halk

Inherited from Old English healc, healoc, from Proto-West Germanic *halhuk; equivalent to hale (“nook”) + -ok.

[…] Seken / in eu[er]y halke / and euery herne / Particuler Sciences / foꝛ to lerne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Wordes of the Worthẏ Hoost to the Ffrankeleẏn”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 159, recto:

[They] look in every nook and corner / for specific topics to learn.

(figuratively, rare) An esoteric signification.


baston

English: baston

Scots: baston

A staff, or baton; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object.

Commuting or ending of one's imprisonment by a warden.

A line or group of lines in a poetic composition.


telt

From Old English teld (“tent”), Danish telt.
Became tilt in Late Middle English.


tus

(Early Middle English, before dentals) Alternative form of þus


thole

Depe was the waie, for which the cart ſtode / This carter ſmote, & ſtriued as he were wode / Heit ſcot heit brok, what ſpare ye for yͤ ſtones / The fende q[uo]d he, you fetche body & bones, / As ferforth as euer ye were yfoled, / So moche wo as I haue for you tholed / The deuyl haue al, both horse, carte, & hay

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliiii, recto, column 2:

Deep was the way, which is why the cart stood [still] / The carter smote, and strived as if he were mad / "Gee up, Scot, gee up, Brok [the names of horses], why do you stop pulling for the stones? / "The fiend," said he, "fetch you, body and bones, / "Thus far since you were foaled [born], / "So much woe have I suffered due to you. / "The devil have all, both horses, cart, and hay."


sor

English: sore (obsolete)

From Old French sor, from Frankish *saur, from Proto-Germanic *sauzaz. Doublet of sere (“dry”).

sorrel (red-brown; used to describe animals)


sor

English: sore (obsolete)


Michel

desc

English: Michael, Mitchell, Myall, Myell

Scots: Michael

From Old French Michel, Old English Michahel, and their source Latin Michaēl, Michahēl, from Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mîḵāʾēl, literally “who is like God?”).

der

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Michael

a patrynomic surname transferred from the given name


hugely

English: hugely

Hugely; to a huge size, degree, or extent.

(by extension) In a large number; profusely.


fal

English: fall

Yola: vall

From Old English feall, from Proto-Germanic *fallaz.


-el

English: -le

Scots: -le

From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.

Forms adjectives meaning "tending to" or "able to" from verbs.


-el

English: -le, -el

Scots: -le, -el

From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.

Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns.

Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns.


-el

English: -el, -le

From Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.


vavasour

English: vavasour

From Old French vavasour, from Medieval Latin vavassor, perhaps from vassus vassōrum (“vassal of vassals”).

A shirreve hadde he been, and a contour. / Was nowher swich a worthy vavasour.

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales


plunket

English: blunket (obsolete)

Potentially from Old Northern French blanket; though this etymology is disputed; more at English blunket.


plunket

English: blunket (obsolete)


auripigment

English: auripigment

orpiment (as used in alchemy and medicine)


stund

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


volk

(Southern, Kent) Alternative form of folk


hak

Probably Derived from Old Norse [Term?], compare Old Icelandic hākr (“in personal names”).

(Late Middle English, hapax) unsparing; ruthless, rough;


hak

Yola: haach

Probably shortened form of hakeneie (“hackney horse”).


siker

head

siker (plural and weak singular sikere, comparative sikerer, superlative sikerest)

sikere (plural)
sikere (singular weak)
sikerer (comparative)
sikerest (superlative)

English: sicker (obsolete, dialectal)

Scots: sicker, siccar

→ Welsh: sicr

Inherited from Old English sicor, from Proto-West Germanic *sikur, from Latin sēcūrus. Doublet of sure.

safe, secure (not harmful or dangerous):

reliable, long-lasting, of good quality:

reliable, dependable, trustworthy, useful

actual, real, true not feigned or ephemeral


siker

English: sicker (obsolete, dialectal)

Scots: sicker, siccar


hatten

hatten (infinitive)
to hatten (infinitive)
hatte (infinitive)
hatte (first-person present singular)
hatted (first-person past singular)
hattest (present second-person singular)
hattedest (past second-person singular)
hatteth (present singular third-person)
hatted (past singular third-person)
hatte (present singular subjunctive)
hatted (past singular subjunctive)
hatte (imperative present singular)
hatten (plural present)
hatte (plural present)
hatteden (past plural)
hattede (past plural)
hatteth (imperative plural present)
hatte (imperative plural present)
hattynge (participle present)
hattende (participle present)
hatted (participle past)
yhatted (participle past)

English: hat

Scots: hat


ebben

ebben (infinitive)
to ebben (infinitive)
ebbe (first-person present singular)
ebbed (first-person past singular)
ebbest (present second-person singular)
ebbedest (past second-person singular)
ebbeth (present singular third-person)
ebbed (past singular third-person)
ebbe (present singular subjunctive)
ebbed (past singular subjunctive)
ebbe (imperative present singular)
ebben (plural present)
ebbe (plural present)
ebbeden (past plural)
ebbede (past plural)
ebbeth (imperative plural present)
ebbe (imperative plural present)
ebbynge (participle present)
ebbende (participle present)
ebbed (participle past)
yebbed (participle past)

English: ebb

Scots: ebb

From Old English ebbian, from Proto-West Germanic *abbjōn; equivalent to ebbe + -en (infinitival suffix).


commodious

From Anglo-Norman commodious, Old French commodieux, from Medieval Latin commodiosus, based on Latin commodus.


meten

English: meet

From Old English mētan (“to meet, encounter”).


meten

From Old English mētan, mǣtan (“to paint, design”), from Proto-West Germanic *maitijaną (“to cut”), from Proto-Germanic *maitaną.

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 131r

Send me grace to sleep and dream / Some trustworthy dream in my sleep / Through which I might know exactly / Whether my lord is alive or dead.

Sende me grace to slepe and mete / In my slepe some certeyn sweven / Wher thorgh that I may knowe even / Whethir my lorde be quyke or ded


meten

From mete (“food”) + -en (plural suffix).


meten

From mete (“food”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


mak

Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


wanhope

Wel oughte I sterve in wanhope and distresse. / Farwel my lif, my lust, and my gladnesse!

Late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Knight's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

Thenne he ouertoke a man clothed in a Relygyous clothynge /[…]/ and sayd syre knyȝte what seke yow / Syre sayd he I seke my broder that I sawe within a whyle beten with two knyghtes / A Bors discomforte yow not / ne falle in to no wanhope / for I shall telle you tydynges suche as they ben / for truly he is dede

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter X, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVI:

Then he overtook a man clothed in a Religious clothing / […] / and said sir knight what seek you / Sir said he I seek my brother that I saw within a while beaten with two knights / Ah Bors discomfort you not / nay fall into no wanhope / for I shall tell you tidings such as they been / for truly he is dead.


unwemmed

From un- + wemmed, past participle of wemmen (“to blemish, spoil, wound”).

Þe þeef fil over bord al sodeynly, / And in þe see he dreynte for vengeance; / And þus haþ Crist unwemmed kept Custance.

c. 1387, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Man of Law's Tale", Canterbury Tales


supercede

From Middle French superceder, from Latin supersedere: super- (“over-”) + sedere (“to sit”).

He sall supercede þe payment of þe said vᶜ frankis.


jupe

English: jupe

⇒ English: jump

⇒ English: jumper (see there for further descendants)

Scots: juip

From Middle French jupe, from Old Italian giubba, from Arabic جُبَّة (jubba, “long garment”).


gourde

English: gourd

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gourde, gurde, from Latin cucurbita.

A plant of the family Cucurbitaceae; a gourd or similar plant.


openen

enm-verb

openen (third-person singular simple present openeth, present participle openende, openynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle opened)

openeth (present singular third-person)
openende (participle present)
openynge (participle present)
opened (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
openen (infinitive)
to openen (infinitive)
opene (infinitive)
opene (first-person present singular)
opened (first-person past singular)
openest (present second-person singular)
openedest (past second-person singular)
openeth (present singular third-person)
opened (past singular third-person)
opene (present singular subjunctive)
opened (past singular subjunctive)
opene (imperative present singular)
openen (plural present)
opene (plural present)
openeden (past plural)
openede (past plural)
openeth (imperative plural present)
opene (imperative plural present)
openynge (participle present)
openende (participle present)
opened (participle past)
yopened (participle past)

English: open

Scots: open

From Old English openian (“to open”). More at open.


schilling

English: shilling

Yola: shilleen

A shilling or other silver coin (including ancient coins), the value of that coin, or the weight equivalent to that coin.


erne

But of her songe, it was so loude & erne / As any swalowe syttynge on a berne

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

willing, eager, covetous, swift, nimble, earnest


tær

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of teer (“tear”)


helpen

helpen (third-person singular simple present helpeth, present participle helpende, first-/third-person singular past indicative holp, past participle holpen)

helpeth (present singular third-person)
helpende (participle present)
holp (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
holpen (participle past)
helpen (infinitive)
to helpen (infinitive)
helpe (infinitive)
helpe (first-person present singular)
halp (first-person past singular)
helpest (present second-person singular)
holpe (past second-person singular)
halp (past second-person singular)
helpeth (present singular third-person)
halp (past singular third-person)
helpe (present singular subjunctive)
holpe (past singular subjunctive)
helpe (imperative present singular)
helpen (plural present)
helpe (plural present)
holpen (past plural)
holpe (past plural)
helpeth (imperative plural present)
helpe (imperative plural present)
helpynge (participle present)
helpende (participle present)
holpen (participle past)
holpe (participle past)
yholpen (participle past)
yholpe (participle past)

