wondren

wondren (third-person singular simple present wondreth, present participle wondrende, wondrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wondred)

wondreth (present singular third-person)
wondrende (participle present)
wondrynge (participle present)
wondred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wondren (infinitive)
to wondren (infinitive)
wondre (infinitive)
wondre (first-person present singular)
wondred (first-person past singular)
wondrest (present second-person singular)
wondredest (past second-person singular)
wondreth (present singular third-person)
wondred (past singular third-person)
wondre (present singular subjunctive)
wondred (past singular subjunctive)
wondre (imperative present singular)
wondren (plural present)
wondre (plural present)
wondreden (past plural)
wondrede (past plural)
wondreth (imperative plural present)
wondre (imperative plural present)
wondrynge (participle present)
wondrende (participle present)
wondred (participle past)
ywondred (participle past)

English: wonder

Scots: wondir, woundir


preien

enm-verb

preien (third-person singular simple present preieth, present participle preiende, preiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle preied)

preieth (present singular third-person)
preiende (participle present)
preiynge (participle present)
preied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
preien (infinitive)
to preien (infinitive)
preie (infinitive)
preie (first-person present singular)
preied (first-person past singular)
preiest (present second-person singular)
preiedest (past second-person singular)
preieth (present singular third-person)
preied (past singular third-person)
preie (present singular subjunctive)
preied (past singular subjunctive)
preie (imperative present singular)
preien (plural present)
preie (plural present)
preieden (past plural)
preiede (past plural)
preieth (imperative plural present)
preie (imperative plural present)
preiynge (participle present)
preiende (participle present)
preied (participle past)
ypreied (participle past)

English: pray

Yola: pry, praie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman preier, from Old French proiier, from Latin precor, from prex, from Proto-Italic *preks, from Proto-Indo-European *préḱs, from *preḱ-.


folwen

folwen (third-person singular simple present folweth, present participle folwende, folwynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle folwed)

folweth (present singular third-person)
folwende (participle present)
folwynge (participle present)
folwed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
folwen (infinitive)
to folwen (infinitive)
folwe (infinitive)
folwe (first-person present singular)
folwed (first-person past singular)
folwest (present second-person singular)
folwedest (past second-person singular)
folweth (present singular third-person)
folwed (past singular third-person)
folwe (present singular subjunctive)
folwed (past singular subjunctive)
folwe (imperative present singular)
folwen (plural present)
folwe (plural present)
folweden (past plural)
folwede (past plural)
folweth (imperative plural present)
folwe (imperative plural present)
folwynge (participle present)
folwende (participle present)
folwed (participle past)
yfolwed (participle past)

English: follow

Scots: follae, folȝe, folow, falow

From Old English folgian, from Proto-West Germanic *folgēn, from Proto-Germanic *fulgāną.


fulfillen

fulfillen (third-person singular simple present fulfilleth, present participle fulfillynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fulfilde, past participle fulfild)

fulfilleth (present singular third-person)
fulfillynge (participle present)
fulfilde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fulfild (participle past)
fulfillen (infinitive)
to fulfillen (infinitive)
fulfille (infinitive)
fulfille (first-person present singular)
fulfilled (first-person past singular)
fulfilde (first-person past singular)
fulfillest (present second-person singular)
fulfilledest (past second-person singular)
fulfildest (past second-person singular)
fulfilleth (present singular third-person)
fulfilled (past singular third-person)
fulfilde (past singular third-person)
fulfille (present singular subjunctive)
fulfilled (past singular subjunctive)
fulfilde (past singular subjunctive)
fulfille (imperative present singular)
fulfillen (plural present)
fulfille (plural present)
fulfilleden (past plural)
fulfillede (past plural)
fulfilden (past plural)
fulfilde (past plural)
fulfilleth (imperative plural present)
fulfille (imperative plural present)
fulfillynge (participle present)
fulfillende (participle present)
fulfilled (participle past)
fulfild (participle past)

English: fulfill, fulfil

From Old English fullfyllan; equivalent to ful- + fillen.

To perform or do (a deed):
To fulfil a task or duty.

To perform or do (a deed):
To fulfil a prophecy or prediction.

(figuratively) To suffuse or instill; to fill with.

To fill; to make something full:
To suffuse or instill; to fill with.

To fill; to make something full:
To satisfy; to make happy or satiated.

To finish or end; to become or make complete:

(rare, of people) To live (for a specified time)

To replace or supply; to be substituted for.


comaunden

comaunden (third-person singular simple present comaundeth, present participle comaundende, comaundynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle comaunded)

comaundeth (present singular third-person)
comaundende (participle present)
comaundynge (participle present)
comaunded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
comaunden (infinitive)
to comaunden (infinitive)
comaunde (infinitive)
comaunde (first-person present singular)
comaunded (first-person past singular)
comaunde (first-person past singular)
comaundest (present second-person singular)
comaundedest (past second-person singular)
comaundest (past second-person singular)
comaundeth (present singular third-person)
comaunded (past singular third-person)
comaunde (past singular third-person)
comaunde (present singular subjunctive)
comaunded (past singular subjunctive)
comaunde (past singular subjunctive)
comaunde (imperative present singular)
comaunden (plural present)
comaunde (plural present)
comaundeden (past plural)
comaundede (past plural)
comaunden (past plural)
comaunde (past plural)
comaundeth (imperative plural present)
comaunde (imperative plural present)
comaundynge (participle present)
comaundende (participle present)
comaunded (participle past)
comaund (participle past)
ycomaunded (participle past)
ycomaund (participle past)

English: command

Scots: command

From Old French comander, from Latin commandāre, variant of commendāre; doublet of commenden.

To command; to order (someone to do something)

⁊ it was comau[n]did to he[m].· þat þei ſchulde[n] not hirte þe gras of erþe. neþ[er] ony greene þing. neiþ[er] ony tree but oneli men.· þ[a]t han not þe ſigne of god i[n] her forhedis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 9:4, page 120r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And they were told that they shouldn't hurt the ground's grass, anything green, or any tree, but only humans that didn't have the sigil of God on their foreheads.

To demand; to order (something should be done)


wearen

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of weren (“to wear”)


traitourfull

English: traitorful


tham

Alternative spelling of þam (“the, those, these”)


tham

Alternative spelling of þam (“them, these”)


tham

Alternative spelling of þam (“the, that, this”)


tham

Alternative spelling of þam (“that one, him, it”)


hounden

From Old English hunden, equivalent to hound + -en (“pertaining to”).

Of or relating to hounds or dogs; canine


hounden

hounden (third-person singular simple present houndeth, present participle houndende, houndynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hounded)

houndeth (present singular third-person)
houndende (participle present)
houndynge (participle present)
hounded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


ȝouren

c. 1400,. A Fourteenth Century English Biblical Version, ed. A. C. Paues (1904), 1 Corinthians 3.22

Alle þinges beþ ȝouren.
All things are yours.


ȝourn

a. 1382, Wycliffe's Bible, Genesis 45:20

All þe ritches of Egypte schullen be ȝourn


youren

English: yourn, your'n

From your, with influence from min and þin.

Second-person plural possessive pronoun: yours, of you (plural).

(formal) Second-person singular possessive pronoun: yours, of you (singular).


grindel

Unknown. Compare Old English Grendel, Old Norse grindill (“storm; wind”).


to-gloried

2011 (original: Everyman 1518-1519; Mankind: 1470), Douglas Bruster, Eric Rasmussen, Everyman and Mankind

My prepotent father, when ye sup, sup out your mess. Ye are all to-gloried in your terms; ye make many a lease.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)


synnes

English: since

Yola: zince


bousen

bousen (third-person singular simple present bouseth, present participle bousende, bousynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle boused)

bouseth (present singular third-person)
bousende (participle present)
bousynge (participle present)
boused (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: booze, bouse, bowse

From Middle Dutch būsen, buisen, buysen (“to drink heavily”).

a. 1325, Michael of Kildare (attributed), Hail, Seint Michel, quoted in Die Kildare-gedichte, Heuser, Wilhelm, ed., published 1904, page 155–156

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Hail, ȝe holi monkes wiþ ȝur corrin, / Late and raþe ifillid of ale and wine! / Depe cun ȝe bouse, þat is al ȝure care,


abenche

Þou... Þat þus fale maistres of clergie bringest and sest a-benche.


iliche

The scorpiun is ones cunnes wurm thet haueth neb, ase me seith, sumdel iliche ase wummon, and is neddre bihinden

c. 1225, Ancrene Ƿiſſe (Cotton MS. Cleopatra C. VI), Herefordshire, published c. 1230; republished at London: British Library Digitised Manuscripts, 2013 March 29:

The scorpion is a kind of crawling animal that, as they tell me, has a face a bit alike to a woman’s, and is a snake in the rear.


dæle

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of dale


hæfd

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


knokken

knokken (third-person singular simple present knokketh, present participle knokkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle knokked)

knokketh (present singular third-person)
knokkynge (participle present)
knokked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
knokken (infinitive)
to knokken (infinitive)
knokke (infinitive)
knokke (first-person present singular)
knokked (first-person past singular)
knokkest (present second-person singular)
knokkedest (past second-person singular)
knokketh (present singular third-person)
knokked (past singular third-person)
knokke (present singular subjunctive)
knokked (past singular subjunctive)
knokke (imperative present singular)
knokken (plural present)
knokke (plural present)
knokkeden (past plural)
knokkede (past plural)
knokketh (imperative plural present)
knokke (imperative plural present)
knokkynge (participle present)
knokkende (participle present)
knokked (participle past)
yknokked (participle past)

English: knock

→ Dutch: knokken; nokken

Scots: knock, tnock, knack

Yola: knockt (preterite)

From Old English cnocian, from Proto-West Germanic *knokōn, from Proto-Germanic *knukōną. Forms with a short vowel are possibly due to trisyllabic shortening.

lo I ſtonde at the doꝛe .· ⁊ knocke if ony man heriþ my voys · ⁊ openeþ þe ȝate to me · I ſhal entre to hym · ⁊ ſoupe with hym · ⁊ he with me

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 3:20, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I stand at the door and knock; if anyone hears my voice and opens the door for me, I'll go and dine with them, and them with me.


dimydicion

English: dimidiation

The first is called addicion, þe secunde is called subtraccion. The thryd is called duplacion. The 4. is called dimydicion. [A rough transliteration]

(arithmetic) division by two, dividing into halves, dimidiation


stakken

stakken (infinitive)
to stakken (infinitive)
stakke (infinitive)
stakke (first-person present singular)
stakked (first-person past singular)
stakkest (present second-person singular)
stakkedest (past second-person singular)
stakketh (present singular third-person)
stakked (past singular third-person)
stakke (present singular subjunctive)
stakked (past singular subjunctive)
stakke (imperative present singular)
stakken (plural present)
stakke (plural present)
stakkeden (past plural)
stakkede (past plural)
stakketh (imperative plural present)
stakke (imperative plural present)
stakkynge (participle present)
stakkende (participle present)
stakked (participle past)
ystakked (participle past)

