thanne

Thanne ıḣc was lad of a ſpirit in to deſert .· to be temptid of þe fend /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 4:1, page 2r, column 2, lines 3–4; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then Jesus was led of a Spirit into desert, to be tempted of the fiend.https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+4%3A1&version=WYC


beinge

English: being

Scots: being, bein


goode

Alternative form of gode (weak singular and strong/weak plural of good)


goode

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gode


goodnesse

English: goodness

Scots: guidness, gudeness

Yola: goounees, goouness

Inherited from Old English gōdnes, from Proto-West Germanic *gōdnassī; equivalent to good + -nesse.

A good thing or things; that which is good:

A good or useful attribute or characteristic.

Good, benefit; that which is advantageous.

Goodness; the state of being good:
Virtue; moral character or behaviour.

Goodness; the state of being good:
Utility, efficaciousness, power.

Goodness; the state of being good:
Benevolence; a favorable attitude.


boteler

English: Boteler, butler

For Y was the boteler of the kyng.

c. 1380, John Wycliffe, Wycliffe's Bible:


hye

English: hie

Scots: hy


hye

(Southern, South Midland, Early Middle English) Alternative form of hew


hye

enm-verb

hye (third-person singular simple present hyeth, present participle hyende, hyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hyed)

hyeth (present singular third-person)
hyende (participle present)
hyynge (participle present)
hyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


hye

head

hye (comparative hyer, superlative hyest)


forthi

From Old English forþȳ (“for that, because, therefore, consequently”), from for (“for”) + þȳ (“by that”), instrumental case of þæt (“that”). Cognate with Old Norse for þvī (“for this cause”). More at forthy.

der

For this reason; because of this; therefore; consequently.


forthi

English: forthy

Scots: for-thy


flem

English: fleam (dialectal)

Scots: fleem

Inherited from Old English flēam, from Proto-West Germanic *flaum, from Proto-Germanic *flaumaz, from Proto-Indo-European *plew-.

(poetic) The act of fleeing; flight, escape.


medler

English: medlar

Fingallian: meddar

From Old French medler, meslier; equivalent to medle + -er.

Crataegus germanica
Crataegus germanica#Translingual

Mespilus germanica
Mespilus germanica#Translingual

The common medlar (Crataegus germanica, syn. Mespilus germanica) or its fruit.


foynen

enm-verb

foynen (third-person singular simple present foyneth, present participle foynende, foynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle foyned)

foyneth (present singular third-person)
foynende (participle present)
foynynge (participle present)
foyned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Late 14th century: And after þat, wiþ sharpe speres stronge / Þey foynen ech at ooþer wonder longe.


rixis

English: rhexis

(medicine) rhexis, especially phleborrhexis or arteriorrhexis (rupture of a blood vessel)


yester-

English: yester-

From Old English ġeostran-, from Proto-Germanic *gistr-.


relaxen

English: relax

Borrowed from Middle French relaxer (“remit, pardon (sins), liberate, acquit, loosen, slacken”) as well as its etymon Latin relaxāre (“relax, loosen, open”).

bor+

(transitive) loosen, make (something) less compact or dense

(intransitive) loosen (become loose), slacken

(transitive) remit, annul (a debt or other obligation)


schave

English: shave

From Old English sceafa, from Proto-Germanic *skabô.

A tool used for filing, shaving, or abrasion.


capull

A sword and a dagger he wore by his side, of manye a man the bane;

And he was clad in his capull-hyde, topp and tayll and mayne


condigne

English: condign

Borrowed from Old French condigne, from Latin condignus; equivalent to con- + digne.


yvory

English: ivory

From Anglo-Norman ivurie, from Latin eboreus.


yvory

English: ivory


destroyen

enm-verb

destroyen (third-person singular simple present destroyeth, present participle destroyende, destroyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle destroyed)

destroyeth (present singular third-person)
destroyende (participle present)
destroyynge (participle present)
destroyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: to destroy


pelerin

English: pelerin

Scots: pelerin, pellerin, pilleryn

From Old French pelerin, from Latin peregrīnus (“foreigner, traveler”).


taim

(Northern, after d or t) Alternative form of þem (“them”)


questor

English: quaestor, questor

A member of the clergy who provides forgiveness for sins.

(rare, historical) quaestor (ancient Roman official)


swynken

swinken (infinitive)
to swinken (infinitive)
swinke (infinitive)
swinke (first-person present singular)
swank (first-person past singular)
swonk (first-person past singular)
swunk (first-person past singular)
swinked (first-person past singular)
swinkest (present second-person singular)
swonke (past second-person singular)
swunke (past second-person singular)
swank (past second-person singular)
swonk (past second-person singular)
swunk (past second-person singular)
swinkedest (past second-person singular)
swinketh (present singular third-person)
swank (past singular third-person)
swonk (past singular third-person)
swunk (past singular third-person)
swinked (past singular third-person)
swinke (present singular subjunctive)
swonke (past singular subjunctive)
swunke (past singular subjunctive)
swinked (past singular subjunctive)
swinke (imperative present singular)
swinken (plural present)
swinke (plural present)
swonken (past plural)
swonke (past plural)
swunken (past plural)
swunke (past plural)
swinkeden (past plural)
swinkede (past plural)
swinketh (imperative plural present)
swinke (imperative plural present)
swinkynge (participle present)
swinkende (participle present)
swonken (participle past)
yswonken (participle past)
swonke (participle past)
yswonke (participle past)
swunken (participle past)
yswunken (participle past)
swunke (participle past)
yswunke (participle past)
swinked (participle past)
yswinked (participle past)

English: swink

Scots: swink

Heremites on an heep · with hoked staues,
Wenten to Walsyngham · and here wenches after;
Grete lobyes and longe · that loth were to swynke,
Clotheden hem in copis · to be knowen fram othere;
And shopen hem heremites · here ese to haue.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “(please specify the passus number)”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:

Or swynken with his handes, and laboure,
As Austyn bit? How shal the world be served?

[1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D) (in Middle English), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio iv, recto:

Or work with his hands, and labour,
As Augustine commands? How shall the world be served?


lovyer

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


ruyne

English: ruin

Scots: ruin

From Old French ruine, from Latin ruīna.

Decline, decay, deterioration; loss of greatness.

Lack of repair or upkeep; the state of being in disrepair.

Lack of wealth or power; the state of being unfortunate.

Decay or decline in morality or values; falling into vice.

The total destroying or ruination of a settlement or structure.

(rare) Something which devastates or ruins.

(rare) The remnants or ruins of a destroyed thing or place.

(rare) The act of knocking over a tall structure.


þusand

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thousend


medlen

medlen (infinitive)
to medlen (infinitive)
medle (infinitive)
medle (first-person present singular)
medled (first-person past singular)
medlest (present second-person singular)
medledest (past second-person singular)
medleth (present singular third-person)
medled (past singular third-person)
medle (present singular subjunctive)
medled (past singular subjunctive)
medle (imperative present singular)
medlen (plural present)
medle (plural present)
medleden (past plural)
medlede (past plural)
medleth (imperative plural present)
medle (imperative plural present)
medlynge (participle present)
medlende (participle present)
medled (participle past)
ymedled (participle past)

English: meddle, mell

Yola: mell


forgen

enm-verb

forgen (third-person singular simple present forgeth, present participle forgende, forgynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forged)

forgeth (present singular third-person)
forgende (participle present)
forgynge (participle present)
forged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
forgen (infinitive)
to forgen (infinitive)
forge (infinitive)
forge (first-person present singular)
forged (first-person past singular)
forgest (present second-person singular)
forgedest (past second-person singular)
forgeth (present singular third-person)
forged (past singular third-person)
forge (present singular subjunctive)
forged (past singular subjunctive)
forge (imperative present singular)
forgen (plural present)
forge (plural present)
forgeden (past plural)
forgede (past plural)
forgeth (imperative plural present)
forge (imperative plural present)
forgynge (participle present)
forgende (participle present)
forged (participle past)
yforged (participle past)

English: forge

Scots: forge

/ˈfɔːrd͡ʒən/

From Anglo-Norman forger and Old French forgier, from Latin fabricō.

To make; to build:
(metallurgy) To forge (shape metal)

To make; to build:
To forge (shape metal)

To make; to build:
To coin; to mint (money, currency)

To make; to build:
To bring about; to cause (something)

To create; to invent:
To make up; to fabricate.

To create; to invent:
To scheme; to make plans.

To create; to invent:
To forge; to counterfeit.


seeren

Alternative form of seren (“to dry, sear”)


musike

English: music (see there for further descendants)

Scots: muisic

Borrowed from Old French musique, from Latin mūsica; equivalent to Muse + -ik.


grece

English: grece (obsolete)

Scots: grece (obsolete)

→ Welsh: gris

From Old French grez, plural of gré (which is the source of gre).

A step; a part of a staircase or set of stairs.

‘Gladly,’ seyde they, and so ledde hym tyll a cave; and so he wente downe uppon grecis and cam unto the tombe

(Can we date this quote?), (Please provide the book title or journal name):

A staircase; a set of stairs composing an upwards climb.


grece

English: grease

Scots: gree (a back-formation)

From Anglo-Norman grece, from Vulgar Latin *crassia.

Fat derived from animals (including humans)

Processed and melted animal fat used in cooking or anointing; grease.

A greasy unguent or salve; grease as a medicament.


whanne

From Old English hwonne, from Proto-Germanic *hwannē (“when”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís (“who, what, which”).


whanne

English: when

Scots: whan

Yola: fan, van, phen

Bot often for defalte of bondes Al sodeinliche, er it be wist, A Tonne, whanne his lye arist, Tobrekth and renneth al aboute, Which elles scholde noght gon oute[…]

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

Master John Aston taught and wrote accordingly and really busily, where, when, and to whoever he wanted, and he used it himself, I take it, very well until the end of his life.


whanne

Alternative form of wonnen: simple past plural of winnen


tyde

English: tide

Scots: tide

Yola: enteete, enteeth, enteet

→ Scottish Gaelic: tìde

From Old English tīd, from Proto-West Germanic *tīdi, from Proto-Germanic *tīdiz, from Proto-Indo-European *déh₂itis.

