storie

enm-noun

storie (plural stories or (rare, Early ME) storien)

stories (plural)
storien (Early-Middle-English plural rare)

desctree

English: story
Sranan Tongo: tori
Aukan: toli
→ Dutch: tori
→ Welsh: stori
→ Persian: استوری (estori)
→ Portuguese: estória

Scots: story

Borrowed from Old French estorie, estoire, from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía). Doublet of historie.

The spoken or textual recounting of historic events or happenings as a story.

The visual portrayal of historic events or happenings as a story.

The spoken or textual recounting of mythic or fictional events taken as real as a story.

A work used as a basis or to source (often another work etc.)

History; the discipline of studying the past or the knowledge produced by it.

(rare) Past happenings or occurrences (including mythic or purported events)

(rare) A situation or scenario; a series of factors.

(rare) The signification (especially literal) of something.


sorelle

Alternative form of sorel (“sorrel (plant)”)


sorelle

Alternative form of sorel (“sorrel (colour)”)


passen

enm-verb

passen (third-person singular simple present passeth, present participle passende, passynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle passed)

passeth (present singular third-person)
passende (participle present)
passynge (participle present)
passed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
passen (infinitive)
to passen (infinitive)
passe (infinitive)
passe (first-person present singular)
passed (first-person past singular)
passest (present second-person singular)
passedest (past second-person singular)
passeth (present singular third-person)
passed (past singular third-person)
passe (present singular subjunctive)
passed (past singular subjunctive)
passe (imperative present singular)
passen (plural present)
passe (plural present)
passeden (past plural)
passede (past plural)
passeth (imperative plural present)
passe (imperative plural present)
passynge (participle present)
passende (participle present)
passed (participle past)
ypassed (participle past)

English: pass, pace

Scots: pass

Yola: paaced (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French passer, from Vulgar Latin *passāre, ultimately from Latin pandō.


fede

English: feud

Scots: fede, feid

Borrowed from Old French faide, from Medieval Latin faida, from Proto-West Germanic *faihiþu; compare fo.


ensurance

Borrowed from Old French enseurance, from enseurer


materiale

inflection of material:
strong/weak plural


tost

English: toast

Scots: toast


tamed

simple past and past participle of tamen


thirl

English: thirl

Yola: thorelucke

From Old English þyrel, from Proto-West Germanic *þurhil, from Proto-Germanic *þurhilą.


dingen

dingen (infinitive)
to dingen (infinitive)
dinge (infinitive)
dinge (first-person present singular)
dang (first-person past singular)
dingest (present second-person singular)
donge (past second-person singular)
dange (past second-person singular)
dang (past second-person singular)
dingeth (present singular third-person)
dang (past singular third-person)
dinge (present singular subjunctive)
donge (past singular subjunctive)
dange (past singular subjunctive)
dinge (imperative present singular)
dingen (plural present)
dinge (plural present)
dongen (past plural)
donge (past plural)
dangen (past plural)
dange (past plural)
dingeth (imperative plural present)
dinge (imperative plural present)
dingynge (participle present)
dingende (participle present)
dongen (participle past)
donge (participle past)

English: ding

Scots: ding

From Old English *dingan, from Proto-West Germanic *dingwan, from Proto-Germanic *dingwaną.

To violently hit, strike or attack someone.

To attain victory over someone or something.


theologie

Alternative form of theologi (“theology”)


-iche

Alternative form of -y (e.g. differentliche)


manful

English: manful

Scots: manfull (obsolete)

Noble, brave, strong, daring, determined; displaying virtues seen as manly.


cho

(chiefly Northern) Alternative form of sche


esterne

English: eastern

Scots: estrene, eistrene, eastren

From Old English ēasterne, from Proto-Germanic *austrōnijaz. Equivalent to est + -erne.


manfully

English: manfully

Bravely, strongly, daringly, determinedly

(rare) In a way that displays nobility or manfulness.


differente

inflection of different:
strong/weak plural


geest

Alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)


tunne

English: ton, tun


heer

English: hair


pakken

pakken (third-person singular simple present pakketh, present participle pakkende, pakkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pakked)

pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakkende (participle present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
pakken (infinitive)
to pakken (infinitive)
pakke (infinitive)
pakke (first-person present singular)
pakked (first-person past singular)
pakkest (present second-person singular)
pakkedest (past second-person singular)
pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakked (past singular third-person)
pakke (present singular subjunctive)
pakked (past singular subjunctive)
pakke (imperative present singular)
pakken (plural present)
pakke (plural present)
pakkeden (past plural)
pakkede (past plural)
pakketh (imperative plural present)
pakke (imperative plural present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakkende (participle present)
pakked (participle past)
ypakked (participle past)

English: pack

Scots: pack

→⇒ Medieval Latin: paccāgium

To pack; to put into a pack or container.


sixte

English: sixth

Scots: saxt, sext, sixt

From Old English sixta, from Proto-West Germanic *sehstō, from Proto-Germanic *sehstô.
Equivalent to six + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on; though this is rare in Middle English, unlike than in fifte. Forms with -st- are from the Old English variant sesta.


sixte

English: sixth (confer obsolete sixt)

Scots: sixt, sext, saxt

(rare) A musical sixth; a note a sixth away from another given note.


merce

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of merche


longen

longen (third-person singular simple present longeth, present participle longende, longynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle longed)

longeth (present singular third-person)
longende (participle present)
longynge (participle present)
longed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: long

From Old English langian (“to long for; yearn for”), from Proto-West Germanic *langōn, from Proto-Germanic *langōną (“to grow long; desire; yearn for”).

inh

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 12-15.
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
Then folk do long to go on pilgrimage,
And palmers to go seeking out strange strands,

To distant shrines well known in distant lands.


longen

English: long


wrt

Alternative form of wort (“brewing wort”)


-ure

English: -ure

Scots: -ure

From Old French -eure, -ure, from Latin -(ā)tūra, -(ā)tūram.

Forms abstract nouns denoting actions or results.

(less common) forms nouns denoting states or things.


pyes

From pye (“pie”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


pyes

From pye (“magpie”) + -es (“plural suffix”).


fanon

English: fanon

Borrowed from Old French fanon, from Medieval Latin fanō, from Frankish *fano, from Proto-Germanic *fanô. Doublet of fane (“flag, vane”).


graven

graven (infinitive)
to graven (infinitive)
grave (infinitive)
grave (first-person present singular)
grof (first-person past singular)
graved (first-person past singular)
gravest (present second-person singular)
grove (past second-person singular)
grof (past second-person singular)
gravedest (past second-person singular)
graveth (present singular third-person)
grof (past singular third-person)
graved (past singular third-person)
grave (present singular subjunctive)
grove (past singular subjunctive)
graved (past singular subjunctive)
grave (imperative present singular)
graven (plural present)
grave (plural present)
groven (past plural)
grove (past plural)
graveden (past plural)
gravede (past plural)
graveth (imperative plural present)
grave (imperative plural present)
gravynge (participle present)
gravende (participle present)
graven (participle past)
grave (participle past)
graved (participle past)
ygraven (participle past)
ygrave (participle past)
ygraved (participle past)

English: grave (obsolete)

⇒ English: engrave

Scots: grave

From Old English grafan, from Proto-West Germanic *graban, from Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

To bury, especially to inhume or entomb.

To dig up the ground (for agriculture, excavation, etc.)

To dig or excavate:
(rare) To dig into one's hands.

To dig or excavate:
To dig into one's hands.

To carve or engrave (with inscriptions or carvings)

To carve or adorn:
To sculpt; to carve with a chisel.

To carve or adorn:
To adorn with precious metal.

With gold, men may the herte grave.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book IV, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(figurative) To impress deeply on the mind.


streight

English: straight

Scots: straucht, straicht

Past participle of strecchen. Corresponds to Old English ġestreaht, ġestreht, past participle of streċċan, streccan.


streight

English: straight
→ Japanese: ストレート

Scots: straucht, straicht


seke

enm-verb

seke (third-person singular simple present seketh, present participle sekende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sought)

seketh (present singular third-person)
sekende (participle present)
sought (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


laste

English: last

Yola: lash (<*las)

From Old English latost, equivalent to late + -est.


laste

English: last

Yola: lash (<*las)

Probably from adv or Old English læt, lætemest.


pan

Alternative form of pane (“fabric, fur; a portion”)


vaste

Alternative form of wast (“waste (noun)”)


delven

delven (infinitive)
to delven (infinitive)
delve (infinitive)
delve (first-person present singular)
dalf (first-person past singular)
delved (first-person past singular)
delvest (present second-person singular)
dolve (past second-person singular)
dalf (past second-person singular)
delvedest (past second-person singular)
delveth (present singular third-person)
dalf (past singular third-person)
delved (past singular third-person)
delve (present singular subjunctive)
dolve (past singular subjunctive)
delved (past singular subjunctive)
delve (imperative present singular)
delven (plural present)
delve (plural present)
dolven (past plural)
dolve (past plural)
delveden (past plural)
delvede (past plural)
delveth (imperative plural present)
delve (imperative plural present)
delvynge (participle present)
delvende (participle present)
dolven (participle past)
delved (participle past)
ydolven (participle past)
ydelved (participle past)

English: delve

Scots: delve, dell, del

Yola: del

From Old English delfan, from Proto-West Germanic *delban, from Proto-Germanic *delbaną.

To dig or delve; to remove earth:
To retrieve or access via digging.

Whan Adam dalf, and Eve span; / Wo was thanne a gentilman?

1381 June 12, John Ball, Sermon at Blackheath:

When Adam delved and Eve spun; / Who was a nobleman then?

To furrow; to dig for an agricultural purpose.

To dig or delve; to remove earth:
To install or integrate; to dig in.

To entomb; to dig a tomb or prepare a burial.

(rare) To penetrate the depths of something.


-te

English: -ty

Scots: -ty

From Old French -te, -tet, from Latin -tās, -tātem; compare -ite.


-te

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -th (abstract nominal suffix)


-te

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (abstract nominal suffix)


-te

(following fricatives) Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)


miserie

English: misery

Yola: miseree

From Old French miserie, from Latin miseria.


treden

treden (infinitive)
to treden (infinitive)
trede (infinitive)
trede (first-person present singular)
trad (first-person past singular)
tred (first-person past singular)
tredest (present second-person singular)
trede (past second-person singular)
trade (past second-person singular)
trad (past second-person singular)
tred (past second-person singular)
tredeth (present singular third-person)
trad (past singular third-person)
tred (past singular third-person)
trede (present singular subjunctive)
trede (past singular subjunctive)
trade (past singular subjunctive)
trede (imperative present singular)
treden (plural present)
trede (plural present)
treden (past plural)
trede (past plural)
traden (past plural)
trade (past plural)
tredeth (imperative plural present)
trede (imperative plural present)
tredynge (participle present)
tredende (participle present)
treden (participle past)
trede (participle past)
troden (participle past)
trode (participle past)
ytrode (participle past)
ytrede (participle past)

English: tread

Scots: trad, tred

Yola: trad

From Old English tredan, from Proto-West Germanic *tredan, from Proto-Germanic *trudaną.

