poynt

English: point

Yola: pint, peint

Borrowed from Old French point, puint, pointe and Anglo-Norman puingte.

dot serving as a punctuation mark, point, period

(geometry) point (zero-dimensional mathematical object)

smallest quantity of something, jot, whit

small division of a scale, especially as a unit of measurement, degree

decisive moment; moment of action, decision, or opportunity

centerpoint or point of revolution, midpoint, pole

focus of conversation or consideration; main idea, point, central theme

principle, proposition, statement to be followed

This is the idea, to speak briefly and clearly: / That each of you, to make our way feel short, / Shall tell two tales on this journey […]

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue This is the poynt, to speken short and pleyn: / That ech of yow, to shorte with oure weye, / In this viage shal telle tales tweye […]

individual element in a larger whole, such as a rule in a code of rules, an item in a list, or a verse of the Bible; detail, article, particular, item

instance, example of a general principle

condition, state, often specifically a good condition

personal characteristic, quality, often specifically a good quality, virtue

individual skill or technique in some art

(by extension, often plural) armed encounter, combat

other pointed tool, such as a nail or writing stylus

vanguard, front line of an army in formation

string or lace used to tie together certain garments, particularly armor

(medicine) stitch used in sewing together a wound

(backgammon) any of the twelve triangular positions in either table of a backgammon board, on which the stones are played

musical note or phrase, fragment of a tune


seyn

enm-verb

seyn (third-person singular simple present seyth, present participle seyinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seyd)

seyth (present singular third-person)
seyinge (participle present)
seyd (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


pleyn

English: plain

Yola: plaine

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman pleyn, one of the variants of Old French plain, from Latin planus.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, General Prologue
This is the poynt, to speken short and pleyn
This is the point, to speak briefly and clearly


stefcreft

From Old English stæfcræft (“art of writing, grammar”), from stæf (“letter”) + cræft (“art, skill”). More at staff, craft.


forthcallen

enm-verb

forthcallen (third-person singular simple present forthcalleth, present participle forthcallende, forthcallynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forthcalled)

forthcalleth (present singular third-person)
forthcallende (participle present)
forthcallynge (participle present)
forthcalled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From forth- + callen. Compare Old English forþġeclipian (“to call forth, provoke”). More at forth, call.


mysspeken

enm-verb

mysspeken (third-person singular simple present mysspeketh, present participle mysspekende, first-/third-person singular past indicative mysspak, past participle mysspoken)

mysspeketh (present singular third-person)
mysspekende (participle present)
mysspak (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
mysspoken (participle past)

English: misspeak

From mys- + speken, or perhaps continuing Old English *misspecan, missprecan.

to misspeak (make an error while speaking)


forthgang

From Old English forþgang (“a going forth, progress”), from Proto-Germanic *furþagangaz (“a going forth, advancement”). Cognate with Old Frisian forthgang, forthgong (“progress”), Middle Low German vōrtganc (“progress”), Middle High German vortganc (“progress”). By surface analysis, forth + gang; see these for more.


outgang

English: outgang

Scots: outgang

From Old English ūtgang (“an outgoing, exit”), from Proto-Germanic *ūtgangaz.


maister

English: master (see there for further descendants)

English: mister (see there for further descendants)

Scots: maister

From Old French maistre and Old English mǣġester, both from Latin magister.

In love-dayes ther koude he muchel help,
For there he was nat lyk a cloysterer
With a thredbare cope, as is a povre scoler,
But he was lyk a maister or a pope

14th Century, Chaucer, General Prologue:

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


actour

English: actor

Scots: acker

Borrowed from Latin āctōr; equivalent to act + -our.

An actor, doer (one who or that which does)


forth-

English: forth-

From Old English forþ-, from Proto-Germanic *furþą (“forth”). More at forth.


bilewit

From a conflation of Old English bilewit (“innocent, simple”) and bilehwīt (“simple, honest, sincere”).


gaude

English: gaud


tapp

Alternative form of tappe (“gentle touch”)


gere

Wo was his coke , but if his sauce were / Poinant and sharpe , and redy all his gere

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


coigne

Alternative form of coyn (“coin, quoin”)


conquerour

English: conqueror

desc

Middle Scots: conquerour, conqueriour, concreour

Borrowed from Old French conquereor; equivalent to conqueren (“to conquer”) + -our (agent suffix).

af

A conqueror (individual who subjugates land)


mencioun

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
This Duk of whom I make mencioun
This duke of whom I speak


weymenten

enm-verb

weymenten (third-person singular simple present weymenteth, present participle weymentende, weymentynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle weymented)

weymenteth (present singular third-person)
weymentende (participle present)
weymentynge (participle present)
weymented (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wayment

From Old Northern French waimenter, variant of Old French gaimenter.

to wayment; to experience distress or pain


cloþes

English: clothes


worþi

English: worthy


schortly

English: shortly


enuye

Þe gywes slowe and nome [Jesus] ffor enuye.


wyndow

window (opening in the wall of a building)


gentilesse

(literally, “For which thing it follows, that if thou not have no gentilesse of thyself, that is to say prize that cometh of thy desert, foreign gentilesse not maketh thee not gentle.”)

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Boece, edited by Richard Morris, London: Chaucer Society, 1886, Book 3, Metrum 6, p. 78, https://archive.org/details/chaucersboeceen00morrgoog For which þing it folweþ, þat yif þou ne haue no gentilesse of þi self, þat is to sein pris þat comeþ of þi deserte foreine gentilesse ne makeþ þe nat gentil. (please add an English translation of this quotation)


prisoun

English: prison

Scots: preeson

From late Anglo-Norman prisoun, spelt prisun in early Anglo-Norman. Ultimately from Latin prehensiō, prehensiōnem.

prison, jail, dungeon (place where captives are held)


synken

sinken (infinitive)
to sinken (infinitive)
sinke (infinitive)
sinke (first-person present singular)
sank (first-person past singular)
sinkest (present second-person singular)
sunke (past second-person singular)
sanke (past second-person singular)
sank (past second-person singular)
sinketh (present singular third-person)
sank (past singular third-person)
sinke (present singular subjunctive)
sunke (past singular subjunctive)
sanke (past singular subjunctive)
sinke (imperative present singular)
sinken (plural present)
sinke (plural present)
sunken (past plural)
sunke (past plural)
sanken (past plural)
sanke (past plural)
sinketh (imperative plural present)
sinke (imperative plural present)
sinkynge (participle present)
sinkende (participle present)
sunken (participle past)
sunke (participle past)
ysunken (participle past)
ysunke (participle past)

English: sink

Scots: sink

Yola: zunk (preterite)

From Old English sincan, from Proto-West Germanic *sinkwan, from Proto-Germanic *sinkwaną.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tales
Lat oure sorwe synken into þin herte.
Let our sorrow sink into your heart.


angwissh

English: anguish

Scots: anguish

Yola: 'ngish

From Anglo-Norman anguisse, from Latin angustia.

Hard or unfavourable conditions; hard times.

(rare) Hostile or unfavourable behaviour.


lyven

lyven (third-person singular simple present lyveth, present participle lyvende, lyvynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle lyved)

lyveth (present singular third-person)
lyvende (participle present)
lyvynge (participle present)
lyved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
lyven (infinitive)
to lyven (infinitive)
lyve (infinitive)
libben (infinitive)
libbe (infinitive)
lyve (first-person present singular)
lyved (first-person past singular)
lyvest (present second-person singular)
lyvedest (past second-person singular)
lyveth (present singular third-person)
lyved (past singular third-person)
lyve (present singular subjunctive)
lyved (past singular subjunctive)
lyve (imperative present singular)
lyven (plural present)
lyve (plural present)
lyveden (past plural)
lyvede (past plural)
lyveth (imperative plural present)
lyve (imperative plural present)
lyvynge (participle present)
lyvende (participle present)
lyved (participle past)
ylyved (participle past)

English: live

Scots: leeve

Yola: live

From Old English libban, lifian, from Proto-West Germanic *libbjan, from Proto-Germanic *libjaną.

(intransitive) To live (be alive or extant)

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I greatly wonder by this light / How it is that I’m alive, for day and night / I can hardly sleep at all.

I Haue grete wonder, be this lyghte / How that I lyve, for day ne nyghte / I may nat slepe, wel nygh noght

(intransitive) To live (survive, continue living)

(intransitive, of inanimate objects and abstractions) To persist; to continue to exist.

(intransitive) To reside or dwell; to live (somewhere).

(intransitive) To live (in a certain way or condition)

(intransitive, with various prepositions) To subsist or live on.

(transitive) To live as (something), to exist as, to live the life of.


floure

IN Maẏ whan eúý harte floryſhyth́ ⁊ burgruyth́ for as the ſeaſon ys luſty to be holde and comfortable ſo man and woman reioyſyth and gladith of ſom[er] cõmynge wᵗ his freyſhe floures[…]So thys ſeaſon hit be felle in the moneth : of may a grete angur and vnhappy that ſtynted nat tylle þͤ floure of chyvalry of the worlde was deſtroyed and ſlayne

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 22–25 and 27–29:

IN May, when every heart flourisheth and burgeneth; for as the season is lusty to behold, and comfortable, so man and woman rejoice and be glad of summer coming with his fresh flowers. […] So in this season, as in the month of May, it befell a great anger and unhap that stinted not till the flower of chivalry of all the world was destroyed and slain;


dedly

English: deadly

Scots: deidly

From Old English dēadlīċ; equivalent to deed + -ly.

And þei chaungiden þe gloꝛie of god vncoꝛruptible .· in to the licneſſe of an ymage of a dedli man · ⁊ of bꝛiddis · ⁊ of foure footid beeſtis · ⁊ of ſerpentis[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Romayns 1:23, page 55v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they replaced the glory of immortal God with idols of the form of a mortal man, of birds, of four-footed animals, and of snakes.

