waden

waden (infinitive)
to waden (infinitive)
wade (infinitive)
wade (first-person present singular)
wod (first-person past singular)
waded (first-person past singular)
wadest (present second-person singular)
wode (past second-person singular)
wod (past second-person singular)
wadedest (past second-person singular)
wadeth (present singular third-person)
wod (past singular third-person)
waded (past singular third-person)
wade (present singular subjunctive)
wode (past singular subjunctive)
waded (past singular subjunctive)
wade (imperative present singular)
waden (plural present)
wade (plural present)
woden (past plural)
wode (past plural)
wadeden (past plural)
wadede (past plural)
wadeth (imperative plural present)
wade (imperative plural present)
wadynge (participle present)
wadende (participle present)
wade (participle past)
waded (participle past)
ywade (participle past)

English: wade

Scots: wade, wad

From Old English wadan, from Proto-West Germanic *wadan, from Proto-Germanic *wadaną.

To move forth; to journey on or go about.

To puncture or stab; to journey into a person's body.

To wade through a fluid; to pass through by wading.

(figurative) To immerse or involve oneself in something.


noyous

English: noyous

An aphetic form of anoyous; equivalent to noy + -ous.


chois

English: choice

Scots: chice

Borrowed from Old French chois, from Old French choisir (“to choose”). Adjectival use is influenced by chis.


chois

English: choice

Scots: chice


dovehouse

desc

English: dovehouse, dove-house, dove house


fraign

From Old English freġn, fræġn (“question”). Related to Old English friġnan, freġnan (“to ask”). More at frain.


flo

English: flo

From Old English flā, from flān reanalysed as a plural, from Proto-West Germanic *flain, from Proto-Germanic *flainaz. Compare flon.

An arrow, especially one used with a long bow (projectile weapon emitted from a bow)

(figurative) Anything felt to have a (metaphorically) piercing effect.


lyng

English: ling

Yola: ling

From Old Norse lyng, from Proto-Germanic *lingwą.

Calluna vulgaris
Calluna vulgaris#Translingual


blomen

enm-verb

blomen (third-person singular simple present blometh, present participle blomende, blomynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle blomed)

blometh (present singular third-person)
blomende (participle present)
blomynge (participle present)
blomed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
blomen (infinitive)
to blomen (infinitive)
blome (infinitive)
blome (first-person present singular)
blomed (first-person past singular)
blomest (present second-person singular)
blomedest (past second-person singular)
blometh (present singular third-person)
blomed (past singular third-person)
blome (present singular subjunctive)
blomed (past singular subjunctive)
blome (imperative present singular)
blomen (plural present)
blome (plural present)
blomeden (past plural)
blomede (past plural)
blometh (imperative plural present)
blome (imperative plural present)
blomynge (participle present)
blomende (participle present)
blomed (participle past)
yblomed (participle past)

English: bloom

Scots: blume, bluim

(figurative) To mature; to become profuse.


falshede

The Devil out of his skin him torne, I pray to God, for his falshede, for he was ever false in thought and dede. (Geoffrey Chaucer, The Chanones Yemannes Tale)


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From the oblique forms of Old English heord, hierd, from Proto-West Germanic *herdu, from Proto-Germanic *herdō.


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From Old English hierde, from Proto-West Germanic *hirdī, from Proto-Germanic *hirdijaz.


herde

⇒ English: hards, hurds (from the plural)

⇒ Scots: hards, harden, harn (from the plural)

From Old English heorde, from Proto-West Germanic *heʀdā.

(usually in the plural) A short, coarse flax or hemp fibre; a piece of hurds.


herde

first/third-person singular past indicative of heren

(dialectal) second-person singular past indicative of heren


farme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


cresen

cresen (infinitive)
to cresen (infinitive)
crese (infinitive)
crese (first-person present singular)
cresed (first-person past singular)
cresest (present second-person singular)
cresedest (past second-person singular)
creseth (present singular third-person)
cresed (past singular third-person)
crese (present singular subjunctive)
cresed (past singular subjunctive)
crese (imperative present singular)
cresen (plural present)
crese (plural present)
creseden (past plural)
cresede (past plural)
creseth (imperative plural present)
crese (imperative plural present)
cresynge (participle present)
cresende (participle present)
cresed (participle past)
ycresed (participle past)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman creistre, crestre, from Latin crēscō, crēscere.

To grow; to increase (in size, wealth, or magnitude).


clift

English: cleft

Scots: clift

Inherited from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz; equivalent to cleven + -th.

A cleft; a fission, fissure, or split in something.

A slash wound; an injury from an instance of slicing, cleaving, rupturing or cutting.

The fork in one's legs or behind; a bodily cleft.


stonde

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


algate

But ſens I se there is no better way
And that to late is nowe for me to rewe
To Diomede I woll algate be trewe

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book V, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio ccviii, recto, column 1:

But since I see there is no better way
And that it is too late now for me to rue
To Diomede I will algate be true

Algates he that hath with love to done / Hath ofter wo than changed ys the mone.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Complaint of Mars, l. 234:


tem

English: team (see there for further descendants)

Scots: team

Inherited from Old English tēam, from Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz.

(law) The privilege of making decisions about ownership disputes between a person's subordinates.

A group of livestock used to pull an agricultural instrument

descendants, children; also extended to the following:

(law) The descendants of one's subordinates.

(rare) The ability to procreate or give birth.


tem

Alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


wete

Sone, I grete yow well and send you Godys blyssyng and myn, and lete you wete that Robert Hyll cam homward by Horwelle-bery

1971 [1453 July], The Paston Family, quoting Agnes Paston, “TO JOHN PASTON I 1453, 07, 06”, in Paston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, Part I, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, archived from the original on 2023-08-10:

Also, I lete yow wete þat I am in moche more comffort of yow þan I maye wryght

1971 [1496 September], The Paston Family, quoting John Paston II, “TO JOHN PASTON III 1469, 09, 18”, in Paston Letters and Papers of the Fifteenth Century, Part I, Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, archived from the original on 2023-08-10:


eise

From ese + -y, with influence from Old French aaisé, aisé. Doublet of esy.

(of temperament) gentle, affable, lenient


schere

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: sheare

Inherited from Old English scēar; compare scheren. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(often in the plural) shears (a pair of linked blades)


wasten

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To devastate; to make a wasteland or ruin.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To enfeeble; to make weak or sickly.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To eat at; to cause to decay or shrink.

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

To break up; to cause to dissolve or disintegrate.

To cleanse; to make something evanesce or evacuate.

(figuratively, religion) To eliminate sin.

To kill or murder; to cause someone's death.

To utilise or expend (resources or supplies):

To waste resources; to expend wastefully.

To expend time (usually in an wasteful way)

To weaken; to become less strong or powerful.

To dissolve or evanesce; to become disintegrated.

(figurative, rare) To violate or interrupt.


doke

English: duck

Scots: duik, deuk, dook

Yola: duucks (plural)


beame

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beme


donge

English: dung

Scots: dung

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dungu, from Proto-Germanic *dungō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English oblique cases.

Dung or feces, especially of animals (used in medicine or fertiliser)

(figurative, rare) Immoral or sinful things.


donge

desc

Middle English: dongeoun (probably contributed various senses)

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”). The final vowel is either a generalisation of the dative or by analogy with Etymology 1.


schole

English: shoal

Scots: schole

From Old English sċolu, from Proto-Germanic *skulō.


wronge

For by his grete cruelte he putte them alle to deth that displesid hym/ he put hym self in paryll of deth/ And louyd and chees rather to dye than lenger to lyue: The euyll lyf and diffamed of a kynge is the lyf of a cruell beste/ And ought not longe to be susteyned/ For he destroyeth hym that displesith hym/ And therfore reherceth valerius/ that ther was a wise man named theodore cerem whom his kynge dyde do hange on the crosse for as moche as he repreuyd hym of his euyll & fowll lyf And all way as he was in the torment he said to y'e kynge/ upon thy counceyllours & them that ben cladd in thy clothynge & robes were more reson that this torment shold come/ For as moche as they dar not saye to the The trouthe for to do Justice right wysly/ of my self I make no force whether I dye on the lande or on the water or otherwyse &c as who sayth he recched not to dye for Justice/ In lyke wyse as democreon the philosophre put out his owen eyen be cause he wold not see that no good myght come to the euyll and vicyous peple wyth out right And also defortes the philosophre as he went toward his deth/ his wyf that folowed after hym saide that he was dampned to deth wrongfully/ than he answerd and sayd to her/ holde thy peas and be styll/ hit is better and more merytorye to dye by a wronge and unrightfull Jugement/ than that I had deseruyd to dye.

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:


potentat

English: potentate

Borrowed from Old French potentat, from Latin potentātus.


delf

English: delf, delve

Scots: delf, delph

From Old English delf, from delfan (Middle English delven).

A quarry (pit for digging stone or clay).

