beaste

1591(?a1425) Chester Pl.(Hnt HM 2)48/155 : Hye you lest this water fall That eyche beaste were in stall.

c1600(c1350) Alex.Maced.(Grv 60)1142 : Tho [read: who; L qui] priked on a playne feelde þe perelous beaste, Hee shall raigne as a ryng ryall and noble.

-?-(1474) Ordin.Househ.Pr.Edw.32* : The purveyors of beeves and muttons, of calves and lambes..hath to theire fees..the intrayles of every beaste excepte the oxe feete and the uthers.


dabbe

English: dab

Yola: dab


nercotikes

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

1300s, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, For he hade yeve his gayler drynke so Of a clarree maad of a certeyn wyn, With nercotikes and opie of Thebes fyn, […]


tiden

What shulde us tyden of thys newe lawe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxi, verso, prima pars, column 1:


pety

English: petty

From Middle French petit, from Old French petit, from Vulgar Latin pittitus, of disputed origin.

(Late Middle English) diminutive, tiny, little

(Late Middle English) petty, insignificant, unimportant


haie

Alternative form of haye (“hunting net”)


-more

Used to form a comparative of certain adjectives and adverbs, usually ending in -er.


childly

English: childly

From Old English ċildlīċ; equivalent to child + -ly.

for to loke upon his cheke
And seen his childly maner eke

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:

pertaining to a child; childly; childlike


sware

English: sware (obsolete); swear (remodeled on the verb swear)

Scots: swear (remodeled on the verb sweir)

From Old English swaru, from Proto-Germanic *swarō.

A response to a query or questioning; an answer.

The taking of an oath or compact; a promise.

(rare) An instance of profanity or swearing.


reiser

English: raiser

(rare, Late Middle English) Someone who revitalises or revives.

(rare, Late Middle English) Someone who provokes or defames.

(rare, Late Middle English) A person who levies fees or tolls.

(rare, Late Middle English) A person who builds.


aspide

Borrowed from Old French aspide, from Latin aspis, aspidis (“asp, viper; shield”). Doublet of aspe (“asp”).


evenhood

From the assumed Old English etymon *efenhād, from efen (“even”) + hād (“rank”) (the ultimate source of both -head and -hood; compare -hād).

(uncountable) Equality; equal dignity, rank, or standing.

(countable) One of equal rank; an equal, a peer, an equivalent.

...of treatment; impartiality, equity, fairness.

...of mind; mental balance or equilibrium.


Crist

English: Christ

Scots: Christ

Yola: Cresst

From Old English Crist, from Latin Christus, from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós).

Ich liuie, nout ich, auh crist liueð in me

louerd, for þi muchele grace / graunt vs in heouene one place; / Let vs neuer be forloren / for no sinne, crist ycoren / ah bring vs out of helle pyne […]

c. 1325, Harrowing of Hell, lines 241–245:

Lord, for your great grace / give us a place in heaven; / Don't let us ever be lost / to any sin, chosen Christ, / but bring us out of Hell's torment. […]

Apocalips of iheſu criſt · which · god ȝaf to hym to make open to hiſe ſeruauntis .· whiche þingis it bihoueþ to be maad ſoone / ⁊ he ſignefiede ſending bi his aungel to his ſeruaunt ioon

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:1, page 117rre, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

The apocalypse of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him to make clear to his servants what will necessarily happen soon. And he gave notice, sending [it] through his angel to John, his servant.


spuddle

spudger


hosa

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hose


hadde

English: had

Yola: hadh, had, ad

From Old English hæfde (first and third person singular preterite), ġehæfd (past participle), from Proto-West Germanic *habd-, past and past participle stem of *habbjan (“to have”).


coton

English: cotton

→ Irish: cotún

Scots: cotton, catton

→ Welsh: cotwm

From Old French cotoun, from Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطْن (quṭn, “cotton”). Compare aketon.


bifore

English: before

From Old English beforan, equivalent to bi- + fore.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


belanden

enm-verb

belanden (third-person singular simple present belandeth, present participle belandende, belandynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle belanded)

belandeth (present singular third-person)
belandende (participle present)
belandynge (participle present)
belanded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English belandian, belendan (“to deprive of lands”), equivalent to bi- + landen.

(transitive) To bereave or deprive a person of land or territory; confiscate.


toller

English: toller

From Old English tollere; equivalent to toll (“toll”) + -er.

A tollkeeper; one who collects tolls, levies or payments.


-ty

English: -ty

Scots: -ty

From Old English -tiġ, from Proto-Germanic *tigiwiz.

(nonproductive) -ty (forms numeral terms denoting multiples of ten)


sæp

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sap


ammiral

English: ammiral

From Anglo-Norman and Old French amiral etc., from Medieval Latin amiralis, from Arabic أَمِير (ʔamīr, “commander”) + -alis (“-al”).

Alternative form of amiral, emir or admiral.


walet

English: wallet

Scots: wallet

A bag or knapsack (usually one used for the holding of essentials)


leed

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
That stemed as a forneys of a leed

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


likken

likken (infinitive)
to likken (infinitive)
likke (infinitive)
likke (first-person present singular)
likked (first-person past singular)
likkest (present second-person singular)
likkedest (past second-person singular)
likketh (present singular third-person)
likked (past singular third-person)
likke (present singular subjunctive)
likked (past singular subjunctive)
likke (imperative present singular)
likken (plural present)
likke (plural present)
likkeden (past plural)
likkede (past plural)
likketh (imperative plural present)
likke (imperative plural present)
likkynge (participle present)
likkende (participle present)
likked (participle past)
ylikked (participle past)

English: lick

Scots: lik

Yola: lick

From Old English liccian, from Proto-West Germanic *likkōn, from Proto-Germanic *likkōną.


staken

staken (infinitive)
to staken (infinitive)
stake (infinitive)
stake (first-person present singular)
staked (first-person past singular)
stakest (present second-person singular)
stakedest (past second-person singular)
staketh (present singular third-person)
staked (past singular third-person)
stake (present singular subjunctive)
staked (past singular subjunctive)
stake (imperative present singular)
staken (plural present)
stake (plural present)
stakeden (past plural)
stakede (past plural)
staketh (imperative plural present)
stake (imperative plural present)
stakynge (participle present)
stakende (participle present)
staked (participle past)
ystaked (participle past)

English: stake

To add stakes to form a defensive perimeter.

(rare) To demarcate (often with stakes).

(rare) To thrust with a stabbing weapon.


daren

daren (third-person singular simple present dareeth, present participle dareende, dareynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dareed)

dareeth (present singular third-person)
dareende (participle present)
dareynge (participle present)
dareed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: dare


iren

From Old English īsern, from Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom.


iren

English: iron

→ Marshallese: aen

Scots: airn, ern, irne

Yola: eeren


lyve

For I haue herde oꝛ thys of many a wight / Hath loued thynge he neuer ſawe his lyue

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book V, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cciii, recto:

As I've heard this before from many people / with loved ones they'd never seen in their life


neden

neden (infinitive)
to neden (infinitive)
nede (infinitive)
nede (first-person present singular)
neded (first-person past singular)
nedest (present second-person singular)
nededest (past second-person singular)
nedeth (present singular third-person)
neded (past singular third-person)
nede (present singular subjunctive)
neded (past singular subjunctive)
nede (imperative present singular)
neden (plural present)
nede (plural present)
nededen (past plural)
nedede (past plural)
nedeth (imperative plural present)
nede (imperative plural present)
nedynge (participle present)
nedende (participle present)
neded (participle past)
yneded (participle past)

Yola: ee-naate (ppl)


neden

English: need

Yola: needeth (preterite)


fixen

English: vixen

From Old English fyxe, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhsini, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsinī. Equivalent to fox + -en (feminine suffix).


gomes

From gome (“man”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


gomes

From gome (“gum”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


tep

Alternative form of tappen (“to touch gently”)


Chichevache

From Old French chicheface (“Chichevache”), from chiche (“miserly”) + face (“face”). The second element was assimilated to vache (“cow”) in English, probably by Chaucer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale

"O noble wives, full of high prudence, / Let no humility your tongues nail: / Nor let no clerk have cause or diligence / To write of you a story of such marvail, / As of Griselda patient and kind, / Lest Chichevache you swallow in her entrail.

A legendary cow of enormous size, whose food was patient and obedient wives, and which was therefore in very lean condition.


locuste

English: locust

Ultimately from Latin locusta, either directly or from Anglo-Norman or Middle French locuste.


stak

English: stack

Scots: stack

From Old Norse stakkr, from Proto-Germanic *stakkaz.


puls

English: pulse

Borrowed from Old French pouls, pols, from Latin puls, probably from Ancient Greek πόλτος (póltos) from a Proto-Indo-European *pel (“dust, flour”).


forfait

English: forfeit


tribuni

Borrowed from Latin tribūnī, plural of tribūnus.


taverne

English: tavern

Scots: tavern

From Old French taverne, from Latin taberna.


dees

From Old French des, plural of de. Owing to the noun's frequent use in the plural, sometimes, as in Modern English, reinterpreted as a singular.


dees

English: dice

Scots: dice


cee

English: cee

And whan the seide merchauntz Holanders that went to Caleys hadde bought there grete substance of wolle and wollefelle, and that thei shulde make the rekenyng thereof, and bringe payement unto the Staple, according to thordenaunce of the place, thei put forthe the seide letters and billes for paiement, which lettres were there refused for unsufficience, and the billes of the mynte, for thei were falsede with Cees set above, that of iij. łi. was made iij. c. łi. and of ij. łi. was made ij. c. łi.

1445 January 20, “Petition to the king for the redress of certain frauds committed at Calais”, in Joseph Stevenson, editor, Letters and Papers Illustrative of the Wars of the English in France During the Reign of Henry the Sixth, King of England (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages), volume I, London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, published 1861, page 467:

The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.


bicaren

enm-verb

bicaren (third-person singular simple present bicareth, present participle bicarende, bicarynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bicared)

bicareth (present singular third-person)
bicarende (participle present)
bicarynge (participle present)
bicared (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: becare

From bi- + caren, carien (“to care”). More at be-, care.

