gnat

English: gnat

Scots: gnat

From Old English gnætt, from Proto-Germanic *gnattaz.

Something of little worth or importance.


manere

Borrowed from Old French manoir, from Latin manēre.


manere

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman manere, Old French manere, maniere, from Vulgar Latin, Late Latin manuāria.

Alternative form of maner (“characteristics, manner”)


heafod

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of heed


cataract

desctree

English: cataract
→ Cebuano: katarak
→ Marshallese: kōtrāāk

Scots: cataract (rare, obsolete)

From Latin cataracta, from Ancient Greek καταρράκτης (katarrháktēs).

der

(Christianity) A gate guarding the entrance to Heaven.


monstre

English: monster

Scots: monster

Borrowed from Old French monstre, borrowed itself from Latin monstrum.

A monster or beast; a horrific or frightening creature.

A marvelous or portentous occasion; a strange happening.

(rare) Fate, luck; fortuitousness (as an allegorical figure)


wonder

English: wonder

From Old English wundor, from Proto-West Germanic *wundr, from Proto-Germanic *wundrą.

marvel, wonder, strange or extraordinary thing or event

sign, portent, prodigy, extraordinary thing seen as an omen

something perplexing or puzzling, enigma, conundrum

report of something strange or extraordinary

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I greatly wonder (literally, “have great wonder”) by this light / How it is that I’m alive, for day and night / I can hardly sleep at all.

I Haue grete wonder, be this lyghte / How that I lyve, for day ne nyghte / I may nat slepe, wel nygh noght

the feeling of wonder, amazement, puzzlement or awe


wonder

exciting feelings of wonder; strange, extraordinary, wonderful

excellent, wonderful, very good or admirable

(usually in the phrase wonder thing) perplexing, puzzling, surprising

great in quantity, a great deal of, much


wonder

to a great degree; very, extraordinarily, extremely


corn

English: corn (see there for further descendants)

Scots: corn, curn

Yola: coorn, koorn

Inherited from Old English corn, from Proto-West Germanic *korn, from Proto-Germanic *kurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of greyn.

Any plant that bears grain, especially wheat.

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."

A grain or seed used as a unit of weight.

The optimum product; the superior portion.

The deserving; those who are morally right.


hast

From Old English hæfst, hafast, second-person present singular form of habban, from Proto-Germanic *habaisi, second-person present singular form of *habjaną; equivalent to haven + -est.

second-person singular present indicative of haven


dale

dales (plural)
dale (accusative nominative singular)
dales (accusative nominative plural)
dale (genitive singular)
dales (genitive plural)
dale (dative singular)
dalen (dative plural)

English: dale

Scots: dale, daal

From Old English dæl, from Proto-West Germanic *dal.


middle

inflection of middel:
strong/weak plural


tempest

English: tempest

→ Middle Irish: tubaiste

Irish: tubaiste

Scottish Gaelic: tubaist


pro

English: pro

(Late Middle English, rare) advantage, benefit, upside


homage

English: homage

Scots: homage

→ Irish: ómós

From Old French homage, hommage, from Medieval Latin homināticum.

An oath of loyalty to a liege performed by their vassal; a pledge of allegiance.

Money given to a liege by a vassal or the privilege of collecting such money.

A demonstration of respect or honor towards an individual (including prayer).

(rare) Membership in an organised religion or belief system.

(rare) The totality of a feudal lord's subjects when collected.


manger

English: manger

Scots: manger

From Old French mangeoire, from manger (“to eat”).


vale

English: vale

Scots: vale

Borrowed from Old French val, from Latin vallis. Compare valey.


honest

‘I graunte, y-wis,’ quod he, ‘but I mot thinke

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Words of the Host to the Physician and the Pardoner, The Canterbury Tales, line 327-328

‘I agree, indeed,’ said he, ‘but I must think
About some respectable thing while I drink.’

Up-on som honest thing, whyl that I drinke.’


wordy

English: wordy

From Old English wordiġ; equivalent to word + -y.


hail

Alternative form of heil (“healthy, sound”)


hail

Alternative form of heil (“health, welfare”)


tei

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


bene

English: bean

Scots: bein, bene

desc

Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

From Old English bēan, from Proto-West Germanic *baunu, from Proto-Germanic *baunō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


accidently

English: accidently

Thinges that happen accidentlych. — Cato, 1475

He that hath goode vertues is substancially a noble man, and he that hath hem accydently maketh himself noble and is nat.

The Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers, 1460

It is made naturaly of defecte of materie or accidently of yuel sewing & consoldyng of þe palpebrez. — Guy de Chauliac's Grande Chirurgie, 1425


gong

English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)

Scots: gang, gaung, ging

Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Inherited from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, form Proto-Germanic *gangaz. Compare gangen.

An outhouse; a building used as a lavatory.

(chiefly Northern, uncommon) A walk; a journey, especially by foot.

(Northern, rare) A gait; the way one walks.

(poetic, rare) A band or company of armed men.


creature

English: creature; critter; craytur

Scots: creature, crayter

From Old French criature, creature, from Latin creātūra; equivalent to createn + -ure.

Something that has been created; an entity or object.

A living being or creature; an animal or beast.

A human being (often as a term of self-abasement).

(rare) The whole world, the totality of existence.

(rare) The process of making or creation.


hol

English: hole

Scots: holl, how, howe

Yola: hel

From Old English hol, from Proto-West Germanic *hol, from Proto-Germanic *hulaz (“hollow”).


taste

English: taste

Yola: taaste, thaaste, tawest


visage

English: visage


reave

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of reven


bathe

(Northern) Alternative form of bothe (“both”)


coupe

English: coop

Yola: coopen

From Old Saxon *kûpa, côpa, from Old High German chôfa, chuofa, from Latin cūpa, Medieval Latin cōpa (“cask”).

a large wicker basket; a dosser, a pannier

a basket, pen or enclosure for birds; a coop

a cart or sled equipped with a wicker basket for carrying manure, etc


coupe

From Old French coupe, cope, culpe, from Latin culpa (“fault, defect; crime”).


coupe

From Old French coup, cop, colp, from Latin colpus (“hit, strike, stroke”), colaphus (“a blow with the fist; a cuff”), from Ancient Greek κόλαφος (kólaphos, “slap (to the face)”).


reed

14th c., Chaucer, General Prologue
Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.

Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


med

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


fold

English: fold

Scots: fald, fauld

Yola: vold

→ Welsh: ffald

From Old English fald, falæd, falod, from Proto-West Germanic *falud, from Proto-Germanic *faludaz.

A pen, enclosure, or shelter for domesticated animals.


eten

enm-verb

eten (third-person singular simple present eteth, present participle etynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative et, past participle eten)

eteth (present singular third-person)
etynge (participle present)
et (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
eten (participle past)
eten (infinitive)
to eten (infinitive)
ete (infinitive)
ete (first-person present singular)
at (first-person past singular)
et (first-person past singular)
etest (present second-person singular)
est (present second-person singular)
ete (past second-person singular)
ate (past second-person singular)
at (past second-person singular)
eteth (present singular third-person)
et (present singular third-person)
at (past singular third-person)
et (past singular third-person)
ete (present singular subjunctive)
ete (past singular subjunctive)
ate (past singular subjunctive)
ete (imperative present singular)
eten (plural present)
ete (plural present)
eten (past plural)
ete (past plural)
aten (past plural)
ate (past plural)
eteth (imperative plural present)
ete (imperative plural present)
etynge (participle present)
etende (participle present)
eten (participle past)
ete (participle past)
yeten (participle past)
yete (participle past)

English: eat

Scots: ait, aet, eat, eit, ete

Yola: at, ayth, eight

From Old English etan, from Proto-West Germanic *etan, from Proto-Germanic *etaną.

(figurative) To derive might from something

To destroy, devastate (a person or of an object)


bere

English: bear (see there for further descendants)

Scots: beir

From Old English bera, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô.


bere

[...] Than preye I thee, to-morwe with a spere

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2255-2256

… Then I pray thee, tomorrow with a spear
That Arcite stab me through the heart.


ord

English: ord

From Old English ord. Akin to Old Frisian ord (“place, point”), Old Saxon ord (“point”), Old High German ort (“point, beginning”), Old Norse oddr (“point of a weapon”). More at odd.


bane

English: bane

Scots: bane, baine, bain, bayn, bone

Inherited from Old English bana, from Proto-West Germanic *banō, from Proto-Germanic *banô.


fot

enm-noun

fot (plural feet or fot or (rare) fotes)

feet (plural)
fot (plural)
fotes (plural rare)

English: foot (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute

Yola: voote

Inherited from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.

⁊ whanne I hadde ſeyn hym .· I felde doun at his feet as deed / ⁊ he puttide his riȝthond on me .· ⁊ ſeide / nyle þou dꝛede I am þe firſte ⁊ þe laſte[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:17, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when I saw him, I fell down at his feet like I was dead. But he placed his right hand on me and said, "Don't be afraid; I am the first and the last […]

A foot (appendage used for motion and support)

The use of one's feet (to move or stand).

One of a set of units of measurement:
foot (unit for measuring length)

One of a set of units of measurement:
square foot (unit for measuring area)

One of a set of units of measurement:
(prosody) A metrical foot

One of a set of units of measurement:
A metrical foot

The bottom or foundation of something (e.g. stairs):

The foot (leg-like support) of a table or chair.

The end of a bed or tomb (where the foot rests).


vice

English: vice

Scots: vice

Borrowed from Old French vice, visse, from Latin vitium.

A fault or imperfection; a negative quality or attribute of something:

A bad habit or tendency that one has; a negative human behaviour.

A mistake; a fault due to deficience in knowledge or reasoning.

(rare) An imperfection or blemish in one's visage or look.

