begalewen

begalewen (third-person singular simple present begaleweth, present participle begalewende, begalewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle begalewed)

begaleweth (present singular third-person)
begalewende (participle present)
begalewynge (participle present)
begalewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: begallow (unattested)

From bi- + *galewen, probably related to Old English āgælwed (“astonished, disconcerted”), Old English āgelwan (“to astonish, stupify”).
Compare a-gælwed (“consternated, astonished”) and geal(-g) (“troubled, dismayed”), from Proto-Germanic *gálx, *galg, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *g(')hAlk(')h-, connected with Ancient Greek καλχαίνω (kalkhaínō, “to make purple”) << κάλχη (kálkhē, “purple”), later with a poetic sense of "be excited, ponder deeply."

cog

c. 1320, "Bevis of H." in Ellis Specim. (1811) II. 171

That horse was swift as any swalowe / No man might that horse begallowe.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


gouten

enm-verb

gǒuten (third-person singular simple present gouteth, present participle goutende, goutynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle gouted)

gǒuten (canonical)
gouteth (present singular third-person)
goutende (participle present)
goutynge (participle present)
gouted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
gouten (infinitive)
to gouten (infinitive)
goute (infinitive)
goute (first-person present singular)
gouted (first-person past singular)
goutest (present second-person singular)
goutedest (past second-person singular)
gouteth (present singular third-person)
gouted (past singular third-person)
goute (present singular subjunctive)
gouted (past singular subjunctive)
goute (imperative present singular)
gouten (plural present)
goute (plural present)
gouteden (past plural)
goutede (past plural)
gouteth (imperative plural present)
goute (imperative plural present)
goutynge (participle present)
goutende (participle present)
gouted (participle past)
ygouted (participle past)

English: gout (verb)

From Old French goutter, goter (“to drip”), from goutte, gote (“drop of fluid”), from Latin gutta (“drop of fluid”).

(of candles) to drip, to gutter, to gout


eur

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


awen

awen (infinitive)
to awen (infinitive)
awe (infinitive)
awe (first-person present singular)
awed (first-person past singular)
awest (present second-person singular)
awedest (past second-person singular)
aweth (present singular third-person)
awed (past singular third-person)
awe (present singular subjunctive)
awed (past singular subjunctive)
awe (imperative present singular)
awen (plural present)
awe (plural present)
aweden (past plural)
awede (past plural)
aweth (imperative plural present)
awe (imperative plural present)
awynge (participle present)
awende (participle present)
awed (participle past)
yawed (participle past)

English: awe


caren

caren (infinitive)
to caren (infinitive)
care (infinitive)
care (first-person present singular)
cared (first-person past singular)
carest (present second-person singular)
caredest (past second-person singular)
careth (present singular third-person)
cared (past singular third-person)
care (present singular subjunctive)
cared (past singular subjunctive)
care (imperative present singular)
caren (plural present)
care (plural present)
careden (past plural)
carede (past plural)
careth (imperative plural present)
care (imperative plural present)
carynge (participle present)
carende (participle present)
cared (participle past)
ycared (participle past)

English: care

Scots: care, cair

Yola: caars (sg.3)

From Old English carian, from Proto-West Germanic *karōn, from Proto-Germanic *karōną.


pilegrim

English: pilgrim

desc

Scots: pilgrim, pelegrin, pilgrin, pilgren, pylgryne

From Old French peligrin, pellegrin, variants of pelerin, from Latin peregrīnus.

Of sondry folk, by aventure yfalle / In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, line LINES:

Of sundry persons who had chanced to fall / In fellowship, and pilgrims were they all


oximel

English: oxymel

From Late Latin oxymel, oxymeli, from Ancient Greek ὀξύμελι (oxúmeli).


chek

English: check

From Old French eschec, from Medieval Latin scaccus, borrowed from Arabic شَاه (šāh), borrowed from Persian شاه (šâh), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”). Compare ches.

(chess) Said when the opponent's king is under attack. [from 14th c.]


chek

English: check, cheque (see there for further descendants)

(chess) The threatening of a king. [from 15th c.]

An assault, attack, or raid. [from 14th c.]

A deed, event or occurrence. [from 14th c.]

(rare) A checkered pattern. [from 15th c.]

(falconry, rare) A check. [from 15th c.]


priede

(Kent) Alternative form of pryde (“proudness”)


cammok

Kammokes & wedes Fouleth þe fruite in þe felde þere þei growe togyderes.

Bulmago, resta bouis, uel retinens boues idem. gall. restebeof, anglice cammok uel ysenherde.

Peucedona, i. cammoc.

hog fennel, sulphurwort, Peucedanum officinale

The Cambmok [L Ramnus] hatte rampnus and is a wel hard tree.

a. 1400, John Trevisa's translation of Bartholomaeus's De Proprietatibus Rerum

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

the common buckthorn, Rhamnus catharticus


demare

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of demere


savenes

English: safeness

(rare) The state of being saved from eternal torment.


ayenes

English: against

Scots: against

Yola: ayenst

From Old English agenes, related to ongean. Equivalent to ayen + -es (modern English again + -s).


dinten

dumben (infinitive)
to dumben (infinitive)
dumbe (infinitive)
dumbe (first-person present singular)
dumbed (first-person past singular)
dumbest (present second-person singular)
dumbedest (past second-person singular)
dumbeth (present singular third-person)
dumbed (past singular third-person)
dumbe (present singular subjunctive)
dumbed (past singular subjunctive)
dumbe (imperative present singular)
dumben (plural present)
dumbe (plural present)
dumbeden (past plural)
dumbede (past plural)
dumbeth (imperative plural present)
dumbe (imperative plural present)
dumbynge (participle present)
dumbende (participle present)
dumbed (participle past)
ydumbed (participle past)

English: dint, dent, dunt

Scots: dint, dunt


jakke

English: jack

Yola: jock

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jacke and Middle French jaque, jacque, from jacques (“peasant”), from the proper name Jacques.

A padded coat, especially as light armour.


dressen

enm-verb

dressen (third-person singular simple present dresseth, present participle dressende, dressynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dressed)

dresseth (present singular third-person)
dressende (participle present)
dressynge (participle present)
dressed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dressen (infinitive)
to dressen (infinitive)
dresse (infinitive)
dresse (first-person present singular)
dressed (first-person past singular)
dreste (first-person past singular)
dressest (present second-person singular)
dressedest (past second-person singular)
drestest (past second-person singular)
dresseth (present singular third-person)
dressed (past singular third-person)
dreste (past singular third-person)
dresse (present singular subjunctive)
dressed (past singular subjunctive)
dreste (past singular subjunctive)
dresse (imperative present singular)
dressen (plural present)
dresse (plural present)
dresseden (past plural)
dressede (past plural)
dresten (past plural)
dreste (past plural)
dresseth (imperative plural present)
dresse (imperative plural present)
dressynge (participle present)
dressende (participle present)
dressed (participle past)
drest (participle past)
ydressed (participle past)
ydrest (participle past)

English: dress (see there for further descendants)

Scots: dress

From Old French dresser, drescer, drecier, from Medieval Latin *directiō.

To direct or aim oneself:
(reflexive) To move; to betake oneself.

To direct or aim oneself:
To move; to betake oneself.

(reflexive) To turn one's body towards (something).

To direct or aim oneself:
To turn one's body towards (something).

(reflexive) To put oneself (in a position)

To direct or aim oneself:
To put oneself (in a position)

To direct or aim oneself:
To think about; to ponder (something).

To direct or aim oneself:
To focus on; to dedicate oneself to:

To guide or direct (a vehicle or animal)

To put; to set (in a place or position).

To direct or aim to another:
To teach; to counsel.

To direct or aim to another:
To establish control or authority over.

To direct or aim to another:
To address (a message or gift) towards.

(rare, Late Middle English) To adorn; to ornament.

To arrange; to ready or tidy:
To adorn; to ornament.

To arrange; to ready or tidy:
(cooking) To prepare or ready food.

To arrange; to ready or tidy:
To prepare or ready food.

To arrange; to ready or tidy:
To clothe or arm; to gear.

he ſeide / I am a vois of a crier in deſert .· dꝛeſſe ȝe þe weie of þe loꝛd. as yſaie þe pꝛophete ſeide

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:23, page 43v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He said: "I am the voice of a crier in the wilderness; straighten the way of the Lord, as the prophet Isaiah said."


yntanglyd

For quotations using this term, see Citations:yntanglyd.

entangled (ensnared mentally, bewitched)


schad

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sched


stingen

stingen (infinitive)
to stingen (infinitive)
stinge (infinitive)
stinge (first-person present singular)
stang (first-person past singular)
stingest (present second-person singular)
stunge (past second-person singular)
stang (past second-person singular)
stingeth (present singular third-person)
stang (past singular third-person)
stinge (present singular subjunctive)
stunge (past singular subjunctive)
stinge (imperative present singular)
stingen (plural present)
stinge (plural present)
stungen (past plural)
stunge (past plural)
stingeth (imperative plural present)
stinge (imperative plural present)
stingynge (participle present)
stingende (participle present)
stungen (participle past)
stunge (participle past)
ystungen (participle past)
ystunge (participle past)

English: sting

Scots: sting

From Old English stingan, from Proto-Germanic *stinganą.

To impale or gore with a piercing instrument.

To sting (to bite, usually using a stinger)

(usually in the past participle) To afflict or injure.


moste

first/third-person singular present/past indicative

inflection of moten (“to have to”):
singular present/past subjunctive


Launcelot

English: Lancelot

Than cam In ẜ Aſcamour and ẜ Grūmor ⁊ Grūmorſon ẜ Croſſeleme ẜ Seuerauſe le brewſe that was called a paſſynge ſtronge knyght for as the booke ſeyth the chyff lady of the lady off the lake feſted ẜ Launcelot and ẜ Seu[er]auſe le brewſe And whan ſhe had feſted them both at ſundry tymes ſhe þ[ra]yde hem to gyff her a done

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 446, verso, lines 1–6:

Then came in Sir Astamor, and Sir Gromere, Grummor’s son, Sir Crosselm, Sir Servause le Breuse, that was called a passing strong knight, for as the book saith, the chief Lady of the Lake feasted Sir Launcelot and Servause le Breuse, and when she had feasted them both at sundry times she prayed them to give her a boon.


shrinken

Chaucer's Works (ed. Skeat) Vol. V by Geoffrey Chaucer, edited by Walter William Skeat, Notes on the Seconde Nonnes Tale
For it nis bote a bladre i-blowe ful of a wreche wynde;
Be it with a litel prikke i-priked, a-wey it shrinketh al;


Newgate

English: Newgate


sawen

English: to saw

1382 John Wycliffe, translation of the Bible (Ebrews 11:37)

Thei weren stoned, thei weren sawid, thei weren temptid, thei weren deed in sleyng of swerd. Thei wenten aboute in broc skynnes, and in skynnes of geet, nedi, angwischid, turmentid; ("They were stoned, they were sawn, they were tempted, they were killed with the slaying of sword: they went about in sheepskins and goatskins; being destitute, anguished, tormented;")


Fenton

English: Fenton, Finton

Yola: Vinteen

From Old English fenn (“fen, marsh”) + tūn (“enclosure; settlement, town”).


theos

Alternative spelling of þeos (“the, that, this”)


teologye

Alternative form of theologi (“theology”)


knytter

English: knitter

A person who unites people or groups of people together.