And whan he cam to the sacrament of the masse / and had done / anone he called Galahad and sayd to hym come forthe the seruaunt of Ihesu cryst and thou shalt see that thou hast moche desyred to see / & thenne he beganne to tremble ryght hard / whan the dedely flesshe beganne to beholde the spyrytuel thynges

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum xxij”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

And when he'd come to the sacrament of Mass and taken it, he called Galahad over immediately and said to him: "Come forward, servant of Jesus Christ, and you'll see what you've greatly desired to see". Then he began to tremble incredibly hard, as mortal flesh began to comprehend spiritual things.


dwellen

dwelen (infinitive)
to dwelen (infinitive)
dwele (infinitive)
dwele (first-person present singular)
dweled (first-person past singular)
dwelte (first-person past singular)
dwelest (present second-person singular)
dweledest (past second-person singular)
dweltest (past second-person singular)
dweleth (present singular third-person)
dweled (past singular third-person)
dwelte (past singular third-person)
dwele (present singular subjunctive)
dweled (past singular subjunctive)
dwelte (past singular subjunctive)
dwele (imperative present singular)
dwelen (plural present)
dwele (plural present)
dweleden (past plural)
dwelede (past plural)
dwelten (past plural)
dwelte (past plural)
dweleth (imperative plural present)
dwele (imperative plural present)
dwelynge (participle present)
dwelende (participle present)
dweled (participle past)
dwelt (participle past)
ydweled (participle past)
ydwelt (participle past)

English: dwell

Scots: dwall

From Old English dwellan (with semantic influence from Old Norse dvelja), from Proto-West Germanic *dwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną.

To dwell; to remain:
To remain or stay (in a location)

To dwell; to remain:
To live, reside, or inhabit.

(figurative) To become settled or established (with).

To last; to persist:
To remain or continue (in a condition)

To last; to persist:
To be left; to remain in possession.

To be left over; to remain (of a portion).


gardyn

desctree

English: garden
Sranan Tongo: dyari
→ Nafaanra: yaadi

Scots: gairden

From Old Northern French gardin, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


feeld

English: field

Scots: feld, feild

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

A field (such land used for agriculture)

A plain (flat, open country):
Wild or uncultivated land.

A plain (flat, open country):
A battlefield or battleground.

(heraldry) A field (background of a shield).

(figurative, rare) A field (realm of operation).


baner

English: banner

→ Welsh: baner

From Old French baniere, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


traytour

English: traitor

→ Middle Irish: trétúir

Irish: tréatúir

From Old French traïtor, from Latin trāditor.


wrecched

English: wretched


mayde

English: maid

Yola: mydhe, midhe, myde, mide, maide

Crist was a mayde and shapen as a man.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


strif

English: strife

Old French estrif, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


skapen

enm-verb

skapen (third-person singular simple present skapeth, present participle skapende, skapynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle skaped)

skapeth (present singular third-person)
skapende (participle present)
skapynge (participle present)
skaped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
That if I might skapen fro prisoun
That if I can escape from prison


remedye

English: remedy


gelousie

From Anglo-Norman gelusie, from the adjective gelus.


waylen

waylen (third-person singular simple present wayleth, present participle waylende, waylynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wayled)

wayleth (present singular third-person)
waylende (participle present)
waylynge (participle present)
wayled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wail


bittre

English: bitter

From Old English bitter, biter (“bitter”).


womman

desctree

English: woman
Antigua and Barbuda Creole English: uman
Aukan: uman
Jamaican Creole: ooman
Krio: uman
Sranan Tongo: uma; oema (superseded)
Torres Strait Creole: oman
→ Japanese: ウーマン (ūman)
→ Korean: 우먼 (umeon)
→ Volapük: vom

English: -woman
→ French: -woman

Scots: woman, weman

From Old English wiman, wimman, wīfmann (“woman; female servant”, literally “female person; female human being”), equivalent to wyf (“woman, wife”) + man (“man, person”).

compound

hire to wommane brouȝte


teere

Alternative form of teer (“good quality”)


teere

Alternative form of teren (“to ruin by removing or splitting”)


possibilite

From Old French possibilité, from Latin possibilitās.


fruyt

desctree

English: fruit
Bislama: frut
Jamaican Creole: fruut
Tok Pisin: frut
→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)

Scots: fruit, frute

→ Cornish: frut

Borrowed from Old French fruit, from Latin fructus.


swich

English: such

Middle Scots: swilk

Scots: sic

Yola: zitch, zetch, zitchel, zichel

From Old English swilċ, late variant of swylc, swelċ. For the loss of /l/, compare ech, which.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]


crien

enm-verb

crien (third-person singular simple present crieth, present participle cryinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle cried)

crieth (present singular third-person)
cryinge (participle present)
cried (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
crien (infinitive)
to crien (infinitive)
crie (infinitive)
crie (first-person present singular)
cried (first-person past singular)
cride (first-person past singular)
criest (present second-person singular)
criedest (past second-person singular)
cridest (past second-person singular)
crieth (present singular third-person)
cried (past singular third-person)
cride (past singular third-person)
crie (present singular subjunctive)
cried (past singular subjunctive)
cride (past singular subjunctive)
crie (imperative present singular)
crien (plural present)
crie (plural present)
crieden (past plural)
criede (past plural)
criden (past plural)
cride (past plural)
crieth (imperative plural present)
crie (imperative plural present)
cryinge (participle present)
criende (participle present)
cried (participle past)
crid (participle past)

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: cry't (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French crier, from Vulgar Latin *crītāre; equivalent to cry + -en (infinitival suffix).

criþe

either reflects early Old French crider or a scribal error

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To weep or cry in sorrow.

(with preposition) To shout against; to verbally protest.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To shout against; to verbally protest.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To plead for help or justice.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To pray for divine aid; to supplicate.

To announce or proclaim:
To order, charge, or direct.

To announce or proclaim:
To call for people; to summon.

(of animals) To make a characteristic sound.


volvelle

English: volvelle

Borrowed from Medieval Latin volvella, variant of volvellum, from volvō + -ellum.

A moving part of an astronomical instrument.


beeste

English: beast

Scots: beast

Yola: beast

From Old French beste, from Latin bestia.

An animal or creature (life in the kingdom Animalia, sometimes including mankind):

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]

A creature used as livestock; a domesticated animal.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

A beast; a powerful fantastic or mythological creature.

A person who is merciless or unforgiving.


quethen

quethen (third-person singular simple present quetheth, present participle quethynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative quath, past participle quethen)

quetheth (present singular third-person)
quethynge (participle present)
quath (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
quethen (participle past)
quethen (infinitive)
to quethen (infinitive)
quethe (infinitive)
quethe (first-person present singular)
quath (first-person past singular)
quoth (first-person past singular)
quethest (present second-person singular)
quede (past second-person singular)
quode (past second-person singular)
quath (past second-person singular)
quoth (past second-person singular)
quetheth (present singular third-person)
quath (past singular third-person)
quoth (past singular third-person)
quethe (present singular subjunctive)
quede (past singular subjunctive)
quode (past singular subjunctive)
quethe (imperative present singular)
quethen (plural present)
quethe (plural present)
queden (past plural)
quede (past plural)
quoden (past plural)
quode (past plural)
quetheth (imperative plural present)
quethe (imperative plural present)
quethynge (participle present)
quethende (participle present)
queden (participle past)
quede (participle past)
quethe (participle past)
yqueden (participle past)
yquede (participle past)
yquethe (participle past)

English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)

Scots: quethe (noun)

Yola: co, quo

From Old English cweþan, from Proto-West Germanic *kweþan, from Proto-Germanic *kweþaną; a cognate of Middle Low German queden, Middle Dutch quēden, Middle High German quëden, and Old Swedish kvæþa.

To speak, talk, question (about something; something)

To bequeath; to hand down to one's successors by will.

To abandon; to give away or give out; to donate.


biforn

English: before


poverly

English: poorly

povre + -ly, with an inversion of the r and e

poorly (in a way showing poorness, lack of resources)


allone

English: alone, lone

Geordie English: alyen

Scots: alane

Yola: alane

1395, Wycliffe Bible, Deuternomy 22:27

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


mirour

English: mirror

Scots: mirror

From Old French mireor, from the verb mirer (“to look at”).

A mirror, looking-glass, or other reflective surface.

An exemplar or model (of good or bad behaviour)

Texts, books, or writings used for advice or help.

(figurative) God or his workings or evidence of it

(rare) An narrative or report; a description of past events.


voys

English: voice

Scots: voice, vice, vyce

Yola: vice

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman voiz, voys, veys, from Latin vōx, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs.

A voice (sound made with the mouth):
The voice of a particular person.

⁊ I herde a greet vois in heuene .· ſeiynge / now is maad helþe ⁊ vertu ⁊ kyngdom of oure god .· ⁊ þe power of his criſt / foꝛ þe accuſere of oure bꝛiþeren is caſt doun .· which accuſide hem bifoꝛe þe ſiȝt of oure god · dai ⁊ nyȝt

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 12:10, page 121v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And I heard a powerful voice in Heaven, saying: "Now health, power, the kingdom of our God, and the might of his Christ have been established, because the accuser of our brothers is hurled down, who criticised them day and night."

⁊ an oþer aungel wente out of þe temple .· ⁊ criede wiþ greet vois to hym þat ſat on þe cloude / ſende þi ſikel ⁊ repe .· foꝛ þe our comeþ þat it be ropun. foꝛ þe coꝛn of þe erþe is ripe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 14:15, page 122r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And another angel went out of the temple, and cried with a powerful voice to the one who sat on the cloud: "Take your sickle and reap, as the hour it should be reaped is coming; the harvest of the Earth is ripe!"