Vice, iniquity, sinful behaviour; absence of virtue or morality:

A vice; a general tendency or action that is morally bad.

A specific example of immoral or sinful behaviour.

A sickness, disease or malady; a deleterious process effecting something.


refute

From Old French refuite, from refuir (“to flee”). Compare refuge.


cage

English: cage

Scots: cage

A cell, enclosure or room of diminutive proportions.


whelp

English: whelp

Scots: whalp, whaulp

From Old English hwelp, from Proto-West Germanic *hwelp, from Proto-Germanic *hwelpaz.

A whelp (the young of other animals, especially canids and felids)

(rare) An unknown kind of mechanical machine or system.


magnate

From Late Latin. Attested only in the plural in Middle English.

reulers of the toun, Callid magnates

c. 1438, John Lydgate, The Fall of Princes:


credence

English: credence

Borrowed from Old French credence, itself borrowed from Latin crēdentia. Doublet of creaunce.

Credence or credibility; the state of being reliable.


morsel

English: morsel

Yola: mossaale

Borrowed from Old French morsel, morsiel, morcel.


ergo

English: ergo

(Late Middle English) thus, consequently, ergo


sour

English: sour

Scots: sour


hwæl

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of whale


vapour

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

Fumes or vapour; a visible gaseous emission:

(physiology) A noxious bodily fume believed to be the cause of maladies.

(rare) A airborne smell; a nasal sensation transmitted via the air.


lettre

English: letter

From Old French letre; ultimately from Latin littera.

report, request, or other formal instrument of communication

written text, especially that used as a resource


heorte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of herte


paire

English: pair

Scots: pair

Yola: paare

From Old French paire, from Latin paria.

A pair; a group of two similar, identical, or matching items or creatures:

Two people (often when in a romantic or sexual relationship).

Two animals; a pair or duo of beasts or creatures.

Used with binary nouns, especially for tools or implements.

A grouping or collection of matching or similar items.

A number or multitude of things or items.


stæf

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of staf


tour

English: tower (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tour, towr

Yola: toweare

From Old English tūr, tor, torr, from Latin turris.


mel

English: meal

Scots: meal

Yola: meale, mele

→ Irish: béile

From Old English mǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *māl, from Proto-Germanic *mēlą.

The occasion when a meal is consumed; mealtime.


forage

English: forage

Borrowed from Old French fourage; the first element is cognate to fodder.


counsel

thilke lord […] to whom no counsel may be hid

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:

a secret opinion or purpose; a private matter


office

English: office

Scots: office, offish

From Old French office, from Latin officium, contracted form of opificium.

The state of being employed or having a work or job; employment:

Ecclesiastical or religious work; a church career.

(rare) Unskilled work; any work that is unimportant or base.

A position of responsibility or control; a crucial occupation:

A clerical or church post or position; a religious office.

c. 1300, St. Thomas Becket, ll. 223 ff.
He cam to court and was in guod offiz
With þe erchebischop of Kaunterburi.

A governmental or administrative position or post; a political office.

The situation, status, or rank one has in the wider world or within society.

c. 1300, St. Thomas Becket, ll. 244 ff.
Þis holi Man was i-torned...
To a gret office of þe world.

Sche say me... withouten office of tunge and al dowmb.

c. 1380, Boethius, translated by Geoffrey Chaucer, Boece:

As it is in Phisique write
Of livere, of lunge, of galle, of splen,

c. 1390, John Gower, Confessio Amantis, Book VII, ll. 467 ff.

Entendeth to don him service.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Thei alle unto the herte ben Servantz, and ech in his office

Membres of generacioun... maked been for bothe;
That is to seye, for office and for ese

c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Tale of the Wyf of Bathe" in Tales of Caunterbury, ll. 127 ff.

A task, chore or assignment, especially one which is important or required; an obligation:

The role, purpose, or intended use or utility of something (especially a bodily part).

Þe mouþ heþ tuo offices, huer-of þe on belongeþ to þe zuelȝ...
Þe oþer zuo is in speche.

A task or function that one organ does to assist another or the body as a whole.

Þe holy bischop...
For him dede þe office;
In erþe he was sikerliche

A religious ceremony or ritual; a task performed for religious reasons.

He song þulke masse ilome, for al-so heo bi-ginnez

Þe furste offiz is propre inov to þe stat þat he was Inne.

(Christianity) The beginning or the initial portion of the Eucharist.

A core human faculty (e.g. movement, talking, literacy)

Þe porter of þe abbay... dede his ofice in þe clos.

a. 1422, petition, P.R.O. 117, 5842

... Abbeyes, Priories, hospitals, chaunteries and chappels, chaces, parkes, offices, milnes, weres...

A part, faculty, or division of a larger body:

A part of a house or estate devoted to manual work and storage.

A part or subdivision of an estate devoted to a specified function.

1435, petition, P.R.O. 130, 6460A

John Duc of Bedford... Admirall of England in the office of þe admiralte in the Countees of Kent, Sussex...

(rare) A part or subdivision of a government devoted to a specified function.

1432, petition, P.R.O. 26, 1259

Of the whiche Maner the seyd Oratrice... be an Offyce was put out.

An inquest undertaken to investigate the possession of land or property.

The intended or ideal working or operation of something.

He pleide so sweetly þat... alle þe helly offices lefte there besinesses.

c. 1440, Christine de Pisan, translated by Stephen Scrope, The Epistle of Othea, page 85:

An officeholder invested with powers and authority.

...I wol han .xij. pens, though that she be wood,
Or I wol sompne hir vn to our office...

c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in Tales of Caunterbury:

Offyce, or place of offyce, officina.

(rare) A building or structure used for business purposes; an office.

While Beues was in þat office,
Þe kinges sone...

c. 1300, The Romance of Sir Beues of Hamtoun, ll. 3555 ff.

(rare) The process or undertaking of a task or assignment.

(rare) The activities typical of and concomitant to one's place in society.

foꝛ þe mynyſterie of þis office. not oneli filliþ þoo þingis þat failen to hooli men .· but alſo multeplieþ many þankyngis to god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Coꝛinthis ·ii· 9:12, page 70v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

As the administering of this favour doesn't just supply the things that holy men are lacking, but also overflows in many thanks to God.

(rare) A favour; a beneficial deed or act.


clothing

English: clothing

What one wears; clothing, outfit, garments.

A piece of clothes; an individual component of an outfit.

The uniform or outfit associated with an occupation or position.

(figurative) One's religious values and priorities.

(figurative, rare) One's appearance or countenance.

Linen or sheets used as a cover or a protective layer.


mac

Alternative form of make (“equal, partner”)


cou

English: cow (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: coo

Scots: coo, coe, cou

Yola: keow

From Old English cū, from Proto-West Germanic *kō (“cow”).


faire

English: fair


henge

English: hinge

Scots: heenge

From Old English *henġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hangiju; compare hangen.


quiver

English: quiver

From Anglo-Norman quivre, from Old Dutch cocare; perhaps ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür or Hunnic. Doublet of coker.


quiver

English: quiver

From Old English *cwifer, probably related to cwic (“alive”).


royal

head

royal (plural and weak singular royalle, comparative royaller, superlative royallyst)

royalle (plural)
royalle (singular weak)
royaller (comparative)
royallyst (superlative)

English: royal

Scots: royal

From Old French roial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of ryal.

majestic, appropriate for a king, kingly


royal

English: royal


fragment

English: fragment

Learned borrowing from Latin fragmentum.


trant

English: trant

⇒ Scots: tranty

From Middle Dutch trant, from tranten (“to walk”).

A stratagem, trick or trant; an act of cleverness.

Cleverness, trickiness; a tendency to be tricky.


fax

English: fax (obsolete)

Scots: fax

From Old English feax, from Proto-West Germanic *fahs.


fer

English: far

Scots: faur

Yola: var

From Old English feorr, from Proto-Germanic *ferrai.

Wide was hys pariſſhe, & houſes ferre a ſondre […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, line 493:

Wide was his parish, and houses far asunder […]


earn

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of ern (“eagle”)


ayenward

My name shold I never ayeynwarde wynne.

1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde and selected short poems, page 219:


heme

English: heme

Inherited from Old English -hǣme, related to hām (“home; village, community”).


heme

English: heme


mona

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of mone (“moon”)


avauntour

Borrowed from Old French avanteur or avantour; equivalent to avaunten + -our.

Auauntour and a lyer, al is one / As thus: I poſe a woman graunt me / Her loue, and ſayth that other woll ſhe none / And I am ſworne to holden it ſecre / And after I tel it two or thre / Iwys I am auauntour at the leeſt / And lyer eke, for I breke my beheeſt.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book III, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio clxxxiiii, verso, column 1, lines 309–315:


ire

From Old French ire (“ire”) or Latin īra (“wrath, rage”). See English ire for more.

That lord is now of Thebes the Citee,
Fulfild of ire and of iniquitee,
He, for despit and for his tirannye,
To do the dede bodyes vileynye,
Of alle oure lordes, whiche that been slawe,
Hath alle the bodyes on an heep ydrawe,
And wol nat suffren hem, by noon assent,
Neither to been yburyed nor ybrent.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

"Mi goode fader, tell me this:
What thing is Ire? Sone, it is
That in oure englissh Wrathe is hote[…]"


axil

English: axle

Scots: aixle

From a conflation of Old English eax and Old Norse ǫxull.

axle (pole which a wheel revolves around)


adamantine

English: adamantine

From Latin adamantinus; equivalent to adamant + -ine.


fou

Scots: faw

Inherited from Old English fāh, from Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz.
Forms without final /x/ are a result of levelling from Old English inflected forms (e.g., masculine weak nominative singular fāga).


y-

English: y-, a-, i- (obsolete)

Yola: ee-

From Old English ġe- (perfective and associative prefix), from unstressed Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with”). Cognate with Old Frisian e-, Central Franconian je-, Old Saxon gi-, Dutch ge-, Old High German ga- (German ge-), Old Norse g-, Gothic 𐌲𐌰- (ga-). See also ker-.

der

alternative form of þe due to typographic variation:

In contrast

ȝe- / y- is pronounced /jə/, /i/, consistent with the Old English pronunciation of ge- as /je/; it is usually dropped in Modern English except in archaisms (though note enough)

the standalone Middle English definite article ye is pronounced

and is effectively an alternative spelling of þe

Added to verbs as a perfective prefix or intensifier.

Used to form nouns of association similar to English co-.

Used with past participle conjugations to form past participles.


jus

English: juice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: joice, jice

A natural liquid (usually inherent to something)

juice (liquid of a plant or beverage from such)


web

English: web

Scots: wab, wob

From Old English webb, from Proto-West Germanic *wabi, from Proto-Germanic *wabją.

Woven fabric; fabric manufactured by weaving.

(by extension) A thin layer of material or tissue.

An opaque growth caused by disease or illness.


hate

English: hate

Scots: hate, hait, heit

Most likely a modification of earlier hete (from Old English hete) after haten, though compare Old Norse hatr.

Something that causes or induces hate; insults, demeaning words.

The results of hate; enmity, discord, turmoil.


wroth

From Old English wrāþ, from Proto-Germanic *wraiþaz (“cruel”), from Proto-Indo-European *wreyt- (“to turn”).

So that the clerkes be nat with me wroth
 I ſaye that they were maked for bothe
 This is to ſeyn, for offyce and for ease
 Of engendrure, there we nat god diſpleaſe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxxvii, recto:

So that the clerks be not with me wrathful
 I say that they [genitals] were made for both
 This is to say, for duty and for ease
 Of reproduction, that we not God displease


either

English: either

Scots: aither

From Old English ǣġþer, a contraction of ǣġhwæþer.


either

English: either

Scots: aither


aventure

English: aventure, adventure

Scots: anter, adventur

From Old French aventure, from Vulgar Latin *adventūra.

At nyght was come into that hostelrye / Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye / Of sondry folk, by aventure yfalle / In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, line LINES:

There came at nightfall to that hostelry / Some nine and twenty in a company / Of sundry folk who had by chance fallen / In fellowship, and pilgrims were they all


libel

Ultimately from Latin libellus (“little book”).

I haue ȹ he, of ſommõs of the here a byl / Up payne of curſyng loke that thou be / To moꝛowe befoꝛe our Archdeacons kne [...] Now loꝛde ȹ ſhe, Jeſu kyng of kynges / So wiſely helpe me, as I ne may [...] May I nat aſke a lybel ſyꝛ Sompnour / And anſwere there by my pꝛoctour / To ſuche thyng as men wolde appoſen me?

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Freres Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xliiii, verso, column 1:

I have (he said) a bill of summons here: / On pain of excommunication make sure that you appear / Tomorrow morning at the archdeacon's knee … Now Lord (she said) Jesus king of kings / Help me, as I cannot … Could I ask for a copy of the charges, sir summoner, / And have my proctor appear for me / For whatever it is that I am accused of?

(law) A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges

And it hath be seyd, Who euere leeueth his wijf, ȝyue he to hir a libel of forsakying. But Y seie to ȝou, that euery man that leeueth his wijf, outtakun cause of fornycacion, makith hir to do letcherie, and he that weddith the forsaken wijf, doith auowtrye.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume IV, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Matthew V:31–32, page 12:

[ KJV ] It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery.

Any written formal complaint, particularly in marital conflicts

A treatise; a division of a larger work.


rote

English: root

Scots: ruit, rute

From Late Old English rōt, rōte, from Old Norse rót, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of wort (“plant”). See more at English root.

A root used as food; a root vegetable or tuber.

A root employed for supposed curative or medical properties.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

The foundation or base of a protuberance or extension of the body:

The root of the hair; the part of the hair within the scalp.

The root of the tooth; the part of the tooth within the scalp.

The root of a nail; the part of a nail within the skin.

The base or attached part of an organ or bodily member.

The base or attached part of a swelling or boil.

foꝛ þe roote of alle yuelis is coueitiſe / whiche ſummen coueitynge .· erriden fro þe feiþ. / ⁊ biſettiden hem wiþ manye ſoꝛewis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Tymothe ·i· 6:10, page 84r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the root of all wrongs is covetousness, which some yearned for and strayed from the faith; they've unleashed many sorrows upon themselves.

Something which generates, creates, or emanates something:

The origin of an abstract quality; that which something originally came from.

A wellspring or exemplar of an abstract quality that which something comes from.

⁊ oon of the eldere men ſeide to me / wepe þou not / lo! a lioun of the lynage of iuda .· þe roote of dauiþ haþ ouercomen to opene þe book · ⁊ to vndoon þe ſeuene ſeelis of it

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 5:5, page 119r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And one of the elders said to me: "Don't weep. Look, a lion of the people of Judah and the stock of David has arrived to open the book and undo its seven seals."

The offspring of a certain individual or nation as a progenitor; a lineage or descent.

The foundation of a tall structure (e.g. a trunk, pole, turret)

The (or a key) foundational or core condition, essence or portion of something.

I iheſus ſente min aungel to witneſſe. to ȝou þeſe þingis in chirchis I am þe roote ⁊ þe kyn of Dauid .· ⁊ þe ſchynynge moꝛewe ſterre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 22:16, page 118v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

"I, Jesus, sent my angel to deliver all of you these things in churches. I'm the scion and descendant of David and (I'm) the shining morning star."

One who descends from another; a member of an individual's lineage or stock.

The base of a peak or mount; the beginning of an elevation.

A protuberance resembling or functioning like a root.

The most inner, central, or deepest part of something.

(rare, astronomy) Data used for astronomical purposes.

(rare, mathematics) A mathematical root.


rote

English: rote

Unknown. Sometimes connected to Old French route (“route”) or Latin rota (“wheel”), but OED rejects both comparisons.

Traditional, customary, usual, or habitual behaviour or procedure.


rote

English: rote

Scots: rote (rare, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French rote, from Latin chrotta, borrowed from a Germanic form such as Old High German hruoza, borrowed itself from a Celtic term deriving from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of crowde.

A musical instrument having strings and similar to a harp.


aire

English: air

Scots: air

Yola: aare

From Old French air,aer, from Latin āēr, from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr).


bosom

English: bosom

Scots: bosum, bosome

From Old English bōsm, from Proto-West Germanic *bōsm, from Proto-Germanic *bōsmaz.

The enclosure formed by the breast and arms, embrace


brand

English: brand

Scots: brand

Yola: broan, brone

From Old English brand, brond, from Proto-West Germanic *brand, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.


maker

English: maker

Scots: maker, macker, makar

→ English: makar

Yola: maakere, maakeare


impossible

From Old French impossible, from Latin impossibilis, from in- (“not”) + possibilis (“possible”).

Madame (ȹ he) thys were impoſſible / Then mote I dye on ſodayne death hoꝛrible

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lvii, recto, column 1:

"Madame," he said, "This is impossible! Then I must die a sudden and horrible death

Forsothe not inpossible was thin almyȝti hond, that made the roundnesse of erthis of mater vnseen, to senden in to them a multitude of beres, or hardi leouns, or of new kinde vnknowen bestes

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Wisdom XI:18–19, page 10472, column 1:

For thy Almighty hand, that made the world of matter without form, wanted not means to send among them a multitude of bears or fierce lions, / Or unknown wild beasts […]
[Translation from KJV, Wisdom of Solomon 11:17–18]


impossible

Lo ſyꝛs (ȹ the loꝛde) with harde grace / Who euer hearde of ſuch a thynge oꝛ nowe? / To Euery man ylyke tell me howe? / It is an impoſſyble, it may not be

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xlvii, verso, column 2:

"Lo, sirs," said the lord, "what bad luck [he's had]! Who ever heard of such a thing before now? To every man equally? Tell me how! It is impossible, it may not be!

God forbyd that nyse unthrifty though shulde come in thy mynde thy wyttes to trouble, sythen everything in comyng is contyngent. Wherfore, make no more thy proposycion by an impossyble.

1381–1384, Thomas Usk, “Book II Chapter 4”, in Gary W. Shawver, editor, Testament of Love (Toronto Medieval Texts and Translations), number 13, University of Toronto Press, published 2002, →ISBN, page 60:

A logical impossibility: a thing which cannot exist, or is a logical self-contradiction


piper

English: piper

Scots: piper

Yola: peepeare, pipere

From Old English pīpere; equivalent to pipe + -er; compare Old Norse pípari and Old High German pfīfari.


atrament

English: atrament

Learned borrowing from Latin ātrāmentum.


gate

gates (plural)
gaten (plural)
gate (plural)

English: gate, yate

Scots: yett, yet, ȝett, ȝet

Yola: gaaute, gaat, yeat

→ Middle Irish: *geta

Irish: geata

Manx: giat

Scottish Gaelic: geata

→ Welsh: gât, giât, iet

From Old English ġeat, ġet, gat, from Proto-West Germanic *gat, from Proto-Germanic *gatą.

An entryway or entrance to a settlement or building; a gateway.

If hungur riſiþ in þe lond and peſtilence and ruſt and wynd diſtriynge cornes and a locuste and bꝛuke comeþ and if enemyes biſegen þe ȝatis of þe citee aftir þat þe cuntreis ben diſtried and al veniaunce and ſikenesse oppꝛeſſiþ[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:28”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

If hunger rises in the land, and pestilence, rust, wind, destroying grain, and locusts and their young come, and if enemies besiege a city's gates after the city's surrounds are ruined, and when any destruction and disease oppresses (people) […]

A gate (door barring an entrance or gap in a fence)

(figurative) A method or way of doing something or getting somewhere.