(transitive) To care or worry about; be concerned or anxious about.


envien

envien (infinitive)
to envien (infinitive)
envie (first-person present singular)
envied (first-person past singular)
enviest (present second-person singular)
enviedest (past second-person singular)
envieth (present singular third-person)
envied (past singular third-person)
envie (present singular subjunctive)
envied (past singular subjunctive)
envie (imperative present singular)
envien (plural present)
envie (plural present)
envieden (past plural)
enviede (past plural)
envieth (imperative plural present)
envie (imperative plural present)
enviynge (participle present)
enviende (participle present)
envied (participle past)

English: envy

Scots: envy

From Old French envier, from Medieval Latin invidiō, invidiāre, alteration of Latin invideō; equivalent to envie + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To be hostile; to anger (another).


envien

English: envy (obsolete)

From Old French envier, from Latin invitō, invitāre.


iblessed

From Old English ġeblēdsod, past participle of Old English blēdsian.


yeer

desctree

English: year
Jamaican Creole: ier
Tok Pisin: yia
→ Chuukese: ier
→ Japanese: イヤー (iyā)
→ Volapük: yel

Scots: year

From Old English ġēar, from Proto-West Germanic *jār, from Proto-Germanic *jērą.

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]


Aprill

English: April (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Apryle

Relatinized from Averil, from Old French avrill, from Latin Aprīlis. See English April for more.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 1.
Whan that Aprill, with his shoures soote


clough

English: clough

Geordie English: cleugh

Scots: cleuch

From Old English *clōh, from Proto-West Germanic *klą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *klanhaz, *klanhō, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball”).


happenen

enm-verb

happenen (third-person singular simple present happeneth, present participle happenende, happenynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle happened)

happeneth (present singular third-person)
happenende (participle present)
happenynge (participle present)
happened (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
happenen (infinitive)
to happenen (infinitive)
happene (infinitive)
happene (first-person present singular)
happened (first-person past singular)
happenest (present second-person singular)
happenedest (past second-person singular)
happeneth (present singular third-person)
happened (past singular third-person)
happene (present singular subjunctive)
happened (past singular subjunctive)
happene (imperative present singular)
happenen (plural present)
happene (plural present)
happeneden (past plural)
happenede (past plural)
happeneth (imperative plural present)
happene (imperative plural present)
happenynge (participle present)
happenende (participle present)
happened (participle past)
yhappened (participle past)

English: happen

Yola: ee-happen'd (ppl.)


hameren

hameren (infinitive)
to hameren (infinitive)
hamere (infinitive)
hamere (first-person present singular)
hamered (first-person past singular)
hamerest (present second-person singular)
hameredest (past second-person singular)
hamereth (present singular third-person)
hamered (past singular third-person)
hamere (present singular subjunctive)
hamered (past singular subjunctive)
hamere (imperative present singular)
hameren (plural present)
hamere (plural present)
hamereden (past plural)
hamerede (past plural)
hamereth (imperative plural present)
hamere (imperative plural present)
hamerynge (participle present)
hamerende (participle present)
hamered (participle past)
yhamered (participle past)

English: hammer

Scots: haimmer

(rare) To hammer (swing a hammer; nail something)


sempiterne

late 14ᵗʰ C., John Gower, Confessio Amantis


weven

weven (infinitive)
to weven (infinitive)
weve (infinitive)
weve (first-person present singular)
waf (first-person past singular)
wof (first-person past singular)
wevest (present second-person singular)
weve (past second-person singular)
wove (past second-person singular)
waf (past second-person singular)
wof (past second-person singular)
weveth (present singular third-person)
waf (past singular third-person)
wof (past singular third-person)
weve (present singular subjunctive)
weve (past singular subjunctive)
wove (past singular subjunctive)
weve (imperative present singular)
weven (plural present)
weve (plural present)
weven (past plural)
weve (past plural)
woven (past plural)
wove (past plural)
weveth (imperative plural present)
weve (imperative plural present)
wevynge (participle present)
wevende (participle present)
weven (participle past)
weve (participle past)
woven (participle past)
wove (participle past)
yweven (participle past)
yweve (participle past)

English: weave

Scots: weave, wyve

Inherited from Old English wefan. The past forms are sometimes influenced by Old Norse vefa.

To interlace; to weave:
To weave (interlace thread).

To interlace; to weave:
To make a spiderweb or cobweb.

To interlace; to weave:
To interlace sticks (into a structure).


weven

weven (infinitive)
to weven (infinitive)
weve (infinitive)
weve (first-person present singular)
weved (first-person past singular)
wevest (present second-person singular)
wevedest (past second-person singular)
weveth (present singular third-person)
weved (past singular third-person)
weve (present singular subjunctive)
weved (past singular subjunctive)
weve (imperative present singular)
weven (plural present)
weve (plural present)
weveden (past plural)
wevede (past plural)
weveth (imperative plural present)
weve (imperative plural present)
wevynge (participle present)
wevende (participle present)
weved (participle past)
yweved (participle past)

English: weave

From Old Norse veifa and Old English wǣfan, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *waibijaną.

To cause to move; to disrupt something's position.


Geffrey

English: Geoffrey

Scots: Geoffrey

from Old French Geoffroi, Geoffrei, Gefrei, from Medieval Latin Jotfredus, Jozsfredus, Josfredus; from Proto-West Germanic *Gautafriþu.

a male given name from the Germanic languages; Geoffrey

a male surname from the Germanic languages


scheld

English: shield

Scots: scheld, scheild

From Old English sċield, sċeld, sċild, sċyld.

(rare) A rough region around a boar's neck; the meat from this region.

An object that resembles a shield:
(rare) A escutcheon; a coat-of-arms.

An object that resembles a shield:
A escutcheon; a coat-of-arms.

(religion) Spiritual guarding or shielding.

Any form of shielding or armament:
Spiritual guarding or shielding.

Any form of shielding or armament:
A refuge, hideout, or safehouse.

(rare) Heavy infantry; soldiers armed with shields.


convente

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of covent


fode

English: food

Scots: fuid

From Old English fōda, from Proto-Germanic *fōdô.


feden

feden (third-person singular simple present fedeth, present participle fedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fedde, past participle fed)

fedeth (present singular third-person)
fedynge (participle present)
fedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fed (participle past)
feden (infinitive)
to feden (infinitive)
fede (infinitive)
fede (first-person present singular)
fedde (first-person past singular)
fedest (present second-person singular)
feddest (past second-person singular)
fedeth (present singular third-person)
fet (present singular third-person)
fedde (past singular third-person)
fede (present singular subjunctive)
fedde (past singular subjunctive)
fede (imperative present singular)
feden (plural present)
fede (plural present)
fedden (past plural)
fedde (past plural)
fedeth (imperative plural present)
fede (imperative plural present)
fedynge (participle present)
fedende (participle present)
fed (participle past)
yfed (participle past)

English: feed

Scots: fede, feid

From Old English fēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *fōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *fōdijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to guard, graze, feed”).

der

to provide for; to maintain (oneself or others):

to satisfy or comfort (spiritually, emotionally)

to provide (someone) with a (positive) emotion


tracen

tracen (infinitive)
to tracen (infinitive)
trace (infinitive)
trace (first-person present singular)
traced (first-person past singular)
tracest (present second-person singular)
tracedest (past second-person singular)
traceth (present singular third-person)
traced (past singular third-person)
trace (present singular subjunctive)
traced (past singular subjunctive)
trace (imperative present singular)
tracen (plural present)
trace (plural present)
traceden (past plural)
tracede (past plural)
traceth (imperative plural present)
trace (imperative plural present)
tracynge (participle present)
tracende (participle present)
traced (participle past)
ytraced (participle past)

English: trace

Borrowed from Old French tracer, tracier, from Vulgar Latin *tractiō; equivalent to trace + -en (infinitival suffix).

To go along a set route; to follow an itinerary or planned route.

To walk towards a moving thing; to be following someone or something.

To track or trace something; to find a moving thing.

To participate in dancing or footwork; to move one's feet rhythmically.

(rare) To find out or research something; to think about something.

(rare) To trace an object; to draw something based on an outline.

(rare) To embellish; to ornament or spread something.


librarie

English: library (see there for further descendants)

Scots: leebrary

From Anglo-Norman librarie, ultimately from Latin librarium.


etik

From Late Latin ēthicus, from Ancient Greek ἠθῐκός (ēthikós).


etik

From Old French ethique, from Late Latin ēthica, from Ancient Greek ἠθική (ēthikḗ), from ἠθικός (ēthikós, “of or for morals, moral, expressing character”), from ἦθος (êthos, “character, moral nature”).


gesten

gesten (infinitive)
to gesten (infinitive)
geste (infinitive)
geste (first-person present singular)
gested (first-person past singular)
gestest (present second-person singular)
gestedest (past second-person singular)
gesteth (present singular third-person)
gested (past singular third-person)
geste (present singular subjunctive)
gested (past singular subjunctive)
geste (imperative present singular)
gesten (plural present)
geste (plural present)
gesteden (past plural)
gestede (past plural)
gesteth (imperative plural present)
geste (imperative plural present)
gestynge (participle present)
gestende (participle present)
gested (participle past)
ygested (participle past)

English: guest

From gest (“guest”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(rare) To host a guest, provide hospitality.


gesten

English: gest

From geste (“tale”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


gesten

Alternative form of gestenen (“to lodge”)


muren

muren (infinitive)
to muren (infinitive)
mure (first-person present singular)
mured (first-person past singular)
murest (present second-person singular)
muredest (past second-person singular)
mureth (present singular third-person)
mured (past singular third-person)
mure (present singular subjunctive)
mured (past singular subjunctive)
mure (imperative present singular)
muren (plural present)
mure (plural present)
mureden (past plural)
murede (past plural)
mureth (imperative plural present)
mure (imperative plural present)
murynge (participle present)
murende (participle present)
mured (participle past)

English: mure

Borrowed from Middle French murer, from Old French murer, from Late Latin mūrō, mūrāre.

(Late Middle English) To enclose or surround; to wall in.


curre

English: cur

Scots: cur

From either Middle Low German or North Germanic, from Old Norse kurr (“grumbling”).


geo

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of ye (“you”)


beren

enm-verb

beren (third-person singular simple present bereth, present participle berynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bar, past participle born)

bereth (present singular third-person)
berynge (participle present)
bar (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
born (participle past)
beren (infinitive)
to beren (infinitive)
bere (infinitive)
bere (first-person present singular)
bar (first-person past singular)
ber (first-person past singular)
berest (present second-person singular)
bere (past second-person singular)
bare (past second-person singular)
bar (past second-person singular)
ber (past second-person singular)
bereth (present singular third-person)
bar (past singular third-person)
ber (past singular third-person)
bere (present singular subjunctive)
bere (past singular subjunctive)
bare (past singular subjunctive)
bere (imperative present singular)
beren (plural present)
bere (plural present)
beren (past plural)
bere (past plural)
baren (past plural)
bare (past plural)
bereth (imperative plural present)
bere (imperative plural present)
berynge (participle present)
berende (participle present)
boren (participle past)
bore (participle past)
born (participle past)
yboren (participle past)
ybore (participle past)
yborn (participle past)

English: bear

Scots: bere, beir

Yola: ber, baar

From Old English beran, from Proto-West Germanic *beran.


heren

English: hear

Scots: her, hear

Yola: hert (preterite)

From Old English hēran, hīeran, hȳran (“to hear”).

[A]nd so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew.


heren

From here, with influence from min and þin. Compare þeiren.

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


heren

From Old English hǣran; equivalent to here + -en (plural suffix).


hiede

hiede (third-person singular simple present hiedeth, present participle hiedende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hiedde)

hiedeth (present singular third-person)
hiedende (participle present)
hiedde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


hiede

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yede: simple past singular of gon (“to go”)


hiede

Alternative form of hied: simple past/past participle of hien (“to move quickly”)


injurie

English: injury

Scots: injure

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman injurie, from Latin iniūria.

Injury, damage; violation of one's effects or self.

The lack of justice or an instance of it.

Derogatory behaviour; vilification or shaming.

(rare) Defamation or slander; false claims.


inspiren

inspiren (third-person singular simple present inspireth, present participle inspirende, inspirynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle inspired)

inspireth (present singular third-person)
inspirende (participle present)
inspirynge (participle present)
inspired (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


harde

Alternative form of herde (“piece of hards”)


holle

Alternative form of hole (“healthy, whole”)


sclate

English: slate

Scots: sclate

Yola: skleat


letterure

In youthe a maister hadde this emperour,
To teche him letterure and curteisye, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3685-3686

In youth this emperor had a master
To teach him literature and courtesy, …

[...] Al conne he letterure, or conne he noon,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canon's Yeoman's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 846-847

… And know he book learning or know he none,
In fact, he shall find it all the same.


nilt

Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/257,
Why nilt thy-selven helpen doon redresse, / And with thy manhod letten al this grame? / Go ravisshe hir ne canstow not for shame!

(modal auxiliary) Will not: form of nill


mountant

English: montant

Borrowed from Old French montant; equivalent to mounten + -ant.


recoverer

From Old French recovrier; equivalent to recoveren + -er.

Recovery, recuperation or respite (often from sickness)

Recovery (of lost things, feelings), regaining; getting back.

A medicament or treatment for an injury, illness, or behaviour.

Aid, succour; the granting or provision of assistance.


akennednesse

From Old English acennednes, equivalent to akenned + -nesse.


untressed

Hir heris han they kembd, that lay untressed

13??, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales


hure

From Old English huru (“at least, especially”).

inh

hure and hure

la hure

And ðo þe on annesse wuniᵹen ne muᵹen, hure and hure, ðanne hie willeð here ibede to godde bidden, swa derneliche swa hie muᵹen, swa don hie.

at intervals, frequent, at least, in any case

Ne kepeð he wið na mon, & hure wið his famon, nan half dale.

(Can we date this quote?), Hali Meidenhad:

Nis nefre no stede to strene bicumeliche bute hie ben bispused rihtliche to-gedere, ne hure riht time þenne men fasten shal oðer halgen.

Ne mihte þer nan wiðstonden, ne prophete, ne patriarche ne hure Sancte iohannes baptiste.


hure

(chiefly Southern and southern West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


hure

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


hure

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


kneden

enm-verb

kneden (third-person singular simple present knedeth, present participle knedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative knad, past participle kneden)

knedeth (present singular third-person)
knedynge (participle present)
knad (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
kneden (participle past)
kneden (infinitive)
to kneden (infinitive)
knede (infinitive)
knede (first-person present singular)
knad (first-person past singular)
knedde (first-person past singular)
knedest (present second-person singular)
knede (past second-person singular)
knad (past second-person singular)
kneddest (past second-person singular)
knedeth (present singular third-person)
knad (past singular third-person)
knedde (past singular third-person)
knede (present singular subjunctive)
knede (past singular subjunctive)
knedde (past singular subjunctive)
knede (imperative present singular)
kneden (plural present)
knede (plural present)
kneden (past plural)
knede (past plural)
knedden (past plural)
knedde (past plural)
knedeth (imperative plural present)
knede (imperative plural present)
knedynge (participle present)
knedende (participle present)
knoden (participle past)
yknoden (participle past)
kneden (participle past)
ykneden (participle past)
kned (participle past)
ykned (participle past)

English: knead

Scots: kned

From Old English cnedan, from Proto-West Germanic *knedan, from Proto-Germanic *knudaną.

To knead; to blend together into a conglomeration.

(rare) To knead as to compress or squash; to mix together.


dwalen

dwalen (infinitive)
to dwalen (infinitive)
dwale (infinitive)
dwale (first-person present singular)
dwaled (first-person past singular)
dwalest (present second-person singular)
dwaledest (past second-person singular)
dwaleth (present singular third-person)
dwaled (past singular third-person)
dwale (present singular subjunctive)
dwaled (past singular subjunctive)
dwale (imperative present singular)
dwalen (plural present)
dwale (plural present)
dwaleden (past plural)
dwalede (past plural)
dwaleth (imperative plural present)
dwale (imperative plural present)
dwalynge (participle present)
dwalende (participle present)
dwaled (participle past)
ydwaled (participle past)

>? English: dwale, dwall

>? Scots: dwall

From Old English dwalian, from Proto-West Germanic *dwalōn, from Proto-Germanic *dwalōną; equivalent to dwale + -en (“infinitival suffix”).


frenesie

English: frenzy

Scots: franazy (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French frenesie, from Medieval Latin phrenesia, modification of Latin phrenēsis. Compare frenetik.
For pronunciations of this word with /a/, compare Old French franaisie, variant of frenesie; the MED's belief that such pronunciations are influenced by fantasie is unnecessary.

Irrationality, insanity; the condition of lacking a sound mind.


versicle

English: versicle

From Old French versicule, from Latin versiculus; equivalent to vers + -icle.

(rare) A short Biblical verse used as part of the liturgy.


twie

From Old English tweowa, from Proto-West Germanic *twiwō; compare thrie.


birchen

English: birchen, birken

From birche (from Old English birce) + -en.


hading

(Early Middle English, rare) consecration


gaudi

English: gaudy

Yola: gaudés (plural)

Borrowed from Old French gaudie, from Medieval Latin gaudia.

A paire of bedes blacke as sable
She toke and hynge my necke about,
Upon the gaudees all without
Was wryte of gold, pur reposer


therf

English: tharf (obsolete)

Scots: tharf, therf

From Old English þeorf, from Proto-West Germanic *þerb, from Proto-Germanic *þerbaz; akin to Old High German derb, Old Norse þjarfr.

Forsothe whanne thou offrist a sacrifice bakun in an ouene of whete flour, that is, loouys without sour dow, spreynd with oile, and therf breed sodun in watir, bawmed with oile; […]

1382–1395, John Wycliffe et al. (translators), Leviticus 2:4


taske

English: task

Scots: task

From Old Northern French tasque, from Early Medieval Latin tasca, variant of taxa. Doublet of taxe.


pulcritude

English: pulchritude

From Latin pulchritūdō, from pulcher (“beautiful”).


bolde

English: bold, bawd

Scots: bald, bauld, baul, bawl, beld

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.
Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


homager

English: homager

A vassal; one who pledges allegiance to a feudal superior.

A believer in or adherent of a divinity; a worshipper.


gerle

English: girl (see there for further descendants)

Scots: girle (obsolete)

Yola: gurl


schoven

schoven (infinitive)
to schoven (infinitive)
schove (infinitive)
schove (first-person present singular)
schef (first-person past singular)
schof (first-person past singular)
schoved (first-person past singular)
schovest (present second-person singular)
schove (past second-person singular)
schef (past second-person singular)
schof (past second-person singular)
schovedest (past second-person singular)
schoveth (present singular third-person)
schef (past singular third-person)
schof (past singular third-person)
schoved (past singular third-person)
schove (present singular subjunctive)
schove (past singular subjunctive)
schoved (past singular subjunctive)
schove (imperative present singular)
schoven (plural present)
schove (plural present)
schoven (past plural)
schove (past plural)
schoveden (past plural)
schovede (past plural)
schoveth (imperative plural present)
schove (imperative plural present)
schovynge (participle present)
schovende (participle present)
schoven (participle past)
schove (participle past)
schoved (participle past)
yschoven (participle past)
yschove (participle past)
yschoved (participle past)

English: shove

Scots: shuve

From Old English sċūfan, sċēofan (the latter is the ancestor of the variant scheven) from Proto-Germanic *skeubaną, *skūbaną.

To shove; to move (often forcibly) by direct physical force:

To shove to the ground; to knock down or over.

To stab or impale; to move a weapon into something.

To force from something; to remove forcibly or unwillingly:

To move weather or atmospheric conditions.

To enter or go somewhere (often when facing resistance)

(rare) To decline or refuse to accept (or continue accepting).

(rare) To promote or improve one's standings.

(rare) To crawl or mill about as a crowd.


encres

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">encrease</i>

English: increase (obsolete encrease)

An increase (usually in power, wealth, or magnitude).

Multiplication or spread of a population.

The amount that a quantity is increased by; addition.


and-

From Old English and-, ond- (“against, back”), from Proto-West Germanic *anda-, from Proto-Germanic *and-, *anda-, *andi- (“across, opposite, against, away”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“across, forth”).
Cognate with Dutch ont-, German ant-, ent-, emp-, Icelandic and-, Gothic 𐌰𐌽𐌳- (and-), Latin ante (“before”), Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “against”).


sparren

sparen (infinitive)
to sparen (infinitive)
spare (infinitive)
spare (first-person present singular)
spared (first-person past singular)
sparde (first-person past singular)
sparest (present second-person singular)
sparedest (past second-person singular)
spardest (past second-person singular)
spareth (present singular third-person)
spared (past singular third-person)
sparde (past singular third-person)
spare (present singular subjunctive)
spared (past singular subjunctive)
sparde (past singular subjunctive)
spare (imperative present singular)
sparen (plural present)
spare (plural present)
spareden (past plural)
sparede (past plural)
sparden (past plural)
sparde (past plural)
spareth (imperative plural present)
spare (imperative plural present)
sparynge (participle present)
sparende (participle present)
spared (participle past)
spard (participle past)

English: spar

Scots: spar

From Middle Dutch and Middle Low German sperren, alongside Old English gesparrian; ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *sparrijan, from Proto-Germanic *sparrijaną.

To close (to make closed):
To lock; to bolt up.

To close (to make closed):
To buckle; to clasp up.

To close (to make closed):
To block; to seal up.

To hide or secrete; to store away:
To confine; to imprison.

To hide or secrete; to store away:
To exclude; to expel.


sparren

English: spar

From Old English sperran, spirran, spyrran, of unknown ultimate origin, perhaps related to Old Norse sperrask (“to kick out”). Or, a romance borrowing, from Middle French esparer (“to kick”), from old Italian sparare (“to fling”).


soun

English: sound

Yola: zound

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sun, soun, from accusative of Latin sonus.


bestel

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of bestaile


ender

English: ender

(rare) A person who fulfils God's plan or designs.

(rare) A person who finishes or ends a thing.


wankel

From Old English wancol, from Proto-West Germanic *wankul.

Ðe mereman ... wuneð in wankel stede ðer ðe water sinkeð. — Bestiary, 1300

unstable, mutable, tottering, unconstant


begynne

And than we wyll begynne at the pawne whiche standeth to fore the rooke on the right side of the kinge for as moche as this pawne apperteyneth to serue the vicaire or lieutenant of the kynge and other officers vnder hym of necessaryes of vitayll/

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:


tred

English: tread

The trail or signs left by travel; footprints


pome

English: pome

From Old French pome (“apple”), from Latin pomum.

meatballs, patties (named due to their round shape)


teer

English: tear

desc

Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir

Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir

From Old English tēar, tǣr, tæhher, teagor, from Proto-West Germanic *tahr.

A tear as a symptom of disease or injury.

An emotionally-triggered tear (e.g. ecstasy, remorse, sadness, sympathy)

(figuratively) The feeling of teariness or distress.


teer

English: tear, tare (“good flax”) (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle Dutch têer, alternative form of têder, têeder (whence modern Dutch teder), from Old Dutch *tidar, from Proto-Germanic *tidaraz.


teer

Alternative form of teren (“to ruin by removing or splitting”)


-yl

Alternative form of -el (“agentive suffix”)


glasen

head

glasen (plural and weak singular glasene)

glasene (plural)
glasene (singular weak)

English: glazen, glassen

Scots: glasin, glaisin, glassin

From Old English glæsen, from Proto-West Germanic *glasīn. Equivalent to glas + -en (“made of”).


glasen

glasen (infinitive)
to glasen (infinitive)
glase (infinitive)
glase (first-person present singular)
glased (first-person past singular)
glasest (present second-person singular)
glasedest (past second-person singular)
glaseth (present singular third-person)
glased (past singular third-person)
glase (present singular subjunctive)
glased (past singular subjunctive)
glase (imperative present singular)
glasen (plural present)
glase (plural present)
glaseden (past plural)
glasede (past plural)
glaseth (imperative plural present)
glase (imperative plural present)
glasynge (participle present)
glasende (participle present)
glased (participle past)
yglased (participle past)

English: glaze

To coat ceramics in a layer of transparent coating.


legende

English: legend

Scots: leegend

Borrowed from Old French legende, from Medieval Latin legenda.

A historical narrative (usually about an individual)


canevas

English: canvas

Scots: canvas

From Old Northern French canevas, from Vulgar Latin *cannabāceus.


canevas

English: canvas

Scots: canvas

The colour of canvas; light brownish-yellow


ters

English: tarse

Scots: tars, ters

From Old English teors, from Proto-West Germanic *ters (“nail; penis”).


nother

English: nor

Yola: noor, nore, nor, nar

Than the quene seyde, ‘Syr, as Jesu be my helpe!’ She wyst nat how, nother in what manere.

1485, Thomas Malory, edited by Eugène Vinaver, Le Morte d'Arthur, 1947, book XVIII:

Then the Queen said, ‘Sir, for Jesus help me!’ She knew not how, nor in what manner.

Syre he ſayd / ther of be as it be may I haue aſked that I wylle aſke / wel ſayd the kynge ye ſhal have mete & drynke ynouȝ / I neuer deffended ƿᵗ none / nother my frende ne my foo

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum ii”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 214:

Sire, he said, that is it; I have asked what I would ask. Well, said the king, you shall have meat and drink enough. I never took vengence with any, neither my friend nor my foe.


hoken

hoken (infinitive)
to hoken (infinitive)
hoke (infinitive)
hoke (first-person present singular)
hoked (first-person past singular)
hokest (present second-person singular)
hokedest (past second-person singular)
hoketh (present singular third-person)
hoked (past singular third-person)
hoke (present singular subjunctive)
hoked (past singular subjunctive)
hoke (imperative present singular)
hoken (plural present)
hoke (plural present)
hokeden (past plural)
hokede (past plural)
hoketh (imperative plural present)
hoke (imperative plural present)
hokynge (participle present)
hokende (participle present)
hoked (participle past)
yhoked (participle past)

English: hook

Yola: huck, huch


pek

English: peak

Yola: Cullpaak

From Old English pēc- (“in Pēcsǣtna”), pēac- (“in Peácland”).

in <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">Pēcsǣtna</i>


avetrol

[…] “ Alisaunder !” thrye,
“ Whar artow, horesone ! whar ?
“ An hore to Amon the bar :
“ Thou avetrol, thou foule wreche,
“ Here thou hast thyn eyndyng feched !
“ Com, and geve us on justyng,

1810, Henry William Weber, Metrical Romances of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Centuries, page 114; quoting the Middle English text Kyng Alisaunder (c.1300), lines 2,690–2,696


derverye

From Old French derverie, desverie (“madness”), from derver, desver (“lose one’s reason, go mad”).

Withdrawe thyn herte fro such rage and derverye.

1480, William Caxton, chapter X, in Six bookes of Metamorphoses of Ovyde, page VII:


verye

Ihesu Crist and seint Benedight Blesse this hous from euery wikked wight

c.1386: Geoffrey Chaucer, The Miller’s Tale, lines 298–299

For nyghtes uerye the white pater noster.

(meaning obscure) element of an incantation


verye

Alternative form of ferie (“ferry crossing”)


matrone

→ English: matron

→ Scots: matron

From Old French matrone, from Latin matrona.

A wife (especially one who doesn't transgress societal boundaries and isn't too young)

(rare) Such a woman who can examine a man too see whether he is virile.


tusky

English: tusky


paas

English: pace


glu

Sche tok him thanne a maner glu, / The which was of so great vertu, / That where a man it wolde caste, / It scholde bind anon so faste / That noman mihte it don aweie.

a. 1393, John Gower, “Tale of Jason and Medea”, in G. C. Macaulay, editor, The English Works of John Gower, volume II, London: Early English Text Society, published 1901, lines 3603–7, page 45:


mirre

Middle English: mirre

English: myrrh

Scots: myrrh

From Old English myrre, from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha), from a Semitic language. Reinforced by Old French mirre.

and þei entriden in to þe hous .· ⁊ founden þe child wiþ marie his modir / and þei felden doun .· and woꝛſchipiden him / and whanne þei hadden openyde her treſouris .· þei offriden to hym ȝiftes. gold encenſe ⁊ myrre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 2:11, page 1v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they entered into the house, and found the child with Mary, his mother; then they fell down and worshipped him. And when they'd opened their treasures, they offered gifts to him: gold, frankincense, and myrrh.

Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha#Translingual

Myrrh (the dried sap of a tree of the species Commiphora myrrha)

The myrrh tree (Commiphora myrrha; the tree which produces myrrh).


dile

English: dill

Inherited from Old English dile, from Proto-Germanic *deliz (“sow thistle”), an indigenous herb of uncertain origin; possibly Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“sprout, bloom”) (Albanian dal, Middle Irish duille) or from a substrate.

der

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual


weren

English: were (obsolete wern, weren)

From a conflation of Old English wǣron, the plural indicative past of wesan (from Proto-Germanic *wēzun, the third-person plural indicative past of *wesaną) and Old English wǣren, the plural subjunctive past of wesan (from Proto-Germanic *wēzīn, the third-person plural subjunctive past of *wesaną).

And rafte was youre riott and rest, for youre daiez weren wikkid[…]

Whan these thre kynges weren abedde and at her ese that nyght, the storye seith that they lay till on the morn that thei ronge to messe right erly, for it was a litill afore Halowmesse.

plural past indicative/subjunctive of been


weren

enm-verb

weren (third-person singular simple present wereth, present participle werende, werynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wered)

wereth (present singular third-person)
werende (participle present)
werynge (participle present)
wered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
weren (infinitive)
to weren (infinitive)
were (infinitive)
were (first-person present singular)
wered (first-person past singular)
war (first-person past singular)
wer (first-person past singular)
werest (present second-person singular)
weredest (past second-person singular)
were (past second-person singular)
ware (past second-person singular)
war (past second-person singular)
wer (past second-person singular)
wereth (present singular third-person)
wered (past singular third-person)
war (past singular third-person)
wer (past singular third-person)
were (present singular subjunctive)
wered (past singular subjunctive)
were (past singular subjunctive)
ware (past singular subjunctive)
were (imperative present singular)
weren (plural present)
were (plural present)
wereden (past plural)
werede (past plural)
weren (past plural)
were (past plural)
waren (past plural)
ware (past plural)
wereth (imperative plural present)
were (imperative plural present)
werynge (participle present)
werende (participle present)
wered (participle past)
woren (participle past)
worn (participle past)
ywered (participle past)

English: wear

Scots: were, weir

Yola: waare

From Old English werian. Strong forms are analogical to beren, teren, etc.


oratorie

English: oratory

From Anglo-Norman oratorie, Middle French oratoire, and their source, Late Latin ōrātōrium.


wath

From Old English wāþ and Old Norse veiðr.


wath

English: wath (obsolete)

Scots: wath (rare)

From Old Norse vað and Old English wæd, both from Proto-Germanic *wadą, from Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom.

(rare) A ford; a crossing through a stream.


coupable

English: culpable

From Old French culpable, from Latin culpābilis (“blameworthy”), from culpō (“to blame, condemn”), from culpa (“fault, crime, mistake”).


toun

desctree

English: town, tahn, tawn (Bermuda), toon (Geordie), toune, towne (obsolete)
→ Chichewa: tawuni
→ Jersey Dutch: tāun
→ Pennsylvania German: Taun
→ Japanese: タウン (taun)

Geordie English: toon

Scots: toun, tone, toon, town

Yola: teoune, teoun

From Old English tūn, from Proto-West Germanic *tūn, from Proto-Germanic *tūną, from Proto-Celtic *dūnom, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂-.


herre

English: har

Scots: harr, herre, har

Yola: harr, har

From Old English heorr, heorra, from Proto-Germanic *herzô (“hinge; door-hinge”).

inh

(rare, figuratively) extreme point; extremity


herre

English: her, here

Scots: her, here, heir

From Old English hearra and Middle Dutch hēre, both from Old High German hērro, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *hairaz (“gray”). Doublet of hor (“hoar”).


herre

Alternative form of here: comparative degree of he (“high”)


fifte

English: fifth

Scots: fift, fyft

From Old English fīfta, from Proto-West Germanic *fimftō, from Proto-Germanic *fimftô. Equivalent to five + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on.


fifte

English: fifth

Scots: fift, fyft

(rare) A fifth; something which is fifth.

(rare) A musical fifth or a note a fifth away from another given note.


merc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of merche


-lice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-lice

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


stounde

Thise vers of gold and blak y-writen were,
The whiche I gan a stounde to beholde,
For with that oon encresed ay my fere,
And with that other gan myn herte bolde ;
That oon me hette, that other did me colde,
No wit had I, for errour, for to chese,
To entre or flee, or me to save or lese.

2008 January 1 [c. 14th century CE], Geoffrey Chaucer, edited by Walter William Skeat, Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, volume 1, Cosimo, Inc.,, →ISBN, The Minor Poems, V. The Parlement of Foules, page 340, line 142:

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


oken

English: oaken

Scots: aiken

From Old English ǣcen, from Proto-West Germanic *aikīn, from Proto-Germanic *aikīnaz. Equivalent to and influenced by ook + -en (“made of”).


wolle

English: wool

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

Yola: wul

Inherited from Old English wull, from Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

wool (coat of sheep), especially when used to make fabric

Shorn wool, especially stockpiled in bulk.


vor-

(chiefly Southern or Kent) Alternative form of for-


ise

enm-verb

ise (third-person singular simple present isiþ, present participle iseinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative iseiȝ, past participle iseien)

isiþ (present singular third-person)
iseinge (participle present)
iseiȝ (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
iseien (participle past)

From Old English ġesēon (“to see, perceive, experience, suffer”), from Proto-Germanic *gasehwaną, equivalent to i- + se (“to see”).


vulgare

English: vulgar

Borrowed from Old French vulgaire, or from Latin vulgāris.


waith

English: wath (obsolete)

Scots: waith (obsolete)

From Old English wāþ and Old Norse veiðr, both from Proto-Germanic *waiþō.


salm

English: psalm

Scots: saum, sawm

→ Middle Welsh: salm

Welsh: salm

Inherited from Old English psealm, from Late Latin psalmus. Some forms are influenced by Old French salme, saume.

(by extension) A Christian hymn or creed.


cloke

English: cloak

Scots: cloak

From Old Northern French cloque, from Medieval Latin clocca, from Proto-Celtic *klokkos, ultimately imitative. Doublet of clokke.

onomatopoeic

imitative


cloke

English: clutch, clutches (in part)

Scots: cleuk, cluke, cluik

Unknown; forms with /tʃ/ are probably influenced by clicchen, which this noun may ultimately be related to.


smale

And smale foweles maken melodye,

Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, ll. 9–10

And small birds make melody,That sleep all the night with open eye.


nyght

enm-noun

nyght (plural nyghtes or nyght or nyghte)

nyghtes (plural)
nyght (plural)
nyghte (plural)

English: night

Geordie English: neet

Scots: nicht, neicht

Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght

From Old English niht, from Proto-West Germanic *naht, from Proto-Germanic *nahts, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts.

And smale foweles maken melodye / That slepen al the nyght with open iye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 9-10:

And small birds make melodies, / sleeping all night with an open eye.


bryne

English: brine

Yola: brine


maner

English: manor

Scots: maner

→ Middle Irish: mainér

Irish: mainéar

Borrowed from Old French manoir, from Latin manēre (“to stay”).

(figurative, Late Middle English, rare) Any dwelling or abode.


maner

English: manner

Scots: mainer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman manere, from Vulgar Latin, Late Latin manuāria, from manuarius.

The manner, way, fashion or method in which something is done or performed:

The usual practice or custom of someone; that which one is wont to do.

One's behaviour or actions; manners, especially if commendable.

A group of people's customs, practices, or traditions.

A moral code or precept; guidelines or recommendations.

A sort, kind, or group; an ethnicity or people.

A genre, format, or variety of art or literature.

The characteristics, state, composition or structure of something; its innate nature.

The situation or conditions surrounding an event.

Temperance; withholding oneself from excess.

(rare) A provision; a statement depending on a condition.


maner

(in Wycliffe) some specifically, certain, these


-de

Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)


patronesse

English: patroness

From Late Latin patronissa; equivalent to patroun + -esse.

(rare) A female exemplar or guideline (to imitate to avoid).


pigge

English: pig (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pig

Yola: piggès

Inherited from Old English *picga; further etymology is disputed.


byen

byen (infinitive)
to byen (infinitive)
bye (infinitive)
bye (first-person present singular)
boghte (first-person past singular)
byest (present second-person singular)
boghtest (past second-person singular)
byeth (present singular third-person)
boghte (past singular third-person)
bye (present singular subjunctive)
boghte (past singular subjunctive)
bye (imperative present singular)
byen (plural present)
bye (plural present)
boghten (past plural)
boghte (past plural)
byeth (imperative plural present)
bye (imperative plural present)
byynge (participle present)
byende (participle present)
boght (participle past)
yboght (participle past)

English: buy

Scots: by

Yola: bidge

From Old English bycġan, from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan.


musen

musen (infinitive)
to musen (infinitive)
muse (infinitive)
muse (first-person present singular)
mused (first-person past singular)
musest (present second-person singular)
musedest (past second-person singular)
museth (present singular third-person)
mused (past singular third-person)
muse (present singular subjunctive)
mused (past singular subjunctive)
muse (imperative present singular)
musen (plural present)
muse (plural present)
museden (past plural)
musede (past plural)
museth (imperative plural present)
muse (imperative plural present)
musynge (participle present)
musende (participle present)
mused (participle past)

English: muse

Scots: muse

From Old French muser, of uncertain further origin.

(transitive, intransitive) To muse; to ponder:

To muse; to ponder:
To muse upon an object.

(transitive, intransitive) To wonder (at).

(intransitive, rare) To daydream; to be lost in thought.

To muse; to ponder:
To daydream; to be lost in thought.

(transitive, intransitive) To worry; to agonize.

(transitive, intransitive) To complain (about).


anen

enm-verb

anen (third-person singular simple present anes, present participle anende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle aned)

anes (present singular third-person)
anende (participle present)
aned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


milte

English: milt

Scots: melt, meilt

From Old English milte, from Proto-West Germanic *meltā, *miltijā, from Proto-Germanic *meltǭ.


historier

Borrowed from Middle French historieur, with the ending assimilated to historie + -er.


inker

From Old English incer, genitive form of ġit, from Proto-Germanic *inkweraz, possessive form of *jut. Initial /j/ is due to the influence of ȝit.

(Early Middle English) Second-person dual possessive determiner: both of your.


inker

(Early Middle English) First-person dual genitive pronoun: both of yours, the two of yours.


ræven

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of reven


renden

renden (infinitive)
to renden (infinitive)
rende (infinitive)
rende (first-person present singular)
rente (first-person past singular)
rendest (present second-person singular)
rentest (past second-person singular)
rendeth (present singular third-person)
rente (past singular third-person)
rende (present singular subjunctive)
rente (past singular subjunctive)
rende (imperative present singular)
renden (plural present)
rende (plural present)
renten (past plural)
rente (past plural)
rendeth (imperative plural present)
rende (imperative plural present)
rendynge (participle present)
rendende (participle present)
rent (participle past)
yrent (participle past)

English: rend

Scots: rend

Yola: runt, ee-runt, ee-rent (ppl.)

From Old English rendan, from Proto-West Germanic *randijan.


enen

enen (third-person singular simple present eneth, present participle enende, enynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ened)

eneth (present singular third-person)
enende (participle present)
enynge (participle present)
ened (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
enen (infinitive)
to enen (infinitive)
ene (first-person present singular)
ened (first-person past singular)
enest (present second-person singular)
enedest (past second-person singular)
eneth (present singular third-person)
ened (past singular third-person)
ene (present singular subjunctive)
ened (past singular subjunctive)
ene (imperative present singular)
enen (plural present)
ene (plural present)
eneden (past plural)
enede (past plural)
eneth (imperative plural present)
ene (imperative plural present)
enynge (participle present)
enende (participle present)
ened (participle past)
yened (participle past)

English: ean

Scots: eenie

Inherited from Old English ēanian, from Proto-West Germanic *aunōn, from Proto-Germanic *aunōną, from *aunaz (“lamb”).
Variants with /d/ are from reinterpretation of the past-tense suffix as part of the verbal stem (compare modern English lend, sound).