A man-made channel or stream; a water-filled ditch.


preest

English: priest

From Old English prēost. Reinforced by Old French prestre.


spete

The womman schal go to hym bifor the eldre men of Israel, and sche schal take awei the schoo, and sche schal spete in to his face, and schal seie, So it schal be doon to the man, that bildith not `the hows of his brother; (Translation of the Vulgate, "accedet mulier ad eum coram senioribus et tollet calciamentum de pede eius spuetque in faciem illius et dicet sic fit homini qui non aedificat domum fratris sui")

1382, John Wycliffe et al., Wycliffe Bible (Deuteronomy 25:9)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

And he took hym asidis fro the puple, and puttide hise fyngris in to hise eris; and he spetide, and touchide his tonge. (Translation of the Vulgate, "et adprehendens eum de turba seorsum misit digitos suos in auriculas et expuens tetigit linguam eius")

1382, John Wycliffe et al., Wycliffe Bible (Mark 7:33)

And whanne he hadde take the blynde mannus hoond, he ledde hym out of the street, and spete in to hise iyen, and sette hise hoondis on hym; and he axide hym, if he saye ony thing (Translation of the Vulgate, "et adprehendens manum caeci eduxit eum extra vicum et expuens in oculos eius inpositis manibus suis interrogavit eum si aliquid videret")

1382, John Wycliffe et al., Wycliffe Bible (Mark 8:23)


slete

English: sleet

Inherited from Old English *slēte, *slīete, from Proto-West Germanic *slautijā, from Proto-Germanic *slautijǭ, of unclear origin.


slepe

English: sleep

Scots: slepe, sleip

Yola: slepe

For Nature wolde nat ſuffyſe / To non erthly creature / Not longe tyme to endure / Without ſlepe & be yn ſorwe / And I ne may ne nyght ne morwe / Slepe […]

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1450–1475 in Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 638, folio 110v

For Nature will not allow / Any earthly creature / To survive for long / Without sleep, and sorrowing; / And yet I cannot, by night or morning, / Sleep, […]


schonde

English: shand, shond

From Old English sċeand, sċand, from Proto-West Germanic *skandu, from Proto-Germanic *skandō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

The feeling of shame, disservice, or humiliation.

Damage; negative effects upon something.

Devastation, ruination; the effects of a cataclysm.


schonden

schonden (infinitive)
to schonden (infinitive)
schonde (infinitive)
schonde (first-person present singular)
schonded (first-person past singular)
schondest (present second-person singular)
schondedest (past second-person singular)
schondeth (present singular third-person)
schonded (past singular third-person)
schonde (present singular subjunctive)
schonded (past singular subjunctive)
schonde (imperative present singular)
schonden (plural present)
schonde (plural present)
schondeden (past plural)
schondede (past plural)
schondeth (imperative plural present)
schonde (imperative plural present)
schondynge (participle present)
schondende (participle present)
schonded (participle past)
yschonded (participle past)

From schonde + -en (infinitival suffix).

To injure or achieve victory over; to get the better of.

To humiliate or shame; to cause to lose respect.


scholde

English: should

Scots: shud

Yola: shoulde, shulde

first/third-person singular past indicative of schulen

(later) second-person singular past indicative of schulen


beft

(Northern, poetic, rare) inflection of beten (“to beat”):

inflection of beten (“to beat”):
first/third-person singular past

inflection of beten (“to beat”):
plural past

inflection of beten (“to beat”):
past participle


doppe

(ornithology) Any type of bird that dops or dives.


bukke

English: buck

Scots: buk, buke, buik

Yola: buch

From Old English bucca, from Proto-West Germanic *bukkō, from Proto-Germanic *bukkô.


hokke

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


feeste

English: feast

Scots: feast

→ Welsh: ffest

Borrowed from Old French feste, from Late Latin festa < Latin festum.


lappe

English: lap

lap (surface formed by one's legs when sitting down)


hakke

English: hack

Scots: hack, haik


kampe

English: camp (see there for further descendants)

Scots: camp

From Old English camp, from Proto-West Germanic *kamp, from Latin campus.


nekke

English: neck

Scots: neck

Yola: neckarès (plural)

Inherited from Old English hnecca, from Proto-West Germanic *hnakkō, from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô.

The neck (body part connecting the head and trunk):

The neck of a bottle or container; a bottleneck.

(figurative) A neck in various symbolic uses:

Signifying subjection or resistance to it.

A neck in various symbolic uses:
Signifying a load or burden.

A neck in various symbolic uses:
Signifying one's existence.


spekke

English: speck, spetch

Scots: speck

A splotch or stain; a mark or zone of aberrant coloration.

A dot or point, especially when it is a stain.

(rare) A small portion of material used to mend a fabric item.

(rare) A small amount of spit or saliva.


nake

Yola: naaghen


wisse

From wissen (“to guide”) + -e (agentive suffix).

af

her biginneð ancrene ƿiſſe

c. 1225, “Introduction”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (MS. Corpus Christi 402), Herefordshire, published c. 1235, folio 1, verso; republished at Cambridge: Parker Library on the Web, 2018 January 5:

This is the beginning of the Anchoresses' Guide.

(Early Middle English, hapax) A guide; a collection of directives or regulations.


bemin

Alternative form of bemen (“to trumpet”)


beende

q

Scots: bean (conflated with being, bein in most dialects)

From Old English bēonde; equivalent to been + -ende.


belden

belden (infinitive)
to belden (infinitive)
belde (infinitive)
belde (first-person present singular)
belded (first-person past singular)
beldest (present second-person singular)
beldedest (past second-person singular)
beldeth (present singular third-person)
belded (past singular third-person)
belde (present singular subjunctive)
belded (past singular subjunctive)
belde (imperative present singular)
belden (plural present)
belde (plural present)
beldeden (past plural)
beldede (past plural)
beldeth (imperative plural present)
belde (imperative plural present)
beldynge (participle present)
beldende (participle present)
belded (participle past)
ybelded (participle past)

English: bield

Scots: belde, beild, bield

From Old English bieldan, from Proto-Germanic *balþijaną.

To discover or utilise accommodation or shelter.

(rare) To teach, to educate; to pass on teaching.


gest

English: guest

Scots: guest

From a conflation of Old Norse gestr and Old English ġiest; both from Proto-Germanic *gastiz, from Proto-Germanic *gʰóstis. Doublet of host.

A guest, visitor; somebody staying at another's residence.

A customer of a hostel or inn; one that pays for accommodation.

An unknown person; a foreigner or outsider.

A (often threatening) male individual; a ominous person.

(figurative, rare) A male lover of a woman; a man in an unofficial intimate relationship with a woman.


gest

In olde Romayn gestes may men finde

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1126-1127

In the old Roman histories may men find
Maurice's life; I bear it not in mind.

[...] Or elles it was the Grekes hors Synon,
That broghte Troye to destruccion,
As men may in thise olde gestes rede, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 209-211

… Or else it was Sinon the Greek's horse,
That brought Troy to destruction,
As men in these old romances read, …


gest

Alternative form of gesten (“to host a guest”)


gest

Alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)


boorde

Alternative form of bourden (“to conflict”)


bulder

English: boulder

Fingallian: boldarys (plural)

Short for bulder ston (“a stone that's been worn into a round shape, boulder, cobblestone”), possibly from Old Swedish *buldersten, itself possibly from Old Swedish bulder (“rumble, noise”) + sten (“stone”);

A stone worn round, boulder, cobblestone.


boen

enm-verb

boen (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle boen)

is (present singular third-person)
beinge (participle present)
was (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
boen (participle past)


belde

English: bield, beeld (obsolete)

Scots: bield, beild

From Old English byldo, bieldo, from Proto-West Germanic *balþī, from Proto-Germanic *balþį̄.

An individual who assists or safeguards.


breiden

breiden (infinitive)
to breiden (infinitive)
breide (infinitive)
breide (first-person present singular)
braid (first-person past singular)
breided (first-person past singular)
breidest (present second-person singular)
braide (past second-person singular)
braid (past second-person singular)
breidedest (past second-person singular)
breideth (present singular third-person)
braid (past singular third-person)
breided (past singular third-person)
breide (present singular subjunctive)
braide (past singular subjunctive)
breided (past singular subjunctive)
breide (imperative present singular)
breiden (plural present)
breide (plural present)
braiden (past plural)
braide (past plural)
breideden (past plural)
breidede (past plural)
breideth (imperative plural present)
breide (imperative plural present)
breidynge (participle present)
breidende (participle present)
brouden (participle past)
broiden (participle past)
broide (participle past)
breided (participle past)
ybrouden (participle past)

English: braid

Scots: braid, brade, bray, breed

From Old English breġdan, brēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *bregdan, from Proto-Germanic *bregdaną.

To drag; to pull away and take with oneself:

To forcibly take; to confiscate or steal.

To remove by dragging; to pull off or away.

To braid; to intertwine fibres or threads.

(mainly in the past participle) To decorate or beautify.

To perform weaving or knitting:
To decorate or beautify.

To perform weaving or knitting:
(rare) To entwine; to become involved.

To perform weaving or knitting:
To entwine; to become involved.

To startle or be startled; to be alarmed.

(rare) To suddenly move; to leap to action.

To move with alacrity; to run or leap:
To suddenly move; to leap to action.

To alter or modify; to be altered or modified.


erve

English: erf

Scots: arff, airf

From Old English yrfe, ierfe, from Proto-West Germanic *arbī, from Proto-Germanic *arbiją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.


herken

herken (infinitive)
to herken (infinitive)
herke (infinitive)
herke (first-person present singular)
herked (first-person past singular)
herkest (present second-person singular)
herkedest (past second-person singular)
herketh (present singular third-person)
herked (past singular third-person)
herke (present singular subjunctive)
herked (past singular subjunctive)
herke (imperative present singular)
herken (plural present)
herke (plural present)
herkeden (past plural)
herkede (past plural)
herketh (imperative plural present)
herke (imperative plural present)
herkynge (participle present)
herkende (participle present)
herked (participle past)
yherked (participle past)

English: hark

Scots: herk, hark

Yola: hark

From Old English *hercian, from Proto-Germanic *hauzakōną.


hult

Alternative form of huldeþ: third-person singular present indicative of hilden (“to skin”)


hult

Alternative form of held: simple past of holden (“to hold”)


gunne

English: gun

→ Volapük: gün

Scots: gun

Yola: gooun

→ Middle Irish: gunna

Irish: gunna

Manx: gunn

From Lady Gunilda; a name for a crossbow. More at English gun.

A trebuchet or similar kind of pellet-firing siege engine.

A cannon or other large firearm; a piece of artillery.