To place one's foot on something; to lay a step on something:

To stomp or walk with great force; to crush underfoot or trample upon.

To compress or process by stomping or trampling.

To leave a mark or trail by placing one's feet.

To travel or go somewhere on foot; to journey.

To walk or move atop or on a surface or thing.

To ruin or devastate; to bring to destruction.

To debase or humiliate; to bring someone low.

To have sex; to copulate (used of male birds)

(rare) To look for; to search or try to find.


hede

English: heed

Yola: heed


hede

Ne take noon hede to brynge togidere þe parties of þe boon þat is to-broken or dislocate, til viij. daies ben goon in þe wyntir, & v. in þe somer; for þanne it schal make quytture, and be sikir from swellynge; & þanne brynge togidere þe brynkis eiþer þe disiuncture after þe techynge þat schal be seid in þe chapitle of algebra.

a1420, The British Museum Additional MS, 12,056, “Wounds complicated by the Dislocation of a Bone”, in Robert von Fleischhacker, editor, Lanfranc's "Science of cirurgie.", London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, translation of original by Lanfranc of Milan, published 1894, →ISBN, page 63:


nimen

nimen (third-person singular simple present nimeth, present participle nimende, nimynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative nom, past participle nomen)

nimeth (present singular third-person)
nimende (participle present)
nimynge (participle present)
nom (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
nomen (participle past)
nimen (infinitive)
to nimen (infinitive)
nime (infinitive)
nime (first-person present singular)
nom (first-person past singular)
nam (first-person past singular)
nimest (present second-person singular)
nome (past second-person singular)
name (past second-person singular)
nom (past second-person singular)
nam (past second-person singular)
nimeth (present singular third-person)
nom (past singular third-person)
nam (past singular third-person)
nime (present singular subjunctive)
nome (past singular subjunctive)
name (past singular subjunctive)
nime (imperative present singular)
nimen (plural present)
nime (plural present)
nomen (past plural)
nome (past plural)
namen (past plural)
name (past plural)
nimeth (imperative plural present)
nime (imperative plural present)
nimynge (participle present)
nimende (participle present)
numen (participle past)
nume (participle past)
nomen (participle past)
nome (participle past)

English: nim; numb (from past participle)

Scots: nim

From Old English niman, from Proto-Germanic *nemaną, probably from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“take”).

Ƿa weoren Bruttes
imænged wið þan Saxeſ
þa cleopede Hengeſt
cnihtene swikelæſt
Nimeð eoure ſexes
sele mine bernes
& ohtliche eou ſturieð
& nænne ne ſparieð
When the Britons were mingled with the Saxons, then called [said] Hengest, of [all] knights most treacherous, "Take your sæxes, 'my good warriors,' and bravely bestir you, 'and spare ye none'!"

c. 1190, Layamon, Brut: Cotton Caligula MS, ll. 15249–15256; transcribed and translated in 1847, Frederic Madden (ed.), Laȝamons Brut, or Chronicle of Britain, Volume II. London.: Society of Antiquaries of London, page 214

For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1381, Pegge Cook. Recipes, page 114, quoted in 1962, Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, eds., Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-01044-8, page 1242, in the entry "dorrẹ̄, dōrī adj. & n. […] cook"

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


jousts

And also Sir Bors told me that there should be at Hallowmas a great jousts betwixt King Arthur and the King of Northgales; [...].

Thomas Malory, Le Morte D'Arthur XVIII.17

a tournament, an event which displays jousting and other sorts of knightly sports


goos

English: goose

Scots: guse

From Old English gōs, from Proto-West Germanic *gans, from Proto-Germanic *gans; compare gandre.

The meat or corpse of a goose; a dead goose.


jupon

English: jupon

English: gipoun (obsolete)

From Middle French jupon; equivalent to jupe + -oun.

A jupon (an overcoat for armour, usually bearing heraldic symbols)


murrey

English: murrey

From Middle French moré, from Latin moratum.

A dish containing mulberries for flavour


murrey

English: murrey


nol

English: noll

Yola: noll


magnete

desctree

English: magnet
→ Cebuano: magnet
→? Indonesian: magnet
→? Malay: magnet
→ Tagalog: magnet
→ Welsh: magnet

From Old French magnete or Latin magnēs, magnētem, from Ancient Greek μαγνήτης λίθος (magnḗtēs líthos, “Magnesian stone”). Doublet of magnes.

der

μαγνήτης λίθος

lodestone (a magnetic stone that is an ore of iron)


hyve

English: hive

Scots: hyve

Yola: heeve

From the oblique cases of Old English hȳf, from Proto-West Germanic *hūfi.

Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]


collegian

English: collegian

/kɔˌlɛːd͡ʒiˈaːn/

From Medieval Latin collēgiānus; equivalent to college + -ien.

(rare) One who is part of a college (ecclesiastical or educational).


commendably

English: commendably


pryde

English: pride

Scots: pride

Inherited from Old English prȳde, prȳte; compare proud.

Pride (the state of being proud):
Arrogance, self-aggrandisement.

Pride (the state of being proud):
Pompousness; excessive display.

Pride (the state of being proud):
(rare) That which one is proud of.

Pride (the state of being proud):
That which one is proud of.


pryde

English: pride, prid

Clipping of *lampride, from Middle Low German lampride, from Medieval Latin lampreda.

(rare) Petromyzon branchialis or a similar lamprey.


nonne

English: nun

Scots: nun

From Old English nunne, from Late Latin nonna.


speciali

Alternative form of specialli (“specially, especially”)


sparke

enm-noun

sparke (plural sparkes or (early) sparken)

English: spark (see there for further descendants)

Scots: spark, sperk

From Old English spearca, from Proto-West Germanic *sparkō, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz.


twyndyllyng

Alternative form of twynlynge (“twinling or twin”)


nere

Scots: neer, nere, neir

From Old English *nēora, from Proto-Germanic *neurô, from Proto-Indo-European *negʷʰrós. Cognates include Middle Low German nēre, Old High German nioro, and Old Norse nýra.


nere

English: near

Scots: nere, neir

From Old English nēar (“nearer”), from Proto-Germanic *nēhwiz.


nere

From Old English nǣre, equivalent to ne + were.

And ceꝛtes, if it neꝛe too long to heeꝛe, / I wold have told you fully the manneꝛe / How wonnen was the regne of Femenye / By Theſeus and by his chivalrye,[…] / But all that thing I mot as now foꝛbeꝛe.

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales, lines 875–877, 885:

And certainly, if it weren't too long to hear / I would have told you the manner / How the realm of Femeny was won / By Theseus and by his chivalry, […] / But I must leave all that alone for now.


loos

So that within a daye, two or thre / She knewe by the folke yͭ in his ſhyppes be / That it was Jaſon full of ronomee / And Hercules that had the grete loos […]

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Legend of Hypsiphile and Medea”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxiiii, recto:

So that within a day, [or] two or three, / She knew by the folk that in his ships be / That it was Jason, full of renomee [renown], / And Hercules that had the great fame, […]


originali

English: originally

Originally, primordially; in a way preceding everything else.

With respect to the origin or beginning of something..


bestially

English: bestially


messe

English: Mass, mass

Scots: mess

Yola: Messe

From a mixture of Anglo-Norman messe and Old English mæsse, both from Late Latin missa.

Mass (service where the Eucharist is performed)

The Eucharist; Holy Communion (sacrament involving bread and wine).

The act of going to Mass and participating.


pegge

English: peg

From Middle Dutch pegge; see more at English peg.


wegge

English: wedge

Scots: weg, wegge, wadge, waige

From Old English wecg, from Proto-Germanic *wagjaz; cognate with Old High German weggi, Old Norse veggr, Dutch wig, German Weck, Lithuanian vagis, perhaps Latin vagina and Old English wecgan.


blo

English: blow

Scots: blae, blaw, bla, blea, ble

From Old Norse blá, from Proto-Germanic *blēwaz.


blo

English: blow

Scots: blae, blaw, bla, blea, ble


quene

English: queen (see there for further descendants)

Scots: queen, wheen

Yola: queen

From Old English cwēn (“woman, wife, queen”) (the final schwa is by analogy with other Old English feminine nouns, such as Etymology 2), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from a derivative of *gʷḗn (“woman, wife”). Cognates include:
* Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Greek γυναίκα (gynaíka)
* Old Prussian genna
* Persian زَن (zan)
* Sanskrit जनि (jani)
* Proto-Slavic *žena

A queen (consort to a king or similar ruler; queen consort)

Any powerful woman noble (e.g. a former queen consort, a duchess, etc.)

A female divine or holy figure; a female divinity or the Virgin Mary.

A female embodiment, exemplar, or representation of a moral ideal.

(familiar) An affectionate or loving way to refer to a woman one loves.

(rare) A female follower of Christianity in heaven.

(rare, Late Middle English) The queen (chess piece introduced towards the end of the ME era)


quene

English: quean

desc

Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin, queynie

From Old English cwene (“woman, wife, prostitute”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from the same Indo-European source as above. Cognate to Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō), Middle High German kone, kan, kun, quëne, Old Norse kona, and Middle Low German quene.


sippen

enm-verb

sippen (third-person singular simple present sippeth, present participle sippende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sipped)

sippeth (present singular third-person)
sippende (participle present)
sipped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: sip

Probably cognate with Middle English *sipen, from Old English sipian (“to seep”), from Proto-Germanic *sipōną.

to sip, to drink slowly, small mouthfuls at a time


sipen

*sipen (third-person singular simple present sipeth, present participle sipende, sipynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle siped)

sipeth (present singular third-person)
sipende (participle present)
sipynge (participle present)
siped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: seep

From Old English sipian, from Proto-Germanic *sipōną, probably cognate with sippen (“to sip”).