A voice (sound made with the mouth):
A particular type of voice.

The sound made by a certain kind of talking.

The speech faculty; one's capability to make sound.

A voice (sound made with the mouth):
The vocal organs.

A sentence (especially a maxim or byword)

An utterance; the use of one's voice:
A prayer (entreaty to a deity).

A musical sound; a tune, note, or musical piece or a kind of one.

The sound an animal makes or their capability to make it.

Intent, preference (What a person or people want):

(grammar) Grammatical voice; the relation a verb or noun has to the subject.

(figurative) A revelator or opiner; someone with a view or information.

(rare) The concept which a word denotes.


squier

English: squire

Old French escuier, from Latin scutarius (“shield-bearer”), from scutum (“shield”)

(c.1400) Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue lines 79 ff.
With hym ther was his sone, a yong SQUIER,
A lovyere and a lusty bacheler;
With lokkes crulle, as they were leyd in presse.
Of twenty yeer of age he was, I gesse.


mydnyght

English: midnight


haþ

third-person singular present indicative of haven


derknesse

English: darkness

Scots: daurkness

From Old English deorcnes; equivalent to derk + -nesse.

[...] ‘Now, Cristes owene knightes leve and dere,
Caste alle awey the werkes of derknesse,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Second Nun's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 383-385

… ‘Now, Christ's own knights beloved and dear,
Cast away all the works of darkness,
And arm yourselves in armor of brightness.’

And armeth yow in armure of brightnesse.’


doun

From Old English dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from ofdūne (“off the hill”).


doun

English: down

Geordie English: doon

Scots: doun

Yola: deoune, deowne


cruelte

English: cruelty

Scots: cruelty

From Old French cruauté, from cruel. Doublet of crudelite and equivalent to cruel + -te.

How longe Juno thurgh thy crueltee, / Woltow werreyen Thebes the citee?.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1543–1544:

For how long, Juno, with your cruelty, / Will you assail the city of Thebes?

The state of being cruel; cruelness, cruelty, ruthlessness.

Viciousness, ferociousness; the state of being fierce.


romen

romen (third-person singular simple present rometh, present participle romende, romynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle romed)

rometh (present singular third-person)
romende (participle present)
romynge (participle present)
romed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

to roam (move around somewhat indiscriminately)


traunce

English: trance

Scots: trance

A trance or faint (dazed or semi-conscious state)

An inability to perceive outside events, especially when overwhelmed mentally or emotionally.

An experience of overwhelming joy, pleasure or happiness.


chaungen

chaungen (third-person singular simple present chaungeth, present participle chaungende, chaungynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaunged)

chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaungende (participle present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaunged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chaungen (infinitive)
to chaungen (infinitive)
chaunge (infinitive)
chaunge (first-person present singular)
chaunged (first-person past singular)
chaungest (present second-person singular)
chaungedest (past second-person singular)
chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaunged (past singular third-person)
chaunge (present singular subjunctive)
chaunged (past singular subjunctive)
chaunge (imperative present singular)
chaungen (plural present)
chaunge (plural present)
chaungeden (past plural)
chaungede (past plural)
chaungeth (imperative plural present)
chaunge (imperative plural present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaungende (participle present)
chaunged (participle past)

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃaːnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃæi̯nd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaungier, chaunger and continental Old French changier, from Latin cambiāre, from Gaulish cambion (“change”); equivalent to chaunge (“change”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To change or vary; to become or make different:

To alter or transmogrify; to change in entirety.

To replace or swap; to substitute for another.


deyen

English: die
→ Vietnamese: đai

Geordie English: dee

Scots: de, dee, dey

Yola: dee

From Old Norse deyja, from Proto-Germanic *dawjaną.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
That þou ne schuldest deyen of myn honde
So that you should not die of my hand


deyen

English: dye

To dye or perform the process of dyeing.


iunge

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of yong


þou

head

þou (accusative þe, genitive þin, possessive determiner þi, þin)

þe (accusative)
þin (genitive)
þi (determiner possessive)
þin (determiner possessive)

desc

English: thou, tha (Yorkshire, Lancashire), thow, thu, du (Scotland)

Scots: thou, du, thoo

Yola: thou, th'

From Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

thou (second-person singular pronoun); you


douȝter

The seid theuith…also commysed to hym his douȝter.

1485, William Caxton, The Lyf of Saynt Wenefryde, page 1:


enformen

enm-verb

enformen (third-person singular simple present enformeth, present participle enformende, enformynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enformed)

enformeth (present singular third-person)
enformende (participle present)
enformynge (participle present)
enformed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old French enfourmer; equivalent to en- + formen.


loude

English: loud

Scots: loud, lood

Inherited from Old English hlūde, from Proto-West Germanic *hlūdō, from Proto-Germanic *hlūdô; compare loud.

(rare) Hearably, audibly; able to be heard

(rare) Obviously, in an easily detectable or discernable way.


irous

From Old French iros, from ire. See English ire.

And right anon this irous, cursed wrecche / Leet this knyghtes sone bifore hym fecche...

1394, Chaucer, “v. 2063”, in The Summoner's Tale:


noumpere

English: umpire

Scots: umpire

From Old French nonper; equivalent to non- + pere; forms lacking initial n- are due to reanalysis of a noumpere as an umpere.


gessen

gessen (third-person singular simple present gesseth, present participle gessende, first-/third-person singular past indicative gessede, past participle ygessed)

gesseth (present singular third-person)
gessende (participle present)
gessede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ygessed (participle past)
gessen (infinitive)
to gessen (infinitive)
gesse (infinitive)
gesse (first-person present singular)
gessed (first-person past singular)
gessest (present second-person singular)
gessedest (past second-person singular)
gesseth (present singular third-person)
gessed (past singular third-person)
gesse (present singular subjunctive)
gessed (past singular subjunctive)
gesse (imperative present singular)
gessen (plural present)
gesse (plural present)
gesseden (past plural)
gessede (past plural)
gesseth (imperative plural present)
gesse (imperative plural present)
gessynge (participle present)
gessende (participle present)
gessed (participle past)
ygessed (participle past)

English: guess


remembren

remembren (third-person singular simple present remembreth, present participle remembrende, remembrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle remembred)

remembreth (present singular third-person)
remembrende (participle present)
remembrynge (participle present)
remembred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
remembren (infinitive)
to remembren (infinitive)
remembre (infinitive)
remembre (first-person present singular)
remembred (first-person past singular)
remembrest (present second-person singular)
remembredest (past second-person singular)
remembreth (present singular third-person)
remembred (past singular third-person)
remembre (present singular subjunctive)
remembred (past singular subjunctive)
remembre (imperative present singular)
remembren (plural present)
remembre (plural present)
remembreden (past plural)
remembrede (past plural)
remembreth (imperative plural present)
remembre (imperative plural present)
remembrynge (participle present)
remembrende (participle present)
remembred (participle past)
yremembred (participle past)

English: to remember

Old French remembrer, from Vulgar Latin rememorare, from Classical Latin rememorari


stode

English: stud

Scots: stod, stud, stude, stuid

Yola: sthit

From Old English stōd, from Proto-Germanic *stōdą.


stode

inflection of standen:
plural indicative/subjunctive past

inflection of standen:
second-person singular past

inflection of standen:
singular subjunctive past


acqueren

acqueren (infinitive)
to acqueren (infinitive)
acquere (infinitive)
acquere (first-person present singular)
acquered (first-person past singular)
acquerest (present second-person singular)
acqueredest (past second-person singular)
acquereth (present singular third-person)
acquered (past singular third-person)
acquere (present singular subjunctive)
acquered (past singular subjunctive)
acquere (imperative present singular)
acqueren (plural present)
acquere (plural present)
acquereden (past plural)
acquerede (past plural)
acquereth (imperative plural present)
acquere (imperative plural present)
acquerynge (participle present)
acquerende (participle present)
acquered (participle past)
yacquered (participle past)

English: acquire


requere

‘Plighte me thy trouthe, heer in myn hand,’ quod she,
‘The nexte thing that I requere thee,
Thou shalt it do, if it lye in thy might;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Wife of Bath's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1009-1012

‘Pledge me thy word here in my hand,’ she said,
‘The next thing that I require of thee,
Thou shalt do it, if it lies in thy power;
And I will tell it to you before it is night.’


hidously

The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale:

The bright swords went to and fro
So hideously that with the least stroke
That it seems that it would fell an oak


sterten

English: start, sturt (dialectal)

Scots: stert, start

Yola: starth

From Old English styrtan, from Proto-West Germanic *sturtijan (“to startle, move, set in motion”).

inh

c. 1250, Anonymous, "Cuckoo Song" (as printed in Oxford Book of English Verse, 1900)


jugen

enm-verb

jugen (third-person singular simple present jugeth, present participle jugende, jugynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle juged)

jugeth (present singular third-person)
jugende (participle present)
jugynge (participle present)
juged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


dampnen

dampnen (third-person singular simple present dampneth, present participle dampnende, dampnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dampned)

dampneth (present singular third-person)
dampnende (participle present)
dampnynge (participle present)
dampned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dampnen (infinitive)
to dampnen (infinitive)
dampne (infinitive)
dampne (first-person present singular)
dampned (first-person past singular)
dampe (first-person past singular)
dampnest (present second-person singular)
dampnedest (past second-person singular)
dampest (past second-person singular)
dampneth (present singular third-person)
dampned (past singular third-person)
dampe (past singular third-person)
dampne (present singular subjunctive)
dampned (past singular subjunctive)
dampe (past singular subjunctive)
dampne (imperative present singular)
dampnen (plural present)
dampne (plural present)
dampneden (past plural)
dampnede (past plural)
dampen (past plural)
dampe (past plural)
dampneth (imperative plural present)
dampne (imperative plural present)
dampnynge (participle present)
dampnende (participle present)
dampned (participle past)
damp (participle past)
ydampned (participle past)
ydamp (participle past)

English: damn

Scots: damn

Borrowed from Old French dampner, from Latin damnō; compare condempnen.