This lusty summer’s tide

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


suen

enm-verb

suen (third-person singular simple present sueth, present participle suende, suynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sued)

sueth (present singular third-person)
suende (participle present)
suynge (participle present)
sued (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
suen (infinitive)
to suen (infinitive)
sue (infinitive)
sue (first-person present singular)
sued (first-person past singular)
suest (present second-person singular)
suedest (past second-person singular)
sueth (present singular third-person)
sued (past singular third-person)
sue (present singular subjunctive)
sued (past singular subjunctive)
sue (imperative present singular)
suen (plural present)
sue (plural present)
sueden (past plural)
suede (past plural)
sueth (imperative plural present)
sue (imperative plural present)
suynge (participle present)
suende (participle present)
sued (participle past)
ysued (participle past)

English: sue

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suer, from Old French sivre, from Vulgar Latin *sequere, from Latin sequī.


cloistre

English: cloister

Scots: closter (< closter)

From Old French cloistre, from Medieval Latin claustrum.

A monastery or cloister; a place where a monastic lifestyle is practiced.

A cloister (roofed path, especially at a monastic complex)

That which is cloistered; a confined location.

(figurative, rare) The uterus as a protective location.


beme

→ English: beme

Inherited from Old English bēme, Anglian form of bīeme, bȳme (“trumpet; tablet, billet”), from Proto-West Germanic *baumijā; compare beem.


feien

feien (infinitive)
to feien (infinitive)
feie (infinitive)
feie (first-person present singular)
feied (first-person past singular)
feiest (present second-person singular)
feiedest (past second-person singular)
feieth (present singular third-person)
feied (past singular third-person)
feie (present singular subjunctive)
feied (past singular subjunctive)
feie (imperative present singular)
feien (plural present)
feie (plural present)
feieden (past plural)
feiede (past plural)
feieth (imperative plural present)
feie (imperative plural present)
feiynge (participle present)
feiende (participle present)
feied (participle past)
yfeied (participle past)

English: fay

Yola: fighed, feight (preterite)

From Old English fēġan, from Proto-West Germanic *fōgijan, from Proto-Germanic *fōgijaną.


myst

English: mist

Scots: mist

From Old English mist (“mist; darkness; dimness (of eyesight)”), from Proto-West Germanic *mist, from Proto-Germanic *mihstaz (“mist, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃migʰ-, *h₃migʰ-lo- (“drizzle, fog”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃meygʰ- (“to flicker, blink, be dark; cloud, mist”).

der

Weather characterized by the suspension of water droplets in the air; mist, fog.

(figurative) Anything that darkens or obscures the mind or spirit.


myst

(religion) Spiritual matters which elude understanding; mysteries.


housen

enm-verb

housen (third-person singular simple present houseth, present participle housende, housynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle housed)

houseth (present singular third-person)
housende (participle present)
housynge (participle present)
housed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
housen (infinitive)
to housen (infinitive)
house (infinitive)
house (first-person present singular)
housed (first-person past singular)
housest (present second-person singular)
housedest (past second-person singular)
houseth (present singular third-person)
housed (past singular third-person)
house (present singular subjunctive)
housed (past singular subjunctive)
house (imperative present singular)
housen (plural present)
house (plural present)
houseden (past plural)
housede (past plural)
houseth (imperative plural present)
house (imperative plural present)
housynge (participle present)
housende (participle present)
housed (participle past)
yhoused (participle past)

English: house

Scots: house, hoose

Inherited from Old English hūsian, from Proto-West Germanic *hūsōn, from Proto-Germanic *hūsōną; equivalent to hous + -en (infinitival suffix).

To accommodate or lodge; to have as a guest:

To give out accommodations (to someone).

To shelter or reside (in a house or building)

To build, construct (houses or buildings).

To set up or arrange accommodation (in a building)


platten

From Old English plættan (“to buffet, strike, slap, smack, to give a sounding blow”), from Proto-Germanic *platjaną (“to strike, beat”), from Proto-Indo-European *blod-, *bled- (“to strike, beat”). Cognate with Middle Dutch platten, pletten (“to strike, bruise, crush, rub”) (whence Dutch pletteren), German platzen (“to burst, split, break up, bounce”), Swedish plätta (“to tap, pat”). Compare Old English plætt (“slap, smack, a sounding blow”). See pat.

cog

c. 1380, Piers Plowman (A)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Peronelle Proude-herte platte hir to the erthe,

(transitive) to strike with the hand; to slap


nappen

nappen (infinitive)
to nappen (infinitive)
nappe (infinitive)
nappe (first-person present singular)
napped (first-person past singular)
nappest (present second-person singular)
nappedest (past second-person singular)
nappeth (present singular third-person)
napped (past singular third-person)
nappe (present singular subjunctive)
napped (past singular subjunctive)
nappe (imperative present singular)
nappen (plural present)
nappe (plural present)
nappeden (past plural)
nappede (past plural)
nappeth (imperative plural present)
nappe (imperative plural present)
nappynge (participle present)
nappende (participle present)
napped (participle past)
ynapped (participle past)

English: nap

Scots: nap

Inherited from Old English hnappian, from Proto-West Germanic *hnappōn, of unknown origin.

(rare, Christianity) To be uninformed or unprepared for Hell.


gasen

gasen (infinitive)
to gasen (infinitive)
gase (infinitive)
gase (first-person present singular)
gased (first-person past singular)
gasest (present second-person singular)
gasedest (past second-person singular)
gaseth (present singular third-person)
gased (past singular third-person)
gase (present singular subjunctive)
gased (past singular subjunctive)
gase (imperative present singular)
gasen (plural present)
gase (plural present)
gaseden (past plural)
gasede (past plural)
gaseth (imperative plural present)
gase (imperative plural present)
gasynge (participle present)
gasende (participle present)
gased (participle past)

English: gaze

Scots: gaze

Yola: gazt (preterite)

Borrowed from a North Germanic language; compare dialectal Swedish gasa.


kissen

enm-verb

kissen (third-person singular simple present kisseth, present participle kissende, kissynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle kiste)

kisseth (present singular third-person)
kissende (participle present)
kissynge (participle present)
kiste (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
kissen (infinitive)
to kissen (infinitive)
kisse (infinitive)
kisse (first-person present singular)
kiste (first-person past singular)
kissed (first-person past singular)
kissest (present second-person singular)
kist (present second-person singular)
kistest (past second-person singular)
kissedest (past second-person singular)
kisseth (present singular third-person)
kist (present singular third-person)
kiste (past singular third-person)
kissed (past singular third-person)
kisse (present singular subjunctive)
kiste (past singular subjunctive)
kissed (past singular subjunctive)
kisse (imperative present singular)
kissen (plural present)
kisse (plural present)
kisten (past plural)
kiste (past plural)
kisseden (past plural)
kissede (past plural)
kisseth (imperative plural present)
kisse (imperative plural present)
kissynge (participle present)
kissende (participle present)
kist (participle past)
kissed (participle past)
ykist (participle past)
ykissed (participle past)

English: kiss

→ Esperanto: kisi

Scots: kiss

Yola: kisth (preterite)

From Old English cyssan, from Proto-West Germanic *kussijan, from Proto-Germanic *kussijaną; equivalent to cos + -en (infinitival suffix).


greven

greven (infinitive)
to greven (infinitive)
greve (infinitive)
greve (first-person present singular)
greved (first-person past singular)
grevest (present second-person singular)
grevedest (past second-person singular)
greveth (present singular third-person)
greved (past singular third-person)
greve (present singular subjunctive)
greved (past singular subjunctive)
greve (imperative present singular)
greven (plural present)
greve (plural present)
greveden (past plural)
grevede (past plural)
greveth (imperative plural present)
greve (imperative plural present)
grevynge (participle present)
grevende (participle present)
greved (participle past)
ygreved (participle past)

English: grieve

Yola: grieefeth (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French grever, from Latin gravō, gravāre.


nimphe

English: nymph

From Old French nimphe, from Latin nympha, from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē).


trippen

trippen (infinitive)
to trippen (infinitive)
trippe (infinitive)
trippe (first-person present singular)
tripped (first-person past singular)
trippest (present second-person singular)
trippedest (past second-person singular)
trippeth (present singular third-person)
tripped (past singular third-person)
trippe (present singular subjunctive)
tripped (past singular subjunctive)
trippe (imperative present singular)
trippen (plural present)
trippe (plural present)
trippeden (past plural)
trippede (past plural)
trippeth (imperative plural present)
trippe (imperative plural present)
trippynge (participle present)
trippende (participle present)
tripped (participle past)
ytripped (participle past)

English: trip

Scots: trip

Probably from Old French triper; equivalent to trip (“that which causes a misstep”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To walk rhythmically or acrobatically, to dance.


attamen

enm-verb

attamen (third-person singular simple present attameth, present participle attamende, attamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle attamed)

attameth (present singular third-person)
attamende (participle present)
attamynge (participle present)
attamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old French atamer, from Latin attāminō (“to touch, attack, defile”).


attamen

Alternative form of atamen (“to train (an animal)”)


lavour

English: laver

From Old French laveoir, from Late Latin lavātōrium. Doublet of lavatorie.

A jug or pitcher; a container for pouring water.

A basin or sink for washing one's hands in.


hwon

(southern West Midlands) Alternative form of whan


hwon

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whon


sawle

(chiefly Early Middle English or Northern) Alternative form of soule


moiste

head

moiste (plural and weak singular moiste, comparative moister, superlative moistest)

moiste (plural)
moiste (singular weak)
moister (comparative)
moistest (superlative)

English: moist

From Old French moiste, of unknown origin.


feren

feren (infinitive)
to feren (infinitive)
fere (infinitive)
fere (first-person present singular)
fered (first-person past singular)
ferde (first-person past singular)
ferest (present second-person singular)
feredest (past second-person singular)
ferdest (past second-person singular)
fereth (present singular third-person)
fered (past singular third-person)
ferde (past singular third-person)
fere (present singular subjunctive)
fered (past singular subjunctive)
ferde (past singular subjunctive)
fere (imperative present singular)
feren (plural present)
fere (plural present)
fereden (past plural)
ferede (past plural)
ferden (past plural)
ferde (past plural)
fereth (imperative plural present)
fere (imperative plural present)
ferynge (participle present)
ferende (participle present)
fered (participle past)
ferd (participle past)
yfered (participle past)
yferd (participle past)

English: fear

Yola: fare

From Old English fǣran, from Proto-West Germanic *fārijan, from Proto-Germanic *fērijaną; equivalent to fer (“fear”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


knoppen

knoppen (infinitive)
to knoppen (infinitive)
knoppe (infinitive)
knoppe (first-person present singular)
knopped (first-person past singular)
knoppest (present second-person singular)
knoppedest (past second-person singular)
knoppeth (present singular third-person)
knopped (past singular third-person)
knoppe (present singular subjunctive)
knopped (past singular subjunctive)
knoppe (imperative present singular)
knoppen (plural present)
knoppe (plural present)
knoppeden (past plural)
knoppede (past plural)
knoppeth (imperative plural present)
knoppe (imperative plural present)
knoppynge (participle present)
knoppende (participle present)
knopped (participle past)
yknopped (participle past)

English: knop (obsolete)

To put on, insert or install a part; to furnish.


prophete

English: prophet

Tok Pisin: profet

Scots: prophet

Inherited from Old English propheta, from Latin prophēta, from Ancient Greek προφήτης (prophḗtēs); reinforced by Anglo-Norman prophete.