To seep, to ooze or pass slowly through pores or other small openings.


digne

English: digne

Borrowed from Old French digne, from Latin dignus.


coni

English: cony, coney, cunny, connie

Scots: kinnen, kyunnen, connie

→ Middle Welsh: cwning

Welsh: cwning, cwnig

From Old French conis, accusative plural of conil, connil, from Latin cuniculus.


bakke

English: bat

Scots: bat

Probably a corruption of Old Swedish nattbakka, likely related to Old English nihtwacu (“night watch”), from niht + wacu, replacing Old English hrēremūs (see reremouse), perhaps later rhymed with rat or cat, two other animals with good night vision.


balke

English: balk

Scots: bauk

Yola: balke

From Old English balca. Cognate with Old High German balko, German Balken (“beam”), Italian balcone (“balcony”).


balke

Probably cognate with Old Swedish nattbakka, Old English nihtwacu (“night watch”).


bakestere

English: baxter

Inherited from Old English bæcestre; equivalent to baken + -estere.


wox

He wox sodaineliche redde.

c. 1380s, [Geoffrey Chaucer, William Caxton, editor], The Double Sorow of Troylus to Telle Kyng Pryamus Sone of Troye … [Troilus and Criseyde], [Westminster]: Explicit per Caxton, published 1482, →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], book III, [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

first/third-person singular past of waxen (“become”)


beteren

beteren (infinitive)
to beteren (infinitive)
betere (infinitive)
betere (first-person present singular)
betered (first-person past singular)
beterest (present second-person singular)
beteredest (past second-person singular)
betereth (present singular third-person)
betered (past singular third-person)
betere (present singular subjunctive)
betered (past singular subjunctive)
betere (imperative present singular)
beteren (plural present)
betere (plural present)
betereden (past plural)
beterede (past plural)
betereth (imperative plural present)
betere (imperative plural present)
beterynge (participle present)
beterende (participle present)
betered (participle past)
ybetered (participle past)

English: better

Scots: better

From Old English beterian, from Proto-Germanic *batizōną; equivalent to bettre + -en (infinitival suffix).

To better; to implement improvements or make better.

(rare) To attain victory or win against opponents; to have the upper hand.


dishonestly

English: dishonestly

From dishoneste (“disgraceful”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


waknen

waknen (infinitive)
to waknen (infinitive)
wakne (infinitive)
wakne (first-person present singular)
wakned (first-person past singular)
waknest (present second-person singular)
waknedest (past second-person singular)
wakneth (present singular third-person)
wakned (past singular third-person)
wakne (present singular subjunctive)
wakned (past singular subjunctive)
wakne (imperative present singular)
waknen (plural present)
wakne (plural present)
wakneden (past plural)
waknede (past plural)
wakneth (imperative plural present)
wakne (imperative plural present)
waknynge (participle present)
waknende (participle present)
wakned (participle past)
ywakned (participle past)

English: waken

Scots: wakin, waikin, walkin

From Old English wæcnan, from Proto-Germanic *waknaną.


wakien

wakien (infinitive)
to wakien (infinitive)
wakie (infinitive)
wakie (first-person present singular)
wakied (first-person past singular)
wakiest (present second-person singular)
wakiedest (past second-person singular)
wakieth (present singular third-person)
wakied (past singular third-person)
wakie (present singular subjunctive)
wakied (past singular subjunctive)
wakie (imperative present singular)
wakien (plural present)
wakie (plural present)
wakieden (past plural)
wakiede (past plural)
wakieth (imperative plural present)
wakie (imperative plural present)
wakiynge (participle present)
wakiende (participle present)
wakied (participle past)
ywakied (participle past)

English: wake (with derived forms waken, awaken)


demurely

English: demurely

From demure (“demure”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).


baken

enm-verb

baken (third-person singular simple present baketh, present participle bakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative book, past participle baken)

baketh (present singular third-person)
bakynge (participle present)
book (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
baken (participle past)
baken (infinitive)
to baken (infinitive)
bake (infinitive)
bake (first-person present singular)
book (first-person past singular)
baked (first-person past singular)
bakest (present second-person singular)
boke (past second-person singular)
book (past second-person singular)
bakedest (past second-person singular)
baketh (present singular third-person)
book (past singular third-person)
baked (past singular third-person)
bake (present singular subjunctive)
boke (past singular subjunctive)
baked (past singular subjunctive)
bake (imperative present singular)
baken (plural present)
bake (plural present)
boken (past plural)
boke (past plural)
bakeden (past plural)
bakede (past plural)
baketh (imperative plural present)
bake (imperative plural present)
bakynge (participle present)
bakende (participle present)
baken (participle past)
bake (participle past)
baked (participle past)
ybaken (participle past)
ybake (participle past)

English: bake

Scots: bake

→ Irish: bácáil

From Old English bacan, from Proto-West Germanic *bakan, from Proto-Germanic *bakaną, see also Dutch bakken, German backen, Old Norse baka, Danish bage, and also Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “to roast”).

Þær þurrh þu bakesst Godess laf / & harrdnesst itt þurrh hæte...

c. 1200, Ormin, “Homily 8”, in Ormulum, lines 1566–1567:

Through that you bake God's loaf / and harden it through heat.

aftir that Y have broke the staf of youre breed, so that ten wymmen bake looues in oon ouene, and yelde tho looues at weiȝte; and ye schulen ete, and ye schulen not be fillid.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Leviticus 26:26”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

After when I've snapped the staff of your bread, ten women will bake bread in one oven, and produce the bread apportioned by weight; you'll eat, but you won't be sated.

He koude rooste, and sethe, and broille, and frye, / Maken mortreux, and wel bake a pye...

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parson's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 383–384:

He could roast, seethe, broil, fry, / make a pâté, and bake a pie well...

To bake; to cook in an oven; usually used of bread, pastry, etc, or meals involving that.

To undergo or experienced baking; to be baked or cooked in an oven.

To heat up; to process or work (food or other items) by heating or drying out.

(rare, figurative) To burn in the fires of Hell.

(rare, figurative) To cause one's own pain or torment.


baken

English: bake

Scots: bake, baik

From baken, past participle of the verb baken (“to bake”).


bakere

English: baker

Scots: bakar, baikar

From Old English bæcere, from Proto-Germanic *bakārijaz (“baker”); equivalent to baken + -er.

Loke of Egipt the king, daun Pharao,
His bakere and his boteler also,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4323-4325

Consider the king of Egypt, lord Pharaoh,
His baker and his butler also,
Whether or not they felt any effect in dreams.

Wher they ne felte noon effect in dremes.


belwen

English: bellow

From Old English bylgian, belgan (“to become angry”). Related to bælg (“leather bag”) and bellan (“to roar”). Compare modern English billow.

to cry out in anger, rage, roar (of animals)


nagge

English: nag


slepen

slepen (third-person singular simple present slepeth, present participle slepende, slepynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sleped)

slepeth (present singular third-person)
slepende (participle present)
slepynge (participle present)
sleped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
slepen (infinitive)
to slepen (infinitive)
slepe (infinitive)
slepe (first-person present singular)
slep (first-person past singular)
slepte (first-person past singular)
sleped (first-person past singular)
slepest (present second-person singular)
slepe (past second-person singular)
slep (past second-person singular)
sleptest (past second-person singular)
slepedest (past second-person singular)
slepeth (present singular third-person)
slepth (present singular third-person)
slep (past singular third-person)
slepte (past singular third-person)
sleped (past singular third-person)
slepe (present singular subjunctive)
slepe (past singular subjunctive)
slepte (past singular subjunctive)
sleped (past singular subjunctive)
slepe (imperative present singular)
slepen (plural present)
slepe (plural present)
slepen (past plural)
slepe (past plural)
slepten (past plural)
slepte (past plural)
slepeden (past plural)
slepede (past plural)
slepeth (imperative plural present)
slepe (imperative plural present)
slepynge (participle present)
slepende (participle present)
slepen (participle past)
yslepen (participle past)
slepe (participle past)
yslepe (participle past)
slept (participle past)
yslept (participle past)
sleped (participle past)
ysleped (participle past)

English: sleep

Sranan Tongo: sribi

Scots: sleep, sleip, slepe

From Old English slǣpan, from Proto-West Germanic *slāpan, from Proto-Germanic *slēpaną.

To sleep; to be sleeping:
To fall asleep; to go to sleep.

To sleep; to be sleeping:
To cause to sleep; to make sleep.

Iudaſ go þou on þe roc heie upon the ſton / lei þin heued i my barm, ſlep þou þe anon

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 15-16; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Judas, get up on the rock, high on the stone, / rest your head on my lap and fall asleep right away!"

For Nature wolde nat ſuffyſe / To non erthly creature / Not longe tyme to endure / Without ſlepe & be yn ſorwe / And I ne may ne nyght ne morwe / Slepe […]

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1450–1475 in Bodleian Library MS. Bodl. 638, folio 110v

For Nature will not allow / Any earthly creature / To survive for long / Without sleep, and sorrowing; / And yet I cannot, by night or morning, / Sleep, […]

And smale foweles maken melodye / That slepen al the nyght with open iye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 9-10:

And small birds make melodies, / sleeping all night with an open eye.

(figuratively) To copulate, have intercourse


bagge

English: bag

Scots: bag

→ Medieval Latin: baga

Borrowed from Old Norse baggi; compare Old French bague.

A fabric container; a bag, sack, pouch, purse, or wallet.

A bagpipe; a musical instrument consisting of a bag and a pipe.


fourty

English: forty

Yola: vorty

From Old English fēowertiġ, from Proto-Germanic *fedwōr tigiwiz; equivalent to four + -ty.


waggen

waggen (third-person singular simple present waggeth, present participle waggende, waggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wagged)

waggeth (present singular third-person)
waggende (participle present)
waggynge (participle present)
wagged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: wag

Cognate with Old English, Old High German wegan "to move, carry, weigh," Dutch wagen, wegen, German bewegen, wiegen, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish vagga "to rock," Latin vehere "to carry."


walken

walken (third-person singular simple present walketh, present participle walkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative welk, past participle walken)

walketh (present singular third-person)
walkynge (participle present)
welk (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
walken (participle past)
walken (infinitive)
to walken (infinitive)
walke (infinitive)
walke (first-person present singular)
welk (first-person past singular)
walked (first-person past singular)
walkest (present second-person singular)
welke (past second-person singular)
welk (past second-person singular)
walkedest (past second-person singular)
walketh (present singular third-person)
welk (past singular third-person)
walked (past singular third-person)
walke (present singular subjunctive)
welke (past singular subjunctive)
walked (past singular subjunctive)
walke (imperative present singular)
walken (plural present)
walke (plural present)
welken (past plural)
welke (past plural)
walkeden (past plural)
walkede (past plural)
walketh (imperative plural present)
walke (imperative plural present)
walkynge (participle present)
walkende (participle present)
walken (participle past)
walke (participle past)
walked (participle past)
ywalken (participle past)
ywalke (participle past)

English: walk, waulk

Scots: walk

Originally two verbs; in both cases, equivalent to walk + -en (infinitival suffix):
* Old English wealcan, from Proto-West Germanic *walkan, from Proto-Germanic *walkaną.
* Old English wealcian, from Proto-West Germanic *walkōn, from Proto-Germanic *walkōną.