Knitter, a person who knits as an occupation.


organer

From organ, organe (“musical instrument; organ”) + -er.

af

A person who plays a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.

A person who plays the organ; an organist.


Uther

English: Uther

ye ſeyde kyng Arthure I love Gwenyvere the kyngꝭ doughtir of lodegrean of þᵉ londe of Camelerde the whyche holdyth In his houſe the table rounde that ye tolde me he had hit of my fadir Vther · And this dameſell is the moſte valyaunte and fayryſt that I know lyvyng, or yet that eu[er] I coude fynde

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 11–16:


cenyth

English: zenith

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin cenit.

lbor

This lyne Meridional ys but a Maner descripcion or the ymagined, that passeth vpon the pooles of þis the world And by the cenyth of owre heued.

c. 1391, Geoffrey Chaucer, Treatise on the Astrolabe:

(astronomy) zenith (point in the sky vertically above a given position or observer)


heon

Alternative form of hewen (“to make a loud noise”)


noctiluca

noctilūca (canonical)
noctilucae (plural)

From Medieval Latin noctilūca (“something which shines by night”).


nexter

From next + -er (comparative adjectival suffix).

suffix

In the nexter night.


hwam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


hwæs

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whos (“whose”, genitive)


milwell

English: milwell

desc

Latin: melewellus, miluuellus, milvellus, milwellus, mulewellus, muluwellus, mulvellus, mulwellus

From Anglo-Norman; see the English section above.


purgen

purgen (infinitive)
to purgen (infinitive)
purge (infinitive)
purge (first-person present singular)
purged (first-person past singular)
purgest (present second-person singular)
purgedest (past second-person singular)
purgeth (present singular third-person)
purged (past singular third-person)
purge (present singular subjunctive)
purged (past singular subjunctive)
purge (imperative present singular)
purgen (plural present)
purge (plural present)
purgeden (past plural)
purgede (past plural)
purgeth (imperative plural present)
purge (imperative plural present)
purgynge (participle present)
purgende (participle present)
purged (participle past)
ypurged (participle past)

English: purge

Scots: purge

Borrowed from Old French purgier, from Latin pūrgō.

To cleanse or purify; to remove impurities:

To free from sin; to spiritually purify.

(medicine) To purge or cleanse the body.

To clean or clear; to remove extraneous matter.


taillour

desctree

English: tailor
→ Esperanto: tajloro
→ Hausa: tēlà
→ Telugu: టైలరు (ṭailaru), టైలర్ (ṭailar)
→ Yoruba: télọ̀

Yola: tallyour (figuratively)


metels

What þis meteles bemeneth · ȝe men þat be merye / Deuine ȝe for I ne dar · bi dere god in heuene.

c. 1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman, Prologue:

What this vision means, you men that are merry, you divine, for I dare not, by dear God in heaven.


appenden

appenden (infinitive)
to appenden (infinitive)
appende (infinitive)
appende (first-person present singular)
appended (first-person past singular)
appendest (present second-person singular)
appendedest (past second-person singular)
appendeth (present singular third-person)
appended (past singular third-person)
appende (present singular subjunctive)
appended (past singular subjunctive)
appende (imperative present singular)
appenden (plural present)
appende (plural present)
appendeden (past plural)
appendede (past plural)
appendeth (imperative plural present)
appende (imperative plural present)
appendynge (participle present)
appendende (participle present)
appended (participle past)
yappended (participle past)

English: append

Ac þe moneye of þis molde · þat men so faste holdeth / Telle me to whom Madame · þat tresore appendeth.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I:


gayle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of gayole


mansed

And now worth þis Mede ymaried · to a mansed schrewe.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:


biyete

From Old English begēate, a deverbal noun from beġietan (Middle English begeten).

And now worth þis Mede ymaried · to a mansed schrewe / To one fals fikel tonge · a fendes biȝete.


ten hests

Vnboxome and bolde · to breke þe ten hestes.


chesten

Alternative form of chesteyne (“chestnut”)


spruten

spruten (infinitive)
to spruten (infinitive)
sprute (infinitive)
sprute (first-person present singular)
sprot (first-person past singular)
spruted (first-person past singular)
sprutest (present second-person singular)
sprote (past second-person singular)
sprot (past second-person singular)
sprutedest (past second-person singular)
spruteth (present singular third-person)
sprot (past singular third-person)
spruted (past singular third-person)
sprute (present singular subjunctive)
sprote (past singular subjunctive)
spruted (past singular subjunctive)
sprute (imperative present singular)
spruten (plural present)
sprute (plural present)
sproten (past plural)
sprote (past plural)
spruteden (past plural)
sprutede (past plural)
spruteth (imperative plural present)
sprute (imperative plural present)
sprutynge (participle present)
sprutende (participle present)
sproten (participle past)
sprote (participle past)
spruted (participle past)

English: sprout

Scots: sproot, spruit

From Old English sprūtan, from Proto-Germanic *sprūtaną, variant of *spreutaną.

To emerge or sprout; to begin to grow (of plants).

To experience growth or growing; to mature.


bernen

English: burn

Scots: bern, brenn, bren, brend

From Old English birnan, metathesis from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”).

That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:

That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief


werren

enm-verb

werren (third-person singular simple present werreth, present participle werrende, werrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle werred)

werreth (present singular third-person)
werrende (participle present)
werrynge (participle present)
werred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
werren (infinitive)
to werren (infinitive)
werre (infinitive)
werre (first-person present singular)
werred (first-person past singular)
werrest (present second-person singular)
werredest (past second-person singular)
werreth (present singular third-person)
werred (past singular third-person)
werre (present singular subjunctive)
werred (past singular subjunctive)
werre (imperative present singular)
werren (plural present)
werre (plural present)
werreden (past plural)
werrede (past plural)
werreth (imperative plural present)
werre (imperative plural present)
werrynge (participle present)
werrende (participle present)
werred (participle past)
ywerred (participle past)

English: war

Scots: war, weir

From Old French guerrier, guerrer, from Frankish *werran. Equivalent to werre (“war”) + -en (infinitival suffix); influenced and reinforced by that noun.

af

To attack, fight or war (against something or someone); to be involved in or engage in armed conflict.

To inflict destruction or devastation by way of conflict or battle; to bring to ruin.

(rare) To attack outside armed conflict; to fight one-on-one or in a disorganised manner.

To attack a religion (or its people) or a value; to enter into religious or moral conflict.

To denigrate, show enmity towards, punish, or afflict a religion or its followers.

(rare) To have one's knowledge on a topic turn clouded or unclear.


swelten

swelten (infinitive)
to swelten (infinitive)
swelte (infinitive)
swelte (first-person present singular)
swalt (first-person past singular)
swelte (first-person past singular)
swelted (first-person past singular)
sweltest (present second-person singular)
swolte (past second-person singular)
swalt (past second-person singular)
sweltest (past second-person singular)
sweltedest (past second-person singular)
swelteth (present singular third-person)
swelt (present singular third-person)
swalt (past singular third-person)
swelte (past singular third-person)
swelted (past singular third-person)
swelte (present singular subjunctive)
swolte (past singular subjunctive)
swelte (past singular subjunctive)
swelted (past singular subjunctive)
swelte (imperative present singular)
swelten (plural present)
swelte (plural present)
swolten (past plural)
swolte (past plural)
swelten (past plural)
swelte (past plural)
swelteden (past plural)
sweltede (past plural)
swelteth (imperative plural present)
swelte (imperative plural present)
sweltynge (participle present)
sweltende (participle present)
swolten (participle past)
swolte (participle past)
swelt (participle past)
swelted (participle past)

English: swelt

Scots: swelt, swalt

From Old English sweltan, from Proto-West Germanic *sweltan, from Proto-Germanic *sweltaną.


ofsenden

The kynge fro conseille cam · and called after Mede / And ofsent hir alswythe.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:


yeresyeve

That fyre shal falle and berne · al to blo askes / The houses and þe homes · of hem þat desireth / Ȝiftes or ȝeresȝyues · bi-cause of here offices.

A gift given at the start of the year, or at the start of a term of office.


loveday

English: loveday (now historical)

(figuratively) Any time of peaceableness.


grasen

grasen (infinitive)
to grasen (infinitive)
grase (infinitive)
grase (first-person present singular)
grased (first-person past singular)
grasest (present second-person singular)
grasedest (past second-person singular)
graseth (present singular third-person)
grased (past singular third-person)
grase (present singular subjunctive)
grased (past singular subjunctive)
grase (imperative present singular)
grasen (plural present)
grase (plural present)
graseden (past plural)
grasede (past plural)
graseth (imperative plural present)
grase (imperative plural present)
grasynge (participle present)
grasende (participle present)
grased (participle past)
ygrased (participle past)

English: graze

From Old English grasian, from Proto-Germanic *grasōną; equivalent to gras + -en (infinitival suffix).


octroy

English: octroy

From Middle French octroyer, from Old French otroiier, from Latin auctōrizō. Doublet of auctorise.

Bachus octroyed ⁊ graunted hym this yfte, […]

1480, William Caxton, transl., Six Bookes of Metamorphoseos in Whyche Ben Conteyned the Fables of Ovyde. Translated out of Frensshe into Englysshe by William Caxton. Printed from a Manuscript in the Library of Mr. Secretary Pepys, in the College of St. Mary Magdalen, in the University of Cambridge., London: From the Shakspeare Press, by William Bulmer, […], published 1819:


stunde

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


tuken

enm-verb

tuken (third-person singular simple present tuks, present participle tukende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tukked)

tuks (present singular third-person)
tukende (participle present)
tukked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: tuck

Scots: tuck

From Old English tucian (“to mistreat; to torment”) and Middle Dutch, Middle Low German tucken, all from Proto-Germanic *tukkōną (“to tug; to grab; to grasp”). Doublet of touchen.