English: stack


spreden

English: spread

Scots: spreid

From Old English sprǣdan (“to spread, expand”).

inh

And Moises reiside it, and settide the tablis, and foundementis, and barris, and he ordeynede pilers; and spredde abrood the roof on the tabernacle, and puttide an hilyng aboue, as the Lord comaundide. (Translation of the Vulgate, "Erexitque illud Moses et posuit tabulas ac bases et vectes statuitque columnas et expandit tectum super tabernaculum inposito desuper operimento sicut Dominus imperarat.")


bourding

(rare) Humour, japing; humorous entertainment.


oten

From Late Old English āten, from earlier *ātan; equivalent to ote + -en (plural ending).


oten

English: oaten

Scots: aiten


umbeclosen

enm-verb

umbeclosen (third-person singular simple present umbecloseth, present participle umbeclosende, umbeclosynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle umbeclosed)

umbecloseth (present singular third-person)
umbeclosende (participle present)
umbeclosynge (participle present)
umbeclosed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


umbeloken

umbeloken (third-person singular simple present umbeloketh, present participle umbelokende, umbelokynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle umbeloked)

umbeloketh (present singular third-person)
umbelokende (participle present)
umbelokynge (participle present)
umbeloked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English ymblōcian, equivalent to umbe- + loken or um- + beloken (“to belook”).

(intransitive) to look around; take heed; pay attention

(transitive) to pay attention to; consider


umbedelven

umbedelven (third-person singular simple present umbedelveth, present participle umbedelvende, first-/third-person singular past indicative umbedolf, past participle umbedolven)

umbedelveth (present singular third-person)
umbedelvende (participle present)
umbedolf (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
umbedolven (participle past)


umbelappen

umbelappen (third-person singular simple present umbelappeth, present participle umbelappende, umbelappynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle umbelapped)

umbelappeth (present singular third-person)
umbelappende (participle present)
umbelappynge (participle present)
umbelapped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: umbelap

(transitive) to clothe or wrap; envelop; enclose

(transitive) to encircle; beset; surround; besiege


umbegon

umbegon (third-person singular simple present umbegoth, present participle umbegonde, first-/third-person singular past indicative umbeyode, past participle umbegon)

umbegoth (present singular third-person)
umbegonde (participle present)
umbeyode (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
umbegon (participle past)

English: umbego

From Old English ymbgān, ymbegān, equivalent to umbe- + gon.

to go around; encompass; enclose; surround

(transitive) to trim or decorate all over


efflouren

head

efflouren (third-person singular present indicative effloureth)

effloureth (indicative present singular third-person)

Apparently from Middle French effleurer (“remove the flowers of”), assimilated to or blended with Middle English flouren (“bloom”).

der

(intransitive, of a plant) to shed its blossoms


umbefolden

enm-verb

umbefolden (third-person singular simple present umbefoldeth, present participle umbefoldende, first-/third-person singular past indicative umbefeld, past participle umbefolden)

umbefoldeth (present singular third-person)
umbefoldende (participle present)
umbefeld (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
umbefolden (participle past)


yond-

a prefix meaning beyond; across; through; over; ultra-


yondbreden

yondbreden (third-person singular simple present yondbredeth, present participle yondbredende, first-/third-person singular past indicative yondbredde, past participle yondbredd)

yondbredeth (present singular third-person)
yondbredende (participle present)
yondbredde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yondbredd (participle past)

From Old English ġeondbrǣdan, equivalent to yond- + breden (“to make broad; broaden”).

prefix

(transitive) to go beyond; exceed; extend over


yondfaren

enm-verb

yondfaren (third-person singular simple present yondfareth, present participle yondfarende, first-/third-person singular past indicative yondfore, past participle yondfaren)

yondfareth (present singular third-person)
yondfarende (participle present)
yondfore (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yondfaren (participle past)

From Old English ġeondfaran, equivalent to yond- + faren.

(transitive, literal, figurative) to pass or journey through; travel across; traverse


atbreken

atbreken (third-person singular simple present atbreketh, present participle atbrekynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative atbrak, past participle atbroken)

atbreketh (present singular third-person)
atbrekynge (participle present)
atbrak (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
atbroken (participle past)


atberen

atberen (third-person singular simple present atbereth, present participle atberende, first-/third-person singular past indicative atbar, past participle atboren)

atbereth (present singular third-person)
atberende (participle present)
atbar (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
atboren (participle past)

From Old English ætberan, equivalent to at- + beren.


atbresten

atbresten (third-person singular simple present atbresteth, present participle atbrestynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative atbrast, past participle atbrosten)

atbresteth (present singular third-person)
atbrestynge (participle present)
atbrast (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
atbrosten (participle past)
atbresten (infinitive)
to atbresten (infinitive)
atbreste (infinitive)
atbreste (first-person present singular)
atbrast (first-person past singular)
atbrestest (present second-person singular)
atbroste (past second-person singular)
atbrast (past second-person singular)
atbresteth (present singular third-person)
atbrast (past singular third-person)
atbreste (present singular subjunctive)
atbroste (past singular subjunctive)
atbreste (imperative present singular)
atbresten (plural present)
atbreste (plural present)
atbrosten (past plural)
atbroste (past plural)
atbresteth (imperative plural present)
atbreste (imperative plural present)
atbrestynge (participle present)
atbrestende (participle present)
atbrosten (participle past)
atbroste (participle past)

Inherited from Old English ætberstan, equivalent to at- + bresten.

(transitive, Early Middle English, uncommon) to break away; escape


breker

English: breaker


aschen

Alternative form of asshen (“made of ashwood”)


fromond

Probably borrowed from Old Norse framandi (“man of distinction; stranger”).


effloureth

third-person singular present indicative of efflouren


flærds

plural of flærd (alternative form of flērds).


hwem

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


woort

Alternative form of wort (“brewing wort”)


werpling

From werpen (“to throw; twist; warp”) + -ling.


tresorie

English: treasury

From Old French tresorie; equivalent to tresour + -ie.

(rare) A treasury department; the department in charge of funds.


segge

English: sedge

Scots: seg

From Old English seċġ (“sedge”), from Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“sedge”).

A sedge (a plant of the family Cyperaceae, especially the genus Carex)


segge

English: seg, segge

Scots: seg

From Old English seċġ (“man”), from Proto-West Germanic *sagi, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaz (“fighter”).


theam

Alternative form of temen (“to give birth, to support”)


lane succide

lana succida
lana succida#Middle_English


submitten

English: submit

Borrowed from Latin submittere, infinitive of submittō (“place under, yield”), from sub (“under, from below, up”) + mitto (“to send”).


Carlile

Alternative form of Carlele (“Carlisle”)


eere

English: ear

Scots: aicher, icker, aiker (< æhher)

From Old English ēar, æhher, from Proto-West Germanic *ahaʀ, from Proto-Germanic *ahaz.


eere

Alternative form of ere (“ear (hearing organ)”)


Rone

From Anglo-Norman Ron, from Latin Rotomagus. Frankish *Rodomo represents an early Old French form.


quelen

quelen (infinitive)
to quelen (infinitive)
quele (infinitive)
quele (first-person present singular)
qual (first-person past singular)
quel (first-person past singular)
quelest (present second-person singular)
quele (past second-person singular)
quale (past second-person singular)
qual (past second-person singular)
quel (past second-person singular)
queleth (present singular third-person)
qual (past singular third-person)
quel (past singular third-person)
quele (present singular subjunctive)
quele (past singular subjunctive)
quale (past singular subjunctive)
quele (imperative present singular)
quelen (plural present)
quele (plural present)
quelen (past plural)
quele (past plural)
qualen (past plural)
quale (past plural)
queleth (imperative plural present)
quele (imperative plural present)
quelynge (participle present)
quelende (participle present)
quolen (participle past)
quole (participle past)
yquolen (participle past)
yquole (participle past)

English: (dialectal) queal

Inherited from Old English cwelan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwelan, from Proto-Germanic *kwelaną. Doublet of quaylen.


leede

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales
He took into his hond · his lond and his leede


Rochford

English: Rochford

Yola: Rochfort


lufe

(Northern or Early Middle English) Alternative form of love (“love”)


lufe

(Northern) Alternative form of love (“palm”)


unweld

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Reeve's Prologue and Tale
Our olde limbes well may be unweld
But will shall never fail us, that is sooth


ribbe

English: rib

Scots: rib

Yola: rub

From Old English ribb, from Proto-West Germanic *ribi, from Proto-Germanic *ribją.


schoe

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of sche


wesele

English: weasal

Middle Scots: quhasill, wasyll, wasyll

desc

associated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">whaisle</i> "to wheeze"

Scots: whaisel, whaizle, wheesel, weasel (associated with whaisle "to wheeze")

Inherited from Old English weosule; from Proto-West Germanic *wisulā.

A meal made of a pig or capon stuffed with pork mince.


sege

English: siege

Scots: siege

Borrowed from Old French sege, siege, from Vulgar Latin *sēdicum, from sēdēs.

A siege; an attack or assault on a walled city:

A seat, especially that which indicates authority:

A portable seat; a seat on the back of a mount.

A location, especially something's usual location.

(rare) Ones's position, office, or station.

(by extension) A latrine or privy; a hole or container for disposing feces.

(by extension) Defecation; the expulsion of one's feces.

A group of herons; a perch used by herons.


Prest

English: Priest

Yola: Preest


hoere

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


cappen

cappen (infinitive)
to cappen (infinitive)
cappe (infinitive)
cappe (first-person present singular)
capped (first-person past singular)
cappest (present second-person singular)
cappedest (past second-person singular)
cappeth (present singular third-person)
capped (past singular third-person)
cappe (present singular subjunctive)
capped (past singular subjunctive)
cappe (imperative present singular)
cappen (plural present)
cappe (plural present)
cappeden (past plural)
cappede (past plural)
cappeth (imperative plural present)
cappe (imperative plural present)
cappynge (participle present)
cappende (participle present)
capped (participle past)
ycapped (participle past)

English: cap

To put a cap or hat on; to wear headgear.


clappen

clappen (infinitive)
to clappen (infinitive)
clappe (infinitive)
clappe (first-person present singular)
clapped (first-person past singular)
clappest (present second-person singular)
clappedest (past second-person singular)
clappeth (present singular third-person)
clapped (past singular third-person)
clappe (present singular subjunctive)
clapped (past singular subjunctive)
clappe (imperative present singular)
clappen (plural present)
clappe (plural present)
clappeden (past plural)
clappede (past plural)
clappeth (imperative plural present)
clappe (imperative plural present)
clappynge (participle present)
clappende (participle present)
clapped (participle past)

English: clap

Scots: clap

Yola: clappu

From Old English clæppan, from Proto-West Germanic *klappōn (with a change in verb class).

To make a loud noise, especially by talking or striking.

To pound or slap; to make a beating or stroke.

To clap; to strike two things against each other.

To slam or strike; to make a forcible striking motion.

(rare) To make a specific utterance loudly.

(rare) To beat or throb; to inflate then deflate.


clingen

clingen (infinitive)
to clingen (infinitive)
clinge (infinitive)
clinge (first-person present singular)
clang (first-person past singular)
clingest (present second-person singular)
clunge (past second-person singular)
clang (past second-person singular)
clingeth (present singular third-person)
clang (past singular third-person)
clinge (present singular subjunctive)
clunge (past singular subjunctive)
clinge (imperative present singular)
clingen (plural present)
clinge (plural present)
clungen (past plural)
clunge (past plural)
clingeth (imperative plural present)
clinge (imperative plural present)
clingynge (participle present)
clingende (participle present)
clungen (participle past)
clunge (participle past)
yclungen (participle past)
yclunge (participle past)

English: cling

Scots: cling

From Old English clingan, from Proto-Germanic *klinganą.

To solidify; to adhere as to form a mass.

To stick or cling; to be or make oneself adhesive onto something.

To reduce, to decrease in size or vitality; to shrivel or whither

To shrivel or reduce as to disappear or end.

To be scared or frightened; to be struck by terror.

(rare) To insert oneself into something.


cleven

cleven (infinitive)
to cleven (infinitive)
cleve (infinitive)
cleve (first-person present singular)
clef (first-person past singular)
claf (first-person past singular)
clefte (first-person past singular)
cleved (first-person past singular)
clevest (present second-person singular)
clove (past second-person singular)
clef (past second-person singular)
claf (past second-person singular)
cleftest (past second-person singular)
clevedest (past second-person singular)
cleveth (present singular third-person)
clef (past singular third-person)
claf (past singular third-person)
clefte (past singular third-person)
cleved (past singular third-person)
cleve (present singular subjunctive)
clove (past singular subjunctive)
clefte (past singular subjunctive)
cleved (past singular subjunctive)
cleve (imperative present singular)
cleven (plural present)
cleve (plural present)
cloven (past plural)
clove (past plural)
cleften (past plural)
clefte (past plural)
cleveden (past plural)
clevede (past plural)
cleveth (imperative plural present)
cleve (imperative plural present)
clevynge (participle present)
clevende (participle present)
cloven (participle past)
clove (participle past)
cleft (participle past)
cleved (participle past)
ycloven (participle past)
yclove (participle past)

English: cleave

Scots: cleave

From Old English clēofan, from Proto-West Germanic *kleuban, from Proto-Germanic *kleubaną.

To cleave; to split or slice through:
To slice at; to make a slashing blow.

To make a crack, cut or slice in something.

To cleave; to split or slice through:
To chop off (separate or sunder).

To ruin or finish (cause something's destruction) .

To stab someone mortally (by striking at their heart)


cleven

cleven (infinitive)
to cleven (infinitive)
cleve (infinitive)
cleve (first-person present singular)
cleved (first-person past singular)
clof (first-person past singular)
clevest (present second-person singular)
clevedest (past second-person singular)
clove (past second-person singular)
clive (past second-person singular)
clof (past second-person singular)
cleveth (present singular third-person)
cleved (past singular third-person)
clof (past singular third-person)
cleve (present singular subjunctive)
cleved (past singular subjunctive)
clove (past singular subjunctive)
clive (past singular subjunctive)
cleve (imperative present singular)
cleven (plural present)
cleve (plural present)
cleveden (past plural)
clevede (past plural)
cloven (past plural)
clove (past plural)
cliven (past plural)
clive (past plural)
cleveth (imperative plural present)
cleve (imperative plural present)
clevynge (participle present)
clevende (participle present)
cleved (participle past)
cliven (participle past)
clive (participle past)
ycleved (participle past)
ycliven (participle past)

English: cleave

Scots: cleave, cleif

Originally two distinct verbs:
* Old English cleofian, clifian, from Proto-West Germanic *klibēn, from Proto-Germanic *klibāną.
* Old English clīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *klīban, from Proto-Germanic *klībaną.

To stick or adhere (often with on or to):

To have cohesion or unity; to adhere together.

Therfor, whanne the vois was reisid, eft thei bigunnen to wepe. Orpha kisside the modir of hir hosebonde, and turnede ayen, and Ruth cleuyde to the modir of hir hosebonde.
Afterwards, when the voice was raised, they began to weep again. Orpah kissed the mother of her husband, and turned around, and Ruth cleaved to the mother of her husband.

To be adhesive or sticky; to cause to adhere.

To be an inherent or inseparable part; to be intrinsic.

To withstand or stay put; to weather time.

(rare) To convince; to spread one's beliefs.


gomen

From Old English guman, plural of guma, from Proto-Germanic *gumaniz, plural of *gumô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmónes, plural of *ǵʰmṓ. Equivalent to gome + -en (plural suffix).


Lyde

English: Lide (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hlȳda, from hlȳdan (“to make noise”).


stepbarn

English: stepbarn

Scots: stepbairn

→ English: stepbairn

From Old English stēopbearn (“orphan”), from Proto-West Germanic *steupabarn, from Proto-Germanic *steupabarną; equivalent to step- + barn.


beschrewen

enm-verb

beschrewen (third-person singular simple present beschreweth, present participle beschrewende, beschrewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle beschrewed)

beschreweth (present singular third-person)
beschrewende (participle present)
beschrewynge (participle present)
beschrewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: beshrew

To scold; speak ill of; curse; verbally abuse


knape

English: knape

Scots: knape, knaip

From Old English cnapa, from Proto-West Germanic *knappō.


bresten

bresten (infinitive)
to bresten (infinitive)
breste (infinitive)
breste (first-person present singular)
brast (first-person past singular)
brost (first-person past singular)
brestest (present second-person singular)
broste (past second-person singular)
braste (past second-person singular)
brast (past second-person singular)
brost (past second-person singular)
bresteth (present singular third-person)
brast (past singular third-person)
brost (past singular third-person)
breste (present singular subjunctive)
broste (past singular subjunctive)
braste (past singular subjunctive)
breste (imperative present singular)
bresten (plural present)
breste (plural present)
brosten (past plural)
broste (past plural)
brasten (past plural)
braste (past plural)
bresteth (imperative plural present)
breste (imperative plural present)
brestynge (participle present)
brestende (participle present)
brosten (participle past)
broste (participle past)
bresten (participle past)
breste (participle past)

English: burst, bust

Scots: brist, bryst

From Old English berstan, from Proto-West Germanic *brestan, from Proto-Germanic *brestaną; many forms are influenced by Old Norse bresta.

To burst (break from internal pressure):

To break, shatter (become broken):
To break, smash (cause to break)

To defeat or vanquish; to shatter (an enemy)

To be intensely afflicted with a feeling.


hateren

From Old English hæteran, late form of hæteru; equivalent to hater + -en (plural suffix).


hatere

English: hater

Scots: haitter (obsolete)


Merlion

So hit felle on a tyme kyng Arthur ſeyde vnto Merlion My barownes woll let me haue no reſte but nedis I muſte take a wyff ⁊ I wolde none take but by thy counceile and advice //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 6–8:

(hypercorrect) Alternative form of Merlyn


botnen

botnen (infinitive)
to botnen (infinitive)
botne (infinitive)
botne (first-person present singular)
botned (first-person past singular)
botnest (present second-person singular)
botnedest (past second-person singular)
botneth (present singular third-person)
botned (past singular third-person)
botne (present singular subjunctive)
botned (past singular subjunctive)
botne (imperative present singular)
botnen (plural present)
botne (plural present)
botneden (past plural)
botnede (past plural)
botneth (imperative plural present)
botne (imperative plural present)
botnynge (participle present)
botnende (participle present)
botned (participle past)
ybotned (participle past)

From Old English *bōtnian; equivalent to bote (“help”) + -enen.

To cure or free from disease or sickness.

(rare) To be cured or freed from disease or sickness.

(rare) To change one's mind; to free from negative emotions.

(rare) To be expedient or convenient in a given situation.


knok

English: knock

→ Middle Welsh: cnwcc, cynwck, cnwc

Welsh: cnwc

Scots: knock, tnock, knack


slegge

English: sledge

Scots: sleg

Inherited from Old English sleċġ, from Proto-Germanic *slagjǭ. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


gewinnan

gewinnan (third-person singular simple present gewinð, present participle gewinnende, first-/third-person singular past indicative gewan, past participle gewunnen)

gewinð (present singular third-person)
gewinnende (participle present)
gewan (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
gewunnen (participle past)


withclosen

withclōsen (third-person singular simple present withcloseth, present participle withclosende, withclosynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle withclosed)

withclōsen (canonical)
withcloseth (present singular third-person)
withclosende (participle present)
withclosynge (participle present)
withclosed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


withdelen

withdēlen (third-person singular simple present withdeleth, present participle withdelende, first-/third-person singular past indicative withdelte, past participle withdelt)

withdēlen (canonical)
withdeleth (present singular third-person)
withdelende (participle present)
withdelte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
withdelt (participle past)

(transitive) To share out; give a share of

(transitive) To have dealings with; manage; deal with; be concerned with or busy about

(transitive) To have sexual relations with


hachet

English: hatchet

Yola: hatcheat

Borrowed from Old French hachete; equivalent to hache (“war-axe”) + -et.


feahen

From Old English fǣġan (“to paint”), from Proto-Germanic *faihijaną (“to colour; paint”).


issen

enm-verb

issen (third-person singular simple present isseth, present participle issende, issynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle issed)

isseth (present singular third-person)
issende (participle present)
issynge (participle present)
issed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
issen (infinitive)
to issen (infinitive)
isse (infinitive)
isse (first-person present singular)
issed (first-person past singular)
issest (present second-person singular)
issedest (past second-person singular)
isseth (present singular third-person)
issed (past singular third-person)
isse (present singular subjunctive)
issed (past singular subjunctive)
isse (imperative present singular)
issen (plural present)
isse (plural present)
isseden (past plural)
issede (past plural)
isseth (imperative plural present)
isse (imperative plural present)
issynge (participle present)
issende (participle present)
issed (participle past)
yissed (participle past)

Middle Scots: isch, usch

Scots: ish, ush

→ English: ish (Scotland)

Borrowed from Old French issir, eissir, from Latin exīre. Compare issuen.

(finance, of profits) To accrue or accumulate.


stourben

stourben (third-person singular simple present stourbeth, present participle stourbende, stourbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stourbed)

stourbeth (present singular third-person)
stourbende (participle present)
stourbynge (participle present)
stourbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

To me is ȝoldun my money, loo! it is had in the sak; and thei stonyed al aboute and sturbed, seiden togideres, What forsothe is this that God hath doon to vs?

1384, John Wycliffe's, Bible, Genesis Chapter 42, Verse 28.:


mewe

English: mew (archaic)

i

Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)

→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve

French: mauve

Old French: moette

French: mouette

From Old English mǣw, from Proto-West Germanic *maiwī, from Proto-Germanic *maiwaz.

(rare) seagull, gull (member of the family Laridae)


mewe

English: mew (mostly obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

A cage used for allowing birds to shed their feathers.

A cage or compartment used for preparing animals to be used as meat.

Any place where one is locked up or secured; a cage or cell.

A place used as a hideout, refuge or redoubt.


mewe

(rare, Late Middle English) Currently shedding its feathers.


soure

Yola: zour


sweten

enm-verb

sweten (third-person singular simple present sweteth, present participle swetende, swetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sweted)

sweteth (present singular third-person)
swetende (participle present)
swetynge (participle present)
sweted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
sweten (infinitive)
to sweten (infinitive)
swete (infinitive)
swete (first-person present singular)
sweted (first-person past singular)
swetest (present second-person singular)
swetedest (past second-person singular)
sweteth (present singular third-person)
sweted (past singular third-person)
swete (present singular subjunctive)
sweted (past singular subjunctive)
swete (imperative present singular)
sweten (plural present)
swete (plural present)
sweteden (past plural)
swetede (past plural)
sweteth (imperative plural present)
swete (imperative plural present)
swetynge (participle present)
swetende (participle present)
sweted (participle past)
ysweted (participle past)

English: sweet

Inherited from Old English swētan, from Proto-West Germanic *swōtijan, from Proto-Germanic *swōtijaną; equivalent to swete (“sweet”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


sweten

English: sweat

Scots: sweet, swate, sweit, swite

Inherited from Old English swǣtan, from Proto-West Germanic *swaitijan, from Proto-Germanic *swaitijaną; equivalent to swete (“sweat”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


fewte

Arthur þem þanked þat þey so ches; Louely tok he per alle here fewte, ffor þey come alle so wyþ wylle fre.

1338, Robert Manning of Brunne, The Story of England:

And after that he conquered all Scotlond, and made the Kynge of Scottes his liege man, to do him fewte and homage as he ought of right.

1464, “Cronycullys of Englonde”, in A Short English Chronicle:


hamelen

enm-verb

hamelen (third-person singular simple present hameleth, present participle hamelende, hamelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative hamelede, hamlede, past participle hameled, ihamled)

hameleth (present singular third-person)
hamelende (participle present)
hamelynge (participle present)
hamelede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hamlede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hameled (participle past)
ihamled (participle past)

English: hamble, hummel (probably)

From Old English hamelian, possibly from Old Norse (compare Icelandic hamla (“to maim, mutilate”)), from Proto-Germanic *hamalōną, *hamlōną (“to mutilate”), from Proto-Indo-European *kem- (“hornless; mutilated”).

der

For thus forforth I haue thy werke begon / Fro day to day, tyl this day by the morowe / Her loue of frendſhyp haue I to the won / and therfore hath ſhe laid her faith to borow / Algate a foote is hameled of thy sorowe

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book II, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio clxxviii, recto, column 2, lines 960–964:


tosten

tosten (infinitive)
to tosten (infinitive)
toste (infinitive)
toste (first-person present singular)
tosted (first-person past singular)
tostest (present second-person singular)
tostedest (past second-person singular)
tosteth (present singular third-person)
tosted (past singular third-person)
toste (present singular subjunctive)
tosted (past singular subjunctive)
toste (imperative present singular)
tosten (plural present)
toste (plural present)
tosteden (past plural)
tostede (past plural)
tosteth (imperative plural present)
toste (imperative plural present)
tostynge (participle present)
tostende (participle present)
tosted (participle past)
ytosted (participle past)

English: toast

Scots: toast

From Old French toster, from Latin tostus, from torreō, from Proto-Italic *torzeō, from Proto-Indo-European *torséyeti.


origyne

English: origin

Scots: origin, oreegin

From Old French origine, from Latin orīginem, accusative of orīgō.

The origin, lineage, or provenance of something.


lollen

enm-verb

lollen (third-person singular simple present lolleth, present participle lollende, lollynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative lollede, past participle lolled, ilolled)

lolleth (present singular third-person)
lollende (participle present)
lollynge (participle present)
lollede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
lolled (participle past)
ilolled (participle past)

From Middle Dutch lollen, lullen (“to doze; to mumble, talk nonsense”).

To act lazily or indolently; to recline; to lie at ease; to loll.

Especially of body parts: to hang down, to dangle; to loll.


lollen

lollen (third-person singular simple present lolleth, present participle lollende, lollynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative lollede, lullede, past participle lolled, ilolled)

lolleth (present singular third-person)
lollende (participle present)
lollynge (participle present)
lollede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
lullede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
lolled (participle past)
ilolled (participle past)

From Late Latin Lollardi, Lullardi (“a Lollard”) (whence English Lollard, Lollardy); further etymology uncertain (see Lollard). Sense 2 is probably influenced by lollen (“to hang down, to dangle”) (above).


n'ere

If it n'ere to long to here


fomentacioun

English: fomentation

From Late Latin fōmentātiō, fōmentātiōnem, from fōmentāre, from fōmentum (“lotion; compress, poultice; warm application; fomentation”), from foveō (“to warm, keep warm; to cherish, nurture; to bathe, foment”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dʰegʷʰ- (“to burn; warm, hot”). Equivalent to fomenten + -acioun.

der

The act of fomenting; the application of warm, soft, medicinal substances, as for the purpose of easing pain by relaxing the skin, or of discussing (dispersing) tumours; fomentation.

A lotion or poultice applied to a diseased or injured part of the body; fomentation.


folehardy

English: foolhardy

From Old French fol hardi (“foolishly bold”), from Old French fol (“foolish, silly; insane, mad”) (from Latin follis (“bellows; purse, sack; inflated ball; belly, paunch”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”)) + Old French hardi (“durable, hardy, tough”) (past tense of hardir (“to harden”), from the unattested Frankish *hardijan, from Proto-Germanic *harduz (“hard; brave”)). Equivalent to fole + hardy.

Y no fond neuer so folehardi man, Þat hider to ous durst wende.

This is my lyfe, but yf that I wold fight / And out at dore, anon I mote me dight / And els I am loſt, but yf that I / Belyke a wylde lyon, fole hardy

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Monkes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxxxix, verso, column 1:

Marked by unthinking recklessness with disregard for danger; boldly rash; hotheaded, foolhardy.


Frise

English: Frise

From Old English Frīsa, from Proto-West Germanic *frīsō.


milce

⇒ English: milse (verb)

From Old English mils, milts, milds, from Proto-Germanic *mildisjō (“mildness; kindness”).


Aquilon

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer (translator), Boece, Book 2, in The Workes of Geffray Chaucer, London: William Bonham, 1542,
Ofte the see is cleare and calme with mouynge floudes, and ofte the horryble wynde Aquilon moueth boylynge tempestes, and ouerwhelueth the see.


roted

first/third-person singular indicative past

inflection of roten (“to rot”):
singular subjunctive past

inflection of roten (“to rot”):
plural indicative/subjunctive past


tuwa

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twie


disch

English: dish
Tok Pisin: dis

Scots: dish

Yola: dishe

From Old English disċ, from Proto-West Germanic *disk, from Proto-Germanic *diskuz, from Latin discus. Doublet of deis and deske.


subtely

[...] Þis ilke storie subtely to endyte [...]

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Frederick J. Furnivall (editor), The Lansdowne MS (No. 851) of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, page 530 (section: "The second nun's tale. Lansdowne MS. [The Poem.]")


-the

English: -th, -t

Scots: -th, -t

Inherited from Old English -þ, -þu (abstract nominal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-iþu, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō, from Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂.

(rarely productive) Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness


-the

English: -th

Scots: -t

Inherited from Old English -þa (ordinal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-dō, from Proto-Germanic *-dô.

inh+

Forms ordinal numerals, except for first, seconde, thridde; -th.


asske

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


badde

head

badde (plural and weak singular badde, comparative badder, superlative baddest)

badde (plural)
badde (singular weak)
badder (comparative)
baddest (superlative)

English: bad

Scots: bad

Unknown. Conventionally compared to Old English bæddel. See English bad for more.

wicked, evil, vicious; ill-behaved; disloyal, unfaithful; dishonorable, bad

inferior or poor in quality; unattractive, distasteful; wretched, foul; decayed, rotten; debased, counterfeit

inadequate, unsatisfactory, worthless; inadequately provided, bad off


badde

English: bad


badde

Unknown; possibly originally a term of affection.


madli

English: madly


brandreth

English: brandreth

From Old English brandrād (from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]) and Old Norse brandreið, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brandaraidō. Equivalent to brand + rode (“ride”).


anoy

English: annoy

Borrowed from Old French anoi, enoi; compare anoyen and modern English ennui.


iwon

From Old Norse ván (“hope, expectation”), from Proto-Germanic *wēniz. Doublet of wene (“speculation”).


iwon

third-person singular simple past of iwinnen


folye

English: folly

Scots: folly

From Old French folie; equivalent to fole (“fool”) + -ie.

Folly, idiocy, stupidness; stupid behaviour.

Rubbish; bullshit; a quip that is erroneous or useless.

Sinning, iniquitousness, perfidy, unlawfulness.

Sexual misconduct or impropriety; lewdness.


blinnen

blinnen (infinitive)
to blinnen (infinitive)
blinne (infinitive)
blinne (first-person present singular)
blan (first-person past singular)
blinned (first-person past singular)
blinnest (present second-person singular)
blanne (past second-person singular)
blan (past second-person singular)
blinnedest (past second-person singular)
blinneth (present singular third-person)
blan (past singular third-person)
blinned (past singular third-person)
blinne (present singular subjunctive)
blanne (past singular subjunctive)
blinned (past singular subjunctive)
blinne (imperative present singular)
blinnen (plural present)
blinne (plural present)
blannen (past plural)
blanne (past plural)
blinneden (past plural)
blinnede (past plural)
blinneth (imperative plural present)
blinne (imperative plural present)
blinnynge (participle present)
blinnende (participle present)

English: blin (obsolete)

Scots: blin (poetic)

From Old English blinnan, belinnan, from Proto-West Germanic *bilinnan; equivalent to bi- + linnen.