A portable handheld firearm; a gun (i.e. a hand cannon).


menden

English: mend

A aphetic form of amenden (“to alter, change (especially for the better); to atone; to chastise, punish; to correct, remedy, amend; to cure; to excel, surpass; to forgive; to get or make better, improve; to make ready; to mend, repair, restore; to get well, recover; to relieve”), or from its etymon Anglo-Norman amender and Old French amender (“to cure; to fix, repair; to set right, correct”) (modern French amender), from Latin ēmendāre, the present active infinitive of ēmendō (“to atone; to chastise, punish; to correct, remedy, amend; to cure”), from ē- (variant of ex- (prefix meaning ‘away; out’)) + mendum (“defect; error, fault”) (from Proto-Indo-European *mend- (“defect; fault”)) + -ō (suffix forming first-conjugation verbs).


egge

English: edge

Scots: edge

Inherited from Old English eċġ, with final vowel levelled in from the oblique cases.

An edge of a blade or instrument; the sharp or effective side of something.

A bladed weapon; a knife, sword, or similar weapon.

The edge or rim of an object, plot of land, or physical feature; the exterior border of something.

The side of a troop or military formation.


zonne

(chiefly Kentish dialectal) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


nerehonde

Than Sir Trystram and Sir Dynadan rode forthe their way tylle they cam to shyperdis and to herdemen; and there they asked them if they knew ony lodgyng there nerehonde.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xxiiij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


wene

(Northern) Alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


rochen

English: rocken


sowe

English: sow

Scots: sou

From Old English sūgu, sū, from Proto-West Germanic *sugu. Compare swyn. Use as a term for a siege engine is a semantic loan from Medieval Latin sūs.

A siege engine used to protect assailants.


sowe

Alternative form of sowen (“to torment”)


sweete

Scots: sweet

English: sweet

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth


sowen

sowen (infinitive)
to sowen (infinitive)
sowe (infinitive)
sowe (first-person present singular)
sew (first-person past singular)
sowed (first-person past singular)
sowest (present second-person singular)
sewe (past second-person singular)
sew (past second-person singular)
sowedest (past second-person singular)
soweth (present singular third-person)
sew (past singular third-person)
sowed (past singular third-person)
sowe (present singular subjunctive)
sewe (past singular subjunctive)
sowed (past singular subjunctive)
sowe (imperative present singular)
sowen (plural present)
sowe (plural present)
sewen (past plural)
sewe (past plural)
soweden (past plural)
sowede (past plural)
soweth (imperative plural present)
sowe (imperative plural present)
sowynge (participle present)
sowende (participle present)
sowen (participle past)
sowe (participle past)
sowed (participle past)
ysowen (participle past)
ysowe (participle past)

English: sow

Scots: saw, saa

From Old English sāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *sāan, from Proto-Germanic *sēaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (compare seed).

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


sowen

sowen (infinitive)
to sowen (infinitive)
sowe (infinitive)
sowe (first-person present singular)
sowed (first-person past singular)
sowest (present second-person singular)
sowedest (past second-person singular)
soweth (present singular third-person)
sowed (past singular third-person)
sowe (present singular subjunctive)
sowed (past singular subjunctive)
sowe (imperative present singular)
sowen (plural present)
sowe (plural present)
soweden (past plural)
sowede (past plural)
soweth (imperative plural present)
sowe (imperative plural present)
sowynge (participle present)
sowende (participle present)
sowed (participle past)
ysowed (participle past)

Scots: sou, soo

Of unknown origin; the form points to an Old English *sugian; compare sorg (“sorrow, grief”).


talke

English: talk

Yola: talke


somer

somers (plural)
somer (accusative nominative singular)
somers (accusative nominative plural)
someres (accusative nominative plural)
someres (genitive singular)
somere (genitive plural)
somere (dative singular)
someren (dative plural)

English: summer

Scots: somer, sumer, simmer, simer

Yola: zimmer, zummer

Inherited from Old English sumor, from Proto-West Germanic *sumar, from Proto-Germanic *sumaraz.

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a. 1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:


wardein

English: warden

→ Welsh: warden, gwarden

From Anglo-Norman wardein, from warder (“to guard”), variant of Old French guarder (“to guard”) (whence modern French garder, also English guard), from Proto-Germanic *ward-. Cognate with Middle English garde.


ches

English: chess

Scots: chess

From Old French eschés, plural of eschéc, from Medieval Latin scaccus, from Arabic شَاه (šāh), from Persian شاه (šâh, “shah, king”), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (šāh), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/); compare chek.

(rare) A chessboard (a board for playing chess).

(rare) Chess pieces (pieces for playing chess).


ches

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

nonlemma

Alternative spelling of chees: first/second/third-person singular past indicative of chesen


meete

Alternative form of mete (“appropriate”)


whome

(chiefly Late Middle English) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


gravere

English: graver

From Old English grafere, græfere; equivalent to graven + -er.


tomben

enm-verb

tomben (third-person singular simple present tombeth, present participle tombende, tombynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tombed)

tombeth (present singular third-person)
tombende (participle present)
tombynge (participle present)
tombed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tomben (infinitive)
to tomben (infinitive)
tombe (infinitive)
tombe (first-person present singular)
tombed (first-person past singular)
tombest (present second-person singular)
tombedest (past second-person singular)
tombeth (present singular third-person)
tombed (past singular third-person)
tombe (present singular subjunctive)
tombed (past singular subjunctive)
tombe (imperative present singular)
tomben (plural present)
tombe (plural present)
tombeden (past plural)
tombede (past plural)
tombeth (imperative plural present)
tombe (imperative plural present)
tombynge (participle present)
tombende (participle present)
tombed (participle past)
ytombed (participle past)

English: tomb

From tombe (“tomb”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


lachet

English: latchet

Yola: lacheate

Borrowed from Old French lachet, equivalent to las + -et.


schulen

schal (first-person present singular)
schul (first-person present singular)
scholde (first-person past singular)
schalt (present second-person singular)
schal (present second-person singular)
scholdest (past second-person singular)
scholde (past second-person singular)
schost (past second-person singular)
schal (present singular third-person)
schul (present singular third-person)
scholde (past singular third-person)
schule (present singular subjunctive)
schale (present singular subjunctive)
scholde (past singular subjunctive)
schulen (plural present)
schule (plural present)
schalen (plural present)
schale (plural present)
schun (plural present)
scholden (past plural)
scholde (past plural)

English: shall, should

Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)

Yola: shell, shall, shul

From Old English sċulan, from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skulaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).

der

Expresses obligation or appropriateness: should, ought to

Expresses counsel or advice: should, ought to

Expresses intent or prevision: going to, will

If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, page 51v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.


sawe

English: saw

Yola: zaawe

From Old English sagu, from Proto-West Germanic *sagu, from Proto-Germanic *sagō.


sawe

(Northern) Alternative form of sowen (“to sow”)


knyght

English: knight

Scots: knicht

Yola: nickht

From Old English cniht, from Proto-West Germanic *kneht.

[Þ]au pilatuſ him come wid ten hu[n]dꝛed cniſteſ. / yet ic wolde louerd foꝛ þi loue fiſte.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 34-35; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"If Pilate himself came with ten hundred knights, / Lord, I would still fight for your sake."

(chiefly Early Middle English) A servant or attendant.


spede

first-person singular present indicative of speden


spak

From Old English spræc, spæc (“spoke (past tense of speak)”).

first/third-person singular past indicative of speken

(later) second-person singular past indicative of speken


spak

From Old English spāca (“spoke (support surrounding the centre of a wheel)”).


stalworth

English: stalworth

Orfeo was a king, / In Inglond an heighe lording, / A stalworth man and hardi bo, / Large and curteys he was also.

13th–14th century, Sir Orfeo; republished as Ann S. Haskell, editor, A Middle English Anthology, Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1985, →ISBN, page 247:


nosethirl

English: nosethirl (archaic)

From Old English nosþyrel, equivalent to nose + thirl.


ferien

ferien (infinitive)
to ferien (infinitive)
ferie (first-person present singular)
feried (first-person past singular)
feriest (present second-person singular)
feriedest (past second-person singular)
ferieth (present singular third-person)
feried (past singular third-person)
ferie (present singular subjunctive)
feried (past singular subjunctive)
ferie (imperative present singular)
ferien (plural present)
ferie (plural present)
ferieden (past plural)
feriede (past plural)
ferieth (imperative plural present)
ferie (imperative plural present)
feryinge (participle present)
feriende (participle present)
feried (participle past)
yferied (participle past)

English: ferry

From Old English ferian, from Proto-West Germanic *farjan, from Proto-Germanic *farjaną. Compare ferie.


thenne

If harme agree me, wher-to pleyne I thenne?

(Can we date this quote?), Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde:

So slihly cam it noght aboute That thei ne ben descoevered oute, 2630 So that it thoghte hem for the beste To fle, for there was no reste: And thus the tresor of the king Thei trusse and mochel other thing, And with a certein felaschipe Thei fledde and wente awey be schipe, And hielde here rihte cours fro thenne, Til that thei come to Ravenne, Wher thei the Dukes helpe soghte.


thenne

From Old English þynne, from Proto-Germanic *þunnuz.


smorten

From Old English ġesmorten, past participle of *smeortan "to smart, feel pain". More at smart.

past participle of smerten (“to smart”).


mermayde

...but goth now rather awey ye Mermaydenes / whiche þat ben swete til it be at the laste...

1382, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book I”, in Boece:


famen

Alternative form of fomen (“to emit blood; to drool”)


ratten

renden and ratyn


smoren

smoren (infinitive)
to smoren (infinitive)
smore (infinitive)
smore (first-person present singular)
smored (first-person past singular)
smorest (present second-person singular)
smoredest (past second-person singular)
smoreth (present singular third-person)
smored (past singular third-person)
smore (present singular subjunctive)
smored (past singular subjunctive)
smore (imperative present singular)
smoren (plural present)
smore (plural present)
smoreden (past plural)
smorede (past plural)
smoreth (imperative plural present)
smore (imperative plural present)
smorynge (participle present)
smorende (participle present)
smored (participle past)
ysmored (participle past)

Scots: smore, smuir

Yola: smore

From Old English smorian, from Proto-Germanic *smurōną (“to suffocate, strangle”), probably related to *smallijan (“to burn”) or smoca (“smoke”).


sead

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sad


schafte

From Old English sċeaftu, plural of sċeaft.