A prophet; one who expounds upon a divine message or a purported one (especially used of Christ and the Biblical prophets).

One of the portions of the Old Testament which covers the prophets.

(rare) A messenger; one who announces or proclaims something.

(rare) A foreteller; one who divines or previews.


orf

English: orf

From Old English orf, from Proto-West Germanic *arbī.


axen

axen (infinitive)
to axen (infinitive)
axe (infinitive)
axe (first-person present singular)
axed (first-person past singular)
axte (first-person past singular)
axest (present second-person singular)
axedest (past second-person singular)
axtest (past second-person singular)
axeth (present singular third-person)
axed (past singular third-person)
axte (past singular third-person)
axe (present singular subjunctive)
axed (past singular subjunctive)
axte (past singular subjunctive)
axe (imperative present singular)
axen (plural present)
axe (plural present)
axeden (past plural)
axede (past plural)
axten (past plural)
axte (past plural)
axeth (imperative plural present)
axe (imperative plural present)
axynge (participle present)
axende (participle present)
axed (participle past)
axt (participle past)

English: ask (dialectal ax, axe, aks)

Scots: ask, as, ax

Yola: ishe

From Old English ācsian, āxian, metathetic forms of āscian, from Proto-West Germanic *aiskōn.

(intransitive, transitive, ditransitive) To ask, enquire or question:

To formulate or proffer a question or query.

To ask for a response (to a question or query).

but if þei wolen ony þing lerne .· at hoom axe þei her hoſebondis / foꝛ it is foule þing to a womman .· to ſpeke in chirche

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·i· 14:35, page 66v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But if they want to learn anything, they should ask their husbands at home, because it's a revolting thing for a woman to speak in church.

To ask, enquire or question:
To request knowledge or information.

To ask for a favour or reward; to supplicate.

To pray for something; to supplicate a divinity.

Axe ȝe .· ⁊ it ſchal be ȝouun to ȝou / ſeke ȝe .· ⁊ ȝe ſchulen fynde / knocke ȝe .· ⁊ it ſchal be opened to ȝou / foꝛ ech that axiþ .· takiþ / and he that ſekiþ .· fyndiþ / and it ſchal be openyde to hym .· that knockiþ

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 7:7-8, page 3v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Ask, and you'll receive it; look, and you'll find; knock, and it'll be opened for you. / Because anyone who asks takes, someone that looks finds, and that'll be opened to them that knocks.

(transitive) To look for something; to attempt to find something:

To search for an object, place, or person.

To search for recommendations or information.

(transitive, intransitive, ditransitive) To want or require (something or someone).

(transitive, intransitive, ditransitive) To command or require (someone to do something).

(transitive) To trial or examine (something)

(rare, transitive, intransitive) To acquire knowledge through examination.

(rare, transitive) To endeavour to do (something).

(rare, transitive) To aim to visit a location.

(rare, transitive) To have a tendency towards a certain way or direction.


axen

Alternative form of asshen (“ash-coloured”)


fostren

enm-verb

fostren (third-person singular simple present fostreth, present participle fostrende, fostrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fostred)

fostreth (present singular third-person)
fostrende (participle present)
fostrynge (participle present)
fostred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fostren (infinitive)
to fostren (infinitive)
fostre (infinitive)
fostre (first-person present singular)
fostred (first-person past singular)
fostrest (present second-person singular)
fostredest (past second-person singular)
fostreth (present singular third-person)
fostred (past singular third-person)
fostre (present singular subjunctive)
fostred (past singular subjunctive)
fostre (imperative present singular)
fostren (plural present)
fostre (plural present)
fostreden (past plural)
fostrede (past plural)
fostreth (imperative plural present)
fostre (imperative plural present)
fostrynge (participle present)
fostrende (participle present)
fostred (participle past)
yfostred (participle past)

English: foster

Scots: foster

Inherited from Old English fōstran, fōstrian, alteration of fēstran (after fōster), from Proto-West Germanic *fōstrijan, from Proto-Germanic *fōstrijaną; equivalent to foster + -en (infinitival suffix).

To supply with food or nourishment; to feed.

To guard or cherish; to provide with protection or support.


geten

English: get

Yola: get

Borrowed from Old Norse geta, from Proto-Germanic *getaną.


syften

syften (third-person singular simple present syfteth, present participle syftende, syftynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle syfted)

syfteth (present singular third-person)
syftende (participle present)
syftynge (participle present)
syfted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
syften (infinitive)
to syften (infinitive)
syfte (infinitive)
syfte (first-person present singular)
syfted (first-person past singular)
syftest (present second-person singular)
syftedest (past second-person singular)
syfteth (present singular third-person)
syfted (past singular third-person)
syfte (present singular subjunctive)
syfted (past singular subjunctive)
syfte (imperative present singular)
syften (plural present)
syfte (plural present)
syfteden (past plural)
syftede (past plural)
syfteth (imperative plural present)
syfte (imperative plural present)
syftynge (participle present)
syftende (participle present)
syfted (participle past)
ysyfted (participle past)

English: sift

Scots: sift

From Old English siftan, from Proto-West Germanic *siftijan.

To sift, strain, or percolate; to pass through a riddle.

(rare) To use a sieve to spread ashes around.


ston

enm-noun

ston (plural stones or ston or (early, rare) stonen)

stones (plural)
ston (plural)
stonen (plural rare)

English: stone (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: styen

Scots: stane

Yola: sthoan

→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A millstone or whetstone.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A pebble used in a slingshot.

Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!"

.· ⁊ þei ſeien to hillis and to ſtoonys falle ȝe on us ⁊ hide ȝe vs fro þe face of hi[m] þat ſittiþ on the troone.· ⁊ fro þe wraþþe of þe lomb ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:16, page 119v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they said to hills and rocks: "Fall on us and hide us from the face of the one that sits on the throne and from the wrath of the lamb […] "

A solid mass resembling stone, especially:

Stone as a material (especially in construction)

A stone structure or monument, especially a tomb or tombstone.


rodde

English: rod

Scots: rod, rodd

Yola: rade

From Old English *rodd; further provenance is uncertain.

A wooden stick; a twig, shoot; especially for the following uses:


tydde

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]

first/third-person singular past indicative of tyden

(later) second-person singular past indicative of tyden


dref

From conflation between drof and dreven.

Ydolatrie, ðat was hem lef, ofte vt-wrogte hem sorges dref.


bifallen

enm-verb

bifallen (third-person singular simple present bifalleth, present participle bifallende, first-/third-person singular past indicative bifell, past participle bifallen)

bifalleth (present singular third-person)
bifallende (participle present)
bifell (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bifallen (participle past)

English: befall

Scots: befaw

From Old English befeallan, from Proto-Germanic *bifallaną, equivalent to bi- + fallen.

Bifil that in that seson, on a day, / In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 19–20:

It happened that, in that season, on a day / In Southwark, at the Tabard, as I lay


bredes

(Early Middle English) plural of brede (“roasted meat”)


hafd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


frie

English: fry

Scots: fry

* Traditionally seen as from Old Norse frjó (“seed”), from Proto-Germanic *fraiwą, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-.
* Alternatively from Old French *frie, collateral form of froi (“spawn”), from froier, freier (“to spawn”), from Latin fricō (“to rub”).

Deus. Noe, to the and to thi fry / My blyssyng graunt I; / Ye shall wax and multiply, / And fill the erth agane

15th c., “Processus Noe cum filiis [Noah and the Ark]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 28, lines 177–180:

God. Noah, I grant my blessing to you and to your offspring. You will grow and multiply and fill the earth again

(rare, Late Middle English) offspring, children


bredd

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bred (“bread”)


alabastre

English: alabaster

Scots: alabaster

From Old French alabastre, from Latin alabaster, from Ancient Greek ἀλάβαστρος (alábastros), from earlier ἀλάβαστος (alábastos).


enhaunsen

enhaunsen (third-person singular simple present enhaunseth, present participle enhaunsende, enhaunsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enhaunsed)

enhaunseth (present singular third-person)
enhaunsende (participle present)
enhaunsynge (participle present)
enhaunsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: to enhance


burdone

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


astonen

astonen (third-person singular simple present astoneth, present participle astonende, astonynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle astoned)

astoneth (present singular third-person)
astonende (participle present)
astonynge (participle present)
astoned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Uncertain; either (1) in the earlier normal form *astunien, from Old English *āstunian, from ā- + stunian (“to resound”), or (2) from Old French estoner, from Latin as if *extono, equivalent to attonare (“to strike with a thunderbolt, stun, asonish”) (chiefly in pp. attonitus), from ex (“out”) + tono (“to thunder”).


folden

folden (third-person singular simple present foldeth, present participle foldynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative feld, past participle folden)

foldeth (present singular third-person)
foldynge (participle present)
feld (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
folden (participle past)
folden (infinitive)
to folden (infinitive)
folde (infinitive)
folde (first-person present singular)
feld (first-person past singular)
folded (first-person past singular)
foldest (present second-person singular)
felde (past second-person singular)
feld (past second-person singular)
foldedest (past second-person singular)
foldeth (present singular third-person)
feld (past singular third-person)
folded (past singular third-person)
folde (present singular subjunctive)
felde (past singular subjunctive)
folded (past singular subjunctive)
folde (imperative present singular)
folden (plural present)
folde (plural present)
felden (past plural)
felde (past plural)
foldeden (past plural)
foldede (past plural)
foldeth (imperative plural present)
folde (imperative plural present)
foldynge (participle present)
foldende (participle present)
folden (participle past)
folde (participle past)
folded (participle past)
yfolden (participle past)
yfolde (participle past)

English: fold

Scots: fald, fauld

From Old English fealdan, from Proto-West Germanic *falþan, from Proto-Germanic *falþaną.