(transitive) To stop or end (not continue)

(transitive) To cease or abandon; to stop doing:

(intransitive) To cease moving; to come to a stop or pause.

(intransitive) To cease talking; to quieten down.

To cease or abandon; to stop doing:
To cease talking; to quieten down.

(transitive) To stop or end (cause to stop)


boye

English: boy

Scots: boy

Yola: bye, buye

From Old English *bōia, from Proto-Germanic *bōjô.

þe boye hit scholde abugge
Horn þreu him ouer þe brigge.

The boy should pay for it; Horn threw him over the bridge.

servant, attendant (especially if young)


roupe

Alternative form of ropen (“to cry out”)


thinken

enm-verb

thinken (third-person singular simple present thinketh, present participle thinkende, first-/third-person singular past indicative thought, past participle ithought)

thinketh (present singular third-person)
thinkende (participle present)
thought (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ithought (participle past)
thinken (infinitive)
to thinken (infinitive)
thinke (infinitive)
thinke (first-person present singular)
thoughte (first-person past singular)
thinkest (present second-person singular)
thoughtest (past second-person singular)
thinketh (present singular third-person)
thoughte (past singular third-person)
thinke (present singular subjunctive)
thoughte (past singular subjunctive)
thinke (imperative present singular)
thinken (plural present)
thinke (plural present)
thoughten (past plural)
thoughte (past plural)
thinketh (imperative plural present)
thinke (imperative plural present)
thinkynge (participle present)
thinkende (participle present)
thought (participle past)
ythought (participle past)

English: think

Scots: think, thynk

And in the menewhile that thei thoughten upon these thinges that thei hadde seyn, the squyer com the thridde tyme and smote his lorde sorer than he hadde don before.

And for their mistress, thoughten the two swains,
They moughten never take too mickle pains;

1589, George Peele, An Eclogue Gratulatory:

To think, ponder; to deduce, figure out; to grasp, understand.

To reach a conclusion, to decide, resolve; to accept, believe; to consider, regard.

All the giants thoughten then
To have strucke out Sir Gawaines braine.


sparthe

English: sparth

He hath a sparth of twenti pound of wight.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


glewe

Alternative form of glewen (“to play music, have fun”).


berel

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


gracen

gracen (infinitive)
to gracen (infinitive)
grace (infinitive)
grace (first-person present singular)
graced (first-person past singular)
gracest (present second-person singular)
gracedest (past second-person singular)
graceth (present singular third-person)
graced (past singular third-person)
grace (present singular subjunctive)
graced (past singular subjunctive)
grace (imperative present singular)
gracen (plural present)
grace (plural present)
graceden (past plural)
gracede (past plural)
graceth (imperative plural present)
grace (imperative plural present)
gracynge (participle present)
gracende (participle present)
graced (participle past)
ygraced (participle past)

English: grace

From Old French graciier, from grace; equivalent to grace + -en (“infinitival ending”).


spicen

spicen (infinitive)
to spicen (infinitive)
spice (infinitive)
spice (first-person present singular)
spiced (first-person past singular)
spicest (present second-person singular)
spicedest (past second-person singular)
spiceth (present singular third-person)
spiced (past singular third-person)
spice (present singular subjunctive)
spiced (past singular subjunctive)
spice (imperative present singular)
spicen (plural present)
spice (plural present)
spiceden (past plural)
spicede (past plural)
spiceth (imperative plural present)
spice (imperative plural present)
spicynge (participle present)
spicende (participle present)
spiced (participle past)
yspiced (participle past)

English: spice

Scots: spice

(rare) To perform embalmment with spices.


ythe

From the oblique forms of Old English ȳþ, from Proto-West Germanic *unþi, from Proto-Germanic *unþī.


heaten

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heten (“to heat”)


togidere

English: together

Scots: thegither, togidder

Two or more gathered in one place; sharing each other's company.

In a state of being an assembled whole or single entity. (of parts)

In such a way as to draw nearer; towards each other.

(by extension) Joined by marriage, friendship or other bonds.


abstractif

English: abstractive

From Latin abstractivus, from abstractus (“drawn away”) + -īvus; equivalent to abstract + -if.

(grammar, of nouns) Denoting a quality or state that is not concrete; abstract.


depthe

English: depth

Scots: deepth

Inherited from Old English *dīepþ, from Proto-West Germanic *diupiþu, from Proto-Germanic *diupiþō; equivalent to depe + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

The depths; the oceans; that which is below the waves.

(rare) The sea floor; the part of the earth's surface which is submerged.

(rare, Late Middle English) The lower or inner part of something; the interior of something.

(rare, figurative) The extent of something.


drof

English: droff

From Old English drōf, from Proto-West Germanic *drōbī (“disturbed, cloudy, troubled”).

inh

Troubled, disturbed; afflicted by sorrow.

(of water) having sediment stirred up; murky, turbid.


fæderlic

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of faderly


synful

head

synful (plural and weak singular synfulle)

synfulle (plural)
synfulle (singular weak)

English: sinful

Scots: sinfu

Inherited from Old English synful; equivalent to and sometimes remodelled after synne + -ful, though the disyllabic form remains predominant.

(Early Middle English, rare) Unbaptised; lacking a baptism.


lifleas

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of lyfles


breade

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of brede (“breadth”)


tyn

English: tin

→ Atong (India): tin

→ Iban: tin

→ Indonesian: tin

→ Norman: tinne

Tok Pisin: tin

Scots: tin

From Old English tin, from Proto-West Germanic *tin, from Proto-Germanic *tiną.


herten

From Old English heortan; equivalent to herte + -en (plural suffix).


feend

English: fiend, fend

Scots: fient

Yola: feand

From Old English fēond, from Proto-Germanic *fijandz. Cognate to German Feind and Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (fijands).

A demon, devil, or evil spirit, especially one that possesses people.


walc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of walk


twifeald

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of twifold


ȝeten

enm-verb

ȝeten (third-person singular simple present ȝeteþ, present participle ȝetende, first-/third-person singular past indicative ȝette, past participle ȝet)

ȝeteþ (present singular third-person)
ȝetende (participle present)
ȝette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ȝet (participle past)
ȝeten (infinitive)
to ȝeten (infinitive)
ȝete (infinitive)
ȝete (first-person present singular)
ȝette (first-person past singular)
ȝeted (first-person past singular)
ȝetest (present second-person singular)
ȝettest (past second-person singular)
ȝetedest (past second-person singular)
ȝeteth (present singular third-person)
ȝette (past singular third-person)
ȝeted (past singular third-person)
ȝete (present singular subjunctive)
ȝette (past singular subjunctive)
ȝeted (past singular subjunctive)
ȝete (imperative present singular)
ȝeten (plural present)
ȝete (plural present)
ȝetten (past plural)
ȝette (past plural)
ȝeteden (past plural)
ȝetede (past plural)
ȝeteth (imperative plural present)
ȝete (imperative plural present)
ȝetynge (participle present)
ȝetende (participle present)
ȝet (participle past)
ȝeted (participle past)
yȝet (participle past)
yȝeted (participle past)

From Old English ġēatan, from Proto-Germanic *jahatjaną.

To give something up to someone; to yield.

To give affirmation or permission; to assent.

To admit, recognize or confess something to be true; to acknowledge.

(optative) May it be that...; were it that...


ȝeten

Alternative form of yeten (“to address with "ye"”)


bonet

English: bonnet

Fingallian: barrede

Borrowed from Old French bonet (“material from which hats are made”), from Frankish *bunni (“that which is bound”), from Proto-Germanic *bundiją (“bundle”).


securite

English: security

From Middle French securité, from Latin sēcūritās; equivalent to Latin securus + -ite. Doublet of surete.

The state of being protected; security or safety.


Avrille

Partially modernized spelling of Aurille


Aurill

Geoffery Chaucer's Canturbury Tales, Hengwrt Manuscript, ca. 1395, line 1.


ouer

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


fnesen

enm-verb

fnesen (third-person singular simple present fneseth, present participle fnesende, fnesynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fnesed)

fneseth (present singular third-person)
fnesende (participle present)
fnesynge (participle present)
fnesed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fnesen (infinitive)
to fnesen (infinitive)
fnese (infinitive)
fnese (first-person present singular)
fnesed (first-person past singular)
fnesest (present second-person singular)
fnesedest (past second-person singular)
fneseth (present singular third-person)
fnesed (past singular third-person)
fnese (present singular subjunctive)
fnesed (past singular subjunctive)
fnese (imperative present singular)
fnesen (plural present)
fnese (plural present)
fneseden (past plural)
fnesede (past plural)
fneseth (imperative plural present)
fnese (imperative plural present)
fnesynge (participle present)
fnesende (participle present)
fnesed (participle past)
yfnesed (participle past)

From Old English fnēosan and perhaps also from Old English fnesan.


keye

English: key

Scots: key, kee, kye

From Old English cǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *kaiju; the final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

(architecture) A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

In various extended senses:
A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

(music, rare) A musical sound; a note or tone.

In various extended senses:
A musical sound; a note or tone.

(nautical, rare) A rudder (device for steering a ship)

In various extended senses:
A rudder (device for steering a ship)

Control, safety, or that which ensures it.

In various figurative senses:
A requirement or prerequisite.

(rare) An explication; explanatory material.

In various figurative senses:
An explication; explanatory material.


keye

desctree

English: quay, cay (obsolete)
→ Scottish Gaelic: cidhe
→ Bulgarian: кей (kej)
→ Macedonian: кеј (kej)
→ Serbo-Croatian: кеј
→ Serbo-Croatian: kej

Yola: kie


roum

English: room

→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm

→ Fiji Hindi: rum

Scots: rowm, roum

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *rūm
Old English rūm
Middle English roum
Inherited from Old English rūm, from Proto-West Germanic *rūm, from Proto-Germanic *rūmą.


neygh

head

neygh (comparative neigher, superlative neighest)

neigher (comparative)
neighest (superlative)

English: nigh

Scots: ne, ney

Yola: neeghe, nich

From Old English nēah, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.

Figuratively near; e.g. in time, relation, or in a list.


eighte

English: eight

Sranan Tongo: aiti

Scots: echt, aucht

Yola: ayght, aught

From Old English eahta, from Proto-West Germanic *ahtō, from Proto-Germanic *ahtōu, from Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓw.
The form /ˈɛi̯xt(ə)/, showing the West Midland and Kentish dialectal development of OE /æ/ (< /æ͜ɑ/) to /ɛ/ (instead of usual /a/), unexpectedly predominates in Middle English.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


yoman

English: yeoman

→⇒ Irish: gíománach

Of obscure origin. Possibly from Old English *ġēamann, related to Old Frisian gāmann (“villager”), Middle Dutch goyman (“arbitrator”).


ferthing

English: farthing

Scots: fardin

Yola: fardeen

From Old English feorðing; equivalent to ferthe + -ing.

A farthing or similar small coin; the weight of that coin.


schepherde

enm-noun

schepherde (plural schepherdes or (rare) schepherden)

schepherdes (plural)
schepherden (plural rare)

English: shepherd

Scots: shepherd

From Old English sċēaphierde, from Proto-West Germanic *skāpahirdī; equivalent to schep (“sheep”) + herde (“herder”).

I am a good ſchepparde / a good ſchepparde ȝyueþ his lijf foꝛ his ſcheep

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 10:11, page 49v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I am a good shepherd; a good shepherd gives up his life for his sheep.

(figuratively) A spiritual leader or guide.


freten

enm-verb

freten (third-person singular simple present freteth, present participle fretynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative frat, past participle freten)

freteth (present singular third-person)
fretynge (participle present)
frat (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
freten (participle past)
freten (infinitive)
to freten (infinitive)
frete (infinitive)
frete (first-person present singular)
frat (first-person past singular)
fret (first-person past singular)
frette (first-person past singular)
freted (first-person past singular)
fretest (present second-person singular)
frete (past second-person singular)
frat (past second-person singular)
fret (past second-person singular)
frettest (past second-person singular)
fretedest (past second-person singular)
freteth (present singular third-person)
fret (present singular third-person)
frat (past singular third-person)
fret (past singular third-person)
frette (past singular third-person)
freted (past singular third-person)
frete (present singular subjunctive)
frete (past singular subjunctive)
frette (past singular subjunctive)
freted (past singular subjunctive)
frete (imperative present singular)
freten (plural present)
frete (plural present)
freten (past plural)
frete (past plural)
fretten (past plural)
frette (past plural)
freteden (past plural)
fretede (past plural)
freteth (imperative plural present)
frete (imperative plural present)
fretynge (participle present)
fretende (participle present)
freten (participle past)
yfreten (participle past)
frete (participle past)
yfrete (participle past)
fret (participle past)
yfret (participle past)
freted (participle past)
yfreted (participle past)

English: fret

Scots: frete, freet

Inherited from Old English fretan, from Proto-West Germanic *fraetan, from Proto-Germanic *fraetaną; equivalent to fret (“eating away”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Some senses are possibly influenced by an Old French *freiter.

af

At the bigynnyng God gaf the doom hymselve-- / That Adam and Eve and alle that hem suwede / Sholden deye downrighte, and dwelle in peyne after / If that thei touchede a tree and of the fruyt eten. / Adam afterward, ayeins his defence, / Freet of that fruyt, and forsook, as it were, / The love of Oure Lord and his loore bothe […]

1370–1390, William Langland, “Passus. xviii. de visione”, in Piers Plowman:

At the beginning God gave the judgment himself / That Adam and Eve and all them that ensued, / Should die down right and dwell in pain after, / If that they touched a tree and the fruit ate, / Adam afterward against his warning / Ate of that fruit, and forsook, as it were, / The love of our Lord and his lore both, […]

To consume, to devour, to eat (usually of animals).

To gnaw or chomp; to attack with the teeth.

To wear or abrade; to rub or chafe at:
To corrode; to eat or wear away.

(figurative) To wear at; to annoy or injure.

To wear or abrade; to rub or chafe at:
To wear at; to annoy or injure.

(rare, cooking) To force through a strainer.


freten

enm-verb

freten (third-person singular simple present freteth, present participle fretynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative frette, past participle fret)

freteth (present singular third-person)
fretynge (participle present)
frette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fret (participle past)
{{{head}}} (infinitive)
to {{{head}}} (infinitive)

English: fret

Borrowed from Old French frete, past participle of freter (“to decorate”).

To decorate with precious adornments (often wire or gems)


freten

English: fret

Borrowed from Old French fretter, freter, from frette (“ring”). See fretter.


huam

(Kent) Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


winn

Alternative form of win (“benefit, wealth, discord”)


esk

Alternative form of asshe (“burnt matter”)


Pendragon

c. 1215, Layamon, Brut, lines 1516-1517

He was there at Easter with his noble army; / Happy was the town of London for Uther Pendragon.

He wes þere an Æstre mid aðele his uolke; / bliðe wes þe Lundenes tun for Vthere Pendragun.

(Arthurian legend) Epithet of Uther, the father of King Arthur.


poisoun

English: poison

Scots: pushion

From Old French poison, from Latin pōtiōnis, accusative of pōtiō; doublet of pocioun.


Sunnenday

English: Sunday (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Soneday, Sunday

Yola: Zindei


Tewesday

English: Tuesday

Scots: Tysday

Yola: Tusedei, tuesdei

From Old English tiwesdæġ, from Proto-West Germanic *Tīwas dag.


Saterday

English: Saturday
Tok Pisin: Sarere

Scots: Seturday

Yola: Zathardei, zatherdei

From Old English sæterdæg, a form of sæternesdæg, from Proto-West Germanic *Sāturnas dag.


alonnesse

English: aloneness


oonly

English: only

Scots: anely

From Old English ānlīċ, a form of ǣnlīċ; equivalent to oon + -ly.


fisch

English: fish (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fish, fysch, fisch

Yola: wish

From Old English fisċ; in turn from Proto-West Germanic *fisk, from Proto-Germanic *fiskaz.

An animal that inhabits the water or the meat of such; marine life; e.g. alligators, fish, beavers, etc.


autumpne

English: autumn

Scots: autumn

Borrowed from Middle French automne, from Old French automne, autonne, from Latin autumnus.

(Late Middle English, uncommon) autumn, fall


sesoun

English: season

Scots: saison

→ Irish: séasún, séasúr

From Old French seson, from Latin satiōnem, accusative of satiō.

time of the year, especially that with some distinguishing feature


lenten

English: Lent, Lenten

Scots: Lentrin, Lentern

From Old English lencten, from Proto-West Germanic *langatīn.


swetnesse

English: sweetness

From Old English swētnes; equivalent to swete + -nesse.


sornesse

English: soreness

Scots: sairness

From Old English sārnes; equivalent to sore + -nesse.

Soreness, painfulness; the state of being sore.

A boil or wound; a sore area of the body.


sorow

English: sorrow

Scots: sorra

From Old English sorg, from Proto-West Germanic *sorgu, from Proto-Germanic *surgō.


socour

English: succor, succour

Derived from sucuren, in turn borrowed from Old French secorre.


hervest

English: harvest

Scots: hairst, harvest

Yola: hearesth, harrest

From Old English herfest, a Mercian form of hærfest.


swuster

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of suster


Dene lawe

English: Danelaw


impregnacioun

English: impregnation


morther

English: murder

From Old English morþor, from Proto-Germanic *murþrą. Some forms influenced by Anglo-Norman Anglo-Norman murdre.


doughter

enm-noun

doughter (plural doughters or doughtren or deghter or (rare) doughter or (rare) deghteres or (rare) dehtren, genitive doughter or doughters)

doughters (plural)
doughtren (plural)
deghter (plural)
doughter (plural rare)
deghteres (plural rare)
dehtren (plural rare)
doughter (genitive)
doughters (genitive)

desctree

English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda

desc

Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter

Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Old English dohtor, from Proto-West Germanic *dohter.

dostyr

influenced by late Old French, where s before a consonant represented /x/

foꝛ I cam to departe a man aȝenes his fadir .· ⁊ þe douȝtir aȝenes hir modir · ⁊ þe ſones wijf aȝenes þe hoſebondis modir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:35, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because I came to divide a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against [her] mother-in-law.

Nat longe tyme after that this Grisild

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 442-444

Al had hir lever have born a knave child.
Not long time after this Griselda
Was married, she has borne a daughter,
Although she would rather have given birth to a male child.

One's daughter; one's female direct progeny.

One of one's female inheritors (also used metaphorically in religion)

A woman who lives in or inhabits a certain nation.

A religious woman, especially one who has given herself to the monastic lifestyle.

A habit or behaviour viewed as one of the mental progeny of someone or something.

A term of friendship used when talking to a woman.


elleven

English: eleven

Middle Scots: ane-levin, alevin, ellevin, elevin, levin

Scots: eleiven, eleeven

From Old English endleofan, from Proto-West Germanic *ainalif, in turn from Proto-Germanic *ainalif; forms with final /ə/ are from Old English inflected forms.
The shift of primary stress from the first to the second syllable is unexpected.


cunnen

enm-verb

cunnen (third-person singular simple present can, present participle cunnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative coude, past participle coud)

can (present singular third-person)
cunnynge (participle present)
coude (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
coud (participle past)
cunnen (infinitive)
to cunnen (infinitive)
cunne (infinitive)
can (first-person present singular)
couthe (first-person past singular)
coude (first-person past singular)
canst (present second-person singular)
couthest (past second-person singular)
coust (past second-person singular)
can (present singular third-person)
couthe (past singular third-person)
coude (past singular third-person)
cunne (present singular subjunctive)
canne (present singular subjunctive)
couthe (past singular subjunctive)
coude (past singular subjunctive)
cunne (imperative present singular)
canne (imperative present singular)
cunnen (plural present)
cunne (plural present)
canne (plural present)
couthen (past plural)
couthe (past plural)
couden (past plural)
coude (past plural)
cunneth (imperative plural present)
cunne (imperative plural present)
canne (imperative plural present)
cunnynge (participle present)
cunnende (participle present)
cunned (participle past)
coud (participle past)

desc

English: can, con, cun, could, cunning, canny

Scots: can, cun, cunning

Yola: canna, cou

From Old English cunnan, from Proto-West Germanic *kunnan, from Proto-Germanic *kunnaną. Past forms with /d/ are due to the influence of the weak past ending.

To know about (especially a domain of knowledge)

(auxiliary) To be able to; to have the capability (to do); can.