(Early Middle English) plural of schaft (“creation”)


schaft

English: shaft

Scots: schaft, shaft

Inherited from Old English sċeaft (“shaft”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaft, from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz.

inh+

A weapon's shaft; the body of a polearm.

A spear or similar weapon based around its shaft.

A missile, projectile, or the shaft of one.

The handle or pole of a bladed tool or implement.

A flagstaff; a pole for a flag or banner.

The central support, pillar, or beam of a tree; the trunk.

(rare) A tunnel or passage (e.g. a mineshaft).

(rare) The central pillar or beam of a candleholder.


schaft

enm-noun

schaft (plural schaftes or (Early ME) schaften or (Early ME) schafte)

schaftes (plural)
schaften (Early-Middle-English plural)
schafte (Early-Middle-English plural)

From Old English sċeaft, ġesċeaft (“creation”), from sċieppan; equivalent to shapen + -th.

Something that has been created (by a deity)

A creature or animal (especially a certain species)

The form or appearance of something; how something looks.

A chemical building block or component; an element.

(rare) The totality of the universe (viewed as a divine creation).


loken

enm-verb

loken (third-person singular simple present loketh, present participle lokende, lokynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loked)

loketh (present singular third-person)
lokende (participle present)
lokynge (participle present)
loked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loken (infinitive)
to loken (infinitive)
loke (infinitive)
loke (first-person present singular)
loked (first-person past singular)
lokest (present second-person singular)
lokedest (past second-person singular)
loketh (present singular third-person)
loked (past singular third-person)
loke (present singular subjunctive)
loked (past singular subjunctive)
loke (imperative present singular)
loken (plural present)
loke (plural present)
lokeden (past plural)
lokede (past plural)
loketh (imperative plural present)
loke (imperative plural present)
lokynge (participle present)
lokende (participle present)
loked (participle past)
yloked (participle past)

English: look (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: luik, leuk

Scots: luik, leuk, luke

Yola: looke


kyng

So yn a day, as he pleide at þe chesse, & byheld the kyng fette yn the pley, som tyme hy and som tyme lowe, among aufyns and pownys, he thought þerwith þat hit wold be so with him, for he shuld dey, and be hid vndir erth.

1474, [William] Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

and ſo Merlyon wente forthe vnto kyng lodegean of Camylerde and tolde hym of the deſire of the kyng that þᵗ he wolde haue vnto his wyff Gwenyu[er] his douȝt[er]

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 27–29:


selar

Anone as he beganne to werke / ther cam out droppes of blood / and thenne wold he haue lefte / but she wold not suffre hym // and soo he tooke aweye as moche wood as myȝte make a spyndyl / and soo she made hym to take as moche of the grene tree and of the whyte tree / And whan these thre spyndels were shapen / she made hem to be fastned vpon the selar of the bedde

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “vj”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVII:


yollen

From Old English ġegollen (“yelled”), past participle of ġiellan (“to yell”); and Old English gullon, gullen, past indicative and subjunctive plural forms of ġiellan (“to yell”).


snesen

snesen (third-person singular simple present sneseth, present participle snesende, snesynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle snesed)

sneseth (present singular third-person)
snesende (participle present)
snesynge (participle present)
snesed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
snesen (infinitive)
to snesen (infinitive)
snese (infinitive)
snese (first-person present singular)
snesed (first-person past singular)
snesest (present second-person singular)
snesedest (past second-person singular)
sneseth (present singular third-person)
snesed (past singular third-person)
snese (present singular subjunctive)
snesed (past singular subjunctive)
snese (imperative present singular)
snesen (plural present)
snese (plural present)
sneseden (past plural)
snesede (past plural)
sneseth (imperative plural present)
snese (imperative plural present)
snesynge (participle present)
snesende (participle present)
snesed (participle past)
ysnesed (participle past)

English: sneeze

Scots: sneeze, sneesh

From an earlier fnesen, from Old English fnēosan, from Proto-Germanic *fneusaną. More at sneeze.


strawen

English: strawen, strawne, strawn


cruste

English: crust

→ Welsh: crwst

Yola: crewst, crwest

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cruste, from Latin crusta.


nece

English: niece

Scots: niece

From Old French niece, nece, from Late Latin neptia.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)

A woman member of one's family or lineage.

(rare) A granddaughter (female offspring of one's offspring)

(rare) A male member of one's family, kin or lineage.


hidous

English: hideous

Middle Scots: hidous, hidows, hidowis, hidwis, hidduus

Scots: hideous

From Anglo-Norman hidous, of uncertain origin. See English hideous for more.


stalke

This passeth yeer by yeer, and day by day,
Til it fil ones, in a morwe of May,
That Emelye, that fairer was to sene
Than is the lilie upon his stalke grene, [...]
This passes year by year and day by day,
Until it befell once, in a morning of May,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1033-1036

Than is the lily upon its green stalk, …


stalken

stalken (infinitive)
to stalken (infinitive)
stalke (infinitive)
stalke (first-person present singular)
stalked (first-person past singular)
stalkest (present second-person singular)
stalkedest (past second-person singular)
stalketh (present singular third-person)
stalked (past singular third-person)
stalke (present singular subjunctive)
stalked (past singular subjunctive)
stalke (imperative present singular)
stalken (plural present)
stalke (plural present)
stalkeden (past plural)
stalkede (past plural)
stalketh (imperative plural present)
stalke (imperative plural present)
stalkynge (participle present)
stalkende (participle present)
stalked (participle past)
ystalked (participle past)

English: stalk

Yola: stholk

From Old English *stealcian, from Proto-Germanic *stalkaz.


lyne

English: line, linseed (in compound with seed)

Yola: leen

From Old English līne, from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”).

inh

Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum#Translingual

A plant of the genus Linum, especially Linum usitatissimum, which has a single, slender stalk, about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers.

The fibers of Linum usitatissimum, grown and spun for use in textiles.


hauk

English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka

Scots: hawk

hawk (A bird of the family Accipitridae)


fewe

head

fewe (comparative fewere, superlative fewest)

fewere (comparative)
fewest (superlative)

English: few

Scots: feu, fyow

Yola: vew, vewe

(when accompanying plural nouns) few, little, not many

(when accompanying collective nouns) small, little


fewe

English: few

Scots: feu, fyow


agreable

English: agreeable

Borrowed from Old French agreable; equivalent to agreen + -able.

Decent, passable; of sufficient quality.


tenour

English: tenor

Scots: tenor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tenour, from Latin tenor.

The (primary) intended message or purpose of something

The tone or character of something; the tenor of something; the usual mode of life.

The relevant and purposeful content of a directive.

An abstract; a summation of a document or directive.

(music) The primary musical section (tending to be the tenor)

(rare) Constancy or permanence of effect or direction.

(music, rare) A pitch as a basis for finding out pitch difference.

(music, rare) Something's vocal or musical characteristics.


armee

English: army

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Old French armee, from Medieval Latin armāta (“armed force”), the neuter plural form of the past participle of Latin armō (“to arm”), from arma (“arms, weapons”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)rmos (“fitting”), from the root *h₂er- (“to join”).


mounture

English: mounture

Borrowed from Old French mounteure; equivalent to mounten + -ure.

(rare) A podium or support for mounting.


forsend

inflection of forsenden:
past participle


forsenden

forsenden (third-person singular simple present forsendeth, present participle forsendende, simple past and past participle forsend)

forsendeth (present singular third-person)
forsendende (participle present)
forsend (participle past)
forsend (past)
forsenden (infinitive)
to forsenden (infinitive)
forsende (infinitive)
forsende (first-person present singular)
forsente (first-person past singular)
forsende (first-person past singular)
forsendest (present second-person singular)
forsentest (past second-person singular)
forsendest (past second-person singular)
forsendeth (present singular third-person)
forsente (past singular third-person)
forsende (past singular third-person)
forsende (present singular subjunctive)
forsente (past singular subjunctive)
forsende (past singular subjunctive)
forsende (imperative present singular)
forsenden (plural present)
forsende (plural present)
forsenten (past plural)
forsente (past plural)
forsenden (past plural)
forsende (past plural)
forsendeth (imperative plural present)
forsende (imperative plural present)
forsendynge (participle present)
forsendende (participle present)
forsent (participle past)
forsend (participle past)

From Old English forsendan (“to send away, banish”), from for- (“far, away”) + sendan (“to send”). More at for-, send. Akin to Dutch verzenden.


tomelten

tomelteth (present singular third-person)
tomeltende (participle present)
tomolt (past)
tomolten (participle past)

From to- (“apart, away”) + melten (“to melt”). More at to-, melt.


forwerpen

forwerpen (infinitive)
to forwerpen (infinitive)
forwerpe (first-person present singular)
forwarp (first-person past singular)
forwerpest (present second-person singular)
forworpe (past second-person singular)
forwarp (past second-person singular)
forwerpeth (present singular third-person)
forwarp (past singular third-person)
forwerpe (present singular subjunctive)
forworpe (past singular subjunctive)
forwerpe (imperative present singular)
forwerpen (plural present)
forwerpe (plural present)
forworpen (past plural)
forworpe (past plural)
forwerpeth (imperative plural present)
forwerpe (imperative plural present)
forwerpynge (participle present)
forwerpende (participle present)
forworpen (participle past)
forworpe (participle past)

From Old English forweorpan (“to throw away, cast out, reject”), from Proto-Germanic *frawerpaną; equivalent to for- + werpen.
Cognate with Dutch verwerpen (“to reject”), German verwerfen (“to reject, discard, dismiss”).