To bend; to flex:
To fold; to bend over.


sanguinolent

English: sanguinolent

From Old French sanguinolent, borrowed itself from Latin sanguinolentus.

Emitting blood or having blood flow out; currently bleeding.

Forestalling or countering bloodflow or blood spurting.

Blood-coloured; having the same colour of blood.


obligatorie

English: obligatory

Making someone obligated to pay a charge.

(rare) Allowing the imposition of duties.


tresorer

English: treasurer

From Old French tresorer; equivalent to tresour + -er.

A treasurer (official entrusted with an organisation or government's revenue)


mensk

English: mense (dialectal)

Scots: mense

Borrowed from Old Norse mennskr (“human”), from Proto-Germanic *manniskaz (“human”). Cognate with Old English mennisc (“human”); more at mennish.

bor+

⁊ more menſk it is · manliche to deie / þan for to fle couwarli for ouȝt þat mai falle

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 62, recto, lines 3900-3901; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 126:

And it's more noble to die bravely / than to run like a coward from anything that could happen.

(rare) honorable, praiseworthy; beautiful


mensk

Ȝit I may as I myȝte · menske þe with ȝiftes / And mayntene þi manhode · more þan þow knoweste.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:

It sall ger hir be ful fain / To mensk oure goddes with al hir main.


destrer

Old French destrier, from Latin dextrārius, from dexter (“right-hand”) (where the squire led his master's horse).

By him baiteth his dextrer.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


lana succida

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lāna succida (“greasy wool”).

bor

(medicine) unwashed sheep’s wool, used raw or impregnated with medicinal oils, ointments, vel sim. as a medicament


hwat

(chiefly in Early Middle English) Alternative spelling of what


xuld

(East Anglia) Alternative form of scholde


forshrinken

enm-verb

forshrinken (third-person singular simple present forshrinketh, present participle forshrinkende, forshrinkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative forshrank, past participle forshronken)

forshrinketh (present singular third-person)
forshrinkende (participle present)
forshrinkynge (participle present)
forshrank (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forshronken (participle past)

From Old English forsċrincan (“to shrink up, dry up, wither away”), equivalent to for- (“completely, to the fullest extent”) + shrinken.

af

Forshrunk with heat the ladies eke to-brent, [...]

c. 1470, unknown, The Floure and the Leafe:

(intransitive) to shrink up; dry up; wither


fornim

first-person singular indicative present

inflection of fornimen:
singular imperative


occean

English: ocean

Scots: ocean

From Old French occean, from Latin Ōceanus, from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós).

A large sea believed to encircle the world's land.


thenken

enm-verb

thenken (third-person singular simple present thenketh, present participle thenkende, first-/third-person singular past indicative thoght, past participle ithoght)

thenketh (present singular third-person)
thenkende (participle present)
thoght (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ithoght (participle past)


goke

English: gowk, gawk

Scots: gowk, gouk

Borrowed from Old Norse gaukr, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz. Doublet of ȝek.


pultes

English: poultice

Borrowed from Latin pultēs, plural of puls.


ȝe-

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of y-, a common Middle English prefix


-ten

From Old English -ettan, from Proto-West Germanic *-attjan and *-ittjan.

(rare) used to form verbs from nouns or adjectives, similar to English -ize


sarse

English: searce, sarse

Scots: search

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman cerche, *cerce, from Late Latin *circa; see searce for more.


reremayne

English: reredemain

Probably from Anglo-Norman reremein, variant of areremein, from arere (“back, backwards”) + main (“hand”).

Sir Launcelot lepe to hym and gaff hym backwarde with hys gauntelot a reremayne that he felle to the erthe starke dede.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book XIX:


teamen

Alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


balsamum

From Latin balsamum, from Ancient Greek βάλσαμον (bálsamon, “balsam”), of Semitic origin (compare Hebrew בושם). Doublet of bawme.

der

(rare) The tree balm of Gilead originates from.


forbled

Now torne we ageyne vnto syre Mordred / that whan he was escaped from the noble knyghte sire Launcelot he anone gat his hors and mounted vpon hym / and rode vnto Kynge Arthur / sore wounded and smyten / and alle forbled / and there he told the kynge alle how hit was / and how they were alle slayne sauf hym self al only

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum VII”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, pages 807–808:


sacren

enm-verb

sacren (third-person singular simple present sacreth, present participle sacrende, sacrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sacred)

sacreth (present singular third-person)
sacrende (participle present)
sacrynge (participle present)
sacred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: sacre

⇒ Middle English: sacred, isacred

English: sacred

From Old French sacrer (“to consecrate, anoint, dedicate”), from Latin sacrāre, present active infinitive of sacrō, from sacer (“sacred, holy”), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂krós (“sacred”), from *seh₂k- (“to sanctify, to make a treaty”).

bor

To consecrate, especially with reference to the Eucharist or to a person of holy office such as a bishop or king

To dedicate to a god, or by extension to another being or person


spillen

spillen (infinitive)
to spillen (infinitive)
spille (infinitive)
spille (first-person present singular)
spilled (first-person past singular)
spillest (present second-person singular)
spilledest (past second-person singular)
spilleth (present singular third-person)
spilled (past singular third-person)
spille (present singular subjunctive)
spilled (past singular subjunctive)
spille (imperative present singular)
spillen (plural present)
spille (plural present)
spilleden (past plural)
spillede (past plural)
spilleth (imperative plural present)
spille (imperative plural present)
spillynge (participle present)
spillende (participle present)
spilled (participle past)
yspilled (participle past)

English: spill

Scots: spill

From Old English spillan, from Proto-West Germanic *spilþijan.

to slaughter, eliminate; to cause the death of

to pass away; to face death or the end of life

to demolish, liquidate, or ruin; to make barren or turn into wasteland

to extirpate, or extinguish; to totally ruin

to disappear; to be demolished or smashed

to cause disorder and chaos; to wreck or totally damage (usually used figuratively)

to damage, harm, or hurt; to ruin or interrupt (used figuratively)

to misuse; to use ineffectively or erroneously

(Christianity) to punish by sending to Hell


abilite

English: ability

Scots: abilty (obsolete)

From Old French ableté, from Latin habilitās (“aptness, ability”), from habilis (“apt, fit, skillful, able”), equivalent to able + -ite.

capacity for doing something, proficiency in an art or profession, ability, power.


hoker

From Old English hōcor, from Proto-Germanic *hōhaz (“mockery, insult, ridicule”), from Proto-Indo-European *keg-, *kenk- (“peg, hook, handle; to be sharp”).

inh

She was as digne as water in a dich, / As ful of hoker and of bisemare.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


derven

enm-verb

derven (third-person singular simple present derveth, present participle dervende, first-/third-person singular past indicative darf, past participle ydorven)

derveth (present singular third-person)
dervende (participle present)
darf (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ydorven (participle past)

From Old English deorfan (“to exert oneself, labor; be in peril, perish, be wrecked”), from Proto-West Germanic *derban, from Proto-Germanic *derbaną (“to perish, work”). Some senses (transitive) apparently from Old English *dierfan, from Proto-Germanic *darbijaną, causative of the above.
Cognate with Dutch bederven, verderven (“to spoil, corrupt, pervert”), Low German verdarven (“to spoil”), German verderben (“to ruin, spoil, corrupt”), Icelandic fordjarfa (“to disgrace”), Lithuanian dìrbti (“to work”).

cog

(transitive) To trouble; grieve; hurt; afflict; molest.


setten

setten (infinitive)
to setten (infinitive)
sette (infinitive)
sette (first-person present singular)
sette (first-person past singular)
satte (first-person past singular)
setted (first-person past singular)
settest (present second-person singular)
sest (present second-person singular)
settest (past second-person singular)
sattest (past second-person singular)
settedest (past second-person singular)
setteth (present singular third-person)
set (present singular third-person)
sette (past singular third-person)
satte (past singular third-person)
setted (past singular third-person)
sette (present singular subjunctive)
sette (past singular subjunctive)
satte (past singular subjunctive)
setted (past singular subjunctive)
sette (imperative present singular)
setten (plural present)
sette (plural present)
setten (past plural)
sette (past plural)
satten (past plural)
satte (past plural)
setteden (past plural)
settede (past plural)
setteth (imperative plural present)
sette (imperative plural present)
settynge (participle present)
settende (participle present)
set (participle past)
sat (participle past)
setted (participle past)
yset (participle past)
ysat (participle past)

English: set

Scots: sett, set

Yola: zet, set


aquerne

Alternative spelling of acquerne (“squirrel”)


witen

enm-verb

witen (third-person singular simple present woot, present participle witynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative wiste, past participle witen)

woot (present singular third-person)
witynge (participle present)
wiste (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
witen (participle past)
witen (infinitive)
to witen (infinitive)
wite (infinitive)
woot (first-person present singular)
wiste (first-person past singular)
woost (present second-person singular)
wistest (past second-person singular)
woot (present singular third-person)
wiste (past singular third-person)
wite (present singular subjunctive)
wote (present singular subjunctive)
wiste (past singular subjunctive)
wite (imperative present singular)
wote (imperative present singular)
witen (plural present)
wite (plural present)
woten (plural present)
wote (plural present)
wisten (past plural)
wiste (past plural)
witeth (imperative plural present)
wite (imperative plural present)
woteth (imperative plural present)
wote (imperative plural present)
witynge (participle present)
witende (participle present)
witen (participle past)
wite (participle past)
wist (participle past)

English: wit, weet

Scots: wit

From Old English witan, weotan, from Proto-Germanic *witaną, from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“see, know”). Cognate with Dutch weten, German wissen, and Swedish veta.

inh

god wot

to be aware (of a situation, fact, etc.):

to have a full understanding (of something)

if þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou .· wite me þat it hadde me in hate raþer þan ȝou /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:18, page 51v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If the world hates you, be aware that it had me hating it before you did.

to recognise; to comprehend (something):

to discern; to distinguish (something from another)

to experience, to be familiar with (something):

for ought ich wot

to be confident (something is the case or will happen)


cosyn

English: cousin

Scots: kizzen (Shetlandic cüshin)

Yola: cozeen

From Old French cosin (and feminine cosine), inherited from Latin cōnsōbrīnus.