(auxiliary) To be able to do in the relevant situation; to be available to do.


mowen

enm-verb

mowen (third-person singular simple present may, present participle mowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative myghte, past participle mowen)

may (present singular third-person)
mowynge (participle present)
myghte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
mowen (participle past)
mowen (infinitive)
to mowen (infinitive)
mowe (infinitive)
maye (infinitive)
may (first-person present singular)
myghte (first-person past singular)
moghte (first-person past singular)
myght (present second-person singular)
mayst (present second-person singular)
myghtest (past second-person singular)
moghtest (past second-person singular)
may (present singular third-person)
myghte (past singular third-person)
moghte (past singular third-person)
mowe (present singular subjunctive)
maye (present singular subjunctive)
myghte (past singular subjunctive)
moghte (past singular subjunctive)
mowen (plural present)
mowe (plural present)
mayen (plural present)
maye (plural present)
myghten (past plural)
myghte (past plural)
moghten (past plural)
moghte (past plural)
mowynge (participle present)
mowende (participle present)
mowen (participle past)
mowe (participle past)
myght (participle past)
moght (participle past)

English: may

Scots: mey, may, ma

Yola: mye, mey, mai, maa, ma, meigh

From Old English magan, from Proto-West Germanic *magan, from Proto-Germanic *maganą.
Most forms are from an Old English by-form *mugan (no doubt due to the analogy of dugan).

Þu myhteſ faren al a dæiſ fare ſculdeſt thu neure finden man in tun ſittende · ne land tiled.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

You could go a whole day's journey, but you'd never find anyone in town or any tilled fields.

foꝛ þe greet dai of her wraþþe comeþ · ⁊ who ſchal mowe ſtonde

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 6:17, page 119v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[…] because the great day of their wrath has arrived, and who'll be able to stand?

Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende.[…]"

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

(auxiliary) To potentially be able (to do); might.

(auxiliary) To be permitted (to do); may.


mowen

mowen (third-person singular simple present moweth, present participle mowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative mew, past participle mowen)

moweth (present singular third-person)
mowynge (participle present)
mew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
mowen (participle past)
mowen (infinitive)
to mowen (infinitive)
mowe (infinitive)
mowe (first-person present singular)
mew (first-person past singular)
mowest (present second-person singular)
mewe (past second-person singular)
mew (past second-person singular)
moweth (present singular third-person)
mew (past singular third-person)
mowe (present singular subjunctive)
mewe (past singular subjunctive)
mowe (imperative present singular)
mowen (plural present)
mowe (plural present)
mewen (past plural)
mewe (past plural)
moweth (imperative plural present)
mowe (imperative plural present)
mowynge (participle present)
mowende (participle present)
mowen (participle past)
mowe (participle past)
ymowen (participle past)
ymowe (participle past)

English: mow

Scots: maw

From Old English māwan, from Proto-West Germanic *māan, from Proto-Germanic *mēaną.

To mow; to cut or slice off (the tops) of grasses or stalks.

To collect crops using a scythe or similar implement.


baroun

English: baron

Scots: baron

Borrowed from Old French baron, from Latin barōnem.
The Old English beorn (“poetic word to denote a man; warrior”), a probable cognate through Proto-Germanic, merged with baroun in Middle English—initially through the forms beren and beron. This likely led to sense three of the Middle English word.

A baron or equivalent rank specifically.


certeyn

English: certain

Scots: certain

From Old French certain, from Latin *certānus.

Certain, particular (of a quantity or amount).

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 131r

Send me grace to sleep and dream / Some trustworthy dream in my sleep / Through which I might know exactly / Whether my lord is alive or dead.

Sende me grace to slepe and mete / In my slepe some certeyn sweven / Wher thorgh that I may knowe even / Whethir my lorde be quyke or ded

Real, true, verified, credulous, reliable.

Definite, probable (of an event or action).


certeyn

A specified or particular amount or object.


emty

English: empty

Scots: empy

From Old English ēmtiġ, ǣmtiġ, a by-form of ǣmettiġ.


sotil

head

sotil (comparative sotiler, superlative sotilest)

sotiler (comparative)
sotilest (superlative)

desc

English: subtle, subtil, subtile, suttle

Scots: suttle

Borrowed from Old French sotil, soutil, subtil, from Latin subtīlis.

Discerning, perceptive, effective, intelligent.

Wily, tricky, creative; using sleight-of-hand successfully.

Deceptive, misleading; causing insidiousness or treachery.

Light; of low density or chopped into small bits.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
Little, diminutive; having a low size.

Low in width or breadth; slender or skinny.

Lacking coarseness; made with refinement.

(foods) Bland; having little taste or flavour.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
Bland; having little taste or flavour.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
(rare) Quiet, hard to hear or detect.

Low in a measurement; small or mean:
Quiet, hard to hear or detect.

Displaying refinement; well-mannered, exquisite, or cultured.

Made well or enjoyably; artisanal or delightful.

Having a high viscosity; fluidic or runny.

Airy, gaseous; lacking impurities or defects.

(rare) Challenging, unexplainable; causing difficulty.


sotil

A substance or part of one that is light and not dense.

(rare) Sophistication; the state of being complicated.


bochous

From Old English bōchus; equivalent to bok + hous.


thedisch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
From Old English þēodisċ, from Proto-West Germanic *þiudisk, from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz; equivalent to thede + -isch. Doublet of Duch.


speche

English: speech

Scots: spech, spek

From Old English spǣċ, a form of sprǣċ, from Proto-West Germanic *sprāku. Some forms are influenced by the verb speken.

Milce nas þer mid him [King William] non...Ac as a tirant tormentor in speche & ek in dede.

1297, Robert of Gloucester, Chronicles, section 8005:

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]


middenerd

English: Middle Earth (in part)

From Old English middaneard, an alteration of Old English middanġeard; derived from Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz.


middelerd

English: Middle Earth (in part)

An alteration, with the first element replaced by middel, of earlier middenerd; from Old English middaneard, in turn an alteration of Old English middanġeard; derived from Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz. Equivalent to middel + erd.


middelerthe

English: Middle Earth

Based on earlier middelerd, featuring the frequent conflation of erd with erthe; in turn an alteration of earlier middenerd; from Old English middaneard, in turn an alteration of Old English middanġeard; derived from Proto-Germanic *midjagardaz. Equivalent to middel + erthe.

(Distinguishing) features of the world; worldly objects


bowen

bowen (infinitive)
to bowen (infinitive)
bowe (infinitive)
bowe (first-person present singular)
beigh (first-person past singular)
bowed (first-person past singular)
bowest (present second-person singular)
bowe (past second-person singular)
beigh (past second-person singular)
bowedest (past second-person singular)
boweth (present singular third-person)
beigh (past singular third-person)
bowed (past singular third-person)
bowe (present singular subjunctive)
bowe (past singular subjunctive)
bowed (past singular subjunctive)
bowe (imperative present singular)
bowen (plural present)
bowe (plural present)
bowen (past plural)
bowe (past plural)
boweden (past plural)
bowede (past plural)
boweth (imperative plural present)
bowe (imperative plural present)
bowynge (participle present)
bowende (participle present)
bowen (participle past)
bowe (participle past)
bowed (participle past)
ybowe (participle past)

English: (to) bow

Scots: boo

From Old English būgan, from Proto-West Germanic *beugan.


berye

English: berry

Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry

Yola: kraanberry

From Old English berġe, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją.


winberie

enm-noun

winberie (plural winberies or winberien)

desc

English: wineberry; whimberry, whinberry, wimberry, winberry, windberry

Inherited from Old English wīnberġe, from Proto-West Germanic *wīnabaʀi, from Proto-Germanic *wīnabasją; equivalent to win + berye.

A kind of berry (possibly the bilberry, like modern English whimberry).


slepeles

English: sleepless

From Old English slǣplēas; equivalent to slepe + -les.


thred

English: thread

Scots: threid

Yola: dreade

From Old English þrǣd, from Proto-Germanic *þrēduz.


serk

English: sark

Scots: sark, serk

Inherited from Old English serc, from Proto-West Germanic *sarki.

A shirt used as an undergarment (e.g. an undershirt or chemise)


hereros

Alternative form of hereos (“lovesickness”)


nihterne

From Old English nihterne. Equivalent to nyght + -erne.

(hapax, Early Middle English) Of or by the night.


esturne

From Old English ēasterne, from Proto-Germanic *austrōnijaz. Equivalent to est + -erne.


nyȝtschade

English: nightshade

From Old English nihtsċada. Equivalent to nyght + schade.

nightshade (plant belonging to the genus Solanum)


northerne

English: northern

Scots: northern, nordern, northren

From Old English norþerne, from Proto-Germanic *nurþrōnijaz. Equivalent to north + -erne.


schadowe

English: shadow

Scots: shadow, schaddow, scaddow

From Old English sċeaduwe, accusative of sċeadu. Compare schade, directly from the nominative form of sċeadu.


bisne

English: bizen (dialectal)

Scots: bysen, bizen, bysene

From the oblique cases of Old English bȳsn and Old Norse býsn; both from Proto-Germanic *būsniz.


freen

English: free

Scots: free, fre

From Old English frēoġan. Equivalent to fre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To exempt, release (from a burden or duty)


nacioun

English: nation

Scots: nation

Borrowed from Old French nacion, from Latin nātiō, nātiōnem.

People with some other commonality; a group of people

A group of students representing a country


southerne

English: southern, southron

Scots: soothren

From Old English sūþerne, from Proto-Germanic *sunþrōnijaz. Equivalent to south + -erne.


thurven

present indicative/subjunctive plural of tharen


durren

durren (infinitive)
to durren (infinitive)
durre (infinitive)
dare (infinitive)
dar (first-person present singular)
durste (first-person past singular)
darst (present second-person singular)
durstest (past second-person singular)
durste (past second-person singular)
dar (present singular third-person)
durste (past singular third-person)
durre (present singular subjunctive)
dare (present singular subjunctive)
durste (past singular subjunctive)
durren (plural present)
durre (plural present)
daren (plural present)
dare (plural present)
dursten (past plural)
durste (past plural)
durre (participle past)
dare (participle past)
durst (participle past)

English: dare

Scots: daur

From Old English durran, from Proto-West Germanic *durʀan, from Proto-Germanic *durzaną.

(auxiliary) To dare, be willing to do in the face of hardship

(auxiliary) To be compelled or forced to do; to need to do.


owen

owen (infinitive)
to owen (infinitive)
owe (infinitive)
ough (first-person present singular)
oughte (first-person past singular)
owed (first-person past singular)
oughst (present second-person singular)
oughtest (present second-person singular)
oughtest (past second-person singular)
owedest (past second-person singular)
ough (present singular third-person)
oughteth (present singular third-person)
oughte (past singular third-person)
owed (past singular third-person)
owe (present singular subjunctive)
oughte (past singular subjunctive)
owed (past singular subjunctive)
owen (plural present)
owe (plural present)
oughten (past plural)
oughte (past plural)
oweden (past plural)
owede (past plural)
owynge (participle present)
owende (participle present)
owen (participle past)
owed (participle past)
ought (participle past)
yowed (participle past)

English: owe (present tense), ought (past tense), own (past participle)

Scots: aw, awe

From Old English āgan, from Proto-West Germanic *aigan, from Proto-Germanic *aiganą.

To own, possess, have control over, have authority over

To owe, ought to give, have a debt towards

To respect, love (especially an authority)

To be appropriate, fitting, right for a situation

(auxillary) ought, should, be obliged to, be obligated to


leukwarm

English: lukewarm


wlak

From Old English wlæc, wlacu, from Proto-West Germanic *wlaku, from Proto-Germanic *wlakwaz.


dauncen

enm-verb

dauncen (third-person singular simple present daunceth, present participle dauncende, dauncynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle daunced)

daunceth (present singular third-person)
dauncende (participle present)
dauncynge (participle present)
daunced (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dauncen (infinitive)
to dauncen (infinitive)
daunce (infinitive)
daunce (first-person present singular)
daunced (first-person past singular)
dauncest (present second-person singular)
dauncedest (past second-person singular)
daunceth (present singular third-person)
daunced (past singular third-person)
daunce (present singular subjunctive)
daunced (past singular subjunctive)
daunce (imperative present singular)
dauncen (plural present)
daunce (plural present)
daunceden (past plural)
dauncede (past plural)
daunceth (imperative plural present)
daunce (imperative plural present)
dauncynge (participle present)
dauncende (participle present)
daunced (participle past)
ydaunced (participle past)

English: dance (see there for further descendants)

Yola: dansth (preterite)

From Anglo-Norman dauncer. Also synchronically derivable from daunce (noun) + -en (verbal suffix).

(figurative) To move about in a rapid manner, prance


strecchen

strecchen (infinitive)
to strecchen (infinitive)
strecche (infinitive)
strecche (first-person present singular)
streighte (first-person past singular)
strecched (first-person past singular)
strecchest (present second-person singular)
streightest (past second-person singular)
strecchedest (past second-person singular)
streccheth (present singular third-person)
streighte (past singular third-person)
strecched (past singular third-person)
strecche (present singular subjunctive)
streighte (past singular subjunctive)
strecched (past singular subjunctive)
strecche (imperative present singular)
strecchen (plural present)
strecche (plural present)
streighten (past plural)
streighte (past plural)
streccheden (past plural)
strecchede (past plural)
streccheth (imperative plural present)
strecche (imperative plural present)
strecchynge (participle present)
strecchende (participle present)
streight (participle past)
strecched (participle past)
ystreight (participle past)
ystrecched (participle past)

English: stretch

From Old English streċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *strakkjan.

To reach, project, be located out to a point

(figurative) To extend to, include, apply


pome garnate

enm-noun

pome garnate (plural pome garnates or pomes garnates)

pome garnates (plural)
pomes garnates (plural)

English: pomegranate

From Old French pomme grenate (“pomegranate”).


saumple

English: sample

Scots: saumple

From Old French essample, from Latin exemplum. Doublet of exaumple.


exaumple

English: example

From Old French example, form of essample, from Latin exemplum. Doublet of saumple.


sturgiun

English: sturgeon

From Old French estorjoun; in turn from Frankish *sturjō, from Proto-Germanic *sturjô.

A dish made of veal made to resemble sturgeon.


diversite

English: diversity

Scots: diversitie, diversitee

From Old French diversité. Equivalent to diverse + -ite.

Ther was swich diversitee Bitwene hir bothe lawes.

c'''1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, 87

distinction, discrimination, unequal treatment


dorry

English: dory

From Old French doree; past participle of dorer (“to gild”), from Latin deauratus.

dorrẹ̅, dōrī adj. & n. […] Golden or reddish-yellow […] (a. 1398) *Trev. Barth. 59b/a: ȝelouȝ colour [of urine] […] tokeneþ febleness of hete […] dorrey & citrine & liȝt red tokeneþ mene.

1962 (quoting c. 1398 text), Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, editors, Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, page 1242

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […] Soupes dorroy […] Do þe dorry a-bowte.

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, editor, Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 (Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91), volume I, London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, →OCLC, page 11

dorrẹ̅, dōrī adj. & n. […] cook. glazed with a yellow substance; pome(s ~, sopes ~. […] 1381 Pegge Cook. Recipes p. 114: For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1962 (quoting 1381 text), Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, editors, Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, page 1242

(cooking) Coated or glazed with a yellow substance or with "almond milk".


dorry

English: dory

(cooking) A dish that has been coated or glazed with a yellow substance or with almond milk.


grasgrene

From Old English græsgrēne, from Proto-Germanic *grasagrōniz. Equivalent to gras + grene.


grasgrene

English: grass-green


hylde

Alternative form of hiled: past participle of hilen (“to cover”)


asure

English: azure

Scots: asure

→ Welsh: asur

From Old French azur, in turn borrowed from Arabic لَازَوَرْد (lāzaward), borrowed from Persian لاجورد (lâjvard).


asure

English: azure

Scots: asure


bischophod

English: bishophood

Scots: bischophad

From Old English bisċophād; equivalent to bischop + -hod.

bishophood; the status and office of a bishop.

The status and office of any clergy member ranking a bishop or higher.


aumbre

English: amber

Scots: ambir

Borrowed from Middle French ambre, from Arabic عَنْبَر (ʕanbar), from Middle Persian ʾmbl (ambar).


bischop

English: bishop (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bishop

From Old English bisċop, from Latin episcopus.

Al the folk in which the Hooly Gost sette ȝou bischopis.
[Compare Tyndale oversears, Cranmer ouersears, Geneva Ouersears, Douay bishops, KJV ouerseers, ERV bishops with the marginal gloss or overseers.]

Crist veriest bischop of alle.

c. 1383, John Wyclif, Selected Works, III. 310:

bishop (clergy member that heads a diocese)

A clergy member ranking a bishop or higher.

A high priest or other ranking non-Christian religious official.


gernet

English: garnet

Scots: garnat


erchebischop

English: archbishop

Scots: archebischop

Inherited from Old English ærċebisċop, from Late Latin archiepiscopus.

archbishop (clergy member that heads an archdiocese)


tawne

English: tawny

Scots: tanny, tannie


tawne

English: tawny

Scots: tanny, tannie


cremesyn

English: crimson

From Old Spanish, from Andalusian Arabic قِرْمِز (qirmiz), from Persian کرمست (kermest). Ultimately from Sanskrit कृमिज (kṛmija).


cremesyn

English: crimson


popehode

English: popehood

papacy; the position and office of the pope


poperiche

English: poperiche (obsolete)


gostly

English: ghostly; ghastly (by conflation)

Scots: gaistly, ghaistly

From Old English gāstlīċ (“spiritual, holy, clerical (not lay), ghastly, ghostly, spectral”). Equivalent to gost + -ly (adjectival suffix).

inh

Relating to or belonging to the spirit; spiritual.

Supernatural, incorporeal; consisting of spirit.

Having intense religious faith; devout, pious.

Ghostly, ghastly; related to or like ghosts.


gostly

English: ghostly

Scots: gaistly, ghaistly

From Old English gāstlīċe, gǣstlīċe. Equivalent to gost + -ly (adverbial suffix).


popedome

English: popedom

Scots: papedom

From Old English pāpdōm. Equivalent to pope + -dom.


gastli

(Northern) Alternative form of gostly (adverb)


feendly

English: fiendly

from Old English fēondliċ (“hostile”), corresponding to feend + -ly.

(religion) Under the possession of a demon


usurere

English: usurer

One who lends money in order to gain interest; a usurer.


usurie

English: usury

From Old French usurie, userie, from Latin ūsūria.

To lend money in order to make interest; usury.


usere

English: user

From usen (“to use, make use”) + -er, from Old French usser, uiser.

An adherent to a religion, philosophy, way of living, etc.


Norreis

A person from northern England or Scotland.


Parys

English: Paris

Scots: Paris, Pairis

Paris (the capital and largest city of modern France)


Norenissce

From Old English Norren. Doublet of Norrene.

Related to or pertaining to Norway; Norwegian


reulily

English: rulily (obsolete)


reuler

English: ruler

Scots: reular


purpel

English: purple

Scots: purpill, purple

From Old English purpel, purpul, from Latin purpura, from Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphúra).

purple fabric, especially an article of clothing

(medicine, rare) A purple wound or sore.


purpel

English: purple

Scots: purpill, purple


reuful

head

reuful (plural and weak singular *reufulle, comparative *reufuler, superlative *reufulest)

*reufulle (plural)
*reufulle (singular weak)
*reufuler (comparative)
*reufulest (superlative)

English: rueful


pronunciacioun

English: pronunciation

Scots: pronunciacione

From Middle French prononciation, from Latin prōnūntiātiōnem, accusative of prōnūntiātiō.


ragge

English: rag

Scots: rag

From Old English *ragg, from Old Norse rǫgg, from Proto-Germanic *rawwō, from the same source as *rūhaz (“rough”).


rewly

English: ruly (obsolete)


rewly

rewly (comparative reulier, superlative reuliest)

reulier (comparative)
reuliest (superlative)

English: ruly (dated)

From Old English hrēowlīc; equivalent to rewe + -ly.


rewly

English: ruly (dated)


pronouncen

pronouncen (infinitive)
to pronouncen (infinitive)
pronounce (infinitive)
pronounce (first-person present singular)
pronounced (first-person past singular)
pronouncest (present second-person singular)
pronouncedest (past second-person singular)
pronounceth (present singular third-person)
pronounced (past singular third-person)
pronounce (present singular subjunctive)
pronounced (past singular subjunctive)
pronounce (imperative present singular)
pronouncen (plural present)
pronounce (plural present)
pronounceden (past plural)
pronouncede (past plural)
pronounceth (imperative plural present)
pronounce (imperative plural present)
pronouncynge (participle present)
pronouncende (participle present)
pronounced (participle past)
ypronounced (participle past)

English: pronounce

Scots: pronunce

From Old French prononcier, from Latin prōnūntiō.


Norrene

From Old English Norren. Doublet of Norenissce.


heretowa

→ English: heretog

(Early Middle English) leader, commander, head, governor


dokeling

English: duckling


presthode

English: priesthood

Scots: presthade

From Old English prēosthād; equivalent to prest (“priest”) + -hod.

The status and office of any clergy member ranking a priest or higher.


kitoun

English: kitten; kit

Probably from an unattested Anglo-Norman *kitoun, *ketun, corresponding to Old French chitoun, cheton, chaton (“kitten”); see English kitten for more.


prestly

English: priestly


prestly

From prest (“eager, alert, ready”) + -ly.


Duchish

duchisshe speche


organistre

English: organist

A person who plays a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.

A person who plays the organ; an organist.


simphaner

From Old French simphonieur and/or Medieval Latin symphōniārius. Closely related to simphane, simphan (“musical instrument”).


sounere

From sounen + -er, from Old French soner, from Latin sonāre (“to make a sound”).