(law) to charge as guilty; to effect punishment.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Man of Law's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 843-844

[...] Mankind was lorn and damned ay to dye,
For which thy child was on a croys y-rent; [...]
… Mankind was lost, and damned forever to die,
For which your child was stretched on a cross; …

to condemn to some ill fate, to doom or destine (to die, etc.)


fellen

From Old English fellan, Anglian variant of fiellan, from Proto-West Germanic *fallijan, from Proto-Germanic *fallijaną, causative of *fallaną.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook


joye

English: joy

Scots: jo

→ English: jo, joe

Yola: joee

/ˈd͡ʒɔi̯(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French joie, from Latin gaudia.


seaw

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of sew


sighte

English: sight


suppe

Alternative form of soupen (“to swallow”)


seide

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

first/third-person singular past indicative of seyn


coler

English: collar

Scots: collar

→ Middle Irish: coilér

Irish: coiléar

Scottish Gaelic: coilear

→ Welsh: coler

From Old French coler, from Latin collāre.

A piece of clothing or jewelry for around the neck:

A neckband or collar (part of a garment around the neck)

A chain made of gold links used as a necklace indicating status.

Armour or protective gear for the neck area.

A collar or loop around the neck of an animal (horse, dog, or cat).

(rare) A shackle or restraint used around the neck for captives.

A piece of fabric draped atop the upper arm and shoulder.

(rare) The area around the neck; the halse.


coler

English: choler

From Old French colere, from Latin cholera (which some forms are directly from).

Yellow bile as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

(rare) An disease, affliction, or illness of the digestive system.


roget

English: rochet

Scots: lachet

From Middle French rouget, from Old French rouget, roget.


alienat

English: alienate

From Latin aliēnātus; equivalent to alienen + -at.

Mad, insane or crazed; showing lack or loss of mental sanity.

Separated, alienated; unconnected to the wider world.

Stored away for safeguarding; held securely.


musicke

From Old French musique (“mosaic”), from Italian mosaico, from Medieval Latin musaicum, from Late Latin musivum (opus), from Latin museum, musaeum, probably from Ancient Greek Μουσεῖον (Mouseîon), shrine of the Muses (Μοῦσα (Moûsa)).


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.


relicte

English: relict

(uncommon, Late Middle English) undamaged, left alone


howe

English: hoe

Yola: howe


howe

Alternative form of hough (“hough, hock”)


-hede

English: -hood, -head

Scots: -heid

From Old English *-hǣd, -hād, *-hǣdu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz. Compare hod.
The shift of the vowel from /ɔː/ to /oː/ is unexpected. Compare with a similar change in two and who (though in those cases, it is due to the influence of preceding /w/).

Affixed to nouns and adjectives to form nouns denoting position, quality, state, condition or collectivity.


goddes

From Old English godas, nominative plural of god (“god, God”); equivalent to god + -es (“plural suffix”).


goddes

From Old English godes, genitive singular of god (“god, God”); equivalent to god + -es (“genitive suffix”).


graunten

graunten (third-person singular simple present graunteth, present participle grauntende, grauntynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle graunted)

graunteth (present singular third-person)
grauntende (participle present)
grauntynge (participle present)
graunted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: grant


douteles

English: doubtless


devysen

devysen (third-person singular simple present devyseth, present participle devysende, devysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle devysed)

devyseth (present singular third-person)
devysende (participle present)
devysynge (participle present)
devysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


avys

English: avis, advice

Scots: adveece


foryiven

foryiven (infinitive)
to foryiven (infinitive)
foryive (infinitive)
foryive (first-person present singular)
foryaf (first-person past singular)
foryef (first-person past singular)
foryivest (present second-person singular)
foryeve (past second-person singular)
foryave (past second-person singular)
foryaf (past second-person singular)
foryef (past second-person singular)
foryiveth (present singular third-person)
foryaf (past singular third-person)
foryef (past singular third-person)
foryive (present singular subjunctive)
foryeve (past singular subjunctive)
foryave (past singular subjunctive)
foryive (imperative present singular)
foryiven (plural present)
foryive (plural present)
foryeven (past plural)
foryeve (past plural)
foryaven (past plural)
foryave (past plural)
foryiveth (imperative plural present)
foryive (imperative plural present)
foryivynge (participle present)
foryivende (participle present)
foryeven (participle past)
foryeve (participle past)
foryiven (participle past)
foryive (participle past)
foryoven (participle past)
foryove (participle past)

English: forgive

Scots: forgie, firgee, forgae

Yola: vargee

From Old English forġiefan (“to forgive, give up, provide”), from Proto-West Germanic *frageban, from Proto-Germanic *fragebaną. See forgive; equivalent to for- + yiven.


devisen

enm-verb

devisen (third-person singular simple present deviseth, present participle devisende, devisynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle devised)

deviseth (present singular third-person)
devisende (participle present)
devisynge (participle present)
devised (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


fighten

fighten (third-person singular simple present fighteth, present participle fightende, first-/third-person singular past indicative faught, past participle foughten)

fighteth (present singular third-person)
fightende (participle present)
faught (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
foughten (participle past)

Scots: fecht, ficht

English: fight

The title of the hundrid and eiȝtthe ſalm. To victorye, the ſalm of Dauid. / God, holde thou not ſtille my preiſyng; for the mouth of the ſynner, and the mouth of the gileful man is openyd on me. / Thei ſpaken ayens me with a gileful tunge, and thei cumpassiden me with wordis of hatrede; and fouȝten ayens me with out cauſe.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 108:1-3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David". / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.


estward

English: eastward

Scots: eastart

From Old English ēastweard, ēasteweard; equivalent to est + -ward.


goþ

third-person singular present indicative of gon

(mainly Southern ME) plural present indicative of gon


rerer

(rare) A person who raises occult forces.

(rare) A waker; a person who lifts someone from sleep.


spayen

head

spayen (third person present spaieth, present participle spaiende, simple past spaiede, past participle spaied or yspaied)

spaieth (present third-person)
spaiende (participle present)
spaiede (past)
spaied (participle past)
yspaied (participle past)

English: spay

From the Anglo-Norman espeier, equivalent to the Old French espeer (“to cut with a sword”), from Old French espee (“sword”), whence the Modern French épée.

cog

1406–13: Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, The Master of Game (Digby manuscript 182), prologue⁽¹⁾ and chapter xxxiii⁽²⁾
⁽¹⁾ And after whann the hert is spaied and dede he vndothe hym.
⁽²⁾ Þen shulde who so be moste maister þere byd somme of þe hunters go spay hym euen behynde þe shulder forwarde to þe herte.

(transitive) to stab or kill, especially to kill (a deer) with a sword or other such stabbing or cutting weapon

1406–13: Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, The Master of Game (Digby manuscript 182), chapter xi
And bycause þei shuld not lese her tyme, men make hem yspayed, saue þose men will kepe open to bere whelpes.


floryschen

enm-verb

floryschen (third-person singular simple present floryscheth, present participle floryschende, floryschynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle florysched)

floryscheth (present singular third-person)
floryschende (participle present)
floryschynge (participle present)
florysched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
floryschen (infinitive)
to floryschen (infinitive)
florysche (infinitive)
florysche (first-person present singular)
florysched (first-person past singular)
floryschest (present second-person singular)
floryschedest (past second-person singular)
floryscheth (present singular third-person)
florysched (past singular third-person)
florysche (present singular subjunctive)
florysched (past singular subjunctive)
florysche (imperative present singular)
floryschen (plural present)
florysche (plural present)
floryscheden (past plural)
floryschede (past plural)
floryscheth (imperative plural present)
florysche (imperative plural present)
floryschynge (participle present)
floryschende (participle present)
florysched (participle past)
yflorysched (participle past)

English: flourish

Scots: flourish

From Old French florir, via the arrhizotonic stem floriss-.

To flourish, such as to brandish a sword or other weapon with large showy movements during practice or prior to play or fight.


aknowen

aknowen (infinitive)
to aknowen (infinitive)
aknowe (infinitive)
aknowe (first-person present singular)
aknew (first-person past singular)
aknowest (present second-person singular)
aknewe (past second-person singular)
aknew (past second-person singular)
aknoweth (present singular third-person)
aknew (past singular third-person)
aknowe (present singular subjunctive)
aknewe (past singular subjunctive)
aknowe (imperative present singular)
aknowen (plural present)
aknowe (plural present)
aknewen (past plural)
aknewe (past plural)
aknoweth (imperative plural present)
aknowe (imperative plural present)
aknowynge (participle present)
aknowende (participle present)
aknowen (participle past)
aknowe (participle past)
yaknowen (participle past)
yaknowe (participle past)

English: aknow, acknow

⇒ Scots: aknawin (ppt)

From Old English ācnawan, a variant of oncnāwan, equivalent to a- + knowen.

(transitive) To acknowledge; to confess (often with "of" or "on") - Geoffrey Chaucer.


crasen

crasen (third-person singular simple present craseth, present participle crasende, crasynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle crased)

craseth (present singular third-person)
crasende (participle present)
crasynge (participle present)
crased (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
crasen (infinitive)
to crasen (infinitive)
crase (infinitive)
crase (first-person present singular)
crased (first-person past singular)
crasest (present second-person singular)
crasedest (past second-person singular)
craseth (present singular third-person)
crased (past singular third-person)
crase (present singular subjunctive)
crased (past singular subjunctive)
crase (imperative present singular)
crasen (plural present)
crase (plural present)
craseden (past plural)
crasede (past plural)
craseth (imperative plural present)
crase (imperative plural present)
crasynge (participle present)
crasende (participle present)
crased (participle past)
ycrased (participle past)

English: craze

→ Middle French: ecraser

French: écraser

Scots: craze

Borrowed from Old Norse *krasa (“to shatter”). Cognate with Norwegian krasa (“to shatter, crush”).

The pot was crased. Geoffrey Chaucer.

(transitive) To break in pieces; to crack.


schrewen

From schrewe (“barn mouse, shrew, evil person”). More at shrew.


yiven

yiven (third-person singular simple present yiveth, present participle yivynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative yaf, past participle yiven)

yiveth (present singular third-person)
yivynge (participle present)
yaf (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yiven (participle past)
yiven (infinitive)
to yiven (infinitive)
yive (infinitive)
yive (first-person present singular)
yaf (first-person past singular)
yef (first-person past singular)
yivest (present second-person singular)
yeve (past second-person singular)
yave (past second-person singular)
yaf (past second-person singular)
yef (past second-person singular)
yiveth (present singular third-person)
yaf (past singular third-person)
yef (past singular third-person)
yive (present singular subjunctive)
yeve (past singular subjunctive)
yave (past singular subjunctive)
yive (imperative present singular)
yiven (plural present)
yive (plural present)
yeven (past plural)
yeve (past plural)
yaven (past plural)
yave (past plural)
yiveth (imperative plural present)
yive (imperative plural present)
yivynge (participle present)
yivende (participle present)
yeven (participle past)
yeve (participle past)
yiven (participle past)
yive (participle past)
yoven (participle past)
yove (participle past)

English: yive

Yola: yie, ye, yive

From Old English ġiefan. See also the doublet given.


pitous

English: piteous


by-

English: by-, be-

Scots: by-, be-

Inherited from Old English bī-, from bī (Middle English by); compare bi-.

A prefix forming nouns, often denoting adjacency, position, or relation.; near, around


choken

choken (infinitive)
to choken (infinitive)
choke (first-person present singular)
choked (first-person past singular)
chokest (present second-person singular)
chokedest (past second-person singular)
choketh (present singular third-person)
choked (past singular third-person)
choke (present singular subjunctive)
choked (past singular subjunctive)
choke (imperative present singular)
choken (plural present)
choke (plural present)
chokeden (past plural)
chokede (past plural)
choketh (imperative plural present)
choke (imperative plural present)
chokynge (participle present)
chokende (participle present)
choked (participle past)

English: choke

Scots: choke

To asphyxiate or strangle (to cause to choke).

(by extension) To suffocate; to smother.


herden

From Old English heordan (“hards”); equivalent to herde + -en (plural suffix).


stunden

Alternative form of stound: various spans of time.


panten

panten (infinitive)
to panten (infinitive)
pante (infinitive)
pante (first-person present singular)
panted (first-person past singular)
pantest (present second-person singular)
pantedest (past second-person singular)
panteth (present singular third-person)
panted (past singular third-person)
pante (present singular subjunctive)
panted (past singular subjunctive)
pante (imperative present singular)
panten (plural present)
pante (plural present)
panteden (past plural)
pantede (past plural)
panteth (imperative plural present)
pante (imperative plural present)
pantynge (participle present)
pantende (participle present)
panted (participle past)
ypanted (participle past)

English: pant, pank

Scots: pant (obsolete)

Potentially from Old French pantoyer, a form of pantoisier.

To pant; to draw breath quickly or urgently.

(of the heart) To beat quickly or urgently.


gripen

gripen (infinitive)
to gripen (infinitive)
gripe (infinitive)
gripe (first-person present singular)
grop (first-person past singular)
griped (first-person past singular)
gripest (present second-person singular)
grope (past second-person singular)
gripe (past second-person singular)
grepe (past second-person singular)
grop (past second-person singular)
gripedest (past second-person singular)
gripeth (present singular third-person)
grop (past singular third-person)
griped (past singular third-person)
gripe (present singular subjunctive)
grope (past singular subjunctive)
gripe (past singular subjunctive)
grepe (past singular subjunctive)
griped (past singular subjunctive)
gripe (imperative present singular)
gripen (plural present)
gripe (plural present)
gropen (past plural)
grope (past plural)
gripen (past plural)
gripe (past plural)
grepen (past plural)
grepe (past plural)
gripeden (past plural)
gripede (past plural)
gripeth (imperative plural present)
gripe (imperative plural present)
gripynge (participle present)
gripende (participle present)
gripen (participle past)
gripe (participle past)
grepen (participle past)
grepe (participle past)
griped (participle past)
ygripen (participle past)
ygripe (participle past)

English: gripe

Scots: gripe, grip

From Old English grīpan, from Proto-Germanic *grīpaną. Cognates include Middle Dutch gripen, Old Swedish grīpa, Middle High German grifen and Middle Low German grîpen.

To grip or grab onto (often to take away)

To confiscate or steal; to take forcibly.

To make material gains come into one's possession.

To find out about (to acquire knowledge or information)

To torment or injure; to cause fear or sorrow.


gripen

From gripe (“grip”) + -en (plural suffix).


fage

(Late Middle English) deception, hoodwinking


parde

English: pardie, pardy, perdy, perdie

From Anglo-Norman pardi, pardeu, and Old French pardeu, from par (“by”) + Deu (“God”).


berylle

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of beryl


zele

English: zeal

Scots: zeil

From Old French zel, from Late Latin zēlus, from Ancient Greek ζῆλος (zêlos).

Intense love or concern for something or someone.


buxum

English: buxom, bucksome

Scots: boosam (Orkney)

From Old English *būhsum; equivalent to bowen + -som.


lynces

Borrowed from Latin lynces, plural of lynx.


cubite

English: cubit

Scots: cubit (obsolete)

A cubit (unit of length measuring one and a half feet)

An elbow; the joint in the centre of the arm.


cedre

English: cedar

Scots: ceder, cedir, cedar

From Old French cedre, from Latin cedrus, from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros). Compare Old English ċeder, from the same Latin source.

Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) or a similar tree.

The wood of the Lebanon cedar or a similar tree.


servitute

English: servitute (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French servitute, itself borrowed from Latin servitūs, servitūtem; compare serven.


auctrice

From Middle French auctrice, from Latin auctrīx.

A woman whose opinion is accepted as authoritative.


ratte

English: rat

From Old English ræt (possibly alongside a collateral form *ratta), from Proto-West Germanic *ratt, *ratō, from Proto-Germanic *rattaz.


iure

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


fetis

English: featous

From Old French fetis, faitis, from Latin factīcius.

Ful fetis was hir cloke, as I was war.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


tecte

English: tect

From the Latin tectus (“covered”), the perfect passive participle of tegō (“I cover”).

circa''' 1440, Palladius [aut.], unknown tr., and M. Liddell [ed.], The Middle-English Translation of Palladius’ ‘De Re Rustica’ (1896; original Latin title: Opus Agriculturae; original Middle English title: Palladius on Husbondrie), vi:180⁽¹⁾ and viii:79⁽²⁾
⁽¹⁾ At Mayes eende a solar is to paue,
And rather not, lest frostis hit enfecte;
A double cours of boording first hit haue…
With chaf or fern this boordis do be tecte.
⁽²⁾ The tuppe is chosun fair of altitude, ywombe side, & tecte in whitest wolle.


secundarie

English: secondary

From Latin secundārius; equivalent to secunde + -arie.

Secondary; lesser in import, meaning or relevance.

Of lesser finesse, craftsmanship, or build; not well-made or well-built.

(rare) Of lower ranking, or influence; deputy, subordinate.

(rare) Non-original; deriving from another thing or cause.

(rare) After the first and before the third; second.

(rare) Later; relating to a succeeding thing.


secundarie

English: secondary

A deputy, underling, or subordinate; one who is secondary in ranking.

(rare) Something that is underneath, secondary, or second to another.


iugis

Thou schalt ordeyne iugis and maystris'... (for the Latin ...iudices et magistros...)

1382, John Wycliffe, Second Translation of the Vulgate Bible into Middle English Deuteronomy 16:18

jugis and maistris: this word and [maystris] is set for this word [magistros], that is [iudices], for iugis owen to be lernyd in the lawis; in Ebreu it is iugis and exactours; exactours ben thei that enqueren the truthe bi mesurable betingis and turmentis; and performen the sentence of iugis.

1850, John Wycliffe, quoted in The Holy Bible...in the earliest English versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers; Oxford University Press; Forshall, J. and Madden, F., eds.; Volume 1, p. 507


-ell

Alternative form of -el (agentive suffix)


-ell

Alternative form of -el (diminutive suffix)


spece

And yet is ther a privee spece of Pryde, that waiteth first to be salewed er he wole salewe, al be he lasse worth than that other is, per-aventure; and eek he waiteth or desyreth to sitte, or elles to goon above him in the wey, or kisse pax, or been encensed, or goon to offring biforn his neighebore, [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parson's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, section 25, line 407

And yet is there a private species of Pride that waits first to be greeted ere he will greet, although he is less worthy than that other is, indeed; and also he expects or desires to sit, or else to go before him in the way, or kiss the pax, or be incensed, or go to the offering before his neighbor, …


servage

English: servage

Borrowed from Old French servage; equivalent to serven + -age.

Marital or religious bondage or service.

(feudalism) A payment or service required by a liege.


cirurgical

English: chirurgical

Borrowed from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin cirurgicālis.


chavel

English: jowl, chavel

Scots: chowl, chow, chew

Yola: choule

From Old English ċeafl, from Proto-West Germanic *kafl, from Proto-Germanic *kaflaz.


heres

English: hers (obsolete)

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


heres

Alternative form of hereos (“love-sickness”)


heres

Alternative form of herest: second-person singular present of heren


ruson

(Northern) Alternative form of rosen (“to boast”)


spaynel

English: spaniel


tobursten

English: toburst

From Old English tōberstan (“to burst apart”), from Proto-Germanic *tebrestaną, equivalent to to- + bursten. More at to-, burst.

inh

(intransitive) to burst apart, burst asunder; to burst open, explode


ferd

Yola: ferde

Originally the past participle of feren (“to frighten”).


ferd

past participle of feren (“to frighten”).


acten

acten (infinitive)
to acten (infinitive)
acte (infinitive)
acte (first-person present singular)
acted (first-person past singular)
actest (present second-person singular)
actedest (past second-person singular)
acteth (present singular third-person)
acted (past singular third-person)
acte (present singular subjunctive)
acted (past singular subjunctive)
acte (imperative present singular)
acten (plural present)
acte (plural present)
acteden (past plural)
actede (past plural)
acteth (imperative plural present)
acte (imperative plural present)
actynge (participle present)
actende (participle present)
acted (participle past)
yacted (participle past)

English: act

Scots: ack

(Late Middle English, rare) To act upon or adjudicate (a case at law).


vitaile

English: victual, vittle

Scots: victual

→ Irish: biotáille

From Old French vitaile, from Latin victuālia.

It is not honeſt, it maye not auaunce / For to deale wyth ſuche porayle / But all wyth ryche and ſellers of vytayle

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “The Frere”, column 2, lines 246–248:

It is not honest, it may not advance / To deal with such poor people / But all with rich, and sellers of food

(primarily as a plural) That which provides nutrition; food, nourishment.

ffor thay may the avayll / when al this thyng is wroght' / stuf thi ship with vitayll, / ffor hungre that ye perish noght

15th c., “Processus Noe cum filiis [Noah and the Ark]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 27, lines 154–155:

For your own good after this thing [the Flood] is done, stuff your shop with provisions so as not to perish from hunger

A ration or rations, victuals; one's store of food for journeying.


capen

Longe may þey seche Er þat þei fynde þat þei after cape.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], (please specify |book=I to V), [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

This Nicholas sat euere capyng

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Myllers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


ewage

From Old French ewage, from Latin aquāticus.

And diamantz of derrest pris · and double manere safferes / Orientales and ewages · enuenymes to destroye.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:

A precious stone the colour of seawater.


bordon

Alternative form of burdoun (“pilgrim's staff”)


burdon

Alternative form of burdoun (“accompaniment”)


governour

English: governor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: governour

Yola: governere

Borrowed from Old French gouvreneur, governeor, from Latin gubernātor; equivalent to governen + -our.

An administrator or leader; one who heads and/or manages a group of people.

A ruler; one who rules (either supreme or deputy).

An executive or director; one who is in charge of an institution.

A general; one who leads a military force on the battlefield.

One who manages, leads, or supervises a household or mansion.

foꝛwhi ftryuynge is not to us aȝenes fleiſch ⁊ blood .· but aȝenes þe pꝛincis ⁊ poteſtatis aȝenes gouernours of þe woꝛld of þeſe derkneſſis / aȝens ſpiritual þingis of wickidneſſe, in heuenli thingis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Epheſianes 6:12, page 77r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because for us, striving isn't [just] against flesh and blood, but against princes and potentates, the rulers of these darknesses' world, and the sources of spiritual wickedness in heavenly places.

Someone who protects, safeguards, or acts as a guardian (used of God or people).

A helmsman; a person who guides or directs a seafaring vessel.

(rare) God as the judger of fate and decider of destiny.

(rare) One who restrains oneself from base urges.

(physiology, rare) A body part which controls other body parts.


aȝeinen

From aȝein (“against, counter to”), from Old English onġeġn (“against”). Compare Middle High German engegenen (“to encounter, meet”). More at against.


furment

From Middle French froment, fourment or its etymon Latin frūmentum.


ciron

Ciron (“The itch-mite (Acarus scabiei)”).


forbrusen

enm-verb

forbrusen (third-person singular simple present forbruseth, present participle forbrusende, forbrusynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forbrused)

forbruseth (present singular third-person)
forbrusende (participle present)
forbrusynge (participle present)
forbrused (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From for- + brusen (“to bruise”). See English bruise.

(transitive) to bruise badly or exceedingly


merket

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


whyte

NOw rydeth Galahalt yet withouten shelde / and so rode four dayes without ony aduenture / And at the fourth day after euensonge / he came to a whyte Abbay / and there was he receyued with grete reuerence / and ledde vnto a chambre / and there was he vnarmed / And thenne was he ware of knyghtes of the table round

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter IX, in Le Morte Darthur, book XIII:


cucumer

desctree

English: cucumber
Tok Pisin: kukamba
→ Cherokee: ᎦᎦᎹ (gagama)
→ Plains Cree: kohkompaninawak
→ Spanish: cacombra
→ Welsh: ciwcymbr
→ Zulu: îkhukhámba

Borrowed from Middle French coucombre and its etymon Latin cucumeris (through Old French cocombre).


heam

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of em


delitable

head

delitable (comparative delitabeler, superlative delitabylest)

delitabeler (comparative)
delitabylest (superlative)

English: delightable, delitable

From Old French delitable; equivalent to delite + -able.

c. 1360-1400, Geoffrey Chaucer? (translator, in part?), The Romaunt of the Rose

Delightful, delectable, enjoyable; causing delight.

Causing spiritual elation or joy; religiously pleasing.

(rare) Decadent or indulgent; enjoying luxury.


pulle

Borrowed from Old French pol, pul, poul, from Latin pullus; related to Middle English fole (“foal”).

(rare) The immature offspring of any animal.


tofall

(architecture) A small structure, e.g. a shed, that is annexed to the wall of a larger one, having its roof formed in a single slope with the top resting against the wall.

(metaphorical) An insignificant or unessential trait.


tocome

English: to-come

Scots: tocome

From Old English tōcyme (“arrival, coming”).

When something comes; an arrival, onset.


fantasien

enm-verb

fantasien (third-person singular simple present fantasieth, present participle fantasiende, fantasiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fantasied)

fantasieth (present singular third-person)
fantasiende (participle present)
fantasiynge (participle present)
fantasied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fantasien (infinitive)
to fantasien (infinitive)
fantasie (infinitive)
fantasie (first-person present singular)
fantasied (first-person past singular)
fantasiest (present second-person singular)
fantasiedest (past second-person singular)
fantasieth (present singular third-person)
fantasied (past singular third-person)
fantasie (present singular subjunctive)
fantasied (past singular subjunctive)
fantasie (imperative present singular)
fantasien (plural present)
fantasie (plural present)
fantasieden (past plural)
fantasiede (past plural)
fantasieth (imperative plural present)
fantasie (imperative plural present)
fantasiynge (participle present)
fantasiende (participle present)
fantasied (participle past)

English: fancy, fantasy

(transitive) to fantasize, to imagine, to think up (an idea, etc., especially a false one)

(transitive) to plan, to consider, to devise (a plan of action)

(reflexive) to desire something, to have a fancy


eart

Alternative form of art: second-person singular present of been


flen

English: flee

Scots: flee

Yola: flaadhokes

From Old English flēon, from Proto-West Germanic *fleuhan, from Proto-Germanic *fleuhaną.


webben

webben (third-person singular simple present webbeth, present participle webbende, webbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle webbed)

webbeth (present singular third-person)
webbende (participle present)
webbynge (participle present)
webbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
webben (infinitive)
to webben (infinitive)
webbe (infinitive)
webbe (first-person present singular)
webbed (first-person past singular)
webbest (present second-person singular)
webbedest (past second-person singular)
webbeth (present singular third-person)
webbed (past singular third-person)
webbe (present singular subjunctive)
webbed (past singular subjunctive)
webbe (imperative present singular)
webben (plural present)
webbe (plural present)
webbeden (past plural)
webbede (past plural)
webbeth (imperative plural present)
webbe (imperative plural present)
webbynge (participle present)
webbende (participle present)
webbed (participle past)
ywebbed (participle past)

English: web

Scots: wab

From web + -en (infinitival suffix); compare Old English webbian (“to concoct (slander)”).


toname

English: to-name

From Old English tōnama (“surname”), equivalent to to- + name.

An additional name appended to a personal name in order to further identify a person; a surname.


growne

From Old French groigner and Old English grunnian.


evete

English: eft

Yola: eft

From Old English efete, efeta; further etymology is unknown.


erd

English: erd (in part)

From Old English eard (“country, home, nature”), from Proto-West Germanic *ardi, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz. Doublet of art (“locality, district”).

inh

Ich fare hom to min Erde.

... ever hade ben an erde of erþe þe swettest.

Excludit out of his erd.


poete

English: poet

Borrowed from Old French poete, from Latin poēta, from Ancient Greek ποιητής (poiētḗs, “creator, maker, author, poet”).


fyke

English: fike

Inherited from Old English fīc, from Vulgar Latin *fīca, from Latin fīcus. Doublet of fige.


blowe

Alternative form of blowen (“to blossom”)


dubytacion

I…Alle that my progenitouris hath…seyn, ffeythfully beleve withowtyn alle dubytacion.

circa''' 1450, Coventry Mystery Plays, page 67 (Shakespeare Society; published 1841–53)


alwite

English: alwhite

Item lego predicto Will’o duas integras armaturas de optimis, viz. duas basynetlas, umbras, et rere brace, gloves de plaite, et paunce de alwite, cum le leggharnes eisdem pertin. et loricam de optimis, et optimum batleaxe, et unum gladium de Burdeux argento ornatum.