fornimen

head

fornimen (third-person singular simple present fornimeth, present participle fornimende, past singular fornom, past plural fornomen, past participle fornomen)

fornimeth (present singular third-person)
fornimende (participle present)
fornom (past singular)
fornomen (past plural)
fornomen (participle past)
fornimen (infinitive)
to fornimen (infinitive)
fornime (infinitive)
fornime (first-person present singular)
fornom (first-person past singular)
fornam (first-person past singular)
fornimest (present second-person singular)
fornome (past second-person singular)
forname (past second-person singular)
fornom (past second-person singular)
fornam (past second-person singular)
fornimeth (present singular third-person)
fornom (past singular third-person)
fornam (past singular third-person)
fornime (present singular subjunctive)
fornome (past singular subjunctive)
forname (past singular subjunctive)
fornime (imperative present singular)
fornimen (plural present)
fornime (plural present)
fornomen (past plural)
fornome (past plural)
fornamen (past plural)
forname (past plural)
fornimeth (imperative plural present)
fornime (imperative plural present)
fornimynge (participle present)
fornimende (participle present)
fornumen (participle past)
fornume (participle past)
fornomen (participle past)
fornome (participle past)

From Old English forniman (“to take away, deprive of, plunder, waste, devastate, destroy, consume, annul, disfigure, overcome”), from Proto-Germanic *farnemaną, *franemaną (“to take away, hear, learn”), equivalent to for- + nimen.
Cognate with West Frisian fornimme (“to learn, hear, find out”), Dutch vernemen (“to learn, hear, find out, understand”), German vernehmen (“to hear, learn, question, examine”), Swedish förnimma (“to apprehend, perceive, notice”). More at for-, nim.

cog

(transitive) to take away, remove; deprive

(transitive) to destroy, do away with, fordo


garnement

enm-noun

garnement (plural garnementes or garnemens)

English: garment

Scots: garment

Borrowed from Old French garnement, guarnement. Compare garnysoun and garnysshen.

A garment; an item of clothing (especially an overgarment).


chapele

desctree

English: chapel
→ Japanese: チャペル (chaperu)
→ Korean: 채플 (chaepeul)

Scots: chapel

Yola: chapaal

From Old French chapele, from Late Latin cappella.

A chapel (minor place of Christian worship).

(rare) Any place associated with the supernatural.


thede

Scots: thede, theid

From Old English þēod (“people, nation”), from Proto-West Germanic *þeudu, from Proto-Germanic *þeudō (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂ (“people”). More at Dutch.


unthrifty

English: unthrifty

Worthless; without thrifty or prosperous qualities.


strete

enm-noun

strete (plural stretes or strete or (early) streten)

stretes (plural)
strete (plural)
streten (plural)

English: street

Scots: street, streit, stret

→ Breton: straed

→ Cornish: stret

→ Welsh: stryd

Inherited from Old English strǣt, strēt, from Proto-West Germanic *strātu, from Late Latin strāta (“paved road”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A road or path connecting two destinations.

Þou comeſt fer iþe bꝛode ſtret fer iþe bꝛode ſtrete. / ſumme of þin cuneſmen ther thou meiſt imete.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 5-6; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

You'll go far down the main street, far down the main street; / You might [even] meet some of your relatives there.

A street; such a road or pathway within a settlement.

A settlement; a conglomeration of habitations and shops.

(figurative) A choice or way of living; a doctrine.

(rare) A hallway or passage within a structure or building.

(rare) A porch or veranda; a covered deck.


spence

English: spence


poupen

enm-verb

poupen (third-person singular simple present poupeth, present participle poupende, poupynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pouped)

poupeth (present singular third-person)
poupende (participle present)
poupynge (participle present)
pouped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


governement

enm-noun

governement (plural governementz or governementes)

governementz (plural)
governementes (plural)

English: government

Scots: government

Yola: goveremente

Borrowed from Old French governement; equivalent to governen + -ment.

The action of governing; a method of control.

A force which governs, directs, or influences.


fle

flen (plural)
flees (plural)
fleghes (plural)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fleck</i>

English: flea (dialectal fleck)

Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae

Yola: fleen (plural)

Inherited from Old English flēa, a form of flēah (→ the alternative form fleigh), from Proto-West Germanic *flauh, from Proto-Germanic *flauhaz.


blameful

English: blameful


maneres

From maner (“manor”) + -es (“plural affix”).


maneres

From maner (“characteristics, manner”) + -es (“plural affix”).

af

plural of maner (“characteristics, manner”)


cranage

English: cranage

(rare) cranage; the money resulting from it.


eyren

From eyre (“eggs”) with a pleonastic addition of the plural suffix -en; compare calveren, children, lambren.


lyme

English: limb

Scots: limb, lim

Yola: lemethès

From limu, plural of Old English lim, from Proto-West Germanic *limu.

(figurative) An extremity, branch, or extension.


covenable

a covenable day

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume IV, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Mark 6:21, page 103:


forcasten

From for- + casten (“to throw, cast”), of North Germanic origin, compare Danish forkaste (“to reject”), Swedish förkasta (“to reject”).

alternative past participle of forcasten


richesce

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of richesse


bourde

English: bourd (obsolete)

Scots: bourd

Borrowed from Old French bourde; further etymology is disputed. See bourde (“blunder”).

A diversion or amusing activity, especially humorous:

A funny or entertaining tale, narrative, or example.

(rare) A humorous incident or event; a practical joke.

(rare) An entertaining incident or event.


bourde

At Alyſaundre he was, when it was won / Full ofte tyme he had the bourde bigon / Abouen alle nacions in Pruce […]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “The Knyght”, column 2:

At Alexandria he was, when it was won / Quite often he had the board begun [sat at the head of the table] / Above all nations in Prussia […]


beom

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beem


aunte

English: aunt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aunt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman aunte and continental Old French ante, from Latin amita.

The senatours wyf / hir Aunte was / But foꝛ al that / she knew hir neuer the mooꝛe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Mannes] Tale [of Lawe]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 125, verso:

The senator's wife was her aunt, / but despite that, she didn't know her at all.


infortune

Why sholde I nat thyn infortune acounte, Sith in estaat thow cloumbe were so hye?

1394, Chaucer, “v. 3591”, in The Monk's Tale:


veie

Alternative form of fey (“marked for death”)


þey

head

þey (accusative þem, genitive þeyres, þeyren, possessive determiner þeyr)

þem (accusative)
þeyres (genitive)
þeyren (genitive)
þeyr (determiner possessive)


þey

(Northern) Alternative form of þe (“thee”)


þey

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þouȝ (“though”)


flum

English: flume

Middle Scots: flum, flume

An early borrowing from Old French flum, from Latin flūmen.

(by extension, rare) Any gathering of water.


sophie

sophie (countable and uncountable, plural sophies)


bacheler

English: bachelor


chis

Inherited from Old English ċīes; probably related to chesen.


wange

Our manciple, I hope he wil be deed,
Swa werkes ay the wanges in his heed.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


sych

English: sitch, sike

Scots: sike, syke

Inherited from Old English sīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *sīk, from Proto-Germanic *sīką.


schaven

enm-verb

schaven (third-person singular simple present schaveth, present participle schavynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schof, past participle schaven)

schaveth (present singular third-person)
schavynge (participle present)
schof (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaven (participle past)
schaven (infinitive)
to schaven (infinitive)
schave (infinitive)
schave (first-person present singular)
schof (first-person past singular)
schaved (first-person past singular)
schavest (present second-person singular)
schove (past second-person singular)
schof (past second-person singular)
schavedest (past second-person singular)
schaveth (present singular third-person)
schof (past singular third-person)
schaved (past singular third-person)
schave (present singular subjunctive)
schove (past singular subjunctive)
schaved (past singular subjunctive)
schave (imperative present singular)
schaven (plural present)
schave (plural present)
schoven (past plural)
schove (past plural)
schaveden (past plural)
schavede (past plural)
schaveth (imperative plural present)
schave (imperative plural present)
schavynge (participle present)
schavende (participle present)
schaven (participle past)
schave (participle past)
schaved (participle past)
yschaven (participle past)
yschave (participle past)
yschaved (participle past)

English: shave

→ Welsh: siafio

q

through confluence with Norwegian <i class="Latn mention" lang="no">skave</i>

Scots: schave, schaif, schaiff; shaav (through confluence with Norwegian skave)

From Old English sċafan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaban; equivalent to schave + -en (infinitival suffix).

To scrape or scratch, especially into pieces:

To make sharp or smooth; to hone or whet.

To rub away or wipe out; to eliminate by abrasion.

To razor hair; to use a unpaired blade to cut hair:

To shave; to remove all hair in a given area.

To dice or chop off; to eliminate by cutting.


fumous

English: fumous

Borrowed from Old French fumeus, from Latin fūmōsus (which some forms are directly from); equivalent to fume + -ous.

(rare) Inducing malady or harm; dangerous, noxious.

(rare) Incapicitated, drunken; not sober or of right mind.

(rare) fumy; fume-like or resembling a fume.


wannen

enm-verb

wannen (third-person singular simple present wanneth, present participle wannende, wannynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wanned)

wanneth (present singular third-person)
wannende (participle present)
wannynge (participle present)
wanned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wan

Scots: wan

From Old English wannian, related to wanian.


Dench

From Densc (“Danish”), from Old English Denisc, from Proto-Germanic *daniskaz.

De Thoma [sic] Dench . . xijd.

1327, F. J. Eld, editor, Lay Subsidy Roll for the County of Worcester, 1 Edward I[II]., Oxford: James Parker and Co., published 1895:


rosten

rosten (infinitive)
to rosten (infinitive)
roste (infinitive)
roste (first-person present singular)
rosted (first-person past singular)
rostest (present second-person singular)
rostedest (past second-person singular)
rosteth (present singular third-person)
rosted (past singular third-person)
roste (present singular subjunctive)
rosted (past singular subjunctive)
roste (imperative present singular)
rosten (plural present)
roste (plural present)
rosteden (past plural)
rostede (past plural)
rosteth (imperative plural present)
roste (imperative plural present)
rostynge (participle present)
rostende (participle present)
rosted (participle past)
yrosted (participle past)

English: roast

Scots: roast

From Old French rostir, from Frankish *rōstijan, from Proto-Germanic *raustijaną; equivalent to roste (“roast”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To roast or grill; to cook over a griddle:

To roast meat; to cook meat by roasting.

