herberwen

herberwen (infinitive)
to herberwen (infinitive)
herberwe (infinitive)
herberwe (first-person present singular)
herberwed (first-person past singular)
herberwest (present second-person singular)
herberwedest (past second-person singular)
herberweth (present singular third-person)
herberwed (past singular third-person)
herberwe (present singular subjunctive)
herberwed (past singular subjunctive)
herberwe (imperative present singular)
herberwen (plural present)
herberwe (plural present)
herberweden (past plural)
herberwede (past plural)
herberweth (imperative plural present)
herberwe (imperative plural present)
herberwynge (participle present)
herberwende (participle present)
herberwed (participle past)
yherberwed (participle past)

English: harbor, harbour

Scots: hairbor, hairbour

From Old English herebeorgian; equivalent to herberwe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To accommodate or lodge; to have as a guest:

To give out accommodations (to someone).

To dwell or stay; to make accommodation.

To shelter or store (an animal or thing)


herberjour

English: harbinger

From Old French herbergeor; equivalent to Old French herbergier + -our. Compare herberer and herbergage.

A host; one who provides accommodation or hospitality.

A person sent in advance (of an army) to arrange lodgings.


unhonestee

Alternative form of unhoneste (“immorality”)


dishonestee

Alternative form of dishoneste (“disgrace”)


dyshonest

Alternative form of dishoneste (“disgraceful”)


unhoneste

English: unhonest

Scots: unhonest

From un- + honeste (“honourable, appropriate, excellent”).


unhoneste

English: unhonesty

From un- + honeste (“honour, integrity”).

Immorality; the state of being unethical.


dishoneste

English: dishonest

From Old French deshoneste (“disgraceful”), from Latin dehonestus; equivalent to dis- + honeste (“honourable, appropriate, excellent”).


dishoneste

English: dishonesty

From Old French deshoneste (“disgrace”); equivalent to dis- + honeste (“honour, integrity”).


unhonestly

English: unhonestly

From unhoneste (“dishonourable”) + -ly (adverbial suffix) or un- + honestly.


hemself

English: 'emselves

desc

Yola: aamzil, amezil, amezill, aamezil, aamezill

From Old English heom selfum, equivalent to hem (“them”) + self.


bisquyte

English: biscuit (see there for further descendants)

>? Yola: busk


deynous

An aphetic form of disdeynous; compare deyne and deynen (“to disdain”).


kanoun

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative law”)


clicchinge

English: clutching

Yola: clugercheen


canoun

English: canon

Scots: canon

From Old French canon, from Latin canōn, from Ancient Greek κανών (kanṓn).


canoun

English: canon

From Old Northern French canoine, from Latin canōnicus; a back-formation from Old English canonic is also possible, though less likely. Some forms are influenced by central Old French chanoine.

canon (clergy member serving a cathedral church).


sandel

Alternative form of sandal (“sandalwood”)


saundres

English: sanders (obsolete)

Originally a plural; from Old French sandre, from Medieval Latin sandalum, from Byzantine Greek σάνδανον (sándanon), σάνταλον (sántalon), from Arabic صَنْدَل (ṣandal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (cndl /čandal/, “sandalwood”), from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”). Doublet of sandal.


karette

desctree

English: carrot
→ Fijian: kareti
→ Malay: karot
→ Tagalog: karot

Yola: correate, coureate

Borrowed from Middle French carotte, from Latin carōta, from Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón).


anoyaunce

English: annoyance

Borrowed from Old French anuiance, anoiance; equivalent to anoyen + -aunce.

(rare) annoyance, irritation (that which annoys)


anoyous

English: annoyous

Borrowed from Old French enuius, anoios; equivalent to anoy + -ous.

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer, Frederic J. Furnival (Editor), The Cambridge MS. Dd. 4. 24 or Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, London; Published by teh Chaucer Society, 1902: pg. 650, [728]

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Ayeinst this horrible Synne of Accidie / and Þe brauches of the same / there is a vertu Þat is called ffortitudo or Strength / Þat is an affection / Þurgh for which a man espiseth annoyous Þynges

(rare) troublesome, challenging, annoying


noysom

English: noisome

From noy (“trouble, sorrow”) + -som. More at noisome.


denyen

enm-verb

denyen (third-person singular simple present denyeth, present participle denyende, denyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle denyed)

denyeth (present singular third-person)
denyende (participle present)
denyynge (participle present)
denyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
denyen (infinitive)
to denyen (infinitive)
denye (infinitive)
denye (first-person present singular)
denyed (first-person past singular)
denyest (present second-person singular)
denyedest (past second-person singular)
denyeth (present singular third-person)
denyed (past singular third-person)
denye (present singular subjunctive)
denyed (past singular subjunctive)
denye (imperative present singular)
denyen (plural present)
denye (plural present)
denyeden (past plural)
denyede (past plural)
denyeth (imperative plural present)
denye (imperative plural present)
denyynge (participle present)
denyende (participle present)
denyed (participle past)
ydenyed (participle past)

English: deny

Scots: deny

Borrowed from Old French deniier, denoier, from Latin dēnegāre.


noyaunce

English: noyance

From Anglo-Norman noyaunce, reinforced through aphesis of anoyaunce; equivalent to noyen + -aunce.

A problem or irritation; that which irritates.

(rare) A dispute; a point of contention.

(rare) An injury; the infliction of harm.


anoyen

anoyen (infinitive)
to anoyen (infinitive)
anoye (infinitive)
anoye (first-person present singular)
anoyed (first-person past singular)
anoyest (present second-person singular)
anoyedest (past second-person singular)
anoyeth (present singular third-person)
anoyed (past singular third-person)
anoye (present singular subjunctive)
anoyed (past singular subjunctive)
anoye (imperative present singular)
anoyen (plural present)
anoye (plural present)
anoyeden (past plural)
anoyede (past plural)
anoyeth (imperative plural present)
anoye (imperative plural present)
anoyynge (participle present)
anoyende (participle present)
anoyed (participle past)
yanoyed (participle past)

English: annoy

Borrowed from Old French anuier, enuier, from Late Latin inodiō.

To bother; to annoy or irritate:
To be annoying or injurious.

To bother; to annoy or irritate:
To be annoyed or irritated.


noyen

noyen (infinitive)
to noyen (infinitive)
noye (infinitive)
noye (first-person present singular)
noyed (first-person past singular)
noyest (present second-person singular)
noyedest (past second-person singular)
noyeth (present singular third-person)
noyed (past singular third-person)
noye (present singular subjunctive)
noyed (past singular subjunctive)
noye (imperative present singular)
noyen (plural present)
noye (plural present)
noyeden (past plural)
noyede (past plural)
noyeth (imperative plural present)
noye (imperative plural present)
noyynge (participle present)
noyende (participle present)
noyed (participle past)
ynoyed (participle past)

English: noy (obsolete)

Scots: noy (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman nuier, reinforced through aphesis of anoyen. Compare anoyen.

That is Mede þe Mayde quod she · hath noyed me ful oft / And ylakked my lemman.]

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:

"In Normandie was he noght / Noyed for my sake; / Ac thow thiself soothly / Shamedest hym ofte, / Crope into a cabane1740 / For cold of thi nayles, / Wendest that wynter / Wolde han y-lasted evere, / And dreddest to be ded / For a dym cloude, / And hyedest homward / For hunger of thi wombe."]

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, II


noysaunce

English: nuisance

→ Scots: nuisance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman nusaunce and Old French nuisance.

(law) Anything harmful or offensive to the community.


noysen

noysen (infinitive)
to noysen (infinitive)
noyse (infinitive)
noyse (first-person present singular)
noysed (first-person past singular)
noysest (present second-person singular)
noysedest (past second-person singular)
noyseth (present singular third-person)
noysed (past singular third-person)
noyse (present singular subjunctive)
noysed (past singular subjunctive)
noyse (imperative present singular)
noysen (plural present)
noyse (plural present)
noyseden (past plural)
noysede (past plural)
noyseth (imperative plural present)
noyse (imperative plural present)
noysynge (participle present)
noysende (participle present)
noysed (participle past)
ynoysed (participle past)

English: noise

Scots: noise

Either from noyse + -en (infinitival suffix) or borrowed from Old French noisier.


mekanyk

English: mechanic

Borrowed from Old French mecanique, from Latin mechanicus, from Ancient Greek μηχανικός (mēkhanikós).


vayle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of vale


vayle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of valen


-aunce

English: -ance (-ence)

Scots: -ance (-ence)

From Anglo-Norman -aunce and continental Old French -ance, from Latin -antia, -entia.

Forms nouns indicating states or processes, usually from verbs or other nouns; -ance.


availen

availen (infinitive)
to availen (infinitive)
availe (infinitive)
availe (first-person present singular)
availed (first-person past singular)
availest (present second-person singular)
availedest (past second-person singular)
availeth (present singular third-person)
availed (past singular third-person)
availe (present singular subjunctive)
availed (past singular subjunctive)
availe (imperative present singular)
availen (plural present)
availe (plural present)
availeden (past plural)
availede (past plural)
availeth (imperative plural present)
availe (imperative plural present)
availynge (participle present)
availende (participle present)
availed (participle past)
yavailed (participle past)

English: avail

From Old French a (“to”) + vail (from valoir (“to be worth”)).


ȝwo

(Southern) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


hwoa

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


qwom

Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


ȝwam

(Southern) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


whaim

(Northern) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


whamm

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


whem

(rare) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


ssep

(Southern, Kent) Alternative form of schep


whas

Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


qwoys

(Late Middle English, rare) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


whayse

(Northern) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


hwos

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


whoome

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


likinge

Yola: lickeen

(Late Middle English, hapax) resemblance, image


lewthe

English: lewth

⇒ Yola: loothee, louthee


cruchen

Alternative form of crouchen (“to make a cross”)


cruchen

Alternative form of crouchen (“to crouch”)


croket

English: crocket

From Anglo-Norman croket; a doublet of crochet.


crouche

English: crouch (obsolete)

From Old English crūċ, from Latin crucem. Doublet of cross and croys.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

sign of the cross
sign of the cross#English

A representation of a cross (e.g. a crucifix, the sign of the cross)


crouchen

crouchen (infinitive)
to crouchen (infinitive)
crouche (infinitive)
crouche (first-person present singular)
crouched (first-person past singular)
crouchest (present second-person singular)
crouchedest (past second-person singular)
croucheth (present singular third-person)
crouched (past singular third-person)
crouche (present singular subjunctive)
crouched (past singular subjunctive)
crouche (imperative present singular)
crouchen (plural present)
crouche (plural present)
croucheden (past plural)
crouchede (past plural)
croucheth (imperative plural present)
crouche (imperative plural present)
crouchynge (participle present)
crouchende (participle present)
crouched (participle past)
ycrouched (participle past)

English: crouch (obsolete)

From crouche + -en (infinitival suffix).


crouchen

English: crouch

Scots: crooch, crouch

A variant of croken influenced by couchen.


scochon

English: escutcheon, scutcheon

From Anglo-Norman escuchon and Old French escusson.


pellican

English: pelican

Scots: pelican

From Old English pellican, from Latin pellicanus, variant of pelecānus, from Ancient Greek πελεκάν (pelekán).


transgressioun

English: transgression

Borrowed from Old French transgression, from Latin trānsgressiō. Compare transgressour.