A member of one's family; one's partner, relative or their partner:

One's progeny; those who descend from one's lineage.

A nibling (niece or nephew); a child of one's brother or sister

One's direct cousin; a child of one's aunt or uncle.

(rare) Something bearing similarity to something else.


attry

English: attery, attry

Scots: attery, attry, attrie, atry

From Old English ǣttriġ, ǣtriġ; equivalent to atter (“poison”) + -y.

Poisonous, toxic; containing poison or venom.

(figurative) Malign, harmful; causing damage.


at-

English: at-

Emphatic prefix meaning intensely or excessively


ylike

Alternative form of yliche (“equal, peer, like”)


unk

From Old English unc, accusative and dative form of wit, from Proto-Germanic *unk (accusative of *wet) and *unkiz (dative/instrumental of *wet).

First-person dual accusative pronoun: us twain, the two of us.


undedlynesse

→ English: undeadliness

From Old English undēadlīcnes (“immortality”). By surface analysis, undedly + -nesse.

/ foꝛ it bihoueþ þis coꝛruptible þing to cloþe, vncoꝛrupcioun .· ⁊ þis dedli þing to putte awei vndedlyneſſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·i· 15:53, page 67v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

[…] , because it's necessary that the perishable one wears imperishability and the mortal one puts on immortality.


shouten

enm-verb

shouten (third-person singular simple present shouteth, present participle shoutende, shoutynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle shouted)

shouteth (present singular third-person)
shoutende (participle present)
shoutynge (participle present)
shouted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
shouten (infinitive)
to shouten (infinitive)
shoute (infinitive)
shoute (first-person present singular)
shouted (first-person past singular)
shoutest (present second-person singular)
shoutedest (past second-person singular)
shouteth (present singular third-person)
shouted (past singular third-person)
shoute (present singular subjunctive)
shouted (past singular subjunctive)
shoute (imperative present singular)
shouten (plural present)
shoute (plural present)
shouteden (past plural)
shoutede (past plural)
shouteth (imperative plural present)
shoute (imperative plural present)
shoutynge (participle present)
shoutende (participle present)
shouted (participle past)
yshouted (participle past)

English: shout

to shout (communicate orally in a loud voice)


harns

And of hys hede he brake þe bone / The harnes lay vppon þe stone.

1303, Robert Manning of Brunne, Handlyng synne:


losen

losen (infinitive)
to losen (infinitive)
lose (infinitive)
lose (first-person present singular)
losed (first-person past singular)
losest (present second-person singular)
losedest (past second-person singular)
loseth (present singular third-person)
losed (past singular third-person)
lose (present singular subjunctive)
losed (past singular subjunctive)
lose (imperative present singular)
losen (plural present)
lose (plural present)
loseden (past plural)
losede (past plural)
loseth (imperative plural present)
lose (imperative plural present)
losynge (participle present)
losende (participle present)
losed (participle past)
ylosed (participle past)

English: loose, loosen

Yola: lhowse, lhause, lowse, lous


aduant garde

Lyonses and Pharyaunce had the aduant garde, and they two knyghtes mette with kyng Idres and his felauship, and there began a grete medele of brekyng of speres and smytynge of swerdys with sleynge of men and horses.

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur, Book I.15:


kirtel

English: kirtle

Scots: kirtle

Inherited from Old English cyrtel, akin to Old Norse kyrtill.

A men's kirtle or coat (often worn under an overcoat)

A women's kirtle or gown (often worn under an overcoat)

(figurative) A cover; an exterior or outer layer.

(anatomy, figurative) A tunic or membrane.


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.

A (usually wooden) beam or pole:
A beam (central bar of a plow)

A (usually wooden) beam or pole:
(weaving) The (central) beam of a loom.

A (usually wooden) beam or pole:
The (central) beam of a loom.


fraist

Þis castel es of loue and grace..Of enmye dredis it na fraist. — Cursor Mundi

A test; test of strength or will power; an attack


fisshen

fisshen (third-person singular simple present fissheth, present participle fisshende, fisshynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fisshed)

fissheth (present singular third-person)
fisshende (participle present)
fisshynge (participle present)
fisshed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fisshen (infinitive)
to fisshen (infinitive)
fisshe (infinitive)
fisshe (first-person present singular)
fisshed (first-person past singular)
fisshest (present second-person singular)
fisshedest (past second-person singular)
fissheth (present singular third-person)
fisshed (past singular third-person)
fisshe (present singular subjunctive)
fisshed (past singular subjunctive)
fisshe (imperative present singular)
fisshen (plural present)
fisshe (plural present)
fissheden (past plural)
fisshede (past plural)
fissheth (imperative plural present)
fisshe (imperative plural present)
fisshynge (participle present)
fisshende (participle present)
fisshed (participle past)
yfisshed (participle past)

English: fish

Scots: fish

From Old English fiscian, from Proto-Germanic *fiskōną.


covent

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">covent</i>

English: convent; coven (obsolete covent)

Middle Scots: covent, convent

Borrowed from Old French covent, from Latin conventus.

A congregation or meeting; an assembled group of people.

A group or order of (male or female) monastics; a convent.

A monastery; a building housing such a group.


canel

Scots: cannel

→ Irish: cainéal (“cinnamon”)

From Old French canele, from Medieval Latin cannella, a diminutive of canna; equivalent to cane + -el (diminutive suffix).

cinnamon (The bark of trees of certain species of the genus Cinnamomum)

(rare) The cinnamon tree; the trees which produce cinnamon.


passe tyme

English: passtime, pastime, passtime, pass-time (both obsolete) (obsolete)

passen + tyme, a calque of Middle French passetemps.

a way of occupying oneself or passing the time


gleon

Alternative form of glewen (“to play music”)


squatten

enm-verb

squatten (third-person singular simple present squatteth, present participle squattende, squattynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle squatted)

squatteth (present singular third-person)
squattende (participle present)
squattynge (participle present)
squatted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Frequently "squattinge doune and priinge if they can spie any to shoot at"


mercurie

English: mercury

The silvery-coloured chemical element that is liquid at room temperature; quicksilver, mercury.

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium; goosefoots.


mylken

mylken (third-person singular simple present mylketh, present participle mylkende, mylkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mylked)

mylketh (present singular third-person)
mylkende (participle present)
mylkynge (participle present)
mylked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mylken (infinitive)
to mylken (infinitive)
mylke (infinitive)
mylke (first-person present singular)
mylked (first-person past singular)
mylkest (present second-person singular)
mylkedest (past second-person singular)
mylketh (present singular third-person)
mylked (past singular third-person)
mylke (present singular subjunctive)
mylked (past singular subjunctive)
mylke (imperative present singular)
mylken (plural present)
mylke (plural present)
mylkeden (past plural)
mylkede (past plural)
mylketh (imperative plural present)
mylke (imperative plural present)
mylkynge (participle present)
mylkende (participle present)
mylked (participle past)
ymylked (participle past)

English: milk

Yola: mulke

From Old English melcan, meolcan, from Proto-Germanic *melkaną.


feal

Middle Scots: feall, fiall

Scots: feal, feele (obsolete)

→ English: feal

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman feal (“faithful”), earlier fedeil, from Latin fidēlis; compare feaute.
In Middle English, reinterpreted as fe (“fee”) + -al, influencing both the sense and form.

bor+

A stipend or allowance given to someone.

(rare) Ownership of land under feudalism.

(rare) Fealty; feudal allegiance, fidelity, or loyalty.


gutte

English: gut

Scots: gut

From Old English guttas (a plurale tantum), from Proto-Germanic *gut-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).

One of the organs inside a creature's chest:

The intestines/alimentary canal or a section of that organ.

Animal intestines when used as food for humans or pets.

(rare) The protective coating of the intestines.

The chest or abdominal region, especially when representing excessive eating.

(rare) The inside or deepest reaches of something.


twifold

English: twifold (archaic)

Inherited from Old English twifeald, from Proto-West Germanic *twifald, from Proto-Germanic *twifaldaz; compare twofold.

Aboute the paytrel ſtode the fome ful hye
He [the hors] was of fome as flecked sa a pye
A male twyfolde on his croper lay
It ſemed that he caryed lytel aray

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologue of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxiii, recto:

The foam stood high on the poitrel
He [the horse] was as speckled as a pie with foam
A twofold satchel lay on his crupper
It seemed he was dressed lightly


þeo

(chiefly southern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þe (“thee”)


bouk

English: bouk (obsolete)

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

From Old English būc, from Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.


mollen

enm-verb

mollen (third-person singular simple present molleth, present participle mollende, mollynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle molled)

molleth (present singular third-person)
mollende (participle present)
mollynge (participle present)
molled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mollen (infinitive)
to mollen (infinitive)
molle (infinitive)
molle (first-person present singular)
molled (first-person past singular)
mollest (present second-person singular)
molledest (past second-person singular)
molleth (present singular third-person)
molled (past singular third-person)
molle (present singular subjunctive)
molled (past singular subjunctive)
molle (imperative present singular)
mollen (plural present)
molle (plural present)
molleden (past plural)
mollede (past plural)
molleth (imperative plural present)
molle (imperative plural present)
mollynge (participle present)
mollende (participle present)
molled (participle past)
ymolled (participle past)

English: mull, moil

From Old French moillier, from Latin *molliāre.


Crowe

English: Crow

Yola: Croue


grome

English: groom

→ Dutch: groom

Scots: grome, grume, greem

→ Old French: gromme, groume

⇒ Old French: groumet

Middle French: gourmet

French: gourmet

→ English: gourmet

→ Icelandic: grómr, gromr

From Old English *grōma, from Proto-West Germanic *grōmō (“growth, tumor, stomach swelling”). Compare Middle Dutch grom, Old Norse grómr, gromr, and Old French gromme. Suggested to be either from the same root as growen (“to grow”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *grō-, with a noun-forming suffix *-m-.

inh

A male child of any age (ranging from infancy to the start of adulthood).