(rare, of livestock) To give birth; to yean.


wanten

wanten (infinitive)
to wanten (infinitive)
wante (infinitive)
wante (first-person present singular)
wanted (first-person past singular)
wantest (present second-person singular)
wantedest (past second-person singular)
wanteth (present singular third-person)
wanted (past singular third-person)
wante (present singular subjunctive)
wanted (past singular subjunctive)
wante (imperative present singular)
wanten (plural present)
wante (plural present)
wanteden (past plural)
wantede (past plural)
wanteth (imperative plural present)
wante (imperative plural present)
wantynge (participle present)
wantende (participle present)
wanted (participle past)
ywanted (participle past)

English: want

Scots: want

Yola: waant

Borrowed from Old Norse vanta, from Proto-Germanic *wanatōną.


aldre

English: alder

Scots: aller

Inherited from Old English alor, from Proto-West Germanic *aliʀu, from Proto-Germanic *alizō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élis-; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.


yester

yester morow
yester morow#Middle_English

Only used in yesterday, yester morow, yesternyght, yistreven

gister

attested spaced or hyphenated in a compound

*gyrstæn

only attested unspaced and unhyphenated in a compound


agre

From Old French a gré (“favorably”); from a (“on”) and gré (“goodwill”); equivalent to a- + gre).


felten

felten (infinitive)
to felten (infinitive)
felte (infinitive)
felte (first-person present singular)
felted (first-person past singular)
feltest (present second-person singular)
feltedest (past second-person singular)
felteth (present singular third-person)
felted (past singular third-person)
felte (present singular subjunctive)
felted (past singular subjunctive)
felte (imperative present singular)
felten (plural present)
felte (plural present)
felteden (past plural)
feltede (past plural)
felteth (imperative plural present)
felte (imperative plural present)
feltynge (participle present)
feltende (participle present)
felted (participle past)
yfelted (participle past)

English: felt

To make something stick or be attached in a position.


schalen

schalen (infinitive)
to schalen (infinitive)
schale (infinitive)
schale (first-person present singular)
schaled (first-person past singular)
schalest (present second-person singular)
schaledest (past second-person singular)
schaleth (present singular third-person)
schaled (past singular third-person)
schale (present singular subjunctive)
schaled (past singular subjunctive)
schale (imperative present singular)
schalen (plural present)
schale (plural present)
schaleden (past plural)
schalede (past plural)
schaleth (imperative plural present)
schale (imperative plural present)
schalynge (participle present)
schalende (participle present)
schaled (participle past)
yschaled (participle past)

English: shale

Yola: shawl


faren

faren (third-person singular simple present fareth, present participle farynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative ferde, past participle ferd)

fareth (present singular third-person)
farynge (participle present)
ferde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ferd (participle past)
faren (infinitive)
to faren (infinitive)
fare (infinitive)
fare (first-person present singular)
for (first-person past singular)
ferde (first-person past singular)
farest (present second-person singular)
fore (past second-person singular)
for (past second-person singular)
ferdest (past second-person singular)
fareth (present singular third-person)
for (past singular third-person)
ferde (past singular third-person)
fare (present singular subjunctive)
fore (past singular subjunctive)
ferde (past singular subjunctive)
fare (imperative present singular)
faren (plural present)
fare (plural present)
foren (past plural)
fore (past plural)
ferden (past plural)
ferde (past plural)
fareth (imperative plural present)
fare (imperative plural present)
farynge (participle present)
farende (participle present)
faren (participle past)
fare (participle past)
ferd (participle past)
yfaren (participle past)
yfare (participle past)
yferd (participle past)

English: fare

Scots: fare

Originally two distinct verbs:
* Old English faran, from Proto-West Germanic *faran, from Proto-Germanic *faraną.
* Old English fēran, from Proto-West Germanic *fōrijan, from Proto-Germanic *fōrijaną.

To move, go or travel:
To depart or leave.

To move, go or travel:
To attack; to charge against.

(figurative) To die; to depart from the world.

To move, go or travel:
To die; to depart from the world.

Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.

To act or behave:
To fare; to get along.

To act or behave:
To be hosted (as a guest).

To act or behave:
To result in; to turn out.

To proceed to do; to start or continue doing.


faren

English: farrow

Scots: ferrae, ferry, farry

Yola: farragh

From Old English fearh (“piglet”) + -en (“plural suffix”).


felter

A person who uses felt to manufacture items.


probleme

English: problem
→ Welsh: problem

Scots: problem

From Middle French probleme; from Latin problēma, from Ancient Greek πρόβλημα (próblēma).

(rare) An allegory; a scenario used as analogy.


capper

English: capper

capper (maker of caps or other headgear)


heste

English: hest

Middle Scots: heist, hest, heste

Yola: heste

From Old English hǣs, from Proto-West Germanic *haisi, from Proto-Germanic *haisiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms, while forms with final /t/ are influenced by the suffix -the.

The power to command; control, jurisdiction.

A pact or agreement; that which is agreed upon.


heste

From Old English hǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *haifsti, from Proto-Germanic *haifstiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms. Doublet of haste.

Hoppit on hegh with heste of the fflodes.

c. 1450, anonymous author, Gest Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy:


halsen

English: halse

Middle Scots: hals, halse

Scots: hause

From hals (“neck”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


halsen

enm-verb

halsen (third-person singular simple present halseth, present participle halsende, halsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle halsed)

halseth (present singular third-person)
halsende (participle present)
halsynge (participle present)
halsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: halse

Middle Scots: hals, halse

Yola: hawlse

From Old English hālsian, healsian, from Proto-West Germanic *hailasōn, *hailison, from Proto-Germanic *hailisōną (“to greet; to beseech”).


barel

English: barrel

Yola: brail


levere

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


lynet

English: lint

From Old French linette (in which case, equivalent to lyne + -et) or Medieval Latin linteum.

lint (The material resulting from scraped flax fabric)

(rare) linen; flax or fabric made of it.


mose

From Old English māse (“titmouse”); see English titmouse.

Ne myht þu leng a word iqueþe, Ac pipest al so doþ a mose

1935 [1250 November 5], J. H. G. Grattan, G. F. H. Sykes (eds.), The Owl and the Nightingale, poem attributed to Nicholas de Guildford:

You can make not a further word, But peep as does a titmouse

a small bird, a tit, titmouse, coalmouse


gamen

gamen (infinitive)
to gamen (infinitive)
game (infinitive)
game (first-person present singular)
gamed (first-person past singular)
gamest (present second-person singular)
gamedest (past second-person singular)
gameth (present singular third-person)
gamed (past singular third-person)
game (present singular subjunctive)
gamed (past singular subjunctive)
game (imperative present singular)
gamen (plural present)
game (plural present)
gameden (past plural)
gamede (past plural)
gameth (imperative plural present)
game (imperative plural present)
gamynge (participle present)
gamende (participle present)
gamed (participle past)
ygamed (participle past)

English: gammon, game

Scots: gamin, gammyn, gamyn, game

Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume

From Old English gæmnian, gamnian, gamenian; equivalent to and influenced by game + -en (infinitival suffix).

To entertain or enjoy oneself; to display happiness or joy.

To make entertained or joyful; to amuse or cheer up.

(rare) To have sex; to engage in sexual intercourse.


odde

English: odd

Scots: odd, od, ode

Borrowed from Old Norse oddi, from oddr; compare ord.

additional, remaining (usually after being split equally)


odde

Scots: odd, od, ode

Exceptionally, really, outstandingly; to a great degree.


odde

English: odd

Scots: odd, od, ode

(rare) An odd number (a number that isn't divisible by two)

(rare) Oddness (the quality of not being divisible by two)


saphir

English: sapphire

Borrowed from Old French saphir, saffre, from Latin sapphir, sappir, sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros).


saphir

English: sapphire


stangen

stangen (infinitive)
to stangen (infinitive)
stange (infinitive)
stange (first-person present singular)
stanged (first-person past singular)
stangest (present second-person singular)
stangedest (past second-person singular)
stangeth (present singular third-person)
stanged (past singular third-person)
stange (present singular subjunctive)
stanged (past singular subjunctive)
stange (imperative present singular)
stangen (plural present)
stange (plural present)
stangeden (past plural)
stangede (past plural)
stangeth (imperative plural present)
stange (imperative plural present)
stangynge (participle present)
stangende (participle present)
stanged (participle past)
ystanged (participle past)

English: stang

Scots: stang, staang

Borrowed from Old Norse stanga; equivalent to stang (“pole”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(of animals) To bite; to attack with the jaw.

(rare, figurative) To ensnare or seduce.


standen

standen (infinitive)
to standen (infinitive)
stande (infinitive)
stande (first-person present singular)
stod (first-person past singular)
standest (present second-person singular)
stode (past second-person singular)
stod (past second-person singular)
standeth (present singular third-person)
stant (present singular third-person)
stod (past singular third-person)
stande (present singular subjunctive)
stode (past singular subjunctive)
stande (imperative present singular)
standen (plural present)
stande (plural present)
stoden (past plural)
stode (past plural)
standeth (imperative plural present)
stande (imperative plural present)
standynge (participle present)
standende (participle present)
standen (participle past)
stande (participle past)
ystanden (participle past)
ystande (participle past)

desctree

English: stand
→ Ido: standar
→ Norman: stanner, sténer
Sranan Tongo: tan

Scots: stand

Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane

From Old English standan, from Proto-Germanic *standaną. Cognate to Old Norse standa.


veine

English: vein

Scots: van, vane, vain, vaine

From Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]


veine

English: veyne

From Old French veine, from Latin vēnia, from Proto-Indo-European *wn̥h₁yeh₂; doublet of wynne (“happiness”).

(Christianity) An act of penitence or supplication involving some form of kneeling or prostration.


veine

enm-verb

veine (third-person singular simple present veineth, present participle veinende, veinynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle veined)

veineth (present singular third-person)
veinende (participle present)
veinynge (participle present)
veined (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of waynen (“to transport via wagon”)


toppen

toppen (infinitive)
to toppen (infinitive)
toppe (infinitive)
toppe (first-person present singular)
topped (first-person past singular)
toppest (present second-person singular)
toppedest (past second-person singular)
toppeth (present singular third-person)
topped (past singular third-person)
toppe (present singular subjunctive)
topped (past singular subjunctive)
toppe (imperative present singular)
toppen (plural present)
toppe (plural present)
toppeden (past plural)
toppede (past plural)
toppeth (imperative plural present)
toppe (imperative plural present)
toppynge (participle present)
toppende (participle present)
topped (participle past)
ytopped (participle past)

English: top

Scots: tap

(rare) To combat; to enter into conflict.

(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof.


myren

myren (third-person singular simple present myreth, present participle myrende, myrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle myred)

myreth (present singular third-person)
myrende (participle present)
myrynge (participle present)
myred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
myren (infinitive)
to myren (infinitive)
myre (infinitive)
myre (first-person present singular)
myred (first-person past singular)
myrest (present second-person singular)
myredest (past second-person singular)
myreth (present singular third-person)
myred (past singular third-person)
myre (present singular subjunctive)
myred (past singular subjunctive)
myre (imperative present singular)
myren (plural present)
myre (plural present)
myreden (past plural)
myrede (past plural)
myreth (imperative plural present)
myre (imperative plural present)
myrynge (participle present)
myrende (participle present)
myred (participle past)
ymyred (participle past)

English: mire

Scots: mire

From mire (“mire”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To confound or mire oneself (especially in a religious context).


hamme

English: ham

Scots: ham, hamb

Inherited from Old English ham, hamm (“back of the knee”), from Proto-West Germanic *hammu, from Proto-Germanic *hammō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.


flyt

English: flite, flyte

Scots: flite, flyte

From Old English flit, ġeflit, from Proto-West Germanic *flit. The long vowel was probably leveled in from the verb flyten during the Middle English period; compare chyne.


knappen

knappen (infinitive)
to knappen (infinitive)
knappe (infinitive)
knappe (first-person present singular)
knapped (first-person past singular)
knappest (present second-person singular)
knappedest (past second-person singular)
knappeth (present singular third-person)
knapped (past singular third-person)
knappe (present singular subjunctive)
knapped (past singular subjunctive)
knappe (imperative present singular)
knappen (plural present)
knappe (plural present)
knappeden (past plural)
knappede (past plural)
knappeth (imperative plural present)
knappe (imperative plural present)
knappynge (participle present)
knappende (participle present)
knapped (participle past)
yknapped (participle past)

English: knap

From knappe (“strike”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(transitive, rare) To hit; land a blow at.


bonden

bonden (infinitive)
to bonden (infinitive)
bonde (infinitive)
bonde (first-person present singular)
bonded (first-person past singular)
bondest (present second-person singular)
bondedest (past second-person singular)
bondeth (present singular third-person)
bonded (past singular third-person)
bonde (present singular subjunctive)
bonded (past singular subjunctive)
bonde (imperative present singular)
bonden (plural present)
bonde (plural present)
bondeden (past plural)
bondede (past plural)
bondeth (imperative plural present)
bonde (imperative plural present)
bondynge (participle present)
bondende (participle present)
bonded (participle past)
ybonded (participle past)

English: bond

Yola: ee-bond

(Late Middle English, hapax) To put in bonds, take prisoner.


soen

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


freden

enm-verb

freden (third-person singular simple present fredeth, present participle fredynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fredde, past participle fred)

fredeth (present singular third-person)
fredynge (participle present)
fredde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fred (participle past)
freden (infinitive)
to freden (infinitive)
frede (infinitive)
frede (first-person present singular)
fredde (first-person past singular)
fredest (present second-person singular)
freddest (past second-person singular)
fredeth (present singular third-person)
fredde (past singular third-person)
frede (present singular subjunctive)
fredde (past singular subjunctive)
frede (imperative present singular)
freden (plural present)
frede (plural present)
fredden (past plural)
fredde (past plural)
fredeth (imperative plural present)
frede (imperative plural present)
fredynge (participle present)
fredende (participle present)
fred (participle past)
yfred (participle past)

Inherited from Old English frēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *frōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *frōdijaną; compare *frod.

(transitive, intransitive) To experience a sensation or emotion.

(transitive, intransitive, rare) To learn or discover.


staf

enm-noun

staf (plural staves or staven or staffes)

staves (plural)
staven (plural)
staffes (plural)

English: staff, stave

Scots: staf, staff

Yola: stheeves (plural)

From Old English stæf, from Proto-West Germanic *stab.

A staff, rod or pole; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object:

A staff used to support one's movement; a crutch.

A blunt or poled weapon; a club or mace.

A clerical staff, often curled; a crozier.

A staff serving as an emblem of authority and rulership.

A bar of a ladder (either vertical or horizontal)

A rod for conveying or transporting items upon.

A staff for blending or mixing ingredients.

(Early Middle English) A letter of the alphabet.

(figurative) One's nourishment or lifeblood; that which aids one.

(figurative) A metaphorical arm or weapon; a tool of figurative battle.


verset

English: verset

From Old French verset; equivalent to vers + -et.

(rare) A short Biblical verse used as part of the liturgy.


trynen

trynen (infinitive)
to trynen (infinitive)
tryne (infinitive)
tryne (first-person present singular)
tryned (first-person past singular)
tron (first-person past singular)
trynest (present second-person singular)
trynedest (past second-person singular)
trone (past second-person singular)
tron (past second-person singular)
tryneth (present singular third-person)
tryned (past singular third-person)
tron (past singular third-person)
tryne (present singular subjunctive)
tryned (past singular subjunctive)
trone (past singular subjunctive)
tryne (imperative present singular)
trynen (plural present)
tryne (plural present)
tryneden (past plural)
trynede (past plural)
tronen (past plural)
trone (past plural)
tryneth (imperative plural present)
tryne (imperative plural present)
trynynge (participle present)
trynende (participle present)
tryned (participle past)
ytryned (participle past)

English: trine (obsolete)

From Old Norse; compare Old Swedish trina.


hering

English: herring

Scots: hering, herring, herrin, haring

Yola: hereen, heereen

From Old English hǣring, from Proto-West Germanic *hāring.


schuit

The master of or other sailor on such a boat


matten

From Old English meattan; equivalent to matte + -en (plural suffix).


wol

English: won't


pennen

pennen (infinitive)
to pennen (infinitive)
penne (infinitive)
penne (first-person present singular)
penned (first-person past singular)
pennest (present second-person singular)
pennedest (past second-person singular)
penneth (present singular third-person)
penned (past singular third-person)
penne (present singular subjunctive)
penned (past singular subjunctive)
penne (imperative present singular)
pennen (plural present)
penne (plural present)
penneden (past plural)
pennede (past plural)
penneth (imperative plural present)
penne (imperative plural present)
pennynge (participle present)
pennende (participle present)
penned (participle past)
ypenned (participle past)

English: (to) pen

From Old English pennian (verb), penn (noun). See modern pen.


spirite

the foure spirites and the bodyes seven

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


beken

English: beacon

Scots: beikin, bekin

Inherited from Old English bēacn, bēcn, from Proto-West Germanic *baukn, from Proto-Germanic *baukną.

A fire that signals an impending attack or danger.

(rare) The structure a beacon is placed on.

(rare) A flag (piece of cloth with distinctive patterning)


maistrie

I wol doon a maistrie 'er I go.


balken

balken (infinitive)
to balken (infinitive)
balke (infinitive)
balke (first-person present singular)
balked (first-person past singular)
balkest (present second-person singular)
balkedest (past second-person singular)
balketh (present singular third-person)
balked (past singular third-person)
balke (present singular subjunctive)
balked (past singular subjunctive)
balke (imperative present singular)
balken (plural present)
balke (plural present)
balkeden (past plural)
balkede (past plural)
balketh (imperative plural present)
balke (imperative plural present)
balkynge (participle present)
balkende (participle present)
balked (participle past)
ybalked (participle past)

English: balk

Yola: balke

to leave an unplowed ridge between furrows.


helte

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of helthe (“health”)


helte

Alternative form of helded: simple past of helden (“to pour”)


trappe

English: trap

From Old English træppe, treppe (“trap, snare”), from Proto-West Germanic *trappā.


schort

English: short

Scots: short, schort

From Old English sċort, from Proto-West Germanic *skurt, from Proto-Germanic *skurtaz. Akin to Middle High German schurz.

short (as opposed to being tall or long)


towardly

Willing to act in a way favourable to others; obliging.


towardly

In a manner that displays willingness to act favourably or pleasingly for others; obligingly.


-lich

Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-lich

Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


welig

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of wely


fole

English: fool

Geordie English: fuil, feul

Scots: fule, fuil

→ Welsh: ffôl

Borrowed from Old French fol, from Latin follis.

A fool, idiot, or moron; somebody who is stupid or unthinking.

An entertainer or joker; somebody who is employed to provide amusement.

(rare) Someone who is incapacitated or shocked; someone whose idiocy is temporary.

(rare) A victim of a scam or trick; someone who is fooled.


fole

Scots: fule, fuil


fole

English: foal

Scots: fole, foill

Yola: voal

From Old English fola, from Proto-West Germanic *folō, from Proto-Germanic *fulô.

The young of any other mammal, including the human being.


fole

first-person singular present indicative

first/second/third-person singular present subjunctive


forke

English: fork (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fork

Yola: vork

From Old English force, from Proto-West Germanic *furkō, from Latin furca; also influenced by Anglo-Norman forque and Old French forche, both from the same Latin word.

A fork or graip (implement used for digging).

(Late Middle English) A fork-shaped fire iron.

(Late Middle English, anatomy) A point, spike, or projection on a bone or tooth.

(rare, Late Middle English) A fork (piece of cutlery).

(rare, Late Middle English) A forked supporting pole.


forken

forken (infinitive)
to forken (infinitive)
forke (infinitive)
forke (first-person present singular)
forked (first-person past singular)
forkest (present second-person singular)
forkedest (past second-person singular)
forketh (present singular third-person)
forked (past singular third-person)
forke (present singular subjunctive)
forked (past singular subjunctive)
forke (imperative present singular)
forken (plural present)
forke (plural present)
forkeden (past plural)
forkede (past plural)
forketh (imperative plural present)
forke (imperative plural present)
forkynge (participle present)
forkende (participle present)
forked (participle past)
yforked (participle past)

English: (to) fork

(intransitive) To fork, split, divide, separate (into distinct sections)

(intransitive, anatomical, rare, Late Middle English) To have a point or spike.


ern

English: erne

Scots: earn, ern, erne


biggen

a. 1450, John Lydgate

Your house is built above the shining stars.

Thy place is bygged above the sterres clere


twisten

twisten (infinitive)
to twisten (infinitive)
twiste (infinitive)
twiste (first-person present singular)
twisted (first-person past singular)
twiste (first-person past singular)
twistest (present second-person singular)
twistedest (past second-person singular)
twistest (past second-person singular)
twisteth (present singular third-person)
twisted (past singular third-person)
twiste (past singular third-person)
twiste (present singular subjunctive)
twisted (past singular subjunctive)
twiste (past singular subjunctive)
twiste (imperative present singular)
twisten (plural present)
twiste (plural present)
twisteden (past plural)
twistede (past plural)
twisten (past plural)
twiste (past plural)
twisteth (imperative plural present)
twiste (imperative plural present)
twistynge (participle present)
twistende (participle present)
twisted (participle past)
twist (participle past)
ytwisted (participle past)
ytwist (participle past)

English: twist

Scots: twist


riden

riden (infinitive)
to riden (infinitive)
ride (infinitive)
ride (first-person present singular)
rod (first-person past singular)
ridest (present second-person singular)
rode (past second-person singular)
ride (past second-person singular)
rede (past second-person singular)
rod (past second-person singular)
rideth (present singular third-person)
rod (past singular third-person)
ride (present singular subjunctive)
rode (past singular subjunctive)
ride (past singular subjunctive)
rede (past singular subjunctive)
ride (imperative present singular)
riden (plural present)
ride (plural present)
roden (past plural)
rode (past plural)
riden (past plural)
ride (past plural)
reden (past plural)
rede (past plural)
rideth (imperative plural present)
ride (imperative plural present)
ridynge (participle present)
ridende (participle present)
riden (participle past)
yriden (participle past)
ride (participle past)
yride (participle past)
reden (participle past)
yreden (participle past)
rede (participle past)
yrede (participle past)

English: ride

Scots: ride, ryde

From Old English rīdan, from Proto-West Germanic *rīdan, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną.
Cognates include Middle Dutch riden, Middle Low German riden, and Old Swedish rīþa.

To ride on a mount; to move on an animal:

To lead or command on horseback; to serve at the head of a host.

To pillage or loot while on horseback; to maraud or raid.

To ride towards, on, or through a specific location.

To joust or tilt; to participate in jousting.

To ride in a parade; to march on horseback.

Gif tƿa men oþer ·iii· coman ridend to an tun · al þe tunſcipe flugæn foꝛ heom. ƿenden ð hi ƿæron ræuereſ.

If two or three men came riding into a town, the whole town ran away from them, concluding that they were robbers.

Toward Saluces / shapyng hir iourney / ffro day to day / they ryden in hir wey […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Clerkys] Tale [of Oxenford]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 184, verso, lines 783-784:

Towards Saluzzo they make their journey, / From day to day they ride on their way […]

To use a vehicle or transport method other than a mount:

To ride in a wheeled vehicle or a palanquin.

To voyage or travel by water; to be on a vessel.

Womman is mannes ioye and al his blys / ffoꝛ whan I feele a nyght youre softe syde / al be it þᵗ I may nat on yow ryde / ffoꝛ þᵗ oure ꝑche is maad so narwe allas […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok / and Hen / Chaũtecler ⁊ Ꝑtelote”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 103, verso, lines 3168-3169:

"Womankind is man's joy and all of his bliss". / As when I feel at night your soft side / Despite the fact that I can't on you ride / because our perch is made so narrow […]

(vulgar) To mount or mate; to undergo coitus with.

(of a vessel) To float; to set sail or move.

(rare, Late Middle English) To move, to slide towards.

(rare, Late Middle English) To sit on a stool or beam; to mount something as if it was a horse.

(rare, Late Middle English) To remain, to dwell.

(rare, Late Middle English) To undergo execution.


mouwen

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


-lik

Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-lik

Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


syde

English: side

Scots: side, syde

Inherited from Old English sīde, from Proto-West Germanic *sīdā, from Proto-Germanic *sīdǭ.

side (physical surface of an object, animal or person)


poleyn

English: pullen (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French polain (modern French poulain), from Late Latin pullāmen.


unscience

English: unscience

And at the laste, yif that any wight wene a thing to ben other weyes thanne it is, it is nat only unscience, but it is deceivable opinioun ful diverse and fer fro the sothe of science.

1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boethius and Troilus:


yif

"Wite thou wele his wille; / Know well what he intends / To wende with him thou say, / And yif he loveth the stille, / "Thou do Tristrem away" / Biseche him he se thertille, / Thi fo is Tristrem ay.

12??, Thomas of Erceldoune, Sir Tristrem

13??, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boethius and Troilus


lyver

Alternative form of lyvere (“living being”)


vreten

(Southern, Kent) Alternative form of freten (“to eat”)


sporen

sporen (infinitive)
to sporen (infinitive)
spore (infinitive)
spore (first-person present singular)
spored (first-person past singular)
sporest (present second-person singular)
sporedest (past second-person singular)
sporeth (present singular third-person)
spored (past singular third-person)
spore (present singular subjunctive)
spored (past singular subjunctive)
spore (imperative present singular)
sporen (plural present)
spore (plural present)
sporeden (past plural)
sporede (past plural)
sporeth (imperative plural present)
spore (imperative plural present)
sporynge (participle present)
sporende (participle present)
spored (participle past)
yspored (participle past)

English: spur

Scots: spur


sporen

From Old English sporan, from Proto-Germanic *spuraniz; equivalent to spore + -en (plural suffix).


rusen

enm-verb

rusen (third-person singular simple present ruseth, present participle rusende, rusynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rused)

ruseth (present singular third-person)
rusende (participle present)
rusynge (participle present)
rused (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rusen (infinitive)
to rusen (infinitive)
ruse (infinitive)
ruse (first-person present singular)
rused (first-person past singular)
rusest (present second-person singular)
rusedest (past second-person singular)
ruseth (present singular third-person)
rused (past singular third-person)
ruse (present singular subjunctive)
rused (past singular subjunctive)
ruse (imperative present singular)
rusen (plural present)
ruse (plural present)
ruseden (past plural)
rusede (past plural)
ruseth (imperative plural present)
ruse (imperative plural present)
rusynge (participle present)
rusende (participle present)
rused (participle past)
yrused (participle past)

English: ruse

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ruser, reuser; by surface analysis, ruse + -en (infinitival suffix).

surf

The mayſter hunte, anone fote hote / wyth his horne blewe thre mote / At the uncouplynge of hys houndes / wythin a whyle the herte founde is / Ihalowed, and rechaſed faſt / Longe tyme, and ſo at the laſt / Thys herte rouſed and ſtale awaye / Fro all the houndes a preuy waye

[c. 1368–1372 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Dreame of Chaucer”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio cclxviii, verso, column 2, lines 375–382:

The master hunter, anon foothot [at once without stopping] / with his horne blew three mote [notes] / At the uncoupling of his hounds / within a while the hart found is / Hallooed, and rechased fast / Long time, and so at the last / This hart rused and stole away / From all the hounds a privy way

(hunting) To turn to elude hunters or their hunting dogs.


roste

English: roost

Scots: roost, ruist

Inherited from Old English hrōst, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōst.


roste

English: roast

Scots: roast

→ Welsh: rhost

Borrowed from Old French rost, roste, from rostir.


ruden

enm-verb

ruden (third-person singular simple present rudeth, present participle rudende, rudynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ruded)

rudeth (present singular third-person)
rudende (participle present)
rudynge (participle present)
ruded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
ruden (infinitive)
to ruden (infinitive)
rude (first-person present singular)
ruded (first-person past singular)
rudest (present second-person singular)
rudedest (past second-person singular)
rudeth (present singular third-person)
ruded (past singular third-person)
rude (present singular subjunctive)
ruded (past singular subjunctive)
rude (imperative present singular)
ruden (plural present)
rude (plural present)
rudeden (past plural)
rudede (past plural)
rudeth (imperative plural present)
rude (imperative plural present)
rudynge (participle present)
rudende (participle present)
ruded (participle past)
yruded (participle past)

English: rud

Inherited from Old English rudian, from Proto-West Germanic *rodēn, *rudēn, from Proto-Germanic *rudāną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰéh₁ti; equivalent to rode (“ruddiness”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare rudnen.

af

(rare) To redden; to become or make red.


soden

English: sodden, sod

Scots: sodden

desc

Yola: zed (with the vowel from other forms)

From Old English soden, ġesoden, from Proto-West Germanic *sodan, *gasodan, from Proto-Germanic *sudanaz.


bute

(Northern) Alternative form of bote (“boot”)


povre

head

povre (plural and weak singular povre, comparative povrer, superlative povreste)

povre (plural)
povre (singular weak)
povrer (comparative)
povreste (superlative)

English: poor

Scots: puir

Yola: boor

From Old French povre, from Latin pauper.

Afflicted by need and want; affected by poverty


enden

enden (infinitive)
to enden (infinitive)
ende (infinitive)
ende (first-person present singular)
ended (first-person past singular)
endest (present second-person singular)
endedest (past second-person singular)
endeth (present singular third-person)
ended (past singular third-person)
ende (present singular subjunctive)
ended (past singular subjunctive)
ende (imperative present singular)
enden (plural present)
ende (plural present)
endeden (past plural)
endede (past plural)
endeth (imperative plural present)
ende (imperative plural present)
endynge (participle present)
endende (participle present)
ended (participle past)
yended (participle past)

English: end

Scots: ende, end

From Old English endian; equivalent to ende + -en (infinitival suffix).

To come to an end, stop, or termination (usually of an era or event)

Of literary works; to end, to have no more chapters or pages.

(rare, Late Middle English) To be suffixed or inflected.

To complete or accomplish; to reach completion:

To construct or erect an edifice or structure.

To cause a behaviour, consequence, or effect.

(religion) To rule or have ultimate power; to realise.

(rare) To end, finish, or terminate (usually of an era or event)

(rare, philosophy) To be ended; to be finite or limited.

(rare, Late Middle English) To vanquish; to cause to die; to inflict fatal wounds.