noot which was the fairer of hem two

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dug

(rare, Early Middle English) Alternative form of duk (“duke”)


god

English: god

Scots: god

Yola: gud

From Old English god, from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰutós.


god

English: God
→ Pohnpeian: Koht

Scots: God

Yola: Gud, God

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene lau[m]pıs bꝛe[n]nynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

a. 1450, The Creation and the Fall of Lucifer in The York Plays, as recorded c. 1463–1477 in British Museum MS. Additional 35290

I am gracious and great, God without beginning, / I am the unmade maker—all might is in me, / I am life and the way to the attainment of salvation, / I am foremost and first—as I command, it shall be.

I am gracyus and grete, god withoutyn begynnyng, / I am maker vnmade, all mighte es in me, / I am lyfe and way vnto welth-wynnyng, / I am formaste and fyrste, als I byd sall it be.

God (the deity of Abrahamic religions, especially the Christian God, considered to be Jesus Christ)


bred

English: bread

Geordie English: breed

Scots: breid

Yola: breed

From Old English brēad, from Proto-West Germanic *braud, from Proto-Germanic *braudą.


hid

Alternative form of hide (“concealment”)


hid

Alternative form of hythe (“landing place, port”)


hid

enm-verb

hid (third-person singular simple present hideth, present participle hidende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hidde)

hideth (present singular third-person)
hidende (participle present)
hidde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


hid

Alternative form of hideth: third-person singular present of hiden

Alternative form of hidde: simple past/past participle of hiden


hid

Alternative form of hyed: simple past/past participle of hyen


alas

English: alas

Alas ſeyde quene Gwenyu[er] now ar we myſcheved bothe //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 451, verso, lines 13–14:

“Alas!” said Queen Guinevere, “now are we mischieved both!”


done

Than cam In ẜ Aſcamour and ẜ Grūmor ⁊ Grūmorſon ẜ Croſſeleme ẜ Seuerauſe le brewſe that was called a paſſynge ſtronge knyght for as the booke ſeyth the chyff lady of the lady off the lake feſted ẜ Launcelot and ẜ Seu[er]auſe le brewſe And whan ſhe had feſted them both at ſundry tymes ſhe þ[ra]yde hem to gyff her a done

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 446, verso, lines 1–6:

Then came in Sir Astamor, and Sir Gromere, Grummor’s son, Sir Crosselm, Sir Servause le Breuse, that was called a passing strong knight, for as the book saith, the chief Lady of the Lake feasted Sir Launcelot and Servause le Breuse, and when she had feasted them both at sundry times she prayed them to give her a boon.


tribe

English: tribe

From Old French tribu, from Latin tribus.


bore

English: bore

Scots: bore, boir

A back-formation from boren; reinforced by Old Norse bora.

(rare, euphemistic) The anus; the asshole.


burst

From Old English byrst, from Proto-West Germanic *brestu, from Proto-Germanic *brestuz. Doublet of brest.


nose

English: nose

Scots: nos, nose, nois

From Old English nosu, from Proto-West Germanic *nosu.

Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was / Hir nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas[…]

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 151–152:

Her wimple was folded in quite a seemly way / Her nose [was] slender; her eyes [were] grey like glass […]


nose

English: noose

Probably from Old French nous, nos, nominative singular of nou, no (“knot”).


so

English: so

Geordie English: se

Scots: sae

Yola: zo, zoo, sae

From Old English swā, from Proto-West Germanic *swā.


so

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of sche


dart

English: dart

→ Dutch: dart

→ German: Dart

Scots: dart, dairt; dard

From Old French dart, dard, from Medieval Latin dardus, from Frankish *darōþu, from Proto-Germanic *darōþuz.

A hand-thrown spear or missile; a javelin.


fallen

fallen (infinitive)
to fallen (infinitive)
falle (infinitive)
falle (first-person present singular)
fell (first-person past singular)
falde (first-person past singular)
fallest (present second-person singular)
felle (past second-person singular)
fell (past second-person singular)
faldest (past second-person singular)
falleth (present singular third-person)
fell (past singular third-person)
falde (past singular third-person)
falle (present singular subjunctive)
felle (past singular subjunctive)
falde (past singular subjunctive)
falle (imperative present singular)
fallen (plural present)
falle (plural present)
fellen (past plural)
felle (past plural)
falden (past plural)
falde (past plural)
falleth (imperative plural present)
falle (imperative plural present)
fallynge (participle present)
fallende (participle present)
fallen (participle past)
falle (participle past)
fald (participle past)
yfallen (participle past)
yfalle (participle past)

English: fall

Yola: vall, vale, vole

From Old English feallan, from Proto-West Germanic *fallan, from Proto-Germanic *fallaną. Weak forms are due to the conflation of this verb with fellen (“to fell”) in some dialects.


cry

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: crie, cry

Borrowed from Old French cri, from crier; compare crien.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A call of distress or sorrow.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A plea for help or justice.

An announcement or report:
A proclamation or directive.

An announcement or report:
A call for people; a summons.

(by extension) A military force; a troop.


bed

English: bed

Scots: bed


felt

English: felt

Scots: felt

From Old English felt, from Proto-West Germanic *felt.

Felted fabric or a sample or swab of it; felt.

A piece of headgear made from felted fabric; a felt hat.


et cetera

desctree

English: et cetera, etc.
→ Tagalog: etsetera


lend

Alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


tak

English: tack

Scots: taik

From Old Northern French taque, ultimately of Germanic origin, probably from Frankish *takkō, from Proto-Germanic *takkô (“spike, thorn, prickle”).

der

A protective metal plate used on a cart to prevent wear.

(nautical) tack (a rope used to hold the foremost corner of the sail in place)