Furie

English: Fury

Borrowed from Latin Furia; compare furie.


awey

English: away

Scots: awa

Yola: awye, away, awaa, awi

From Old English onweġ, aweġ; equivalent to a- + wey.


hyed

enm-verb

hyed (third-person singular simple present hyedeth, present participle hyedende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hyedde)

hyedeth (present singular third-person)
hyedende (participle present)
hyedde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


hyed

simple past/past participle of hyen (“to move quickly”)


hyed

simple past/past participle of hyen (“to raise, lift up”)


forbisen

From Old English forebȳsen (“example”), from fore- + bȳsen (“model, exemplar, pattern, parable, command”), from Proto-Germanic *būsniz (“command, precept”), from Proto-Germanic *beudaną (“to ask, beg”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake, perceive fully”). Cognate with Old Saxon am-busan (“a command, precept”), Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌽𐍃 (anabūsns, “a command”), Old Norse býsn (“wonder, premonition”). More at bid.

cog

an example or or model (to be imitated); a precedent


fnese

For, were it wyn, or old or moysty ale, / That he hath dronke, he speketh in his nose, / And fneseth faste, and eek he hath the pose.

c. 1387-1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Maunciples Tale:


ladde

English: lad

Scots: lad

Probably from North Germanic, possibly Old Norse ladd (“hose, woolen stocking”); according to Liberman, words for socks, shoes, and stockings were used pejoratively as nicknames for fools. See also Swedish ladder (“old shoes”), lodde (“Frisian shoe”), lädder (“socks”), all said to be related to Old Norse loðinn (“hairy, shaggy, woolly”).

cog

A (male) servant or hireling (usually of a noble)

A male commoner; a man with a low position in society.

A man of low morals or behaviour (used derogatorily)

Any man (without qualification); an adult male human being.

A lad or boy; a male human child (including babies)

(rare) A infantryman; a fighter who isn't mounted.


emeraude

English: emerald

From Old French esmeraude, from Vulgar Latin *smaralda, *smaraldus, *smaraudus, variant of Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos), μάραγδος (máragdos), from a Semitic language.


ssed

(Kent) shade (protection; darkness formed by blocking light)


aduant gardes

aduant garde
aduant garde#Middle_English


hathel

Scots: hathill

A conflation of Old English hæleþ (“man, hero, warrior”) and æþel (“noble”).


heleð

English: health

From Old English hæleþ (“man, hero, fighter”).


coffyn

English: coffin

Scots: coffin

From Old Northern French cofin, from Latin cophinus, from Ancient Greek κόφινος (kóphinos). Doublet of cofre.


reys

English: reys

Probably borrowed from Middle Dutch reise, from Old Dutch *reisa, from Proto-West Germanic *raisu.

And lyghtlye also ther they make her reys

c. 1475, The Libelle of Englyshe Polycye:

And also quickly they made their journey there.


warenne

English: warren

From Anglo-Norman warenne, variant of garenne, of disputed origin.

warren (breeding zone for small animals, especially rabbits).

(rare) The privilege of setting up such a zone.


fukken

*fukken (infinitive)
to *fukken (infinitive)
fukke (infinitive)
fukke (first-person present singular)
fukked (first-person past singular)
fukkest (present second-person singular)
fukkedest (past second-person singular)
fukketh (present singular third-person)
fukked (past singular third-person)
fukke (present singular subjunctive)
fukked (past singular subjunctive)
fukke (imperative present singular)
fukken (plural present)
fukke (plural present)
fukkeden (past plural)
fukkede (past plural)
fukketh (imperative plural present)
fukke (imperative plural present)
fukkynge (participle present)
fukkende (participle present)
fukked (participle past)
yfukked (participle past)

English: fuck (see there for further descendants)

Early Scots: *fuken

Middle Scots: fuk

Scots: fuck, fuk

Of Germanic origin: Either from Old English *fuccian or from Old Norse *fukka, both from Proto-Germanic *fukkōną (“to smite; copulate”), from Proto-Indo-European *pewǵ-

der

Roger Fuckebythenavele

1310 December 8, court document from Cheshire, England:

Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk.[…]Fratres cum knyvys goth about and txxkxzv nfookt xxzxkt.

They [the friars] are not in heaven, since they fuck the wives of Ely [in Cambridgeshire]. […] Friars with knives go about and swive (have sex with) men’s wives.

Non sunt in coeli, quia fvccant vvivys of heli. […] Fratres cum knyvys goth about and svvivyt mennis vvyvis.


valey

English: valley

Scots: vailey

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman valey, from Latin vallis. Compare vale.


peare

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of pere (“pear”)


trenchour

English: trencher

→ Welsh: trensiwr

Yola: trenshoorès (plural)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trenchour; equivalent to trenchen + -our.


translacioun

English: translation

From Anglo-Norman translacioun, from Latin trānslātiō; equivalent to translaten + -ioun.

Relocation, removal (to another location)

Divestment or giving away (of land, property, etc.)

Substitution or supersedure of religious law.

A (finished) translation of a work into another language.

(rare) Movement into heaven without death.

(rare) A total modification or alteration in appearance.


Constantinopolis

Constantinopolis..was somtyme þe cheef citee of þe Est, riʒt as Rome was of þe West.


surnoun

Borrowed from Old French surnoun, from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen; equivalent to sur- + noun.


Burgoyne

→? Irish: Burgúin

→ Middle Welsh: Bwrgwyn, Byrgwyn

Welsh: Bwrgwyn

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman Borgoigne, from Late Latin Burgundia. For the phonological development, compare caroyne.

Burgundy (a region, kingdom, and duchy in France).


cheyne

English: chain

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">chainzie</i>

Scots: cheen, chyne (obsolete chainzie)

Borrowed from Old French chaiene, from Latin catēna.

A chain; a set of metal links (especially to fetter or bind).

(figurative) Something which compels, controls, or obligates.

(figurative) A marital or romantic union; something that links two together.


seignurie

English: seigniory, signory

From Old French seignurie; equivalent to senyour + -ie.


fery

Alternative form of ferie (“ferry crossing”)


heien

enm-verb

heien (third-person singular simple present heieth, present participle heiende, heiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle heied)

heieth (present singular third-person)
heiende (participle present)
heiynge (participle present)
heied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: high

Yola: heech

A conflation of Old English ġehēgan (“to perform, conduct”) (from Proto-West Germanic *hauwjan) and hēan (“to raise up, exalt”) (from *hauhijan). Also influenced by heigh (“high”).


thare

English: there

desc

Yola: aar, thar, th'ar, thaar, thaare, thoare

From Old English þār, from Proto-West Germanic *þār, from Proto-Germanic *þar.


peple

English: people

Scots: people

Borrowed from Old French pueple and Anglo-Norman people, from Latin populus, from Proto-Italic *poplos.

people (a group or class of individuals)

subjects (of a ruler), followers (of a doctrine)

commoners (as opposed to nobility or clergy)


vynegre

desctree

English: vinegar
→ Japanese: ビネガー (binegā)
→ Welsh: finegr

Scots: veenegar

From Old French vinaigre; but sometimes interpreted as a compound of wyn + egre.

vinegar, especially that made from wine (often used in cooking, medicine and as a garnish).


barke

English: barque, bark

From Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare), from Egyptian bꜣjr.

It [i.e. love] is the star to every wandering barke
whose worth's unknown although his height be taken.

1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 116”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:

(rare, Late Middle English) A seafaring vessel.


bowe

English: bow

Scots: bow

→ Middle Welsh: bwa

Welsh: bwa

From Old English boga, from Proto-West Germanic *bogō, in turn from Proto-Germanic *bugô.


hundreth

Alternative form of hundred (“administrative division”)


hundreth

Alternative form of hundred (“hundredth”)


denie

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dynnen


alwey

English: always

Scots: alwayis

From Old English ealneġ, ealneweġ (“always, perpetually”, literally “all the way, all the while, continuously”).


degre

English: degree

Scots: degree

Borrowed from Old French degré, degréz (hence the variant degrece); equivalent to de- + gre.

Someone's personal characteristics, position, or background:

A degree or generation of ancestry; a stage in one's family history.

Social or professional standing or status; one's position in society or a subset of it.

People of a certain status or ranking; a group defined by status.

Prestigiousness or achievement, especially that earned in battle.

(rare) One's lineage or ancestry; one's family background.

The state, quality, or status of something; something's current characteristics:

A distinguishing quantity; degree, amount, or extent:

(grammar) A type or extent of grammatical comparison.

(medicine) A degree of severity of medical conditions.

The status of something on a scale (relating to other things)

The state of one's behaviour; one's way, bearing, or method.

(rare) The inherent state or quality of something; something's intrinsic characteristics.

(rare) Something as marked by its distinguishing features; a variety or sort of something.

(geometry) An angular measurement amounting to 1/360 of a circle.

A measurement of time amounting to around four minutes.

A degree (educational qualification handed out by tertiary institutions)

A step, gree or rung; a part of a staircase.

A stage as part of a scale of virtues or values.

(rare) The length covered by a step or movement of one's feet.


dred

English: dread

Scots: dreid, dreed

Fear, dread; the state of being frightened:

Anxiousness; the state of being anxious.

(rare) Fearfulness; the state of tending to fear.

Danger or jeopardy; something causing danger.

(with a negative) Lack of certainty; doubt.


Wyrale

Ouer at þe Holy-Hede, til he hade eft bonk
In þe wyldrenesse of Wyrale; wonde þer bot lyte

c. 1400, "Pearl Poet", Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, fit II, verse IX, lines 700-702

Þat auþer God oþer gome wyth goud hert louied.


Constantinoble

That aunciently it was accustumed atte coronacion of the Emperour of Constantinoble.

1479 March 24, Cordyal, Westminster: William Caxton:

About þis tyme þe Cite of Constantinoble[…]was taken bi þe Turkes infideles.