English: help

Scots: help

Yola: help

From Old English helpan, from Proto-West Germanic *helpan, from Proto-Germanic *helpaną.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-18.
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende,
The hooly blisful martir for to seke,
That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke.
And specially from every shire's end
Of England to Canterbury they travel,
To seek the holy blessed martyr,


beste

English: best

Scots: best

From Old English betst, betest, from Proto-West Germanic *batist, from Proto-Germanic *batistaz (adjective), *batist (adverb).


beste

English: best

Scots: best


werpen

werpen (third-person singular simple present werpeth, present participle werpynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative warp, past participle worpen)

werpeth (present singular third-person)
werpynge (participle present)
warp (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
worpen (participle past)
werpen (infinitive)
to werpen (infinitive)
werpe (infinitive)
werpe (first-person present singular)
warp (first-person past singular)
werped (first-person past singular)
werpest (present second-person singular)
worpe (past second-person singular)
warp (past second-person singular)
werpedest (past second-person singular)
werpeth (present singular third-person)
warp (past singular third-person)
werped (past singular third-person)
werpe (present singular subjunctive)
worpe (past singular subjunctive)
werped (past singular subjunctive)
werpe (imperative present singular)
werpen (plural present)
werpe (plural present)
worpen (past plural)
worpe (past plural)
werpeden (past plural)
werpede (past plural)
werpeth (imperative plural present)
werpe (imperative plural present)
werpynge (participle present)
werpende (participle present)
worpen (participle past)
worpe (participle past)
werped (participle past)
yworpen (participle past)
yworpe (participle past)

English: warp

Scots: warp

From Old English weorpan, from Proto-West Germanic *werpan, from Proto-Germanic *werpaną.

To throw; to fling:
To cast down; to throw off.

To throw; to fling:
To throw into (hell, confinement).

To throw; to fling:
(rare) To throw open (a gate).

To throw; to fling:
To throw open (a gate).

(Early Middle English, rare) To sprinkle; to scatter.

To throw; to fling:
To sprinkle; to scatter.

(in figurative use) To throw out:
To thrust one's limb, head or hand out.

(in figurative use) To throw out:
To drive out; to force away.

(in figurative use) To throw out:
To speak; to talk.

(in figurative use) To throw out:
To produce (seeds, eggs)

(Early Middle English, rare) To cast a gaze at.

Senses related to weaving:
To weave (interlace thread).

To warp threads; to arrange threads into a warp.

Senses related to weaving:
(figurative) To contrive; to scheme.

Senses related to weaving:
To contrive; to scheme.

(Early Middle English, rare) To draw lots.

(Late Middle English, rare) To fill up; to stuff.


reif

English: reif, reaf, rief

Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref

From Old English rēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *raub, from Proto-Germanic *raubaz, *raubą, *raubō. Doublet of robe.

A piece of clothing or gear, especially priestly.

(rare) pillaging, looting; intense destruction.

(rare) loot, spoils; the fruit of success.

(rare) destructiveness; the quality of being damaging.


wiþ

English: with, wi

Geordie English: wi, wiv

Scots: wi

Yola: wee, wie, wi, wi', w', wough


molde

English: mold, mould, mool

Scots: muild, moud

From Old English molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldu, from Proto-Germanic *muldō.

dirt (loose soil):
ground (surface of the Earth)

dirt (loose soil):
(figuratively) grave, deathbed


molde

English: mold, mould

From Old English molda, molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldō, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥Hdʰṓ; exactly parallel to Sanskrit मूर्धन् (mūrdhan).

(mistakenly) The uvula (as remedies applied to the crown supposedly affected it)

(anatomy, rare) The divide between the cranial bones.


molde

English: mold, mould

Scots: muild

From Old French modle, mole, from Latin modulus.


laver

English: laver

Yola: levers (plural)


pak

English: pack

Scots: pak, pack

→ Irish: paca

From Old English *pæcca and/or Middle Dutch pak, packe (from Old Dutch *pakko); both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *pakkō, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô.

A bundle or package; a group of items packaged together.

A case or pack; a soft container for goods storage.

A group, pack, or lot (of people or animals).


blake

[1888] Whil heo weoren blake […] whil heo weoren ræde. [19890] Ænne stunde he wes blac […] while he wes reod.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1400, St. Alexius (Cott.), 236

1420, Anturs Arth. li: *: Thayre blees weren so blake. Alle blake was thayre blees.

The vynes blake awaie thowe take, eke greene And tender vynes kytte.

1530, Palsgr., 306: *: Blake, wan of colour.


hura

(chiefly southern West Midland and Southern dialectal) Alternative form of here (“their”)


bryd

From Old English brȳd, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).


lemman

English: leman, leaman, lemman

There is but litel difference truely
Betwyxt a wyfe, that is of hye degre
If of her body dishoneſt ſhe be
And a poore wenche, other than this
If it ſo be they werke bothe amys
But for the gentyl is in eſtate aboue
She ſhal be called his lady and his loue
And for that tother is a poore woman
She ſhal be called his wench, or his lemmã [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto:

There truly is very little difference between a wife of honourable rank if she is faithless in how she deals with her body,
and a penniless woman without rank, except that if they both behave badly then, because of the gentlewoman's rank,
people call her his lady love, but call the poor woman his slut or his leman.

Thenne within an houre there came the knyghte to whome the pauelione ought
And he wende that his lemā had layne in that bedde
and soo he laid hym doune besyde syr Launcelot
and toke hym in his armes and beganne to kysse hym
And whanne syre launcelot felte a rough berd kyssyng hym
he starte oute of the bedde lyghtely
and the other knyȝt after hym
and eyther of hem gate their swerdes in theire handes

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter V, in Le Morte Darthur, book VI:

leman (a lover or sweetheart, especially a secret lover or mistress; a paramour)


toile

Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen.


frosty

English: frosty

Scots: frosty

From Old English forstiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *frostag, equivalent to frost + -y. Compare Old English fyrstiġ.

cold, freezing, frosty (being or experiencing cold)


wedden

English: wed

Scots: wad


bonde

English: bond

Scots: bund, bond

From Old English bōnda, from Old Norse bóndi, from Proto-Germanic *būwandz.


bonde

The status of being subservient; subservience


pele

English: peel

Yola: peel


suster

enm-noun

suster (plural sustren or sustres or (rare) suster, genitive sustres or suster)

sustren (plural)
sustres (plural)
suster (plural rare)
sustres (genitive)
suster (genitive)

desctree

English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)

Scots: sister, syster

Yola: zister

From Old English sweostor, swustor, sweoster, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse systir.

A sister or step-sister; a female sibling.

A (Christian) woman (i.e. as a "sister in life/Christ")

Ant ȝe mine leoue ſuſtren habbeð moni dei icrauet on me efter riƿle

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 1, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

And you, my beloved sisters, have asked me for a rule many times.

A nun, anchoress; a woman living a religious lifestyle.

(nautical) A catch to secure cords at sea.


sar

Scots: sare, sair

English: sore


Diane

English: Diane

(mythology) The Roman goddess of the hunt; Diana.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.


i-

From Old English ġe-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-.


chapitre

English: chapter; chapiter

Scots: chaipter

Borrowed from Old French chapitre, from Latin capitulum.

A chapter, passage, or section of a book.

A portion of the Bible read aloud in church.

A chapterhouse; a building hosting such a group.

Such an assembly convoked to decide cases of canon law.


annu

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of anoy


hawe

English: haw

Scots: haw

Yola: haeve

Inherited from Old English haga, from Proto-West Germanic *hagō, from Proto-Germanic *hagô.

A field surrounded by fences or other barriers.

A haw, hawthorn berry; the fruit of a hawthorn tree or shrub.

(figuratively) Something of very little or no worth.


middel

English: middle

Scots: middil, midle

Yola: mithel, methel

From Old English middel, from Proto-Germanic *midilą, a form of *midlą.

⁊ bifoꝛe þe ſeete as a ſee of glas liyk a criſtal ¶ and in þe myddil of þe ſeete ⁊ in þe cumpas of þe ſete .· foure beeſtis ful of iȝen bifoꝛe ⁊ bihynde

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, 4:6, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And in front of the throne [there was] a sea of glass, like a crystal. And in the middle of the throne and all around it, [there were] four beasts covered in eyes on the front and back.

The intermediate, middle-ranking (member of a group).


middel

head

middel (plural and weak singular middle, comparative middelre, superlative middelest)

middle (plural)
middle (singular weak)
middelre (comparative)
middelest (superlative)

English: middle

Scots: middil, midle

The intermediate, middle-ranking (of a group).

Half, halfway; in the midpoint of a group.


fom

English: foam

→ Faroese: fómur

Scots: fame, faim, faem

From Old English fām, from Proto-West Germanic *faim, from Proto-Germanic *faimaz.

foam (layer of bubbles associated with the sea)

Upward-floating detritus; dregs, residue.

(rare) spit, slobber (liquid emitted from the mouth, used in medieval medicine)


gor

Inherited from Old English gār, from Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *gaizaz.

(poetic, chiefly Early Middle English) A weapon (especially one with a sharp point, such as a spear or sword)


weder

weder (accusative nominative singular)
wedir (accusative nominative plural)
wederes (genitive singular)
wedere (genitive plural)
wedere (dative singular)
wederen (dative plural)

English: weather

Scots: weddir, wethir, wathir

From Old English weder, from Proto-Germanic *wedrą, from Proto-Indo-European *wedʰrom.


kiken

enm-verb

kiken (third-person singular simple present kiketh, present participle kikende, kikynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle kiked)

kiketh (present singular third-person)
kikende (participle present)
kikynge (participle present)
kiked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Middle Dutch kiken. Related to Scots keek, West Frisian kytse, Dutch kijken, Swedish kika, Icelandic kíkja.