To torture with heat; to place under fire.

To make warm, roasted or cooked; to scorch.

(rare) To sear or parch; to make dry or parched.


melodye

Scots: melody

English: melody

From Old French melodie, from Latin melodia.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 9-11.
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open eye-
(So priketh hem Nature in hir corages);


breeth

English: breath

Scots: breth, brethe, breith

From Old English brǣþ, from Proto-West Germanic *brāþi, from Proto-Germanic *brēþiz.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth


droghte

English: drought (dialectal or obsolete drouth, druft)

Scots: drocht, drouth

From the oblique forms of Old English drūgaþ (and the variant drūgaþe), from dryġe (“dry”); equivalent to drye + -the (abstract nominal suffix). Compare Middle Dutch drôochte, Middle Low German drö̂gede.
Notes on phonological development (compare douthe and youthe, which this word's development closely parallels)
Forms with /xt/ and /xθ/ result from early syncope in the Old English nominative singular drūgaþ, then levelling of the resulting consonantism to the oblique forms, while forms with /ð/ reflect either later syncope or the consonantism of the oblique forms (from Old English [ɣð]). Finally, forms in /θ/ represent either loss of /x/ or final devoicing of /ð/.
Shortening of the long vowel was regular in all variants of this word in Late Old English, either due to the trisyllabicity of inflected forms or because of the following consonant cluster; variants with a long vowel can represent either development of /uɣ/ to /uː/ or lengthening before /x/. In some varieties of Middle English, /u/ was apparently lowered before /x/; standard English does not continue such forms, but they underlie Scots drocht.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

Inherent "dryness" (according to the medieval worldview).

(rare) Thirstiness; a bodily need of water.


redy

English: ready


nathelees

English: natheless, nevertheless


blisful

English: blissful

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 17-18.
The hooly blisful martir for to seke
That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.
The holy blessed martyr there to seek

Who helped them when they lay so ill and weak


condicioun

English: condition

Old French condicion, from Latin condicio

Er that I ferther in this tale pace, / Me thynketh it acordaunt to resoun / To telle yow al the condicioun / Of ech of hem, so as it semed me, / And whiche they weren, and of what degree […]

Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue


monthe

English: month


Frenssh

English: French


nevere

English: never

Northumbrian: nivver

Scots: nivver

desc

Yola: near, naar, neer, n'eer, ne'er, ne're, neveare

From Old English nǣfre, equivalent to ne + ever.


daggere

English: dagger


myghty

English: mighty

Scots: michty, mychty

Yola: michty

From Old English mihtig. Equivalent to myght + -y.


straunge

head

straunge (plural and weak singular straunge, comparative straunger, superlative straungest)

straunge (plural)
straunge (singular weak)
straunger (comparative)
straungest (superlative)

English: strange

Scots: streenge, strynge

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman estraunge, a variant of Old French estrange, from Latin extraneus.

Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue

Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,
To distant shrines well known in distant lands.

To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]


strengthe

English: strength

Scots: strenth, strinth

From Old English strengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *strangiþu; equivalent to strong + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


fredom

English: freedom

Scots: freedom

Inherited from Old English frēodōm, from Proto-West Germanic *frijadōm; equivalent to fre + -dom.

A fredome is a noble thing / fredome mayß man to haiff liking / fredome all ſolace to ma[n] giffis / He levys at eß [that] frely levys

c. 1375, “Book I”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 2, recto, lines 225-228; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

Oh, freedom is a noble thing: / it allows people to get enjoyment / and provides all of humanity's peace. / If you live free, you live at ease!


swerd

English: sword


lengthe

English: length

Scots: lenth, lainth

Inherited from Old English lengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *langiþu, from Proto-Germanic *langiþō; equivalent to long + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


seson

English: season

Borrowed from Old French seson, one of the variants of saison.


seken

enm-verb

seken (third-person singular simple present seketh, present participle sekende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sought)

seketh (present singular third-person)
sekende (participle present)
sought (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: seek, seech (Lancashire and other dialects)

Scots: seek

Yola: zeek

From Old English sēċan, From Proto-West Germanic *sōkijan, from Proto-Germanic *sōkijaną.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 12-14.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


trouthe

English: truth, troth

Scots: trowth, trewth

Inherited from Old English trēowþ, trīewþ, from Proto-West Germanic *triuwiþu, from Proto-Germanic *triwwiþō; equivalent to trewe + -the (abstract nominal suffix).
The final vowel is generalised from Old English oblique cases, while forms in /iu̯/ reflect the influence of trewe; the usual vocalism in /ɛu̯/, /ɔu̯/ is due to shortening before the consonant cluster /wθ/ in late Old English.

righteousness, justness; being right in one's cause

Euerich in other his trouthe laythe / For to be ſworne brethern, til they dey / And with yͤ worde they riden forth her wey / [...] / Nowe by my trouth brother dere ſayd he / As I ſhal tellen the a faithful tale [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliii, verso:

Each in the other his troth lay / For to be sworn brothers, till they died / And with the word they rode forth on their way / … / Now by my troth brother dear, said he / As I shall tell you a faithful tale …

troth: a pledge, contract, promise or oath


pecok

desctree

English: peacock
→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake
→ Maori: pīkake

Scots: pacok, pecok

From pe, po (“peacock”) + cok (“cock, rooster”), from Old English pāwa, pēa (“peafowl”), from Latin pāvō (“peacock”), of unknown origin; perhaps related to Tamil தோகை (tōkai, “peacock feather”), or imitative (compare Latin paupulō (“to call as a peacock”).


martir

Scots: mairtyr

English: martyr

→ Maori: matira

Borrowed from Old French martire, borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin martyr, from Aeolic Ancient Greek μάρτυρ (mártur), from μάρτυς (mártus, “witness”).


amyable

English: amiable


greye

hir eyen greye as glas

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, "General Prologue"


forhed

English: forehead

Yola: vorreat

From Old English fōrehēafod, foranhēafod.


scole

English: school (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: skuil, skeul

Scots: schuil, skuil

From the oblique forms of Old English scōl, from Latin schola, ultimately from Ancient Greek σχολή (skholḗ). Influenced by Old French escole.


venerie

English: venery

Borrowed from Old French venerie, from the verb vener, from Latin venor (“I hunt”).

hunting (pursuit and catching of specific animals allowed by law)


opinioun

English: opinion


plesaunt

Anglo-Norman plesant, from the verb plere (“to please”)


oystre

English: oyster

Scots: oyster, eyster

From three separate sources: Old English oster, Anglo-Norman oistre, and Latin ostrea, which the other two are ultimately from. The Latin is from Ancient Greek ὄστρεον (óstreon).


symple

head

symple (plural and weak singular symple, comparative sympler, superlative symplest)

symple (plural)
symple (singular weak)
sympler (comparative)
symplest (superlative)

English: simple

Scots: semple

Borrowed from Old French simple, from Latin simplex (“single; singular”).

lo I ſende ȝou as ſcheep in þe myddil of wolues / þerfoꝛ be ȝe ſliȝ as ſerpentis .· and ſymple as dowues

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:16, page 4v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So I'm sending you out like sheep in amongst wolves, so be shrewd like snakes and harmless like doves.

virtuous, godly, without sin:
guiltless, blameless

virtuous, godly, without sin:
humble, unassuming, mild

uncompounded, simplex, singular; composed of one part.

(law, philosophy) Without extra conditions; unconditioned.

simple, spartan, perfunctory, regular
(rare) transparent, apparent

simple, spartan, perfunctory, regular
transparent, apparent

unimportant, insignificant:
meager, powerless, lacking

unimportant, insignificant:
cheap, inexpensive; of little value.


symple

English: simple

That which is uncompounded, simplex, singular; composed of one part.

An individual who is virtuous, godly, or without sin:

(rare) One who is guiltless, or blameless.

(rare) One who is humble, unassuming, or mild.

(rare) That which is unimportant, insignificant or meager.

(law, rare) A document without extra complications or conditions.


softe

English: soft

Scots: saft

Yola: zaft

From Old English sōfte, variant of sēfte, from Proto-West Germanic *samftī.


certein

Old French certain, from Vulgar Latin *certānus.


repentaunt

Old French repentant, from the verb repentir (“to repent”)


estaat

English: estate; state

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
His bootes souple, his hors in greet estaat.
His boots flexible, his horse in a fine condition


chyn

English: chin

Scots: chin, chyn

From Old English ċinn, from Proto-West Germanic *kinnu, form Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus.


absolucioun

English: absolution

From Old French absolution, from Latin absolūtiōnem, accusative singular of absolūtiō (“acquittal”).


confessioun

English: confession

Borrowed from Old French confession, from Latin cōnfessiō, cōnfessiōnem.


fowel

English: fowl

Scots: foul, fule

Yola: fowlès (plural)

From Old English fugol, from Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.


penaunce

English: penance

From Anglo-Norman, from Old French peneance, from Latin paenitentia (“penitence”).


lippe

English: lip

Scots: lip

From Old English lippa, from Proto-West Germanic *lippjō.


complexioun

complexion (appearance of skin on the face)


dayesye

English: daisy

From Old English dæġes ēage (literally “day's eye”).


fraternitee

Old French fraternité, from Latin fraternitas.


solempne

Old French solempne, from Latin sōlempnis.


wepen

wepen (infinitive)
to wepen (infinitive)
wepe (infinitive)
wepe (first-person present singular)
weped (first-person past singular)
wepte (first-person past singular)
wep (first-person past singular)
wepest (present second-person singular)
wepedest (past second-person singular)
weptest (past second-person singular)
wepe (past second-person singular)
wep (past second-person singular)
wepeth (present singular third-person)
weped (past singular third-person)
wepte (past singular third-person)
wep (past singular third-person)
wepe (present singular subjunctive)
weped (past singular subjunctive)
wepte (past singular subjunctive)
wepe (past singular subjunctive)
wepe (imperative present singular)
wepen (plural present)
wepe (plural present)
wepeden (past plural)
wepede (past plural)
wepten (past plural)
wepte (past plural)
wepen (past plural)
wepe (past plural)
wepeth (imperative plural present)
wepe (imperative plural present)
wepynge (participle present)
wepende (participle present)
weped (participle past)
wept (participle past)
wopen (participle past)
wope (participle past)
wepen (participle past)
ywept (participle past)
ywope (participle past)
yweped (participle past)

English: weep

From Old English wēpan, from Proto-West Germanic *wōpijan, from Proto-Germanic *wōpijaną.


renoun

English: renown

Anglo-Norman renoun, late Anglo-Norman form of renun. Compare Old French renon, renom


fressh

English: fresh

Scots: fresh

Yola: vresh

From Old English fersc (“fresh, pure, sweet”), from Proto-West Germanic *frisk (“fresh”). The metathesis in the word that occurred between Proto-Germanic and Old English was probably undone due to influence from Old French fresche, feminine singular of fres, ultimately also of Germanic origin.


bitwixe

In the position that separates (two things); in the middle.


bitwixe

English: betwixt

Yola: betweesk, beteesh, beeteesh

Acting as an intermediary between two communicators, or as that being communicated or shared.


partrich

enm-noun

partrich (plural partriches or partrich)

English: partridge

Scots: paitrick, pairtrick

→ Irish: patraisc

→ Manx: patrag

→ Scottish Gaelic: peurtag

→ Welsh: petris

Borrowed from Old French perdriz, from Latin perdīx, perdīcem (“partridge”), from Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”).
Forms with /k/ are by analogy with other words that vary between /t͡ʃ/ and /k/.

der

Perdix perdix
Perdix perdix#Translingual


bisy

head

bisy (plural and weak singular bisye, comparative bisiere, superlative bisiest)

bisye (plural)
bisye (singular weak)
bisiere (comparative)
bisiest (superlative)

English: busy

Scots: bissy, besy, bussie

From Old English bisig, from Proto-West Germanic *bisīg (“diligent, zealous, busy”).

inh

(of a person) Engaged in activity; preoccupied.

Having a strong work ethic; diligent, industrious, hard-working.

Disposed to anxiety or concern, particularly about practical matters; solicitous, worried.

Mi will..is besi nyht and day, To lerne al that he lerne may.

Eager to; intent upon (typically followed by to, for to or þat.

(of an action or place) Characterised by activity and vigor.


berd

English: beard

Scots: berd, berde, beird

Yola: bearde

→ Anglo-Norman: berd

gl

merged with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">barbier</i>

→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Old English beard, from Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂.


livere

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


draughte

English: draught


broun

desctree

English: brown
Bislama: braon
Tok Pisin: braun
→ Welsh: brown
→ Tongan: palauni

Geordie English: broon

Scots: broon, broun

Inherited from Old English brūn, from Proto-West Germanic *brūn, from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz.


broun

Scots: broon, broun


ynogh

English: enough, (archaic) enow, enoo

Geordie English: eneugh

Scots: eneuch, eneugh, aneuch

Yola: eenew

From Old English ġenōg (“enough”), from Proto-West Germanic *ganōg, from Proto-Germanic *ganōgaz (“enough”).


esy

head

esy (comparative esyere, superlative esyest)

esyere (comparative)
esyest (superlative)

English: easy

Scots: aisy

From ese + -y, with influence from Old French aaisé, aisé. Doublet of eise.


esy

English: easy

Scots: aisy


felawe

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

A (male) partner, friend, or colleague; one linked with others:

A (male) co-worker; one who is employed in the same position as oneself or who works with oneself.

A member of an organisation, society, religious order/group, college, trade association, etc.

A (male) accomplice; one who assists another in criminal activity.

A (male) partner or partaker in revelry or one who likes doing so (i.e. is extroverted).

One who is in a close platonic relationship with another; a true companion.

An adversary; one who is against oneself in physical combat.

One who is equal or equivalent to another; a peer.

An appellation used towards a man beneath oneself in society (either friendly or insulting)

A member of or a thing in a grouping, set, or bunch.

(rare) A sexual or marital partner (of a human or animal)

(rare) A male individual of low societal or moral rank.

(rare) Any male individual; a fella, guy, etc.

(rare) That which acts as an intermediary force or agent.


coold

English: cold


natureel

Old French natural, from Latin naturalis


herte

enm-noun

herte (plural hertes or herten or herte)

hertes (plural)
herten (plural)
herte (plural)

English: heart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hert, hart, hairt

Yola: hearth, hart

Inherited from Old English heorte, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

(anatomy) heart (organ, sometimes eaten).

One's memory or recall; one's ability to remember.

One's inner self; the mind:
(rare) One's intuition or sixth sense.

One's inner self; the mind:
One's intuition or sixth sense.

One's feelings, or beliefs; the heart viewed as a source of them:

Positive emotions; cheerfulness, happiness.

Ardour, love; a strong and deep-seated liking of something.

One's (inherent or current) attitude or behaviour.

Ac hy habbeþ hire heꝛten zuo areꝛed ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dredeþ kyng. ne eꝛl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

One's or religious feelings and attitudes.

(rare) Faithfulness, fidelity; keeping one's words.


boold

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.
Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


compaignye

English: company


everich

English: every

Scots: ivery

Yola: ivery, erich, everich

From Old English ǣfre ǣlċ, ǣfre ǣġhwelċ, ǣfre ġehwelċ (“each and every”).

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
He knew the cause of everich maladye
He knew the cause of every illness


doctour

English: doctor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: doctor


munnen

Alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


religioun

English: religion

Scots: releegion


-lees

Old English -lēas, from Proto-Germanic. Compare Dutch -loos, German -los.


coverchief

Old French covrechief, from covrir (“to cover”) + chief (“head”).

Hir coverchiefs ful fyne were of ground;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 453-455

That on a Sonday were upon hir heed.
Her kerchiefs were very fine in texture;
I dare swear they weighed ten pound
That on a Sunday were upon her head.

hat or similar device used to cover the head


persoun

English:

parson

person
Nigerian Pidgin: pesin

Anglo-Norman persoune, from Old French persone, from Latin persona


somdel

From som (“some”) + del (“deal, part, portion”).

compound

A povre wydwe, somdel stape in age”

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Þer gooþ to waast þerof somdel. — Sidrak and Bokkus, 1500

We hafe sent...oure breþere as of what maner I seyde, þai be redy, lest of þat þat we hafe ioyed, it be voyded in sumdele.

in ~: in this instance, in this case (transl. of Latin in hac parte)


verray

desctree

English: very
Solombala English: вери (veri)

Geordie English: varry

Scots: verra, vera

Yola: veree

skilled, competent (in a given domain of skill)


verray

English: very

Scots: verra, vera

accurately, precisely, closely, faithfully


hooly

1380, John Wycliffe (translator), Matthew: I, Bible, 1810, The New Testament, page 4,
But while he thougte these thingis: Lo the aungel of the Lord apperid in slep to him and seide Joseph the sone of David nyle thou drede to take Marie thy wyf, for that thing that is born in hir is of the hooly Goost.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 17-18.
The hooly blisful martir for to seke
That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.
The holy blessed martyr there to seek


daunce

English: dance

→ Scottish Gaelic: dannsa

From Anglo-Norman daunce. Also derivable as a deverbal from dauncen.


drye

head

drye (plural and weak singular drye, comparative *dryer, superlative *dryest)

drye (plural)
drye (singular weak)
*dryer (comparative)
*dryest (superlative)

English: dry

Scots: dry, drey

From Old English drȳġe, from Proto-West Germanic *drūgi, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz.

Dry; lacking wetness, humidity, or water:

Having water extracted out of it; dried, shrunken.

(of food) Preserved by drying; dried or cured.

Not producing or providing water; waterless.

Lacking empathy; cold-hearted or uncaring.


drye

(alchemy, medicine) Something considered alchemically dry.


deef

English: deaf

Scots: deef, deif, deaf


hewe

English: hewe

Inherited from Old English hīwa, from Proto-West Germanic *hīwō, from Proto-Germanic *hīwô.


hewe

English: hue

Scots: hew, hu, hue

Inherited from Old English hīew, from Proto-West Germanic *hiwi, from Proto-Germanic *hiwją.
Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives, especially in the common combination of (red, grene, etc.) hewe.


suffisaunce

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
He koude in litel thyng have suffisaunce.
He could find contentment in little things


prechen

desctree

English: preach
→ Kashubian: préczowac (United States)
→ Manx: preaçh

From Old French prëechier, from Latin praedicāre, present active infinitive of praedicō.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
That Cristes gospel trewely wolde preche
That he would preach Christ's gospel honestly


bisynesse

From Old English bisiġnes, corresponding to bisy + -nesse.

Alternative form of bisynes (“trade, occupation”)


adversitee

English: adversity

From Old French adversité, from Latin adversitās.


trewely

From Old English trēowlīċe, from Proto-Germanic *triwwilīkaz; equivalent to trewe + -ly.


trewely

English: truly

Scots: truly


litel

English: little

Scots: lytil, litil

Yola: lethel, lithel, litha, lythea

From Old English lȳtel, from Proto-West Germanic *lūtil, from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz.


wrake

English: wrack

Yola: rocke

Inherited from Old English wracu, from Proto-Germanic *wrakō.

vengeance, retribution, revenge
divine retribution or punishment

vengeance, retribution, revenge
an act of punishment or vengeance

vengeance, retribution, revenge
vengefulness

haven/taken/nimen wrake on/upon/of

ruin, destruction, wreck
ruination, violation

gon to/unto wrake

fallen in-to wrake

bryngen/fallen wrake


-nesse

English: -ness

Scots: -nes

From Old English -nes, from Proto-West Germanic *-nassī, from Proto-Germanic *-inassuz.