To go or continue on a journey:
To journey in or through (a place)

To go or continue on a journey:
To walk, especially for recreation.

To move; to be in motion:
To move around; to be mobile.

To move; to be in motion:
To be active; to operate.

To be living; to be alive:
To reside or live somewhere.

To be living; to be alive:
To live (in a certain way).

(Late Middle English) To full or beat (cloth).


stere

English: steer

Scots: steer

From the oblique ō-stem forms of Old English stēor (“rudder, control”), from Proto-West Germanic *stiurī, from Proto-Germanic *stiuriją.


nai

English: nay

Yola: naay, na


vertu

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertue</i>

English: virtue (obsolete vertue)

Scots: virtue

Yola: vartue

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman vertu, from Latin virtūtem, accusative of virtūs.

Medical or pharmaceutical ability (either generally or specifically)

A mechanism that causes a bodily function to work.

Youre vertu is ſo greet / in heuene aboue / That if yow liſt / I shal wel haue my loue[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Knẏghtes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 30, recto, lines 2249-2250:

Your power is so great in the heavens above / That if you want, I'm going to have my love […]

if ȝe ben diſpiſid foꝛ þe name of criſt .· ȝe ſchulen be bleſſid / foꝛ þat þat is of þe onour ⁊ of þe gloꝛie ⁊ of þe vertu of god · ⁊ þe ſpirit þat is his .· ſchal reſte on ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Petre ·i· 4:14, page 112v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If you are despised because of the name of Christ, you will be blessed, because of that which is the honour, glory, and power of God, and his spirit will rest on you.

Power, competence, ability; ability to effect behaviour or action:

Divine power or beneficence (sometimes inherent in an object)

Political or legislative power or jurisdiction.

Astrological or occult power or influence.

Importance or desirability; the property of having value.

The means or method that something is done with or through.

(rare) The property of causing power, effects or results.

⁊ he hadde in his riȝthond ſeuene ſterris .· ⁊ a ſwerd ſcharp on euer eþir ſide wente out of his mouþ / ⁊ his face .· as þe ſunne ſchyneþ in his vertu.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:16, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he had in his right hand seven stars, a sharp sword came out both sides of his mouth, and his face [was] like the sun shining with its power.

Fortitude, strength, or might; power innate to a living being:

Willpower or mental fibre; one's ability to fulfill one's will.

Sapience, wisdom, higher functioning or that which causes it.

Raw physical strength, endurance, or health.

Glory, honourableness, or knightliness; that expected by chivalry.

[…]we sholde dyȝe for vicis / and liffe with vertuus,[…]

c. 1460, Turpines story: a Middle English translation of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle, published 2004, →ISBN, Capitulum viii, page 13:

[…] we should die for vices / and live with virtues, […]

A particular virtue believed to be morally beneficial or good.

A moral directive or instruction or the body of them; morals.

One of several ranks of angels (being above "powers" and below "dominions").

(by extension) A military troop or band; a group of combatants.

(rare) A title or appellation granted or bestowed upon a divinity.


rys

English: rice

Scots: rice


cheri

English: cherry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chirry, chery, cherrie, cherry

→ Middle Irish: silín, sirín

Irish: silín

Manx: shillish

Scottish Gaelic: sirist

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cheri, from Old Northern French cherise (“cherry”), from Vulgar Latin ceresia, a reinterpretation of the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from Latin cerasium (cerasum, cerasus (“cherry tree”)), from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry fruit”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly derived from a language of Asia Minor.
Displaced Old English ciris (also from Vulgar Latin ceresia), which died out after the Norman invasion and was replaced by the French-derived word.

der

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


assise

English: assize

Scots: assize (now rare)

From Old French assises, from Latin assideō. Compare syse.

(law) A holding of the court of assize (a regularly-scheduled regional court); an assizes.

(law) A legal case for a court of assize.

(law) A legal document or text enforcing a standard for an item.

(law) An enforced standard measurement of a product's nature (e.g. mass, standard, dimensions, etc.)

Established or standard practice; customary action.

(law) Any legal text or document; a law.

The correct or normal position in a sequential group.

(rare) A point of difference; that which makes something distinct.


goot

English: goat (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gait, gayt

Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth


reredos

English: reredos

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reredos, areredos; equivalent to rere (“rear, following”) + Old French dos (“back”).

A reredos or retable; a panel at the back of an altar.

A dorsal; a hanging or tapestry at the back of an altar.

(rare) The back of a fireplace or hearth.

(rare) A wood screen against the back of a chair or wall.

(rare) A panel of armour for protecting the rear.


blameable

English: blamable, blameable


fus

Of vr saul to be ai fus Again þe com, þat es sa crus. — Cursor Mundi, 1400


stok

English: stock

Yola: stouck, stouk

From Old English stocc, from Proto-West Germanic *stokk.


galoche

Nor were worthy [to] unbuckle his galoche.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


hakken

hakken (infinitive)
to hakken (infinitive)
hakke (infinitive)
hakke (first-person present singular)
hakked (first-person past singular)
hakkest (present second-person singular)
hakkedest (past second-person singular)
hakketh (present singular third-person)
hakked (past singular third-person)
hakke (present singular subjunctive)
hakked (past singular subjunctive)
hakke (imperative present singular)
hakken (plural present)
hakke (plural present)
hakkeden (past plural)
hakkede (past plural)
hakketh (imperative plural present)
hakke (imperative plural present)
hakkynge (participle present)
hakkende (participle present)
hakked (participle past)
yhakked (participle past)

English: hack

Scots: hack, hawk

Inherited from Old English *haccian, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkōn, from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną.

To hack; to cut up or slice up coarsely.

To make a movement as to hack; to make a coarse strike.


ics

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of I


oure

From Old English ūre, from Proto-West Germanic *unsar, from Proto-Germanic *unseraz. Compare Middle Dutch onse and Middle High German unser.

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]

First-person plural genitive determiner: our

my, mine (This is equivalent to Modern English "royal we", but is also used informally).


oure

English: our

Geordie English: wor

Scots: oor, wir

Yola: oor, our, ure, oure, owre, oore

First-person plural possessive pronoun: ours, of us


oure

From Old English ūr (“aurochs”), from Proto-West Germanic *ūr, from Proto-Germanic *ūraz.


menet

(Kent) Alternative form of mynt (“mint (money)”)


parfit

Old French parfait, past participle of parfaire (“to perfect”).


palme

English: palm
→ Malay: palma, ڤلما

Scots: paum

Yola: polm

From Old English palm, palma, from Latin palma.


philosophie

→ English: philosophy

Anglo-Norman and Old French philosophie < Latin philosophia, from Ancient Greek.


musicien

Borrowed from Middle French musicien; equivalent to musike + -ien.


fous

Inherited from Old English fūs (“ready, eager”), from Proto-West Germanic *funs, form Proto-Germanic *funsaz.

inh+

Þei were also fous to fiȝt. — Otuel

Heo ne mihte wel reste in hous, heo was so walkynge and so fous; To pley and rage þhouȝte hire swete. — Northern Homily Cycle: Narrationes, 1390


eilen

eilen (infinitive)
to eilen (infinitive)
eile (infinitive)
eile (first-person present singular)
eiled (first-person past singular)
eilest (present second-person singular)
eiledest (past second-person singular)
eileth (present singular third-person)
eiled (past singular third-person)
eile (present singular subjunctive)
eiled (past singular subjunctive)
eile (imperative present singular)
eilen (plural present)
eile (plural present)
eileden (past plural)
eilede (past plural)
eileth (imperative plural present)
eile (imperative plural present)
eilynge (participle present)
eilende (participle present)
eiled (participle past)
yeiled (participle past)

English: ail

Scots: ail

Yola: teil

From Old English eġlan, eġlian, from Proto-West Germanic *aglijan, from Proto-Germanic *aglijaną.

to trouble, afflict, or harm (someone or something)


apocalips

English: apocalypse, Apocalypse (spelling remodelled after Latin)

From Latin apocalypsis, from Ancient Greek ἀποκάλυψις (apokálupsis).

The book of Revelation (the last book of the New Testament)

(rare) The biblical Apocalypse; the events of the book of Revelation.


memorie

English: memory


imperiale

inflection of imperial:
strong/weak plural


brede

Scots: brede

From Old English brǣde, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *brādō, from Proto-Germanic *brēdô (“meat, roast”). Doublet of brawne.

(collectively) (Pieces of) roasted meat.

(hunting) One of thirty-two choice parts of a boar for roasting.


brede

Scots: bred

From the oblique cases of Old English bred, from Proto-West Germanic *bred, from Proto-Germanic *bredą.


brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

From Old English brǣdu, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *braidī, from Proto-Germanic *braidį̄.

breadth (measure of how wide something is):

extent (space to which something extends):

The total extent of a surface or object.

(figurative) The extent or totality of one's feelings.


brede

Alternative form of breden (“to spread”)


anatomie

English: anatomy

Borrowed from Old French anatomie, from Latin anatomia, from Ancient Greek *ἀνατομία (*anatomía), from ἀνατομή (anatomḗ, “dissection”, literally “cutting up”), from ἀνά (aná, “up”) + τέμνω (témnō, “to cut, incise”).


gracelessly

English: gracelessly

(Late Middle English, rare) Lacking God's beneficence.


hom

From Old English hām, from Proto-West Germanic *haim, from Proto-Germanic *haimaz.

(figuratively) seat, headquarters, centre


hom

English: home, -ham (partially)

Geordie English: hyem

Scots: hame

Yola: hime, hyme, haime


hom

Alternative form of hamme (“enclosure, meadow”)


hom

Alternative form of whom (“who, whom”, accusative)


lond

londes (plural)
lond (accusative nominative singular)
londes (accusative nominative plural)
londes (genitive singular)
londe (genitive plural)
londe (dative singular)
londen (dative plural)

English: land

Scots: laund, land

Yola: lhoan, lloan, loan, lone, londe

From Old English land, from Proto-West Germanic *land, from Proto-Germanic *landą.

An independent nation, country or realm.

Ȝe knowe ek that in fourme of ſpeche is chaunge / With-inne a thousand ȝeer, and wordes tho /That hadden pris now wonder nyce and ſtraunge /Us thenketh hem, and ȝet thei ſpake hem so / And ſpedde as wel in loue as men now do / Ek forto wynnen loue in ſondry ages / In ſondry londes, ſondry ben vſages […]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Book II”, in Troilus and Criseyde, lines 22–28:

You also know that the form of language is in flux; / within a thousand years, words / that had currency; really weird and bizarre / they seem to us now, but they still spoke them / and accomplished as much in love as men do now. / As for winning love across ages and / across nations, there are lots of usages […]

Agricultural land; land that is suitable for growing crops.

The earth, ground, or soil (also as one of the medieval elements)


comon

Thus it is sayde in the cōmon vsage.

Thus it is sayde in the cōmon vsage.

1530?, Robert Wyer, This boke is named the beaulte of women : translated out of Frenche in to Englysshe., page 8:


ferny

English: ferny

Yola: vearnee, fearnee


fraudulently

English: fraudulently


pot-sherd

English: potsherd

From pot + sherd, from pot, pote, potte (“a container, pot, vessel; especially an earthenware vessel”) (from late Old English pot, pott (“a pot”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *budn- (“a type of vessel”)) + sherd (“piece of fired clay or broken earthenware; potsherd”) (from Old English sceard (“a shard, sherd”), from Proto-Germanic *skardą (“a nick, notch”)).


trest

Scots: trest

From Old French treste, variant of trestre, trastre, from Latin trānstrum; doublet of traunsom.


flouter

English: fluter

A musician who plays a flute; a flutist.


rokke

English: rock

Scots: rok

Yola: ruck

from Old English *rocc (“rock”), as in Old English stānrocc (“high stone rock, peak, obelisk”), and also later from Anglo-Norman roque, from Early Medieval Latin rocca (attested 767 CE).


asse

English: ass

Yola: ess


brom

English: broom

Scots: brume, bruim

Inherited from Old English brōm, from Proto-West Germanic *brām, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-.


terrestre

Heer may ye se, and heer-by may ye preve,
That wyf is mannes help and his confort,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1330-1332

Here can you see, and hereby can you prove,
That wife is man's help and his comfort,
His earthly paradise, and his source of consolation.


erwigge

English: earwig


-lic

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)


hild

Alternative form of hiled: past participle of hilen (“to cover”)


hild

Alternative form of held: simple past of holden (“to hold”)


hous

hous (plural)
houses (plural)
housen (plural)

English: house (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: hoose

Scots: hoose

Yola: heouse, houze, howze

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-?
Proto-Indo-European *-s?
Proto-Germanic *hūsą
Proto-West Germanic *hūs
Old English hūs
Middle English hous
From Old English hūs, from Proto-West Germanic *hūs, from Proto-Germanic *hūsą.
Cognate with Dutch huis, German Low German Huus, German Haus, Danish hus, Faroese hús, Icelandic hús, Norwegian Bokmål hus, Norwegian Nynorsk hus, Swedish hus.

etymon

[…]if ony of þi puple Iſrael biſechiþ, and knowiþ his veniaunce and ſikenesse, and if he ſpꝛediþ abꝛood hiſe hondis in þis hows[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:29”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

[…] If any of your people Israel prays, and knows their destruction and disease, and spreads his hands to this temple […]


hous

(chiefly Southwest Midland dialect) Alternative form of us


keler

English: keeler

Yola: keeler


dragun

Therfor Daniel took pitch, and talow, and heeris, and sethide togidere; and he made gobetis, and yaf in to the mouth of the dragun; and the dragun was al to-brokun.


horden

horden (infinitive)
to horden (infinitive)
horde (infinitive)
horde (first-person present singular)
horded (first-person past singular)
hordest (present second-person singular)
hordedest (past second-person singular)
hordeth (present singular third-person)
horded (past singular third-person)
horde (present singular subjunctive)
horded (past singular subjunctive)
horde (imperative present singular)
horden (plural present)
horde (plural present)
hordeden (past plural)
hordede (past plural)
hordeth (imperative plural present)
horde (imperative plural present)
hordynge (participle present)
hordende (participle present)
horded (participle past)
yhorded (participle past)

English: hoard

Scots: huird

From Old English hordian; equivalent to hord (“hoard”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To secrete, hoard or amass; to store valuables away.


whin

(Northern) Alternative form of winnen (“to win”)


warnen

warnen (infinitive)
to warnen (infinitive)
warne (infinitive)
warne (first-person present singular)
warned (first-person past singular)
warnest (present second-person singular)
warnedest (past second-person singular)
warneth (present singular third-person)
warned (past singular third-person)
warne (present singular subjunctive)
warned (past singular subjunctive)
warne (imperative present singular)
warnen (plural present)
warne (plural present)
warneden (past plural)
warnede (past plural)
warneth (imperative plural present)
warne (imperative plural present)
warnynge (participle present)
warnende (participle present)
warned (participle past)
ywarned (participle past)

English: warn


repere

English: reaper

Yola: ruppere

From Old English rīpere, equivalent to repen + -er.


wære

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of were


osel

English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)

Scots: osil

Inherited from Old English ōsle, from Proto-West Germanic *amslā.


angerly

English: angerly

Ferociously, painfully; in a powerful and injurious way.

(rare) Angrily; in an angry or annoyed way.


ahte

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of eighte


eterne

English: eterne, etern (obsolete)

Scots: eterne, etern (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French eterne, from Latin aeternus, contraction of aeviternus.

Eternal, permanent; having existed (and existing) forever.


bordure

English: border; bordure

Scots: border, bordour

Borrowed from Old French bordeure; equivalent to bord (“board”) + -ure.

(heraldry) A heraldic border; a bordure.

An edge, boundary, or demarcation:
A heraldic border; a bordure.

An edge, boundary, or demarcation:
A decorative border or edge.


Simeon

English: Simeon

Ones I rede that Simeon, / A qvile bifore that Crist was born, / Isaias boke he loket opon […] When Simeon segh þis ilk thing, / Merueilet wonderly he was, / And hopide hit hade ben fals wrytyng

a. 1500 [a. 1400?], Stanzaic Life of Christ; quoted in “In the Long Run: Practical Time in the Chester Plays”, in Matthew Sergi, Practical Cues and Social Spectacle in the Chester Plays, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2020, →ISBN, page 174:


culter

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">culter</i>

English: colter, coulter (obsolete culter)

Scots: couter, cooter

Inherited from Old English culter, from Latin culter, of unclear origin. Forms with final /ə/ may be due to influence from Old French coutre or due to an Old English ō-stem by-form.


segen

enm-verb

segen (third-person singular simple present segeth, present participle segende, segynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seged)

segeth (present singular third-person)
segende (participle present)
segynge (participle present)
seged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
segen (infinitive)
to segen (infinitive)
sege (infinitive)
sege (first-person present singular)
seged (first-person past singular)
segest (present second-person singular)
segedest (past second-person singular)
segeth (present singular third-person)
seged (past singular third-person)
sege (present singular subjunctive)
seged (past singular subjunctive)
sege (imperative present singular)
segen (plural present)
sege (plural present)
segeden (past plural)
segede (past plural)
segeth (imperative plural present)
sege (imperative plural present)
segynge (participle present)
segende (participle present)
seged (participle past)
yseged (participle past)

English: siege

Scots: siege

To siege; to assault or attack a walled settlement.

(rare) To defecate; to void one's bowels.


palmestrie

English: palmistry


spray

English: spray

Yola: spraay

From Old English *spræġ, sprei (found in place names such as that of Spreyton, England), of unknown origin.


hyrde

Alternative form of herde (“piece of hards”)


gilden

i

by way of Middle English <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">golden</i>

English: gilden; golden (by way of Middle English golden)

Scots: gilten (obsolete); gowden (by way of Middle English golden)

(figurative) Glorious, worthy of honour; blessed, happy.


festlich

English: feastly

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Squire's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 280-281

And been a festlich man as fresh as May, [...]
He must have known love and its service,
And be a convivial man as gay as May, …

He moste han knowen love and his servyse,


ene

From Old English ǣne, originally the instrumental singular of ān (“one”).


glorie

English: glory

Scots: glore

Borrowed from Old French glorie, gloire, borrowed itself from Latin glōria.

Distinction or recognition; the state of being considered glorious.

Acclamation, admiration, or glory; the state of being lauded or congratulated.

Congratulation or glorifying; the offering of thanks.

A person or (rarely) a thing worthy of glory or honour.

Beauty, marvel, overwhelming pleasure to one's senses.


sauge

English: sage

Scots: sage

Borrowed from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia.

Salvia officinalis
Salvia officinalis#Translingual

sage (Salvia officinalis or its product)


rotte

Alternative form of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”)


usure

From Old French usure, from Latin ūsūra.

foul vsure and lucre of vileynye Hateful to Crist.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prioresses Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To lend money in order to make interest; usury.


tragedie

Borrowed from Old French tragedie and Latin tragoedia.


flot

Alternative form of flote (“float, fleet”)


pece

desctree

English: piece
Belizean Creole: pees
Sranan Tongo: pisi
→ Finnish: biisi
→ Japanese: ピース (pīsu)

Yola: peece

→ Middle Irish: pissa

Irish: píosa

→ Scottish Gaelic: pìos

Borrowed from Old French piece, from Late Latin pettia, from Gaulish *pettyā, from Proto-Celtic *kʷezdis (“piece, portion”).


macula

English: macula

Borrowed from Latin macula. Doublet of mayle.

(Late Middle English, rare) A lesion on the eye or skin.


trippe

a trippe of cheese

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


cappe

English: cap

Scots: kep

From Old English cæppe, from Late Latin cappa.

cap; hat (covering for the head, especially a tight-fitting undercover):

A piece of clerical headgear or headwear, especially a coif.

(rare) A chainmail layer underneath a helm.

(medicine, rare) A bandage or other covering to protect a wound.

A ring reinforcing the tip of a flail, morningstar, or similar weapon.

(rare) A covering or lid over a container.


misti

Alternative form of mysty (“figurative”)


nebule

c. 1415-1430, John Lydgate, Ballade in Commendation of Our Lady
O light without nebule.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


furie

English: fury

Borrowed from Old French furie, from Latin fūria; compare Furie.


sterne

English: starn (dialectal)

Scots: starn

Borrowed from Old Norse stjarna, from Proto-Germanic *sternǭ (“star”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr. Doublet of sterre.

a luminous body visible in the sky; a star or planet


polle

English: poll

Yola: pul, poul

Probably borrowed from Middle Dutch pol.


gite

Inherited from Old English gyte, from Proto-West Germanic *guti, from Proto-Germanic *gutiz.


pantere

Alternative form of panter (“noose for fowl”)


periferie

(rare) one of three layers of atmosphere (lower, middle, and upper) believed to surround the Earth


diete

Old French diete, from Medieval Latin dieta, from Ancient Greek δίαιτα (díaita)


tappe

English: tap

Scots: tap, tapp

From Old English tæppa, from Proto-West Germanic *tappō, from Proto-Germanic *tappô.

A hole or spout for the emission of liquid.


tappe

English: tap


tappe

Alternative form of tappen (“to let flow”)


prede

(Kent) Alternative form of pryde (“proudness”)


richen

enm-verb

richen (third-person singular simple present richeth, present participle richende, richynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle riched)

richeth (present singular third-person)
richende (participle present)
richynge (participle present)
riched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
richen (infinitive)
to richen (infinitive)
riche (infinitive)
riche (first-person present singular)
riched (first-person past singular)
richest (present second-person singular)
richedest (past second-person singular)
richeth (present singular third-person)
riched (past singular third-person)
riche (present singular subjunctive)
riched (past singular subjunctive)
riche (imperative present singular)
richen (plural present)
riche (plural present)
richeden (past plural)
richede (past plural)
richeth (imperative plural present)
riche (imperative plural present)
richynge (participle present)
richende (participle present)
riched (participle past)
yriched (participle past)

English: rich (obsolete)

Middle Scots: rich, riche

From riche (“rich”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make rich(er) or (more) valuable; to enrichen.

To acquire or possess wealth; to become or be rich.


richen

(Early Middle English) plural of riche (“realm”)


thoughten

And in the menewhile that thei thoughten upon these thinges that thei hadde seyn, the squyer com the thridde tyme and smote his lorde sorer than he hadde don before.

All the giants thoughten then
To have strucke out Sir Gawaines braine.

And for their mistress, thoughten the two swains,
They moughten never take too mickle pains;

1589, George Peele, An Eclogue Gratulatory:


heie

head

heie (comparative heier, superlative heiest)

heier (comparative)
heiest (superlative)


broughten

Thei lad and broughten vs vnto the next seete of praieng place.

a. 1500, Letter of Alexander to Aristotle:

They led and brought us unto the next seat of (the) praying place.


chete

Inherited from Old English ċēte, Anglian form of *ċīete, ċȳte.


tranquille

Borrowed from Latin tranquillum. Compare tranquillite.


unicorne

English: unicorn

Scots: unicorn

From Anglo-Norman unicorne, from Latin ūnicornis.

Any one-horned beast (e.g. a rhinoceros)

(figuratively) anger, rage, fury, especially that of God.


bost

English: boast

Yola: boust

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bost, probably of North Germanic origin, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bausuz (“inflated, swollen, puffed up, proud, arrogant, bad”).


ovet

English: ovest (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English ofett, from Proto-West Germanic *obaet; compare ete (“food”).

(rare, Kent or Early Middle English) fruit


humanly

English: humanely; see also humanly

Yt ıs sene dayly both ın borows and townys / Wheras the copuls han mad obȷurgacyon, / The gowd wyff ful humanly to hyr spowse gaue gownys, / Wych [th]yng ıs orygınal of so gret presumpcyon / That often tymys the good man ıs fal ın a consumpcyon, / Wherfor, as I seyd, suffer not to mych / Lest the most mayster weryth no brych.

a. 1500, Richard Leighton Greene, editor, The Early English Carols, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, published 1935, page 272:


suren

suren (infinitive)
to suren (infinitive)
sure (infinitive)
sure (first-person present singular)
sured (first-person past singular)
surest (present second-person singular)
suredest (past second-person singular)
sureth (present singular third-person)
sured (past singular third-person)
sure (present singular subjunctive)
sured (past singular subjunctive)
sure (imperative present singular)
suren (plural present)
sure (plural present)
sureden (past plural)
surede (past plural)
sureth (imperative plural present)
sure (imperative plural present)
surynge (participle present)
surende (participle present)
sured (participle past)
ysured (participle past)

English: (to) sure

To plead, swear (an oath) or assure (that something is to be done).

To store or keep securely; to hold for safekeeping.


jossa

With "Keep! Keep! Stand! Stand! Jossa, warderere, Ga whistle thou, and I shal kepe hym heere!"

1387, Chaucer, “v. 4101”, in The Reeve's Tale:

A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still".


flye

English: fly

Scots: flee, fle, flei

From Old English flēoge, flīeġe, from Proto-West Germanic *fleugā, from Proto-Germanic *fleugǭ.


voide

Ther nys no more, but here-after soone, / The voide dronke, and trauers drawe anon, / Gan euery wight that hadde nought to done / More in the place out of the chaumbre gon [...].

c. 1385, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, Book III:

1400, JN. Shirley, Dethe of James Stewarde, Kyng of Scotys, page 13, ed. 1818

Within an owre the Kyng askid the voidee, and drank, the travers yn the chambure edraw, and every man depairtid and went to rist.

drink taken before leaving or before bed; one for the road; nightcap


meden

enm-verb

meden (third-person singular simple present medeth, present participle medende, medynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle meded)

medeth (present singular third-person)
medende (participle present)
medynge (participle present)
meded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
meden (infinitive)
to meden (infinitive)
mede (infinitive)
mede (first-person present singular)
meded (first-person past singular)
medest (present second-person singular)
mededest (past second-person singular)
medeth (present singular third-person)
meded (past singular third-person)
mede (present singular subjunctive)
meded (past singular subjunctive)
mede (imperative present singular)
meden (plural present)
mede (plural present)
mededen (past plural)
medede (past plural)
medeth (imperative plural present)
mede (imperative plural present)
medynge (participle present)
medende (participle present)
meded (participle past)
ymeded (participle past)

English: meed

From Old English *mēdian (“to reward, bribe”), from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdōn (“to reward”).


meden

From mede (“reward”) + -en (plural ending).

(Early Middle English) plural of mede (“reward”)


perilously

English: perilously, parlously

In a way that is full of peril; harmfully, hurtfully.


mette

From Old English ġemetta, from Proto-West Germanic *gamatjō. Doublet of mate.


toden

From Old English *tādan; equivalent to tode + -en (plural suffix).


tullen

Alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


lough

English: lough, loch

Scots: loch


heals

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of hals (“neck, throat”)


hundredfold

English: hundredfold


hundredfold

English: hundredfold


annesse

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of oonnesse


apen

From Old English apan; equivalent to ape + -en (plural suffix).


hien

enm-verb

hien (third-person singular simple present hieth, present participle hiende, hiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hied)

hieth (present singular third-person)
hiende (participle present)
hiynge (participle present)
hied (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of hyen (“to move quickly”)


hien

Alternative form of heien (“to raise, lift up”)


monen

monen (infinitive)
to monen (infinitive)
mone (infinitive)
mone (first-person present singular)
moned (first-person past singular)
monde (first-person past singular)
monest (present second-person singular)
monedest (past second-person singular)
mondest (past second-person singular)
moneth (present singular third-person)
moned (past singular third-person)
monde (past singular third-person)
mone (present singular subjunctive)
moned (past singular subjunctive)
monde (past singular subjunctive)
mone (imperative present singular)
monen (plural present)
mone (plural present)
moneden (past plural)
monede (past plural)
monden (past plural)
monde (past plural)
moneth (imperative plural present)
mone (imperative plural present)
monynge (participle present)
monende (participle present)
moned (participle past)

From Old English munan (preterite-present), from Proto-West Germanic *munan, from Proto-Germanic *munaną. Doublet of mone (“shall”).

to remember, be mindful of, be careful of

to speak (of), to talk about, to refer to (someone, something)

to honour in memory; to remember the deceased


monen

monen (infinitive)
to monen (infinitive)
mone (infinitive)
mone (first-person present singular)
moned (first-person past singular)
monest (present second-person singular)
monedest (past second-person singular)
moneth (present singular third-person)
moned (past singular third-person)
mone (present singular subjunctive)
moned (past singular subjunctive)
mone (imperative present singular)
monen (plural present)
mone (plural present)
moneden (past plural)
monede (past plural)
moneth (imperative plural present)
mone (imperative plural present)
monynge (participle present)
monende (participle present)
moned (participle past)
ymoned (participle past)

English: moan

Scots: mane

From mone (“moan”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive) to lament; to utter lamentations.


minte

Alternative form of mynte (“mint (plant)”)


snede

English: snead

Yola: sned

(Early Middle English, hapax) A long scythe.


maligne

English: malign

Scots: maling (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French maligne, from Latin malignus.


-esse

English: -ess

From Old French -esse from Latin -issa, from Ancient Greek -ισσα (-issa).

Denotes a female form of otherwise male nouns denoting beings or persons.


loven

enm-verb

loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovende, lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)

loveth (present singular third-person)
lovende (participle present)
lovynge (participle present)
loved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loven (infinitive)
to loven (infinitive)
love (infinitive)
love (first-person present singular)
loved (first-person past singular)
lovest (present second-person singular)
lovedest (past second-person singular)
loveth (present singular third-person)
loved (past singular third-person)
love (present singular subjunctive)
loved (past singular subjunctive)
love (imperative present singular)
loven (plural present)
love (plural present)
loveden (past plural)
lovede (past plural)
loveth (imperative plural present)
love (imperative plural present)
lovynge (participle present)
lovende (participle present)
loved (participle past)
yloved (participle past)

English: love

Scots: luve

Inherited from Old English lufian, from Proto-West Germanic *lubōn; equivalent to love (“love”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To love; to have affection (for someone or something):

To have a strong preference or liking (for something).

To feel romantic or sexual love (towards someone).

ffoꝛ god lovyde ſo þe woꝛld .· þat he ȝaf his oon bigeten ſone / þat ech man þ[at] bileueþ in h[im] periſſhe not .· but haue euerlaſtynge lijf

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 3:16, page 44v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because God loved the world so much, he gave his own begotten son, so anyone that believes in him won't perish, but has everlasting life.

To derive enjoyment or pleasure (from something).

(euphemistic) To make love; to have sexual intercourse with.


loven

English: lofe, loff, loave, love

Middle Scots: love

Scots: loave

Inherited from Old English lofian, from Proto-West Germanic *lobōn, from Proto-Germanic *lubōną; equivalent to lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To praise, glorify; to give praise to:
To reverence or worship a deity.

To assent to or approve of; to deem acceptable.

To valuate; to make an appraisal or valuation.


sterven

sterven (infinitive)
to sterven (infinitive)
sterve (infinitive)
sterve (first-person present singular)
starf (first-person past singular)
stervest (present second-person singular)
storve (past second-person singular)
sturve (past second-person singular)
starf (past second-person singular)
sterveth (present singular third-person)
starf (past singular third-person)
sterve (present singular subjunctive)
storve (past singular subjunctive)
sturve (past singular subjunctive)
sterve (imperative present singular)
sterven (plural present)
sterve (plural present)
storven (past plural)
storve (past plural)
sturven (past plural)
sturve (past plural)
sterveth (imperative plural present)
sterve (imperative plural present)
stervynge (participle present)
stervende (participle present)
storven (participle past)
storve (participle past)
ystorven (participle past)
ystorve (participle past)

English: starve

Scots: sterve

From Old English steorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *sterban, from Proto-Germanic *sterbaną.

To perish from cold or hunger; to starve.


knop

English: knop

Scots: knap (in part)

From Middle Low German and Middle Dutch knoppe, from Proto-Germanic *knuppô, *knuppaz, *knappô, one of many kn- words related to *knuttô (“a knot”).


wynd

English: wind

Scots: wind, win

Yola: weend, wyeene

From Old English wind, from Proto-West Germanic *wind, from Proto-Germanic *windaz.


leofman

English: leman


trouse

English: trouse

Fingallian: trouses (plural)


sper

Alternative form of sparren (“to close”)


stenen

Inherited from Old English stǣnen, from Proto-West Germanic *stainīn, from Proto-Germanic *stainīnaz. Equivalent to ston + -en (made of); compare stonen.


mure

From Old French meur, from Latin mātūrus. Doublet of mature.


sur-

English: sur-

Borrowed from Old French sur-, from Latin super-. Compare over-.


spenden

spenden (infinitive)
to spenden (infinitive)
spende (infinitive)
spende (first-person present singular)
spended (first-person past singular)
spente (first-person past singular)
spendest (present second-person singular)
spendedest (past second-person singular)
spentest (past second-person singular)
spendeth (present singular third-person)
spended (past singular third-person)
spente (past singular third-person)
spende (present singular subjunctive)
spended (past singular subjunctive)
spente (past singular subjunctive)
spende (imperative present singular)
spenden (plural present)
spende (plural present)
spendeden (past plural)
spendede (past plural)
spenten (past plural)
spente (past plural)
spendeth (imperative plural present)
spende (imperative plural present)
spendynge (participle present)
spendende (participle present)
spended (participle past)
spent (participle past)
yspended (participle past)
yspent (participle past)

English: spend

Scots: spend

From Old English spendan, from Proto-West Germanic *spendōn.


grees

Alternative form of grece (“step, steps”)


clouting

English: clouting


egal

English: egal (obsolete)

From Old French egal, igal, from Latin aequālis. Doublet of equal.

proportionate; sufficient, adequate, fit, fitting


caverne

English: cavern

Scots: cavern

Borrowed from Middle French caverne, from Old French caverne, from Latin caverna.


mostest

second-person singular present/past indicative of moten (“to have to”)


loppe

English: lop (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English loppe, lobbe, from a conflation of Proto-Germanic *lubbō, *lubbǭ and Proto-Germanic *luppǭ.


loppe

English: lop

An individual bough, branch, or cutting.


grillen

English: grill

Scots: girl

From Old English grillan, griellan (“to vex, annoy, offend”), from Proto-West Germanic *gralljan (“to shout, make angry”).

inh

Thy byddinge, lorde, I shall fulfill

14c., Anonymous, The Chester Mystery Plays, Noah's Flood,


lesse

English: less

Yola: lhose, lass

From Old English lǣs, from Proto-Germanic *laisiz (“smaller, lesser, fewer, lower”).


steren

And in latin I speke wordes a fewe / To sauer with my predication / And for to stere men to devocion.

late 14th century, Chaucer, “The Pardoner’s prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, (1561 edition), published 1868, page 214:

And in Latin I speak a wordës few, / To saffron with my predicatión, / And for to stir men to devotión.


menage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman meinage, menage; equivalent to Old French manoir + -age. Compare modern English ménage.


wyn

English: wine (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wyne

From Old English wīn, from Proto-West Germanic *wīn, from Latin vīnum.

wine (in food, cooking, medicine, the Eucharist, etc.)


wone

From Old English wuna (“custom, habit, practise, ritual”).


wone

English: wone

It is not good to be alone, / to walk here in this worthely wone

15th c., “[The Creation]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 6, lines 184–185:

It is not good to be alone, to walk here in this noble world

(poetic) Dwelling-place, home. By extension A country, realm. Especially with worthly, the world.


kanon

Alternative form of canoun (“authoritative law”)


schilder

English: shielder

(rare) Something who shields or safeguards.


oost

English: host

Borrowed from Old French ost, oste, from Latin hostis.


erden

From erd, from conflation between erthe (“earth”) and Old English eard (“homeland, dwelling”). See also erþen.


pacient

English: patient

Borrowed from Middle French patient, from Old French pacient, from Latin patiens, present participle of patior (“to suffer, endure”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate, hurt”).

Able or willing to bear pain or suffering.


pacient

English: pacient

(pathology) patient (individual under care)

(alchemy, rare) That which is subjected to action.


ciromanci

1440 Palmistry
This lytill tretis draw owt of the sciens of Ciromanci.


cyromancy

Thales Mylesyes..fyrst dyd wryte the syens off cyromancy in the langage of Parce.


differre

Alternative form of differren (“to postpone”)


clubber

(rare) Somebody who makes clubs; a club-maker.


bulle

And who ſo fyndeth hym out of ſuche blame / Commeth up and offre in goddes name / And I assoyle hym by the auctorite / Such as by bulle was graunted to me.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxx, recto, column 2:


lef

From Old English lēof, līof, from Proto-West Germanic *leub, from Proto-Germanic *leubaz.

c. 1368, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Book of the Duchess, as recorded c. 1440–1450 in Bodleian Library MS. Fairfax 16, folio 130r

I have so many idle thoughts / Purely from lack of sleep / That I swear I take no heed / Of anything, whether it comes or goes, / And nothing is either dear to me or hated.

I have so many an ydel thoght / Purely for defaulte of slepe / That by my trouthe I take no kepe / Of noo thinge how hyt cometh or gooth / Ne me nys no thynge leve nor looth


lef

English: lief; ⇒ livelong

Scots: lief, lee

⇒ Yola: liveer


mages

English: mage

From Latin magī (often assimilated to the native ME plural ending), plural of magus, from Ancient Greek μάγος (mágos).

Wizards, occult scholars; those with great esoteric skill.


tolling

English: tolling

From tollen (“to bring”) + -ing (“gerund ending”).

af

(rare) convincing; attraction or captivation


tolling

Alternative form of tollynge (“tax collection”)


hires

English: hers

Scots: hirris, hiris

Third-person singular feminine possessive pronoun: hers


geemessye

Geometrie & geomesie [vrr. gemensye, gemessie, geemessye] is gynful of speche.


corve

inflection of kerven:
second-person singular past indicative

inflection of kerven:
singular past subjunctive

inflection of kerven:
plural past indicative/subjunctive


wones

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of ones


wones

Alternative form of wonest: second-person singular present of wonen


geomance

1392 Gower CA 6.1295-8

The craft which that Saturnus fond, To make prickes in the Sond, That Geomance cleped is, Fulofte he useth it amis; And of the flod his Ydromance, And of the fyr the Piromance, With questions echon of tho He tempteth ofte.


sowel

English: sowl (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English sufel, sufol, from Proto-West Germanic *sufl, from Proto-Germanic *suflą. For the loss of /v/ between /u/ and /l/, compare coule and forms of schovel.

Food, especially that served with bread as a side or condiment; sowl.


sowel

English: sole (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English sāgol, sāgel, from Proto-West Germanic *saigul.

A staff or club; a sturdy stick used as a weapon.

A stake with a sharp end (used for fence-building)


cule

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of coule


mannish

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, The Tale of Melibee,
The proverbe seith: that “for to do sinne is mannish, but certes for to persevere longe in sinne is werk of the devel.”

Resembling or characteristic of a human being, in form or nature; human.

c. 1380s, Geoffrey Chaucer, Troilus and Criseyde, Book I, lines 281-284,
She nas nat with the leste of hir stature,
But alle hir limes so wel answeringe
Weren to womanhode, that creature
Was neuer lasse mannish in seminge.

(of a woman) Resembling or characteristic of a man, masculine.


rioter

(Late Middle English) Alternative form of riotour


deis

English: dais

Scots: deas, deece

From Anglo-Norman deis, from Latin discus, from Ancient Greek δίσκος (dískos). Doublet of deske and disch.

(figuratively) An office or position and the authority it gives.


deis

Alternative form of dees: plural of dee (“die”)


unlovely

English: unlovely


derk

head

derk (plural and weak singular derke, comparative derker, superlative derkest)

derke (plural)
derke (singular weak)
derker (comparative)
derkest (superlative)

English: dark

Scots: derk

Yola: dhourk, durk

From Old English deorc, from Proto-West Germanic *derk; compare therk.


halie

(chiefly Early Middle English) Alternative form of holy (sacred)


sute

English: suit

Scots: suit, soot

→ Welsh: siwt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suite, from Vulgar Latin *sequita, from Latin sequor.

Clothes or clothing; especially those that match:

A group of clothes for wearing as a set; a suit.

A uniform; a set of similar clothes worn by multiple people.

A group or collection; multiple things treated as one:

A mass of allied people; a team or troop.

An array or line of things; multiple things lined up.

A group of multiple similar items that form a natural group.

The undertaking of an attempt; attempting, trying, actioning:

A request, especially a formal one directed at government.

A pursuing or chasing; the action of following with haste.

Legal activity, especially a case or suit.

An offensive or charge; an action of combat.

(rare) Romancing, courting; entering into love.

Duty; actions that one is duty-bound or beholden to perform:

The requirement for a dweller or occupant to attend court.

The requirement for a dweller to provide corn for a mill.

A variety or type; something defined by its differences.

(rare) A circumstance that is causing an issue.

(rare) An immediate descendant; a child.


stalle

English: stall

Scots: stal, staw

Yola: sthole

From Old English steall, from Proto-West Germanic *stall.


sclave

English: slave

Scots: slave, sclave

Yola: zlaves (plural)

Borrowed from Old French esclave, from Medieval Latin sclavus (“slave”), from Late Latin Sclavus̄ (“Slav”). Doublet of Sclave.


wharfage

English: wharfage


rosen

enm-verb

rosen (third-person singular simple present roseth, present participle rosende, rosynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rosed)

roseth (present singular third-person)
rosende (participle present)
rosynge (participle present)
rosed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rosen (infinitive)
to rosen (infinitive)
rose (infinitive)
rose (first-person present singular)
rosed (first-person past singular)
rosest (present second-person singular)
rosedest (past second-person singular)
roseth (present singular third-person)
rosed (past singular third-person)
rose (present singular subjunctive)
rosed (past singular subjunctive)
rose (imperative present singular)
rosen (plural present)
rose (plural present)
roseden (past plural)
rosede (past plural)
roseth (imperative plural present)
rose (imperative plural present)
rosynge (participle present)
rosende (participle present)
rosed (participle past)
yrosed (participle past)

English: roose

Scots: ruise

From Old Norse hrósa, from Proto-Germanic *hrōþsōną.


rosen

English: rosen

From Old English rōsen and Old French rosin; equivalent to rose + -en (“made of”).


rosen

From Old English rōsan; equivalent to rose + -en (plural suffix).


officiale

inflection of official:
strong/weak plural


asker

English: asker

Scots: askar (obsolete)

One who prays towards or supplicates a divinity.

One who criticises, reviews, or examines; a checker.

A litigant; one who begins legal action or one hired by such a person.

(rare) An extortionist; one who requires excessive charges.

(rare) One who asks or questions; an asker.


kex

English: kex, kix

Scots: kex

Unknown. Possibly from a Celtic and/or substrate language.

Any dried stem of a plant with a hollow interior.

(rare) A plant having a hollow stem; a member of the family Umbelliferae.


tippen

tippen (infinitive)
to tippen (infinitive)
tippe (infinitive)
tippe (first-person present singular)
tipped (first-person past singular)
tippest (present second-person singular)
tippedest (past second-person singular)
tippeth (present singular third-person)
tipped (past singular third-person)
tippe (present singular subjunctive)
tipped (past singular subjunctive)
tippe (imperative present singular)
tippen (plural present)
tippe (plural present)
tippeden (past plural)
tippede (past plural)
tippeth (imperative plural present)
tippe (imperative plural present)
tippynge (participle present)
tippende (participle present)
tipped (participle past)
ytipped (participle past)

English: tip

Yola: teap, taape, tape

Possibly from North Germanic/Scandinavian (compare Swedish tippa (“to topple over”)).


quaken

quaken (infinitive)
to quaken (infinitive)
quake (infinitive)
quake (first-person present singular)
quaked (first-person past singular)
quok (first-person past singular)
quakest (present second-person singular)
quakedest (past second-person singular)
quoke (past second-person singular)
quok (past second-person singular)
quaketh (present singular third-person)
quaked (past singular third-person)
quok (past singular third-person)
quake (present singular subjunctive)
quaked (past singular subjunctive)
quoke (past singular subjunctive)
quake (imperative present singular)
quaken (plural present)
quake (plural present)
quakeden (past plural)
quakede (past plural)
quoken (past plural)
quoke (past plural)
quaketh (imperative plural present)
quake (imperative plural present)
quakynge (participle present)
quakende (participle present)
quaked (participle past)
yquaked (participle past)

English: quake

Scots: quak

From Old English cwacian (“to quake, tremble, chatter”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwakōn, from Proto-Germanic *kwakōną. See English quake for more.

inh

(figurative) To be scared (as if trembling)


herber

English: herber, arbour

Scots: herber (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman herber, erber (“garden”), from erbe (“grass, herb”); equivalent to herbe + -er.

c. 1300, The Thrush and the Nightingale [Digby], line 98

'Ich habbe leue to ben here, In orchard and in erbere Mine songes for to singe.

c. 1400, William Langland, Piers Plowman [Laud Misc.], line 16.15

c. 1400, Kyng Alisaunder [Laud Misc.], line 331

Herbes he took in on herbere And stamped hem in a mortere.

Also loke þyn gardynes and orchardes & erberes with-ynne þe citee be wel I-tyled, as wel for profite & nede as for honest disport.

c. 1450, The Book of Vegecye of Dedes of Knyghthode [Douce], (trans. of Vegetius, De re militari), line 98b

c. 1330, The Seven Sages of Rome [Auchinleck], line 76

Þe louerd had o gardin; A wel fair ympe is þar in; A fair herber hit ouer spredez.

c. 1425, The Seven Sages of Rome [Cotton Galba], line 628

He had ordaynd..A faire gardine..Þare stode a faire pine-appel tre..And vnder it was an herber grene.


ambre

From Old English amber (“a bucket”), probably from Latin amphora. Cognate with Dutch emmer (“a bucket”), Low German Ammel (“a bucket”), Middle High German eim(b)er (“a bucket”), German Eimer (“a bucket”), Luxembourgish Eemer (“a bucket”), Norwegian ambar (“a bucket”), Swedish ämbar (“a bucket”), West Frisian amer (“a bucket”).


Cesare

Men amed þem & wel hit sowe, Two so many Bretons þare As hadde þer Iulius Cesare.

Þere was the temple of Iovis, Temple Ercules and temple Olfilis. The senatours of Rome thare Thei quelleden Iulius Cesare. And in that same place þerefore Ys nowe seinte Maries church þe more.

Whan Julius Cesare sent his legyouns of knyghtes to subiugatyn Irelonde, yn þis Cyte þei were wyntryd [Higd.(2): tariede…in wynter].


linnen

linnen (infinitive)
to linnen (infinitive)
linne (infinitive)
linne (first-person present singular)
lan (first-person past singular)
linnest (present second-person singular)
lanne (past second-person singular)
lan (past second-person singular)
linneth (present singular third-person)
lan (past singular third-person)
linne (present singular subjunctive)
lanne (past singular subjunctive)
linne (imperative present singular)
linnen (plural present)
linne (plural present)
lannen (past plural)
lanne (past plural)
linneth (imperative plural present)
linne (imperative plural present)
linnynge (participle present)
linnende (participle present)

English: lin (obsolete)

Scots: lin

From Old English linnan, from Proto-West Germanic *linnan, from Proto-Germanic *linnaną.

(transitive) To stop or end (not continue)

(transitive) To cease or abandon; to stop doing:

(transitive) To stop or end (cause to stop)


heo

head

heo (accusative his, heo, genitive hire, possessive determiner hires)

his (accusative)
heo (accusative)
hire (genitive)
hires (determiner possessive)

From Old English hēo, hīe. Probably a doublet of sche; see that entry for more.

Third-person singular feminine nominative pronoun: she

Third-person singular feminine accusative pronoun: her


shamefast

English: shamefast

⇒ English: shamefaced

Scots: schamefast, schamfast

Yola: shaamfasth, shaamfast

From Old English sċamfæst, equivalent to shame + fast.

modest, humble, virtuous, bashful, shy, timid


frere

English: friar

Scots: freer (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French frere, from Latin frater, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of brother.

Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]

friar (male member of a mendicant order)

(rare) monk (male member of a monastic order)


holden

holden (infinitive)
to holden (infinitive)
holde (infinitive)
holde (first-person present singular)
held (first-person past singular)
holdest (present second-person singular)
helde (past second-person singular)
held (past second-person singular)
holdeth (present singular third-person)
holt (present singular third-person)
held (past singular third-person)
holde (present singular subjunctive)
helde (past singular subjunctive)
holde (imperative present singular)
holden (plural present)
holde (plural present)
helden (past plural)
helde (past plural)
holdeth (imperative plural present)
holde (imperative plural present)
holdynge (participle present)
holdende (participle present)
holden (participle past)
holde (participle past)
yholden (participle past)
yholde (participle past)

English: hold

Geordie English: ha'd

Scots: hald, hauld, haud, had

Yola: houle

From Old English healdan, from Proto-West Germanic *haldan, from Proto-Germanic *haldaną (“to watch, look after”).


-ien

English: -ian

Scots: -ian

Borrowed from Old French -ien, from Latin -iānus.

Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian.


torche

English: torch

From Old French torche, from Vulgar Latin *torca.


historial

head

historial (plural and weak singular historiale)

historiale (plural)
historiale (singular weak)

English: historial (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French historial, from Latin historiālis; equivalent to historie + -al.

[...] So was his name, (for this is no fable,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Physician's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 155-157

The sentence of it sooth is, out of doute), [...]
… Such was his name, (for this is no fable,
But known for a noteworthy historical fact,
The substance of it is true, beyond doubt), …

(rare) Related to history or historical events.


aron

>? Fingallian: arroon

Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἄρον (áron).


stomak

English: stomach

Scots: stamack

Borrowed from Old French estomac, from Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

The stomach or guts:
(figurative) Hunger, starvation.

The stomach or guts:
Hunger, starvation.

(figurative) One's emotional or sexual drive (supposedly coming from the stomach)


ygo

A CLERK ther was of Oxenford also,

circa 1390: Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue, lines 287–288


ridership

(Late Middle English, rare) The position of a ranger who travels on horse.


tye

Alternative form of teye (“cord, chain”)


tye

Alternative form of teye (“chest, enclosure”)


aker

desctree

English: acre
→ Irish: acra
→ Norwegian Bokmål: acre
→ Malay: ekar
→ Telugu: ఎకరా (ekarā), ఎకరము (ekaramu)

Scots: acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker
→? Scottish Gaelic: acaire

Yola: aager

→ Welsh: acer

From Old English æcer, from Proto-West Germanic *akr.

acre (land measure of 160 rods square (though actually varying in size, both regionally and in time), usually described as 40 rods/1 furlong long and 4 rods wide.)


Poul

Poul (accusative nominative singular)
Pouls (accusative nominative plural)
Poules (accusative nominative plural)
Poules (genitive singular)
Poule (genitive plural)
Poule (dative singular)
Poulen (dative plural)

English: Paul

From Old French Paul, brought to England by the Normans, itself from Latin Paulus.

And ran to Londoun unto Seinte Poules

Geoffrey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales: Prologue


markat

(Kent or Late Middle English) Alternative form of market


perche

English: perch

Borrowed from Old French perche, from Latin perca, from Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē).


perche

English: perch

Borrowed from Old French perche, from Latin pertica.

A stake, bar or pole, usually running lengthwise.


brid

briddes (plural)
brid (accusative nominative singular)
briddes (accusative nominative plural)
briddes (genitive singular)
briddes (genitive plural)
bridde (dative singular)
bridde (dative plural)

English: bird

Scots: bird

Yola: burdès (plural)

From Old English bridd, of disputed origin.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


demaunde

English: demand

Scots: demand

From Old French demande, from the verb demander.