(figurative) Any kind of entrance or entryway; e.g. a crossing through mountains.


gate

English: gate, gait

Scots: gate

From Old Norse gata, from Proto-Germanic *gatwǭ.

A way, path or avenue; a trail or route.

A voyage, adventure or leaving; one's course on the road.

The way which one acts; one's mode of behaviour:

A way or procedure for doing something; a method.

A moral or religious path; the course of one's life.

(Late Middle English) One's lifestyle or demeanour; the way one chooses to act.

(Late Middle English) Gait; the way one walks.


nerve

English: nerve

Scots: nerve

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nervus, from Proto-Italic *snēuros, from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥; thus a doublet of synwe. Forms with /f/ reflect Middle French nerf.


æ

(Early Middle English, Ormulum) Alternative form of ee


les

From Old English lēas (“false, void, loose”).
Cognate with Middle High German lōs (“loose”), Old Swedish lø̄s (“loose”); a doublet of loos.


les

He is so fayre, withoutten les, / he semys full well to sytt on des.

15th c., “[The Creation]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 5, lines 120–121:

He is so good, without falsehood; / (so) he's really suited to sit on a dais.

We held with hym ther he saide leasse / And therfor have we all unpeasse.

c. 1480, “The Creation”, in The Towneley Plays, lines 158–159:

We stayed with him when he uttered untruth, / and therefore we all feel discord.

Ye shall have joye and blis therin / Whils ye will kepe you out of syn, / I say withoutten lese.

c. 1480, “The Creation”, in The Towneley Plays, lines 193–195:

You'll have joy and tranquility within / if you keep yourself out of sin, / I say, without lies.


axle

A conflation of Old English eax and Old Norse ǫxull.


story

English: story, storey

Borrowed from Old French estoree, past participle of estorer. Alternatively, the same word as storie.


mace

English: mace

Scots: mace

From Old French mace, from Vulgar Latin *mattia, *mattea, probably from Latin mateola (“hoe”).

A club used for ceremonial purposes or as part of regalia.


paste

From Old French paste, from Late Latin pasta, from Ancient Greek παστά (pastá).

a dough or paste used as a sealant, an adhesive, or a casing in which to cook medicinal substances


bake

Alternative form of baken (“meal involving pastry”)


þ

A letter of the Middle English alphabet, representing /θ/ or /ð/; it was gradually replaced by "th".


con-

English: con-

Scots: con-

Borrowed from Old French con- and Latin con-.


godmother

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of godmoder


aver

From Old French aver, aveir, avoir (“possession, property; (collectively) beasts of burden; domestic animals; cattle”) (modern French avoir (“asset, possession”)), from aveir, avoir (“to have”), from Latin habēre, the present active infinitive of habeō (“to have, hold; to have, own (possessions)”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-, *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, take”). Cognate with Middle French avoir, Norman aver, aveir.

Belongings, possessions, property, wealth.


palate

English: palate

From Old French palat, from Latin palātum.

The palate; the top of the mouth (including the uvula).

One's sense of taste (the palate was believed to be the source of this).


hora

(chiefly Early Middle English and West Midlands) Alternative form of here (“their”)


savage

English: savage

Scots: savage

Borrowed from Old French savage, from Late Latin salvāticus, from Latin silvāticus.


stepchild

enm-noun

stepchild (plural stepchildren or stepchildre)

stepchildren (plural)
stepchildre (plural)

English: stepchild

From Old English stēopċild (“stepchild”); equivalent to step- + child.


sirup

desctree

English: syrup
→ Hebrew: סירופ (siróp)
→ Japanese: シラップ (shirappu)
→ Korean: 시럽 (sireop)
→ Marshallese: jurub
→ Tsonga: sirapu
→ Welsh: surop
→ Zulu: isiraphu

Scots: seerup

From Old French sirop, from Medieval Latin siruppus, syrupus, from Arabic شَرَاب (šarāb).

(medicine) A syrup of herbs used for medicine.

(cooking) A watery sauce based around wine.


favour

desc

English: favor, favour (Commonwealth, Ireland)

→ Welsh: ffafr

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman favour, favur, from Latin favor.


park

English: park

Yola: park

Borrowed from Old French parc, from Medieval Latin parricus (“enclosure”).


mad

head

mad (plural and weak singular madde, comparative madder, superlative maddyst)

madde (plural)
madde (singular weak)
madder (comparative)
maddyst (superlative)

English: mad

Scots: mad

Yola: mad

From Old English ġemǣdd, ġemǣded, the past participle of ġemǣdan.

Mad, insane, deranged; not of sound mind.

Emotionally overwhelmed; consumed by mood or feelings.

Perplexed, bewildered; surprised emotionally.

Irate, rageful; having much anger or fury.

Idiotic or dumb; badly thought out or conceived

(rare) Obstinate, incautious, overenthusiastic.


ay

English: aye

Yola: aye

Borrowed from Old Norse ei, ey, from Proto-Germanic *aiwa, *aiwō (“ever, always”).

always, constantly, unceasingly; eternally, forever


barge

English: barge

Scots: bairge (possibly)

Borrowed from Old French barge, from Vulgar Latin *barga, a variant of Late Latin barca, a regular syncope of Vulgar Latin *barica, from Classical Latin bāris, from Ancient Greek βᾶρις (bâris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic br, from Egyptian bꜣjrb-bA-A-y:r*Z1-P1 (“transport ship”).

der

A medium ship or boat, especially one protecting a larger ship.

A barge, especially one used for official or ceremonial purposes.


Adam

English: Adam

Scots: Adam

From Old English Adam, from Latin Ādāmus, Ādām, from Ancient Greek Ἀδάμ (Adám), Ἄδαμος (Ádamos), from Biblical Hebrew אָדָם (adam).

Adam (Biblical progenitor of humankind).


Peter

English: Peter

Scots: Peter

Yola: Beedher, Peedher, Peether

From Old English Petrus, from Latin Petrus, from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros), from πέτρος (pétros, “stone, rock”).

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."


spake

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:

Then spoke Sir Gawain, and said, “Brother, Sir Agrivain, I pray you and charge you move not such matters any more before me, for be ye assured I will not be of your counsel.”

first/third-person singular past indicative of speken


ange

From Old English ange, from Proto-West Germanic *angī, from Proto-Germanic *anguz.


ange

⇒ English: agnail, hangnail

⇒ Yola: angish


fowl

And smale fowles maken melodye

That slepen all the night with open ye - Chaucer, General Prologue, Canterbury Tales, ll.9-10


plat

He lith down his one ere al plat / Unto the grounde and halt it faſte [...]

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, “Book I”, in Reinhold Pauli, editor, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume I, London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC, page 57:

c. 1400, John Lydgate, poem, commented upon by Thomas Gray and printed in The Works of Thomas Gray, volume 5, page 305

But, crying mercy, the emperour lay plat on the ground.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)

plat: flat; level; (by extension) frank, on the level.


plat

But, ſir, ye lye, I tel you plat [...]

c. 1360s (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Romaunt of the Rose”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio clxv, verso, column 1:

But, sir, you lie, I tell you plainly […]


wench

There is but litel difference truely / Betwyxt a wyfe, that is of hye degre / If of her body dishoneſt ſhe be / And a poore wenche, other than this / If it ſo be they werke bothe amys / But for the gentyl is in eſtate aboue / She ſhal be called his lady and his loue / And for that tother is a poore woman / She ſhal be called his wench, or his lemmã [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto:


noman

English: noman


stake

English: stake

Scots: stak, staik

→ Irish: staic

From Old English staca, from Proto-West Germanic *stakō, from Proto-Germanic *stakô.

A stake; wood put in the ground as a marker or support.

A fencepost; a stake used in concert to form a barrier.

A branch or bough; an extension of a tree.

A stave or stick; a cut (and often shaped) piece of wood.


James

desctree

⇒ English: James
⇒ English: Jim (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jimmy, Jimmie, Jimmi, Jimi (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jimbo (diminutive)
→ Hindi: जिम्बो (jimbo)
→ Hawaiian: Kimo
⇒ English: Jem (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jemmy (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jamie, Jamey (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jay (diminutive)
→ Chinese: → 詹姆斯 (Zhānmǔsī) (transliteration)
→ Cornish: Jammes, Jamma
→ Danish: James
→ Fijian: Semesa
→ Icelandic: James
→ Irish: Séamas, Séamus, Seumas
→ English: Seamus
→ Manx: Jayms
→ Maori: Hemi
→ Samoan: Semisi
→ Scottish Gaelic: Seumas
→ English: Hamish
→ Swedish: James
→ Welsh: Siâms

⇒ Scots: Jeams

⇒ Scots: Jeamie, Jeemie, Jamie, Jaimie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jeamock (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jamesie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jizer (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Peem, Pim (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Pimmie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Peemser (diminutive)

Yola: Jaames

From Old French James, from Vulgar Latin Iacomus, spoken and altered pronunciation of Latin Iacobus, from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ).

der

Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ)

James the Greater or James the Less (apostles)

James (a male given name from Old French)


rare

English: rare

Yola: rare


pork

English: pork

Scots: pork, porc, porck

From Old French porc, from Latin porcus. Compare farowen.


vine

English: vine

Scots: vine

From Anglo-Norman vinne, vine (Old French vigne), from Vulgar Latin vinia, from Latin vīnea (“vineyard; vine”). Doublet of vyny.

I am a verrei vyne .· ⁊ my fadir is an erþetilier[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:1, page 51v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I am a true vine, and my father is a cultivator […]


vine

From Old French vigne (“siege engine”), from Latin vīnea.


page

A doghter hadde they bitwixe hem two / Of twenty yeer, with-outen any mo, / Savinge a child that was of half-yeer age; / In cradel it lay and was a propre page.