Affixed to adjectives to form abstract nouns which denote a quality, state or condition.


clene

head

clene (plural and weak singular clene, comparative clener, clenner, superlative clenest, clennest)

clene (plural)
clene (singular weak)
clener (comparative)
clenner (comparative)
clenest (superlative)
clennest (superlative)

English: clean

Scots: clene, clein

From Old English clǣne, from Proto-West Germanic *klainī.


drawen

enm-verb

drawen (third-person singular simple present draweth, present participle drawinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative drogh or drew, past participle drawen)

draweth (present singular third-person)
drawinge (participle present)
drogh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drawen (participle past)
drawen (infinitive)
to drawen (infinitive)
drawe (infinitive)
drawe (first-person present singular)
drogh (first-person past singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
drawest (present second-person singular)
drowe (past second-person singular)
drewe (past second-person singular)
drogh (past second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
draweth (present singular third-person)
drogh (past singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
drawe (present singular subjunctive)
drowe (past singular subjunctive)
drewe (past singular subjunctive)
drawe (imperative present singular)
drawen (plural present)
drawe (plural present)
drowen (past plural)
drowe (past plural)
drewen (past plural)
drewe (past plural)
draweth (imperative plural present)
drawe (imperative plural present)
drawynge (participle present)
drawende (participle present)
drawen (participle past)
drawe (participle past)
ydrawen (participle past)
ydrawe (participle past)

English: draw

Scots: draw

Yola: dra

From Old English dragan, from Proto-West Germanic *dragan. Many senses are calqued from Latin trahere.

To unsheathe or pull out a weapon or arrow.

To rip or pull out; to forcibly remove by pulling or tugging.

To pull, move or draw away:
To draw breath; to breathe or respire.

To doff; to remove an article of clothing.

To pull, move or draw away:
(cooking) To disembowel or gut.

To pull, move or draw away:
To disembowel or gut.

(medicine) To extract blood from (someone)

To pull, move or draw away:
To extract blood from (someone)

To draw, push, or impel towards (oneself); to attract:

To extract; to draw out (moisture or liquid)

To lead or bring (something); to take with oneself.

To effect a condition or state; to make (into).

(chess) To make a move; to move a piece.

To go to; to become closer or nearer to:

To travel or journey: to go physically towards.

To follow, imitate; to be influenced by.

To support or influence; to exert power over.

To draw out; to spread out or extend:
To prolong; to extend in time.

(rare) To spread as to cover or blanket.

To draw out; to spread out or extend:
To spread as to cover or blanket.

To draw out; to spread out or extend:
To defer or procrastinate; to put off.

To make or create; to cause to come about:

To pull apart; to tear to bits (especially with down)

(mathematics) To add; to perform addition.


pipor

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of peper


deeth

English: death

Scots: deith, daith

From Old English dēaþ, from Proto-West Germanic *dauþu, from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz.


afered

English: afeared

⇒ Fingallian: afreard

Scots: afeard, afeart, afeared

Yola: aferdth, afear'd


toold

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Now have I toold you shortly in a clause
Now that I have briefly told you above


knobbe

English: knob, nob

Yola: knapp

From Middle Low German knobbe, probably via Old Saxon from a variant of Proto-Germanic *knappô (“knob, lump”), one of several kn- words related to *knuttô (“knot”).


cheke

English: cheek; choke

Scots: cheek

/ˈt͡ʃɛːk(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːk(ə)/

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English ċēace, from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ.
* Old English ċēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *keukā, from Proto-Germanic *keukǭ.


untrewe

English: untrue

From Old English untrīewe, from Proto-West Germanic *untriuwī, from Proto-Germanic *untriwwiz. Equivalent to un- + trewe.


moneye

English: money (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: money, moneth

Scots: money

Yola: monie, monnie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman muneie (compare modern Norman mounaie), from Latin monēta; doublet of mynt.


daunger

English: danger

Late Anglo-Norman daunger, from an earlier dangier, dongier

With daunger oute we al oure chaffare; / Greet prees at market maketh deere ware, / And to greet cheep is holde at litel prys: / This knoweth every womman that is wys.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 521-24:


Latyn

English: Latin

Scots: Latin

From a confluence of Old English Latin and Old French latin, latyn, both from Latin Latīnus.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
And whan that he wel dronken hadde the wyn,
Than wolde he speke no word but Latyn.
And when he had drunk all the wine
He would not speak a word other than Latin

The Latin language or speech/text in it.

A Roman; one who (natively) speaks Latin.


Latyn

English: Latin

Scots: Latin

From a confluence of Old English latin and Old French latin, both from Latin latīnus.

Relating to the Latin language:
Latin-speaking; using Latin.

Relating to the Latin language:
(rare) Written in or composed in Latin.

Relating to the Latin language:
Written in or composed in Latin.


vitaille

English: victual, vittle

Old French and Anglo-Norman vitaille, from Latin victuālia, the nominative plural of victuālis, from victus, from the verb vīvō (“I live”).


speken

speken (third-person singular simple present speketh, present participle spekynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative spak, past participle speken)

speketh (present singular third-person)
spekynge (participle present)
spak (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
speken (participle past)
speken (infinitive)
to speken (infinitive)
speke (infinitive)
speke (first-person present singular)
spak (first-person past singular)
spek (first-person past singular)
spekest (present second-person singular)
spext (present second-person singular)
speke (past second-person singular)
spake (past second-person singular)
spoke (past second-person singular)
spak (past second-person singular)
spek (past second-person singular)
speketh (present singular third-person)
spekth (present singular third-person)
spak (past singular third-person)
spek (past singular third-person)
speke (present singular subjunctive)
speke (past singular subjunctive)
spake (past singular subjunctive)
spoke (past singular subjunctive)
speke (imperative present singular)
speken (plural present)
speke (plural present)
speken (past plural)
speke (past plural)
spaken (past plural)
spake (past plural)
spoken (past plural)
spoke (past plural)
speketh (imperative plural present)
speke (imperative plural present)
spekynge (participle present)
spekende (participle present)
speken (participle past)
yspeken (participle past)
speke (participle past)
yspeke (participle past)
spoken (participle past)
yspoken (participle past)
spoke (participle past)
yspoke (participle past)

English: speak

Scots: speke, speik

From Old English specan, from earlier sprecan, from Proto-West Germanic *sprekan, from Proto-Germanic *sprekaną.

The title of the hundrid and eiȝtthe ſalm. To victorye, the ſalm of Dauid. / God, holde thou not ſtille my preiſyng; for the mouth of the ſynner, and the mouth of the gileful man is openyd on me. / Thei ſpaken ayens me with a gileful tunge, and thei cumpassiden me with wordis of hatrede; and fouȝten ayens me with out cauſe.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 108:1-3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David" / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.


trewe

head

trewe (plural and weak singular trewe, comparative trewere, superlative trewest)

trewe (plural)
trewe (singular weak)
trewere (comparative)
trewest (superlative)

English: true

Scots: trew

Yola: drue

From Old English trīewe; from Proto-West Germanic *triuwī, from Proto-Germanic *triwwiz.

Concerned about loyalty, honourable, lawful, righteous.

True, genuine (as opposed to being fake)

þerfoꝛ marie took a pound of oynement of trewe narde pꝛeciouſe / and anoyntide þe feet of iheſu .· ⁊ wipte hiſe feet wiþ hir heeris / and þe hous was fillid of þe ſauour of þe oynement

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 12:3, page 50v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then Mary took a pound of valuable pure nard ointment, anointed Jesus's feet, and wiped them with her hair; the house was filled with the ointment's scent.


daungerous

English: dangerous

From Anglo-Norman, from Old French dangereus, from dangier.

My wages ben fule straite, and eke full smale; / My lorde is harde to me and daungerous.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Of his speech daungerous

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


viage

English: voyage

Scots: vaige

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman viage, Old French voiage, both from Latin viaticum.

Chaucer, Of reste, of labour, of viages


bettre

English: better

Scots: better

Yola: bethther

From Old English betera, from Proto-West Germanic *batiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *batizô. In adverbial senses, supplements earlier bet.


bettre

English: better

Scots: better


bettre

English: better

Scots: better

Something or someone which is more good or wel (i.e. better).

(especially) One's social superior; one of one's betters.

Edge, benefit, advantage; something which is beneficial (especially against others)


juggement

English: judgment


gliden

enm-verb

gliden (third-person singular simple present glideth, present participle glidynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative glod, past participle gliden)

glideth (present singular third-person)
glidynge (participle present)
glod (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
gliden (participle past)
gliden (infinitive)
to gliden (infinitive)
glide (infinitive)
glide (first-person present singular)
glod (first-person past singular)
glidest (present second-person singular)
glode (past second-person singular)
glide (past second-person singular)
glod (past second-person singular)
glideth (present singular third-person)
glod (past singular third-person)
glide (present singular subjunctive)
glode (past singular subjunctive)
glide (past singular subjunctive)
glide (imperative present singular)
gliden (plural present)
glide (plural present)
gloden (past plural)
glode (past plural)
gliden (past plural)
glide (past plural)
glideth (imperative plural present)
glide (imperative plural present)
glidynge (participle present)
glidende (participle present)
gliden (participle past)
glide (participle past)
ygliden (participle past)
yglide (participle past)

English: glide

Scots: glide, glyde

From Old English glīdan (“to glide”), from Proto-West Germanic *glīdan, from Proto-Germanic *glīdaną; more at glide.