One's assistant or servant; an underling, especially one in the homes of the nobility.

A male person, especially a commoner or one who isn't noble-born.


rowen

rowen (infinitive)
to rowen (infinitive)
rowe (infinitive)
rowe (first-person present singular)
rew (first-person past singular)
rowed (first-person past singular)
rowest (present second-person singular)
rewe (past second-person singular)
rew (past second-person singular)
rowedest (past second-person singular)
roweth (present singular third-person)
rew (past singular third-person)
rowed (past singular third-person)
rowe (present singular subjunctive)
rewe (past singular subjunctive)
rowed (past singular subjunctive)
rowe (imperative present singular)
rowen (plural present)
rowe (plural present)
rewen (past plural)
rewe (past plural)
roweden (past plural)
rowede (past plural)
roweth (imperative plural present)
rowe (imperative plural present)
rowynge (participle present)
rowende (participle present)
rowen (participle past)
rowe (participle past)
rowed (participle past)

English: row

Scots: row

From Old English rōwan, from Proto-Germanic *rōaną.

To row; paddle (use oars to power a seaborne vehicle)

To move by rowing or paddling (to move by using oars to power a seaborne vehicle)

To move in the water; to paddle or splash.


rowen

rowen (infinitive)
to rowen (infinitive)
rowe (infinitive)
rowe (first-person present singular)
rowed (first-person past singular)
rowest (present second-person singular)
rowedest (past second-person singular)
roweth (present singular third-person)
rowed (past singular third-person)
rowe (present singular subjunctive)
rowed (past singular subjunctive)
rowe (imperative present singular)
rowen (plural present)
rowe (plural present)
roweden (past plural)
rowede (past plural)
roweth (imperative plural present)
rowe (imperative plural present)
rowynge (participle present)
rowende (participle present)
rowed (participle past)
yrowed (participle past)

From rewe (“row”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


dalk

Alternative form of dalke (“depression”)


sweaven

Alternative spelling of sweven (“dream”)


kire

From Old English cyre (“choice, free will”).

Þe wælwillendæ Scyppend let hyre habban hire a3ene cyres 3eweald. — Homilies in MS Bodley

Ghe knew wel ðe faderes kire.

Bigamie is unkinde ðing, On engleis tale, twie-wifing; for ai was rigt and kire bi-forn, On man, on wif, til he was boren.

God heo geworhte wlitigum englen gecynde & let hi habben agenne cyre.

Þa heo hæfden..icoren Conan, þa lep mi fader up..& wið-seide þene cure. — Layamon's Brut


inbland

Compare Old High German inblantan ("to add to, impose"; whence Middle High German inblanden (“to add to, impose, demand”)), Danish indblande (“to implicate”), Swedish inblanda (“to involve, intermingle, intersperse”).

gl

"to add to, impose"; whence Middle High German <i class="Latn mention" lang="gmh">inblanden</i> (“to add to, impose, demand”)


gaole

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


chaunter

Alternative form of chauntour (“chanter”)


unright

From Old English unriht (“wrong, unrighteous, wicked, false, unlawful”), from Proto-Germanic *unrehtaz (“unright”), equivalent to un- (“not”) + right. Cognate with Scots unricht (“unfair, unjust”), Dutch onrecht (“wrong”), German unrecht (“wrong”), Swedish orätt (“wrong”).

inh

My king, quod he, that were unright

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


rache

English: rache, rach, ratch

Scots: rache, rach, ratch

From Old English ræċċ, from Proto-West Germanic *brakko, from Proto-Germanic *brak (“dog that hunts by scent”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₂g- (“to smell”).


samoun

desctree

English: salmon
→ Burmese: ဆယ်လမွန် (hcaila.mwan)
→ Hebrew: סַלְמוֹן (sálmon)
→ Hindi: सामन (sāman)
→ Japanese: サーモン (sāmon)

Scots: saumon, sawmon

Yola: zamoon

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman saumon, from Latin salmōnem, accusative of salmō.


nof

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. The Wife Of Bath's Tale: 659-60.
But al for noght, I sette noght an hawe
Of his proverbes, nof his olde lawe,
Ne I wolde nat of hym corrected be.


pulet

English: pullet, poult

Scots: pout

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman pullet, and Old French poulet; equivalent to pulle + -et.


manace

English: menace

From Old French menace, manace, from Latin minācia (“threat”), a noun based on mināx (“threatening”).


rooke

And than we wyll begynne at the pawne whiche standeth to fore the rooke on the right side of the kinge for as moche as this pawne apperteyneth to serue the vicaire or lieutenant of the kynge and other officers vnder hym of necessaryes of vitayll/

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:


shappe

And this maner a peple is figured and ought to be maad in the forme & shappe of a man holdynge in his ryght hande a spade or shouell

And [in] this manner a people is figured and ought to be made, in the form & shape of a man holding in his right hand a spade or shovel


chesse

For as moche as the Noble persone canne not rewle ne gouerne with oute y'e seruyce and werke of the peple/ than hit behoueth to deuyse the oeuurages and the offices of the werkemen/ Than I shall begynne fyrst at the fyrst pawne/ that is in the playe of the chesse

For as much as the Noble person cannot rule or govern without the service and work of the people / than it behooves to devise the overages and the offices of the workman / Then I shall begin first at the first pawn / that is in the playing of chess


pawne

For as moche as the Noble persone canne not rewle ne gouerne with oute y'e seruyce and werke of the peple/ than hit behoueth to deuyse the oeuurages and the offices of the werkemen/ Than I shall begynne fyrst at the fyrst pawne/ that is in the playe of the chesse/


smyth

English: smith

Scots: smith

From Old English smiþ, from Proto-Germanic *smiþaz.

A metalworker or smith; one who works with any kind of metal.

A craftsperson; one who works, makes, or creates.


wyll

Alternative form of willen (“(we) will”)


ekename

English: nickname (inherited), ekename (borrowing)


welthe

English: wealth

Scots: walth

Either inherited from Old English *welþ, weleþu (from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu) or formed anew from wele (“wealth”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix) on the model of helthe.

af

Wealth, prosperity, plentifulness; a state of flourishing:

Benefit or advantage; that which is helpful or advantageous.

(religion) Spiritual flourishing or prosperity; salvation or reward.

Riches (great amount of valuable assets or material possessions)

An abundance or great number, especially if excessive or satisfying.


synne

English: sin

Scots: sin

Inherited from Old English synn, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju (“concern”), from Proto-Germanic *sunjō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

Iniquity, sinfulness; immoral behaviour.

A sin; a religiously immoral action:
(specifically) Lewdness, promiscuity.

A sin; a religiously immoral action:
Lewdness, promiscuity.

A certain (specified) kind or class of sin.

(more generally) A wrong; e.g. a mistake or crime.


synne

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


lavendre

English: lavender

Scots: leventer

From Old French lavendre, from Medieval Latin lavendula.


feture

English: feature

Scots: fayter, featur

From Anglo-Norman feture, from Latin factūra.

One's form or bodily profile; the overall appearance of a given human.

A feature or part (almost always of the human body or face)

(rare) A piece of handiwork or crafts; something created.

(rare) A living organism; a being (viewed as God's creation)


feuter

English: fewter, feuter

From Old French feutre, from Medieval Latin filtrum.

A holder for a pointed polearm attached to one's armour; a fewter.


escheker

English: exchequer, Exchequer

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛˈkeːr/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛkər/

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium. Doublet of cheker.

The Exchequer (English fiscal department)

(by extension, rare) A municipal treasury.


ȝe

(chiefly eastern Southern dialectal) Alternative form of he (“he”)


ȝe

To ȝe, vosare jn plurali numero vos vestrum vel tibi [perh. read vobis].

1483, Catholicon Anglicum: An English–Latin Wordbook (Monson 168), page 426

to address a single person by the use of the pronoun ye instead of thou


yis

From Old English ġīse, ġēse; equivalent to Old English ġēa + sīe.


yis

English: yes

Middle Scots: ȝis, ȝes, ȝeis


yis

(East Anglia) Alternative form of þes (“these”)


yis

(chiefly Northern, East Anglia) Alternative form of þis (“this”)


drem

English: dream

Scots: dreme

From Old English drēam, from Proto-West Germanic *draum, from Proto-Germanic *draumaz. Some senses are probably a semantic loan from Old Norse draumr, displacing sweven (from Old English swefn).

As a dꝛeem fleynge awei he ſchal not be foundun he ſchal paſſe as a nyȝtis ſiȝt

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Job 20:8”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Like a dream going away, he won't be found; he'll disappear like a night's vision.


cune

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


maistresse

desctree

English: mistress, mistris (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ミストレス (misutoresu)

Yola: mistrace, maistreace

Borrowed from Old French maistresse, mestresse; equivalent to maister + -esse.


whos

head

whos (singular or plural, genitive case, nominative who)

English: whose

Scots: whase

From Old English hwæs, hwes (genitive of hwā), from Proto-West Germanic *hwes (genitive of *hwaʀ), from Proto-Germanic *hwes (dative of *hwaz), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷésyo (genitive of *kʷís).
The usual vocalism is due to influence from who and whom; forms with the expected vocalism are found sporadically in Early Middle English.


whos

English: whose

Scots: whase

Yola: fose


yest

English: yeast

Scots: yest

From Old English ġist, ġyst, from Proto-Germanic *jestuz.


welden

enm-verb

welden (third-person singular simple present weldeth, present participle weldende, weldynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle welded)

weldeth (present singular third-person)
weldende (participle present)
weldynge (participle present)
welded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wield, English: wald

Scots: wield, Scots: wald

From Old English wealdan, from Proto-Germanic *waldaną (“to rule”).


welden

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of welled: past plural of wellen


-tene

English: -teen

Scots: -teen

From Anglian Old English -tēne (compare West Saxon -tīene), from an inflected form of Proto-Germanic *tehun.

Forms cardinal numbers from thrittene (“thirteen”) to nynetene (“nineteen”); -teen


souke

English: suck

Scots: souk

Breastfeeding or milking; the extraction of milk.


sachel

English: satchel

From Old French sachel, from Late Latin saccellum (“money bag, purse”), a diminutive of Latin sacculus, itself a diminutive of saccus (“bag”).


quook

That lyk an aspen leef he quook for ire.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


ysame

From y- + samen, or perhaps from Old English *ġesaman, variant of Old English saman (“together”).

and in a bag all sorts of seeds ysame

1596, Edmund Spenser, “Canto 7”, in The Faerie Queen, book 6:

In a group; together; in each other's company


elmen

English: elmen


ybe

Alternative form of been (“been”, past participle)


ymaked

I seigh a toure on a toft, trielich y-maked […]

c. 1380, William Langland, The Vision of Piers Plowman, section I:


yronne

Alternative form of ironne (past participle of irennen)


ypaid

Thus hath hir lord, the god of love, ypayed

1387, Chaucer, “v. 1802”, in The Knight's Tale, (alternative spelling) edition:

Foly I hauntid it ever, ther myght no man me let, And now he hath ypaid me, he is cleen out of my dett;


yvel

head

yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)

yvele (plural)
yvele (singular weak)
worse (comparative)
worst (superlative)

English: evil

Scots: evil

From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
(pathology) infected, abnormal

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
infected, abnormal

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
Causing trouble; tendentious, irascible

Having bad fortune; unlucky, unfortunate

Of poor design or manufacture; bad, shoddy


yvel

English: evil

Scots: evil

Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:
A sin or moral transgression.

Moral evil; iniquity, wrongness:
An evil or malicious being.

we witen þat we ben of god .· ⁊ al þe woꝛld is ſet in yuel

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:19, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

We know that we are from God, and that all the world is stuck in evil.

Someone or something that harms or troubles.

Harm, injury, trouble:
A malady or disease.

(rare) Negative or uncomplimentary speech.

Harm, injury, trouble:
Negative or uncomplimentary speech.


yvel

yvel (comparative worse, superlative worst)

English: evil (obsolete)

From Old English yfele, yfle (“evilly, badly”).

Up ſtod him iudaſ lord am I þat [frec]. / I naſ neuer o þe ſtude þer me þe evel ſpec.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 30-31; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

Judas stood up: "Lord, am I that bold? / I was never anywhere where people spoke ill about you."

injuriously, harmfully; in a damaging way.

hurtfully; in a way causing physical injury.


gaderen

gaderen (infinitive)
to gaderen (infinitive)
gadere (infinitive)
gadere (first-person present singular)
gadered (first-person past singular)
gaderest (present second-person singular)
gaderedest (past second-person singular)
gadereth (present singular third-person)
gadered (past singular third-person)
gadere (present singular subjunctive)
gadered (past singular subjunctive)
gadere (imperative present singular)
gaderen (plural present)
gadere (plural present)
gadereden (past plural)
gaderede (past plural)
gadereth (imperative plural present)
gadere (imperative plural present)
gaderynge (participle present)
gaderende (participle present)
gadered (participle past)
ygadered (participle past)

English: gather

desc

Scots: gader, gadder, forgadder, gaither

Yola: gother (preterite) ⇒ agyther

From Old English gaderian, gæderian, from Proto-West Germanic *gadurōn.


ywar

Be ywar, and his way shun.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “(please specify the passus number)”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:


yaf

He yaf hym yiftes preciouse and deere.

there the erl of Dunbar becam his manne, and the kyng yaf him the Counte of Richemunde.

c. 1471, An English Chronicle, 1377-1461:


leame

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of leme


terrour

English: terror

Scots: terror

Borrowed from Middle French terreur, terrour, and its etymon Latin terror, terrōr-.

(rare, Late Middle English) A terror; a fright.


fannen

fannen (infinitive)
to fannen (infinitive)
fanne (infinitive)
fanne (first-person present singular)
fanned (first-person past singular)
fannest (present second-person singular)
fannedest (past second-person singular)
fanneth (present singular third-person)
fanned (past singular third-person)
fanne (present singular subjunctive)
fanned (past singular subjunctive)
fanne (imperative present singular)
fannen (plural present)
fanne (plural present)
fanneden (past plural)
fannede (past plural)
fanneth (imperative plural present)
fanne (imperative plural present)
fannynge (participle present)
fannende (participle present)
fanned (participle past)
yfanned (participle past)

English: fan

Scots: fan

From Old English fannian, from Latin vannō; equivalent to fan + -en (infinitival suffix).

To process grain as to remove waste from usable product; to winnow.

(rare) To move one's wings; to make a flapping motion.

(rare) To blow; to move away by using the wind's motion.


ferse

inflection of fers (“fierce”):
weak singular

inflection of fers (“fierce”):
strong/weak plural


tremour

English: tremor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tremour, Old French tremor, from Latin tremor.


neppe

Alternative form of nap (“drinking bowl”)


yȝe

From Old English ēage (“eye”), from Proto-Germanic *augô (“eye”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃okʷ-, *h₃ekʷ- (“eye; to see”).


quade

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
But sooth play quade play, as the Fleming saith.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


fillen

enm-verb

fillen (third-person singular simple present filleth, present participle fillynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative filde, past participle fild)

filleth (present singular third-person)
fillynge (participle present)
filde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fild (participle past)
fillen (infinitive)
to fillen (infinitive)
fille (infinitive)
fille (first-person present singular)
filled (first-person past singular)
filde (first-person past singular)
fillest (present second-person singular)
filledest (past second-person singular)
fildest (past second-person singular)
filleth (present singular third-person)
filled (past singular third-person)
filde (past singular third-person)
fille (present singular subjunctive)
filled (past singular subjunctive)
filde (past singular subjunctive)
fille (imperative present singular)
fillen (plural present)
fille (plural present)
filleden (past plural)
fillede (past plural)
filden (past plural)
filde (past plural)
filleth (imperative plural present)
fille (imperative plural present)
fillynge (participle present)
fillende (participle present)
filled (participle past)
fild (participle past)
yfilled (participle past)
yfild (participle past)

English: fill

Scots: fill

Yola: vill

From Old English fyllan, from Proto-West Germanic *fullijan, from Proto-Germanic *fullijaną; equivalent to fille + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare fullen.

To fill up; to make a container or cavity full.

To supply, provide or cover with (often of people)

To suffuse or instill; to cause to spread.

To alleviate or cure; to remove a condition.

To satisfy; to make happy or satiated:
To feed (sufficiently); to serve food.

To satisfy a duty or prediction; to fulfil.

To do or execute (a task):
(rare) To be fulfilling or satisfying.

To do or execute (a task):
To be fulfilling or satisfying.

To be or become full of; to spread throughout.

To pour beverages (wine, beer) into glasses.

(rare, of time) To pass; to become complete.


out-nome

From outnomen, past participle of outnimen, which see for more.


Sathan

English: Satan

Scots: Sautan

From Old English Satan, from Latin Satan, from Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Hebrew שָׂטָן (Sātān).


outnimen

outnimen (third-person singular simple present outnimeth, present participle outnimmende, first-/third-person singular past indicative outnam or outnome, past participle outnomen or outnome)

outnimeth (present singular third-person)
outnimmende (participle present)
outnam (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
outnome (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
outnomen (participle past)
outnome (participle past)

From Old English ūtniman (“to take out”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian uutnieme (“to exclude, exempt”), West Frisian útnimme, Dutch uitnemen (“to take out”), German Low German utnehmen (“to take out”), German ausnehmen (“to exclude, exempt, except”).


raggy

English: raggy

From Old English raggiġ; equivalent to ragge + -y.


wayn

English: wain

Scots: wain, wayn, wane

From Old English wæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *wagn, from Proto-Germanic *wagnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *woǵʰnos.


wayn

English: wain

Borrowed from Old Northern French waigne, from Vulgar Latin *wadaniāre, from Frankish *waiþanjan, from Proto-Germanic *waiþanjaną. Compare gayn.


jonk

English: junk

Borrowed from Middle French jonc (“rush”), from Old French jonc, from Latin iuncus, from Proto-Italic *joinikos.


ȝaf

the Lord ȝaf, the Lord took awei; as it pleside the Lord, so is it doon; the name of the Lord be blessid.


rereward

English: rearward (obsolete in this sense)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rerewarde; equivalent to rere + ward.

The back side of an army; the forces at the rear.


mandee

Alternative form of maunde (“washing of feet”)


undernimen

enm-verb

undernimen (third-person singular simple present undernimeth, present participle undernimmende, first-/third-person singular past indicative undernam, past participle undernome or undernum)

undernimeth (present singular third-person)
undernimmende (participle present)
undernam (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
undernome (participle past)
undernum (participle past)

From underniman (“to take in, receive, comprehend, understand, blame, be indignant at, take upon oneself, steal”) Cognate with Dutch ondernemen (“to undertake, attempt”), German unternehmen (“to undertake, attempt”).

cog

"And with that word Tiburce his brother come;
And whan that he the savour undernome*

1858 (original: circa 1400), Mary Cowden Clarke (editor), Geoffrey Chaucer (author), The Canterbury Tales, in World-noted Women; Or, Types of Womanly Attributes of All Land and Ages, page 107

Which that the roses and the lillies cast […]
Undernome—undertook—took in subordinately;—as it were, dimly perceived the scent of the flowers he could not see.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

2004 (original: 1357–1371), John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville

Alas! that it is great slander to our faith and to our law, when folk that be without law shall reprove us and undernim us of our sins, [...]
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

2012 (original: ????), Sammy R Browne, A Brief Anthology of English Literature (Lulu.com), page 190

And, when she came to the point for to say that thing which she had so long concealed, her confessor was a little too hasty and gan sharply to undernim her ere that she had fully said her intent, and so she would no more say […]
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(transitive) to blame; reprove; rebuke; reprimand; reprehend


hil

English: hill

Scots: hill, hull

Yola: hele, hile, hill

From Old English hyll, from Proto-Germanic *hulliz (“hill”).


tocomen

tocomen (infinitive)
to tocomen (infinitive)
tocome (infinitive)
tocome (first-person present singular)
tocam (first-person past singular)
tocom (first-person past singular)
tocomest (present second-person singular)
tocome (past second-person singular)
tocame (past second-person singular)
tocam (past second-person singular)
tocom (past second-person singular)
tocometh (present singular third-person)
tocam (past singular third-person)
tocom (past singular third-person)
tocome (present singular subjunctive)
tocome (past singular subjunctive)
tocame (past singular subjunctive)
tocome (imperative present singular)
tocomen (plural present)
tocome (plural present)
tocomen (past plural)
tocome (past plural)
tocamen (past plural)
tocame (past plural)
tocometh (imperative plural present)
tocome (imperative plural present)
tocomynge (participle present)
tocomende (participle present)
tocomen (participle past)
tocome (participle past)

From Old English tōcuman (“to come, arrive”), from Proto-Germanic *tō (“to”), *kwemaną (“to come”), equivalent to to- + comen. Cognate with Scots tocum (“to arrive, arrive at, encounter, happen”), Dutch toekomen (“to forward, deserve, merit, suffice”), German zukommen (“to come on, benefit, become”).


fre

head

fre (plural and weak singular fre, comparative frerre, superlative freest)

fre (plural)
fre (singular weak)
frerre (comparative)
freest (superlative)

English: free

Scots: fre

Inherited from Old English frēo, from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz. Some forms are from friġ, an alternate Old English form.

Having the status of a freeman, not enslaved.

/ and ȝe ſchulen knowe þe treuþe .· ⁊ þe treuþe ſchal make ȝou fre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 8:32, page 38v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And you'll know the truth, and the truth will make you free.

free, independent, unrestricted:
Liberated from iniquity; redeemed.

free, independent, unrestricted:
Free from a duty, tax, or obligation.

free, independent, unrestricted:
Having free action or free will.


hirdman

From Old English hīredman; equivalent to hird (“household”) + man (“man”), but often reanalysed as hired (“hired”) + mon.

A member of a royal household; an attendant.


meche

/ˈmɛːt͡ʃ(ə)/

From Old English mǣċe, mēċe, from Proto-West Germanic *mākī, from Proto-Germanic *mēkijaz.


bace

English: bass, barse

Inherited from Old English bærs, from Proto-West Germanic *bars, from Proto-Germanic *barsaz.


Duch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
From Middle Dutch duutsch and Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch, in turn from Old Saxon thiudisk. Doublet of thedisch.

Duche tonge


Duch

English: Dutch

Scots: Dutch

heigher Duche

louer Duche


hird

From Old English hīred, hēored (“family, household”), from Proto-West Germanic *hīwarād, equivalent to hewe (“servant”) + red (“counsel”).

A company or band of people:
One's attendants; a retinue.

A company or band of people:
An army; a troop.


forolded

Past participle of forolden, forealdien, from Old English forealdian (“to grow old, decay”). Cognate with Dutch verouderd (“outdated, obsolete, old-fashioned”), German veraltet (“outdated, obsolete, antiquated”), Swedish föråldrad (“outdated, antiquated, archaic”). More at for-, eld, old.


fulenden

enm-verb

fulenden (third-person singular simple present fulendeth, present participle fulendinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fulended)

fulendeth (present singular third-person)
fulendinge (participle present)
fulended (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English fullendian (“to complete”), from full- + endian. Cognate with German vollenden (“to complete, accomplish”), Dutch voleindigen (“to finish, complete”).


sotted

English: sotted

this sotted prest who was gladder than he


whoes

(Late Middle English, rare) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


haselen

* From hasel (from Old English hæsl) + -en.


heelen

enm-verb

heelen (third-person singular simple present heeleth, present participle heelende, heelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle heeled)

heeleth (present singular third-person)
heelende (participle present)
heelynge (participle present)
heeled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


tramel

Yola: trameal


yhe

And smale fowles maken melodie / That slepen al the night with open yhe

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, Prologue:


yhe

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of þe (“thee”)


wunnen

(Southern, south West Midlands) Alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


trespas

English: trespass

Yola: treshpass


weye

head

weye (third-person singular simple present weyeþ, past participle yweid)

weyeþ (present singular third-person)
yweid (participle past)

From the Old English wǣgan (“to delude”, “to deceive”).


evenlong

From Old English efenlang (“along”, adverb), equivalent to even + long.

Along; along the same line; lengthwise of.


swow

I fel in suche a slomber and a swow.


prosperite

English: prosperity

Yola: prosperitee

From Old French prosperitet, from Latin prosperitās.


makie

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of maken


besenden

enm-verb

besenden (third-person singular simple present besendeth, present participle besendinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative besende or besente, past participle besend or besent)

besendeth (present singular third-person)
besendinge (participle present)
besende (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
besente (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
besend (participle past)
besent (participle past)
besenden (infinitive)
to besenden (infinitive)
besende (infinitive)
besende (first-person present singular)
besente (first-person past singular)
besende (first-person past singular)
besendest (present second-person singular)
besentest (past second-person singular)
besendest (past second-person singular)
besendeth (present singular third-person)
besente (past singular third-person)
besende (past singular third-person)
besende (present singular subjunctive)
besente (past singular subjunctive)
besende (past singular subjunctive)
besende (imperative present singular)
besenden (plural present)
besende (plural present)
besenten (past plural)
besente (past plural)
besenden (past plural)
besende (past plural)
besendeth (imperative plural present)
besende (imperative plural present)
besendynge (participle present)
besendende (participle present)
besent (participle past)
besend (participle past)

English: besend

From Old English besendan (“to send, send to”), equivalent to bi- + senden.


bergh

English: barrow, bergh

Scots: burrae

From Old English beorg, from Proto-West Germanic *berg, from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”).


regioun

English: region

Scots: region

From Anglo-Norman regiun, from Latin regiōnem, accusative of regiō.


unyolden

Chaucer

Ne to be lad by force unto a stake unyolden


creditour

English: creditor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman creditour, itself borrowed from Latin crēditor, crēditōrem.


jurour

English: juror

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jurour, from Latin iūrātor; equivalent to jure + -our.

(rare) A person who spreads untruths; a defamer.


wam

Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


kayser

enm-noun

kayser (plural kayseres, dative kaysere)

⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser

→ Scots: Kaiser

Borrowed from Old High German keisar, from Proto-West Germanic *kaisar, from Proto-Germanic *kaisaraz, from Latin Caesar. Doublet of casere.

An emperor (the ruler of an empire; a supreme ruler)


translatour

English: translator

From Old French translator, translateur, translatour, from Latin trānslātor; equivalent to translaten + -our.


chartre

English: charter (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chairter

Borrowed from Old French chartre, from Latin chartula, diminutive of charta.

A charter (document conferring authority or privileges)

(by extension) A deed or other legally binding document.

(by extension, rare) A document or paper.

(figurative) The Christian promise of salvation.


kinedom

English: kindom (Yorkshire, obsolete)

Middle Scots: kindom

From Old English cynedōm; equivalent to kine- (“royal”) + -dom (abstract nominal suffix).

af

Capacity to rule; authority, dominion, might.

The duration of a ruler's rule; a reign.


kineȝerde

enm-noun

kineȝerde (plural kineȝerdes or kineȝerden)

From Old English cyneġierd (“a scepter”), equivalent to kine- + ȝerde (“rod, staff”).


kine-

(English: kindom)

(Scots: kinrick)

Inherited from Old English cyne-, from Proto-West Germanic *kuni-, from Proto-Germanic *kuniz (“race”).


kineriche

kineriche (plural kineriches or (early) kinerichen)

Middle Scots: kinrik

Scots: kinrick

Inherited from Old English cynerīċe (“a kingdom”), from Proto-West Germanic *kunirīkī; equivalent to kine- + -riche and cognate with Old High German chuneriche, Middle Dutch conrike. See also kingriche.

inh+

(figurative) The Kingdom of God; the divine kingdom.


mery

head

mery (comparative meriere, superlative meriest)

meriere (comparative)
meriest (superlative)

English: merry

Scots: mirry, mery

Inherited from Old English meriġe, miriġe, myriġe, myreġe, myrġe, from Proto-West Germanic *murgī, from Proto-Germanic *murguz, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of bref.

Happy, joyful, pleased; in a good mood or state of mind:

Tending to be happy; jovial, merry, good-natured, blissful.

Creating or pertaining to happiness; nice, good, delightful.

(of a time or place) Happy, nice, good, bounteous.

(of speech or sound) Useful, entertaining, appealing.

Attractive, good-looking; pleasing to one's eyes.

Having a good, nice or pleasing scent or smell.

Powerful, mighty, tough; having much strength.


mery

Merrily, gladly, jovially; in a happy or merry way.

Pleasingly, delightfully; in a way causing happiness.


alliaunce

English: alliance

Scots: alliance

Borrowed from Old French aliance; equivalent to allien + -aunce.

A linkage between friends, partners or associates:

An alliance; a compact between two allies:

An illegitimate or unrecognised romantic relationship.

One's relations via marriage; one's stepfamily.


balaunce

English: balance

Scots: ballance

From Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia.

The ensuring of fairness and justness via reasoning and consideration, especially legally.

Luck, happenstance, destiny; the passage of random events.

Endangerment, threatening; the taking of chances or bets.

(astrology, astronomy) Libra (constellation; member of the Zodiac)


braunche

English: branch

Scots: branch, brainch

Borrowed from Old French branche, brance, from Late Latin branca.

Something dividing or extending like a branch.


governaunce

English: governance

Middle Scots: governance

Borrowed from Old French gouvernance, governance; equivalent to governen + -aunce.

Authority, rule, or leadership; the holding of power:

Governing; governmental or political control.

Military command or force; the state of being in military control.

(rare) A term or tenure; a period of office.

Control, governance; the action of being governed:

Teaching or guardianship; caring or developing another.

Willpower or self-control; one's ability to exercise restraint.

Control of a device or machine (especially a nautical vessel).

Influence or effect (especially exerted by constellations or organs)

One's actions, choices, or behaviour; that which characterises oneself.

(medicine, alchemy) A course of action; a set of directives.

(rare) The organisation or cohesion of an army.

(rare) An governmental command or order to aid in governance.

1485 – Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, Book X, Chapter xl, leaf 239v
With ryght good wille said Arthur / for sire Galahalt the haute prynce shall haue yow in gouernaunce.
"With right good will, said Arthur; for Sir Galahalt, the haut prince, shall have you in governance."


vilanie

They mighten do no vilanie or vice.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC: