harneys

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman harneis, from Old Norse *hernest. See Old French hernois.

Gear, tools, implements:
Weaponry; implements for fighting.

Gear, tools, implements:
A full set or suit of armour.

Gear, tools, implements:
Horse tack, especially for a warhorse.

Garments or clothing; fabric articles for wearing.

Supplies, equipment:
Household goods and items.

Supplies for a travelling individual or army.

Adornments or decorations for a tool or weapon.


þi

English: thy

Yola: thee, th'

An apocopic form of þin, þine, thyn, from Old English þīn, from Proto-West Germanic *þīn, from Proto-Germanic *þīnaz.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

second-person singular possessive determiner: thy, your


þi

(Northern) Alternative form of þe (“the”)


harneysen

harneysen (infinitive)
to harneysen (infinitive)
harneyse (infinitive)
harneyse (first-person present singular)
harneysed (first-person past singular)
harneysest (present second-person singular)
harneysedest (past second-person singular)
harneyseth (present singular third-person)
harneysed (past singular third-person)
harneyse (present singular subjunctive)
harneysed (past singular subjunctive)
harneyse (imperative present singular)
harneysen (plural present)
harneyse (plural present)
harneyseden (past plural)
harneysede (past plural)
harneyseth (imperative plural present)
harneyse (imperative plural present)
harneysynge (participle present)
harneysende (participle present)
harneysed (participle past)
yharneysed (participle past)

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

From Anglo-Norman harneschier; equivalent to harneys (“gear, equipment”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Some forms are remodelled on harneys.

af

To don armour and arm oneself; to prepare for battle.

To decorate a weapon, tool, or other item.

(Late Middle English) To restrain an animal used as a mount or a beast of burden.

(rare, Late Middle English) To wear clothing or garments.


wælh

Alternative form of wale (“foreigner, outsider, thrall”)


Wylisc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of Walsch


walmore

From Old English wealhmore; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + more (“root”).


wayle

Alternative form of wale (“selection, preference”)


walwort

English: wallwort, walwort, walewort (dated)

From Old English wealhwyrt, equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + wort (“plant”).

Sambucus ebulus
Sambucus ebulus#Translingual

danewort (The plant Sambucus ebulus, often used for medicinal purposes)

A plant that is similar to danewort in appearance or function.


walnot

English: walnut

Scots: wanit, wanut

From Old English wealhhnutu, from Proto-Germanic *walhahnuts; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + note (“nut”).


Walsch

English: Welsh, Walsh, Walshe

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh

From Old English wīelisċ, wēlisċ, from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -isch. Some forms have been remodelled by analogy with other etymologically related words.

A person of Welsh ethnicity; a Welshman.

(Middle) Welsh (the Insular Celtic language spoken in Wales)

A kind of woollen cloth originating from Wales.


Walsch

English: Welsh

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh


walen

walen (infinitive)
to walen (infinitive)
wale (infinitive)
wale (first-person present singular)
waled (first-person past singular)
walest (present second-person singular)
waledest (past second-person singular)
waleth (present singular third-person)
waled (past singular third-person)
wale (present singular subjunctive)
waled (past singular subjunctive)
wale (imperative present singular)
walen (plural present)
wale (plural present)
waleden (past plural)
walede (past plural)
waleth (imperative plural present)
wale (imperative plural present)
walynge (participle present)
walende (participle present)
waled (participle past)
ywaled (participle past)

English: wale

Scots: wale

From wale (“selection, preference”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) to come across, notice, or find (using one's vision)


walen

English: wale

From wale (“wheal, welt”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


sȝheo

(chiefly southern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of sche


scha

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of sche


scæ

(chiefly southern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of sche


sco

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of sche


sso

(chiefly western Southern) Alternative form of sche


cryminal

English: criminal

Scots: creeminal

From Anglo-Norman criminal, from Latin crīminālis; equivalent to cryme + -al.

(rare) Relating to crime or illegal actions; criminal.

(rare) Relating to unjust or immoral actions; wicked, iniquitous.


crymynatour

Borrowed from Latin crīminātor; equivalent to cryme + -atour.

(rare) One who alleges or claims; an alleger.


scho

English: shoe

Scots: shae

Yola: shoone (plural)

From Old English sċō-, oblique stem of sċōh, from Proto-West Germanic *skōh, form Proto-Germanic *skōhaz.

A horseshoe or similar device for other animals.

A piece of metal fortifying the edge of a wooden spade.


crymynous

English: criminous

From Latin crīminōsus; equivalent to cryme + -ous.

(rare, Late Middle English) disgraceful, shameful

(rare, Late Middle English) criminally responsible.


cryme

English: crime

Scots: crime

From Old French crime, from Latin crīmen.

A criminal action or decision; that which is against the law.

An immoral deed; that which is proscribed or considered sinful.


iniquite

English: iniquity

From Old French iniquité, from Latin inīquitās.

(rare, Late Middle English) An aggressive or hateful deed.

(rare, Late Middle English) A disaster; an unfortunate event or incident.


crumen

From Old English cruman, plural of cruma; equivalent to crome + -en (plural suffix).


hurre

Alternative form of hire (“her”, genitive)


hurre

Alternative form of hire (“her”, object)


hurre

(chiefly southern West Midland and Southern dialectal) Alternative form of here (“their”)


dyamaunt

English: diamond

Scots: diamant

From Old French diamant, from Late Latin diamās, from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Doublet of adamant.

diamond (valuable gemstone composed of carbon)


ouwer

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


ȝer

Alternative form of eere (“ear of grain”)


mousepese

English: mouse pea (Lathyrus pratensis)

Lathyrus linifolius
Wikispecies:Lathyrus linifolius

bitter vetch; heath pea (Lathyrus linifolius)

Lathyrus pratensis
Wikispecies:Lathyrus pratensis

meadow vetchling; meadow pea (Lathyrus pratensis)


mousere

English: mouser


mousere

English: mouse-ear

Hieracium pilosella
Wikispecies:Hieracium pilosella


mowsyn

mowsyn (infinitive)
to mowsyn (infinitive)
mowse (infinitive)
mowse (first-person present singular)
mowsed (first-person past singular)
mowsest (present second-person singular)
mowsedest (past second-person singular)
mowseth (present singular third-person)
mowsed (past singular third-person)
mowse (present singular subjunctive)
mowsed (past singular subjunctive)
mowse (imperative present singular)
mowsen (plural present)
mowse (plural present)
mowseden (past plural)
mowsede (past plural)
mowseth (imperative plural present)
mowse (imperative plural present)
mowsynge (participle present)
mowsende (participle present)
mowsed (participle past)
ymowsed (participle past)

English: mouse


oures

English: ours

First-person plural possessive pronoun: ours, of us.

For-giue us, fader, dettes ours.

Used determinatively when following the modified noun: our.


unker

From Old English uncer, genitive form of wit, from Proto-Germanic *unkeraz, possessive of *wet.

(Early Middle English) First-person dual possessive determiner: both of our.


unker

(Early Middle English) First-person dual genitive pronoun: both of ours, the two of ours.


diademe

English: diadem

From Old French diademe, from Latin diadēma, from Ancient Greek διάδημα (diádēma).

(rare) A diadem worn by the inhabitants of Heaven.


veye

Alternative form of fey (“marked for death”)


toþeles

English: toothless

Scots: tuithless

From Old English tōþlēas; equivalent to tothe (“tooth”) + -les.


acquerne

>? English: con, conn

>? Scots: con

From Old English ācweorna, āc-wern, āqueorna (“squirrel”), from Proto-West Germanic *aikwernō (“squirrel”).
Displaced by the French borrowing squirel around the 13th century. The word is cognate with Danish egern, Middle Dutch êncoren (modern Dutch eekhoorn, eikhoren, inkhoren), Norwegian ekorn, Old High German eichhorn, eihhorno (modern German Eichhorn), Low German êker-ken, Old Norse íkorni, Old Saxon ēkhorn.

inh

Þer nys nouþer fou ne grey. ne konyng, ne hermyne. / Ne oter. ne acquerne. Beuveyr ne sablyne.

c. 1175?, “II. A Moral Ode. [Jesus College (Oxford) MS I. Arch. I. 29.]”, in Richard Morris, editor, An Old English Miscellany Containing a Bestiary, Kentish Sermons, Proverbs of Alfred, Religious Poems of the Thirteenth Century, […] (Original Series; 49), London: Published for the Early English Text Society, by N[icholas] Trübner & Co., […], published 1872, →OCLC, folio 247, recto, page 70, lines 357–358:

There is neither coloured nor grey, nor rabbit, nor stoat, nor otter, nor squirrel, nor beaver, nor sable.


tothe

English: tooth

Scots: tuth, tuith

(figurative) A desire or longing (especially for food).


tethen

tethen (infinitive)
to tethen (infinitive)
tethe (infinitive)
tethe (first-person present singular)
tethed (first-person past singular)
tethest (present second-person singular)
tethedest (past second-person singular)
tetheth (present singular third-person)
tethed (past singular third-person)
tethe (present singular subjunctive)
tethed (past singular subjunctive)
tethe (imperative present singular)
tethen (plural present)
tethe (plural present)
tetheden (past plural)
tethede (past plural)
tetheth (imperative plural present)
tethe (imperative plural present)
tethynge (participle present)
tethende (participle present)
tethed (participle past)
ytethed (participle past)

English: teethe

Scots: teethe


toþen

toþen (infinitive)
to toþen (infinitive)
toþe (infinitive)
toþe (first-person present singular)
toþed (first-person past singular)
toþest (present second-person singular)
toþedest (past second-person singular)
toþeth (present singular third-person)
toþed (past singular third-person)
toþe (present singular subjunctive)
toþed (past singular subjunctive)
toþe (imperative present singular)
toþen (plural present)
toþe (plural present)
toþeden (past plural)
toþede (past plural)
toþeth (imperative plural present)
toþe (imperative plural present)
toþynge (participle present)
toþende (participle present)
toþed (participle past)
ytoþed (participle past)

English: tooth


grashope

English: grasshop (obsolete)


garsavese

From gras and a descendant of Old English æfesen.

A charge for the renting of land for raising pigs on.


greceles

English: grassless


gressehopper

English: grasshopper

From grashope, remodelled with the addition of the suffix -er.

(rare) Something else which leaps in the grass.


grasy

English: grassy

Scots: gressy, girsie


graciouse

inflection of gracious:
strong/weak plural


graceles

English: graceless

Wicked, sinful, not experiencing God's help.

(rare) unfortunate, incautious, reckless


graciousnesse

English: graciousness

(rare) achievement, fortuitousness, luckiness.

(rare) graciousness, kindliness, likeability


grassen

grassen (infinitive)
to grassen (infinitive)
grasse (infinitive)
grasse (first-person present singular)
grassed (first-person past singular)
grassest (present second-person singular)
grassedest (past second-person singular)
grasseth (present singular third-person)
grassed (past singular third-person)
grasse (present singular subjunctive)
grassed (past singular subjunctive)
grasse (imperative present singular)
grassen (plural present)
grasse (plural present)
grasseden (past plural)
grassede (past plural)
grasseth (imperative plural present)
grasse (imperative plural present)
grassynge (participle present)
grassende (participle present)
grassed (participle past)
ygrassed (participle past)

English: grass

Scots: gress, girse

(rare) To grass; to develop grass or have grass growing on.


grese

Alternative form of grece (“step, steps”)


cumber-world

I, combre-world, that may of nothyng serve, / But evere dye and nevere fulli sterve.

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, lines 279–280:

Thou followedst sure, this men know well enow, / That cumber-world, that thee, my master slow, / I would were slain! death went too hastily / To run on thee, and rive thy life of thee.

c. 1412, Thomas Hoccleve, A Lament for Chaucer, lines 35–38; republished in Henry Spackman Pancoast, John Duncan Ernst Spaeth, editors, Early English Poems, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911, page 242:

(derogatory) cumberworld; a useless person or thing; someone who is an encumbrance on the world.


fliȝen

From Old English flēogan; equivalent to flye + -en (plural suffix).


þæȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þei (“they”)


cneowe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kne


vewer

English: viewer

(rare, Late Middle English) A recorder or examiner, especially a legally ordained one.

(rare, Late Middle English) A surveyor employed by local government.


revewe

English: review

Scots: review

From Old French reveue; equivalent to re- + vewe.

(rare, Late Middle English) An examination of an army.


survewe

English: surview (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) instruction, supervising.

(rare, Late Middle English) A survey, checkup, or examination.


Northumberlond

English: Northumberland

→ Old French: Northonblonde


heryen

Alternative form of herien (“to commend”)


Northhumbre

English: Northumber (obsolete)

From Old English Norþhymbre, variant of Norþanhymbre.

(rare) The people of Northumbria; Northumbrians


þombe

Alternative spelling of thombe (“thumb”)


thowmbe

Alternative spelling of þowmbe (“thumb”)


þhomme

(West Midlands) Alternative form of thombe (“thumb”)


ȝie

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of ye (“you”)


ȝeo

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of ye (“you”)


thome

Synonym of attome (“atom (fifteen ninety-fourths of a second)”)


herien

herien (infinitive)
to herien (infinitive)
herie (infinitive)
herie (first-person present singular)
heried (first-person past singular)
heriest (present second-person singular)
heriedest (past second-person singular)
herieth (present singular third-person)
heried (past singular third-person)
herie (present singular subjunctive)
heried (past singular subjunctive)
herie (imperative present singular)
herien (plural present)
herie (plural present)
herieden (past plural)
heriede (past plural)
herieth (imperative plural present)
herie (imperative plural present)
heriynge (participle present)
heriende (participle present)
heried (participle past)
yheried (participle past)

English: herry, herye (obsolete)

From Old English herian, from Proto-West Germanic *haʀjan.

14thC, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Prologue and Tale, 2002, Marion Wynne-Davies (editor), The Tales of The Clerk and The Wife of Bath, page 94,
And whan that folk it to his fader tolde, / Nat oonly he, but al his contree merye / Was for this child, and God they thanke and herye.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, 1810, Samuel Johnson (editor), Alexander Chalmers (additional lives), The Works of the English Poets, from Chaucer to Cowper, Volume 1, page 251,
How I mote tell anon right the gladnesse / Of Troilus, to Venus herying, / To the which who nede hath, God him bring.

14thC, William de Shoreham, 1851, Early English Poetry, Ballads and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages, Volume 28, Percy Society, page 117,
Thyse aungeles heryeth here wyth stevene, / Ase he hys hare quene of he[ve]ne.


herien

English: harry, harrow

Scots: herry, hery, hary

From Old English herġian, from Proto-West Germanic *harjōn, from Proto-Germanic *harjōną. Equivalent to here (“army”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To steal, snatch, or burglarise; to take without permission.

To defeat in battle; to attain or achieve victory.

(rare) To fight, enter battle or combat.


fot hot

English: foothot


foted

English: footed

Scots: fittit

Yola: vooted

(in combination) Having a type or number of feet; footed

(rare) Possessing or having supports or table-legs.


fotman

English: footman

A footman; a fighter who battles without a horse.

A hireling or messenger who travels on foot.

(rare) A melee fighter; one who fights without ranged weapons.


fotles

English: footless

Scots: fitless

Inherited from Old English *fōtlēas, from Proto-West Germanic *fōtalaus, from Proto-Germanic *fōtalausaz; equivalent to fot + -les.

(Late Middle English, uncommon) footless (lacking feet)


fotynge

English: footing

Scots: fittin

A footing, foothold (the hold of one's feet on a surface)

(rare) The creation of a foundation or support.


thombe

English: thumb

Scots: thoum

Yola: thoome, thoume

Inherited from Old English þūma, from Proto-West Germanic *þūmō, from Proto-Germanic *þūmô.
As shown by their early attestation, spellings with final -b- are not mere hypercorrect forms, but rather represent pronunciations with /b/; such pronunciations presumably originated in a plural *thomben (from Old English þūman). Such a plural form is also presumably the origin of variants with a short vowel.


balfulli

English: balefully


bale-fyre

English: balefire

Scots: balefire

From Old English bǣlfȳr; equivalent to bale + fyr.


bale-siðe

From Old English bealosīþ; equivalent to bale + sith.


ȝeow

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yow


ȝhowe

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of yow


ȝaw

(chiefly Northwest Midland dialectal) Alternative form of yow


pleiful

English: playful

Scots: playfu


pleyer

English: player

Scots: player

From Old English pleġere; equivalent to pleyen (“to play”) + -er (“agentive suffix”).

One who makes entertainment for themselves:

One who participates in a game or sport; a player.

A participant in festivities or revelry.

One who provides entertainment (e.g. songs, dance, music):

A performer or participant in a play or stage show.


pleyen

pleyen (infinitive)
to pleyen (infinitive)
pleye (infinitive)
pleye (first-person present singular)
pleyed (first-person past singular)
pleyest (present second-person singular)
pleyedest (past second-person singular)
pleyeth (present singular third-person)
pleyed (past singular third-person)
pleye (present singular subjunctive)
pleyed (past singular subjunctive)
pleye (imperative present singular)
pleyen (plural present)
pleye (plural present)
pleyeden (past plural)
pleyede (past plural)
pleyeth (imperative plural present)
pleye (imperative plural present)
pleyynge (participle present)
pleyende (participle present)
pleyed (participle past)
ypleyed (participle past)

English: play, plaw

Scots: play

From a conflation of Old English pleġan and pleġian, from Proto-West Germanic *plehan and *plegōn. Equivalent to pleye + -en (infinitival suffix).

To entertain; to play or engage in recreation or sports:

To engage in a game or sport, especially for money.

To entertain oneself; to play or engage in recreation with oneself

To go on a holiday or a journey for the purpose of enjoyment.

To jump satisfactorily; bounce gleefully.

To engage in social behaviour; to make small-talk.

To act in a certain manner; to act like (something or someone):

To imitate or deceive; to recast or recreate a past event.

To participate in a theatrical production.

To play music; to sing and/or play an instrument.

(rare) To provide entertainment, happiness or fun; to participate in a performance that is neither theatrical or musical.

(rare) To work at; do something as one's job, career, or living.


pleyen

English: plea

Scots: plea

From ple (“plea”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To produce proof or evidence for a plea.


pleye

English: play

Scots: play

Yola: pley

From Old English plæġ, plega, plæġa, from Proto-West Germanic *plegō.

Fun, entertainment, recreation:
Youthful play or fun-making.

Fun, entertainment, recreation:
Festiveness, cavorting, rowdiness.

A codified entertainment activity; a game, especially one representing war.

An entertaining performance or activity:

A musical performance; the playing of music

A gag or prank; a comedic performance, quip or line.

A underhanded or misleading act; a con or illusion.

Foreplay, sexual entertainment, intercourse.

An event or happening; something that occurs.

(rare) Seething, reaching of the boiling point.


kuyne

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


cwointe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of queynte


fomy

English: foamy

From Old English fāmiġ, fǣmiġ; equivalent to fom + -y.

foamy, drooling, slobbering (emitting foamy spit)

foamy, bubbly (having a foamy character)


coynour

English: coiner

Borrowed from Middle French coigneur; equivalent to coyn + -our.

(rare, Late Middle English) coiner, coin-maker


coynage

English: coinage

Borrowed from Old French coignage; equivalent to coyn + -age.

coinage (minting; the creation of money)


fomynge

English: foaming

Scots: faemin


quynce

desctree

English: quince
→ Thai: ควินซ์ (kwíns)
→ Welsh: cwins

Scots: quince

From coyns (“quinces”); reanalysed as a singular.

Cydonia oblonga
Cydonia oblonga#Translingual

The fruit of this tree (a yellow or green pome)


coynynge

English: coining, quoining

(rare) quoining (that which composes a quoin)

(rare) coinage (coining; the creation of money)


coynen

coynen (infinitive)
to coynen (infinitive)
coyne (infinitive)
coyne (first-person present singular)
coyned (first-person past singular)
coynest (present second-person singular)
coynedest (past second-person singular)
coyneth (present singular third-person)
coyned (past singular third-person)
coyne (present singular subjunctive)
coyned (past singular subjunctive)
coyne (imperative present singular)
coynen (plural present)
coyne (plural present)
coyneden (past plural)
coynede (past plural)
coyneth (imperative plural present)
coyne (imperative plural present)
coynynge (participle present)
coynende (participle present)
coyned (participle past)
ycoyned (participle past)

English: coin

Scots: cunzie, cuinyie (obsolete as a verb)

From Old French coignier; equivalent to coyn (“coin, quoin”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make or strike an impression on metal as to make money; to coin.

To manufacture coins; to create coinage.


queynte

head

queynte (comparative queynter, superlative queyntest)

queynter (comparative)
queyntest (superlative)

English: quaint

Scots: quent (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman cointe, from Latin cognitus.

intelligent, smart, well-thought, sagacious, judicious


queynte

And trewely, as myne housbondes tolde me, / I hadde þe beste queynte þat myghte be.
[And truly, as my husbands told me / I had the best cunt that might be.]

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales:


yhour

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of your


fomen

enm-verb

fomen (third-person singular simple present fometh, present participle fomende, fomynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fomed)

fometh (present singular third-person)
fomende (participle present)
fomynge (participle present)
fomed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fomen (infinitive)
to fomen (infinitive)
fome (infinitive)
fome (first-person present singular)
fomed (first-person past singular)
fomest (present second-person singular)
fomedest (past second-person singular)
fometh (present singular third-person)
fomed (past singular third-person)
fome (present singular subjunctive)
fomed (past singular subjunctive)
fome (imperative present singular)
fomen (plural present)
fome (plural present)
fomeden (past plural)
fomede (past plural)
fometh (imperative plural present)
fome (imperative plural present)
fomynge (participle present)
fomende (participle present)
fomed (participle past)
yfomed (participle past)

English: foam

Scots: faem

From fom (“foam”) + -en (infinitival suffix), replacing earlier femen.