A sin; a transgression of religious precepts.

A violation or transgression of the law.

(rare) A disturbance of expectations; an anomaly.


schimeringe

English: shimmering

Yola: shimmereen


utilite

English: utility

Borrowed from Old French utilite, utilitet, itself borrowed from Latin ūtilitās.


benediccion

English: benediction

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin benedictio, benedictionem; compare malediccion. Doublet of benysoun.


malisoun

English: malison

Scots: mellishon

Borrowed from Old French maleison, from Latin maledictiō; compare benysoun. Doublet of malediccion.


malediccion

English: malediction

Borrowed from Middle French malédiction, from Latin maledictiō (“curse”); compare benediction. Doublet of malisoun.


arsoun

English: arson (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French arçon, from Vulgar Latin *arciō.


malignen

enm-verb

malignen (third-person singular simple present maligneth, present participle malignende, malignynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle maligned)

maligneth (present singular third-person)
malignende (participle present)
malignynge (participle present)
maligned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
malignen (infinitive)
to malignen (infinitive)
maligne (infinitive)
maligne (first-person present singular)
maligned (first-person past singular)
malignest (present second-person singular)
malignedest (past second-person singular)
maligneth (present singular third-person)
maligned (past singular third-person)
maligne (present singular subjunctive)
maligned (past singular subjunctive)
maligne (imperative present singular)
malignen (plural present)
maligne (plural present)
maligneden (past plural)
malignede (past plural)
maligneth (imperative plural present)
maligne (imperative plural present)
malignynge (participle present)
malignende (participle present)
maligned (participle past)
ymaligned (participle past)

English: malign

Scots: maling (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman malignier, from Late Latin malignāre; equivalent to maligne + -en (infinitival suffix).


benysoun

English: benison

Scots: benison

Yola: benisons (plural)

Borrowed from Old French beneïson, from Latin benedictio; compare malisoun. Doublet of benediccion.

A blessing (request for divine favour).
A formal blessing or consecration.

A blessing (request for divine favour).
Grace (prayer of thanks)


adden

adden (third-person singular simple present addeth, present participle addende, addynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle added)

addeth (present singular third-person)
addende (participle present)
addynge (participle present)
added (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
adden (infinitive)
to adden (infinitive)
adde (infinitive)
adde (first-person present singular)
added (first-person past singular)
addest (present second-person singular)
addedest (past second-person singular)
addeth (present singular third-person)
added (past singular third-person)
adde (present singular subjunctive)
added (past singular subjunctive)
adde (imperative present singular)
adden (plural present)
adde (plural present)
addeden (past plural)
addede (past plural)
addeth (imperative plural present)
adde (imperative plural present)
addynge (participle present)
addende (participle present)
added (participle past)
yadded (participle past)

English: add

Scots: add

From Latin addō (“add, give unto”), from ad (“to”) + dō (“give”).

(transitive) to join or unite (something with something else); to add

(transitive) to append (e.g. a statement); to say further information; to add on


benignely

English: benignly

Scots: beningly (obsolete)


benignite

English: benignity

Borrowed from Old French benignite, from Latin benignitās; equivalent to benigne + -ite.


colk

>? English: coke

Possibly from Old English *colc, from Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, depression”), from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz, *kelukaz, *kelukô, a diminutive of *kelǭ (“throat”).


troute

English: trout

Scots: trout, troot

From Old English truht and Old French truite, both from Late Latin tructa, possibly from Ancient Greek τρώκτης (trṓktēs).


carpentrie

English: carpentry

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman carpenterie; equivalent to carpenter + -ie.


malwe

English: mallow

>? Scots: maw

From Old English mealwe, from Latin malva. Some forms are influenced by Old French mauve.


spawde

English: spauld

Scots: spaul

From Old French espalde (French épaule), from Latin spatula.


leind

Alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


dweolien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dwelen


loyne

English: loin

Scots: lunyie, lungie

From Old French loigne (“loins”), from Latin lumbus. Compare lende.

(often in the plural) The loins or their muscles.

A cut of meat from this part of an animal.


loyne

From Old French loigne, from Medieval Latin longia, longea.

(especially falconry) A cord used as a leash or restraint.


dwele

From Old English ġedwola, dwola, with the vowel of dwelen.


dwalien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dwalen


dwæruh

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dwergh


dwelen

dwelen (infinitive)
to dwelen (infinitive)
dwele (infinitive)
dwele (first-person present singular)
dweled (first-person past singular)
dwelest (present second-person singular)
dweledest (past second-person singular)
dweleth (present singular third-person)
dweled (past singular third-person)
dwele (present singular subjunctive)
dweled (past singular subjunctive)
dwele (imperative present singular)
dwelen (plural present)
dwele (plural present)
dweleden (past plural)
dwelede (past plural)
dweleth (imperative plural present)
dwele (imperative plural present)
dwelynge (participle present)
dwelende (participle present)
dweled (participle past)
ydweled (participle past)

From Old English dwelian (weak class 2), from Proto-West Germanic *dwelan (strong class 4), from Proto-Germanic *dwelaną.


dwellynge

English: dwelling


dwergh

English: dwarf

Scots: droich, droch

→ Scottish Gaelic: troich

From Old English dweorg, from Proto-West Germanic *dwerg, from Proto-Germanic *dwergaz.

dwarf, pygmy (member of a mythological race of dwarfs)

(derogatory) A term of abuse for a short person.


aundire

English: andiron

Borrowed from Old French andier, from Gaulish anderon (“heifer”); some forms are influenced by iren (“iron”).


gridil

English: griddle

Scots: girdle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gredil, from Latin crātīcula; possibly a doublet of crele. Compare gredire.

A gridiron; such a grate used for cooking or torture.


gredire

English: gridiron

Possibly a modification of gridil (“gridiron, griddle”) after iren; compare aundire.

A gridiron; an iron grate used for cooking or torture.


therto

English: thereto


trinite

English: trinity

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trinite and Old French ternite, from Latin trīnitās, trīnitātem; equivalent to trine + -ite.


trinite

English: Trinity

Scots: treenity, Tarnty


damey

Probably from Anglo-Norman damehe (“flock”), from dame (“lady”, compare Middle English dame).


calwe

English: callow

From calw-, the oblique stem of Old English calu, from Proto-West Germanic *kalu, from Proto-Germanic *kalwaz.


biside

From Old English bī sīdan, equivalent to bi- + side.


biside

English: beside, besides

Yola: besidh, besithes


rustiȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of rusty


dyggar

English: digger

Yola: digger


muscilage

English: mucilage

Borrowed from Middle French mucilage, from Late Latin mūcilāgō.


æch

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ech


æȝhwylc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ewilch


heþenn

(Ormulum) Alternative form of hethen (“away”)


besaunt

English: bezant, basant, besant, byzant

From Old French besant, from Latin byzantius.

A bezant (Byzantine gold coin) or similar coin:

An ancient coin, especially a talent, drachma, or mina.


gnodden

gnodden (infinitive)
to gnodden (infinitive)
gnodde (first-person present singular)
gnodded (first-person past singular)
gnoddest (present second-person singular)
gnoddedest (past second-person singular)
gnoddeth (present singular third-person)
gnodded (past singular third-person)
gnodde (present singular subjunctive)
gnodded (past singular subjunctive)
gnodde (imperative present singular)
gnodden (plural present)
gnodde (plural present)
gnoddeden (past plural)
gnoddede (past plural)
gnoddeth (imperative plural present)
gnodde (imperative plural present)
gnoddynge (participle present)
gnoddende (participle present)
gnodded (participle past)
ygnodded (participle past)

From Old English gnuddian; cognate to Icelandic gnudda (“to rub”). Compare gniden.


shephirde

(Ormulum) Alternative form of schepherde


scheperd

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of schepherde


gniden

enm-verb

gniden (third-person singular simple present gnideth, present participle gnidynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative *gnod, past participle gniden)

gnideth (present singular third-person)
gnidynge (participle present)
*gnod (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
gniden (participle past)
gniden (infinitive)
to gniden (infinitive)
gnide (first-person present singular)
gnod (first-person past singular)
gnidest (present second-person singular)
gnode (past second-person singular)
gnide (past second-person singular)
gnod (past second-person singular)
gnideth (present singular third-person)
gnod (past singular third-person)
gnide (present singular subjunctive)
gnode (past singular subjunctive)
gnide (past singular subjunctive)
gnide (imperative present singular)
gniden (plural present)
gnide (plural present)
gnoden (past plural)
gnode (past plural)
gniden (past plural)
gnide (past plural)
gnideth (imperative plural present)
gnide (imperative plural present)
gnidynge (participle present)
gnidende (participle present)
gniden (participle past)
gnide (participle past)
ygniden (participle past)
ygnide (participle past)

From Old English gnīdan (“to rub, grind together, crumble”), from Proto-West Germanic *gnīdan, from Proto-Germanic *gnīdaną (“to rub, crush”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰneydʰ-, *gʰneyd- (“to gnaw, chew, scratch, rub”); compare gnodden.
Cognate with Danish gnide (“to rub”), Swedish gnida (“to rub, scrape”), Icelandic gníða (“to rub”).


chynen

chynen (infinitive)
to chynen (infinitive)
chyne (infinitive)
chyne (first-person present singular)
chon (first-person past singular)
chyned (first-person past singular)
chynest (present second-person singular)
chone (past second-person singular)
chyne (past second-person singular)
chon (past second-person singular)
chynedest (past second-person singular)
chyneth (present singular third-person)
chon (past singular third-person)
chyned (past singular third-person)
chyne (present singular subjunctive)
chone (past singular subjunctive)
chyne (past singular subjunctive)
chyned (past singular subjunctive)
chyne (imperative present singular)
chynen (plural present)
chyne (plural present)
chonen (past plural)
chone (past plural)
chynen (past plural)
chyne (past plural)
chyneden (past plural)
chynede (past plural)
chyneth (imperative plural present)
chyne (imperative plural present)
chynynge (participle present)
chynende (participle present)
chynen (participle past)
chyne (participle past)
chyned (participle past)

English: chine (obsolete)

Scots: chime, chun

From Old English ċīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *kīnan, from Proto-Germanic *kīnaną.
Forms with /i/ are influenced by chyne (“crack”).


gudeness

(Northern) Alternative form of goodnesse


crele

English: creel

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from an Old French *creille (compare attested greille), from Latin crātīcula. In that case, a doublet of gridil.


Seint Graal

English: Sangrail

Borrowed from Old French saint graal, saint greal (“Holy Grail”); equivalent to seint + graal.


crismatorie

English: chrismatory

From Medieval Latin chrismatōrium; equivalent to crisme + -atorie.


enymyte

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of enemyte


enemyte

English: enmity

Borrowed from Old French enemisté, ennemistié, from Late Latin, Vulgar Latin *inimīcitās, *inimīcitātem; equivalent to enemy + -te.


bawmen

bawmen (infinitive)
to bawmen (infinitive)
bawme (infinitive)
bawme (first-person present singular)
bawmed (first-person past singular)
bawmest (present second-person singular)
bawmedest (past second-person singular)
bawmeth (present singular third-person)
bawmed (past singular third-person)
bawme (present singular subjunctive)
bawmed (past singular subjunctive)
bawme (imperative present singular)
bawmen (plural present)
bawme (plural present)
bawmeden (past plural)
bawmede (past plural)
bawmeth (imperative plural present)
bawme (imperative plural present)
bawmynge (participle present)
bawmende (participle present)
bawmed (participle past)
ybawmed (participle past)

English: balm

From bawme (“balm”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


enbawmen

enbawmen (infinitive)
to enbawmen (infinitive)
enbawme (first-person present singular)
enbawmed (first-person past singular)
enbawmest (present second-person singular)
enbawmedest (past second-person singular)
enbawmeth (present singular third-person)
enbawmed (past singular third-person)
enbawme (present singular subjunctive)
enbawmed (past singular subjunctive)
enbawme (imperative present singular)
enbawmen (plural present)
enbawme (plural present)
enbawmeden (past plural)
enbawmede (past plural)
enbawmeth (imperative plural present)
enbawme (imperative plural present)
enbawmynge (participle present)
enbawmende (participle present)
enbawmed (participle past)

English: embalm

From Middle French embaumer, from Old French embasmer; equivalent to en- + bawmen.


bawme

English: balm

Scots: baum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Middle French baume, from Old French basme, from Latin balsamum. Doublet of balsamum.

The aromatic resin of trees of the genus Commiphora; balsam.

A soothing ointment, especially one containing balsam.

One of several herbs believed to invigorate.

(figurative) A substance that refreshes or invigorates.

(rare) A liquid or ointment for embalming.

(rare) Lamp oil impregnated with balsam.


basynet

desc

English: bascinet, basinet, bassinet, bacinet, basnet

Scots: basnet

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bacinet; equivalent to basyn + -et.

bascinet (a helmet without a visor / vizor, a visorless / vizorless helmet)


basyn

English: basin

Scots: bashin

→ Irish: báisín

Borrowed from Old French bacin, from Vulgar Latin *baccinum.

A basin (large bowl):
A washbasin; a sink.

A basin (large bowl):
(rare) A basin-shaped gong.

A basin (large bowl):
A basin-shaped gong.


cæse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chese


acordable

English: accordable

From Anglo-Norman acordable; equivalent to acorden + -able.

leden in accordable myswandrynge

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC:


chese

English: cheese (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cheese

Inherited from Old English ċīese, ċēse, from Proto-West Germanic *kāsī, from Latin cāseus.

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.


chese

Alternative form of chesen (“to choose”)


choisly

English: choicely

/ˈt͡ʃɔːsliː/

choicely (in a preferable or excellent manner)


hoghe

Alternative form of hough (“promontory”)


howh

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


cheosen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chesen


chesen

chesen (infinitive)
to chesen (infinitive)
chese (infinitive)
chese (first-person present singular)
chees (first-person past singular)
chas (first-person past singular)
chesest (present second-person singular)
chose (past second-person singular)
chees (past second-person singular)
chas (past second-person singular)
cheseth (present singular third-person)
chees (past singular third-person)
chas (past singular third-person)
chese (present singular subjunctive)
chose (past singular subjunctive)
chese (imperative present singular)
chesen (plural present)
chese (plural present)
chosen (past plural)
chose (past plural)
cheseth (imperative plural present)
chese (imperative plural present)
chesynge (participle present)
chesende (participle present)
chosen (participle past)
ychosen (participle past)
chose (participle past)
ychose (participle past)
coren (participle past)
ycoren (participle past)
core (participle past)
ycore (participle past)
corn (participle past)
ycorn (participle past)

English: choose

Scots: chuise, cheese

From Old English ċēosan, from Proto-West Germanic *keusan, from Proto-Germanic *keusaną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵews-.

To choose; to select:
To elect; to choose for an office.

To pick up; to acquire:
To adopt (an orphan)

To pick up; to acquire:
To pick out; to distinguish.


quibibe

English: cubeb

Borrowed from Old French quibibe, cubebe, from Arabic كُبَابَة (kubāba); the variation in form reflects similar variation in Old French.


raipe

(Northern) Alternative form of ropen (“to form ropes”)


gripel

English: gripple

Scots: gripple

From Old English gripul; equivalent to gripe + -el (adjectival suffix).


snarlen

snarlen (infinitive)
to snarlen (infinitive)
snarle (infinitive)
snarle (first-person present singular)
snarled (first-person past singular)
snarlest (present second-person singular)
snarledest (past second-person singular)
snarleth (present singular third-person)
snarled (past singular third-person)
snarle (present singular subjunctive)
snarled (past singular subjunctive)
snarle (imperative present singular)
snarlen (plural present)
snarle (plural present)
snarleden (past plural)
snarlede (past plural)
snarleth (imperative plural present)
snarle (imperative plural present)
snarlynge (participle present)
snarlende (participle present)
snarled (participle past)
ysnarled (participle past)

English: snare

Either from snarl (“snare”) + -en (infinitival suffix) or snaren + -elen.


altercacioun

English: altercation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman altercacioun, from Latin altercātiō, altercātiōn-.


stirop

English: stirrup

Scots: stirrup, strip, strup

From Old English stiġrāp, stīrāp; equivalent to stien + rop (“rope”).


ewear

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ewer


infancie

English: infancy

From Latin īnfantia and Old French enfance.


ambicious

English: ambitious

From Middle French ambitieus, ambitieux, from Latin ambitiōsus. Compare ambicioun.


ambicioun

English: ambition

From Old French ambition, from Latin ambitiō. Compare ambicious.


schapell

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of chapele


chapeleyn

English: chaplain

Scots: chaplain

From Old French chapelain, from Latin cappellānus; compare chapele.

A member of the clergy serving as an assistant.

A chaplain; a clergy member serving at a chapel.


-eylle

Alternative form of -el (“diminutive suffix”)


-yll

Alternative form of -el (agentive suffix)


-yll

Alternative form of -el (diminutive suffix)


Casare

Men..fyndoon meche olde Coyne Ingrauid wt the Image of Julius casare.


Howarde

Likith it unto youre wurshipful estat to accepte my symple relacion as of a mater..touchyng certayne travace hangyng betwixe seigneur John Howarde & Seigneur Thomas Kerdeston knyghtis.

I tolde hyr all the processe off the Lorde Howarde and off yowr grewnds as I kowde.


cwickliche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quykly


quyknys

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of quyknesse


whykenesse

(Northern) Alternative form of quyknesse


cwicnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of quyknesse


dreghly

English: dreely

Scots: dreichly


quyknesse

English: quickness

Defaulte of slepe and hevynesse / Hath [slayne] my spirite of quyknesse / That I haue loste al lustyhede

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

Lack of sleep and sorrow / Have killed the liveliness in my spirit / So that I have lost all enjoyment of life.

(rare, Late Middle English) Quickness, rapidity.


quykly

English: quickly

Scots: quickly

From Old English cwiculīċe; equivalent to quik + -ly (adverbial suffix).


dregh

English: dree

Scots: dreich

From Old English *drēog, ġedrēog, from Proto-West Germanic *dreug, from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz.


dregh

English: dree


blasoun

English: blazon

Borrowed from Old French blason, of unknown origin.


taxen

taxen (infinitive)
to taxen (infinitive)
taxe (infinitive)
taxe (first-person present singular)
taxed (first-person past singular)
taxest (present second-person singular)
taxedest (past second-person singular)
taxeth (present singular third-person)
taxed (past singular third-person)
taxe (present singular subjunctive)
taxed (past singular subjunctive)
taxe (imperative present singular)
taxen (plural present)
taxe (plural present)
taxeden (past plural)
taxede (past plural)
taxeth (imperative plural present)
taxe (imperative plural present)
taxynge (participle present)
taxende (participle present)
taxed (participle past)
ytaxed (participle past)

English: tax

Scots: tax

From Old French taxer, from Latin taxō, taxāre; equivalent to taxe (“tax”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


Edynburghe

The Qwene did suche diligence and pursuet ayanst the said felonouce traitours, that withyne a moneth..thay were all takyn and byhedid at Edynburghe.


Athenes

Athenes…sometyme was the most worshipfull Cyte of Grece.

(a. 1475), Fortescue Gov.E.(LdMisc 593) 150:


Edynburgh

English: Edinburgh

From Old English *Edyn burg, from Old Welsh Eidyn + Old English burg (“stronghold”), calque of Old Welsh Din Eidyn. More at Eidyn and Etymology of Edinburgh.

Kyng Edward toke the Castell off Edynburgh, And ther Inne he ffonde the Regalles off Skotland, that ys to wytte his Crovne off Golde and his Septre.

The hongman..havyng in his handis a paire sharpe tangis, with the which he twitched and all to tare thare skynne and flessh..thus wer thay ladd, pynched and payned..thorowe oute Edynburgh.

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland).


Portyngale

English: Portingal, Portingale

From Middle French Portingal, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of excrescence, from Latin Portucale.

He sowppes all þis seson with seuen knaue childre, Choppid in a chargour..With pekill & powdyre of precious spycez And pyment full plenteuous of Portyngale wynes.

He sips all this season with seven mischievous children, chopped in a charger, with a mix of precious spices and plenty of Portugual wines.


taxacioun

English: taxation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman taxacion, from Latin taxātiō, taxātiōnem. Equivalent to taxe + -acioun.


Constantinopole

At the laste an implacable [L inplacabili] dissencion exorte and movede betwene the Romanes and the Saracenys, Heraclius toke the crosse of Criste from Ierusalem to Constantinopole.


væræ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fare


ffery

Alternative form of ferie (“ferry crossing”)


feorme

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


fyrme

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ferme (“lease”)


fermour

desctree

English: farmer
→ Kashubian: farmôrz (Canada, United States)
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרמער (farmer)

Scots: fermer, fairmer

A remodelling of Old French fermier (from Medieval Latin firmarius) after ferme (“lease”) + -our.

A tax collector entitled to retain their proceeds for a fixed fee.

A steward or bailiff (an overseer of an estate)

A lessee or tenant (who a property is leased to).


fermely

English: firmly

From ferme (“firm”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Without doubt; definitively, steadfastly.


feormen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of fermen (“to clean”)


furbisshour

English: furbisher

Borrowed from Middle French fourbisseur; equivalent to furbisshen + -our.


furbisshen

furbisshen (infinitive)
to furbisshen (infinitive)
furbisshe (first-person present singular)
furbisshed (first-person past singular)
furbisshest (present second-person singular)
furbisshedest (past second-person singular)
furbissheth (present singular third-person)
furbisshed (past singular third-person)
furbisshe (present singular subjunctive)
furbisshed (past singular subjunctive)
furbisshe (imperative present singular)
furbisshen (plural present)
furbisshe (plural present)
furbissheden (past plural)
furbisshede (past plural)
furbissheth (imperative plural present)
furbisshe (imperative plural present)
furbisshynge (participle present)
furbisshende (participle present)
furbisshed (participle past)
yfurbisshed (participle past)

English: furbish

Borrowed from forbiss-, extended stem of Old French forbir, from Frankish *furbēn.


purgacioun

English: purgation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman purgacion, from Latin pūrgātiō; equivalent to purgen + -acioun.

A cleansing or purification:
Cleansing from sin.

Purging of the body, especially evacuation.

Acquittal through compurgation or an ordeal.


purgynge

English: purging

Purifying; removal of impurities or extraneous matter.


abbathie

English: abbacy

Scots: abbacy, abbasy, abbacie

From Late Latin abbātia, from abbās, abbātis (“abbot”). Doublet of abbey.

office, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot;


confermement

Borrowed from Old French confermement, from Medieval Latin confirmāmentum; equivalent to confermen + -ment.

(Christianity) The sacrament of confirmation.


confermynge

English: confirming


confirmacioun

English: confirmation

From Old French confirmacion, from Latin confirmātiō; equivalent to confermen + -acioun.


confermen

confermen (infinitive)
to confermen (infinitive)
conferme (infinitive)
conferme (first-person present singular)
confermed (first-person past singular)
confermest (present second-person singular)
confermedest (past second-person singular)
confermeth (present singular third-person)
confermed (past singular third-person)
conferme (present singular subjunctive)
confermed (past singular subjunctive)
conferme (imperative present singular)
confermen (plural present)
conferme (plural present)
confermeden (past plural)
confermede (past plural)
confermeth (imperative plural present)
conferme (imperative plural present)
confermynge (participle present)
confermende (participle present)
confermed (participle past)

English: confirm

Borrowed from Old French confermer, from Latin confirmō; equivalent to con- + fermen.

To strengthen; to make firm or secure:
To confirm (assure accuracy)

To strengthen; to make firm or secure:
To assent to; to approve.

To confirm (perform the sacrament of confirmation)


hauberjoun

English: habergeon, haubergeon

From Old French haubergeon, hauberjon, diminutive of hauberc (see Middle English hauberk).


abyden

abyden (infinitive)
to abyden (infinitive)
abyde (infinitive)
abyde (first-person present singular)
abod (first-person past singular)
abydest (present second-person singular)
abode (past second-person singular)
abyde (past second-person singular)
abod (past second-person singular)
abydeth (present singular third-person)
abyt (present singular third-person)
abyd (present singular third-person)
abod (past singular third-person)
abyde (present singular subjunctive)
abode (past singular subjunctive)
abyde (past singular subjunctive)
abyde (imperative present singular)
abyden (plural present)
abyde (plural present)
aboden (past plural)
abode (past plural)
abyden (past plural)
abyde (past plural)
abydeth (imperative plural present)
abyde (imperative plural present)
abydynge (participle present)
abydende (participle present)
abyden (participle past)
abyde (participle past)
abeden (participle past)
abede (participle past)

English: abide

Scots: abyde, abide

From Old English ābīdan, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀbīdan, from Proto-Germanic *uzbīdaną, equivalent to a- + byden.


affermour

English: affirmer

From Middle French affermeur; equivalent to affermen + -our.


eglenter

From Old French aiglantier, diminutive of aiglant (“eglantine”).


affermynge

English: affirming


affermen

affermen (infinitive)
to affermen (infinitive)
afferme (infinitive)
afferme (first-person present singular)
affermed (first-person past singular)
affermest (present second-person singular)
affermedest (past second-person singular)
affermeth (present singular third-person)
affermed (past singular third-person)
afferme (present singular subjunctive)
affermed (past singular subjunctive)
afferme (imperative present singular)
affermen (plural present)
afferme (plural present)
affermeden (past plural)
affermede (past plural)
affermeth (imperative plural present)
afferme (imperative plural present)
affermynge (participle present)
affermende (participle present)
affermed (participle past)

English: affirm

Borrowed from Old French afermer, from Latin affirmō; equivalent to a- + fermen.


absteynen

absteynen (infinitive)
to absteynen (infinitive)
absteyne (infinitive)
absteyne (first-person present singular)
absteyned (first-person past singular)
absteynest (present second-person singular)
absteynedest (past second-person singular)
absteyneth (present singular third-person)
absteyned (past singular third-person)
absteyne (present singular subjunctive)
absteyned (past singular subjunctive)
absteyne (imperative present singular)
absteynen (plural present)
absteyne (plural present)
absteyneden (past plural)
absteynede (past plural)
absteyneth (imperative plural present)
absteyne (imperative plural present)
absteynynge (participle present)
absteynende (participle present)
absteyned (participle past)
yabsteyned (participle past)

English: abstain

Scots: absteen

From Old French astenir, abstenir, from Latin abstineō (“to hold oneself back”) from abs- (“from”) + teneō (“I hold”).

to avoid, stay away from, refrain from partaking of.


ibæd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bede


hælle

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of helle


-readden

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -rede


-rede

English: -red

Middle Scots: -red, -ret, -rid, -rit

Scots: -red

⇒ Middle Scots: -rent

From Old English -rǣden, from rǣden; compare red (“counsel”).

Forms nouns denoting a condition or state; -ness, -hood.

Forms nouns denoting a group or collective; -dom, -ery.


dukdom

English: dukedom


livien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lyven


luvien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to love”)


luvien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of loven (“to praise”)


lyverwort

English: liverwort

From Old English liferwyrt; equivalent to lyvere (“liver”) + wort (“plant”).


alyve

English: alive, live

Scots: alive, live

From Old English on līfe; equivalent to a- + lyve (dative singular of lyf (“life”)).

af

dative singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">lyf</i> (“life”)

[…]I am alyue ⁊ I was deed / ⁊ lo I am lyuynge in to woꝛldis of woꝛldis / ⁊ I haue þe keies of deþ ⁊ of helle.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:18, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[…] I am alive, though I was dead. Now see - I will be living forever, and I have the keys to death and Hell.


lyveren

enm-verb

lyveren (third-person singular simple present lyvereth, present participle lyverende, lyverynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle lyvered)

lyvereth (present singular third-person)
lyverende (participle present)
lyverynge (participle present)
lyvered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
lyveren (infinitive)
to lyveren (infinitive)
lyvere (infinitive)
lyvere (first-person present singular)
lyvered (first-person past singular)
lyverest (present second-person singular)
lyveredest (past second-person singular)
lyvereth (present singular third-person)
lyvered (past singular third-person)
lyvere (present singular subjunctive)
lyvered (past singular subjunctive)
lyvere (imperative present singular)
lyveren (plural present)
lyvere (plural present)
lyvereden (past plural)
lyverede (past plural)
lyvereth (imperative plural present)
lyvere (imperative plural present)
lyverynge (participle present)
lyverende (participle present)
lyvered (participle past)
ylyvered (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French livrer, from Latin līberō.


lyvere

English: liver

Scots: liver

From the oblique cases of Old English lifer, from Proto-West Germanic *libru, from Proto-Germanic *librō.

The liver as the purported origin of love.

liver (digestive organ):
The liver as food or medicine.


lyvere

English: liver

Yola: lewer


-ioun

English: -ion

Borrowed from Old French -ion, from Latin -iō, -iōnem.

(not productive) Forms nouns from French or Latin roots; -ion.


abyen

abyen (infinitive)
to abyen (infinitive)
abye (infinitive)
abye (first-person present singular)
aboghte (first-person past singular)
abyest (present second-person singular)
aboghtest (past second-person singular)
abyeth (present singular third-person)
aboghte (past singular third-person)
abye (present singular subjunctive)
aboghte (past singular subjunctive)
abye (imperative present singular)
abyen (plural present)
abye (plural present)
aboghten (past plural)
aboghte (past plural)
abyeth (imperative plural present)
abye (imperative plural present)
abyynge (participle present)
abyende (participle present)
aboght (participle past)

English: aby

From Old English ābyċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀbuggjan, from Proto-Germanic *uzbugjaną, equivalent to a- + bien.

To buy; to obtain in exchange (for something).

The Notaries and ye noye the people / Ye ſhall abye it both by god that made me made

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “Passus secundus de visione”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC, folio x, recto:

The notaries and you annoy the people / You shall pay the penalty for it both, by God that made me!

To suffer (especially in place of another).


færde

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ferde


ffers

Alternative form of fers (“chess piece”)


fersnesse

English: fierceness


fersly

English: fiercely

From fers (“fierce”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


awfyn

English: alfin, alphin

From Middle French alfin, from Old Spanish alfil, arfil, from Arabic الفِيل (al-fīl, “the elephant”).


cheker

English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium; equivalent to chek + -er. Doublet of escheker.

A chessboard (checkerboard):
A chess set; chess equipment.

A game played with a chessboard; chess, checkers.

An accounting table (originally with a checkered tablecloth)

(by extension) The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


chekmat

English: checkmate

/ˈt͡ʃɛːkˌmaːt/

From Old French eschec mat, from Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta), from Persian شاه مات (šâh mât, “the king [is] amazed”), perhaps conflated with Arabic مَاتَ (māta, “to die”). Equivalent to chek + mat.

der

Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta)

(chess) Said when the opponent's king is captured. [from 14th c.]


chekmat

English: checkmate

/ˈt͡ʃɛːkˌmaːt/

Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta)


chekmat

/ˈt͡ʃɛːkˌmaːt/

Arabic شَاه مَاتَ (šāh māta)


mattok

English: mattock

Yola: mattoke


blynd

English: blind

Scots: blind, blynd

Yola: blin

From Old English blind, from Proto-West Germanic *blind.


matyns

English: matins

Borrowed from Old French matins, plural of matin, from Latin mātūtīnum.


favourere

English: favourer, favorer

(Late Middle English) A supporter or adherent; one who aids.


agasten

agasten (infinitive)
to agasten (infinitive)
agaste (infinitive)
agaste (first-person present singular)
agasted (first-person past singular)
agastest (present second-person singular)
agastedest (past second-person singular)
agasteth (present singular third-person)
agasted (past singular third-person)
agaste (present singular subjunctive)
agasted (past singular subjunctive)
agaste (imperative present singular)
agasten (plural present)
agaste (plural present)
agasteden (past plural)
agastede (past plural)
agasteth (imperative plural present)
agaste (imperative plural present)
agastynge (participle present)
agastende (participle present)
agasted (participle past)

English: aghast, ageest (adj.)

Yola: egast

From a- + gasten (“to terrify, torment”).


favouren

enm-verb

favouren (third-person singular simple present favoureth, present participle favourende, favourynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle favoured)

favoureth (present singular third-person)
favourende (participle present)
favourynge (participle present)
favoured (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
favouren (infinitive)
to favouren (infinitive)
favoure (infinitive)
favoure (first-person present singular)
favoured (first-person past singular)
favourest (present second-person singular)
favouredest (past second-person singular)
favoureth (present singular third-person)
favoured (past singular third-person)
favoure (present singular subjunctive)
favoured (past singular subjunctive)
favoure (imperative present singular)
favouren (plural present)
favoure (plural present)
favoureden (past plural)
favourede (past plural)
favoureth (imperative plural present)
favoure (imperative plural present)
favourynge (participle present)
favourende (participle present)
favoured (participle past)

English: favour, favor

From Old French favorer, from Medieval Latin favōrō, favōrāre.

To show favour towards; to encourage or assist.

(rare) To be biased or prejudiced towards.


cnist

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of knyght


matyn

Alternative form of maten (“to overpower”)


matyn

And ȝit is it not past Matyn tyme, Neþer no wher ny the Owr of pryme.

He myght not reste in his bed in matyn tyme.


knyghten

knyghten (infinitive)
to knyghten (infinitive)
knyghte (first-person present singular)
knyghted (first-person past singular)
knyghtest (present second-person singular)
knyghtedest (past second-person singular)
knyghteth (present singular third-person)
knyghted (past singular third-person)
knyghte (present singular subjunctive)
knyghted (past singular subjunctive)
knyghte (imperative present singular)
knyghten (plural present)
knyghte (plural present)
knyghteden (past plural)
knyghtede (past plural)
knyghteth (imperative plural present)
knyghte (imperative plural present)
knyghtynge (participle present)
knyghtende (participle present)
knyghted (participle past)
yknyghted (participle past)

English: knight

Scots: knicht

From knyght (“knight”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


forslyngred

…; that one had an leden malle, and that other a grete leden wapper, ther wyth they wappred and al forslyngred hym.
The History of Reynard the Fox, in: 1889, Early Prose Romances: Reynard the Fox – Friar Bacon – Robert the Devil – Guy of Warwick – Virgilius – History of Hamlet – Friar Rush. Edited by Henry Morley, p. 56 and cp. p. 13f.:

1481, William Caxton, Thystorye of Reynard the Foxe, in: 1844, Early English Poetry, Ballads, and popular Literature of the Middle Ages. Edited from original Manuscripts and scarce Publications. Vol. XII. The History of Reynard the Fox, from the Edition printed by Caxton in 1481. With Notes and an introductory sketch of the literary History of the Romance, by William J. Thomas, London, p. 18

…. That one had a leaden malle, and that other a great leaden wapper, therewith they wappred and all forslingred ¹ him, …
¹ Wappered and forslingered, beat at and overwhelmed with blows. The Low German slingen, to swallow, is to be distinguished from Low German, slingern, the word here.
Caxton's translation was made from the Low German, and retains many Teutonic words in their Dutch form …. The first edition of Caxton's translation was finished at Westminster in June 1481. There was a second edition in 1489, of which the only known copy is in the Pepys Library at Cambridge. … I have, therefore, corrected absolute mistakes, and broken the story into paragraphs that mark …. Old words and grammatical forms have been left, but I have preferred to print familiar words that remain to us in modern English in the spelling that now brings their sense most quickly to the reader's mind.


knyghtly

English: knightly

Scots: knichtly

Formed anew from knyght + -ly (adjectival suffix); compare Old English cnihtlīċ (“boyish”).


knyghtly

English: knightly


sadnesse

English: sadness

Scots: sadness

Formed anew from sad + -nesse; compare Old English sædnysse (“fatigue”).


læfdi

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lady


ðrywa

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of thrie


thries

English: thrice

Yola: dhreise


twiȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twie


ænes

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of enes


undeadlich

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of undedly


eorþelich

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of erthely


arveðlich

From Old English earfoþlīc (adjective); equivalent to arveð + liche (adjectival suffix).

(Early Middle English, rare) painful, distressful, difficult


sonely

English: sonly

From sone (“son”) + -ly (adjectival suffix).


godsone

English: godson

Scots: godson

From Old English godsunu; equivalent to god + sone (“son”).


nyghtly

English: nightly

Scots: nichtly

From Old English nihtlīċ. Equivalent to nyght + -ly (adjectival suffix); the adverb is from the adjective.


nyghtly

English: nightly

Scots: nichtly


wyfly

English: wifely

Scots: wifely (obsolete)

Either from Old English wīflīċ (itself from Proto-West Germanic *wībalīk) or a new formation from wyf + -ly (adjectival suffix).


erthely

English: earthly

Scots: erdly (obsolete)

From Old English eorþlīċ; equivalent to erthe (“earth”) + -ly (adjectival suffix), which some forms are remodelled on.

Of the material world; having material, temporal existence.


lordles

English: lordless

From Old English hlāfordlēas; equivalent to lord + -les.


yongly

English: youngly

From Old English ġeonglīċ; equivalent to yong + -ly (adjectival suffix).


undedly

English: undeadly

From Old English undēadlīċ; equivalent to un- + dedly.


gasteli

(Northern) Alternative form of gostly (adverb)


gastliȝ

(Ormulum) Alternative form of gostly (adverb)


gastliche

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of gostly (adverb)


gwode

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gode


twynen

twynen (infinitive)
to twynen (infinitive)
twyne (infinitive)
twyne (first-person present singular)
twyned (first-person past singular)
twynest (present second-person singular)
twynedest (past second-person singular)
twyneth (present singular third-person)
twyned (past singular third-person)
twyne (present singular subjunctive)
twyned (past singular subjunctive)
twyne (imperative present singular)
twynen (plural present)
twyne (plural present)
twyneden (past plural)
twynede (past plural)
twyneth (imperative plural present)
twyne (imperative plural present)
twynynge (participle present)
twynende (participle present)
twyned (participle past)

English: twine

Scots: twine

Either from a putative Old English *twīnian or newly formed from twyn + -en (infinitival suffix).

(by extension, rare) To twist; to mingle.


threp

English: threap

Scots: threip

(Northern) conflict, dissension, dispute


threpen

threpen (infinitive)
to threpen (infinitive)
threpe (infinitive)
threpe (first-person present singular)
threped (first-person past singular)
threpest (present second-person singular)
threpedest (past second-person singular)
threpeth (present singular third-person)
threped (past singular third-person)
threpe (present singular subjunctive)
threped (past singular subjunctive)
threpe (imperative present singular)
threpen (plural present)
threpe (plural present)
threpeden (past plural)
threpede (past plural)
threpeth (imperative plural present)
threpe (imperative plural present)
threpynge (participle present)
threpende (participle present)
threped (participle past)

desc

English: threap, threep, threip, threpe, threeap, thrape, threp, traep, traip, trep, trape

Scots: threip, threpe

From Old English þrēapian, from Proto-West Germanic *þraupōn, from Proto-Germanic *þraupōną; equivalent to threp + -en (infinitival suffix).

To fight or strive; to be in conflict with.

To maintain obstinately against denial or contradiction.


iflit

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of flyt


Furse

English: Furse, Furze

⇒ Yola: Furzey

Topographic surname for someone who lived in a piece of land abundant with gorse, from Old English fyrse (“gorse”).


þreofeald

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of threfold


-vald

(Southern, Kent) Alternative form of -fold


threfold

English: threefold

From Old English þrīfeald; equivalent to and often remodelled after thre + -fold.


threfold

English: threefold


upbreiden

upbreiden (infinitive)
to upbreiden (infinitive)
upbreide (infinitive)
upbreide (first-person present singular)
upbraid (first-person past singular)
upbreided (first-person past singular)
upbreidest (present second-person singular)
upbraide (past second-person singular)
upbraid (past second-person singular)
upbreidedest (past second-person singular)
upbreideth (present singular third-person)
upbraid (past singular third-person)
upbreided (past singular third-person)
upbreide (present singular subjunctive)
upbraide (past singular subjunctive)
upbreided (past singular subjunctive)
upbreide (imperative present singular)
upbreiden (plural present)
upbreide (plural present)
upbraiden (past plural)
upbraide (past plural)
upbreideden (past plural)
upbreidede (past plural)
upbreideth (imperative plural present)
upbreide (imperative plural present)
upbreidynge (participle present)
upbreidende (participle present)
upbroiden (participle past)
upbroide (participle past)
upbreided (participle past)

English: upbraid

Scots: abraid (nonce)

From Old English upbreġdan; equivalent to up- + breiden.


vorbreden

(Southern) Alternative form of forbreiden


scrinkin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schrynken


swingæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of swyngen


unhelpen

unhelpen (infinitive)
to unhelpen (infinitive)
unhelpe (first-person present singular)
unholp (first-person past singular)
unhelped (first-person past singular)
unhelpest (present second-person singular)
unholpe (past second-person singular)
unholp (past second-person singular)
unhelpedest (past second-person singular)
unhelpeth (present singular third-person)
unholp (past singular third-person)
unhelped (past singular third-person)
unhelpe (present singular subjunctive)
unholpe (past singular subjunctive)
unhelped (past singular subjunctive)
unhelpe (imperative present singular)
unhelpen (plural present)
unhelpe (plural present)
unholpen (past plural)
unholpe (past plural)
unhelpeden (past plural)
unhelpede (past plural)
unhelpeth (imperative plural present)
unhelpe (imperative plural present)
unhelpynge (participle present)
unhelpende (participle present)
unholpen (participle past)
unholpe (participle past)
unhelped (participle past)

English: unhelp


forbreiden

forbreiden (infinitive)
to forbreiden (infinitive)
forbreide (infinitive)
forbreide (first-person present singular)
forbraid (first-person past singular)
forbreidest (present second-person singular)
forbraide (past second-person singular)
forbraid (past second-person singular)
forbreideth (present singular third-person)
forbraid (past singular third-person)
forbreide (present singular subjunctive)
forbraide (past singular subjunctive)
forbreide (imperative present singular)
forbreiden (plural present)
forbreide (plural present)
forbraiden (past plural)
forbraide (past plural)
forbreideth (imperative plural present)
forbreide (imperative plural present)
forbreidynge (participle present)
forbreidende (participle present)
forbroiden (participle past)
forbroide (participle past)

From Old English forbreġdan; equivalent to for- + breiden.


swynge

English: swing

Scots: swing

From Old English swinge; compare swyngen.


forswelten

{{{head}}} (infinitive)
to {{{head}}} (infinitive)

From Old English forsweltan; equivalent to for- + swelten.


underdelven

underdelven (infinitive)
to underdelven (infinitive)
underdelve (first-person present singular)
underdalf (first-person past singular)
underdelved (first-person past singular)
underdelvest (present second-person singular)
underdolve (past second-person singular)
underdalf (past second-person singular)
underdelvedest (past second-person singular)
underdelveth (present singular third-person)
underdalf (past singular third-person)
underdelved (past singular third-person)
underdelve (present singular subjunctive)
underdolve (past singular subjunctive)
underdelved (past singular subjunctive)
underdelve (imperative present singular)
underdelven (plural present)
underdelve (plural present)
underdolven (past plural)
underdolve (past plural)
underdelveden (past plural)
underdelvede (past plural)
underdelveth (imperative plural present)
underdelve (imperative plural present)
underdelvynge (participle present)
underdelvende (participle present)
underdolven (participle past)
underdolve (participle past)
underdelved (participle past)

English: underdelve

From Old English underdelfan, calquing Latin suffodiō; equivalent to under- + delven.


flyngen

flyngen (infinitive)
to flyngen (infinitive)
flynge (infinitive)
flynge (first-person present singular)
flang (first-person past singular)
flyngest (present second-person singular)
flunge (past second-person singular)
flange (past second-person singular)
flang (past second-person singular)
flyngeth (present singular third-person)
flang (past singular third-person)
flynge (present singular subjunctive)
flunge (past singular subjunctive)
flange (past singular subjunctive)
flynge (imperative present singular)
flyngen (plural present)
flynge (plural present)
flungen (past plural)
flunge (past plural)
flangen (past plural)
flange (past plural)
flyngeth (imperative plural present)
flynge (imperative plural present)
flyngynge (participle present)
flyngende (participle present)
flungen (participle past)
flunge (participle past)

English: fling

Scots: fling

Borrowed from Old Norse flengja, from Proto-Germanic *flangijaną. Strong past forms are after the model of dingen, swyngen, and similar verbs.

To fly (move speedily, especially through air).

To strike or land a blow (with a weapon).


swyngen

swyngen (infinitive)
to swyngen (infinitive)
swynge (infinitive)
swynge (first-person present singular)
swang (first-person past singular)
swong (first-person past singular)
swyngest (present second-person singular)
swonge (past second-person singular)
swang (past second-person singular)
swong (past second-person singular)
swyngeth (present singular third-person)
swang (past singular third-person)
swong (past singular third-person)
swynge (present singular subjunctive)
swonge (past singular subjunctive)
swynge (imperative present singular)
swyngen (plural present)
swynge (plural present)
swongen (past plural)
swonge (past plural)
swyngeth (imperative plural present)
swynge (imperative plural present)
swyngynge (participle present)
swyngende (participle present)
swongen (participle past)
swonge (participle past)
yswongen (participle past)
yswonge (participle past)

English: swing

→ Dutch: swingen

→ Norman: souîndgi

Scots: swing, sweeng

From Old English swingan, from Proto-West Germanic *swingan, from Proto-Germanic *swinganą.

Jhesu, that wes milde ant fre, wes with spere y-stonge; He was nailed to the tre, with scourges y-swongen.

a. 1327, “Specimens of Lyric Poetry”, in Council of the Percy Society, volume XXVIII, published 1841, page 84:

To strike or land a blow:
To flog, beat, or scourge.

To strike or land a blow:
To chastise; to injure as punishment.

(cooking) To beat or whip (eggs or milk)


schrynken

enm-verb

schrynken (third-person singular simple present schrynketh, present participle schrynkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schrank, past participle schronken)

schrynketh (present singular third-person)
schrynkynge (participle present)
schrank (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schronken (participle past)
schrynken (infinitive)
to schrynken (infinitive)
schrynke (infinitive)
schrynke (first-person present singular)
schrank (first-person past singular)
schrynkest (present second-person singular)
schronke (past second-person singular)
schranke (past second-person singular)
schrank (past second-person singular)
schrynketh (present singular third-person)
schrank (past singular third-person)
schrynke (present singular subjunctive)
schronke (past singular subjunctive)
schranke (past singular subjunctive)
schrynke (imperative present singular)
schrynken (plural present)
schrynke (plural present)
schronken (past plural)
schronke (past plural)
schranken (past plural)
schranke (past plural)
schrynketh (imperative plural present)
schrynke (imperative plural present)
schrynkynge (participle present)
schrynkende (participle present)
schronken (participle past)
schronke (participle past)
yschronken (participle past)
yschronke (participle past)

English: shrink

Scots: scrink

From Old English sċrincan, from Proto-West Germanic *skrinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną. Forms in /sk/ are influenced by Old Norse.

(Late Middle English, rare, of money) To decrease.


mystynesse

English: mistiness

(also figurative) misty or foggy condition


sqwalteryn

(East Anglia) Alternative form of swelteren


swelteren

English: swelter

Scots: swelter


sweng

>? English: swinge

From Old English swenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *swangwi.


swengen

swengen (third-person singular simple present swengeth, present participle swengende, swengynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle swenged)

swengeth (present singular third-person)
swengende (participle present)
swengynge (participle present)
swenged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
swengen (infinitive)
to swengen (infinitive)
swenge (infinitive)
swenge (first-person present singular)
sweynde (first-person past singular)
swenged (first-person past singular)
swengest (present second-person singular)
sweyndest (past second-person singular)
swengedest (past second-person singular)
swengeth (present singular third-person)
sweynde (past singular third-person)
swenged (past singular third-person)
swenge (present singular subjunctive)
sweynde (past singular subjunctive)
swenged (past singular subjunctive)
swenge (imperative present singular)
swengen (plural present)
swenge (plural present)
sweynden (past plural)
sweynde (past plural)
swengeden (past plural)
swengede (past plural)
swengeth (imperative plural present)
swenge (imperative plural present)
swengynge (participle present)
swengende (participle present)
sweynd (participle past)
swenged (participle past)
ysweynd (participle past)
yswenged (participle past)

English: swinge

Scots: swinge, sweenge, swunge

Yola: swinged (preterite)

From Old English swenġan, from Proto-West Germanic *swangijan (“to cause to swing”). Equivalent to sweng + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare swyngen.


twifald

(Early Middle English, Northern) Alternative form of twifold


twifeld

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twifold


twafald

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twofold


adreden

adreden (infinitive)
to adreden (infinitive)
adrede (infinitive)
adrede (first-person present singular)
adredde (first-person past singular)
adradde (first-person past singular)
adredest (present second-person singular)
adreddest (past second-person singular)
adraddest (past second-person singular)
adredeth (present singular third-person)
adredde (past singular third-person)
adradde (past singular third-person)
adrede (present singular subjunctive)
adredde (past singular subjunctive)
adradde (past singular subjunctive)
adrede (imperative present singular)
adreden (plural present)
adrede (plural present)
adredden (past plural)
adredde (past plural)
adradden (past plural)
adradde (past plural)
adredeth (imperative plural present)
adrede (imperative plural present)
adredynge (participle present)
adredende (participle present)
adred (participle past)
adrad (participle past)

English: adread

From Old English ādrǣdan, late variant of ondrǣdan, from Proto-West Germanic *andarādan; equivalent to a- + dreden. Compare reden.


ofdreden

ofdreden (infinitive)
to ofdreden (infinitive)
ofdrede (infinitive)
ofdrede (first-person present singular)
ofdredde (first-person past singular)
ofdradde (first-person past singular)
ofdredest (present second-person singular)
ofdreddest (past second-person singular)
ofdraddest (past second-person singular)
ofdredeth (present singular third-person)
ofdredde (past singular third-person)
ofdradde (past singular third-person)
ofdrede (present singular subjunctive)
ofdredde (past singular subjunctive)
ofdradde (past singular subjunctive)
ofdrede (imperative present singular)
ofdreden (plural present)
ofdrede (plural present)
ofdredden (past plural)
ofdredde (past plural)
ofdradden (past plural)
ofdradde (past plural)
ofdredeth (imperative plural present)
ofdrede (imperative plural present)
ofdredynge (participle present)
ofdredende (participle present)
ofdred (participle past)
ofdrad (participle past)

From Old English ofdrǣdan, modification of earlier ondrǣdan, from Proto-West Germanic *andarādan; equivalent to of- + dreden. Compare dreden and reden.

(chiefly Early Middle English) To fear; to be fearful.


dreden

dreden (infinitive)
to dreden (infinitive)
drede (infinitive)
drede (first-person present singular)
dredde (first-person past singular)
dradde (first-person past singular)
dreded (first-person past singular)
dredest (present second-person singular)
dreddest (past second-person singular)
draddest (past second-person singular)
drededest (past second-person singular)
dredeth (present singular third-person)
dret (present singular third-person)
dredde (past singular third-person)
dradde (past singular third-person)
dreded (past singular third-person)
drede (present singular subjunctive)
dredde (past singular subjunctive)
dradde (past singular subjunctive)
dreded (past singular subjunctive)
drede (imperative present singular)
dreden (plural present)
drede (plural present)
dredden (past plural)
dredde (past plural)
dradden (past plural)
dradde (past plural)
drededen (past plural)
dredede (past plural)
dredeth (imperative plural present)
drede (imperative plural present)
dredynge (participle present)
dredende (participle present)
dred (participle past)
drad (participle past)
dreded (participle past)
ydred (participle past)
ydrad (participle past)
ydreded (participle past)

English: dread

Geordie English: dreed

Scots: dreid, dreed

From Old English drǣdan, late aphetic variant of ondrǣdan, from Proto-West Germanic *andarādan. Compare adreden and reden.

⁊ whanne I hadde ſeyn hym .· I felde doun at his feet as deed / ⁊ he puttide his riȝthond on me .· ⁊ ſeide / nyle þou dꝛede I am þe firſte ⁊ þe laſte[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:17, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when I saw him, I fell down at his feet like I was dead. But he placed his right hand on me and said, "Don't be afraid; I am the first and the last […]

To fear or dread:
To be fearful or afraid.

To fear or dread:
To regard with awe or reverence.

his fadir ⁊ modir ſeiden þese þingis .· foꝛ þei dꝛedden þe iewis / foꝛ þanne þe iewis hadden conſpirid · þat if ony man knoulechide hym criſt .· he ſchulde be doon out of þe ſynagoge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 9:22, page 50r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His parents said those things because they were scared of the Jews, as the Jews had already agreed that if anyone acknowledged (Jesus) as Messiah, they would be expelled from the synagogue.


dredy

English: dready


drædnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of drednesse


drednesse

English: dreadness (rare)


dredles

English: dreadless


dredles

⇒ English: dreadlessly


chaufour

English: chafer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaufour, from Latin calefactōrium; equivalent to chaufen + -our.

A plate (for food preparation or service)


chaufen

chaufen (infinitive)
to chaufen (infinitive)
chaufe (infinitive)
chaufe (first-person present singular)
chaufed (first-person past singular)
chaufest (present second-person singular)
chaufedest (past second-person singular)
chaufeth (present singular third-person)
chaufed (past singular third-person)
chaufe (present singular subjunctive)
chaufed (past singular subjunctive)
chaufe (imperative present singular)
chaufen (plural present)
chaufe (plural present)
chaufeden (past plural)
chaufede (past plural)
chaufeth (imperative plural present)
chaufe (imperative plural present)
chaufynge (participle present)
chaufende (participle present)
chaufed (participle past)
ychaufed (participle past)

English: chafe

Scots: chaff

Borrowed from Old French chaufer, from Latin calefacere, calfacere.

To warm or heat:
To become hot or inflamed.

To warm or heat:
To chafe (rub to make warm)


seim

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of seym


dredvol

(Southern, Kent) Alternative form of dredful


dredful

English: dreadful

Scots: dreidfu

Having dread or fear:
Scared, afraid; fearing something.

Having dread or fear:
Timid; tending to be frightened.

Having dread or fear:
Full of awe; reverential.

Causing terror or ruin; dreadful, perilous.

Inspiring dread or fear:
Causing awe; awe-inspiring.


dredfulnesse

English: dreadfulness


dredfully

English: dreadfully


alredy

English: already

desc

Scots: a'ready, aaready, awready, alreidy, alriddy


steorve

From Old English steorfa, from Proto-West Germanic *sterbō, from Proto-Germanic *sterbô; compare sterven.


a-strout

English: astrut


stroutere

English: strutter


straungenesse

English: strangeness

Lack of attachment; alienation, enmity, indifference.

(rare) The state of being exotic or difficult; alienness.

(rare) Straying from boundaries; debauchery.


strouten

strouten (infinitive)
to strouten (infinitive)
stroute (infinitive)
stroute (first-person present singular)
strouted (first-person past singular)
stroutest (present second-person singular)
stroutedest (past second-person singular)
strouteth (present singular third-person)
strouted (past singular third-person)
stroute (present singular subjunctive)
strouted (past singular subjunctive)
stroute (imperative present singular)
strouten (plural present)
stroute (plural present)
strouteden (past plural)
stroutede (past plural)
strouteth (imperative plural present)
stroute (imperative plural present)
stroutynge (participle present)
stroutende (participle present)
strouted (participle past)

English: strut

Scots: strute

From Old English strūtian, from Proto-West Germanic *strūtōn, from Proto-Germanic *strūtōną.

To dispute or strive; to be in conflict with.


straungely

English: strangely

In a strange or unexpected way; strangely, surprisingly.

In an unattached way; aloofly, with enmity.


oversloppe

→ English: overslop

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, Skeat, Walter W. (editor), "The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue", in The Canterbury Tales, reprinted 1900 in The Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, volume IV, line 80.
His oversloppe nis nat worth a myte


rammysh

[...] Her savour is so rammish and so hoot,
That, though a man from hem a myle be,
The savour wol infecte him, trusteth me; [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 887-889

… Their odor is so like a goat and so intense,
That though a man be a mile from them,
The odor will infect him, trust me; …


ther-oute

English: thereout

‘Voydeth your man, and lat him be ther-oute,
And shet the dore, whyls we been aboute
Our privetee, that no man us espye

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1136-1139

‘Send away your man, and have him be outside,
And shut the door, while we are about
Our secret business, so that no man espy us
While we work in this science.’

Whyls that we werke in this philosophye.’


stereles

English: steerless

Inherited from Old English stēorlēas; by surface analysis, stere (“rudder, control”) + -les (“-less”).

surface analysis

And Custance han they take anon, foot-hoot,
And in a shippe al sterelees, god woot,
They han hir set, and bidde hir lerne sayle

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 438-441

And Custance have they taken right then, immediately,
And in a ship entirely without a rudder, God knows,
They have set her, and told her to learn to sail
Out of Syria back to Italy.

(uncommon, nautical, often figurative) Having no rudder; uncontrolled or ungoverned.


overlippe

Hir over lippe wyped she so clene,
That in hir coppe was no ferthing sene

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 133-135

She wiped her upper lip so clean,
That in her cup there was seen no tiny bit
Of grease, when she had drunk her drink.

Of grece, whan she dronken hadde hir draughte.


creaunce

English: creance

Borrowed from Old French creance (earlier credance), from Latin crēdentia. Doublet of credence.

Wherefore, it seemeth well, that God loveth them and is pleased with their creaunce for their good deeds.

1357, John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, modernized spelling edition:


princehode

Promisyng and behightyng, by the faith of his body and worde of his prince-hode.

1550, Edward Hall, “(please specify the part of the work)”, in The Vnion of the Two Noble and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre & Yorke, Beyng Long in Continuall Discension for the Croune of this Noble Realme, […], London: […] Rychard Grafton, […] [and Steven Mierdman], →OCLC:


mealten

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of melten


in the twynklyng of an iȝe

English: in the twinkling of an eye

From the Bible, 1 Corinthians 15:52, translating the Latin in ictu oculi, from the Greek ἐν ῥιπῇ ὀφθαλμοῦ.

And in a twincling of an eye / Hoere soules weren forloren

c. 1300, Anonymous, St. Bernard's Saws, MS. Digby 86, "Ubi sonnt…"

And, as yn twynkelyng of an ye, / Yn-to þe cherche gun þey flye

c. 1303, Robert of Brunne, Handlyng Synne, "Sacrylage"

1382, 1395, Wycliffe, Bible, 1 Corinthis 15:52

In a moment, in the twynklyng of an iye, in the laste trumpe

And then hir Ioye, for oght I can espye, / Ne lasteth not the twinkeling of an ye

But deeth, that wol nat suffre us dwellen heer, / But as it were a twynklyng of an ye

c. 1387-1400, ———, The Canterbury Tales, "The Clerk's Prologue"


melten

enm-verb

melten (third-person singular simple present melteth, present participle meltynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative malt, past participle molten)

melteth (present singular third-person)
meltynge (participle present)
malt (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
molten (participle past)
melten (infinitive)
to melten (infinitive)
melte (infinitive)
melte (first-person present singular)
malt (first-person past singular)
melted (first-person past singular)
meltest (present second-person singular)
molte (past second-person singular)
melte (past second-person singular)
malt (past second-person singular)
meltedest (past second-person singular)
melteth (present singular third-person)
malt (past singular third-person)
melted (past singular third-person)
melte (present singular subjunctive)
molte (past singular subjunctive)
melte (past singular subjunctive)
melted (past singular subjunctive)
melte (imperative present singular)
melten (plural present)
melte (plural present)
molten (past plural)
molte (past plural)
melten (past plural)
melte (past plural)
melteden (past plural)
meltede (past plural)
melteth (imperative plural present)
melte (imperative plural present)
meltynge (participle present)
meltende (participle present)
molten (participle past)
molte (participle past)
melten (participle past)
melte (participle past)
melted (participle past)

English: melt

Scots: melt

Yola: multh

From Old English meltan (strong class 3), from Proto-West Germanic *meltan, from Proto-Germanic *meltaną; reinforced by Old English mieltan, myltan (weak class 1).

To melt (change from solid to liquid):
To blend or fuse (of metal or glass).

(by extension) To dissolve, disperse, or vanish.

To melt (change from solid to liquid):
To dissolve, disperse, or vanish.

To mollify; to repent or become caring:
To cause to repent or become caring.

To mollify; to repent or become caring:
To weaken; to be sapped of strength.

To decay; to become wasted or decomposed.


remorden

remorden (third-person singular simple present remordeth, present participle remordende, remordynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle remorded)

remordeth (present singular third-person)
remordende (participle present)
remordynge (participle present)
remorded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
remorden (infinitive)
to remorden (infinitive)
remorde (infinitive)
remorde (first-person present singular)
remorded (first-person past singular)
remorde (first-person past singular)
remordest (present second-person singular)
remordedest (past second-person singular)
remordest (past second-person singular)
remordeth (present singular third-person)
remorded (past singular third-person)
remorde (past singular third-person)
remorde (present singular subjunctive)
remorded (past singular subjunctive)
remorde (past singular subjunctive)
remorde (imperative present singular)
remorden (plural present)
remorde (plural present)
remordeden (past plural)
remordede (past plural)
remorden (past plural)
remorde (past plural)
remordeth (imperative plural present)
remorde (imperative plural present)
remordynge (participle present)
remordende (participle present)
remorded (participle past)
remord (participle past)

English: remord (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman, Middle French remordre, and their etymon Latin remordeō; compare remors.


scluse

English: sluice

From Old French escluse, from Late Latin exclūsa.


sclise

English: slice

Scots: sclice

Borrowed from Old French esclice, from esclicier.


althing

English: allthing (obsolete)

From alle + thing (“all things”) & al + thing (“every thing”).


bront

English: brunt

From Old Norse brundr or brundtíð (“oestrus, rut”) (from Proto-Germanic *brunstiz) or bruna (“to rush”, literally “to advance like wildfire”) (see brenna).

A sudden movement or onset, a rush or spurt.


curfu

English: curfew

Borrowed from Old French cuevre-feu. Forms ending in -r are due to the influence of fyr (“fire”).


fyry

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">firy</i>

English: fiery (obsolete firy)

Scots: firy

Like fire; pertaining to fire:
Influenced by fire (as in alchemy)

Like fire; pertaining to fire:
Having the colour of fire; fiery.

Having the feeling of fire; hot, inflamed.


greyve

English: grave (historical)

Borrowed from Old Norse greifi, from Middle Low German grēve, from Old Saxon grāvio, from Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō. Doublet of reve.

reeve, bailiff (administrative official)


wasshe

English: wash

Scots: wash

From Old English wæsċ and Old English wæsċe. See the verb wasshen.

(rare) A shallow part of a body of water.


therk

English: thark (dialectal, obsolete)

and he aȝen wiþ ſtrong bataile / ſo betwene hem leſte þat fiȝt / Til it waſ þe þerke niȝt

c. 1300, Sir Beues of Hamtoun (Auchinleck Manuscript), folio 190, verso, column 2, lines 2612–2615:

Then he [went] again with a strong force; / the fight between them lasted / until the night grew dark.


wasshen

wasshen (infinitive)
to wasshen (infinitive)
wasshe (infinitive)
wasshe (first-person present singular)
wessh (first-person past singular)
wossh (first-person past singular)
wasshest (present second-person singular)
wesshe (past second-person singular)
wosshe (past second-person singular)
wessh (past second-person singular)
wossh (past second-person singular)
wassheth (present singular third-person)
wessh (past singular third-person)
wossh (past singular third-person)
wasshe (present singular subjunctive)
wesshe (past singular subjunctive)
wosshe (past singular subjunctive)
wasshe (imperative present singular)
wasshen (plural present)
wasshe (plural present)
wesshen (past plural)
wesshe (past plural)
wosshen (past plural)
wosshe (past plural)
wassheth (imperative plural present)
wasshe (imperative plural present)
wasshynge (participle present)
wasshende (participle present)
wasshen (participle past)
wasshe (participle past)
ywasshe (participle past)

English: wash
→ Swazi: washa

Scots: wash, wesh

From Old English wascan, from Proto-West Germanic *waskan, from Proto-Germanic *waskaną.

To wash; to clean with liquid:
To immerse or soak in liquid.

To wash; to clean with liquid:
(medicine) To clean a wound.

To wash; to clean with liquid:
To clean a wound.

To wash; to clean with liquid:
To make a pool of liquid clean.

[⁊ of iheſu criſt] þat is a feiþful witneſſe .· þe firſte bigeten of deed men · ⁊ pꝛynce of kyngis of þe erþe / which louyde vs / ⁊ waiſchide vs fro oure ſynnes in his blood[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:5, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[of Jesus Christ,] / who is a reliable witness, the firstborn of the dead, and sovereign over the rulers of the Earth, who loved us and cleansed us from our sins with his blood […]

(religion) To cleanse (e.g. from sin or disease).


wasshere

English: washer

One who debases coins by using acid to wear at the metal.


wasshynge

English: washing

Middle Scots: wasching

Scots: washin

From Old English *wæsċing, equivalent to wasshen + -ing.

The process of washing or cleaning:
(medicine) The bathing of a wound.

The process of washing or cleaning:
The bathing of a wound.

(figurative) Purification; spiritual cleansing.

The process of washing or cleaning:
Purification; spiritual cleansing.

(rare) The debasement of coins by using acid to wear at the metal.

Something used to wash or clean:
(rare) A medicinal ointment or salve.

Something used to wash or clean:
A medicinal ointment or salve.

Something used to wash or clean:
(rare) Water used to wash; dishwater.

Something used to wash or clean:
Water used to wash; dishwater.

(rare) A bath (i.e. for washing the body)

Something used to wash or clean:
A bath (i.e. for washing the body)


wasshynge

English: washing

Middle Scots: waschand

Scots: washin

From Old English *wasċende, equivalent to wasshen + -ing.


wesce

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wasshe


locion

English: lotion

(rare, Late Middle English) A pharmaceutical ointment.


marlen

marlen (infinitive)
to marlen (infinitive)
marle (infinitive)
marle (first-person present singular)
marled (first-person past singular)
marlest (present second-person singular)
marledest (past second-person singular)
marleth (present singular third-person)
marled (past singular third-person)
marle (present singular subjunctive)
marled (past singular subjunctive)
marle (imperative present singular)
marlen (plural present)
marle (plural present)
marleden (past plural)
marlede (past plural)
marleth (imperative plural present)
marle (imperative plural present)
marlynge (participle present)
marlende (participle present)
marled (participle past)
ymarled (participle past)

English: marl

From Old French marler; equivalent to marle + -en (infinitival ending).


demuren

demuren (infinitive)
to demuren (infinitive)
demure (infinitive)
demure (first-person present singular)
demured (first-person past singular)
demurest (present second-person singular)
demuredest (past second-person singular)
demureth (present singular third-person)
demured (past singular third-person)
demure (present singular subjunctive)
demured (past singular subjunctive)
demure (imperative present singular)
demuren (plural present)
demure (plural present)
demureden (past plural)
demurede (past plural)
demureth (imperative plural present)
demure (imperative plural present)
demurynge (participle present)
demurende (participle present)
demured (participle past)

English: demur

From Anglo-Norman demorer, from Vulgar Latin dēmoro, from Latin dēmoror; equivalent to demure (“delay”) + -en (infinitival ending).


acounte

desctree

English: account
→ Bulgarian: ака́унт (akáunt)
→ Japanese: アカウント (akaunto)
→ Malay: akaun
→ Russian: аккаунт (akkaunt)
→ Swahili: akaunti

Scots: accoont, account

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman acounte, aconte, from aconter (see acounten). Equivalent to a- + counte (“computation”).

An enumeration or count; the act of counting.

(often in the plural) An account (financial record)

(specifically) One's explanation at the Last Judgement.


maturacioun

English: maturation

From Middle French maturation, from Latin maturatio; equivalent to maturen + -acioun.

(medicine) maturation (discharging of pus)

(medicine, rare) Having tendency to cause such maturation.


maturynge

(medicine, rare) suppurative (medicine causing discharging of pus)


mecche

English: match (see there for further descendants)

Scots: match

Borrowed from Old French mesche, from Vulgar Latin micca, probably from Latin myxa, itself from Ancient Greek μύξα (múxa).


maturatif

enm-noun

maturatif (plural maturatives or maturatifs)

maturatives (plural)
maturatifs (plural)

English: maturative

From Middle French maturatif, from Medieval Latin mātūrātīvus; equivalent to maturen + -atyf.

(medicine) suppurative (medicine causing discharging of pus)


maturatif

English: maturative

(medicine, rare) Currently discharging pus; suppurative.


maturen

maturen (infinitive)
to maturen (infinitive)
mature (infinitive)
mature (first-person present singular)
matured (first-person past singular)
maturest (present second-person singular)
maturedest (past second-person singular)
matureth (present singular third-person)
matured (past singular third-person)
mature (present singular subjunctive)
matured (past singular subjunctive)
mature (imperative present singular)
maturen (plural present)
mature (plural present)
matureden (past plural)
maturede (past plural)
matureth (imperative plural present)
mature (imperative plural present)
maturynge (participle present)
maturende (participle present)
matured (participle past)

English: mature

From Middle French maturen or its etymon Latin mātūrō.


macche

Scots: match

From Old English mæċċa, ġemæċċa, from Proto-West Germanic *makkjō, *gamakkjō. Compare make (“bride, equal”).

A bride or mate; a romantic or sexual partner.


macchen

macchen (infinitive)
to macchen (infinitive)
macche (infinitive)
macche (first-person present singular)
macched (first-person past singular)
macchest (present second-person singular)
macchedest (past second-person singular)
maccheth (present singular third-person)
macched (past singular third-person)
macche (present singular subjunctive)
macched (past singular subjunctive)
macche (imperative present singular)
macchen (plural present)
macche (plural present)
maccheden (past plural)
macchede (past plural)
maccheth (imperative plural present)
macche (imperative plural present)
macchynge (participle present)
macchende (participle present)
macched (participle past)
ymacched (participle past)

English: match


meiðe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of maythe


maythe

⇒ English: mayweed, maidenweed

From Old English mæġþe, mæġeðe; compare Middle Low German mēgedeblōme, Middle High German magetbluome.

stinking chamomile, mayweed (Anthemis cotula)


wafyre

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of wafre


wafurer

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of wafrer


wafrer

English: waferer (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman wafrer; equivalent to wafre + -er.


wafre

English: wafer

Scots: wafer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman wafre, waufre, from a Germanic language (compare Middle Low German wāfel, Middle Dutch wafel).


mavys

English: mavis

Scots: mavis

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mauvis, possibly from a Medieval Latin *malvitius.


maunday

Alternative form of maunde (“washing of feet”)


maunde

English: maundy (Maundy Thursday)

Borrowed from Old French mande, from Latin mandātum.

A washing of feet (by Christ or at Maundy Thursday).


maunde

English: maund

Borrowed from Old French mande, from Middle Dutch mande, from Old Dutch manda, from Proto-West Germanic *mandu.


macys

desctree

English: mace
→ Japanese: メース (meisu)
→ Maori: meihi

Borrowed from Middle French macis, from Old French macis, from Medieval Latin macis, from Latin macir, from Ancient Greek μάκιρ (mákir).
Forms like mace are from reinterpretation of macys as a singular.


aqueyntaunce

English: acquaintance

desc

Scots: acquantance, acquentance, acquaintance, akquantence

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman aquaintaunce, aqueintance, Old French acointance (“friendship, familiarity”), from Old French acointier (“to acquaint”); equivalent to aqueynten + -aunce.


aqueynten

aqueynten (infinitive)
to aqueynten (infinitive)
aqueynte (infinitive)
aqueynte (first-person present singular)
aqueynted (first-person past singular)
aqueynte (first-person past singular)
aqueyntest (present second-person singular)
aqueyntedest (past second-person singular)
aqueyntest (past second-person singular)
aqueynteth (present singular third-person)
aqueynted (past singular third-person)
aqueynte (past singular third-person)
aqueynte (present singular subjunctive)
aqueynted (past singular subjunctive)
aqueynte (past singular subjunctive)
aqueynte (imperative present singular)
aqueynten (plural present)
aqueynte (plural present)
aqueynteden (past plural)
aqueyntede (past plural)
aqueynten (past plural)
aqueynte (past plural)
aqueynteth (imperative plural present)
aqueynte (imperative plural present)
aqueyntynge (participle present)
aqueyntende (participle present)
aqueynted (participle past)
aqueynt (participle past)

English: acquaint

desc

Scots: acquant, acquent, acquaint, awquant, acquaant (Shetland)

From Old French acointier, from Early Medieval Latin accognitāre; compare queynte.


mistrum

From mys- + trum, compare untrum (“feeble”).

(hapax, Early Middle English) scant, poor


adoun

From Old English adūn, earlier ofdūne (“down”), from of dūne (“off the hill”); Equivalent to a- + doun.


adoun

English: adown

Scots: adoon, adoun, adown


advertisen

advertisen (infinitive)
to advertisen (infinitive)
advertise (infinitive)
advertise (first-person present singular)
advertised (first-person past singular)
advertisest (present second-person singular)
advertisedest (past second-person singular)
advertiseth (present singular third-person)
advertised (past singular third-person)
advertise (present singular subjunctive)
advertised (past singular subjunctive)
advertise (imperative present singular)
advertisen (plural present)
advertise (plural present)
advertiseden (past plural)
advertisede (past plural)
advertiseth (imperative plural present)
advertise (imperative plural present)
advertisynge (participle present)
advertisende (participle present)
advertised (participle past)
yadvertised (participle past)

English: advertise

Scots: adverteese, adverteeze, advertish

From Anglo-Norman advertir (“to inform”), avertir.


schrub

English: shrub

From Old English sċrybb, from Proto-West Germanic *skrubbiju, from Proto-Germanic *skrubbijō.


astranglen

astranglen (infinitive)
to astranglen (infinitive)
astrangle (infinitive)
astrangle (first-person present singular)
astrangled (first-person past singular)
astranglest (present second-person singular)
astrangledest (past second-person singular)
astrangleth (present singular third-person)
astrangled (past singular third-person)
astrangle (present singular subjunctive)
astrangled (past singular subjunctive)
astrangle (imperative present singular)
astranglen (plural present)
astrangle (plural present)
astrangleden (past plural)
astranglede (past plural)
astrangleth (imperative plural present)
astrangle (imperative plural present)
astranglynge (participle present)
astranglende (participle present)
astrangled (participle past)

A remodelling of Old French estrangler (from Latin strangulō, strangulāre) as a- + stranglen.


stranglen

enm-verb

stranglen (third-person singular simple present strangleth, present participle stranglende, stranglynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle strangled)

strangleth (present singular third-person)
stranglende (participle present)
stranglynge (participle present)
strangled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
stranglen (infinitive)
to stranglen (infinitive)
strangle (infinitive)
strangle (first-person present singular)
strangled (first-person past singular)
stranglest (present second-person singular)
strangledest (past second-person singular)
strangleth (present singular third-person)
strangled (past singular third-person)
strangle (present singular subjunctive)
strangled (past singular subjunctive)
strangle (imperative present singular)
stranglen (plural present)
strangle (plural present)
strangleden (past plural)
stranglede (past plural)
strangleth (imperative plural present)
strangle (imperative plural present)
stranglynge (participle present)
stranglende (participle present)
strangled (participle past)
ystrangled (participle past)

English: strangle (estrangle)

From Old French estrangler, from Latin strangulō, strangulāre; compare astranglen.

To strangle or choke (usually at the throat):

(by extension) To suppress, destroy, or quench.