That bolde borou Byzance, þat buyld was to-rihtus, Was called syn[…]Constantinoble.


rudden

enm-verb

rudden (third-person singular simple present ruddeth, present participle ruddende, ruddynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rudded)

ruddeth (present singular third-person)
ruddende (participle present)
ruddynge (participle present)
rudded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rudden (infinitive)
to rudden (infinitive)
rudde (first-person present singular)
rudded (first-person past singular)
ruddest (present second-person singular)
ruddedest (past second-person singular)
ruddeth (present singular third-person)
rudded (past singular third-person)
rudde (present singular subjunctive)
rudded (past singular subjunctive)
rudde (imperative present singular)
rudden (plural present)
rudde (plural present)
ruddeden (past plural)
ruddede (past plural)
ruddeth (imperative plural present)
rudde (imperative plural present)
ruddynge (participle present)
ruddende (participle present)
rudded (participle past)
yrudded (participle past)

To rub; to move back and forwards on a surface:


cromen

cromen (infinitive)
to cromen (infinitive)
crome (infinitive)
crome (first-person present singular)
cromed (first-person past singular)
cromest (present second-person singular)
cromedest (past second-person singular)
crometh (present singular third-person)
cromed (past singular third-person)
crome (present singular subjunctive)
cromed (past singular subjunctive)
crome (imperative present singular)
cromen (plural present)
crome (plural present)
cromeden (past plural)
cromede (past plural)
crometh (imperative plural present)
crome (imperative plural present)
cromynge (participle present)
cromende (participle present)
cromed (participle past)
ycromed (participle past)

English: crumb

From Old English ġecrymman. Some forms are remodelled on crome.


ratoun

English: ratton (dialectal)

Scots: ratton

From Anglo-Norman ratoun; equivalent to ratte + -oun.

Wiþ þat ran þere a route · of ratones at ones / And smale mys with hem · mo þen a þousande

With that a rout of rats ran at once, / and small mice with them; more than a thousand.


enluten

enluten (third-person singular simple present enluteth, present participle enlutende, enlutynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enluted)

enluteth (present singular third-person)
enlutende (participle present)
enlutynge (participle present)
enluted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

en- + Old French lut or Latin lutum (“clay”).


merciment

Riȝt so is loue a ledere · and þe lawe shapeth / Vpon man for his mysdedes · þe merciment he taxeth.


diall

English: dial

Scots: dial

Borrowed from Middle French dyal, from Latin diālis.

A pointer on a dial (e.g. a clock hand or a compass point)

(rare) A timekeeping instrument, method, or device:

(rare) A sundial (timekeeping device using the sun)

(rare) A clock (mechanical timekeeping device)


solempnete

From Anglo-Norman solempneté, alternative form of solemnité (Modern French solennité).


lomen

From Old English lōman; equivalent to lome + -en (plural suffix).


feblesse

English: feblesse (obsolete)

From Old French feblesce; equivalent to feble + -esse.

The state of being physically weak or feeble.

(rare) The state of being impotent or faint.

(rare) The state of being unfaithful or immoral.


selde

English: seld (obsolete)

From Old English seld, a form of Old English setl, from Proto-Germanic *setlą.

A seat, a throne; a headquarters or capital.


selde

English: seld (obsolete)

Scots: seld

A back-formation from seldere, from Old English seldor.


selde

English: seld (archaic)

Scots: seld


reke

Yola: reeke

From Old English hrēac, from Proto-Germanic *hraukaz.


reke

(Northern) Alternative form of riche (“rich”)


weyn

(Northern) Alternative form of wyn (“wine”)


stronde

Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue

Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,
To distant shrines well known in distant lands.

To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;


slynger

English: slinger

Scots: slinger


slyngen

slyngen (infinitive)
to slyngen (infinitive)
slynge (infinitive)
slynge (first-person present singular)
slang (first-person past singular)
slyngest (present second-person singular)
slunge (past second-person singular)
slang (past second-person singular)
slyngeth (present singular third-person)
slang (past singular third-person)
slynge (present singular subjunctive)
slunge (past singular subjunctive)
slynge (imperative present singular)
slyngen (plural present)
slynge (plural present)
slungen (past plural)
slunge (past plural)
slange (past plural)
slyngeth (imperative plural present)
slynge (imperative plural present)
slyngynge (participle present)
slyngende (participle present)
slungen (participle past)
slunge (participle past)
yslunge (participle past)

English: sling

Scots: sling, slung

Borrowed from Old Norse slyngja, slyngva, from Proto-Germanic *slingwaną.

To sling, hurl, or toss (usually towards a specified location)

To use a weapon (especially a sling) to hurl a projectile.

To attack or hit (especially with a sling)

To destroy or kill; to end or eliminate.

(rare) To dispose or get rid of; to throw away.

(rare) To launch, hurl or sling oneself.


slynge

English: sling

Scots: sling, slung

Possibly from Middle Low German slenge or a back-formation from slyngen.

A sling (strap used to sling projectiles)

A piece of fabric suspended between supports used to hold or carry something.


chet

English: cheat

(rare, Late Middle English) Bread of lower quality (than manchet)


horsen

English: horsen


horsen

horsen (infinitive)
to horsen (infinitive)
horse (infinitive)
horse (first-person present singular)
horsed (first-person past singular)
horsest (present second-person singular)
horsedest (past second-person singular)
horseth (present singular third-person)
horsed (past singular third-person)
horse (present singular subjunctive)
horsed (past singular subjunctive)
horse (imperative present singular)
horsen (plural present)
horse (plural present)
horseden (past plural)
horsede (past plural)
horseth (imperative plural present)
horse (imperative plural present)
horsynge (participle present)
horsende (participle present)
horsed (participle past)
yhorsed (participle past)

English: horse

From Old English horsian; equivalent to hors + -en (infinitive suffix).


schun

A syncopic form of schulen; the deletion of /l/ is paralleled the pronunciation of modern English should (already occasionally schude in Middle English).

present indicative/subjunctive plural of schulen


tidely

From Old English tīdlīċe (“for a time; temporarily; conveniently; seasonably; in time; early; soon; quickly”), equivalent to tide + -ly.

inh

seasonably; opportunely; suitably; fitly


Jhesus

Jhesu (genitive)
Jhesus (nominative singular)
Jhesu (accusative singular)
Jhesum (accusative singular)
Jhesuses (genitive singular)
Jhesuse (genitive singular)
Jhesu (dative singular)
Jhesum (dative singular)

English: Jesus

Scots: Jesus


scharp

English: sharp

Scots: scharp

From Old English sċearp, from Proto-West Germanic *skarp, from Proto-Germanic *skarpaz.


forfader

English: forefather

Scots: forefaither, forefader


compassement

From Old French compassement; equivalent to compas + -ment.

Guile, craft, or plotting; the practice of sleight-of hand.

A scheme or plan formulated in secrecy and with malicious intent.

And men may well prove by experience and subtle compassment of wit, that if a man found passages by ships that would go to search the world, men might go by ship all about the world and above and beneath.

1357, John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, modernized spelling edition:

(rare) The utilisation or application of knowledge.


meynprisen

meynprise + -en (infinitival suffix), borrowed from Anglo-Norman mainprise.

Shal neure man of molde · meynprise þe leste / But riȝte as þe lawe wil loke · late falle on hem alle.


sparre

English: spar

Scots: spar

From Middle Low German or Middle Dutch sparre, from Proto-West Germanic *sparrō, from Proto-Germanic *sparrô.


sparre

Alternative form of sparren (“to close”)


bidelven

enm-verb

bidelven (third-person singular simple present bidelveth, present participle bidelvende, first-/third-person singular past indicative bidalf, past participle bidolven)

bidelveth (present singular third-person)
bidelvende (participle present)
bidalf (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bidolven (participle past)
bidelven (infinitive)
to bidelven (infinitive)
bidelve (first-person present singular)
bidalf (first-person past singular)
bidelvest (present second-person singular)
bidolve (past second-person singular)
bidalf (past second-person singular)
bidelveth (present singular third-person)
bidalf (past singular third-person)
bidelve (present singular subjunctive)
bidolve (past singular subjunctive)
bidelve (imperative present singular)
bidelven (plural present)
bidelve (plural present)
bidolven (past plural)
bidolve (past plural)
bidelveth (imperative plural present)
bidelve (imperative plural present)
bidelvynge (participle present)
bidelvende (participle present)
bidolven (participle past)
bidolve (participle past)

From Old English bedelfan (“to dig around, bury”); equivalent to bi- + delven. Cognate with Dutch bedelven (“to bury, overwhelm”).


eien

From Old English eagan; equivalent to eie (“eye”) + -en (plural suffix).


smellen

smellen (infinitive)
to smellen (infinitive)
smelle (infinitive)
smelle (first-person present singular)
smelled (first-person past singular)
smellest (present second-person singular)
smelledest (past second-person singular)
smelleth (present singular third-person)
smelled (past singular third-person)
smelle (present singular subjunctive)
smelled (past singular subjunctive)
smelle (imperative present singular)
smellen (plural present)
smelle (plural present)
smelleden (past plural)
smellede (past plural)
smelleth (imperative plural present)
smelle (imperative plural present)
smellynge (participle present)
smellende (participle present)
smelled (participle past)
ysmelled (participle past)

English: smell

Scots: smell

Yola: smele, smoll

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)meld-
Proto-West Germanic *smalljan
Old English *smiellan
Middle English smellen
From Old English *smiellan.

etymon

Who drynkeþ therof or smelleth, þe odour of it heleth hym of þe pose.

(transitive) To sense a smell or smells.

First he cheweth greyn and likorys To smellen swete.

Wormys has eten of him now, he smellis for iiij dayes ar gane syn he was lokin vnder a stane.

(intransitive, without a modifier) To smell bad; to stink.


bassene

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of basyn


ynne

But nowe ſadde Winter welked hath the day, / And Phœbus weary of his yerely taſ-ke: / Yſtabled hath his ſteedes in lowlye laye / And taken vp his ynne in Fiſhes haſ-ke.

[1579, Immeritô [pseudonym; Edmund Spenser], “Nouember. Ægloga Vndecima.”, in The Shepheardes Calender: […] (in English), London: […] Hugh Singleton, […], →OCLC, folio 44, verso:


prophecie

English: prophecy

Scots: prophecy

Borrowed from Old French prophetie, from Latin prophētīa, from Ancient Greek προφητεία (prophēteía).

A prediction or prophecy; a religious foretelling.

The prophecies within the Old Testament or the part of Mass containing it.

Prediction or prophecy in general; the practice of making prophecies.

The ability to make prophecies or foretellings.

(rare) A presaging or sign of future events.


silf

From Old English self, seolf, sylf (“same, self, very, own”), from Proto-Germanic *selbaz (“self”), from Proto-Indo-European *selbʰ- (“one's own”), from Proto-Indo-European *s(w)e- (“separate, apart”).


heascen

heascen (infinitive)
to heascen (infinitive)
heasce (infinitive)
heasce (first-person present singular)
heasced (first-person past singular)
heascest (present second-person singular)
heascedest (past second-person singular)
heasceth (present singular third-person)
heasced (past singular third-person)
heasce (present singular subjunctive)
heasced (past singular subjunctive)
heasce (imperative present singular)
heascen (plural present)
heasce (plural present)
heasceden (past plural)
heascede (past plural)
heasceth (imperative plural present)
heasce (imperative plural present)
heascynge (participle present)
heascende (participle present)
heasced (participle past)
yheasced (participle past)

From Old English *hessian, *hetsian, from Proto-West Germanic *hatisōn, from Proto-Germanic *hatisōną. Compare Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐍉𐌽 (hatizōn, “to feel hate, to be angry”).


feynen

feynen (infinitive)
to feynen (infinitive)
feyne (infinitive)
feyne (first-person present singular)
feyned (first-person past singular)
feynest (present second-person singular)
feynedest (past second-person singular)
feyneth (present singular third-person)
feyned (past singular third-person)
feyne (present singular subjunctive)
feyned (past singular subjunctive)
feyne (imperative present singular)
feynen (plural present)
feyne (plural present)
feyneden (past plural)
feynede (past plural)
feyneth (imperative plural present)
feyne (imperative plural present)
feynynge (participle present)
feynende (participle present)
feyned (participle past)
yfeyned (participle past)

English: feign

Scots: faine, feinȝe

From Old French feindre, from Latin fingō.

To make, produce, cause (especially involving lies or trickery)


colden

colden (infinitive)
to colden (infinitive)
colde (infinitive)
colde (first-person present singular)
colded (first-person past singular)
coldest (present second-person singular)
coldedest (past second-person singular)
coldeth (present singular third-person)
colded (past singular third-person)
colde (present singular subjunctive)
colded (past singular subjunctive)
colde (imperative present singular)
colden (plural present)
colde (plural present)
coldeden (past plural)
coldede (past plural)
coldeth (imperative plural present)
colde (imperative plural present)
coldynge (participle present)
coldende (participle present)
colded (participle past)
ycolded (participle past)

English: cold

Yola: coale


delite

English: delight (influenced by light)

Scots: delite, delicht (influenced by licht)

Yola: deligkt (influenced by lhygt)

From Old French delit, from the verb deliter.

Delightfulness; a feeling of joy or mirth, especially one that is sexual:

Enjoyability or delightfulness considered in the abstract or in general.

One's experiencing of delight; a delightful time or place.

A spiritual or religious feeling of gratitude, joy, and elation.

A feeling of delightfulness due to a certain activity or behaviour.

A want or wish; something that one would like to do.

A behaviour that induces delightfulness; a delight or pleasure:

A spiritual or religious pleasure, comfort, or belief.

Something done as fun, recreation, or entertainment.

Copulation; sexual intercourse or congress.


delite

(rare) Delightful; causing delight, joy, or mirth.


cuse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of chese


plente

English: plenty

Yola: blenty

From Old French plenté, from Latin plēnitās, plēnitātem.


tydy

English: tidy

Scots: tidy


orenge

desctree

English: orange
→ Esperanto: oranĝo
→ Japanese: オレンジ (orenji)
→ Kashubian: orendż (Canada, United States)
→ Korean: 오렌지 (orenji)
→ Makah: ʔo·linčas
→ Malay: oren
→ Marshallese: oran

Scots: orange, oranger

From Old French orenge, from Old Occitan auranja, from Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj).

(Late Middle English) orange (orange-coloured citrus fruit)

(Late Middle English, rare) orange (A tree that bears oranges)


narde

English: nard, nardus

From Old French narde and Old English nard, both from Latin nardus, from Ancient Greek νάρδος (nárdos), from Phoenician [Term?], ultimately from Sanskrit नलद (nálada).

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.

þerfoꝛ marie took a pound of oynement of trewe narde pꝛeciouſe / and anoyntide þe feet of iheſu .· ⁊ wipte hiſe feet wiþ hir heeris / and þe hous was fillid of þe ſauour of þe oynement

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 12:3, page 50v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then Mary took a pound of valuable pure nard ointment, anointed Jesus's feet, and wiped them with her hair; the house was filled with the ointment's scent.

nard (ointment derived from such a plant)


mawen

Feom Old English magan (“stomachs”), plural of maga, from Proto-Germanic *maganiz, plural of *magô; equivalent to mawe + -en (“plural suffix”).


mawen

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


bragot

desc

English: bragget, bracket, brackett, bragawd, braggett, braggot, bragot

From Middle Welsh bragawd, bragaut, bragod.

bragget (beverage made of ale and honey)


scid

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schyd


chambres forene

chambre forene
chambre forene#Middle_English


chambre forene

In to a chambre forene þe gadelyng gan wende.

1297, Robert of Gloucester, Chronicle, page 310:

(euphemistic) A "room outdoors", an outhouse: an outbuilding used as a lavatory.


deduyt

Merlin ... thought that a moche fole were he yef he slepte so in his synne to lese his witte and his connynge for to have the deduyt of a mayden

Upon his hand he bar for his deduyt / An egle tame, as any lilye whyt.


lewed

head

lewed (comparative lewder, superlative lewedeste)

lewder (comparative)
lewedeste (superlative)

English: lewd

desc

Scots: lewde, lowde, leude, leud, leaud, lawid, lawit, layit, lawd, lewd

From Old English lǣwede. According to the OED, of uncertain origin, but probably from Vulgar Latin *laigo-, from Late Latin laicus (“of the people”) + Old English -ede.
Otherwise, formally resembling a derivative of the past participle of Old English lǣwan (“to reveal, betray”) in the sense of "exposed as being unlearned" or "easily betrayed, clueless", from Proto-West Germanic *lāwijan (“to betray”), influenced in meaning by Latin laicus. If so, related to Middle English lewe (“treacherous”), belewen (“to hand over, betray”).

der

Unrelated to the church; non-priestly; lay.

Although men made bokes, God was the maister,
And Seint Spirit the samplarie, and seide what men sholde write.
And right as sight serveth a man to se the heighe strete,
Right so lereth scripture lewed men to reason.

c. 1370–1390, [William Langland], “[Passus 12]”, in The Vision of Pierce Plowman [...], London: […] Roberte Crowley, […], published 1550, →OCLC:

Although men made books, God was the master,
And the Holy Spirit the example, and said what men should write.
And just as sight serves a man to see the high street,
So unschooled men learn scripture to reason.

Unschooled, not learned or educated; lacking in knowledge.

Simple-minded, dumb, or unintelligent; lacking in brainpower.

Low-quality; crude, feeble; of meagre workmanship.

Ordinary, unsophisticated or simple; typifying one of non-noble lineage.

(Late Middle English) Lewd, immoral, sinful, or malicious.


lewed

An ignorant or simple-minded individual.

Someone who is not involved in a clerical position.


taym

(Northern, after d or t) Alternative form of þem (“them”)


fass

English: fas

Yola: fash

From Old English fæs; cognate to Middle High German vase.


mapemounde

Old French mapamonde, from Medieval Latin mappa mundī, compound of Latin mappa (“napkin, cloth”) and mundus (“world”). More at mappa


todæg

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of today


soor

Alternative form of sore (“harmfully, very”)


soghe

Alternative form of sowen (“to torment”)


plovere

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of plover


thild

Inherited from Old English þyld (“patience”), from Proto-West Germanic *þuldi, from Proto-Germanic *þuldiz (“endurance, patience”). Analyzable as thole + -th through the original Proto-Germanic morphology.

inh

Sche hath nat no thild of hire.

patience, endurance, thole; the ability to endure or bear something


asche

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


glæsen

head

glæsen (plural and weak singular glæsene)

glæsene (plural)
glæsene (singular weak)

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of glasen


honen

enm-verb

honen (third-person singular simple present honeth, present participle honende, honynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle honed)

honeth (present singular third-person)
honende (participle present)
honynge (participle present)
honed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Scots: hune

hon (“delay, hesitation”) + -en (infinitival suffix)


honen

English: hone

From Old French hogner, hognier, hoingner (French hogner), which could be a cross of honnir (“to disgrace, shame”) and grogner (“to grunt”).


honen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of henne


edre

From Old English ǣdre (“a vein, artery; sinew”).
Cognates include (from Germanic) Old Saxon -āðara (Dutch ader), Old High German ādra (German Ader), Old Norse æðr (Swedish åder); (from Indo-European) Ancient Greek ἦτορ (êtor, “heart”), Latin uterus, Old Irish inathar (“entrails”).


bendel

Yola: bandēle

Borrowed from Old French bendel, bandel, diminutive of bende, bande. (Related to English bandeau.)


songly

English: songly


cupes

plural of cupe (alternative form of cǒupes).


doutelees

Oon of us two moste bowen, doutelees.


begreten

From bi- + grēten (“to weep”). More at greet.


thost

English: thost

From Old English þost, from Proto-Germanic *þustaz.

fecal matter; dung or feces, especially that of animals


egleche

Compare Old English ǣglǣċa (“a miserable being; wretch; monster; fiend; warrior; hero”).


swind

enm-verb

swind (third-person singular simple present swinds, present participle swinding, first-/third-person singular past indicative swand or swinded, past participle swund or swunden or swinded)

swinds (present singular third-person)
swinding (participle present)
swand (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
swinded (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
swund (participle past)
swunden (participle past)
swinded (participle past)

From Old English swindan (“to waste away, languish”), from Proto-Germanic *swindaną. Cognate with Danish svinde (“to dwindle, vanish”), Dutch zwinden (“to disappear, vanish”), German schwinden (“to decrease, shrink, vanish”), Low German swinnen (“to decrease, shrink, vanish”), Norwegian svinne (“to disappear, vanish”), Swedish svinna (“to disappear, vanish”). See also swindle.

cog

c. 1175, Old English Homilies

Our swink and our tilth is oft wont to disappear.

Ure swinc and ure tilþe is ofte iwoned to swinden.

c. 1390, "Heil be þow Marie Moodur"

Hail, lender and lover of largeness / The sweet and sweetest that never may die.

Heil, lenere and louvere of largenesse / Swete and swettest þat neuer may swynde.

c. 1400, Saint Erkenwald

But suddenly his sweet cheer wasted away and failed.

Bot sodenly his swete chere swyndid and faylide

To languish, waste away, also disappear, vanish.


deluden

deluden (infinitive)
to deluden (infinitive)
delude (infinitive)
delude (first-person present singular)
deluded (first-person past singular)
deludest (present second-person singular)
deludedest (past second-person singular)
deludeth (present singular third-person)
deluded (past singular third-person)
delude (present singular subjunctive)
deluded (past singular subjunctive)
delude (imperative present singular)
deluden (plural present)
delude (plural present)
deludeden (past plural)
deludede (past plural)
deludeth (imperative plural present)
delude (imperative plural present)
deludynge (participle present)
deludende (participle present)
deluded (participle past)
ydeluded (participle past)

English: delude

To delude or mislead, to fill people's mind with wrong

(rare) To parody or make fun of; to joke about someone.


athem

Inherited from Old English ǣþm (“breath, breathing”), from Proto-Germanic *ēþmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eh₁tmén-. Cognate with Dutch adem (“breath”), German Atem (“breath”).

inh+

Hir (their) eathem shone as doth light among thonner (darkness).

approx. 1225, Homily In Diebus Dominicis in Lambeth:


smoken

Smoking the temple, ful of clothes fayre, / This Emelie with herte debonaire / Hire body wesshe with water of a well […]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


lowen

English: low

Scots: low

c. 1250, Anonymous, "Cuckoo Song" (as printed in The Oxford Book of English Verse, 1900)


plentevously

In a plentevous way; plenteously; abundantly.


ympe

English: imp

Scots: imp

A shoot, twig or sprouting of a plant or shrub; a scion.

Þai sett hem doun al þre / Vnder a fair ympetre, / And wel sone þis fair quene / Fel on slepe opon þe grene.

c. late 13th or early 14th century, Oscar Zielke, editor, Sir Orfeo: Ein englisches Feenmärchen aus dem Mittelalter: […] [Sir Orfeo: An English Fairy Tale from the Middle Ages: […]], Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner, published 1880, →OCLC, page 89, lines 67–70:

They set them down all three / Under a fair imp-tree, / And well soon this fair queen / Fell asleep upon the green.

A plant, especially one that is newly-grown or young.


wodegeld

English: woodgeld

From Old English *wudġeld, equivalent to wode + geld.


tressour

English: tressure

A combination of Old French tresseor and tressure.

(heraldry) border near the edge of a shield


tressour

Alternative form of tresour (“treasure”)


over-thwartly

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, printed by William Caxton, leaf 169 verso

AT the Courte of kynge Arthur there cam a yonge man and bygly made, and he was rychely bysene, and he desyred to be made knyghte of the kyng but his ouer garmẽt sat ouerthwartly, how be hit, hit was ryche clothe of gold,


houting

Yola: whauteen, whateen


ourlen

enm-verb

ourlen (third-person singular simple present ourleth, present participle ourlende, ourlynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ourled)

ourleth (present singular third-person)
ourlende (participle present)
ourlynge (participle present)
ourled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Borrowed from Old French orler (later ourler).

to hem; to trim (add trim to a garment, etc.)


lous

English: louse

Scots: louse, loose

A person or thing worthy of contempt or ostracism.


galder

Inherited from Old English ġealdor, from Proto-West Germanic *galdr.


frounceles

(hapax) Without fold, wrinkle, or crease; smooth.


aurre

(Northern) Alternative form of ore (“oar”)


Hay

English: Hay

Yola: Haay, Haaye


dayly

English: daily

Yola: daaily

From Old English dæġlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *dagalīk. Equivalent to day + -ly.


dayly

English: daily

Yola: daaily


mylne

desctree

English: mill
Sranan Tongo: miri
→ Hindi: मिल (mil)

Scots: mill, mull

Yola: mile

From Old English mylen, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu.

A mill; a grinding apparatus or a building housing one:

(rare) A fulling mill (device for fulling)


snute

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of snowte


thester

For it is alle thester thing, Nil ich make therof no telling.

1250-1300, Arthour and Merlin,, page 64:

15th c., The Chester Mystery Playsː
He may go no thester way.

c. 1500, Vegetius, De Re Militariː
Thick is the mist, and thester is the moon.


Cesar

English: Cesar (obsolete)

Þa com Julius Cesar & hær æf næs na wiht war.


schalk

English: shalk

Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik

From Old English scealc, from Proto-West Germanic *skalk.

A fighter or combatant, especially one of noble birth.

(rare) A mythological or monstrous humanoid.

(rare) An attendant; one who acts as a servant.


potestat

English: potestate (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French potestat, from Latin potestās, potestātem. Doublet of pouste.

Whilom / ther was an Irous poteſtat / As seith Senek that durynge his eſtat / vp on a day / out ryden knyghtes two[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 81, recto:

Once there was an irate potentate, / as Seneca says, and during his rule, / two knights rode out one day […]

foꝛwhi ftryuynge is not to us aȝenes fleiſch ⁊ blood .· but aȝenes þe pꝛincis ⁊ poteſtatis, aȝenes gouernours of þe woꝛld of þeſe derkneſſis / aȝens ſpiritual þingis of wickidneſſe, in heuenli thingis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Epheſianes 6:12, page 77r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because for us, striving isn't [just] against flesh and blood, but against princes and potentates, the rulers of these darknesses' world, and the sources of spiritual wickedness in heavenly places.

A powerful individual; a ruler or potentate.


hepe

English: heap

Yola: heep

From Old English hēap, from Proto-West Germanic *haup, from Proto-Germanic *haupaz.


-chin

From Old English -ċin, variant of -ċen, from Proto-West Germanic *-ikīn, *-ukīn, equivalent to -ok + -en.


forgreithen

enm-verb

fōrgreithen (third-person singular simple present forgreitheth, present participle forgreithende, forgreithynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forgreithed)

fōrgreithen (canonical)
forgreitheth (present singular third-person)
forgreithende (participle present)
forgreithynge (participle present)
forgreithed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

c. 1400, Psalm 20:12 [now 21:12], in the Northern Verse Psalter (Surtees Psalter) [British Library, Cotton Vespasian D.7 manuscript]; published in Joseph Stevenson, editor, Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter: Now First Printed from Manuscripts in the British Museum, volume I, London: J. B. Nichols and Son, Parliament Street; William Pickering, Piccadilly; Edinburgh: Laing and Forbes, 1843, OCLC 832497574, page 59

Therefore shalt thou make them turn their back, / when thou shalt make ready thine arrows upon thy strings against the face of them. [Bible (Authorized Version).]

For set am hindward saltou swa, / And in þair levynges for-graiþe lickam of þa.


skewe

Alternative form of skewen (“to run diagonally”)


pyle

English: pile

Yola: pile


coyns

From coyn (“coin, quoin”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


coyns

From coyn (“quince”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


forgreithing

Psalm 9:38 [now 10:17], page 27: Yernyng of pouer herd Laverd mine; / For-grayþynge of þair hert herd ere þine.
The Lord hath heard the desire of poor men; thine ear hath heard the making ready of their heart. [Wycliffe's Bible; meaning "The Lord hath heard the desire of the poor; yea, thy ears have heard the desires of their hearts."]
Psalm 88:15 [now 89:14], page 59: Rightwisenes and dome als-swa, / for-graiþinge of þi sete ere þa; / Milthe and sothness sal for-gan / þi face: […]

c. 1400, Northern Verse Psalter (Surtees Psalter) [British Library, Cotton Vespasian D.7 manuscript]; published in Joseph Stevenson, editor, Anglo-Saxon and Early English Psalter: Now First Printed from Manuscripts in the British Museum, volume I, London: J. B. Nichols and Son, Parliament Street; William Pickering, Piccadilly; Edinburgh: Laing and Forbes, 1843, OCLC 832497574

rightfulness and doom is the making ready of thy seat. Mercy and truth shall go before thy face; […] [Wycliffe's Bible; meaning "Righteousness and judgement be the foundations of thy throne; love and faithfulness go forth before thee."]


withslippen

enm-verb

withslippen (third-person singular simple present withslippeth, present participle withslippende, withslippynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle withslipped)

withslippeth (present singular third-person)
withslippende (participle present)
withslippynge (participle present)
withslipped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

(transitive) To escape the notice or perception of; elude


withfighten

withfighten (third-person singular simple present withfighteth, present participle withfightende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withfoughte, past participle withfoughten)

withfighteth (present singular third-person)
withfightende (participle present)
withfoughte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withfoughten (participle past)

From Old English wiþfeohtan (“to fight against; contend with”), equivalent to with- + fighten.

inh

(transitive) To fight against; contend with; struggle against


withlaughen

enm-verb

withlaughen (third-person singular simple present withlaugheth, present participle withlaughende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withlough, past participle withlaughen)

withlaugheth (present singular third-person)
withlaughende (participle present)
withlough (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withlaughen (participle past)


withchaungen

withchaungen (third-person singular simple present withchaungeth, present participle withchaungende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withchaungede, past participle withchaunged)

withchaungeth (present singular third-person)
withchaungende (participle present)
withchaungede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withchaunged (participle past)

(transitive) To alter (one's expression or mood)


withdon

withdōn (third-person singular simple present withdoth, present participle withdonde, first-/third-person singular past indicative withdide, past participle withdon)

withdōn (canonical)
withdoth (present singular third-person)
withdonde (participle present)
withdide (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withdon (participle past)


withscapen

withscapen (third-person singular simple present withscapeth, present participle withscapende, withscapynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle withscaped)

withscapeth (present singular third-person)
withscapende (participle present)
withscapynge (participle present)
withscaped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

(intransitive) To get away from; escape from


withdeparten

withdēparten (third-person singular simple present withdeparteth, present participle withdepartende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withdepartede, past participle withdeparted)

withdēparten (canonical)
withdeparteth (present singular third-person)
withdepartende (participle present)
withdepartede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withdeparted (participle past)

From with- + departen (“to divvy up; split; divide”).

prefix

(transitive) To divide or share out; distribute


withscoren

enm-verb

withscoren (third-person singular simple present withscoreth, present participle withscorende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withscorede, past participle withscored)

withscoreth (present singular third-person)
withscorende (participle present)
withscorede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withscored (participle past)

(transitive) To curtail or restrict, as one's desires


withsetten

withsetten (third-person singular simple present withsetteth, present participle withsettende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withsette, past participle withset)

withsetteth (present singular third-person)
withsettende (participle present)
withsette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withset (participle past)

English: withset

From Old English wiþsettan (“to set against; resist”), equivalent to with- + setten.

inh

(transitive) To block or obstruct; hinder

(transitive) To mount an opposition against; hold out against; withstand; oppose; resist

(transitive) To deflect (a blow); foil (a plan or scheme)

(transitive) To seize (goods); confiscate


withsamen

enm-verb

withsamen (third-person singular simple present withsameth, present participle withsamende, withsamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle withsamed)

withsameth (present singular third-person)
withsamende (participle present)
withsamynge (participle present)
withsamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

(transitive, intransitive, of an army) To assemble


withcallen

withcallen (third-person singular simple present withcalleth, present participle withcallende, withcallynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle withcalled)

withcalleth (present singular third-person)
withcallende (participle present)
withcallynge (participle present)
withcalled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: withcall

(transitive) To recall; call back; revoke


withspeken

withspeken (third-person singular simple present withspeketh, present participle withspekende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withspak, past participle withspoken)

withspeketh (present singular third-person)
withspekende (participle present)
withspak (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withspoken (participle past)

English: withspeak

From Old English *wiþspecan, a variant of wiþsprecan (“to speak against”), equivalent to with- + speken.


withlesen

withlesen (third-person singular simple present withleseth, present participle withlesende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withlos, past participle withlosen)

withleseth (present singular third-person)
withlesende (participle present)
withlos (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withlosen (participle past)

(intransitive) To be taken away; to be lost


withsterten

withsterten (third-person singular simple present withsterteth, present participle withstertende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withstart, past participle withstorten)

withsterteth (present singular third-person)
withstertende (participle present)
withstart (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withstorten (participle past)

(transitive) To put up resistance; mount an opposition


crisme

English: chrism, chrisom

From Late Old English crisma, from Medieval Latin crisma, from Ecclesiastical Latin chrisma, from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma). Doublet of creme.


tempten

tempten (third-person singular simple present tempteth, present participle temptende, temptynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tempted)

tempteth (present singular third-person)
temptende (participle present)
temptynge (participle present)
tempted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tempten (infinitive)
to tempten (infinitive)
tempte (infinitive)
tempte (first-person present singular)
tempted (first-person past singular)
temptest (present second-person singular)
temptedest (past second-person singular)
tempteth (present singular third-person)
tempted (past singular third-person)
tempte (present singular subjunctive)
tempted (past singular subjunctive)
tempte (imperative present singular)
tempten (plural present)
tempte (plural present)
tempteden (past plural)
temptede (past plural)
tempteth (imperative plural present)
tempte (imperative plural present)
temptynge (participle present)
temptende (participle present)
tempted (participle past)
ytempted (participle past)

English: tempt

Borrowed from Old French tempter, from Latin temptō, variant of tentō, frequentative of teneō.


obnubilous

English: obnubilous

Attendenge the intricacion inextricable of this labor presente as of the mase of Dedalinus [y] am preyede to attempte hit withowte drede; aduertenge ofte tymes slawthe to mete men thenkenge grete thynges, and the insufficience of my wytte, and the obnubilous and clowdy processe of this mater y-desirede, perauenture men in these dayes attendenge but litelle the obsequy of deuocion as thei be wonte, scholde take disdeyne of this liȝhte meyte.

1432–50, an anonymous translator, Ranulphus, Monke of Chestre, compilede this presente Werke and Cronicle. in Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden monachi Cestrensis, volume I (1865), ed. Churchill Babington, book i: “The Firste Prolog bigynnethe here in to þis Story of mony Cronicles.”, § 7 (page 9)

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


buffeten

buffeten (third-person singular simple present buffeteth, present participle buffetende, buffetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle buffeted)

buffeteth (present singular third-person)
buffetende (participle present)
buffetynge (participle present)
buffeted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
buffeten (infinitive)
to buffeten (infinitive)
buffete (infinitive)
buffete (first-person present singular)
buffeted (first-person past singular)
buffete (first-person past singular)
buffetest (present second-person singular)
buffetedest (past second-person singular)
buffetest (past second-person singular)
buffeteth (present singular third-person)
buffeted (past singular third-person)
buffete (past singular third-person)
buffete (present singular subjunctive)
buffeted (past singular subjunctive)
buffete (past singular subjunctive)
buffete (imperative present singular)
buffeten (plural present)
buffete (plural present)
buffeteden (past plural)
buffetede (past plural)
buffeten (past plural)
buffete (past plural)
buffeteth (imperative plural present)
buffete (imperative plural present)
buffetynge (participle present)
buffetende (participle present)
buffeted (participle past)
buffet (participle past)
ybuffeted (participle past)
ybuffet (participle past)

English: buffet

Borrowed from Old French buffeter, from buffet; equivalent to buffet (“blow, strike”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


sumer

sumers (plural)
sumer (accusative nominative singular)
sumers (accusative nominative plural)
sumeres (accusative nominative plural)
sumeres (genitive singular)
sumere (genitive plural)
sumere (dative singular)
sumeren (dative plural)


Kingpleie

king (“each of the Three Kings”) + pleie (“play”)

compound

King-play (a play that centres on the Biblical Magi of Matthew 2:1–12)


Kinges

Use as a proper noun of the plural of king.

(biblical, usually in full as book of Kinges vel sim.) [Book of] Kings (each of 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 3 Kings, and 4 Kings)


kinges of Coloin

So called from the popular belief that Archbishop Rainald of Cologne brought the Magi’s bones to Cologne Cathedral (wherein they are still housed in the reliquary of the Shrine of the Three Kings) from Milan in 1164, after they were presented to him as a gift by Frederick Barbarossa, who had obtained the relics after capturing the city in 1158.

kings of Cologne
kings of Cologne#English

the kings of Cologne (the Biblical Magi: Caspar, Melchior, and Balthazar)

Cologne Cathedral
Shrine of the Three Kings


king of kinges

enm-noun

king of kinges (plural kinges of kinges)

king of kings, emperor (in quotations, applied to Artaxerxes, Nebuchadnezzar, and Vespasian)


munne

Alternative form of monen (“to remember”)


appayed

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, 1.649


luffe

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of love (“love”)


luffe

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“palm”)


funke

English: funk (obsolete)

From Old English *funca, from Proto-West Germanic *funkō, from Proto-Germanic *funkô.


flemen

enm-verb

flemen (third-person singular simple present flemeth, present participle flemende, flemynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle flemed)

flemeth (present singular third-person)
flemende (participle present)
flemynge (participle present)
flemed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
flemen (infinitive)
to flemen (infinitive)
fleme (infinitive)
fleme (first-person present singular)
flemed (first-person past singular)
flemest (present second-person singular)
flemedest (past second-person singular)
flemeth (present singular third-person)
flemed (past singular third-person)
fleme (present singular subjunctive)
flemed (past singular subjunctive)
fleme (imperative present singular)
flemen (plural present)
fleme (plural present)
flemeden (past plural)
flemede (past plural)
flemeth (imperative plural present)
fleme (imperative plural present)
flemynge (participle present)
flemende (participle present)
flemed (participle past)
yflemed (participle past)

English: fleme (obsolete)

Scots: fleem, fleme (obsolete)

From Old English flīeman (“to put to flight, drive away, banish”), from flēam (“flight, flow”) as if Proto-West Germanic *flaumijan; by surface analysis, fleme (“exile”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

surface analysis

To (legally or officially exile from a jurisdiction.

To remove or expel (a spirit or emotion)

Sir kynge, ye ded a fowle shame whan ye flemyd Sir Trystram oute of thys contrey, for ye nedid nat to have doughted no knyght and he had bene here.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xxxviij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book IX, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

(rare) To denounce or damn; to speak against.


Ioseph

English: Joseph

Yola: Josef

Whãne marıe þe modır of ıhũ was ſpouſıd to ıoſeph .· bıfoꝛe þeı camen togıdere . ſche was founden hauynge of þe hoolı gooſt ın þe wombe /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:18, page 1r, column 2, lines 11–7 from the bottom; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


Iacob

⇒ English: Jacob

⇒ English: Jakob, Jaycob, Jaykob

⇒ English: Jake, Jack, Jay (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jeb (diminutive)

⇒ English: Coby, Koby, Kobe (diminutive)

desc

→ Hawaiian: Iakobo, Iakoba, Iakopo, Iakopa

→ Maori: Hakopa

From Old English Iācōb, from Ancient Greek Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Biblical Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (yaʿaqóv, “he will/shall heel”).

der

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:1–2, page 1r, column 2, lines 1–5; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


lufar

Alternative form of lovere (“friend, lover”)


rascaile

English: rascal

Yola: raskail

Derived from 12th century Old French rascaille (“outcast, rabble”) (modern French racaille), perhaps from rasque (“mud, filth, scab, dregs”), from Vulgar Latin *rasicare (“to scrape”).

people of the lowest class; rabble of an army


cheuetayn

From Anglo-Norman chevetayn or chevetaigne (“chief, captain”), from Late Latin capitaneum, from Latin capit. Related to chieftain.


Irelond

Old English Īr- + lond or Middle Irish Éire + lond. See Ireland.


Irlond

English: Ireland

Yola: Erelhoan, Irelonde


throte

English: throat

Yola: dhraat


tyring

Oꝛ ellis take peꝛcelli Rootis and ſeꝛue hiꝛ with theyem in the ſame maneꝛ, and when ſhe tyrith holde rew ī yowre honde with the tyring and that ſhall make hiꝛ voide, bot it is peꝛlous to vſe it often that the Juce fall neꝛ ſpꝛyug in to hiꝛ yghes.

1486, Juliana Berners, Book of Saint Albans:

(falconry) Bits of bone and tough organic material from a corpse given to hawks to abate their hunger.


lateste

English: latest

Yola: lauthest


huve

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of houve


assignen

English: assign

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂éd
Proto-Italic *ad
Latin ad
Latin ad-
Proto-Indo-European *sek-der.
Proto-Italic *seknom
Latin signum
Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti
Proto-Italic *-āō
Latin -ō
Latin signō
Latin assignōlbor.
Old French assignerbor.
Middle English assignen
Borrowed from Old French assigner.


vexen

vexen (infinitive)
to vexen (infinitive)
vexe (infinitive)
vexe (first-person present singular)
vexed (first-person past singular)
vexest (present second-person singular)
vexedest (past second-person singular)
vexeth (present singular third-person)
vexed (past singular third-person)
vexe (present singular subjunctive)
vexed (past singular subjunctive)
vexe (imperative present singular)
vexen (plural present)
vexe (plural present)
vexeden (past plural)
vexede (past plural)
vexeth (imperative plural present)
vexe (imperative plural present)
vexynge (participle present)
vexende (participle present)
vexed (participle past)
yvexed (participle past)

English: vex

Scots: vex

From Old French vexer, from Latin vēxō, vēxāre.

(law) To bring legal action (against someone)


zunne

(chiefly southern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


torhte

From Old English torht, from Proto-Germanic *turhtaz, from pre-Germanic *dr̥ḱtos, originally a past participle from Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- (“to see”).


bygly

1485 July 31, Thomas Malory, [Le Morte Darthur], [London]: Enprynted and fynysshed in thabbey Westmestre [by William Caxton], OCLC 71490786, leaf 193 verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le morte darthur by Syr Thomas Malory; the Original Edition of William Caxton Now Reprinted and Edited with an Introduction and Glossary by H. Oskar Sommer, Ph.D.; with an Essay on Malory's Prose Style by Andrew Lang, London: Published by David Nutt, in the Strand, 1889–1891 (reproduced Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Humanities Text Initiative, 1997), OCLC 890162034, page 386

Thenne sir Tristram came in and beganne so roughly and soo bygly that there was none myght withstande hym / and thus sire Tristram dured longe


heggen

enm-verb

heggen (third-person singular simple present heggeth, present participle heggende, heggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hegged)

heggeth (present singular third-person)
heggende (participle present)
heggynge (participle present)
hegged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
heggen (infinitive)
to heggen (infinitive)
hegge (infinitive)
hegge (first-person present singular)
hegged (first-person past singular)
heggest (present second-person singular)
heggedest (past second-person singular)
heggeth (present singular third-person)
hegged (past singular third-person)
hegge (present singular subjunctive)
hegged (past singular subjunctive)
hegge (imperative present singular)
heggen (plural present)
hegge (plural present)
heggeden (past plural)
heggede (past plural)
heggeth (imperative plural present)
hegge (imperative plural present)
heggynge (participle present)
heggende (participle present)
hegged (participle past)
yhegged (participle past)

English: hedge

From hegge (“hedge”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To hedge; to place hedges or barriers along a boundary.


-elen

English: -le

Scots: -le

From Old English -lian, from Proto-West Germanic *-lōn, from Proto-Germanic *-lōną.

A frequentative suffix of verbs, indicating repetition or continuousness; -le.


meklac

Assimilated Old Norse mjúkleikr, equivalent to mēk + -lāc.

Humility; meekness; gentleness; submission.


scolere

English: scholar

Scots: scolar, scoolar

Yola: scholleare

From Old English scōlere, equivalent to scole + -er.


breden

breden (infinitive)
to breden (infinitive)
brede (infinitive)
brede (first-person present singular)
bredde (first-person past singular)
bradde (first-person past singular)
bredest (present second-person singular)
breddest (past second-person singular)
braddest (past second-person singular)
bredeth (present singular third-person)
bredde (past singular third-person)
bradde (past singular third-person)
brede (present singular subjunctive)
bredde (past singular subjunctive)
bradde (past singular subjunctive)
brede (imperative present singular)
breden (plural present)
brede (plural present)
bredden (past plural)
bredde (past plural)
bradden (past plural)
bradde (past plural)
bredeth (imperative plural present)
brede (imperative plural present)
bredynge (participle present)
bredende (participle present)
bred (participle past)
brad (participle past)
ybred (participle past)
ybrad (participle past)

Scots: brede

From Old English brǣdan, from Proto-West Germanic *brādan, from Proto-Germanic *brēdaną; equivalent to brede (“roast”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


breden

Scots: brede

From Old English brǣdan, from Proto-West Germanic *braidijan, from Proto-Germanic *braidijaną; equivalent to brod (“broad”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To spread around; to disseminate or scatter.


breden

English: breed

Scots: breed

From Old English brēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *brōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *brōdijaną; equivalent to brod (“brood”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To create; to engender or produce:
To breed; to mate (of birds)

To create; to engender or produce:
To carry offspring (in the womb or egg)

To create; to engender or produce:
To bear; to give birth.

To create; to engender or produce:
To raise; to cause to grow.

To create; to engender or produce:
(rare) To breed (selectively mate)

To create; to engender or produce:
To breed (selectively mate)


worschipen

enm-verb

worschipen (third-person singular simple present worschipeth, present participle worschipende, worschipynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle worschiped)

worschipeth (present singular third-person)
worschipende (participle present)
worschipynge (participle present)
worschiped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
worschipen (infinitive)
to worschipen (infinitive)
worschipe (infinitive)
worschipe (first-person present singular)
worschiped (first-person past singular)
worschipest (present second-person singular)
worschipedest (past second-person singular)
worschipeth (present singular third-person)
worschiped (past singular third-person)
worschipe (present singular subjunctive)
worschiped (past singular subjunctive)
worschipe (imperative present singular)
worschipen (plural present)
worschipe (plural present)
worschipeden (past plural)
worschipede (past plural)
worschipeth (imperative plural present)
worschipe (imperative plural present)
worschipynge (participle present)
worschipende (participle present)
worschiped (participle past)
yworschiped (participle past)


halwen

halwen (third-person singular simple present halweth, present participle halwende, halwynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle halwed)

halweth (present singular third-person)
halwende (participle present)
halwynge (participle present)
halwed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
halwen (infinitive)
to halwen (infinitive)
halwe (infinitive)
halwe (first-person present singular)
halwed (first-person past singular)
halwest (present second-person singular)
halwedest (past second-person singular)
halweth (present singular third-person)
halwed (past singular third-person)
halwe (present singular subjunctive)
halwed (past singular subjunctive)
halwe (imperative present singular)
halwen (plural present)
halwe (plural present)
halweden (past plural)
halwede (past plural)
halweth (imperative plural present)
halwe (imperative plural present)
halwynge (participle present)
halwende (participle present)
halwed (participle past)
yhalwed (participle past)

English: hallow

From Old English hālgian, from Proto-Germanic *hailagōną.


Iohn

English: John

From Old French Jehan, brought to England by the Normans, itself from Latin Iohannes.

'Now dame,' quod he, 'by God and by seint Iohn,"


Alisoun

English: Alison

From Old French Alison, brought to England by the Normans (from Anglo-Norman Alison, from Norman Alison), diminutive of Aliz.

gloss

And seyde, 'Deere suster Alisoun,
As help me God, I shal thee nevere smyte.

Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales: The Wife of Bath's Prologue

That I have doon, it is thyself to wyte,


toyle

English: toil

Scots: tuilyie

A fight; strife (deadly discord between two parties)


clothen

clothen (infinitive)
to clothen (infinitive)
clothe (infinitive)
clothe (first-person present singular)
cladde (first-person past singular)
clothed (first-person past singular)
clothest (present second-person singular)
claddest (past second-person singular)
clothedest (past second-person singular)
clotheth (present singular third-person)
cladde (past singular third-person)
clothed (past singular third-person)
clothe (present singular subjunctive)
cladde (past singular subjunctive)
clothed (past singular subjunctive)
clothe (imperative present singular)
clothen (plural present)
clothe (plural present)
cladden (past plural)
cladde (past plural)
clotheden (past plural)
clothede (past plural)
clotheth (imperative plural present)
clothe (imperative plural present)
clothynge (participle present)
clothende (participle present)
clad (participle past)
clothed (participle past)
yclad (participle past)
yclothed (participle past)

English: clothe

From Old English *clāþian, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþōną, from Proto-Indo-European *gley-; equivalent to cloth + -en (infinitival suffix).

(transitive, intransitive, reflexive) To clothe; to put clothing on (oneself, another).

(transitive, reflexive) To furnish with clothes.

(transitive) To secrete or hide; to stash away.

(transitive) To disguise oneself; to hide one's nature.

/ but whanne þis dedli þing ſchal cloþe vndedlyneſſe .· þanne ſchal þe woꝛd be doon þat is writen / deþ is ſopun up in victoꝛie

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·i· 15:54, page 67v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

But when this mortal thing acquires immortality, then the saying that's been recorded will happen: "Death has been swallowed up in victory!"

(reflexive) To gain a trait; to immerse in an abstract quantity.

(transitive, intransitive) To decorate or ornament.

(rare, intransitive) To be furnished with clothes.


nothyng

nothyng (accusative nominative singular)
nothyngs (accusative nominative plural)
nothynges (accusative nominative plural)
nothynges (genitive singular)
nothynge (genitive plural)
nothynge (dative singular)
nothyngen (dative plural)

English: nothing

Yola: nodhing

From Old English nāþing, equivalent to no + thyng.

An absence of anything, including empty space, brightness, darkness, matter, or a vacuum.


hidir

English: hither

Scots: hither


hory

English: hory, horry

From Old English horiġ, horhiġ, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwīgaz; equivalent to hore (“muck”) + -y.

Dirty, foul, horry; lacking cleanliness.

Iniquitous, malicious, immoral; against morality.

(rare) Muddy, mucky; of the earth or its ground.


whidir

English: whither

Scots: whither

Yola: fidi, vidie


neiyen

enm-verb

neiyen (third-person singular simple present neiyeth, present participle neiyende, neiyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle neiyed)

neiyeth (present singular third-person)
neiyende (participle present)
neiyynge (participle present)
neiyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
neiyen (infinitive)
to neiyen (infinitive)
neiye (infinitive)
neiye (first-person present singular)
neiyed (first-person past singular)
neiyest (present second-person singular)
neiyedest (past second-person singular)
neiyeth (present singular third-person)
neiyed (past singular third-person)
neiye (present singular subjunctive)
neiyed (past singular subjunctive)
neiye (imperative present singular)
neiyen (plural present)
neiye (plural present)
neiyeden (past plural)
neiyede (past plural)
neiyeth (imperative plural present)
neiye (imperative plural present)
neiyynge (participle present)
neiyende (participle present)
neiyed (participle past)
yneiyed (participle past)


touchen

touchen (third-person singular simple present toucheth, present participle touchende, touchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle touched)

toucheth (present singular third-person)
touchende (participle present)
touchynge (participle present)
touched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
touchen (infinitive)
to touchen (infinitive)
touche (infinitive)
touche (first-person present singular)
touched (first-person past singular)
touchest (present second-person singular)
touchedest (past second-person singular)
toucheth (present singular third-person)
touched (past singular third-person)
touche (present singular subjunctive)
touched (past singular subjunctive)
touche (imperative present singular)
touchen (plural present)
touche (plural present)
toucheden (past plural)
touchede (past plural)
toucheth (imperative plural present)
touche (imperative plural present)
touchynge (participle present)
touchende (participle present)
touched (participle past)
ytouched (participle past)

English: touch

Borrowed from Old French tochier, from Vulgar Latin *tuccō, from Frankish *tukkōn.


preyen

preyen (third-person singular simple present preyeth, present participle preyende, preyynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle preyed)

preyeth (present singular third-person)
preyende (participle present)
preyynge (participle present)
preyed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
preyen (infinitive)
to preyen (infinitive)
preye (infinitive)
preye (first-person present singular)
preyed (first-person past singular)
preyest (present second-person singular)
preyedest (past second-person singular)
preyeth (present singular third-person)
preyed (past singular third-person)
preye (present singular subjunctive)
preyed (past singular subjunctive)
preye (imperative present singular)
preyen (plural present)
preye (plural present)
preyeden (past plural)
preyede (past plural)
preyeth (imperative plural present)
preye (imperative plural present)
preyynge (participle present)
preyende (participle present)
preyed (participle past)
ypreyed (participle past)