To drool or slobber; to release saliva or spit (especially foamy).

To flow, stream out, emit, or release blood.


ȝhoure

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of your


ȝiwer

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


ȝaure

(chiefly Northwestern Midland dialectal) Alternative form of your


æure

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


spillyng

English: spilling

From Old English spilling; equivalent to spillen + -ing.


landbok

English: landbook (historical)

From Old English landbōc; equivalent to lond + bok.

A deed or title certifying and/or giving ownership.


landlorde

English: landlord

Scots: landlaird (obsolete)

From Old English landhlāford; equivalent to lond + lord.


londyng

English: landing

(Late Middle English) Leaving one's vessel; landing.

(rare, Late Middle English) landing, arriving, being at one's destination; making landfall

(rare, Late Middle English) The catching of a fish

(rare, Late Middle English) A landing; a port of arrival.


spilen

spilen (infinitive)
to spilen (infinitive)
spile (infinitive)
spile (first-person present singular)
spiled (first-person past singular)
spilest (present second-person singular)
spiledest (past second-person singular)
spileth (present singular third-person)
spiled (past singular third-person)
spile (present singular subjunctive)
spiled (past singular subjunctive)
spile (imperative present singular)
spilen (plural present)
spile (plural present)
spileden (past plural)
spilede (past plural)
spileth (imperative plural present)
spile (imperative plural present)
spilynge (participle present)
spilende (participle present)
spiled (participle past)
yspiled (participle past)

Early Scots: *spel, *spele (attested in spelare)

Scots: speill

→ English: speel

(rare) to amuse or entertain oneself; to party


londen

londen (infinitive)
to londen (infinitive)
londe (infinitive)
londe (first-person present singular)
londed (first-person past singular)
londest (present second-person singular)
londedest (past second-person singular)
londeth (present singular third-person)
londed (past singular third-person)
londe (present singular subjunctive)
londed (past singular subjunctive)
londe (imperative present singular)
londen (plural present)
londe (plural present)
londeden (past plural)
londede (past plural)
londeth (imperative plural present)
londe (imperative plural present)
londynge (participle present)
londende (participle present)
londed (participle past)
ylonded (participle past)

English: land

Scots: laund

From lond + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare earlier lenden.

To walk onto land; to leave one's vessel.

To be at one's destination; to make an arrival.


plurelle

English: plural

Scots: plural

From Old French plurel, from Latin plūrālis.


plurelle

English: plural


gulchecuppe

English: gulch-cup

From gulchen (“to gulp”) + cuppe (“cup”).

ȝif þe gulchecuppe ƿeallinde breſ to drincken. ⁊ ȝeot in hiſ ƿide þrote. þet he a ſƿelte ƿiðinnen.

c. 1225, “Feorðe dale: fondunges”, in Ancrene Ƿiſſe (Cotton MS Nero A. XIV), Herefordshire, published c. 1225-1250, folio 56, verso; republished at London: British Library Digitised Manuscripts, 2013 March 29:

Give the tosspot molten brass to drink, and pour it into his wide throat, that he may die inwardly.


eowræs

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of youres


ȝures

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of youres


cuþþe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of kith


hassasis

From Old French hassasis; ultimately from Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn).

der

Arabic حَشَّاشِين (ḥaššāšīn)


arghly

Scots: arghly (obsolete)

From Old English earhlīce, earglīce; equivalent to argh + -ly.

(rare) While panicking or scared; scaredly.


youres

English: yours

Second-person plural possessive pronoun: yours (plural).

(formal) Second-person singular possessive pronoun: yours (singular).

I schall mvltyplye ȝowrys botherys sede As thyke as sterrys be in the skye.

Used determinatively with a plural referent: your.


arghnesse

Scots: arghness, erchness

From Old English earhnes, eargnes; equivalent to argh + -nesse.


arȝen

arȝen (infinitive)
to arȝen (infinitive)
arȝe (infinitive)
arȝe (first-person present singular)
arȝed (first-person past singular)
arȝest (present second-person singular)
arȝedest (past second-person singular)
arȝeth (present singular third-person)
arȝed (past singular third-person)
arȝe (present singular subjunctive)
arȝed (past singular subjunctive)
arȝe (imperative present singular)
arȝen (plural present)
arȝe (plural present)
arȝeden (past plural)
arȝede (past plural)
arȝeth (imperative plural present)
arȝe (imperative plural present)
arȝynge (participle present)
arȝende (participle present)
arȝed (participle past)
yarȝed (participle past)

From Old English eargian, from Proto-West Germanic *argēn. Equivalent to argh + -en (infinitival suffix).

To become or be scared, frightened or afraid.


speckyd

English: specked


trasch

English: trash

Scots: trash (obsolete)

(rare) Refuse or rubbish, especially that composed of plant matter.


abstraccyone

English: abstraction

Either from Middle French abstraction or from Medieval Latin abstractio. Equivalent to abstract + -ioun.

(rare) reclusiveness; the practising of a monastic lifestyle.


bindung

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of byndynge


bynde

English: bind

From Old English binde, related to the verb bindan (“to bind”).

(rare) A collection of items of a specified number.

(rare, Late Middle English) A climbing or creeping plant.


byndynge

English: binding

Scots: bindin

(rare) Bookbinding; the making of a book's spine.

(rare) The application of a bandage or dressing.

The creation of a tie or binding:
(rare) The construction of a boat.

The creation of a tie or binding:
The construction of a boat.

A tie, binding or knot; that which binds:

(figurative) A link or bond between two people.


newte

English: newt

From a reinterpretation of an ewte, a form of evete.

(Late Middle English) A newt or a reptile that resembles one.


eveten

From Old English efetan; equivalent to evete + -en (plural suffix).


efte

1485 – Thomas Malory. Le Morte Darthur, Book X, Chapter xli, leaf 240r
Thenne sir launcelot was wrothe / and smote sir Bleoberys so sore vpon the helme that his hede bowed doune backward / And he smote efte another buffet that he auoyded his sadel

"Then Sir Launcelot was wrothy and smote Sir Bleoberis so sore upon the helm that his head bowed down backward. And he smote eft another buffet, that he avoided his saddle"

Than syr bedwere retorned ageyn & took the swerde in hys hande / and than hym thought synne and shame to throwe awaye that nobyl swerde / and so efte he hydde the swerde and retorned ageyn and tolde to the kyng that he had ben at the water and done his commaundemente

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter V, in Le Morte Darthur, book XXI:

Then Sir Bedivere returned again and took the sword in his hand, and then it seemed a sin and a shame to him to throw away that noble sword, and so he hid the sword back again and returned again and told the king that he had been at the water and done what he commanded.

back (to a previous place or state); Alternative form of eft


ȝit

head

ȝit (accusative inc, genitive inker, possessive determiner inker)

inc (accusative)
inker (genitive)
inker (determiner possessive)

From Old English ġit, ġyt (“you twain”), from Proto-West Germanic *jit, from Proto-Germanic *jut. Compare the second-person plural pronoun ye.

(Early Middle English) Second-person dual pronoun: you twain, the two of you.


lesarde

English: lizard (← lizard)

Scots: lesart (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lusard, from Latin lacertus; some forms are remodelled on the Latin etymon.

A lizard used as an alchemical ingredient.

A reptile, especially a lizard.
A snakelike creature; a wyrm.

(rare, heraldry) A depiction of a lizard on a coat of arms.


foman

English: foeman

From Old English fāhman; equivalent to fo (“hostile”, adjective) + man (“man”).

A rival or foeman; one locked in conflict with another.

An enemy combatant; a member of an opposing force.

(rare, Christianity) A religious or spiritual opponent or opposing force.

(rare, Christianity) Satan; the leader of the forces of evil.

(rare, Christianity) A creature of Hell; a demon.


dasch

English: dash

(rare, Late Middle English) A powerful striking motion with a weapon.


dasshyng

English: dashing

Scots: dashin

(rare, Late Middle English) A strike with a weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) The sound of a wheel hitting water.


daschen

daschen (infinitive)
to daschen (infinitive)
dasche (infinitive)
dasche (first-person present singular)
dasched (first-person past singular)
daschest (present second-person singular)
daschedest (past second-person singular)
dascheth (present singular third-person)
dasched (past singular third-person)
dasche (present singular subjunctive)
dasched (past singular subjunctive)
dasche (imperative present singular)
daschen (plural present)
dasche (plural present)
dascheden (past plural)
daschede (past plural)
dascheth (imperative plural present)
dasche (imperative plural present)
daschynge (participle present)
daschende (participle present)
dasched (participle past)
ydasched (participle past)

English: dash

Scots: dash

From the Old Danish ancestor of Danish daske. Equivalent to dasch + -en (infinitival suffix).

To hit with a weapon and cause damage; to land a blow or hit.

To run; to move hastily and with a sense of urgency.

(rare) To hit a percussion instrument as to play it.

(rare, Late Middle English) To destroy or ruin by blade or weapon.

(rare, Late Middle English) To ruin a matrimonial bond; to separate partners.


asweved

English: asweve

From Old English āswefan; equivalent to a- + sweven.

(hapax, Late Middle English) Put to sleep, dulled


porthors

On my porthors I make an oth.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


depely

English: deeply

Scots: deeply

From Old English dēoplīċe; equivalent to depe + -ly.

Deeply, insightfully, thoroughly, completely.

Gravely; with sincere and reasoned thought and opinion.


depnesse

English: deepness

Scots: deepness

From Old English dēopnes; equivalent to depe + -nesse.

A watery body or large concentration of water; the ocean.

A location or locale of depth; especially the sea floor.

The lower or inside part of something; the interior of something.

depth; deepness (the amount by which something is below the surface)

depth; deepness (the amount by which something reaches below the surface)

depth (the third dimension, after height and width)

(rare) Sagacity; sagaciousness; the quality of being wise.

(rare, Early Middle English) Direness; the quality of being of serious import

(rare) An unknown or hidden piece of knowledge.


depen

depen (infinitive)
to depen (infinitive)
depe (infinitive)
depe (first-person present singular)
deped (first-person past singular)
depest (present second-person singular)
depedest (past second-person singular)
depeth (present singular third-person)
deped (past singular third-person)
depe (present singular subjunctive)
deped (past singular subjunctive)
depe (imperative present singular)
depen (plural present)
depe (plural present)
depeden (past plural)
depede (past plural)
depeth (imperative plural present)
depe (imperative plural present)
depynge (participle present)
depende (participle present)
deped (participle past)
ydeped (participle past)

English: deep (obsolete)

Scots: depe

From the merger of Old English dēopian and dīepan, from Proto-West Germanic *deupōn and *daupijan, respectively. Equivalent to depe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To submerge or place in water or another liquid.

To submerge or place in water in order to colour an object; to tint.

(rare) To engage oneself in a narrative.


ufele

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yvel (“evilly”)


nyfte

English: nift (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English nift, from Proto-West Germanic *nifti, from Proto-Germanic *niftiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)

(rare) A granddaughter (female offspring of one's offspring)


oddenesse

English: oddness

(rare) oddness; the property of being an odd number.


lessoun

English: lesson

Scots: lesson

From Old French leçon, from Latin lēctiōnem, accusative of lēctiō.

A written text for recitation or memorisation; a teaching document or its contents.

A portion or section of the Bible or any other religious text (often recited at church)

A lesson (a task assigned to a pupil for learning and memorisation)

A lesson or learning (what one learns from experience, especially when preventative in nature)

The practice of revision or learning one's discipline.


oddely

English: oddly


olfent

From Old English olfend, from Proto-Germanic *ulbanduz, from Latin elephantus.
Doublet of elefant.


omitten

omitten (infinitive)
to omitten (infinitive)
omitte (infinitive)
omitte (first-person present singular)
omitted (first-person past singular)
omittest (present second-person singular)
omittedest (past second-person singular)
omitteth (present singular third-person)
omitted (past singular third-person)
omitte (present singular subjunctive)
omitted (past singular subjunctive)
omitte (imperative present singular)
omitten (plural present)
omitte (plural present)
omitteden (past plural)
omittede (past plural)
omitteth (imperative plural present)
omitte (imperative plural present)
omittynge (participle present)
omittende (participle present)
omitted (participle past)
yomitted (participle past)

English: omit

Scots: omit

(Late Middle English, rare) to omit; to leave out or leave alone


omissioun

English: omission

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman omission, and its etymon Late Latin omissiō, from Latin omittō.

(Late Middle English) omission, neglection

(Late Middle English, rare) A sin of omission.


olyve

English: olive

Scots: olive

From Old French olive, from Latin olīva, from Etruscan 𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (eleiva) or from Pre-Classical Ancient Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa).

Olea europaea
Olea europaea#Translingual

A sprig or garland of olive, especially used to represent peace.

(rare) The timber from an olive tree; olivewood.


swien

to be silent, to refrain from speaking or making sound


sweien

Probably from Old Norse sveigja (“bend”).

to bend or move in a swaying or sweeping way

(transitive, intransitive) to move downward; to fall

(transitive, intransitive) to move quickly


yham

(Northern, northern East Midlands) Alternative form of þem (“them”)


þaem

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þem (“them”)


þam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þan (“the, those, these”)


þam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þan (“them, these”)


þam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þan (“the, that, this”)


þam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of þan (“that one, him, it”)


þame

Þe water I will set / to flowe bothe fare and nere, / And þhan þe firmament, / in mydis to set þame sere.

1430–1440, “II. Playsterers. The Creation, to the Fifth Day.”, in Lucy Toulmin Smith, editor, York Plays: The Plays Performed by the Crafts or Mysteries of York on the Day of Corpus Christi in the 14th, 15th, and 16th Centuries: […], Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1885, →OCLC, page 9, lines 17–20:

The water I will set / to flow both far and near, / And then the firmament, / in their midst to set them sere [separately].


þem

English: them, thame

Scots: thaim, them

From Old Norse þeim. Compare hem (“them”).

Third-person plural accusative pronoun: them


þem

(Southwest) Alternative form of þan (“the, that, this”)


þem

Alternative form of teme (“family, tribe”)


þem

enm-verb

þem (third-person singular simple present þemeþ, present participle þemende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle þemed)

þemeþ (present singular third-person)
þemende (participle present)
þemed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of temen (“to produce offspring”)


aswagen

aswagen (infinitive)
to aswagen (infinitive)
aswage (infinitive)
aswage (first-person present singular)
aswaged (first-person past singular)
aswagest (present second-person singular)
aswagedest (past second-person singular)
aswageth (present singular third-person)
aswaged (past singular third-person)
aswage (present singular subjunctive)
aswaged (past singular subjunctive)
aswage (imperative present singular)
aswagen (plural present)
aswage (plural present)
aswageden (past plural)
aswagede (past plural)
aswageth (imperative plural present)
aswage (imperative plural present)
aswagynge (participle present)
aswagende (participle present)
aswaged (participle past)
yaswaged (participle past)

English: assuage, swage

Scots: swadge

From Old French asuagier, from Vulgar Latin *assuaviō.

To cure or assuage; to give relief (especially used with injury or harm)

To become calm or assuaged; to be rid of one's ills.

(rare) To cause to become smaller, diminish or shrink.

(rare) To stop one's harassment or harrying.


quenchen

quenchen (third-person singular simple present quencheth, present participle quenchende, quenchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quenched)

quencheth (present singular third-person)
quenchende (participle present)
quenchynge (participle present)
quenched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
quenchen (infinitive)
to quenchen (infinitive)
quenche (infinitive)
quenche (first-person present singular)
quenched (first-person past singular)
quenchest (present second-person singular)
quenchedest (past second-person singular)
quencheth (present singular third-person)
quenched (past singular third-person)
quenche (present singular subjunctive)
quenched (past singular subjunctive)
quenche (imperative present singular)
quenchen (plural present)
quenche (plural present)
quencheden (past plural)
quenchede (past plural)
quencheth (imperative plural present)
quenche (imperative plural present)
quenchynge (participle present)
quenchende (participle present)
quenched (participle past)
yquenched (participle past)

English: quench

Scots: quench

Inherited from Old English cwenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwankijan, from Proto-Germanic *kwankijaną.

To spray or douse with water or another liquid.

(medicine) To modify mercury to make it usable in recipes.


biqueste

English: bequest

Scots: bequeyst

bi- + quiste; see more at English bequest

(Late Middle English) Bequest, inheritance

(Late Middle English) One's will and testament.


questen

questen (infinitive)
to questen (infinitive)
queste (infinitive)
queste (first-person present singular)
quested (first-person past singular)
questest (present second-person singular)
questedest (past second-person singular)
questeth (present singular third-person)
quested (past singular third-person)
queste (present singular subjunctive)
quested (past singular subjunctive)
queste (imperative present singular)
questen (plural present)
queste (plural present)
questeden (past plural)
questede (past plural)
questeth (imperative plural present)
queste (imperative plural present)
questynge (participle present)
questende (participle present)
quested (participle past)
yquested (participle past)

English: quest

From Old French quester, from Latin quaestō.

(hunting) To find one's quarry or catch.

(hunting) To howl or bark after finding one's quarry (as a hunting dog).


enquest

English: inquest

Scots: inquest

From Old French enqueste and Medieval Latin inquesta; equivalent to en- + quest; ultimately from Latin inquīsita.

A jury trial; a session of court with jurors in attendance.

A group or body of jurors at a trial or inquest.

(rare) A review or inquest of land or titles to determine fees.

(rare, Late Middle English) A quest, mission, or search.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


Ostrich

Borrowed from Old French Ostriche, from Old High German Ostarrîchi; equivalent to east + riche.


orpedliche

English: orpedly (archaic)

Inherited from Old English orpedlīċe; equivalent to orped + -ly.


þur

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of þeir


yaire

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þeir


Venyse

English: Venice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Venis, Venise, Veneis, Venice

Borrowed from Old French Venise, from Medieval Latin Venetia.

Venice (the capital city of Veneto, in modern Italy)

Venice (a metropolitan city of Veneto, in modern Italy)


vendage

desctree

English: vintage
→ French: vintage
→ Polish: vintage
→ Spanish: vintage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vendenge (with the suffix modified after -age), from Latin vī̆ndēmia. Forms with /t/ are due to the influence of vin(i)ter.

vintage (the seasonal crop of a vineyard)


venisoun

English: venison

Scots: venison

Yola: vengence (vulgar)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman veneisun, from Latin vēnātiōnem, accusative of vēnātiō.

One's quarry or prey; the animal that one is hunting, especially deer.


qwayle

Alternative form of quaylen (“to curdle”)


quaile

Alternative form of quaylen (“to weaken”)


crowynge

English: crowing

Yola: craueen (figurative)


crowe

English: crow

Geordie English: craw

Scots: craw

Yola: croowe, crowe, crouw

Inherited from Old English crāwe, from Proto-West Germanic *krāā, from Proto-Germanic *krēǭ.

crow (black-coloured bird in the genus Corvus)


quayle

English: quail

Scots: quail

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quaille, from Frankish *kwakla. Of uncertain ultimate origin; see Latin quaccola and Frankish *hwahtlā.


crowen

crowen (infinitive)
to crowen (infinitive)
crowe (infinitive)
crowe (first-person present singular)
crew (first-person past singular)
crowest (present second-person singular)
crewe (past second-person singular)
crew (past second-person singular)
croweth (present singular third-person)
crew (past singular third-person)
crowe (present singular subjunctive)
crewe (past singular subjunctive)
crowe (imperative present singular)
crowen (plural present)
crowe (plural present)
crewen (past plural)
crewe (past plural)
croweth (imperative plural present)
crowe (imperative plural present)
crowynge (participle present)
crowende (participle present)
crowen (participle past)
crowe (participle past)
ycrowe (participle past)

English: crow

Scots: craw

From Old English crāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *krāan (“to crow, shout”).

inh

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."

To make other noises typical of birds; to produce birdsong.


crowen

From Old English crāwan, plural of crāwe; equivalent to crowe + -en (plural suffix).


rubarbe

English: rhubarb

Scots: rhubarub

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reubarbe, from Late Latin reubarbarum, probably from Koine Greek ῥῆον βάρβαρον (rhêon bárbaron).

der

ῥῆον βάρβαρον

A kind of plant belonging to the genus Rheum; rhubarb.


rewes

From rewe (“rue”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


rewes

From rewe (“row”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


rowe

Alternative form of rowen (“to row, paddle”)


rowe

Alternative form of rowen (“to emit light”)


myle

English: mile

Scots: mile

From Old English mīl, from Proto-West Germanic *mīliju. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

mile (unit of measure composed of 8 furlongs)

The time it takes to walk a mile (reckoned at 20 minutes)


steȝere

One who is mounted on an animal that serves as a mount.


reuþeles

English: ruthless

Scots: reuthles (obsolete)


fynch

English: finch

Scots: finch

From Old English finċ, from Proto-Germanic *finkiz.


stiȝen

From sty (“path”) + -en (plural suffix).


reuþful

English: ruthful

Scots: reuthful (obsolete)


reuþe

English: ruth

Scots: rewthe (obsolete)

From rewe (“rue”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix); the formation is influenced by Old Norse hrygð. For the phonology, see trouthe.

af

Sadness, misery; despair and despondence:

Pitifulness; empathy, mercy or sorrow for the weak or innocent.

The experience of remorsefulness; self-reproach.

An occurrence or thing that creates misery or ruth:

Harmful or injurious behaviour; heartless acts.

An instance of moaning or complaining of discomfort.

(rare) A lamentful petition or supplication.


rewthfully

English: ruthfully

Scots: reuthfully (obsolete)


rawe

English: raw

Scots: raw

From Old English hrēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *hrau, from Proto-Germanic *hrawaz, *hrēwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-.

raw, unprocessed, unfiltered (not subject to processing or refinement)

(usually referring to one's skin) wounded, hurt, punctured

(usually referring to one's bodily parts) vulnerable, visible, bare

(figurative) young, primitive, rough, simple


rawe

(rare) The state of being unripe or immature.


rewen

rewen (infinitive)
to rewen (infinitive)
rewe (infinitive)
rewe (first-person present singular)
rew (first-person past singular)
rewed (first-person past singular)
rewest (present second-person singular)
rowe (past second-person singular)
rew (past second-person singular)
rewedest (past second-person singular)
reweth (present singular third-person)
rew (past singular third-person)
rewed (past singular third-person)
rewe (present singular subjunctive)
rowe (past singular subjunctive)
rewed (past singular subjunctive)
rewe (imperative present singular)
rewen (plural present)
rewe (plural present)
rowen (past plural)
rowe (past plural)
reweden (past plural)
rewede (past plural)
reweth (imperative plural present)
rewe (imperative plural present)
rewynge (participle present)
rewende (participle present)
rowen (participle past)
rowe (participle past)
rewed (participle past)

English: rue

Scots: rew

From Old English hrēowan; equivalent to rewe (“rue”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

Madame, reweth upon my peynes smerte

Late 14th century Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Franklin's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

To experience distress; to be of grave concern.


sariȝ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sory


sarnesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sornesse


soren

soren (infinitive)
to soren (infinitive)
sore (infinitive)
sore (first-person present singular)
sored (first-person past singular)
sorest (present second-person singular)
soredest (past second-person singular)
soreth (present singular third-person)
sored (past singular third-person)
sore (present singular subjunctive)
sored (past singular subjunctive)
sore (imperative present singular)
soren (plural present)
sore (plural present)
soreden (past plural)
sorede (past plural)
soreth (imperative plural present)
sore (imperative plural present)
sorynge (participle present)
sorende (participle present)
sored (participle past)
ysored (participle past)

English: soar

Scots: soar

From Old French essorer, from Vulgar Latin *exaurare.


sorele

Alternative form of sorel (“sorrel (plant)”)


sowrel

Alternative form of sorel (“sorrel (colour)”)


sorinesse

enm-noun

sorinesse (plural sorinesses or sorinessen)

English: sorriness

From Old English sāriġness; equivalent to sory + -nesse.

(rare) regret; being upset over one's actions.

(rare, religion) damning; eternal punishment in Hell.


soryly

English: sorrily

From Old English sāriġlīċ; equivalent to sory + -ly.

unhappily, glumly, bitterly; in a sad manner.

lamentably, sorrily; in a miserable or sorry manner

strongly, forcefully; in a cruel manner.


seeryn

Alternative form of seren (“to dry, sear”)


clymbe

Alternative form of climben (“to climb”)


clymber

English: climber

Scots: climmer


yairs

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of þeires


clymbyng

English: climbing

Scots: climmin


climben

climben (infinitive)
to climben (infinitive)
climbe (infinitive)
climbe (first-person present singular)
clamb (first-person past singular)
climbed (first-person past singular)
climbest (present second-person singular)
clumbe (past second-person singular)
clamb (past second-person singular)
climbedest (past second-person singular)
climbeth (present singular third-person)
clamb (past singular third-person)
climbed (past singular third-person)
climbe (present singular subjunctive)
clumbe (past singular subjunctive)
climbed (past singular subjunctive)
climbe (imperative present singular)
climben (plural present)
climbe (plural present)
clumben (past plural)
clumbe (past plural)
climbeden (past plural)
climbede (past plural)
climbeth (imperative plural present)
climbe (imperative plural present)
climbynge (participle present)
climbende (participle present)
clumben (participle past)
clumbe (participle past)
climbed (participle past)
yclumben (participle past)
yclumbe (participle past)

English: climb

Scots: clim, clym

From Old English climban, from Proto-Germanic *klimbaną.

To climb or scale (travel vertically or diagonally up a surface)

(figurative) To ascend or climb religiously.

(figurative) To increase one's position in society.

(figurative, rare) To surmount; to prevail.

To soar or move upwards; to move into the sky:


þeires

English: theirs

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


yhi

(chiefly Northern and northern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of þi (“thy”)


hævek

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hauk


hound fysch

A small shark notable for rough skin and sometimes used for culinary purposes.


hundesberien

From Old English hundesberian; equivalent to houndesberye + -en (plural suffix).


houndesberye

houndesberye (plural howndysberes or hundesberien)

howndysberes (plural)
hundesberien (plural)

From Old English hundesberie; equivalent to hound + berye.

Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum#Translingual


houndestonge

English: hound's tongue, houndstongue

Scots: hoond's tongue

From Old English hundes tunge; equivalent to hound + tonge (“tongue”).

Cynoglossum officinale
Wikispecies:Cynoglossum officinale


larke

English: lark, laverock, lavrock

Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok

Yola: lereke, lerock

From Old English lāwerce, from Proto-Germanic *laiwarikǭ.

Alauda arvensis
Alauda arvensis#Translingual


fischer

English: fisher

Scots: fisher

From Old English fisċere, from Proto-Germanic *fiskārijaz; equivalent to fisch + -er.

A fisher (person who fishes, usually for a living)

A retailer or seller of fish or seafood.

(religion) A proselytiser; one who promotes a religion.


swon

From Old English swān, from Proto-Germanic *swainaz. Doublet of swayn.


bicche

desctree

English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch

From Old English biċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *bikkjā, from Proto-Germanic *bikjǭ (compare Norwegian bikkja (“dog”), Old Danish bikke), from *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”)). More at bicker.

(of a woman) bitch (despicable or disagreeable woman)

(of a man) bitch (despicable or heathen man)


vitaillyng

English: victualling

Scots: wittaling (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) Victualling; rationing or maintaining a stock of food, especially for an army.


vitailler

English: victualler

Scots: victualler

From Old French vitaillier; equivalent to vitaile + -er.

A foodmonger; a grocer or merchant who sells food.

A provisioner of food for a military force or company, a victualler or sutler.


vitailen

vitailen (infinitive)
to vitailen (infinitive)
vitaile (infinitive)
vitaile (first-person present singular)
vitailed (first-person past singular)
vitailest (present second-person singular)
vitailedest (past second-person singular)
vitaileth (present singular third-person)
vitailed (past singular third-person)
vitaile (present singular subjunctive)
vitailed (past singular subjunctive)
vitaile (imperative present singular)
vitailen (plural present)
vitaile (plural present)
vitaileden (past plural)
vitailede (past plural)
vitaileth (imperative plural present)
vitaile (imperative plural present)
vitailynge (participle present)
vitailende (participle present)
vitailed (participle past)
yvitailed (participle past)

English: victual

Scots: victual (obsolete)

From Old French vitaillier; equivalent to vitaile + -en (infinitival suffix).

To feed or nourish; to provision nourishment.


wipen

wipen (infinitive)
to wipen (infinitive)
wipe (infinitive)
wipe (first-person present singular)
wiped (first-person past singular)
wipest (present second-person singular)
wipedest (past second-person singular)
wipeth (present singular third-person)
wiped (past singular third-person)
wipe (present singular subjunctive)
wiped (past singular subjunctive)
wipe (imperative present singular)
wipen (plural present)
wipe (plural present)
wipeden (past plural)
wipede (past plural)
wipeth (imperative plural present)
wipe (imperative plural present)
wipynge (participle present)
wipende (participle present)
wiped (participle past)
ywiped (participle past)

English: wipe

Scots: wip, wepe, wype, wipe

Inherited from Old English wīpian, from Proto-West Germanic *wīpōn.

(figurative) To purge of malign or wicked influence.

To wipe or swipe for cleaning purposes:
To purge of malign or wicked influence.

To wipe dirt or other substances away from a wound.

To wipe or swipe for cleaning purposes:
To remove by wiping or swiping off.

To cleanse (to eliminate impurities or stains) without reference to wiping.

To remove or destroy without reference to wiping.

To wipe back and forth in a rubbing motion.


ȝare

(chiefly Kent and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


heoræ

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midland) Alternative form of here (“their”)


heȝ

head

heȝ (comparative heȝer, superlative heȝest)

heȝer (comparative)
heȝest (superlative)


swopen

enm-verb

swopen (third-person singular simple present swopeth, present participle swopynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative swep, past participle swopen)

swopeth (present singular third-person)
swopynge (participle present)
swep (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
swopen (participle past)
swopen (infinitive)
to swopen (infinitive)
swope (infinitive)
swope (first-person present singular)
swep (first-person past singular)
swoped (first-person past singular)
swopest (present second-person singular)
swepe (past second-person singular)
swep (past second-person singular)
swopedest (past second-person singular)
swopeth (present singular third-person)
swep (past singular third-person)
swoped (past singular third-person)
swope (present singular subjunctive)
swepe (past singular subjunctive)
swoped (past singular subjunctive)
swope (imperative present singular)
swopen (plural present)
swope (plural present)
swepen (past plural)
swepe (past plural)
swopeden (past plural)
swopede (past plural)
swopeth (imperative plural present)
swope (imperative plural present)
swopynge (participle present)
swopende (participle present)
swopen (participle past)
swepe (participle past)
swoped (participle past)
yswopen (participle past)
yswepe (participle past)

English: swoop

Scots: swap, swape, swaip

From Old English swāpan, from Proto-West Germanic *swaipan, from Proto-Germanic *swaipaną.

(religion) To cleanse or purge evil influences.


namann

(chiefly Early Middle English and Northern) Alternative form of noman


no-mone

(chiefly West Midland and western Southern dialectal) Alternative form of noman.


na man

(chiefly early and Northern dialectal) Alternative form of noman


na mon

(chiefly southern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of noman


no mon

(chiefly West Midland and western Southern dialectal) Alternative form of noman


snowisshe

English: snowish


namon

(chiefly southern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of noman.


Nomanneslond

English: no man's land

(historical) An area of land outside of London utilised for executions.


snow whit

English: snow-white

Scots: snaw-white

From Old English snāwhwīt, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwahwītaz; equivalent to snow + whit.


snowen

snowen (infinitive)
to snowen (infinitive)
snowe (infinitive)
snowe (first-person present singular)
snowed (first-person past singular)
snowest (present second-person singular)
snowedest (past second-person singular)
snoweth (present singular third-person)
snowed (past singular third-person)
snowe (present singular subjunctive)
snowed (past singular subjunctive)
snowe (imperative present singular)
snowen (plural present)
snowe (plural present)
snoweden (past plural)
snowede (past plural)
snoweth (imperative plural present)
snowe (imperative plural present)
snowynge (participle present)
snowende (participle present)
snowed (participle past)
ysnowed (participle past)

English: snow

Scots: snaw

(intransitive) To snow; to generate snow.

(intransitive, rare) To abound; to rain.


Caleys

English: Calais

From Anglo-Norman Caleis, from Latin Caletum.

Calais (a city in the modern department of Pas-de-Calais, France)


ouren

English: ourn, our'n

From oure, with influence from min and þin.

First-person plural possessive pronoun: ours, of us.


hisen

English: hisn, his'n

From his, with influence from min and þin.

Third-person singular masculine possessive pronoun: his, of him.


nyghtyngale

English: nightingale

Scots: nichtingale

From earlier nyghtgale, niȝtegale; perhaps influenced by nyghten.

Luscinia megarhynchos
Luscinia megarhynchos#Translingual


þeiren

English: theirn, their'n

From þeir, with influence from min and þin. Compare heren.

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


nyghtgale

English: nightgale (obsolete)

Scots: nychtgale

From Old English nihtegale, from Proto-West Germanic *nahtigalā.


snewen

snewen (infinitive)
to snewen (infinitive)
snewe (infinitive)
snewe (first-person present singular)
snewed (first-person past singular)
snewest (present second-person singular)
snewedest (past second-person singular)
sneweth (present singular third-person)
snewed (past singular third-person)
snewe (present singular subjunctive)
snewed (past singular subjunctive)
snewe (imperative present singular)
snewen (plural present)
snewe (plural present)
sneweden (past plural)
snewede (past plural)
sneweth (imperative plural present)
snewe (imperative plural present)
snewynge (participle present)
snewende (participle present)
snewed (participle past)
ysnewed (participle past)

English: snew

Inherited from Old English snīwan, from Proto-West Germanic *snīwan, from Proto-Germanic *snīwaną.

It snewed in his hous of mete and drynke

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in Canterbury Tales:


Mercurie

English: mercury, Mercury

Scots: marcury

(Roman mythology) The Roman god serving as a messenger; Mercury.

The planet once considered to be closest to the Earth after the Moon: Mercury.

Quicksilver or mercury (metal reputed to have alchemical qualities).


symplenesse

English: simpleness

guiltlessness, unguilt; the state of being innocent or free of responsibility.

honesty, truthfulness; the respect of truth.

humbleness, egolessness, pridelessness, reservedness

(rare) unalterability, immutability; the state of being unmodifiable.

(rare) simplicity; the state of being uncompounded.

(rare) Living like a pauper or miser; a lifestyle of poorness.


symplesse

English: simplesse (obsolete)

(rare) The quality of being of low station or of a low social standing.

(rare) guiltlessness, unguilt; the state of being innocent or free of responsibility.


sympilte

English: simplety (obsolete)

From Old French simplete; equivalent to symple + -te. Some forms are remodelled on symple.

(rare) humbleness, modestness, pridelessness, reservedness

(rare) stupidity, simplemindedness, unlearnedness

(rare) unguilt, truthfulness; being truthful.


nyghten

nyghten (infinitive)
to nyghten (infinitive)
nyghte (infinitive)
nyghte (first-person present singular)
nyghted (first-person past singular)
nyghtest (present second-person singular)
nyghtedest (past second-person singular)
nyghteth (present singular third-person)
nyghted (past singular third-person)
nyghte (present singular subjunctive)
nyghted (past singular subjunctive)
nyghte (imperative present singular)
nyghten (plural present)
nyghte (plural present)
nyghteden (past plural)
nyghtede (past plural)
nyghteth (imperative plural present)
nyghte (imperative plural present)
nyghtynge (participle present)
nyghtende (participle present)
nyghted (participle past)
ynyghted (participle past)

English: night

Scots: nicht

(intransitive) To become night; to darken in the sky.

(intransitive, rare) To night; to overnight.


tharen

thar (first-person present singular)
tharf (first-person present singular)
thurte (first-person past singular)
thurfte (first-person past singular)
tharst (present second-person singular)
thurtest (past second-person singular)
thurftest (past second-person singular)
thar (present singular third-person)
tharf (present singular third-person)
thurte (past singular third-person)
thurfte (past singular third-person)
thare (present singular subjunctive)
thurve (present singular subjunctive)
thurte (past singular subjunctive)
thurfte (past singular subjunctive)
tharen (plural present)
thare (plural present)
thurven (plural present)
thurve (plural present)
thurten (past plural)
thurte (past plural)
thurften (past plural)
thurfte (past plural)

English: thair (dialectal)

Scots: thair

From Old English þurfan, from Proto-Germanic *þurbaną. The vocalism in -a- is due to leveling from the present singular forms, while the loss of -f/-v- is probably due to simplification of the consonant cluster in forms like thurfte → thurte, which then analogically spread to forms lacking a cluster.

(auxiliary) To need to, to be required to

(auxiliary) To have to, to be obligated to, to ought to

(auxiliary) To be capable of, to be willing to


vespertyne

English: vespertine

From Latin vespertīnus (“occurring in the evening”).

bor

Pertaining to or occurring during the evening.


symply

English: simply

Scots: semply

guiltlessly, frankly, truthfully; in a blameless way

unconditionally, exceptionlessly; without complication


marcien

For certes, I am al Venerien

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 609-610

For certainly, I am all influenced by Venus
In feeling, and my heart is influenced by Mars.


Jovyne

The largest of the moving planets; Jupiter.


jubiter

From Latin Iuppiter. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

The boke...shewith howe that saturne may be turnyd into lune and jubiter into white sol..by the mene of a water that is 7 times sharper..than ever was any vineger.

1500, Singer, Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain in Ireland:

(rare, sometimes capitalised) A malleable, silvery metal; tin.


marcyan

(astronomy, astrology, sometimes capitalized) Pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Mars.

(by extension) Pertaining to war; martial.


gramerscole

gramere scole
gramere scole#Middle_English


gramer scoles

gramere scoles
gramere scoles#Middle_English


Iseland

desctree

> English: Iceland (inherited)
→ Japanese: アイスランド (Aisurando)

Calque of Old Norse Ísland; equivalent to is + land.


isykle

English: icicle

gl

< Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">iseȝokill</i>

Early Scots: ice-shokil (< Middle English iseȝokill)

desc

Scots: iceshogle, iceshoggle, ishogle, eeshogel, schokle, sheckle, shockle, shaikle

→? Elfdalian: aisikkel


hiren

English: hern, her'n

From hire, with influence from min and þin.

Third-person singular feminine possessive pronoun: hers.


hiren

enm-verb

hiren (third-person singular simple present hireth, present participle hirende, hirynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hired)

hireth (present singular third-person)
hirende (participle present)
hirynge (participle present)
hired (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hiren (infinitive)
to hiren (infinitive)
hire (infinitive)
hire (first-person present singular)
hired (first-person past singular)
hirest (present second-person singular)
hiredest (past second-person singular)
hireth (present singular third-person)
hired (past singular third-person)
hire (present singular subjunctive)
hired (past singular subjunctive)
hire (imperative present singular)
hiren (plural present)
hire (plural present)
hireden (past plural)
hirede (past plural)
hireth (imperative plural present)
hire (imperative plural present)
hirynge (participle present)
hirende (participle present)
hired (participle past)
yhired (participle past)

English: hire

Scots: hire

From Old English hȳrian, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀijan; equivalent to hire (“wages”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


Jubiter

English: Jupiter

The Roman god governing the sky; Jove, Jupiter.


ikil

English: ickle, eckle


gramere scole

English: grammar school

From gramere (“(Latin) grammar”) + scole (“school”).

grammar school (school that teaches Latin)


gramarie

English: gramarye, grammary, gramary

→ Scots: gramarye, gramarie

Scots: glamourie (now literary)

desc

→ English: glamoury, glamourie (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gramarie, variant of gramaire, from Latin grammatica. Doublet of gramere.


gramere

English: grammar

Scots: grammar; glamour

→ English: glamour, glamor (see there for further descendants)

From Old French gramaire, grammaire, from Latin grammatica. Doublet of gramarie.

(rare) Latin (the language of the Romans)


venerien

Either from Old French venerien or from Latin Venerius. The nominal use derives from the astrological understanding of Venus as the source of erotic influence.

One who is engaged in a romantic or sexual relationship; a lover.


venerien

Venerian

(astronomy, astrology, sometimes capitalized, see Venerien) Pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Venus.


saturne

Borrowed from Old French Saturne, from Latin Sāturnus. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.
See Metals of antiquity.

And ȝe quenche mars in whiȝt wiyn or in comoun watir manye tymes, and aftirward in þe same wiyn or watir ȝe caste saturne liquified ofte tymes, þanne wiþoute doute ȝe schal fynde þat þe saturne is maad riȝt hard.

And ye quench iron in white wine or in common water many times, and afterward in the same wine or water ye cast liquefied lead oftentimes, then without doubt ye shall find that the lead is made right hard.

(rare) The heavy, bright bluish metal; lead.


monæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mone (“moon”)


saturnyne

English: saturnine

From Old French saturnin, from Latin Sāturnīnus.

(astronomy, astrology, sometimes capitalized) Pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Saturn.


saturnous

From Saturne + -ous, from Latin Sāturnus.

Beth they war of metes that encresith sede..& suche metis ben..stronge, swete wyne & saturnous; and good wyne þat is myghty & swete, bothe whit & rede.


jargoun

English: jargon


ssephurde

(Southern) Alternative form of schepherde


rævere

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revere


revunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of revynge


reavin

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of reven


warderobe

English: wardrobe

Scots: wardrop (obsolete)

From Old Northern French warderoube; equivalent to ward + robe.

A small room or other location where clothing is stored for use; a wardrobe.

A division of an aristocratic residence which organises the procurement of supplies; the location which contains one.

A toilet or the room or building containing it.


robberie

English: robbery

Scots: robbery

Borrowed from Old French roberie; equivalent to robbour + -ie.


gardein

English: guardian

Scots: gairdian

From Anglo-Norman guardein, from guarder; equivalent to garde + -ein. Doublet of wardein.

(rare) guardian, guard; one who is given the responsibility of protection.

(rare) The head officer or leader of an institution.

(rare) An individual who acts in loco parentis; a guardian of a legal minor.


anunder mone

under þe mone
under þe mone#Middle_English


under mone

He...brouthen hire þat under mone In al þe werd ne hauede per.


robbour

English: robber

Scots: robber

>? Yola: ropeare, ropear

Borrowed from Old French robeor; equivalent to robben + -our, but remodelled on robben + -er from an early date.

A robber or burglar; one who robs or steals.

A pillager or pirate; a militarised robber.


in the fulle of þe mone

at þe fulle of þe mone
at þe fulle of þe mone#Middle_English

Alternative form of at þe fulle of þe mone


aboven þe mone

Þus trewe seruyce of god is lettid & þis veyn knackynge, for oure iolite & pride, is preised abouen þe mone.

1400, Wyclif, Of Feigned Contemplative Life:

(figurative) Outside what is reasonable; too highly.


at fulle of þe mone

Alternative form of at þe fulle of þe mone.


under þe mone

alternative forms at under

under mone, anunder þe mone, anunder mone

Of his soru mai naman tell þat liues vnder þe mone.


bente mone

enm-noun

bente mone (plural bente mones or bente monen)

bente mones (plural)
bente monen (plural)

(astronomy) A crescent moon, either waxing or waning.


in þe croke of þe mone

(astronomy) During the waxing crescent phase of the moon between the new moon and half moon.

(astronomy, less common) Whenever the moon is in a crescent shape, either waxing or waning.


bireven

bireven (infinitive)
to bireven (infinitive)
bireve (infinitive)
bireve (first-person present singular)
bireved (first-person past singular)
birefte (first-person past singular)
birevest (present second-person singular)
birevedest (past second-person singular)
bireftest (past second-person singular)
bireveth (present singular third-person)
bireved (past singular third-person)
birefte (past singular third-person)
bireve (present singular subjunctive)
bireved (past singular subjunctive)
birefte (past singular subjunctive)
bireve (imperative present singular)
bireven (plural present)
bireve (plural present)
bireveden (past plural)
birevede (past plural)
bireften (past plural)
birefte (past plural)
bireveth (imperative plural present)
bireve (imperative plural present)
birevynge (participle present)
birevende (participle present)
bireved (participle past)
bireft (participle past)

English: bereave

Scots: bereve, bereif

From Old English berēafian, from Proto-Germanic *biraubōną; equivalent to bi- + reven.

To cause someone to lose something:
To steal, or rob; to secretly loot.

To grab, grasp, or confiscate with force.

To cause someone to loose an abstract concept or idea.


Lucyna

English: Lucina

(mythology) The Roman goddess of childbirth; Lucina.


in þe newe of þe mone

(astronomy) During the time when the moon is in conjunction with the sun; during the new moon.


newe mone

newe mone (plural newe mones or newe monen)

English: new moon

(astronomy) The phase of the moon when in conjunction with the sun; the new moon.


robbynge

English: robbing


ful mone

ful mone (plural ful mones or ful monen)

full moon

(astronomy) The phase of the moon when in opposition with the sun; the full moon.


at þe fulle of þe mone

(astronomy) During the time when the moon is in opposition with the sun; during the full moon.


ryver

English: river

Scots: river

From Anglo-Norman rivere, from Early Medieval Latin rīpāria.


revynge

Inherited from Old English rēafung; equivalent to reven + -ing.


revynge

English: reaving

Scots: reiving


heyvolle

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”)


heiȝful

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”).


monelich

English: moonly

Having the shape or appearance of the moon.


monyssh

English: moonish

Variable like the moon; changeable, fickle, inconsistent.


sunnæ

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sonne (“sun”)


anunder sonne

under þe sonne
under þe sonne#Middle_English


yong mone

yong mone (plural yong mones or yong monen)

English: young moon

(astronomy) A moon in its first phase after new; a waxing crescent moon.


olde mone

olde mone (plural olde mones or olde monen)

English: old moon

(astronomy) A moon in its final phase before new; a waning crescent moon.


under þe sonne

English: under the sun

Calque of Hebrew תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ (táchat hashémesh). The phrase has been associated with the book of Ecclesiastes ever since appearing 29 times in the translation into Middle English by John Wycliffe.

calque

תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ

alternative forms at under

under sonne, anunder þe sonne, anunder sonne

1382, 1395, Wycliffe, Bible, Ecclesiastes 9:11

gretter was ther noon under the sonne

c. 1387-1400 Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, "The Knight's Tale"


extorcion

English: extortion

Extortion; being threatening for the purpose of obtaining resources.


cloystrer

English: cloisterer

From Old French cloistrier; equivalent to cloistre + -er.

A cloisterer; a person living a monastic lifestyle.


-yssh

English: -ish

Scots: -is, -ish, -isch

From Old English -isc and Old Norse -isk, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, with some influence from Old French -ais, -eis.

Affixed to nouns designating races, peoples and languages to form adjectives that describe them.

Affixed to nouns to form adjectives that describe something as being similar or like in nature to the base noun.


squirel

English: squirrel

Scots: squirrel

From Anglo-Norman esquirel, from Old French esquireul, from Vulgar Latin *scūriolus, a diminutive of Latin sciurus. Attested as a surname from the end of the 12th century and as the name of an animal from the early 14th century.

A squirrel (rodent of the family Sciuridae)


stef

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of staf


sonnelyche

English: sunly

From Old English sunlīċ. Equivalent to sonne + -ly.

Pertaining to or originating from the sun; solar.


Febus

(sometimes uncapitalised) Alternative form of Phebus


sonnyssh

English: sunnish

Of the colour or brilliance of the sun; golden and radiant.


yong sonne

(astronomy) In the first quarter of the solar year, after the vernal equinox.


Appolyn

From inflected forms of Latin Apollo, from Ancient Greek Ἀπόλλων (Apóllōn).

(Greek mythology, Roman mythology) In Greek and Roman mythology, the god governing the sun; Phoebus, Apollo.


piete

English: piety

Scots: peeity

From Old French pieté, from Latin pietās.


jelouste

Wrath, angriness; the state of being angry or furious.


jelous

English: jealous

Scots: jealous

/d͡ʒɛːˈluːs/

From Old French jalous, gelus, from Late Latin zelosus.

Jealous about a relationship; fearful about one's partner cheating.

Heartless, ruthless, strong; having great might and little empathy.

Loving, passionate; having much love or passion.

(rare) Bearing envy; jealous; resentful of another's possessions or status.

(rare) Paranoid; having suspicion or mistrust.


jelousnesse

English: jealousness

Jealousness in a relationship or marriage.

(rare) Passion; romantic or sexual desire.

(rare) Paranoia; severe, unwarranted fear.


Phebus

English: Phoebus

From Latin Phoebus, from Ancient Greek Φοῖβος (Phoîbos, “[the] Radiant [One]”).

der

(mythology) In Greek mythology, the god governing the sun; Phoebus, Apollo.

(astronomy, sometimes uncapitalised) The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun.


mysterye

Alternative form of mysterie (“mystery”)


yhyng

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of yong


ȝeing

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of yong


ȝuinge

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yong


ȝoyng

(chiefly northern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of yong


ȝeonge

(chiefly southern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of yong


yongere

Middle English: younger


scrydæn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of schryden


yongeist

(chiefly Northern) superlative degree of yong


mystier

Alternative form of mysteren (“to need”)


gingre

(chiefly early) Alternative form of yongere


myster

enm-noun

myster (plural mysteres, genitive mysters)


myster man

A crafter or artisan; a maker of crafts.


mysteren

mysteren (infinitive)
to mysteren (infinitive)
mystere (infinitive)
mystere (first-person present singular)
mystered (first-person past singular)
mysterest (present second-person singular)
mysteredest (past second-person singular)
mystereth (present singular third-person)
mystered (past singular third-person)
mystere (present singular subjunctive)
mystered (past singular subjunctive)
mystere (imperative present singular)
mysteren (plural present)
mystere (plural present)
mystereden (past plural)
mysterede (past plural)
mystereth (imperative plural present)
mystere (imperative plural present)
mysterynge (participle present)
mysterende (participle present)
mystered (participle past)
ymystered (participle past)

English: mister

Scots: mister

(Late Middle English) To necessitate; to be a necessity.


mytre

English: mitre

From Old French mitre, from Ancient Greek μίτρα (mítra).

A piece of headgear; a cap or hat:
mitre (cap worn by Christian priests)

A piece of headgear; a cap or hat:
A cap worn by Jewish priests.


schryden

enm-verb

schryden (third-person singular simple present schrydeth, present participle schrydynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schrydde, past participle schryd)

schrydeth (present singular third-person)
schrydynge (participle present)
schrydde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schryd (participle past)
schriden (infinitive)
to schriden (infinitive)
schride (infinitive)
schride (first-person present singular)
schridde (first-person past singular)
schridest (present second-person singular)
schriddest (past second-person singular)
schrideth (present singular third-person)
schridde (past singular third-person)
schride (present singular subjunctive)
schridde (past singular subjunctive)
schride (imperative present singular)
schriden (plural present)
schride (plural present)
schridden (past plural)
schridde (past plural)
schrideth (imperative plural present)
schride (imperative plural present)
schridynge (participle present)
schridende (participle present)
schrid (participle past)
yschrid (participle past)

English: shride (obsolete)

From Old English sċrȳdan, from Proto-West Germanic *skrūdijan, from Proto-Germanic *skrūdijaną.

To put on clothes on garments; to enrobe.

To equip garments or weapons; to gear up.


heiȝen

heiȝen (third-person singular simple present heiȝeth, present participle heiȝende, heiȝynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle heiȝed)

heiȝeth (present singular third-person)
heiȝende (participle present)
heiȝynge (participle present)
heiȝed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


bylden

bylden (third-person singular simple present byldeth, present participle byldynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bylte, past participle bylt)

byldeth (present singular third-person)
byldynge (participle present)
bylte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bylt (participle past)
bylden (infinitive)
to bylden (infinitive)
bylde (infinitive)
bylde (first-person present singular)
bylte (first-person past singular)
bylde (first-person past singular)
bylded (first-person past singular)
byldest (present second-person singular)
byltest (past second-person singular)
byldest (past second-person singular)
byldedest (past second-person singular)
byldeth (present singular third-person)
bylte (past singular third-person)
bylde (past singular third-person)
bylded (past singular third-person)
bylde (present singular subjunctive)
bylte (past singular subjunctive)
bylde (past singular subjunctive)
bylded (past singular subjunctive)
bylde (imperative present singular)
bylden (plural present)
bylde (plural present)
bylten (past plural)
bylte (past plural)
bylden (past plural)
bylde (past plural)
byldeden (past plural)
byldede (past plural)
byldeth (imperative plural present)
bylde (imperative plural present)
byldynge (participle present)
byldende (participle present)
bylt (participle past)
byld (participle past)
bylded (participle past)
ybylt (participle past)
ybyld (participle past)
ybylded (participle past)

English: build

Inherited from Old English bytlan, from Proto-West Germanic *buþlijan, from Proto-Germanic *buþlijaną.

þerfoꝛ the iewis ſeiden to hym / in fourti ⁊ ſixe ȝeer þis temple was bildid .· ⁊ ſchalt þou in þꝛe daies reiſe it .·?

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:20, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Then the Jews said to him: "This temple was built in forty-six years, and you want to rebuild it in three days?"

To erect, build, or create (a structure or building)

To establish, begin, create (an organisation)

To edify; to improve or promote welfare and religion.

To furnish; to supply quarters with necessities.


mounde

From Old French monde, from Latin mundus.


mynisterie

English: ministry

Scots: meenistry

From Old French menistere, in turn borrowed itself from Latin ministerium; equivalent to ministre + -ie.

The place held by a member of the clergy and its duties.

Direct assistance; help delivered by an individual.

(rare) Utilisation of one's skills or talents.


ministracioun

English: ministration

Scots: ministration (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French ministration, from Old French ministracïon, from Latin ministrātio; equivalent to ministre + -acioun.

bor+

Supervision, management; executive duties.

Administration (especially of medicine or sacraments)

(rare) The means that something is supplied with.


mynystrynge

English: ministering

Scots: ministring (obsolete)

(religion) Officiating at a religious service.

(rare) Provision; the act of providing or administering.

(medicine, rare) The administration of medicine.


menstre

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mynisterie


menstre

English: minster

From Old English mynster, from Latin monastērium, from Ancient Greek μοναστήριον (monastḗrion).


mewynge

(Late Middle English, rare) Shedding one's feathers.


mowe

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


-yf

English: -ive, -iff, -y

Borrowed from Old French -if, from Latin -īvus.

A suffix designating adjectives, adverbs and nouns.


mynystren

enm-verb

mynystren (third-person singular simple present mynystreth, present participle mynystrende, mynystrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mynystred)

mynystreth (present singular third-person)
mynystrende (participle present)
mynystrynge (participle present)
mynystred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mynystren (infinitive)
to mynystren (infinitive)
mynystre (infinitive)
mynystre (first-person present singular)
mynystred (first-person past singular)
mynystrest (present second-person singular)
mynystredest (past second-person singular)
mynystreth (present singular third-person)
mynystred (past singular third-person)
mynystre (present singular subjunctive)
mynystred (past singular subjunctive)
mynystre (imperative present singular)
mynystren (plural present)
mynystre (plural present)
mynystreden (past plural)
mynystrede (past plural)
mynystreth (imperative plural present)
mynystre (imperative plural present)
mynystrynge (participle present)
mynystrende (participle present)
mynystred (participle past)
ymynystred (participle past)

English: minister

Scots: minister (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French ministrer, from Old French ministrer, from Latin ministrō; equivalent to ministre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To confer or grant; to give a privilege.

To stock, provision or furnish; to provide with necessities.

To serve or present food and drink (to a table).

(Christianity or medicine) To administer (a sacrament or medicine)

To give (out); to deliver:
To administer (a sacrament or medicine)

To officiate a religious service or ceremony.

To proclaim or disseminate religious beliefs.

To supervise or administrate; to exercise governmental power.

To assist; to be useful or helpful (towards someone).


mewen

mewen (infinitive)
to mewen (infinitive)
mewe (infinitive)
mewe (first-person present singular)
mewed (first-person past singular)
mewest (present second-person singular)
mewedest (past second-person singular)
meweth (present singular third-person)
mewed (past singular third-person)
mewe (present singular subjunctive)
mewed (past singular subjunctive)
mewe (imperative present singular)
mewen (plural present)
mewe (plural present)
meweden (past plural)
mewede (past plural)
meweth (imperative plural present)
mewe (imperative plural present)
mewynge (participle present)
mewende (participle present)
mewed (participle past)
ymewed (participle past)

English: mew

From Old French muer, from Latin mūtō; equivalent to mew + -en (infinitival suffix).

To mew or moult; to rid oneself of one's feathers.

(Late Middle English, rare) To change one's appearance or look.

(Late Middle English, rare) To force to moult or mew.

(Late Middle English, rare) To imprison.


mewen

English: mew

Onomatopoeic. Phonetically similar to Catalan mèu (“meow”).


botonen

botonen (infinitive)
to botonen (infinitive)
botone (infinitive)
botone (first-person present singular)
botoned (first-person past singular)
botonest (present second-person singular)
botonedest (past second-person singular)
botoneth (present singular third-person)
botoned (past singular third-person)
botone (present singular subjunctive)
botoned (past singular subjunctive)
botone (imperative present singular)
botonen (plural present)
botone (plural present)
botoneden (past plural)
botonede (past plural)
botoneth (imperative plural present)
botone (imperative plural present)
botonynge (participle present)
botonende (participle present)
botoned (participle past)
ybotoned (participle past)

English: button

From Old French boutoner, botoner; equivalent to botoun + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To button up; to fasten using buttons.


findiȝ

Forr Crist iss strang & stedefasst & findiᵹ & unnfakenn Till alle þa þatt lufenn himm.
For Christ is strong & stedfast & able & trustworthy to all that love him.

Þa lakesst tu þin Drihhtin swa Gastlike..Wiþþ þerrflinng bræd..Wiþþ fasst & findiᵹ laf & harrd.
Thou worshipest to thy Lord so devoutly ... with strong and apt praise and vigorously.


blede

English: blead (dialectal)

From Old English blēd, blǣd, from Proto-Germanic *blēduz, *blōdiz.

One's offspring or disciples; the legacy one leaves in followers.

(rare) Comestible plants or fruit; a harvest.


bleden

bleden (infinitive)
to bleden (infinitive)
blede (infinitive)
blede (first-person present singular)
bledde (first-person past singular)
bledest (present second-person singular)
bleddest (past second-person singular)
bledeth (present singular third-person)
bledde (past singular third-person)
blede (present singular subjunctive)
bledde (past singular subjunctive)
blede (imperative present singular)
bleden (plural present)
blede (plural present)
bledden (past plural)
bledde (past plural)
bledeth (imperative plural present)
blede (imperative plural present)
bledynge (participle present)
bledende (participle present)
bled (participle past)
ybled (participle past)

English: bleed

Scots: blede, bleid

From Old English blēdan, from Proto-Germanic *blōþijaną.

To bleed; to experience blood loss:
To have blood gush or come forth.

To bleed; to experience blood loss:
To cause to bleed; to induce bleeding.

And so Sir Trystrames bledde bothe the over-shete and the neyther-shete, and the pylowes and the hede-shete

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “(please specify the chapter)”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book VIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

To bleed; to experience blood loss:
To bleed in or on an object.

To pass away (especially from blood loss caused by injury)


tabil

From a conflation of Old French table and Old English tabele.


mæȝe

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mawe (“stomach”)


gyser

English: gizzard

Borrowed from Middle French gésier, guysier, from Old French gesier, from Latin gigēria.

(Late Middle English) A gizzard or liver; an organ for processing waste.


gyserne

English: gizzern

Scots: gizzern


wombe

English: womb

Geordie English: wyem

Scots: wame, wam

From Old English womb, wamb, from Proto-West Germanic *wambu, from Proto-Germanic *wambō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

The stomach (digestive organ):
The stomach of livestock used as food.

(figurative) One's diet, nutritional habits or lifestyle.

And þe Lord made redi a gret fish þat he shulde swolewe Ionas; and Ionas was in wombe of þe fish þre daȝes and þre niȝtis.

The stomach (portion of a body between the torso and the chest):

The section of fur or coat taken from an animal's stomach.

The foreside of the stomach or a creature in general.

The womb or uterus; the location where a baby gestates.

The digestive organs or entrails of an organism.

The hollow inside or interior of something.


hefige

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of hevy


heue

alternative typography of hevy (“heavy, weighty; burdensome; grave, serious”)


heue

And Pandarus now woltow trowen me? / Haue here my trouthe, I se hire, ȝond she is! / Heue vp thyn eyen, man, maistow nat se?

Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, Book 5, .Stanza 166, .Lines 1157-9

And Pandarus, now, will you believe me? / By my truth, I see her! There she is! / Raise up your eyes man: do you not see?

Alternative form of heven (“lift (up), raise (up)”)


heyuolle

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”)


heiuol

Alternative form of heivol (“full moon”).


-scipp

(chiefly Northern dialectal) Alternative form of -schipe


-scip

(chiefly Early Middle English or Northern) Alternative form of -schipe


-shupp

(chiefly West Midland and western Southern dialectal) Alternative form of -schipe


-ssip

(chiefly Kentish and western Southern dialectal) Alternative form of -schipe


-scep

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of -schipe


-supe

(chiefly southern East Midland dialectal) Alternative form of -schipe


-shape

(chiefly northern West Midland dialectal) Alternative form of -schipe


-schipe

English: -ship

Scots: -schip

From Old English -sċiepe, from Proto-West Germanic *-skapi, Proto-Germanic *-skapiz.

Affixed to nouns and adjectives to form nouns denoting being, status, quality, activity, collectivity or condition.


swartnesse

English: swartness

From Old English sweartnes; equivalent to swart + -nesse.

Blackness; the condition of being dark or swarthy.


Spayne

English: Spain (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Spaingie

From Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia, from Ancient Greek Ἱσπανία (Hispanía).

Spain; the Iberian Peninsula, especially Castile.


hevy

head

hevy (plural and weak singular hevye, comparative hevyere, superlative hevyest)

hevye (plural)
hevye (singular weak)
hevyere (comparative)
hevyest (superlative)

English: heavy

Scots: hivy

From Old English hefiġ, from Proto-Germanic *habīgaz, equivalent to heven + -y.

Difficult to bear or accomplish; burdensome.

Lacking in vitality due to factors such as fatigue, age, disease or conscience.

Burdened with woe or sorrow; sad, troubled.

Angry or vexed (usually formed with to).


weob

Alternative form of web (“woven fabric, web”)


webbere

English: webber


webbe

From Old English webba; equivalent to webbe (“woven fabric, web”) + -e (agentive suffix).


webbes

From webbe (“woven fabric, web”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


webbes

From webbe (“weaver”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


wevel

English: weevil

Scots: wavel

Inherited from Old English wifel, from Proto-West Germanic *wibil, from Proto-Germanic *wibilaz.


Spynx

English: Sphinx, sphinx

From Latin Sphinx, from Ancient Greek Σφίγξ (Sphínx).


wevynge

English: weaving

Scots: weavin

(anatomy, rare) An array of various interwoven threads.

(rare) The layering of branches in an interwoven pattern.


spyndel

English: spindle, spinnel

Scots: spinnell, spindill

From Old English spinel, from Proto-West Germanic *spinnilu; equivalent to spinnen + -el (agentive suffix).

An rod that objects revolve around; a spoke or axle.

Any staff, stick or bar; a long, skinny piece of a material.


spynnestere

English: spinster

Scots: spinster

A spinner; a person (normally a woman) who spins fibre as a job.


wevere

English: weaver

Scots: weaver

Yola: weveare, weavere

Inherited from Old English *wefere; equivalent to weven (“to weave”) + -er.


spynnynge

English: spinning

Scots: spinnin

The conversion of fibre into thread; spinning.


spynnere

English: spinner


spynner

English: spinner


iuc

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of yok


bæcnien

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bekenen


becnunge

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of bekenynge


spenen

spenen (infinitive)
to spenen (infinitive)
spene (infinitive)
spene (first-person present singular)
spened (first-person past singular)
spenest (present second-person singular)
spenedest (past second-person singular)
speneth (present singular third-person)
spened (past singular third-person)
spene (present singular subjunctive)
spened (past singular subjunctive)
spene (imperative present singular)
spenen (plural present)
spene (plural present)
speneden (past plural)
spenede (past plural)
speneth (imperative plural present)
spene (imperative plural present)
spenynge (participle present)
spenende (participle present)
spened (participle past)
yspened (participle past)

Yola: zpeen, speen

From spenden, with the /d/ of that verb reinterpreted as the past-tense suffix -de.


spyne

English: spine

Borrowed from Old French espine and its ancestor Latin spīna, from Proto-Italic *speinā.

A spine (prickle or needle of an animal)


spiþre

English: spider

Scots: spider

Inherited from Old English spīþra, from Proto-West Germanic *spinþrijō.


bekenynge

Inherited from Old English bēacnung; equivalent to bekenen + -ing.


bekenynge

English: beckoning

Indication or gesturing, especially silently.