1429, “Will of William Bowes, 1429”, in Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, volume II, London: John Bowyer Nichols and Son, published 1835, pages 150 (written in a mix of Middle French, Latin and Middle English):

(hapax) alwhite, white (of armor: of polished metal plates covering the body without a surcoat)


mouen

Alternative form of mowen (“to be able to”)


hagis

English: haggis

Scots: haggis

From hag, haggen (“to chop, cut, hack; to cut into”), from Old Norse hǫggva (“to hew”), or from hakken (“to chop, hack; to dice, mince”), from Old English *haccian (“to chop, hew; to dice, mince”).


bateren

enm-verb

bateren (third-person singular simple present batereth, present participle baterende, baterynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle batered)

batereth (present singular third-person)
baterende (participle present)
baterynge (participle present)
batered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bateren (infinitive)
to bateren (infinitive)
batere (first-person present singular)
batered (first-person past singular)
baterest (present second-person singular)
bateredest (past second-person singular)
batereth (present singular third-person)
batered (past singular third-person)
batere (present singular subjunctive)
batered (past singular subjunctive)
batere (imperative present singular)
bateren (plural present)
batere (plural present)
batereden (past plural)
baterede (past plural)
batereth (imperative plural present)
batere (imperative plural present)
baterynge (participle present)
baterende (participle present)
batered (participle past)
ybatered (participle past)

English: batter

Scots: batter

Borrowed from Old French batre (< Latin battere, earlier battuere), with the Old French infinitival ending retained as if baten (“to beat”) + -eren.

To batter; to forcefully or repetitively beat or whack.

(rare) To pat; to gently and lightly touch.

(rare, music) To resound; to produce vibrations.

(rare) To impress; to produce an image on.


accepten

accepten (third-person singular simple present accepteth, present participle acceptende, acceptynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle accepted)

accepteth (present singular third-person)
acceptende (participle present)
acceptynge (participle present)
accepted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
accepten (infinitive)
to accepten (infinitive)
accepte (infinitive)
accepte (first-person present singular)
accepted (first-person past singular)
acceptest (present second-person singular)
acceptedest (past second-person singular)
accepteth (present singular third-person)
accepted (past singular third-person)
accepte (present singular subjunctive)
accepted (past singular subjunctive)
accepte (imperative present singular)
accepten (plural present)
accepte (plural present)
accepteden (past plural)
acceptede (past plural)
accepteth (imperative plural present)
accepte (imperative plural present)
acceptynge (participle present)
acceptende (participle present)
accepted (participle past)
yaccepted (participle past)

English: accept

Scots: accep

From Latin acceptare, possibly indirectly via Old French accepter.


governen

governen (infinitive)
to governen (infinitive)
governe (infinitive)
governe (first-person present singular)
governed (first-person past singular)
governest (present second-person singular)
governedest (past second-person singular)
governeth (present singular third-person)
governed (past singular third-person)
governe (present singular subjunctive)
governed (past singular subjunctive)
governe (imperative present singular)
governen (plural present)
governe (plural present)
governeden (past plural)
governede (past plural)
governeth (imperative plural present)
governe (imperative plural present)
governynge (participle present)
governende (participle present)
governed (participle past)
ygoverned (participle past)

English: govern

Scots: govern

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French governer, guverner, from Latin gubernō, from Ancient Greek κυβερνάω (kubernáō).

To lead a group or mass of people; to direct:

To exercise political authority over; to govern.

To direct an individual or thing directly:

(physiology) To affect a body part or bodily system.

To keep under constraint; to limit (often reflexive)

To display or engage in certain behaviours or actions.

To operate a device or machine (especially a boat)

To affect or influence (usually used of abstractions)

To undergo a course of treatment, restoration, or curing.

(grammar) To depend upon or govern (a part of speech)

(rare) To influence or affect an individual or thing directly.


marcat

(Kent or Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


parlen

parlen (infinitive)
to parlen (infinitive)
parle (infinitive)
parle (first-person present singular)
parled (first-person past singular)
parlest (present second-person singular)
parledest (past second-person singular)
parleth (present singular third-person)
parled (past singular third-person)
parle (present singular subjunctive)
parled (past singular subjunctive)
parle (imperative present singular)
parlen (plural present)
parle (plural present)
parleden (past plural)
parlede (past plural)
parleth (imperative plural present)
parle (imperative plural present)
parlynge (participle present)
parlende (participle present)
parled (participle past)
yparled (participle past)

English: parle

Borrowed from Middle French parler, from Old French parler, from Latin parabolō, parabolāre; compare parable.

(Late Middle English) To talk or discuss.


remenen

remenen (infinitive)
to remenen (infinitive)
remene (infinitive)
remene (first-person present singular)
remened (first-person past singular)
remente (first-person past singular)
remenest (present second-person singular)
remenedest (past second-person singular)
rementest (past second-person singular)
remeneth (present singular third-person)
remened (past singular third-person)
remente (past singular third-person)
remene (present singular subjunctive)
remened (past singular subjunctive)
remente (past singular subjunctive)
remene (imperative present singular)
remenen (plural present)
remene (plural present)
remeneden (past plural)
remenede (past plural)
rementen (past plural)
remente (past plural)
remeneth (imperative plural present)
remene (imperative plural present)
remenynge (participle present)
remenende (participle present)
remened (participle past)
rement (participle past)


betst

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of beste


unthrift

English: unthrift


hornen

English: hornen

From Old English hyrnen; equivalent to and remodeled after horn + -en (“made of”).


supen

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of soupen (“to swallow”)


forten

forten (third-person singular simple present fortēþ, present participle fortēnde, first-/third-person singular past indicative forteh, past participle fortogen)

fortēþ (present singular third-person)
fortēnde (participle present)
forteh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fortogen (participle past)
forten (infinitive)
to forten (infinitive)
forte (infinitive)
forte (first-person present singular)
forteh (first-person past singular)
fortest (present second-person singular)
fortuge (past second-person singular)
forteþ (present singular third-person)
forteh (past singular third-person)
forte (present singular subjunctive)
fortuge (past singular subjunctive)
forte (imperative present singular)
forten (plural present)
forte (plural present)
fortugen (past plural)
fortuge (past plural)
forteþ (imperative plural present)
forte (imperative plural present)
fortende (participle present)
fortogen (participle past)
fortoge (participle past)

From Old English fortēon (“to mislead, seduce; draw over, cover, obscure”), equivalent to for- + ten (“to draw”). Cognate with West Frisian fortsjen (“to move out, depart”), German verziehen (“to warp, stretch, spoil, move away”).

cog

(Early Middle English, rare) To pull away; to draw away.


mynten

mynten (infinitive)
to mynten (infinitive)
mynte (infinitive)
mynte (first-person present singular)
mynte (first-person past singular)
mynted (first-person past singular)
myntest (present second-person singular)
myntest (past second-person singular)
myntedest (past second-person singular)
mynteth (present singular third-person)
mynte (past singular third-person)
mynted (past singular third-person)
mynte (present singular subjunctive)
mynte (past singular subjunctive)
mynted (past singular subjunctive)
mynte (imperative present singular)
mynten (plural present)
mynte (plural present)
mynten (past plural)
mynte (past plural)
mynteden (past plural)
myntede (past plural)
mynteth (imperative plural present)
mynte (imperative plural present)
myntynge (participle present)
myntende (participle present)
mynt (participle past)
mynted (participle past)
ymynt (participle past)
ymynted (participle past)

English: mint (dialectal)

Scots: mint

From Old English myntan, from Proto-West Germanic *muntijan.

(rare) to draw attention to; to point out.


pipen

pipen (infinitive)
to pipen (infinitive)
pipe (infinitive)
pipe (first-person present singular)
piped (first-person past singular)
pipest (present second-person singular)
pipedest (past second-person singular)
pipeth (present singular third-person)
piped (past singular third-person)
pipe (present singular subjunctive)
piped (past singular subjunctive)
pipe (imperative present singular)
pipen (plural present)
pipe (plural present)
pipeden (past plural)
pipede (past plural)
pipeth (imperative plural present)
pipe (imperative plural present)
pipynge (participle present)
pipende (participle present)
piped (participle past)
ypiped (participle past)

English: pipe

Scots: pipe

Inherited from Old English pīpian, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpan, from Proto-Germanic *pīpaną; equivalent to pipe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To use a pipe or similar musical instrument; to play music.

To make high-pitched noises or sound like a small animal.