1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales:


herne

English: hern, hirn

Scots: hirn

Inherited from Old English hyrne, from Proto-West Germanic *hurnijā, from Proto-Germanic *hurnijǭ.

A refuge; a location of safety where one hides.

(rare) The lowest or deepest part of something; especially Hell.

(rare) A location or portion, especially one that is remote.


crane

English: crane (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cran

Yola: kraanberry, kraaneberry

Inherited from Old English cran, *crana.


crane

English: crane (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cran, from Medieval Latin crānium.


fen

fennes (plural)
fen (accusative nominative singular)
fennes (accusative nominative plural)
fennes (genitive singular)
fenne (genitive plural)
fennes (genitive plural)
fenne (dative singular)
fennen (dative plural)

English: fen

Scots: fen

Yola: ven

From Old English fenn; from Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją. The "dung" sense is influenced by Old French fien.


abece

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">absey</i>

English: ABC (obsolete absey)

Scots: ABC, aw-bay-say

From A + B + C, the first three letters of the Latin alphabet, standing for the whole alphabet.


immutable

English: immutable

Borrowed from Latin immutabilis; equivalent to in- + mutable.


tam

(Northern, after d or t) Alternative form of þem (“them”)


tame

English: tame

Scots: tame

From Old English tam, tom, from Proto-West Germanic *tam (“tame”).

(anatomy, medicine, of a fistula) inner, interior


tame

enm-verb

tame (third-person singular simple present tameth, present participle tamende, tamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tamed)

tameth (present singular third-person)
tamende (participle present)
tamynge (participle present)
tamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of tamen (“to cut, carve”)


tame

(Northern) Alternative form of tome (“freetime”)


violent

head

violent (plural and weak singular violente)

violente (plural)
violente (singular weak)

English: violent

From Old French violent, from Latin violentus.

Severe, extreme; excessive in magnitude.

Tending to cause injuries; likely to cause violence.

Abrupt; happening without warning or notice.

(rare) Despotic, authoritarian; ruling unfairly.


part

English: part

Scots: pairt

From Old French part and Old English part, both from Latin partem, accusative singular of pars, from Proto-Italic *partis.


toke

"And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:

first/third-person singular past indicative of taken; took


tey

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


fother

English: fother

Scots: fother

From Old Norse fóðr, from Proto-Germanic *fōdrą. Doublet of fodder.

a wildly inconsistent measure of weight primarily used for lead.

a great quantity, especially a load or of people.


place

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">pleace</i>

English: place (dialectal pleace)

Pijin: ples

Tok Pisin: ples

Scots: place, pleece

From Old English plæċe and Old French place, both from Latin platea, from Ancient Greek πλατεῖα (plateîa).

A place, area or spot; a part of the Earth or universe:

An inhabited place (such as a country, town etc.)

An estate or property; a house or building (often with its surrounds).

(rare) A city square, market square, or courtyard.

A location or position in or on a larger space (occupied by something or someone):

An area of the body (either of an organ or of the skin)

A location in or passage from a written document.

(mathematics) The place of a digit in a number written with Arabic numerals.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

The usual location or place of something (e.g. an animal's dwelling).

A position in a hierarchy; rank, status, or level.

A favourable or propitious occasion; an opportunity.

Extent, space (in two or three dimensions)


store

English: store

Scots: store

→ Welsh: stôr

From Anglo-Norman stor, estour, ultimately from Latin instaurare. Compare warnestore.


store

English: stoor, stour (archaic)

desc

Scots: stour, stoure, sture, stoor, stoar

From Old English stōr and Old Norse stórr, from Proto-Germanic *stōraz; some forms are also influenced by Middle Dutch stuur.


store

From Old English stōr; possibly from a Celtic language.


rye

English: rye

Scots: ry

Yola: ree

From Old English ryge, from Proto-West Germanic *rugi.

Secale cereale
Secale cereale#Translingual


bean

enm-verb

bean (third-person singular simple present is, present participle beinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative was, past participle beon)

is (present singular third-person)
beinge (participle present)
was (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beon (participle past)


wey

English: way

Scots: wey

Yola: wye, waie

From Old English weġ, from Proto-West Germanic *weg, from Proto-Germanic *wegaz.


-like

Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


-like

Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)


fodder

English: fodder

Scots: foder, fodder, fother, fothir

From Old English fōdor. Doublet of fother.


crab

Of Germanic origin, plausibly from North Germanic.

Alternative form of crabbe (“crabapple”)


glove

English: glove

→ Zulu: igilavu

Scots: gluive, gluve

Inherited from Old English *glōfa (variant of glōf), from Proto-West Germanic *glōfō, from Proto-Germanic *galōfô; equivalent to y- + love (“palm”).

A glove as a token of feudal allegiance.

A glove or gauntlet in various symbolic uses:

Signifying assent, agreement, or the marital compact.

Signifying worthlessness or unimportance.


pote

From Middle Dutch pote, from Old Dutch *pota, related to Middle Low German pōte and Middle French pote (< Germanic) More at English paw.

Fur Potes de Calabr'.

1398, James Hamilton Wylie, “Appendix A: Duchy of Lancaster Records”, in History of England under Henry the Fourth, volume 4, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1898, page 173:

One gown of blue colour furred with potes of calabre, 28

1420, City of London (England). Corporation, Calendar of Plea and Memoranda Rolls Preserved Among the Archives of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guild-hall, volumes 1413-1437, The University Press, published 1943, page 75:

[…] the beeste […] embraced hym with his potes, or feet to fore, […]

1481, William Carton, “68: Godfrey is wounded by a Bear.”, in Mary Noyes Colvin, PhD., editor, Godeffroy of Boloyne; or, The siege and conqueste of Jerusalem, London: Published for the Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., translation of original by William of Tyre, published 1893, page 113:

My wife's blewe gowne engrayned furred with powtes.

1497, “Will of R. Burton”, in Susan Flood, editor, St. Albans Wills 1471-1500, Hertfordshire Record Society, published 1993, page 141:

An animal's paw's fur or the animal's paw itself.


twist

English: twist

Scots: twist

From Old English *twist (attested in compounds), from Proto-West Germanic *twist, from Proto-Germanic *twistaz.

The flat part of a hinge (less specifically the entire hinge)

As a-bowte a tre with many a twyste
Bytrent and wryþe the soote wode bynde.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book III, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, line 1181:

As about a tree with many a twig
Entwines and writhes the sweet woodbine.

A groin (juncture between the chest and thighs)


cave

English: cave

Scots: cave

Borrowed from Old French cave, from Latin cava.


blast

English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist

Scots: blast

From Old English blǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *blāst(i), from Proto-Germanic *blēstuz; equivalent to blasen + -th.

A blast; a sudden and forceful motion of wind.

One's breathing or respiring; the act of respiration.

The blast produced by a musical instrument.

An emission or expulsion of fire or flames.

The sound produced by thunder or storms.

(rare) The making of a pronouncement or proclamation.

(rare) One's spiritual essence; the soul.

(rare) Flatulence; the making of a fart.


barm

English: barm

Scots: berme, berm, barm

From Old English bearm, from Proto-West Germanic *barm, from Proto-Germanic *barmaz.

Late 14th century: And with that word this faucon gan to crie / And swowned eft in Canacees barm.

Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Squire's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

The lap (The portion of one's legs that lies flat while sitting)

Late 14th century: … kisse hire child er that it deyde / And in hir barm this litel child she leyde.

Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘The Clerk's Tale’, Canterbury Tales

(rare) A flat surface that serves as a resting-place.


pere

desctree

English: pear
→⇒ Chinese: 啤梨 (pílí)
→⇒ Khmer: ផ្លែភា (phlae phiə)
→ Sotho: pere
→ Thai: แพร์ (pɛɛ)
→ Tokelauan: pea
→ Xhosa: ipere

Scots: peer, peir

→ Scottish Gaelic: peur

From Old English pere, peru, from Proto-West Germanic *peru, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from Latin pirum.

Pyrus communis
Pyrus communis#Translingual


pere

English: pier

From Medieval Latin pera, from Old Northern French pira, from Vulgar Latin *petricus.


pere

English: peer

Scots: peer

From Old French per and Anglo-Norman peir, from Latin pār.

A peer; one who is equal to or like another.

A rival, enemy, or competitor; one who is in opposition.

An individual who is of the same social class or standing as another.

An associate or collaborator; one who works or associates with another.

A member of the nobility or ruling class of a country or settlement.

(anatomy, rare) A body part connected or concomitant with another.


pere

The same; having no differences from something else.


nest

English: nest

Scots: nest

Yola: naesth

From Old English nest, from Proto-West Germanic *nest, from Proto-Germanic *nestą.


mat

English: mate

From Old French mat, a backformation from eschec mat (“checkmate”).

(chess) Said when the opponent's king is captured.


mat

English: mate

checkmate, mate (moment of the opponent's king's capture)


mat

From Old French mat (“defeated, tired”), from Late Latin mattus. Compare modern English matte.


mat

Alternative form of maten (“to overpower”)


garbage

English: garbage

Yola: graabache, graapish


clout

English: clout

Scots: clout, cloot

From Old English clūt, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz. Compare cloud.

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
A patch (fabric for mending).

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
A bandage or dressing (for wounds)

A (smaller) piece of fabric; a shred:
rag, tatter (piece of clothing)

A (larger) piece of fabric; a cloth:
Threadbare or inferior clothing.

Cloth for wrapping babies; swaddling clothes.

A (larger) piece of fabric; a cloth:
A burial shroud.


wrist

English: wrist

Scots: wrist

Yola: wrasth, wraste

From Old English wrist, wyrst, from Proto-Germanic *wristuz.

wrist (joint attaching the arm to the hand)


yelm

English: yelm, yealm

Inherited from Old English ġilm, ġelm (“handful”), from Proto-West Germanic *galmi, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish”).

der

(hapax) yelm, yealm (sheaf of straw for thatching)


hauberk

English: hauberk

From Old French hauberc, from Early Medieval Latin (h)alsbergum, from Frankish *halsaberg.


aketon

desc

English: aketon, acton, hacqueton, haqueton, haketon

From Old French aqueton, alqueton, auqueton, from Old Spanish alcoton (modern algodón), from Arabic الْقُطْن (al-quṭn), definite of قُطْن (quṭn, “cotton”). Compare coton.

A jacket with padding put underneath armour.

A jacket worn on top of armour as adornment.


ease

So that the clerkes be nat with me wroth
I ſaye that they were maked for bothe
This is to ſeyn, for offyce and for ease
Of engendrure, there we nat god diſpleaſe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxxvii, recto:

So that the clerks be not with me wrathful
I say that they [genitals] were made for both
This is to say, for duty and for ease
Of reproduction, that we not God displease


cure

Of studie took he moost cure and moost heede.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Clerke of Oxenfordes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


burel

English: burel

Borrowed from Old French burel, diminutive of *bure.


burel

English: borrel, burrel

Scots: borrell


vambrace

English: vambrace, vanbrace, vantbrace, vantbrass

From Anglo-Norman vambras, avantbras; equivalent to avant + brace.


hope

English: hope

Yola: hopes (plural)

trust, confidence; wishful desire; expectation


upon

From Old English upon, uppon, uppan (“on, upon, up to, against, after, in addition to”), equivalent to up + on.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”


upon

English: upon

Yola: apan, apaa, apa, upan, upa, pa (aphetic)


eek

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


spay

From Middle Dutch speye; compare Middle Dutch spoye.


spay

enm-verb

spay (third-person singular simple present spayeth, present participle spayinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle spaied)

spayeth (present singular third-person)
spayinge (participle present)
spaied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


bracer

English: bracer

Borrowed from Old French braceure; equivalent to brace + -er.

(rare) A protective sleeve or guard for the forearm.


-al

English: -al

Scots: -al

Borrowed from Old French -al, -el and its source Latin -ālis.

(chiefly not productive) Forms adjectives from Latin and Romance vocabulary.


passional

English: passional

From Late Latin passiōnālis; equivalent to passioun + -al.


ȝelew

Also a ȝelew vestement with ij toneclys

1431, Henry Littlehales, editor, The Medieval Records of a London City Church, page 26:


ȝere

1431: A rem' that William Baker, Pewtrer, & John Hetheman [made] the first day of May, þe ȝere of kynge herry þe vjᵉ, after þe conquest xᵉ.

Henry Littlehales (editor), The Medieval Records of a London City Church, page 26.


flavour

English: flavour, flavor

Borrowed from Old French flaor, flaour, from Vulgar Latin *flātor. Medial -v- is due to the influence of savour (“taste”).


grave

English: grave

desc

Scots: grave, grawe, graive, graiwe, greawe

From the dative of Old English græf, from Proto-West Germanic *grab, from Proto-Germanic *grabą.


grave

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of greyve


grave

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of grove


deed

English: dead

Geordie English: deed

Scots: dede, deid, deed

Yola: deed

From Old English dēad, from Proto-West Germanic *daud, from Proto-Germanic *daudaz.

foꝛ as þe fadir reiſiþ deed men ⁊ quykeneþ .· ſo þe ſone quykeneþ whom he wole

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 5:21, page 47r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Just like the father raises the dead and revives them, the son revives who he wants.

foꝛ as þe bodi wiþout þe ſpirit is deed .· ſo alſo feiþ wiþout werkis is deed

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, James 2:28, page 110r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Just like the body without a soul is dead, faith without works is dead as well.


pilgrimage

English: pilgrimage

Scots: pilgrimag, pilgrimage, pilgramage

From Old French peligrinage, pelrimage, variants of pelerinage (“pilgrimage”); equivalent to pilegrim + -age.

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 12-14.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


col

English: cole, kale, kail

Scots: cale, caill, kail

Yola: kaayle, Coolpeach

→ Irish: cál

From Old English cāl, variant of cawel, borrowed from Latin caulis.


porter

English: porter

Yola: porther

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman porter, portour, from a combination of Late Latin portārius and portātor, portātōrem; equivalent to port + -er.


calver

English: calver

Scots: caller

Possibly inherited from Old English calwer (“curds”), of unknown origin. The development of /lw/ to /lv/ before /r/ would be unparalleled, but there are no clear counterexamples either.

inh+

(rare, of salmon) Having curd-like flakes throughout.


þe

English: the

Fingallian: tha

Scots: the

Yola: a

From Old English þē (“the; he”), a late variant of sē, the þ- from the oblique stem replacing the earlier s-, which occurred in the nominative singular masculine and feminine only.

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:

Don't bring the two pieces of the bone that is broken or dislocated together until 8 days have passed if it's winter or 5 days if it's summer; otherwise it will make pus and be sicker from swelling. After the time has passed bring together the pieces or the dislocation according to the teaching that shall be said in the chapter entitled Algebra.

1431, A rem' that William Baker, Pewtrer, & John Hetheman [made] the first day of May, þᵉ ȝere of kynge herry þe vjᵉ, after þe conquest xᵉ.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


þe

English: thee

Yola: thee

From Old English þē (“you, thee”), accusative and dative form of þū.

Second-person singular pronoun indicating a grammatical object: thee, you.


clove

English: clove

Scots: clow

Inherited from Old English clufu, from Proto-West Germanic *klubu, from Proto-Germanic *klubō, related to cleven.


clove

From Old English clofen, past participle of clēofan.


clove

From Old English clēaf, 1st- and 3rd- person simple past singular of clēofan, with the vowel from the past participle.

simple past singular of cleven (“to split”)


odour

English: odour, odor

Scots: odour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman odour, from Latin odor.

A smell or scent; a nasal sensation (often intrinsic):

The scent of living matter or substances.

(figurative) A sensation or quality; the feeling produced by something.


wast

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Old Northern French wast (adjective), from Frankish *wōstī, from Proto-Germanic *wōstuz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“to desert”). Doublet of weste (“deserted”).


wast

English: waste

Scots: waste

Yola: wauste

Borrowed from Old Northern French wast (noun), from the adjective. Doublet of weste (“wilderness”).

bor+

Uncultivated or deserted land; wilderness.

(property law) Damage to property or that which causes it.

The utilisation or expenditure of resources:

Useless or ineffectual behaviour; futility.


wast

desctree

English: waist
→ Japanese: ウエスト (uesuto)

Scots: waist

Yola: wauscoat

Apparently inherited from Old English *wæst, *wæxt, *weahst, from Proto-West Germanic *wahstu, from Proto-Germanic *wahstuz; compare waxen (“to grow”).
Forms with /aː/ may be due to the analogy of the variation between /aː/ and /a/ in Etymologies 1 and 2.

(rare) waist (middle portion of a ship's hull)


wast

English: wast (archaic)

Yola: wasth

From was + -est; partially replacing earlier were.

(Late Middle English) second-person singular past indicative of been


bever

English: beaver

Scots: bever, baiver

→ Irish: béabhar

Inherited from Old English befer, from Proto-West Germanic *bebru, from Proto-Germanic *bebruz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus.

Beaver fur, skin, or pelt, or a similar cloth.


bever

English: bever

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bever (modern French boire), from Latin bibō.


gad

English: gad

Borrowed from Old Norse gaddr, from Proto-Germanic *gazdaz (“spike, rod, stake”).


these

Alternative spelling of þese (plural of þe (“thigh”))


such

Than ſpake ẜ Gawayne And ſeyde brothir · ẜ Aggravayne I pray you and charge you meve no ſuch · maters no more a fore me fro wyte you well I woll nat be of youre counceyle //

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Morte Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, verso, lines 15–18:


glorious

head

glorious (comparative gloriousere, superlative gloriosest)

gloriousere (comparative)
gloriosest (superlative)

English: glorious

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman glorius, glorios, glorieus, from Latin glōriōsus; equivalent to glory + -ous.

Recognised, acclaimed, well-known; having an excellent reputation.

Deserving religious recognition or commendation; godly.

Marvelous or wonderful to the senses: attractive, pleasing.

Amazing, great; possessing quality or a good reputation.

(rare) Vain, bragging, self-aggrandising.


charge

first-person singular present indicative of chargen


musket

English: musket

Borrowed from Old Northern French mousket, borrowed itself from Italian moschetto.


-th

desc

English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)

Originally two distinct suffixes:
* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þu, from Proto-Germanic *-þuz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus.
* Old English -þ, from Proto-West Germanic *-þi, from Proto-Germanic *-þiz, from Proto-Indo-European *-tis.

(non-productive) Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or attribute, usually from adjectives but occasionally from verbs; -th, -ness


-th

Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)


-th

Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)


plough

English: plough (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pleuch, plou

Yola: pleough, plowe, plou

From Old English plōh, from Proto-West Germanic *plōg, from Proto-Germanic *plōgaz.


strand

English: strand

Scots: strand

Yola: sthroane, sthroan, sthrone, stronde

From Old English strand, from Proto-Germanic *strandō.


toll

English: tool

Scots: towl

From Old English toll, from Proto-Germanic *tullō.


toll

Alternative form of tollen (“to bring”).


Norman

English: Norman

From Old English Norþman (“northerner”) and Old French Normant.

A member of the mixed Scandinavian and Frankish peoples who, in the 11th century, were a major military power in Western Europe and who conquered the English in 1066.


glow

Alternative form of glewen (“to play music, have fun”).


fervour

English: fervor, fervour

Scots: fervour

Borrowed from Old French fervor, from Latin fervor, fervōrem; compare fervent.

fervour (emotional passion or enthusiasm)


straw

English: straw

Scots: strae

Yola: stre, strew

From Old English strēaw. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse strá.

The remaining plant material after cultivation; halm, straw.

An individual piece or section of straw.

(figurative) Anything slight or worthless; the least possible thing.

(rare) A measure of weight for candlewax.


material

head

material (plural and weak singular materiale)

materiale (plural)
materiale (singular weak)

English: material

From Latin māteriālis; equivalent to matere + -al.

Extant in matter or having physical form; material.

Not supernatural or spiritual; regular, conventional, worldly.

Being the physical attributes or properties of a thing.

Affecting or modifying physical matter or attributes.


hemp

English: hemp

Scots: hemp, hempt

From Old English henep, hænep (“hemp”), from Proto-West Germanic *hanapi, from Proto-Germanic *hanapiz; cognate to Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa#Translingual


ark

English: arc

Borrowed from Old French arc, from Latin arcus (“a bow, arc, arch”).


beryl

English: beryl

Borrowed from Old French beril, from Latin bērillus, bēryllus (“beryl”), from Ancient Greek βήρυλλος (bḗrullos).

(figuratively, rare) Jesus or the Virgin Mary.


usual

English: usual

Scots: usual, uswal, eeswal


generally

English: generally

exceptionlessly, always (without exception)


often

English: often

desc

Scots: aften, af'en, affen, oaffen, oaften

repeatedly, again and again, many times, frequently

Under many circumstances, in many instances


worse

English: worse

→ Cantonese: worse (Hong Kong)

Scots: warse

From Old English wiersa, from Proto-West Germanic *wirssō, variant of *wirsiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *wirsizô. Doublet of werre (“worse”).


worse

English: worse

Scots: warse


worse

English: worse

Scots: warse

Something or someone which is more yvel or ille (i.e. worse).


sight

A nombre of twenty sterres bright,
Which is to sene a wonder sight

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


panel

English: panel, pannel

Scots: panel

From Old French panel, from pan, from Latin pannus; equivalent to pane + -el (diminutive suffix).

A swatch or portion of textiles or cloth.

A cushion or cloth acting as cushioning under a saddle.

The people due to sit at a jury; a panel acting as jury

(rare) A pane or slab of a transparent material.

(rare) A hawk's innards or digestive organs; the pannel.


hire

English: her

Scots: her

Yola: her

From Old English hire (“her”), from Proto-West Germanic *heʀā, *hiʀā, from Proto-Germanic *hezōz, genitive feminine singular of *hiz (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here; this”).

Third-person singular feminine genitive determiner: her, of her.

Here begynnyt the wyf of bathe hir tale.

1430, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale.”, in Canterbury Tales:

Used in place of the possessive suffix -es to denote possession by an antecedent noun.


hire

Third-person singular feminine genitive pronoun: hers.


hire

English: her

Yola: her

From Old English hire (“her”), from Proto-West Germanic *heʀē, *hiʀē, from Proto-Germanic *hezōi, dative feminine singular of *hiz (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here; this”).

Third-person singular feminine pronoun indicating a grammatical object: her.

Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object: it.


hire

English: hire

Scots: hire

From Old English hȳr, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀiju. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

[…]þat foꝛſaken þe riȝt weie .· ⁊ erriden ſuynge þe weie of balaam of boſoꝛ / which louyde þe hire of wickidneſſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Petre ·ii· 2:15, page 113v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

[…] who've abandoned the right way and strayed, following the way of Balaam of Bosor, who loved the fruits of wrongdoing.


helmet

English: helmet

Scots: hoomet

From Old French helmet; equivalent to helm + -et.

A helmet; an armoured piece of headgear.


semen

enm-verb

semen (third-person singular simple present semeth, present participle semende, semynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle semed)

semeth (present singular third-person)
semende (participle present)
semynge (participle present)
semed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
semen (infinitive)
to semen (infinitive)
seme (infinitive)
seme (first-person present singular)
semed (first-person past singular)
semest (present second-person singular)
semedest (past second-person singular)
semeth (present singular third-person)
semed (past singular third-person)
seme (present singular subjunctive)
semed (past singular subjunctive)
seme (imperative present singular)
semen (plural present)
seme (plural present)
semeden (past plural)
semede (past plural)
semeth (imperative plural present)
seme (imperative plural present)
semynge (participle present)
semende (participle present)
semed (participle past)
ysemed (participle past)

Inherited from Old English sēman, from Proto-West Germanic *sōmijan, from Proto-Germanic *sōmijaną.

(Early Middle English) To sort out; to resolve, subdue, or confirm.


semen

English: seem

Scots: seem

Borrowed from Old Norse sœma, from Proto-Germanic *sōmijaną, thus a doublet of Etymology 1.

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
The brighte swerdes wenten to and fro
So hidously þat with þe leste strook
That it semeþ þat it wolde felle an ook

To seem (to be); to look or be perceived as.

To appear; to become visible or discernible.

To believe or assume; to develop a belief:

To deem or consider; to form a judgement.

To consider to be appropriate; to judge as suitable.

To be appropriate or right; to suit or befit.


semen

semeth (present singular third-person)
semende (participle present)
semynge (participle present)
semed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
semen (infinitive)
to semen (infinitive)
seme (infinitive)
seme (first-person present singular)
semed (first-person past singular)
semde (first-person past singular)
semest (present second-person singular)
semedest (past second-person singular)
semdest (past second-person singular)
semeth (present singular third-person)
semed (past singular third-person)
semde (past singular third-person)
seme (present singular subjunctive)
semed (past singular subjunctive)
semde (past singular subjunctive)
seme (imperative present singular)
semen (plural present)
seme (plural present)
semeden (past plural)
semede (past plural)
semden (past plural)
semde (past plural)
semeth (imperative plural present)
seme (imperative plural present)
semynge (participle present)
semende (participle present)
semed (participle past)
ysemed (participle past)

Inherited from Old English sīman, sēman, from Proto-West Germanic *saumijan; equivalent to seem (“load”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(figuratively, rare) To be burdensome or grievous.


reverse

He found the sea diverse / With many a windy storm reverse.

reverse: turned upside down; greatly disturbed


redden

redden (infinitive)
to redden (infinitive)
redde (infinitive)
redde (first-person present singular)
redde (first-person past singular)
reddest (present second-person singular)
reddest (past second-person singular)
reddeth (present singular third-person)
redde (past singular third-person)
redde (present singular subjunctive)
redde (past singular subjunctive)
redde (imperative present singular)
redden (plural present)
redde (plural present)
redden (past plural)
redde (past plural)
reddeth (imperative plural present)
redde (imperative plural present)
reddynge (participle present)
reddende (participle present)
red (participle past)
yred (participle past)

English: redd, red; rid

Scots: redd, red

Inherited from Old English hreddan (“to save, deliver, recover, rescue”), from Proto-West Germanic *hraddjan, from Proto-Germanic *hradjaną.

inh+

Floris and Blauncheflur
Þe children þerwiþ fram deþe he redde.

With that he saved the children from death.

To save or rescue; to remove from penury or captivity.


late

English: late

Geordie English: lyet

Scots: late

Yola: laate

From Old English læt, from Proto-West Germanic *lat.


late

English: late

Yola: laate


late

From Old Norse lát (“conduct, demeanour, voice, sound”, literally “let, letting, loss”) (from Proto-Germanic *lētiją (“behaviour”), from Proto-Indo-European *lēid-, *lēy- (“to leave, let”). Cognate with Middle Low German lāt (“outward appearance, gesture, manner”), Old English lǣtan (“to let”). More at let.

cog

Manner; behaviour; outward appearance or aspect.

c 1275-1499, King Alexander

Than have we liking to lithe the lates of the foules.


huse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of housen


Walter

English: Walter

Yola: Wathere

From Old Northern French Waltier, from Frankish *Waltheri (compare Old High German Waltheri, which see for more details), from Proto-Germanic *Waldaharjaz.


sure

desctree

English: sure
→ Kashubian: szur (United States)
→⇒ Irish: siúráil
→ Welsh: siwr

Scots: shuir

From Old French seür, from Latin sēcūrus. Doublet of siker.

safe, protected (not dangerous or harmful)

fortified, well-defended, protected; especially religiously


sure

English: sure

Scots: shuir

sure, surely, with no doubt or uncertainty

While protecting something, with protection


floury

English: flowery, floury

Covered in flowers or representations of them; flowery.

Prosperous, thriving; experiencing wealth, fame, or success.

(cooking, rare) Blanketed in flour; floury.


conquest

English: conquest

A conquest or invasion; a forcible takeover.

The act of attaining victory or winning.

The spoils of war; the fruit of victory.

William the Conqueror's invasion of England.


bawdy

whanne he had ouertaken the damoysel / anone she sayd what dost thow here / thou stynkest al of the kechyn / thy clothes ben bawdy of the greece and talowe that thou gaynest in kyng Arthurs kechyn

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, chapter V, in Le Morte Darthur, book VII:


sax

English: sax; zax

Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)

From Old English seax, from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą.


-s

q

fossilized in <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">whilst</i>

English: -s(t) (fossilized in whilst), -ce (mostly fossilized in hence, thence, whence)

Adverbial genitive ending, developed into the -ce at the end of some words


peril

English: peril

Scots: peril

From Old French peril, from Latin perīculum.

Danger, risk, peril; something that is potentially harmful or risky:

A location where danger, risk, or peril is present or likely.

A thing or enterprise which creates peril; anything which creates or which is of peril.

(Late Middle English) Bad fortune; unluckiness or mischance.


huge

English: huge

Scots: huge, hudge

Borrowed from Old French ahuge, a form of ahoge, of unknown origin.


hals

English: halse, hawse

Scots: hause

From Old English heals, from Proto-West Germanic *hals, from Proto-Germanic *halsaz (“neck, throat”). The nautical sense is influenced by Old Norse hals (“neck”).

1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parliament of Fowles

I dar eek seye, if she me finde fals, / Unkinde, Iangler, or rebel in any wyse, / Or Ialous, do me hongen by the hals!


barren

barren (infinitive)
to barren (infinitive)
barre (infinitive)
barre (first-person present singular)
barred (first-person past singular)
barrest (present second-person singular)
barredest (past second-person singular)
barreth (present singular third-person)
barred (past singular third-person)
barre (present singular subjunctive)
barred (past singular subjunctive)
barre (imperative present singular)
barren (plural present)
barre (plural present)
barreden (past plural)
barrede (past plural)
barreth (imperative plural present)
barre (imperative plural present)
barrynge (participle present)
barrende (participle present)
barred (participle past)
ybarred (participle past)

English: bar

Fingallian: bar


culver

English: culver

From Old English culufre, culfre, culfer, borrowed from Vulgar Latin *columbra, from Latin columbula.

And he ſeide to hem þat ſelden culueris / take ȝe awei from hennes þeſe þingis .· ⁊ nyle ȝe make þe hous of my fadir an hows of marchaundiſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:16, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he said to those who sold doves: "Take those things out of here; you won't make my father's house a place of business!"


oo

Scots: ae

Yola: o

Forſoþe þe erþe was of oo lip, and of þe ſame wordis.

c. 1384, John Wycliffe, Wycliffe's Bible (translation from the Vulgate), Genesis 11:1:

Truly the earth was of one tongue, and of the same words.


oo

Scots: ae


oo

A rendering of Ancient Greek ὦ (ô, interjection).


cite

English: city (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ceety

And it was doon aftirward · ⁊ [iheſus] made iourneis bi citees ⁊ caſtelis, [pꝛe]ch[in]ge ⁊ euangelizynge þe rewme of god / ⁊ twelue wiþ h[im] ·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 8:1, page 32r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

After that happened, Jesus made visits to cities and fortresses, preaching about and disseminating the kingdom of God with the Twelve alongside him.


chard

Representing colloquial pronunciation. See ch-.


barre

English: bar (see there for further descendants)

⇒ Yola: baaree, baree

Borrowed from Old French barre, from Vulgar Latin *barra.


gauger

English: gauger

Scots: gauger

Yola: gagee

From Old Northern French gaugeur; equivalent to gauge + -er.

A quality control official for wine; a gauger.


curlew

English: curlew


eyer

Alternative form of eyrer (“female swan”)


ewer

English: ewer

Borrowed from Old French ewer, from Latin aquārium.


doer

English: doer

doer, agent (someone who does, performs, or executes)

offender (criminal who commits a specified crime)


dint

English: dent, dint, dunt

Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

From Old English dynt, from Proto-West Germanic *dunti, from Proto-Germanic *duntiz.

Forþy I ſay þe, as ſoþe as ȝe in ſadel ſitte, / Com ȝe þere, ȝe be kylled, may þe knyȝt rede, / Trawe ȝe me þat trwely, þaȝ ȝe had twenty lyues / to ſpende. / He hatz wonyd here ful ȝore / On bent much baret bende / Aȝayn his dyntez ſore / Ȝe may not yow defende

a. 1375, Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, page 118r, lines 2110–2117:

So I say to you, as sure as you sit in your saddle: / If you come there, you'll be killed if he wills, / trust me about that truly, like you had twenty lives / to spend. / He has lived here a long time; / when he pulls his bow, much conflict begins. / Against his powerful blows, / you won't be able to defend yourself.

The landing of a weapon; a blow or stroke.

(by extension) Warfare, battle; the use of weaponry.

The strike, landing or force of a tool or other item hitting something.

The striking or noise of thunder; a thunderclap.

(rare) A strike with one's limbs or body.

(rare) An injury resulting from a weapon's impact.


eft

English: eft

From Old English eft, æft. Compare after.

Were I vnbounde, also mote I the
I wolde neuer efte come in the ſnare

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Marchauntes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxx, recto, column 2:

If I were released,—so may I prosper,—
I would never again fall into the snare.

And eft he entride in to Cafarnaum, aftir eiyte daies.

1384, John Wycliffe, Bible (Wycliffe): Mark, ii, 1:

And he came back into Capernaum after eight days.


assay

English: assay, say

Scots: assay, say, sey

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assai, from Late Latin exagium.

Examining; investigation, looking into, research:

Trialling, assaying; the ensuring of quality (usually of a substance, but also of a document)

The trial or testing of one's personality or personal qualities.

An attack (as a trial of one's mettle or ability on the battlefield)

The trialling of comestibles or nourishments (mostly in ceremony)

(rare) Facts in support in assertion; evidence.

(rare) One's personality; the nature of something or someone.

(rare) A deed, action or doing; an endeavour or business.


bor

English: boar

Scots: bair

Yola: boar

From Old English bār, from Proto-West Germanic *bair.

(figurative) A rough and tough individual.

(rare, heraldic) A heraldic image of a boar.


bole

English: bull

Scots: bul, bull

From a mixture of Old English bula, *bulla, and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô.


bole

English: bole


team

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of tem (“group”)


aspen

English: aspen

From aspe (from Old English æspe) + -en.


fro

14ᵗʰ Century, Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Knight's Tale
That if I might skapen fro prisoun
That if I can escape from prison


baste

Alternative form of bast (“illegitimacy”)


clot

English: clot

From Old English clot, clott, from Proto-West Germanic *klott; compare clod.


dote

English: dote

A senile individual; an elderly person lacking sound mind.


penner

English: penner

Borrowed from Latin pennārium; equivalent to penne + -er.


grippe

English: grip, gripe

From Old English grēp, grēpe, from Proto-Germanic *grōpiz. Some forms are influenced by Old English grype.


fay

Alternative form of fey (“marked for death”)


meed

Alternative form of mede (“mead (beverage)”)


hod

English: hade, hede (obsolete)

Scots: hade (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hād, from Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz.

One's rank level, or, office; one's position in relation to others

A religious or clerical office, position, or calling.

One's state or condition; one's position in relation to their previous position.

(Christianity) The Trinity; the three hypostases making up the Godhead.


popper

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reves Tale, The Canterbury Tales, 2003, Walter W. Skeat (editor) Complete Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, Part 2, The Reeve's Prologue ,
A joly popper baar he in his pouche ; / Ther was no man for peril dorste him touche.


hap

English: hap

Yola: hap


macer

English: macer

Scots: macer

From Anglo-Norman macer; equivalent to mace (“mace”) + -er (“agentive suffix”).

Meires and maceres · that menes ben bitwene / Þe kynge and þe comune.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section III:


coward

English: coward

Scots: cooart, coort

Borrowed from Old French coart; equivalent to Old French coe (“tail”) + -ard. Compare taylarde.


coward

English: coward


bode

English: bode

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Parliament of Fowles
The oule eek, that of dethe the bode bringeth.


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.

Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum#Translingual

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) or its fibers

Flax or straw used as a firestarter; tinder


hone

English: hone

→ Scots: hone, whoon

From Old English hān, from Proto-West Germanic *hainu, from Proto-Germanic *hainō (“whetstone”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


quod

No force quod he, but tel me al youre grief

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 85, verso:

“No matter,” he said, “but tell me all your grief.”

Alternative form of quath (“spoke”, etc.)


cog

From Old French cogue, itself from Middle Dutch kogge.

As the Kynge was in his cog and lay in his caban, he felle in a slumberyng[…].

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum iv”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book V, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:

a ship of burden, or war with a round, bulky hull


gage

English: gage

From Old French gage, from Medieval Latin wadium, from Frankish *waddī. Doublet of wage and wed.

(rare) Money for the release of a hostage .


tercel

desc

English: tiercel, tercel, terzel, tassel, tassell, tarcel, tarsel, tarsell, tyercel, tyercle

→ Old Norse: tersél

Borrowed from Old French tercel, terçuel, from Medieval Latin tertiolus.


mull

That other cofre of straw and mull


twa

(Northern, Early Middle English) Alternative form of two


swage

English: swage

Borrowed from Old French souage, from soue (“rope”).

An adornment surrounding the edge of a vessel.


wiver

Yola: wiveare

Unknown; compare Medieval Latin wyvra (“beam”), or from Old English wifer, wivere (“arrow, javelin”).


spigot

English: spigot, spicket


lien

enm-verb

lien (third-person singular simple present lith, present participle liende, first-/third-person singular past indicative leie, past participle leien)

lith (present singular third-person)
liende (participle present)
leie (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
leien (participle past)

English: lie, lig

Scots: lie

Yola: lee, lidge

From Old English liċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *liggjan, from Proto-Germanic *ligjaną.

Bifil that in that seson, on a day, / In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 19–20:

It happened that, in that season, on a day / In Southwark, at the Tabard, as I lay


lien

lien (third-person singular simple present lieth, present participle liende, first-/third-person singular past indicative legh, past participle louen)

lieth (present singular third-person)
liende (participle present)
legh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
louen (participle past)

English: lie

Scots: lee

Yola: liest (sg.2)

From Old English lēogan, from Proto-West Germanic *leugan, from Proto-Germanic *leuganą.


lien

lien (third-person singular simple present lieth, present participle liende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle liid)

lieth (present singular third-person)
liende (participle present)
liid (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: lye

From Old French lier, liier (“to tie up, connect”), from Latin ligāre (“to tie, bind”).

to bind (ground meat, etc. with eggs, sauce, etc.)


lien

English: lien

From Middle French lien (“tie, strap”), from Latin ligāmen (“bandage, band, tie”).