This Nicholas sat ever gaping upright, / As he had kyked on the newe mone.


tere

Alternative form of teren (“to ruin by removing or splitting”)


of-

English: off-

Scots: aff-, af-

From Old English of-, af-, and Old Norse af-.


stal

first/third-person singular past indicative of stelen

(later) second-person singular past indicative of stelen


sliding

English: sliding

Scots: slidin, sliding

The act of making a slip or losing one's traction.

(rare) Dragging; moving something alongside oneself.


lif

Sche preide unto the goddes so, / That sche receyveth al the wo / And deide hirself to give him lif.


to-

English: to-

From to (“in the direction of”), from Old English tō.

Affixed to verbs and verb inflections to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.

Affixed to adjectives, adverbs and prepositions to impart a sense of approach, extension and/or proximity.

(rare) Affixed to nouns to impart a sense of motion, directionality and/or extension.


to-

English: to-

From Old English tō-, te- (“apart, asunder”).

Appended to verbs and nouns to impart a sense of separation and/or departure.

Appended to verbs and nouns to intensify or emphasise the meaning.


yel

English: yell

Scots: yell


gost

English: ghost

Scots: gaist, gast, ghaist

Yola: gaast

From Old English gāst, from Proto-West Germanic *gaist, from Proto-Germanic *gaistaz.

This nyght my faderes gost Hath in my slep so sore me tormented.

This night my father's ghost has in my sore sleep, so tormented me

The gost went to hell a pase / whils the cors lay slayn,
And broght the sawles from sathanas / for which he suffred payn

15th c., “Thomas Indie [Thomas of India]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 346, lines 212–213:

The spirit went to hell while the body lay slain and brought the souls from Satan, for which he suffered pain.

The dede to areren, yuel gostes to quethen.

The deed being counteracted, evil spirits being banished.

a spiritual being; angel, devil, spirit; soul of a dead person

Goddes gost is þe geven. — Cleanness, c1400

In þat doynge Paternus the monk semeþ a lewed goost. — Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, 1387

A villain, scoundrel; a devil incarnate; a wicked-looking creature

Ȝe cursed gostes, goþ in-to þe pyne of helle! — Seint Ieremie telleþ, c1400

Lyfe is none quen gost is lede.

A haþel in þy holde..hatz þe gostes of God þat gyes alle soþes. — Cleanness, c1400

A spiritual force or insight, a gift of prophecy

Gost-wynd nedefull is to recouer monnes gost þat greued is.

A breath, blowing, wind; God's breath, a spiritual wind; the blowing of storm


sere

English: sear, sere, sare

From Old English sēar, from Proto-West Germanic *sauʀ(ī). Doublet of sor (“sorrel”).

(especially referring to plants) dry, withered, shrunken, brittle


sere

English: sere

Borrowed from Old Norse sér, dative of sik, from Proto-Germanic *siz, dative and instrumental of *sek, from Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”).

Be-halde now, ser, and þou schalt see, / Sere kyngdomes and sere contre; / Alle þis wile I giffe to þe / for euer more, / And þou falle and honour me, / as I saide are.

1430–1440, “XXII. The Smythis. The Temptation of Jesus.”, in Lucy Toulmin Smith, editor, York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries: […], Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1885, →OCLC, page 183, lines 151–156:

Behold now, sir, and thou shalt see, / Different kingdoms and different country; / All this will I give to thee / forever more, / And thou fall and honour me, / As I said ere.


sere

Þe water I will set / to flowe bothe fare and nere, / And þhan þe firmament, / in mydis to set þame sere.

1430–1440, “II. Playsterers. The Creation, to the Fifth Day.”, in Lucy Toulmin Smith, editor, York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries: […], Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1885, →OCLC, page 9, lines 17–20:

The water I will set / to flow both far and near, / And then the firmament, / in their midst to set them separately.


tesen

tesen (third-person singular simple present teseth, present participle tesende, tesynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tesed)

teseth (present singular third-person)
tesende (participle present)
tesynge (participle present)
tesed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tesen (infinitive)
to tesen (infinitive)
tese (infinitive)
tese (first-person present singular)
tesed (first-person past singular)
tesest (present second-person singular)
tesedest (past second-person singular)
teseth (present singular third-person)
tesed (past singular third-person)
tese (present singular subjunctive)
tesed (past singular subjunctive)
tese (imperative present singular)
tesen (plural present)
tese (plural present)
teseden (past plural)
tesede (past plural)
teseth (imperative plural present)
tese (imperative plural present)
tesynge (participle present)
tesende (participle present)
tesed (participle past)
ytesed (participle past)

English: tease

Scots: tease, taise

Yola: tyshe

From Old English tǣsan, from Proto-West Germanic *taisijan

To card (straighten the fibres of) wool.


sauf

English: safe

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French sauf, from Latin salvus, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós.

Unharmed; safe from damage or ill effect:

Untarnished, undamaged, whole; well-kept.

Safe, protected; unable to be harmed or hurt

(religion) Undamned or saved; delivered from torment.

Undiminished, having full effect or force, legally effective.

Having concern for, with care or respectfulness towards.

(rare) Well-meaning, kind, having good intentions.


sauf

English: save

But, except (for), other than, disregarding, save.


Pompey

English: Pompey

Pompey and þe Senat[…]foriugged Cesar gilti[…]and fully executed þer venenis malice.

?a. 1450 (1422), John Lydgate, edited by H. N. MacCracken, The Serpent of Division (Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, McClean 182), published 1911, 52/33:


juste

English: just

Scots: juist

Yola: gist, jist, jeist


hine

From Old English hine. Originally an accusative form; gradually displaced by dative him.

Third-person singular masculine pronoun indicating a grammatical object: him.

Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object: it.

(impersonal) Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object one, you.


temen

temen (infinitive)
to temen (infinitive)
teme (infinitive)
teme (first-person present singular)
temed (first-person past singular)
temest (present second-person singular)
temedest (past second-person singular)
temeth (present singular third-person)
temed (past singular third-person)
teme (present singular subjunctive)
temed (past singular subjunctive)
teme (imperative present singular)
temen (plural present)
teme (plural present)
temeden (past plural)
temede (past plural)
temeth (imperative plural present)
teme (imperative plural present)
temynge (participle present)
temende (participle present)
temed (participle past)
ytemed (participle past)

English: teem

Inherited from Old English tēman, Anglian form of tīeman, from Proto-West Germanic *taumijan, from Proto-Germanic *taumijaną.
Equivalent to tem (“group”) + -en (infinitival suffix), which some forms are modified on the analogy of.


temen

English: teem

Scots: teem

Borrowed from Old Norse tœma, from Proto-Germanic *tōmijaną.


temen

English: teme

Inherited from Old English temian, modification of Proto-West Germanic *tammjan, from Proto-Germanic *tamjaną.


riotous

head

riotous (plural and weak singular riotouse)

riotouse (plural)
riotouse (singular weak)

English: riotous

Middle Scots: riotous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riotous; equivalent to rioten + -ous.


lep

English: leap

From Old English leap; see further there.

My ded to se then myght be noght; / A lytyll lep he gart be wroght, / & ther I was in bed [i-]brought / & bondon faste; / To the salt se then thay soght, / & In me Caste.

c. 1500, “Suspencio Iude [The Hanging of Judas]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 395, lines 55–60:

So as not to see my death, he bade a basket be made, and I was brought there from my bed, and bound fast. They went to the salt sea, and cast me in.


lof

English: lofe

Scots: lof, loif, lowe, loff

From Old English lof (“praise, glory, song of praise, hymn”).

inh

Drihten, þu dest þe lof of milc drinkende childre muðe.

a. 1225, “In Dominica Palmarum”, in Richard Morris, editor, Old English Homilies and Homiletic Treatises, published 1868, page 7:

Lord, out of milk-drinking children's mouths thou bringest forth praise.

For evyll workys may noght be y-hyde anente the Pepill: for the wyche thynge lese he moste his lof, his roialme shall fall, the crovne of his honnoure and of his reuerence he moste faille.

1422, “The Gouvernaunce of Prynces, or Pryvete of Pryveteis”, in James Yonge, transl., edited by Robert Steele and T Henderson, Three Prose Versions of the Secreta Secretorum, translation of Secretum Secretorum by Anonymous (in Arabic), published 1898, page 136, lines 15–18:


lof

desctree

English: loaf
→ Bengali: লোফ (lōph)
→ Marshallese: ļoob
→ Norwegian Bokmål: loff
→ Norwegian Nynorsk: loff
→ Scottish Gaelic: lofa

Scots: laif

From Old English hlāf (“bread, loaf, morsel”).


mistel

English: mistle

Scots: misle

Inherited from Old English mistel, from Proto-West Germanic *mistil, from Proto-Germanic *mistilaz.


bren

The moore queynte crekes that they make,
The moore wol I stele whan I take.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Reeve's Tale: 197-9

In stide of flour yet wol I yeve hem bren.


hely

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of holy (sacred)


lym

English: lime

From Old English līm, from Proto-West Germanic *līm, from Proto-Germanic *līmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).


lende

enm-noun

lende (plural lendes or lenden or lende)

lendes (plural)
lenden (plural)
lende (plural)

English: lend

Scots: lend, leynd

From Old English lendenu, lendinu pl, from Proto-Germanic *landijō, *landį̄, from Proto-Indo-European *lendʰ-.
Cognate with Dutch lendenen pl (“loins”), German Lende (“haunch, loin”), Swedish länd (“haunch, loin”), Icelandic lend (“loin”). More at loin.

(often in the plural) The (human) loins or their muscles.


lende

Alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


dele

English: deal

Scots: deal

From Middle Low German dele, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *þiljǭ. Doublet of thylle (“thill”).


dele

And so they alle bare hym vnto the hermytage
and vnarmed hym
and layd hym in his bedde
& euer more his wound bledde pytously
but he stered no lymme of hym
Thenne the knyghte heremyte put a thynge in his nose and a lytel dele of water in his mouthe
And thenne sir launcelot waked of his swoune
and thenne the heremyte staunched his bledynge

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xvij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVIII:

Alternative form of del (“amount, part”)


carvi

Scots: carvy, carvie, carvey

From Old French carvi, from Arabic كَرَاوِيَّا (karāwiyyā), from Ancient Greek καρώ (karṓ). Doublet of caraway.


ærn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ern (“eagle”)


gare

Alternative form of gore (“patch (of land, fabric), clothes”)


huru

especially, particularly; much less; ~ and ~, ~ thinge, especially

Ðe leᵹ wæs huru feowertiᵹ fæðmæ heh.


modes

plural of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”)


horned

English: horned

Scots: hornit, hornt

⇒ Yola: hoornta, hornta

Possessing horns or a similar projection; horned or horn-bearing.

(rare) Having headwear and hair done with projections like horns.

(rare, of the moon) In its crescent phase; waxing or waning.

(rare) Hornen; crafted or manufactured from horn.


yerd

English: yard

Scots: yerd, yaird, yird

Inherited from Old English ġeard, from Proto-West Germanic *gard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos; cognate with Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ) and a doublet of garth.

The property of a manor or other large rural dwelling.

A churchyard; a piece of land around a church.

A paddock; a field that has been fenced in.

A plot of land; a piece of property, especially agricultural.


yerd

enm-verb

yerd (third-person singular simple present yerdeth, present participle yerdynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle yerded)

yerdeth (present singular third-person)
yerdynge (participle present)
yerded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


quas

(Northern) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


gamine

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gamen


quem

(Northern) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


lordly

English: lordly

From Old English hlāfordlīċ; equivalent to lord + -ly (adjectival suffix). The adverb is from the adjective.

lordly (related to or appropriate for a lord)


lordly

English: lordly

(by extension) mightily, richly, proudly


inwardly

English: inwardly

From Old English inweardlīc; equivalent to inward + -ly.

To oneself; to the mental or spiritual process


styes

From sty (“pigsty”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


styes

From sty (“path”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


sceaft

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schaft (“creation”)


wlite

i

English: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

Scots: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

From Old English wlite, from Proto-West Germanic *wliti, from Proto-Germanic *wlitiz, *wlituz.


inly

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The Friar's Tale, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Friar's_Prologue_and_Tale
And they were inly glad to fill his purse,
And make him greate feastes at the nale.


wot

first/third-person singular present indicative of witen


noblesse

English: noblesse

From Anglo-Norman noblesse, noblesce et al., Old French noblace, nobleche et al., from noble (“noble”).

I woll never take more payne uppon me – and that ys grete pite, for he was a good knyght and of grete nobeles.

I yow took/ out of youre pouere array / And putte yow / in estaat of heigh noblesse.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

That is to me ſeyde kyng lodegreaūs the beſte tydyngꝭ that eu[er] I herde · that ſo worthy a kyng of proveſſe ⁊ nobleſſe wol wedde my dought[er] ·

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 30–32:


stepchildren

From stepchildre (“stepchildren”) with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en.


broche

English: broach, brooch

desc

Scots: broach, brutch, bruch, broche, brotch

Borrowed from Old French broche, from Vulgar Latin *brocca, from Latin broccus.

A spear or pike; a weapon for impalement.

(rare, figurative) Something very valuable.


muet

English: mute

Scots: mute

From Anglo-Norman muet; sometimes influenced by Latin mūtus.

Temporarily unable to speak (due to strong emotions or secrecy)

(rare) Mute; unable to speak or incapable of speech.

(rare) Silent; tending not to make noise.


muke

15th c. Robert Henryson, The Cock and the Jasp http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0862418208&id=kOoJ0j65n1YC&pg=PA17&lpg=PA17&dq=muke&sig=9vnHskwc6W9l2RtJxvZNGSG-T4w
Pietie it wer thow suld ly in this mydding,
Be buryit thus amang this muke and mold,
And thow so fair and warth sa mekill gold.


oxe

English: ox (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ox

From Old English oxa, from Proto-West Germanic *ohsō, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn.


puf

English: puff

Yola: piff


fei

Alternative form of fey (“marked for death”)


rupe

Alternative form of ropen (“to cry out”)


blasen

blasen (infinitive)
to blasen (infinitive)
blase (infinitive)
blase (first-person present singular)
blased (first-person past singular)
blasest (present second-person singular)
blasedest (past second-person singular)
blaseth (present singular third-person)
blased (past singular third-person)
blase (present singular subjunctive)
blased (past singular subjunctive)
blase (imperative present singular)
blasen (plural present)
blase (plural present)
blaseden (past plural)
blasede (past plural)
blaseth (imperative plural present)
blase (imperative plural present)
blasynge (participle present)
blasende (participle present)
blased (participle past)
yblased (participle past)

English: blaze

Scots: bleize

To blaze; to be alight or flaming with intensity.

To shine, shimmer or give off light; to be very bright.

(rare) To be intense; to affect emotionally to a great degree.

(rare) To be exceptional or without peer.


blasen

English: blaze

From Old English *blǣsan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāsan.


sive

English: sieve

Scots: sieve, siffe, syffe, sif, syf

sieve, riddle, sile (a device for sifting)


ketel

English: kettle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: kettle, kittle

From Old English ċietel, ċetel and possibly reinforced by cognate Old Norse ketill, both from Proto-Germanic *katilaz, from Late Latin catīllus.


plesen

plesen (infinitive)
to plesen (infinitive)
plese (infinitive)
plese (first-person present singular)
plesed (first-person past singular)
plesest (present second-person singular)
plesedest (past second-person singular)
pleseth (present singular third-person)
plesed (past singular third-person)
plese (present singular subjunctive)
plesed (past singular subjunctive)
plese (imperative present singular)
plesen (plural present)
plese (plural present)
pleseden (past plural)
plesede (past plural)
pleseth (imperative plural present)
plese (imperative plural present)
plesynge (participle present)
plesende (participle present)
plesed (participle past)
yplesed (participle past)

English: please

Yola: plaase

From Old French plere, from its conjugated forms plese, pleses, from Latin placeō.


knoweth

third-person singular present indicative of knowen


wenden

wenden (infinitive)
to wenden (infinitive)
wende (infinitive)
wende (first-person present singular)
wente (first-person past singular)
wende (first-person past singular)
wendest (present second-person singular)
wentest (past second-person singular)
wendest (past second-person singular)
wendeth (present singular third-person)
went (present singular third-person)
wente (past singular third-person)
wende (past singular third-person)
wende (present singular subjunctive)
wente (past singular subjunctive)
wende (past singular subjunctive)
wende (imperative present singular)
wenden (plural present)
wende (plural present)
wenten (past plural)
wente (past plural)
wenden (past plural)
wende (past plural)
wendeth (imperative plural present)
wende (imperative plural present)
wendynge (participle present)
wendende (participle present)
went (participle past)
wend (participle past)
ywent (participle past)
ywend (participle past)

English: wend (went)

From Old English wendan, from Proto-West Germanic *wandijan (“to turn”).


hernes

English: harns

Scots: harns

Inherited from Old English hærnes, plural of hærn, from Proto-West Germanic *hirʀnī, from Proto-Germanic *hirzniją.

brains; the mental organ of a living being.


beden

enm-verb

beden (third-person singular simple present bedeth, present participle bedende, bedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bede, past participle boden)

bedeth (present singular third-person)
bedende (participle present)
bedynge (participle present)
bede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
boden (participle past)
beden (infinitive)
to beden (infinitive)
bede (infinitive)
bede (first-person present singular)
bed (first-person past singular)
bedest (present second-person singular)
bude (past second-person singular)
bede (past second-person singular)
bode (past second-person singular)
bed (past second-person singular)
bedeth (present singular third-person)
bed (past singular third-person)
bede (present singular subjunctive)
bude (past singular subjunctive)
bede (past singular subjunctive)
bode (past singular subjunctive)
bede (imperative present singular)
beden (plural present)
bede (plural present)
buden (past plural)
bude (past plural)
beden (past plural)
bede (past plural)
boden (past plural)
bedeth (imperative plural present)
bede (imperative plural present)
bedynge (participle present)
bedende (participle present)
boden (participle past)
bode (participle past)
ybode (participle past)

English: bid, bede

Scots: bede

From Old English bēodan, from Proto-West Germanic *beudan, from Proto-Germanic *beudaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwdʰeti.


ceorfan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kerven


knowest

second-person singular present indicative of knowen


sweltan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of swelten


ridan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of riden


charmer

English: charmer

Scots: chairmer

From Old French charmier; equivalent to charmen + -er.

A mage or spellcaster; an individual who uses magic.

(rare) One who intrigues or interests others.


smak

English: smack

Scots: smack

⇒? Scots: smick

Inherited from Old English smæc, smæċċ, from Proto-West Germanic *smakk, *smakku, from Proto-Germanic *smakkuz. Some forms are influenced by smacchen.


flæsc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flesh


hæte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hete (“heat”)


heofon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevene


Bethleem

English: Bethlehem; bedlam

From Old French Betleem, from Latin Bēthlehēmum, Bēthleëm, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bet léchem).


beon

beon (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle beon)

is (present singular third-person)
beinge (participle present)
was (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beon (participle past)


þeof

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of thef


Pentecoste

English: Pentecost

Scots: Penthicost

Inherited from Old English Pentecosten, from Latin Pentecoste, from Ancient Greek πεντηκοστή (pentēkostḗ).

Pentecost (specific day 49 days after Jesus' resurrection)


palfrey

English: palfrey

From Anglo-Norman palefrei (“steed”), from Old French palefroi, from Late Latin paraverēdus (“post horse, spare horse”), from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) + Latin verēdus (“post horse”), from Gaulish *werēdos (“horse”), from Proto-Celtic *uɸoreidos (“horse”).


Achab

English: Ahab, Achab

From Latin Achab, from Ancient Greek Ἀχαάβ (Akhaáb), from Hebrew אַחְאָב.

Hebrew אַחְאָב


serge

English: cierge

Scots: serge, sarge (obsolete)

From Old French cierge, cerge, cirge, from Latin cereus (“waxy”).


serge

Alternative form of serchen (“to search”)


swete

English: sweet

Scots: sweet, sweit, swet

Yola: sweet

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.


swete

English: sweat; swot

→ Esperanto: ŝvito

desc

Scots: sweet, swate, swait, swete, sweit

From Old English swāt, from Proto-Germanic *swait-. The vocalism was sometimes influenced by swǣtan.


breost

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brest (“breast”)


bridel

English: bridle

Scots: bridle

Inherited from Old English brīdel, from Proto-West Germanic *brigdil, from Proto-Germanic *brigdilaz; equivalent to breiden + -el (agentive suffix).

Nile ye be maad as an hors and mule; to whiche is noon vndurstondyng. Lord, constreyne thou the chekis of hem with a bernacle and bridil; that neiȝen not to thee.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 32:9”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Don't behave like a horse or mule, who don't understand anything. Lord, you constrain the cheeks of them with a bit and a bridle, or they won't go to you.

A bridle, reins, or bit; equipment for directing a horse.

(figurative) Supervision, monitoring, constraint, direction.

(figurative) Something that constrains or directs; a guideline.


candel

English: candle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: candil, candel, candle

Yola: condale, candale, condel

From Old English candel, from Latin candēla.


butere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of buter


eower

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


hideth

third-person singular present of hiden (“to hide”)


heorþ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herth


hwænne

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whanne


þusend

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thousend


hwæte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whete


houe

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


hungor

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hunger


hierde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herde (“herd”)


mæsse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of messe


helle

English: hell, Hell

Scots: hell, Hell

From Old English hell, from Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

and nyle ȝe dꝛede hem þat moun ſle þe bodi .· foꝛ þei moun not ſle þe ſoule / but raþere dꝛede ȝe hym þat mai leeſe boþe bodi and ſoule in to helle

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:28, page 4v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But don't fear those who can kill the body, because they can't kill the soul. Instead, fear the one who can destroy both the body and soul in Hell.

(by extension) The underworld in Greco-Roman legend.


helle

enm-noun

helle (plural helles, genitive helles or helle)

helles (plural)
helles (genitive)
helle (genitive)

English: hell, Hell

Scots: hell, Hell


macian

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of maken


forester

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">foster</i>

English: forester (obsolete foster)

Scots: forester

Borrowed from Old French forestier; equivalent to forest + -er.


grene

English: green (see there for further descendants)

Scots: green

Yola: green

From Old English grēne, from Proto-West Germanic *grōnī, from Proto-Germanic *grōniz.


hyd

Alternative form of hide (“concealment, hiding”)


hyd

Alternative form of hyed: simple past/past participle of hyen (“to go quickly”)


hyd

Alternative form of hidde: simple past/past participle of hiden (“to hide”)


hwa

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


sappy

English: sappy

From Old English sæpiġ; equivalent to sap + -y.

(rare) sappy (having lots of sap or sapwood)


idel

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of ydole


toiling

English: toiling

(rare) A fight; strife (deadly discord between two parties)

(rare) The manufacture of leather using a person's teeth to draw on it.

(rare, law) The initiation of a lawsuit.


Normandie

English: Normandy

From Old English Normandiġ, borrowed from Old French Normendie, from normant, from a Germanic language; equivalent to Normand + -ie.

administrative region
administrative region

Normandy (an administrative region, historical province, and medieval kingdom in northwest France, on the English Channel)


naht

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nought


sæ

English: sea


wha

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


scur

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schour


matrice

English: matrice, matrix

Borrowed from Old French matrice, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of maris.


ferm

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


slæp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of slepe


stræt

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of strete


sæd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sad


sæd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seed (“seed”)


steor

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)-


spere

English: spear

Scots: spere, speir

Inherited from Old English spere, from Proto-West Germanic *speru, from Proto-Germanic *speru.

A spearman; a soldier who wields a spear.


spere

English: sphere

Scots: sphere, spere

Borrowed from Old French sphere, from Latin sphaera, from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra).

A globe or sphere representing outer space.

(astronomy) The supposed outer sphere of the cosmos, the primum mobile.


spere

English: spere


spere

Alternative form of sparren (“to close”)


swingan

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of swyngen


stede

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

Inherited from Old English stede, steode, styd, from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz.

A place, area or spot; a part of the Earth or universe:

An enclosed place (such as a container, room etc.)

An inhabited place (such as a country, town etc.)

Thus they fought two houres[…]& in many stedys they were wounded.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

An area of the body (either of an organ or of the skin)

All men o rome sal cum ... Tak vr folk and sted wit-all ...

... broght hym fro hys strenkyþfull stedd To grete Rome agayne.

An estate or property; a house or building (often with its surrounds).

helpeth vp þat adoun was y-broȝthe; to hys kynd sted

A location or position in space (occupied by someone)

Paradis is a priue stedd, þar mani mirthes er e-medd.

The kyng in þat Roche had non sted / Where that he Myhte hyden In his hed.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

(rare) A successor or heir; that replacing another.

more sche hath decerved to be ded / thanne evere dyde my modyr jn ony sted.

It..shul stand me in gret ste [read: sted] her if it mygth be do closly and suerly.

A state of being; a circumstance, condition, or situation.

A location or position in time; time, moment.

Strength, effect; capacity for achievement.


stede

English: steed

Scots: steed

Inherited from Old English stēda, from Proto-West Germanic *stōdijō; compare stod (“stud”).

A steed; a fine stallion (especially if suited for war)


þus

English: thus

Scots: thus

From Old English þus, from Proto-West Germanic *þus.

So, thus (in this way; in the described way)

In the previously mentioned way; the same (way)

Thus, therefore; due to this, as a result.


ure

English: ure

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman *ure (compare continental Old French uevre), from Latin opera.


herbe

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yerb</i>

English: herb (dialectal yerb)

Scots: herb, yerb

A herbaceous plant:
A plant as an ingredient.

A plant as used in alchemy, magic or medicine.


stille

English: still

From Old English stille, from Proto-West Germanic *stillī.


stille

English: still


stille

English: still

Yola: sthill


webb

Alternative form of web (“woven fabric, web”)


yfel

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yvel (“evil”)


ende

English: end

Scots: end, ende, hend

Yola: een, eene

From Old English ende, from Proto-West Germanic *andī, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíos. Cognate to Middle Dutch ende, einde.

ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

The end or finishing of a thing; the terminal point of something:

The end of something'e presence; disappearance.

And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 41:

The end of one's life; death or passing away.

The conclusion or aftermath of something.

The irrevocable or last destiny of something.

(rare) A successful conclusion or finishing.

The marginal or outlying part of something:

The extreme terminus or point of an object or thing (including something that was formerly one)

The margins or surrounds of a nation or settlement; the border.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.
And specially from every shires ende
Of Engelond, to Caunterbury they wende,
And specially from every shire's end

A part of a settlement, province, or nation.

The limitations or boundaries of something.

One's ends, aims, goals, or purpose; the direction one chooses.

(rare) A section or portion of something.

(rare) The deeper facts or realness of something.

(rare) What makes something important, purposeful or meaningful.

(rare) One of the four cardinal directions.


ende

Scots: ennet, annet, annot

English: ende, ennet, annet, annot

From Old English ened, enid, æned, from Proto-West Germanic *anad, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts. Compare drake (“drake (male duck)”).

A duck (usually referring to the female)


blæst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of blast


maladie

English: malady

A malady, disease, or illness; that which makes one sick or ill.

Distress or anguish caused by love; the state of being lovesick.

Iniquity, immorality, wickedness; that which is wrong or against nature.

(rare) A lesion or wounding; the result of being hurt or injured.

(rare) Torment or agony; the experience of being harmed mentally.

(rare) A disturbance or sickness of the mind or brain.


werde

English: werd, weard (obsolete)

Middle Scots: weird, werd

Scots: weird

→ English: weird

Inherited from Old English wyrd, weord, from Proto-West Germanic *wurdi, from Proto-Germanic *wurdiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

Destiny, fate; the force that determines events:

A predetermined or predestined event; one's destiny.

(often in the plural) A (usually future) event or outcome.

(Greek mythology) One of the three Fates.


streng

English: string (see there for further descendants)

From Old English strenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *strangiz.
Variants with /ɡ/ are unexpected, in contrast to henge, and probably show influence from Old Norse strengr.


bist

English: bist, beest (archaic or dialectal)

From Old English bist ("(thou) art"; second person singular of bēon (“to be”)), from Proto-Germanic *biusi (“(thou) art”), equivalent to been + -est.

gloss

"(thou) art"; second person singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">bēon</i> (“to be”)

second-person singular present indicative of been


delle

English: dell

Scots: dell

From Old English dell, from Proto-Germanic *daljō.


conseil

English: counsel

Borrowed from Old French conseil, from Latin consilium.


scathe

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 445-6.
A good wif was ther of biside Bathe, / But she was somdel deef, and that was scathe.
There was a good woman from near Bath, / but she was somewhat deaf, and that was a pity.


poudre

English: powder (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pouder, pouther

→ Welsh: powdr, powdwr, pwdr

From Old French poudre, ultimately from Latin pulvis.

Dust; powder as a waste products or generated from the remains of something.

Ashes; the matter produced by combustion.

Earth, dirt; the particles that compose soil.

Various powders as used in medicine or alchemy.

Powders used for culinary purposes; spices.

powder (a collection of particles):
(rare) Gunpowder; black powder.

powder (a collection of particles):
Gunpowder; black powder.

The results of the decomposition of one's corpse.

(rare) A speckling; an stippled pattern.


fotbal

English: football (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fitbaw

American football
American football#English

football (game played with a ball; ancestor of soccer, American football, and rugby)


sunna

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


graciously

English: graciously

fortunately, successfully, well; with good results or fate.

kindly, nicely, respectfully; with good intentions

(Late Middle English) With the kindness and mercy of God.

(rare, Late Middle English) In a good-looking or desiring way.


sperren

Alternative form of sparren (“to dart out”)


namo

Ther was also a Reve and a Millere, / A Somnour and a Pardoner also, / A Maunciple, and myself - ther were namo.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

No more (of discrete items, such as would be described by mo and fewer)


duk

English: duke

Scots: duik, duke

→ Breton: duk

→ Cornish: duk

→ Irish: diúc

→ Manx: duic

→ Scottish Gaelic: diùc

→ Welsh: dug

Borrowed from Old French duc, from Latin dux.

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.


scheu

Alternative form of skew (“gable stone”)


luve

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to praise”)


graal

English: grail

Borrowed from Old French graal, greal, from Medieval Latin gradālis (“dish”), of unknown origin.


mone

English: moan

Fingallian: mackillmone

Scots: mane

Yola: moan

From Old English mān, from Proto-West Germanic *mainu, from Proto-Germanic *mainō.


mone

desctree

English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun

Scots: muin

Yola: moone, mond

From Old English mōna. The sense of the word as silver is the result of its astrological association with the planet.

(astronomy) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.

Tak j quarter oz of the sone and di. of the mone purgyd, And mak of both thes sotyl powder lymal.

1500, Singer, Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain in Ireland:


mone

mon (first-person present singular)
monde (first-person past singular)
mon (present second-person singular)
monde (past second-person singular)
mon (present singular third-person)
monde (past singular third-person)
mone (present singular subjunctive)
monde (past singular subjunctive)
monen (plural present)
mone (plural present)
monden (past plural)
monde (past plural)

English: mun (dialectal)

Scots: maun, mun, man, mon

From Old Norse munu, from Proto-Germanic *munaną. Doublet of monen (“to remember”).


mone

Alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


weel

He thakked hire aboute the lendes weel

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


thorp

English: thorp


salade

English: salad

Scots: sallet

Borrowed from Old French salade, from Italian salada, which some forms are directly from.

(Late Middle English, rare) salad (dish made of mixed vegetables)

(Late Middle English, rare) An ingredient in a salad.


atter

enm-noun

atter (uncountable, dative attre, attere)

English: atter

Scots: atter, etter

From Old English āttor, ǣttor, variants of ātor, from Proto-West Germanic *aitr, from Proto-Germanic *aitrą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyd-.

(figurative) A malign or corrupting thing.


ple

English: plea

Scots: plea

From Old French plait, plaid, from Medieval Latin placitum.

(law) A legal plea or allegation (from either party)


Carlyle

Alternative form of Carlele (“Carlisle”)


jument

English: jument

From Anglo-Norman jument or directly from Latin iūmentum.


naut

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of nought


Juno

English: Juno

(Roman mythology) Juno (the queen of the Roman pantheon)


dotard

English: dotard

14th C., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, "The Wife of Bath's Prologue," lines 285-92, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Wife_of_Bath%27s_Prologue_and_Tale
Thou seist, that oxen, asses, hors, and houndes, / They been assayed at diverse stoundes; / Bacins, lavours, er that men hem bye, / Spones and stoles, and al swich housbondrye, / And so been pottes, clothes, and array; / But folk of wyves maken noon assay / Til they be wedded; olde dotard shrewe! / And than, seistow, we wol oure vices shewe.

A dotard; someone who displays senility.

A fool or simpleton; someone who displays stupidity.


tumb

(Northern) Alternative form of thombe (“thumb”)


calme

English: calm

Borrowed from Middle French calme, from Old Italian calma, of unclear further origin.


calme

English: calm

→ Irish: calma


wellen

enm-verb

wellen (third-person singular simple present welleth, present participle wellende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle welled)

welleth (present singular third-person)
wellende (participle present)
welled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wellen (infinitive)
to wellen (infinitive)
welle (infinitive)
welle (first-person present singular)
welled (first-person past singular)
wellest (present second-person singular)
welledest (past second-person singular)
welleth (present singular third-person)
welled (past singular third-person)
welle (present singular subjunctive)
welled (past singular subjunctive)
welle (imperative present singular)
wellen (plural present)
welle (plural present)
welleden (past plural)
wellede (past plural)
welleth (imperative plural present)
welle (imperative plural present)
wellynge (participle present)
wellende (participle present)
welled (participle past)
ywelled (participle past)

English: well

Scots: well, wall

From Old English wiellan, from Proto-West Germanic *wallijan.


ministre

desctree

English: minister
Pijin: minista
→ Hausa: ministà

Scots: meenister

Borrowed from Old French ministre, from Latin minister.

A hireling or secretary; one who serves and assists another:

A person tasked with a duty or job; a deputy.

A metaphorical or unwitting pawn or puppet of another.

A member of the Christian clergy, especially when administering a sacrament.

One who administrates or leads a religious order.

A civil servant or member of government; an administrative official.

(rare) A member of a non-Christian religion's clergy.


tombe

English: tomb
→ Irish: tuama
→ Maori: toma

Middle Scots: tumb, towm

From Anglo-Norman tumbe, toumbe, Old French tombe, from Late Latin tumba, from Ancient Greek τύμβος (túmbos, “funeral mound”).

der

barrow (hillock with a grave underneath)


mele

English: meal

Scots: meil, mele

Yola: mele, mell

From Old English melu, from Proto-West Germanic *melu, from Proto-Germanic *melwą.


mele

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.


hoo

Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


hoo

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


fullen

enm-verb

fullen (third-person singular simple present fulleth, present participle fullende, fullynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fulled)

fulleth (present singular third-person)
fullende (participle present)
fullynge (participle present)
fulled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fullen (infinitive)
to fullen (infinitive)
fulle (infinitive)
fulle (first-person present singular)
fulled (first-person past singular)
fullest (present second-person singular)
fulledest (past second-person singular)
fulleth (present singular third-person)
fulled (past singular third-person)
fulle (present singular subjunctive)
fulled (past singular subjunctive)
fulle (imperative present singular)
fullen (plural present)
fulle (plural present)
fulleden (past plural)
fullede (past plural)
fulleth (imperative plural present)
fulle (imperative plural present)
fullynge (participle present)
fullende (participle present)
fulled (participle past)
yfulled (participle past)

English: full

Scots: full, fou, foo

From fulle (“fullness”) + -en. Compare Old English fullian (“to fill”).


fullen

English: full

Borrowed from Middle French fouler, from Old French fouler, foler, from Late Latin fullare.

(figurative, rare) To overcome or crush.


fullen

English: full (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English fullian, fulwian, from full- + *wīhan (later *wēon), from Proto-West Germanic *wīhijan.

To baptise or christen; to perform baptism.


þin

English: thine (determiner)

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

Second-person singular genitive determiner: thine, your.


þin

English: thine (pronoun)

Second-person singular possessive pronoun: thine, yours.


heor

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midland) Alternative form of here (“their”)


muk

English: muck

Scots: muck

Borrowed from Old Norse myki, mykr, from Proto-Germanic *mukī, *mukaz. Alternatively, inherited from Old English *moc (in hlōsmoc (“pigsty dung”)); all from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg-, *mewk- (“slick, slippery”).


rathe

head

rathe (comparative rathere, superlative rathest)

rathere (comparative)
rathest (superlative)

English: rathe, rath (obsolete)

Middle Scots: rathe, rath

Inherited from Old English hræþe (“soon, quickly”), from Proto-West Germanic *hraþō, *hradō; compare rad (“quick”).


rathe

English: rathe, rath (obsolete)

Scots: rath

Yola: raaye


tegen

enm-verb

tegen (third-person singular simple present tegeth, present participle tegende, tegynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle teged)

tegeth (present singular third-person)
tegende (participle present)
tegynge (participle present)
teged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English teon, also teohhian, teohgian (“to determine, intend, propose; consider, think, judge, estimate”).

Heu michi quia incolatus meus prolongatus est; wumme þat ich shal wunien on uncuðe erde, and þat min biwist is teged here swo longe.


liberte

English: liberty

Yola: livertie

From Old French liberté, from Latin libertas.


wor

English: ware

Fingallian: blob-wore

Scots: ware

Yola: wore

From Old English wār, from Proto-West Germanic *wair.

The seashore, beach; sand (on a seashore).


fordon

fordon (third-person singular simple present fordoth, present participle fordede, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fordone)

fordoth (present singular third-person)
fordede (participle present)
fordone (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: fordo

From Old English fordōn, from Proto-Germanic *fradōną; equivalent to for- + don.


crabbed

English: crabbed

Scots: crabbit


wala

Alternative form of wale (“planking, welt”)


Filip

And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir […] Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also [Filip of Repintoun] whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


certes

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:


paternoster

pater noster
pater noster#Middle_English


bede

English: bead (bede)

Scots: bead, bede, beid

From Old English ġebedu, plural of ġebed (“prayer”), from Proto-West Germanic *gabed; reinforced by Old English bedu (“request”).


leuk

English: luke (dialectal)

From Old English *hlēoc. See modern lukewarm.


sweren

sweren (infinitive)
to sweren (infinitive)
swere (infinitive)
swere (first-person present singular)
swor (first-person past singular)
swar (first-person past singular)
swerest (present second-person singular)
swore (past second-person singular)
sware (past second-person singular)
swor (past second-person singular)
swar (past second-person singular)
swereth (present singular third-person)
swor (past singular third-person)
swar (past singular third-person)
swere (present singular subjunctive)
swore (past singular subjunctive)
sware (past singular subjunctive)
swere (imperative present singular)
sweren (plural present)
swere (plural present)
sworen (past plural)
swore (past plural)
swaren (past plural)
sware (past plural)
swereth (imperative plural present)
swere (imperative plural present)
swerynge (participle present)
swerende (participle present)
sworen (participle past)
swore (participle past)
sworn (participle past)
ysworen (participle past)
yswore (participle past)
ysworn (participle past)

English: swear

Scots: swer, swere, sweir

From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.

To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.

To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation.

To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness.

To swear to remain truthful, honest and trustworthy.

To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person.

(rare) To give approval or permission by swearing.

To give witness in a legal or judicial context.

To curse; to utter swearwords (especially as part of a promise)

To approve or affirm an oral binding statement.

To form a conspiracy or secret pact; to effect covertly.

To make a decisive and important statement or claim.

(rare) To lay the foundation for a religion.


sengen

sengen (infinitive)
to sengen (infinitive)
senge (infinitive)
senge (first-person present singular)
senged (first-person past singular)
seynde (first-person past singular)
sengest (present second-person singular)
sengedest (past second-person singular)
seyndest (past second-person singular)
sengeth (present singular third-person)
senged (past singular third-person)
seynde (past singular third-person)
senge (present singular subjunctive)
senged (past singular subjunctive)
seynde (past singular subjunctive)
senge (imperative present singular)
sengen (plural present)
senge (plural present)
sengeden (past plural)
sengede (past plural)
seynden (past plural)
seynde (past plural)
sengeth (imperative plural present)
senge (imperative plural present)
sengynge (participle present)
sengende (participle present)
senged (participle past)
seynd (participle past)
ysenged (participle past)
yseynd (participle past)

English: singe

Scots: sing

From Old English senġan, from Proto-West Germanic *sangijan.


dreng

→ Medieval Latin: drengus

→ English: dreng, drenge

>? Scots: dring

Inherited from Old English drenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse drengr.

(poetic) A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.

A follower of a lord; a member of a host.


sprengen

sprengen (third-person singular simple present sprengeth, present participle sprengende, sprengynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sprenged)

sprengeth (present singular third-person)
sprengende (participle present)
sprengynge (participle present)
sprenged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
sprengen (infinitive)
to sprengen (infinitive)
sprenge (infinitive)
sprenge (first-person present singular)
spreynde (first-person past singular)
sprenged (first-person past singular)
sprengest (present second-person singular)
spreyndest (past second-person singular)
sprengedest (past second-person singular)
sprengeth (present singular third-person)
spreynde (past singular third-person)
sprenged (past singular third-person)
sprenge (present singular subjunctive)
spreynde (past singular subjunctive)
sprenged (past singular subjunctive)
sprenge (imperative present singular)
sprengen (plural present)
sprenge (plural present)
spreynden (past plural)
spreynde (past plural)
sprengeden (past plural)
sprengede (past plural)
sprengeth (imperative plural present)
sprenge (imperative plural present)
sprengynge (participle present)
sprengende (participle present)
spreynd (participle past)
sprenged (participle past)
yspreynd (participle past)
ysprenged (participle past)

English: springe (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English sprenġan, from Proto-West Germanic *sprangijan, from Proto-Germanic *sprangijaną; compare spryngen.

He wolden sowen som difficultee, / Or springen cockle in our clene corn.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shipmans Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To sprinkle or asperse; to spread in small drops or bits.

To combine or intermingle; to (cause to) become blended.

(figuratively) To cleanse or purify from taint.

(rare, of the sun) To rise; to emerge or appear.


hete

English: heat

Scots: hete, heit

Yola: het

Inherited from Old English hǣtu, from Proto-West Germanic *haitī, from Proto-Germanic *haitį̄.

Heat; thermal energy (and a medieval element).

The condition of being hot; a hot thing:

(physiology) Elevated bodily temperature; febrility.

Power, intensity, or fervor (e.g. of emotions):

(physiology) A state where the skin is inflamed or reddened.


hete

Inherited from Old English hete, from Proto-West Germanic *hati, from Proto-Germanic *hataz; compare hate.

The results of hate; enmity, discord, turmoil.


studie

English: study


spannen

spannen (infinitive)
to spannen (infinitive)
spanne (infinitive)
spanne (first-person present singular)
spanned (first-person past singular)
spannest (present second-person singular)
spannedest (past second-person singular)
spanneth (present singular third-person)
spanned (past singular third-person)
spanne (present singular subjunctive)
spanned (past singular subjunctive)
spanne (imperative present singular)
spannen (plural present)
spanne (plural present)
spanneden (past plural)
spannede (past plural)
spanneth (imperative plural present)
spanne (imperative plural present)
spannynge (participle present)
spannende (participle present)
spanned (participle past)
yspanned (participle past)

English: (to) span

From Old English spannan, from Proto-Germanic *spannaną.

(transitive, rare) To forcibly take, to confiscate.


senden

head

senden (third-person singular simple present sendeth, present participle sendende, simple past and past participle send)

sendeth (present singular third-person)
sendende (participle present)
send (participle past)
send (past)
senden (infinitive)
to senden (infinitive)
sende (infinitive)
sende (first-person present singular)
sente (first-person past singular)
sende (first-person past singular)
sendest (present second-person singular)
sentest (past second-person singular)
sendest (past second-person singular)
sendeth (present singular third-person)
sente (past singular third-person)
sende (past singular third-person)
sende (present singular subjunctive)
sente (past singular subjunctive)
sende (past singular subjunctive)
sende (imperative present singular)
senden (plural present)
sende (plural present)
senten (past plural)
sente (past plural)
senden (past plural)
sende (past plural)
sendeth (imperative plural present)
sende (imperative plural present)
sendynge (participle present)
sendende (participle present)
sent (participle past)
send (participle past)
ysent (participle past)
ysend (participle past)

English: send

Yola: zeen

From Old English sendan (“to send away, banish”), from Proto-West Germanic *sandijan, from Proto-Germanic *sandijaną.


spinnen

spinnen (infinitive)
to spinnen (infinitive)
spinne (infinitive)
spinne (first-person present singular)
span (first-person past singular)
spinnest (present second-person singular)
spunne (past second-person singular)
spanne (past second-person singular)
span (past second-person singular)
spinneth (present singular third-person)
span (past singular third-person)
spinne (present singular subjunctive)
spunne (past singular subjunctive)
spanne (past singular subjunctive)
spinne (imperative present singular)
spinnen (plural present)
spinne (plural present)
spunnen (past plural)
spunne (past plural)
spannen (past plural)
spanne (past plural)
spinneth (imperative plural present)
spinne (imperative plural present)
spinnynge (participle present)
spinnende (participle present)
spunnen (participle past)
spunne (participle past)

English: spin

Scots: spin

Whan Adam dalf, and Eve span; / Wo was thanne a gentilman?

1381 June 12, John Ball, Sermon at Blackheath:

When Adam delved and Eve spun; / Who was a nobleman then?

To make fabric or fabric garments out of fibre.

To select or decide a individual's fate.


athel

English: athel

From Old English æþele, æðele, eþele, from Proto-West Germanic *aþuli, from Proto-Germanic *aþalaz. Cognate with Old High German adal (German edel), Old Norse aðall.


ower

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


sunni

English: sunny

Full of or illuminated by sunlight; sunny.


originale

inflection of original:
strong/weak plural


carpe

English: carp

Scots: cairp

Borrowed from Old French carpe, from Late Latin carpa, from Gothic *𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌰 (*karpa).


courte

and þus they cryed wyth a lowde voyce that all the courte myght hyre hit

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 451, verso, lines 10–12:

And thus they cried with a loud voice, that all the court might hear it;


molle

English: mole

From Proto-Germanic *mulaz, *mulhaz (which is perhaps related to *muldō (“loose earth, soil”)), either through an unattested Old English *mol or as a borrowing from Middle Dutch mol, molle.


molle

English: mull

From Middle French mol or its etymon Latin mollis.


potager

English: pottager, potager; pottinger; porringer

Scots: pottinger

Borrowed from Middle French potager; equivalent to potage + -er.

A dish for soups and puddings; a porringer.


marchant

Borrowed from Old French marcheant (modern French marchand).


conjurer

English: conjurer, conjuror

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conjurour; equivalent to conjuren + -er.


boxe

Alternative form of box (“blow with the hand”)


richesse

desc

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">rich</i>

English: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich); richesse

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">rich</i>

Scots: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich)

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="yol">reeche</i>

Yola: reeches (remodelled as a plural of reeche)

Borrowed from Old French richesce, richesse, from riche (“rich”). Some forms are reinterpreted as the plural of riche (“rich”).

(collective) Riches, valuables; precious goods.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Riches, valuables; precious goods.

(in the plural, religion) (Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
(Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Opulence, splendour; visible wealth.

Profusion, abundance; the state of being prosperous or plentiful.

(collective) Fine ornaments or adornments; ornamentation.


dotage

English: dotage

Behaviour that is stupid or ill-advised; ridiculousness or insanity:

Ill-thought or fatuitous love or romantic feelings.

Weakening of the mind due to age; dotage.


crede

English: creed

Scots: creed

Inherited from Old English crēda, crēdo, from Latin crēdō (“I believe”) in the Nicene Creed or Apostle's Creed. Doublet of credo; compare credence, credible, and creditour.


sche

head

sche (accusative hire, genitive hire, possessive determiner hires, hiren)

hire (accusative)
hire (genitive)
hires (determiner possessive)
hiren (determiner possessive)

English: she

Scots: scho, shu

Yola: shoo, shea, shu

Most likely from Old English hēo, hīo (“she”), from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō f (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”), but see she for more. Compare heo.

der

Third-person singular feminine pronoun: she


canone

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative law”)


Norn

Related or pertaining to Norway; Norwegian


hoys

(Late Middle English, rare) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


panne

desctree

English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン

Scots: pan

Inherited from Old English panne, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ, from Late Latin panna.

A pan, skillet, tin, or cookpot; any metal container used for cooking in.

The head, especially its top and its contents.


panne

Borrowed from Old French panne, from Late Latin panna.

A plank or board used to reinforce a wall.


panne

Alternative form of pane (“fabric, fur, portion”)


heaved

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


knotted

English: knotted

Scots: knottit

The past participle of a rare verb knotten.


Galilee

and Iḣc ȝede aboute al galilee techynge in þe ſynagogıs of hem · ⁊ pꝛechynge þe goſpel of þe kyngdom ⁊ heelynge eùy langoꝛe ⁊ ech ſıkeneſſe among þe puple /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:23, page 1v, column 1, lines 13–17; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And Jesus went about all Galilee, teaching in the synagogues of them, and preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every languor and each sickness among the people.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A23&version=WYC


pens

[...] ‘Yif me twelf pens, I may no lenger tarie.’

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Friar's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1603

… ‘Give me twelve pence, I can no longer tarry.’


cornered

English: cornered, corner (the verb is a back-formation)

Scots: cornert, corner (the verb is a back-formation)


cipres

English: cypress

Borrowed from Old French cipres, from Latin cupressus, from Ancient Greek κυπάρισσος (kupárissos).

Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens#Translingual

A cypress (the tree Cupressus sempervirens)


nappe

Alternative form of nap (“drinking bowl”)


fraude

English: fraud

From Old French fraude, itself borrowed from Latin fraus, fraudem.

Deceptiveness, fraudulence; a tendency to be fraudulent or deceptive.

A lie or untruth; an instance or example of fraudulence or deception.

A motivation or purpose that one is being deceptive or misleading about.

Fraud as a legal act; the usage of deception or fraudulence.


lanterne

English: lantern
→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)
Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)
→ Irish: laindéar
→ Malay: lentera
Indonesian: lentera
→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)

Scots: lantern

From Old French lanterne, from Latin lanterna, from Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr).


thraldom

English: thraldom, thralldom

Scots: thirldom

From thral + -dom, possibly as a calque of Old Norse þrældómr.

Na he [þat] haß ay levyt fꝛe / May nocht knaw weill þe pꝛopyꝛte / Þe angyr na þe wꝛetchyt dome / [Þat] is couplyt to foule thyrldome

c. 1375, “Book I”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 2, recto, lines 233-236; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

No, one who's always lived free / won't really understand the feeling, / the suffering, or the painful fate / that's linked to foul slavery.

Slavery, domination; the subjection of a person or group into bondage.

Obedience, submissiveness; the following of another's orders.

(religion) Spiritual subjection or control.


myne

1380-1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, "Prologue to the Reves Tale", Canterbury Tales
Myn herte is also mowled as myne heris

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


couchant

English: couchant

From Middle French couchant, from Old French couchant.

(rare) Displaying deference and humility.


hele

English: heal

Scots: heal, hele

Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

From Old English hǣlu, hǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *hailī. Compare helen and hol (“whole”).

[...] ‘I shal my-self to herbes techen yow,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4139-4140

That shul ben for your hele, and for your prow;’ [...]
… ‘I shall myself guide you to herbs,
That shall be for your health and for your benefit;’ …

Health or wellbeing; one's mental or physical condition.

That which heals or cures; healing:
(medicine) A curative medicine.

That which heals or cures; healing:
A curative medicine.

(Christianity) Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

That which heals or cures; healing:
Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

Help or assistance; that which is beneficial:

Security, solace; that which protects one or one's mind:

(Christianity) Salvation, deliverance (from Hell)


hele

English: heel

Scots: heel

Yola: heel

From Old English hēla, hǣla, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō. Compare hough (“hough, hock”).


pees

English: peace

Yola: pace


grisly

Whan that Arcite to Thebes comen was / Full ofte a day he ſwelte and ſaid alas / For ſene his lady ſhall be neuer mo / And ſhortely to conclude, all his wo / So mikell ſoro we made neuer creature / That is or ſhalbe, while the world may dure / His ſlepe, his meate, his drinke is him byraft / That leane he waxeth, and drye as a ſhaft / His eyen holow, and griſly to beholde / His hewe pale, and ſalowe as aſhen colde / And ſolitary he was, and euer alone / And wailing all the night, making mone

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “folio III, verso”:

grisly: horrifyingly repellentrepellent; gruesome, terrifying


grisly

In Flanders whilom there was a company / Of yonge folke, that hau[n]ted foly / As haſard, riot, ſtewes, and tauernes / Where as with harpes, lutes, and geternes / Thei dauncen and plaien at dice night & day / And eten alſo, ouer that her^([sic – meaning their]) might may / Through which they don the devil ſacrifice / Within the devils temple, in curſed wiſe / By ſuperfluitie abhominable / Her^([sic – meaning their]) othes ben ſo great and ſo dampnable / That it is griſly for to here hem ſwere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “folio LXIII, verso”, column 2:

grisly: in a horrible or terrible manner; in a terrifying way


Denis

English: Dennis

Yola: Deenees

From Old French saint's name Denis, brought to England by Normans; from Latin Dionysius.

a male given name, equivalent to English Dennis


tarte

English: tart

Scots: tairt

From Old French tarte, variant of torte, tourte, from Late Latin torta.

A tart or pie (pastry dish with filling surrounded by pastry shell)


Saturne

English: Saturn

Borrowed from Old French Saturne, from Latin Sāturnus.

(mythology) The Roman god governing agriculture and fertility; Saturn.

(astronomy) The planet once believed to be furthest from the earth: Saturn.


sak

English: sack
→ Japanese: サック (sakku)

Scots: seck

Inherited from Old English sacc, sæcc, from Proto-West Germanic *sakku, from Proto-Germanic *sakkuz, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos), from a Semitic language.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A wallet or moneybag.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A sack (unit of measure)

(by extension) Cloth used for sacks; sackcloth.

(figuratively) The body; the human form.


sistren

Alternative form of sustren (plural of suster)


stane

From Old English stān, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.


broder

1485, Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book Two Capitulum ix
Anone after cam the knyght with the two swerdes and balan his broder / and brought with hem kynge Ryons of Northwalys and there delyuerd hym to the porters and charged hem with hym / & soo they two retorned ageyne in the daunyng of the day

Anon after came the knight with the two swords and Balan his brother / and brought with them King Ryons of North Wales and there delivered him to the porters and charged them with him / and so the two of them returned again in the dawning of the day.


moders

From Old English mōderes; equivalent to moder + -es (“plural ending”).


faders

From Old English fæderas; equivalent to fader + -es (“plural ending”).


shae

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of sche


bodi

English: body

Scots: body

Yola: buthee, bothige, bodhee

From Old English bodiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *bodag.


cote

English: coat

Scots: coat

Yola: cooat, coat

From Old French cote, cotte, from Latin cotta, from Proto-Germanic *kuttô.

A coat, especially one worn as an undergarment or a base layer.

A coat or gown bearing somebody's heraldic symbols.

A coating or external layer; that which surrounds the outside of something.


cote

English: coot

Scots: cuit

Unknown; probably related to Dutch koet.


viciously

English: viciously


foten

enm-verb

foten (third-person singular simple present foteth, present participle fotende, fotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle foted)

foteth (present singular third-person)
fotende (participle present)
fotynge (participle present)
foted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
foten (infinitive)
to foten (infinitive)
fote (infinitive)
fote (first-person present singular)
foted (first-person past singular)
fotest (present second-person singular)
fotedest (past second-person singular)
foteth (present singular third-person)
foted (past singular third-person)
fote (present singular subjunctive)
foted (past singular subjunctive)
fote (imperative present singular)
foten (plural present)
fote (plural present)
foteden (past plural)
fotede (past plural)
foteth (imperative plural present)
fote (imperative plural present)
fotynge (participle present)
fotende (participle present)
foted (participle past)
yfoted (participle past)

English: foot

From fot (“foot”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To move with one's feet; to step.

(rare) To execute footwork; to step to music.


duchesse

English: duchess

Scots: duches


lude

English: loude (obsolete)

Scots: lood, luid

From Old English hlȳd (“noise, sound, tumult, disturbance, dissension”), from Proto-Germanic *hlūdijō (“sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Influenced by Old Norse hljóð (from Proto-Germanic *hleuþą). The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

der

Þa hunten wenden æfter mid muchelen heora lude. — Layamon's Brut

Þa luden heo iherden of þan Rom-leoden. — Layamon's Brut


lude

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loude (“loudly”)


versifier

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of versifiour


mægen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mayn


ofte

English: oft, often

Scots: aft, aften

From Old English oft, from Proto-Germanic *ufta.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


hæle

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hele (“health”)


amorously

English: amorously

Middle Scots: amorously


kide

English: kid

Scots: kid

From Old Norse kið, from Proto-Germanic *kidją.


sayd

Thenne the mooſt party of the knyghtes of the round table ſayd that Balen did not this auenture al only by myghte but by wytchecraft

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 40, recto; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 79, lines 2–4:


laf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lof (“loaf, bread”)