To squeal; to talk with a high pitch or like a small animal.


alkyns

Enhorilde with arborye and alkyns trees, / Erberis fulle honeste, and byrdez there undyre; […]

a. 1400? (transcribed c. 1440), James Orchard Halliwell, editor, Morte Arthure. The Alliterative Romance of the Death of King Arthur. Now First Printed from a Manuscript in Lincoln Cathedral., Brixton Hill [London]: […] [C. and J. Adlard] for private circulation only, published 1847, →OCLC, page 271, lines 3244–3245:

Surrounded with shrubbery and all kinds of trees, / Gardens ever so gorgeous, and birds beneath; […]

alkin: Of all or every kind; all kinds or sorts of; intermingled and various


biten

biten (infinitive)
to biten (infinitive)
bite (infinitive)
bite (first-person present singular)
bot (first-person past singular)
bitest (present second-person singular)
bote (past second-person singular)
bite (past second-person singular)
bot (past second-person singular)
biteth (present singular third-person)
bot (past singular third-person)
bite (present singular subjunctive)
bote (past singular subjunctive)
bite (past singular subjunctive)
bite (imperative present singular)
biten (plural present)
bite (plural present)
boten (past plural)
bote (past plural)
biten (past plural)
bite (past plural)
biteth (imperative plural present)
bite (imperative plural present)
bitynge (participle present)
bitende (participle present)
biten (participle past)
bite (participle past)
ybiten (participle past)
ybite (participle past)

English: bite

Scots: bite

From Old English bītan, from Proto-West Germanic *bītan.


biten

From Old English betēon, equivalent to be- + tēn.


rebellen

rebellen (infinitive)
to rebellen (infinitive)
rebelle (infinitive)
rebelle (first-person present singular)
rebelled (first-person past singular)
rebellest (present second-person singular)
rebelledest (past second-person singular)
rebelleth (present singular third-person)
rebelled (past singular third-person)
rebelle (present singular subjunctive)
rebelled (past singular subjunctive)
rebelle (imperative present singular)
rebellen (plural present)
rebelle (plural present)
rebelleden (past plural)
rebellede (past plural)
rebelleth (imperative plural present)
rebelle (imperative plural present)
rebellynge (participle present)
rebellende (participle present)
rebelled (participle past)
yrebelled (participle past)

English: rebel

Scots: rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebeller, in turn borrowed from Latin rebellō. Doublet of revelen (“to revel”); equivalent to rebel + -en (infinitival suffix).

To rebel; to start a revolt or uprising against authorities.

To disobey rules, regulations, or one's better judgement; to break rules.

(rare) To rebel against divine authority.


sparken

sparken (infinitive)
to sparken (infinitive)
sparke (infinitive)
sparke (first-person present singular)
sparked (first-person past singular)
sparkest (present second-person singular)
sparkedest (past second-person singular)
sparketh (present singular third-person)
sparked (past singular third-person)
sparke (present singular subjunctive)
sparked (past singular subjunctive)
sparke (imperative present singular)
sparken (plural present)
sparke (plural present)
sparkeden (past plural)
sparkede (past plural)
sparketh (imperative plural present)
sparke (imperative plural present)
sparkynge (participle present)
sparkende (participle present)
sparked (participle past)

English: spark

Scots: spark, sperk

From Old English spearcian; equivalent to spark + -en (infinitival suffix).


sparken

From Old English spearcan; equivalent to sparke + -en (plural suffix).

(chiefly Early Middle English) plural of sparke


trollen

trollen (infinitive)
to trollen (infinitive)
trolle (infinitive)
trolle (first-person present singular)
trolled (first-person past singular)
trollest (present second-person singular)
trolledest (past second-person singular)
trolleth (present singular third-person)
trolled (past singular third-person)
trolle (present singular subjunctive)
trolled (past singular subjunctive)
trolle (imperative present singular)
trollen (plural present)
trolle (plural present)
trolleden (past plural)
trollede (past plural)
trolleth (imperative plural present)
trolle (imperative plural present)
trollynge (participle present)
trollende (participle present)
trolled (participle past)
ytrolled (participle past)

English: troll, trull

Yola: troll


behoven

enm-verb

behoven (third-person singular simple present behoveth, present participle behovende, behovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle behoved)

behoveth (present singular third-person)
behovende (participle present)
behovynge (participle present)
behoved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

to be compelled or required (to do something)


riken

riken (third-person singular simple present riketh, present participle rikende, rikynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle riked)

riketh (present singular third-person)
rikende (participle present)
rikynge (participle present)
riked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old Norse ríkja (“to reign”), from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaną (“to be mighty, rule”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (“chief, king”). Cognate with Old High German girīhhen (“to overcome, conquer, dominate, stand for”). Related to Old English rīcsian (“to bear rule, reign, govern, tyrannize, dominate, prevail”). More at rix.

cog

Þat god riked, in genge sai yhe. — Psalter, 1400.


ropen

ropen (infinitive)
to ropen (infinitive)
rope (infinitive)
rope (first-person present singular)
roped (first-person past singular)
ropest (present second-person singular)
ropedest (past second-person singular)
ropeth (present singular third-person)
roped (past singular third-person)
rope (present singular subjunctive)
roped (past singular subjunctive)
rope (imperative present singular)
ropen (plural present)
rope (plural present)
ropeden (past plural)
ropede (past plural)
ropeth (imperative plural present)
rope (imperative plural present)
ropynge (participle present)
ropende (participle present)
roped (participle past)

English: rope

Scots: raip

From rop (“rope”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


ropen

English: roop, roup

Scots: roup; croup

→ English: croup

→ Dutch: kroep

→ French: croup

From Old English hrōpan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną; equivalent to rop (“call”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Forms in /ɔu̯/ are influenced by Old Norse raupa.


studien

studien (infinitive)
to studien (infinitive)
studie (infinitive)
studie (first-person present singular)
studied (first-person past singular)
studiest (present second-person singular)
studiedest (past second-person singular)
studieth (present singular third-person)
studied (past singular third-person)
studie (present singular subjunctive)
studied (past singular subjunctive)
studie (imperative present singular)
studien (plural present)
studie (plural present)
studieden (past plural)
studiede (past plural)
studieth (imperative plural present)
studie (imperative plural present)
studiynge (participle present)
studiende (participle present)
studied (participle past)
ystudied (participle past)

English: study

→ Welsh: astudio

Yola: ztudied (preterite)

From Old French estudier, from Medieval Latin studiāre and studēre.


fulle

English: full

Scots: fou, full

A variant of fille (“fill, sufficiency”) influenced by ful, reinforced by the Western Middle English development of Old English /y/ to /u/.

A sufficient amount; the state of satiation.

A desired amount; the state of satisfaction.

(rare) The apex or culmination of something.


orte

English: ort

From Old English *oreta, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀātō, from Proto-Germanic *uzētô.


totorven

enm-verb

totorven (third-person singular simple present totorveth, present participle totorvende, totorvynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle totorved)

totorveth (present singular third-person)
totorvende (participle present)
totorvynge (participle present)
totorved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

From Old English tōtorfian, equivalent to to- + torven.

(transitive) To pelt (someone), especially with turf or stones.


populer

English: popular

Yola: poplare

Borrowed from Old French populaire and Latin populāris.

(Late Middle English, hapax) Commonly known.


haye

English: hay

From Anglo-Norman haie, of uncertain origin.


haye

head

haye (comparative hayer, superlative hayest)

hayer (comparative)
hayest (superlative)


revelle

Alternative form of revelen (“to revel”)


saulter

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of sauter


eure

Borrowed from Old French eur, from Latin augurium.


eure

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of your


licentiat

[...] For he had power of confessioun,
As seyde him-self, more than a curat,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, General Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 218-220

… For he had power of confession,
As he said himself, more than a parish priest,
For he was licensed by his order.

A friar authorized to receive confessions and grant absolution in all places, independently of the local clergy.


forthnimen

enm-verb

forthnimen (third-person singular simple present forthnimeth, present participle forthnimmende, first-/third-person singular past indicative forthnam, past participle forthnumen or forthnomen)

forthnimeth (present singular third-person)
forthnimmende (participle present)
forthnam (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
forthnumen (participle past)
forthnomen (participle past)

From forth- + nimen. Compare Dutch voortnemen (“to continue to take”), German fortnehmen (“to take away”).


enduren

enm-verb

enduren (third-person singular simple present endureth, present participle endurende, endurynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle endured)

endureth (present singular third-person)
endurende (participle present)
endurynge (participle present)
endured (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: endure

From Old French endurer; equivalent to en- + duren.

to endure; to put up with (chiefly suffering)


beswiken

biswiken (infinitive)
to biswiken (infinitive)
biswike (infinitive)
biswike (first-person present singular)
biswok (first-person past singular)
biswiked (first-person past singular)
biswikest (present second-person singular)
biswike (past second-person singular)
biswok (past second-person singular)
biswikedest (past second-person singular)
biswiketh (present singular third-person)
biswok (past singular third-person)
biswiked (past singular third-person)
biswike (present singular subjunctive)
biswike (past singular subjunctive)
biswiked (past singular subjunctive)
biswike (imperative present singular)
biswiken (plural present)
biswike (plural present)
biswiken (past plural)
biswike (past plural)
biswikeden (past plural)
biswikede (past plural)
biswiketh (imperative plural present)
biswike (imperative plural present)
biswikynge (participle present)
biswikende (participle present)
biswiken (participle past)
biswike (participle past)
biswiked (participle past)

From Old English beswīcan (“to deceive, seduce, entice”), from Proto-West Germanic *biswīkwan, from Proto-Indo-European *sweyg- (“to turn, move around, wander, swing”). Cognate with Scots beswik, beswick (“to beguile, deceive”), Dutch bezwijken (“to succumb”), Old High German biswīhhan (“to deceive, seduce, capture”), Icelandic svikja (“to betray”).


swithe

That thou doest, do thou swithe.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume (please specify |volume=I, II, III, or IV), Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, John XIII:27:

c. 1360, John Mandeville (accredited), The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
And he yede and opened the tomb, and there flew out an adder right hideous to see; the which as swithe flew about the city and the country, and soon after the city sank down.


hedus

Alternative form of hidous (“terrifying”)


freet

Adam freet of that fruit, And forsook The love of our Lord.

1390, William Langland, Piers Ploughman:


ryght

And this maner a peple is figured and ought to be maad in the forme & shappe of a man holdynge in his ryght hande a spade or shouell

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

And [in] this manner a people is figured and ought to be made, in the form & shape of a man holding in his right hand a spade or shovel


thilke

English: thilk

Thilke that unbrende were.

c. 1374–1385 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The House of Fame”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC: