skew

From Old French escu, from Latin scūtum.

A segment of carved stone to cover a gable with.


her

English: here

Scots: here, her

Yola: here, haar

Inherited from Old English hēr, from Proto-West Germanic *hēr, from Proto-Germanic *hē₂r.


wax

English: wax

Scots: wax

From Old English weax, from Proto-West Germanic *wahs, from Proto-Germanic *wahsą.

This [Par]doner / hadde heer / as yelow as wex / But smothe it heeng as dooth a stryke of flex […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 10, verso:

This Pardoner had hair as yellow as wax, / but it hung smoothly like a bushel of flax […]


wax

English: wax

A back-formation from waxen (“to grow”).


felt

English: felt

Scots: felt

From Old English felt, from Proto-West Germanic *felt.

Felted fabric or a sample or swab of it; felt.

A piece of headgear made from felted fabric; a felt hat.


flaxen

English: flaxen

Yola: vlaxen

Inherited from Old English fleaxen; equivalent to flax + -en (“made of”).


chalk

English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk

Scots: cauk, cawk

From Old English ċealc, from Proto-West Germanic *kalk.
For the variation between /t͡ʃ/ and /k/ (originating from Old English dialectal variation), compare chaf, calf, cold; in the latter two, the forms with /k/ are more widely distributed.


cloth

English: cloth

Scots: clath, clathe, claith

From Old English clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

Cloth; fabric or an individual piece of it, especially made by weaving:

Table linen; a decorative cloth for the table.


hare

English: hare

Scots: hare, hair

Yola: haar

From Old English hara; some forms have the vowel of Old Norse heri.

A hare or its meat (lagomorph of the genus Lepus)


ore

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“honour”), from Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō.


paper

desctree

English: paper
Tok Pisin: pepa
→ Rotokas: pepa
→ Dutch: paper
→ Eastern Arrernte: pipe
→ Esperanto: papero
Ido: papero
→ Hawaiian: pepa
→ Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
→ Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
→ Maori: pepa
→ Marshallese: peba
→ Mokilese: peipa
→ Niuean: pepa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
→ Southern Ndebele: iphepha
→ Spanish: paper
→ Swazi: líphepha
→ Xhosa: iphepha
→ Yoruba: bébà, pépà
→ Zulu: iphepha

Scots: paper

→ Welsh: papur

paper (thin, white writing surface made of wood pulp)


pot

English: pot

Scots: pott, pat

From Old English pott and Old French pot, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *puttaz, from Proto-Indo-European *budnós.

A pot used for ladling or serving liquids; a beaker.

A measurement for the quantity of liquids.

A pot of a certain material or manufacture:


fustian

English: fustian

⇒ Scots: foustie

Borrowed from Old French fustaine, from Medieval Latin fūstāneum.

Of fustian he wered a gypon / Al bismotered with his habergeoun, / For he was late ycome from his viage, / And wente for to doon his pilgrymage.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 75-8:

He wore a fustian tunic, / all smothered [with rust]] from his habergeon / because he'd lately returned from his travels / and went to make his pilgrimage.

A cloth made of cotton, flax or wool, being the ancestor of modern fustian.


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).

A horn (keratinous growth):
Horn as a material or in crafts.

(rare) The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.

A horn (keratinous growth):
The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.


rind

English: rind

Scots: rind, reen, reind

(rare) A scab; a protective coating over a wound.


top

English: top

→ French: top

→ German: Top

→ Vietnamese: tốp

Scots: tap

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

(rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.


bark

English: bark

Scots: bark

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).


pane

English: pane
→ Japanese: ペイン (pein)

Scots: pane, peen

→ Irish: pána

Borrowed from Old French pan, from Latin pannus.

A piece of high-quality textiles or animal hides, especially as part of a garment:

A garment or item of clothing; especially one made of fabric or fur.

A sheet or blanket made of fabric or fur.

(rare) A piece of glass fitted in a window.


clothing

English: clothing

Linen or sheets used as a cover or a protective layer.


fou

Scots: faw

Inherited from Old English fāh, from Proto-West Germanic *faih, from Proto-Germanic *faihaz.
Forms without final /x/ are a result of levelling from Old English inflected forms (e.g., masculine weak nominative singular fāga).


clout

English: clout

Scots: clout, cloot

From Old English clūt, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz. Compare cloud.

A (larger) piece of fabric; a cloth:
Threadbare or inferior clothing.


burel

English: burel

Borrowed from Old French burel, diminutive of *bure.


bever

English: beaver

Scots: bever, baiver

→ Irish: béabhar

Inherited from Old English befer, from Proto-West Germanic *bebru, from Proto-Germanic *bebruz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus.


hemp

English: hemp

Scots: hemp, hempt

From Old English henep, hænep (“hemp”), from Proto-West Germanic *hanapi, from Proto-Germanic *hanapiz; cognate to Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).


panel

English: panel, pannel

Scots: panel

From Old French panel, from pan, from Latin pannus; equivalent to pane + -el (diminutive suffix).

A swatch or portion of textiles or cloth.


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.


nape

English: nape

The nape of a fish; the part below a fish's head.


crisp

English: crisp

From Old English crisp, cirps and Old French cresp, crespe, from Latin crispus.


crisp

English: crisp


sanguine

English: sanguine

From Old French sanguin (and feminine sanguine), from Latin sanguineus.

Made of or created from blood (as a humour); bloody.


ponder

From Middle English ponderen, from Old French ponderer (“to weigh, balance, ponder”) from Latin ponderare (“to weigh, ponder”), from pondus (“weight”), from pendere (“to weigh”).

der

(glassblowing, obsolete) A fourteenth-century unit of glass.


yarn

English: yarn

Scots: yairn

From Old English ġearn, from Proto-West Germanic *garn, from Proto-Germanic *garną. Doublet of garn.


velvet

English: velvet

Scots: velvet

Borrowed from Old Occitan veluet, from Late Latin villutittus.


gore

English: gore

Scots: gair

Inherited from Old English gāra, from Proto-West Germanic *gaiʀō, from Proto-Germanic *gaizô.

A piece of clothing (especially a loose-fitting one, such as a coat or dress)


glas

English: glass (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gless, glass

Inherited from Old English glæs, from Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą.

Ful semyly hir wympul pynched was /Hir nose tretys, hir eyen greye as glas[…]

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 151–152:

Her wimple was folded in quite a seemly way / Her nose [was] slender; her eyes [were] grey like glass […]

Glass (substance made with melted sand):


corde

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

A sinew or the muscular material one is made out of.


fane

English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

Inherited from Old English fana, from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô; doublet of fanon.

A flag borne on sea-going vessels, especially a long triangular one.


bast

Borrowed from Old French bast (French bât), probably a back-formation from bastard.

Illegitimacy; the state of being illegitimate.


scheren

scheren (infinitive)
to scheren (infinitive)
schere (infinitive)
schern (infinitive)
schere (first-person present singular)
schar (first-person past singular)
scher (first-person past singular)
scherest (present second-person singular)
schere (past second-person singular)
schar (past second-person singular)
scher (past second-person singular)
schereth (present singular third-person)
schar (past singular third-person)
scher (past singular third-person)
schere (present singular subjunctive)
schere (past singular subjunctive)
schere (imperative present singular)
scheren (plural present)
schere (plural present)
schern (plural present)
scheren (past plural)
schere (past plural)
schereth (imperative plural present)
schere (imperative plural present)
scherynge (participle present)
scherende (participle present)
schoren (participle past)
schore (participle past)
schorn (participle past)
yschoren (participle past)
yschore (participle past)

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: shaure (preterite)

Inherited from Old English sċieran, from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną.


garn

English: garn (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse garn, both from Proto-Germanic *garną. Doublet of yarn.


skyn

English: skin

Scots: skin

Yola: skien

From Old Norse skinn, from Proto-Germanic *skinþą.

The skin (outer layer of the body or a portion of it)

A prepared hide (such as parchment or leather)


bak

English: back

Scots: back, bak, bake

From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:

(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself.

The back, of something more generally; the non-facing side.

The vertebrae or spine; the bone holding up the back.

(rare) The extremities, margin or boundary of something.


burnet

Borrowed from Old French brunet, brunete (“brunette”).


wollen

English: woollen, woolen

Scots: wollin, wolne, wowne

From Old English wyllen, with influence from wolle, from Proto-Germanic *wullīnaz; thus equalling wolle + -en (“made of”).

Made of wool fibers or fabric spun therefrom.


wollen

English: woollen, woolen

Scots: wollin, wolne, wowne

Woollen fabric; fabric made out of woollen thread.


swathing

English: swathing


plunket

English: blunket (obsolete)

Potentially from Old Northern French blanket; though this etymology is disputed; more at English blunket.


spinnen

spinnen (infinitive)
to spinnen (infinitive)
spinne (infinitive)
spinne (first-person present singular)
span (first-person past singular)
spinnest (present second-person singular)
spunne (past second-person singular)
spanne (past second-person singular)
span (past second-person singular)
spinneth (present singular third-person)
span (past singular third-person)
spinne (present singular subjunctive)
spunne (past singular subjunctive)
spanne (past singular subjunctive)
spinne (imperative present singular)
spinnen (plural present)
spinne (plural present)
spunnen (past plural)
spunne (past plural)
spannen (past plural)
spanne (past plural)
spinneth (imperative plural present)
spinne (imperative plural present)
spinnynge (participle present)
spinnende (participle present)
spunnen (participle past)
spunne (participle past)

English: spin

Scots: spin

Whan Adam dalf, and Eve span; / Wo was thanne a gentilman?

1381 June 12, John Ball, Sermon at Blackheath:

When Adam delved and Eve spun; / Who was a nobleman then?


filme

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fillum</i>

English: film (dialectal fillum)

Scots: flim, fillum

From Old English filmen, from Proto-Germanic *filminją.


waxen

English: waxen


tissu

English: tissue

Scots: tishie

Borrowed from Old French tissu, past participle of tistre.
Forms with /ʃ/ do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.


hempen

English: hempen

Scots: hempen

Possibly from an Old English *hænepen; however this word is attested relatively late and was probably formed anew in Middle English. Equivalent to hemp + -en (“made of”).


flees

English: fleece

→ Finnish: fliisi

→ German: Fleece

Scots: fleis

Yola: flaase

From Old English flēos, from Proto-West Germanic *fleus, from Proto-Germanic *fleusaz.

A sheepskin or fleece; the skin of a sheep.


reredos

English: reredos

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reredos, areredos; equivalent to rere (“rear, following”) + Old French dos (“back”).

A reredos or retable; a panel at the back of an altar.

A dorsal; a hanging or tapestry at the back of an altar.

(rare) A panel of armour for protecting the rear.


brede

Scots: brede

From Old English brǣde, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *brādō, from Proto-Germanic *brēdô (“meat, roast”). Doublet of brawne.

(hunting) One of thirty-two choice parts of a boar for roasting.


brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

From Old English brǣdu, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *braidī, from Proto-Germanic *braidį̄.

extent (space to which something extends):

The total extent of a surface or object.

(figurative) The extent or totality of one's feelings.


croupe

English: croup, croupe

Middle Scots: crouppe (hapax)

Borrowed from Old French crope, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz. Doublet of croppe.

(rare) Armour covering a horse's rear; a croupiere.


rop

desctree

English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop

Scots: raip

→ Old French: rap

Inherited from Old English rāp, from Proto-West Germanic *raip, from Proto-Germanic *raipaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp-.

A cord or string:
(rare) A Franciscan corded belt.

A cord or string:
A Franciscan corded belt.


frounce

English: frounce

Borrowed from Middle French fronce, from Old French fronce.

A wrinkle, fold, or pleat (in fabric, hair, or porcelain).

A disease involving mouth sores in birds of prey.


coton

English: cotton

→ Irish: cotún

Scots: cotton, catton

→ Welsh: cotwm

From Old French cotoun, from Italian cotone, from Arabic قُطْن (quṭn, “cotton”). Compare aketon.


weven

weven (infinitive)
to weven (infinitive)
weve (infinitive)
weve (first-person present singular)
weved (first-person past singular)
wevest (present second-person singular)
wevedest (past second-person singular)
weveth (present singular third-person)
weved (past singular third-person)
weve (present singular subjunctive)
weved (past singular subjunctive)
weve (imperative present singular)
weven (plural present)
weve (plural present)
weveden (past plural)
wevede (past plural)
weveth (imperative plural present)
weve (imperative plural present)
wevynge (participle present)
wevende (participle present)
weved (participle past)
yweved (participle past)

English: weave

From Old Norse veifa and Old English wǣfan, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *waibijaną.


kersey

English: kersey

From Kersey, a town in Suffolk; equivalent to Old English cærse (“cress”) + ēġ (“island”).


glasen

head

glasen (plural and weak singular glasene)

glasene (plural)
glasene (singular weak)

English: glazen, glassen

Scots: glasin, glaisin, glassin

From Old English glæsen, from Proto-West Germanic *glasīn. Equivalent to glas + -en (“made of”).


glasen

glasen (infinitive)
to glasen (infinitive)
glase (infinitive)
glase (first-person present singular)
glased (first-person past singular)
glasest (present second-person singular)
glasedest (past second-person singular)
glaseth (present singular third-person)
glased (past singular third-person)
glase (present singular subjunctive)
glased (past singular subjunctive)
glase (imperative present singular)
glasen (plural present)
glase (plural present)
glaseden (past plural)
glasede (past plural)
glaseth (imperative plural present)
glase (imperative plural present)
glasynge (participle present)
glasende (participle present)
glased (participle past)
yglased (participle past)

English: glaze

To coat ceramics in a layer of transparent coating.


canevas

English: canvas

Scots: canvas

From Old Northern French canevas, from Vulgar Latin *cannabāceus.


mirre

Middle English: mirre

English: myrrh

Scots: myrrh

From Old English myrre, from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha), from a Semitic language. Reinforced by Old French mirre.

and þei entriden in to þe hous .· ⁊ founden þe child wiþ marie his modir / and þei felden doun .· and woꝛſchipiden him / and whanne þei hadden openyde her treſouris .· þei offriden to hym ȝiftes. gold encenſe ⁊ myrre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 2:11, page 1v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they entered into the house, and found the child with Mary, his mother; then they fell down and worshipped him. And when they'd opened their treasures, they offered gifts to him: gold, frankincense, and myrrh.

Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha#Translingual

Myrrh (the dried sap of a tree of the species Commiphora myrrha)


wolle

English: wool

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

Yola: wul

Inherited from Old English wull, from Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.


felten

felten (infinitive)
to felten (infinitive)
felte (infinitive)
felte (first-person present singular)
felted (first-person past singular)
feltest (present second-person singular)
feltedest (past second-person singular)
felteth (present singular third-person)
felted (past singular third-person)
felte (present singular subjunctive)
felted (past singular subjunctive)
felte (imperative present singular)
felten (plural present)
felte (plural present)
felteden (past plural)
feltede (past plural)
felteth (imperative plural present)
felte (imperative plural present)
feltynge (participle present)
feltende (participle present)
felted (participle past)
yfelted (participle past)

English: felt


lynet

English: lint

From Old French linette (in which case, equivalent to lyne + -et) or Medieval Latin linteum.

(rare) linen; flax or fabric made of it.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

One of a human body's liquids or fluids; a biofluid:

(rare) Partially digested food while sitting in the stomach.

A pursuit, occurrence, condition, or event, especially when problematic:

A debate, argument, or contestation between two sides.

A topic or theme; an area of knowledge or discussion:

The information or informants one draws upon for a work; the matter used as source.


veir

English: vair

Scots: vair (obsolete)

Yola: vier, wyer, vierd

Borrowed from Old French vair, from Latin varius (“variegated”).


carpette

English: carpet

Scots: carpet

Borrowed from Old French carpite, from Medieval Latin carpita and Italian carpita, both from Middle Armenian կարպետ (karpet), կապերտ (kapert, “carpet, rug”).

(Late Middle English) A fabric cover for beds or furniture; a tablecloth or throw.


weke

English: wick

Scots: week

From Old English wēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *weukā (“flax bundle, wick”), from Proto-Indo-European *weg- (“to weave”), see also West Frisian wjok, wjuk (“wing”), Dutch wiek (“wing; propeller, blade; wick”), German Wieche (“wisp; wick”).


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From Old English hierde, from Proto-West Germanic *hirdī, from Proto-Germanic *hirdijaz.


lyne

English: line, linseed (in compound with seed)

Yola: leen

From Old English līne, from Proto-West Germanic *līnā, from Proto-Germanic *līnǭ (“line, rope, flaxen cord, thread”).

inh

Linum usitatissimum
Linum usitatissimum#Translingual

A plant of the genus Linum, especially Linum usitatissimum, which has a single, slender stalk, about a foot and a half high, with blue flowers.

The fibers of Linum usitatissimum, grown and spun for use in textiles.


teere

Alternative form of teer (“good quality”)


teere

Alternative form of teren (“to ruin by removing or splitting”)


ropen

ropen (infinitive)
to ropen (infinitive)
rope (infinitive)
rope (first-person present singular)
roped (first-person past singular)
ropest (present second-person singular)
ropedest (past second-person singular)
ropeth (present singular third-person)
roped (past singular third-person)
rope (present singular subjunctive)
roped (past singular subjunctive)
rope (imperative present singular)
ropen (plural present)
rope (plural present)
ropeden (past plural)
ropede (past plural)
ropeth (imperative plural present)
rope (imperative plural present)
ropynge (participle present)
ropende (participle present)
roped (participle past)

English: roop, roup

Scots: roup; croup

→ English: croup

→ Dutch: kroep

→ French: croup

From Old English hrōpan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną; equivalent to rop (“call”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Forms in /ɔu̯/ are influenced by Old Norse raupa.


ston

enm-noun

ston (plural stones or ston or (early, rare) stonen)

stones (plural)
ston (plural)
stonen (plural rare)

English: stone (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: styen

Scots: stane

Yola: sthoan

→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A millstone or whetstone.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A pebble used in a slingshot.

A solid mass resembling stone, especially:


alabastre

English: alabaster

Scots: alabaster

From Old French alabastre, from Latin alabaster, from Ancient Greek ἀλάβαστρος (alábastros), from earlier ἀλάβαστος (alábastos).


pottere

English: potter

Scots: patter

From late Old English pottere; equivalent to pot + -er; influenced by Old French potier, from pot (“pot”) + -ier (“indicates an agent noun”).


hery

English: hairy

Scots: hairy

hairy, furry; covered with hair, fur or wool.

(rare) Resembling hair; thin and minuscule.


glasynge

English: glazing


oter

English: otter

Scots: otter

From Old English otor, from Proto-West Germanic *otr.


hyde

Alternative form of hyed: simple past/past participle of hyen (“to move quickly”)


twyn

English: twine

Scots: twine

From Old English twīn, from Proto-West Germanic *twiʀn; ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *dwi- (compare two).


crisme

English: chrism, chrisom

From Late Old English crisma, from Medieval Latin crisma, from Ecclesiastical Latin chrisma, from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma). Doublet of creme.


sotil

head

sotil (comparative sotiler, superlative sotilest)

sotiler (comparative)
sotilest (superlative)

desc

English: subtle, subtil, subtile, suttle

Scots: suttle

Borrowed from Old French sotil, soutil, subtil, from Latin subtīlis.

Lacking coarseness; made with refinement.


sotil

(rare) Sophistication; the state of being complicated.


thred

English: thread

Scots: threid

Yola: dreade

From Old English þrǣd, from Proto-Germanic *þrēduz.


schanke

English: shank

Scots: schank, schanck

From Old English sċanca, from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô.


flynt ston

English: flintstone

Scots: flynt-stane

A flintstone; a piece of flint used as a firestarter.


flynt

English: flint

Scots: flint

→ Welsh: fflint

From Old English flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz.

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones, especially flint.


wheston

English: whetstone

Tok Pisin: wetston

Scots: whatstane

Inherited from Old English hwetstān, from Proto-West Germanic *hwattjastain. Equivalent to whetten + ston.

whetstone (stone for sharpening). Other purposes include:


letheren

English: leathern

Scots: letherin, ledrin

From Old English leþeren, liþren; equivalent to lether + -en (“made of”).

but ȝyf he haue a tent of xv enche wyt letheryn knappes

But if he has a dick with fifteen-inch white leather balls

Made of the hide of a living creature, often tanned; made of leather.


Walsch

English: Welsh, Walsh, Walshe

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh

From Old English wīelisċ, wēlisċ, from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -isch. Some forms have been remodelled by analogy with other etymologically related words.

(Middle) Welsh (the Insular Celtic language spoken in Wales)


squirel

English: squirrel

Scots: squirrel

From Anglo-Norman esquirel, from Old French esquireul, from Vulgar Latin *scūriolus, a diminutive of Latin sciurus. Attested as a surname from the end of the 12th century and as the name of an animal from the early 14th century.

A squirrel (rodent of the family Sciuridae)


wombe

English: womb

Geordie English: wyem

Scots: wame, wam

From Old English womb, wamb, from Proto-West Germanic *wambu, from Proto-Germanic *wambō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(figurative) One's diet, nutritional habits or lifestyle.


webbe

From Old English webba; equivalent to webbe (“woven fabric, web”) + -e (agentive suffix).


clother

English: clothier

(rare) A cloth-merchant; a retailer of linen.


bordcloth

English: boardcloth (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English bordclāþ; equivalent to bord + cloth.


greyn

English: grain

Scots: grain

Yola: gryne

Borrowed from Old French grain, from Latin grānum, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of corn.

Grain (die made with crushed insects, or a similar long-lasting dye)


grayned

English: grained


greynyng

English: graining

(rare) The process of dyeing textiles or leather.


serche

English: search

Scots: sairch

Yola: surchte

Borrowed from Old French cerche (“search”), from cerchier (“to search”); compare serchen.

bor+

The privilege to investigate crime (usually violations of guild code)

A supervisor of a convent (monastery for women).

(rare, Late Middle English) An inspection or inquest of goods or products.


skynner

English: skinner

Scots: skinner

From skyn + -er; compare to Old Norse skinnari.


skynnery

English: skinnery


bukskyn

English: buckskin


ȝerde

English: yard, yerd

Scots: yaird, yeard, yird

Inherited from Old English ġerd, from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀdi, from Proto-Germanic *gazdijō. related to Polish żerdź from Proto-Slavic *žьrdь ("perch, pole, ricker").

A yard (unit of length consisting of three feet, often used for fabric)


napkyn

English: napkin

Scots: naipkin

A napkin or serviette (a cloth used to clean oneself while eating)


naperie

English: napery

Scots: napery

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman naperie; equivalent to nape + -erie.

A storage room containing fabrics or textiles.


letuse

English: lettuce

Scots: lettuce, lattice

→ Welsh: letys

From the plural of Old French laitue, from Latin lactūca.

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual

lettuce (Lactuca sativa or a related plant)

The leaves of the lettuce used as vegetables.


letuse

English: lettice

From Anglo-Norman letuse; further etymology unknown.

The near-white winter hide or fur of the least weasel; lettice.


ermyne

English: ermine

Scots: ermine

Borrowed from Old French ermine, ermin; further etymology is disputed.

(heraldry) Heraldic ermine; white with black spots.


scherling

English: shearling

(rare) shearling (A once-shorn sheep or its skin).


wolled

English: wooled

Scots: ooed


clewe

English: clew, clue

Scots: clew, cloo, clue

From Old English clīewen, from Proto-Germanic *kliuwīną, *klewô.

A clew (“lump or sphere of thread or yarn”).


resyn

English: resin

Borrowed from Old French résine, from Latin resīna.


frount

English: front (see there for further descendants)

Scots: front

Borrowed from Old French front, from Latin frons.


frounter

English: frontier

Scots: fronter (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fronter, ultimately from Latin frōns.


frountel

English: frontal

From Old French frontel, from Medieval Latin frontālis; equivalent to frount + -el (diminutive suffix).

A decorative fabric drape hanging over an altar.


barkyn

barken (infinitive)
to barken (infinitive)
barke (infinitive)
barke (first-person present singular)
barked (first-person past singular)
barkest (present second-person singular)
barkedest (past second-person singular)
barketh (present singular third-person)
barked (past singular third-person)
barke (present singular subjunctive)
barked (past singular subjunctive)
barke (imperative present singular)
barken (plural present)
barke (plural present)
barkeden (past plural)
barkede (past plural)
barketh (imperative plural present)
barke (imperative plural present)
barkynge (participle present)
barkende (participle present)
barked (participle past)
ybarked (participle past)

English: bark

(rare, Late Middle English) To form a hard layer.


lether

desctree

English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Scots: lether, ledder, leither

Yola: luther (verb)

Inherited from Old English leþer, from Proto-West Germanic *leþr, from Proto-Germanic *leþrą, from Proto-Indo-European *letróm.


gossomer

English: gossamer

From goos + somer. See English gossamer for more.


gumme

English: gum

Scots: gum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gume, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin gummi, cummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy, qmyt.

A gum or resin; a sticky syrup from a plant, used as scent and in pharmaceuticals.


gummen

gummen (infinitive)
to gummen (infinitive)
gumme (infinitive)
gumme (first-person present singular)
gummed (first-person past singular)
gummest (present second-person singular)
gummedest (past second-person singular)
gummeth (present singular third-person)
gummed (past singular third-person)
gumme (present singular subjunctive)
gummed (past singular subjunctive)
gumme (imperative present singular)
gummen (plural present)
gumme (plural present)
gummeden (past plural)
gummede (past plural)
gummeth (imperative plural present)
gumme (imperative plural present)
gummynge (participle present)
gummende (participle present)
gummed (participle past)
ygummed (participle past)

English: gum


mastik

English: mastic

Borrowed from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē).

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual

(rare) The mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)


kemben

enm-verb

kemben (third-person singular simple present kembeth, present participle kembynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative kempte, past participle kempt)

kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembynge (participle present)
kempte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
kempt (participle past)
kemben (infinitive)
to kemben (infinitive)
kembe (infinitive)
kembe (first-person present singular)
kembed (first-person past singular)
kempte (first-person past singular)
kembest (present second-person singular)
kembedest (past second-person singular)
kemptest (past second-person singular)
kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembed (past singular third-person)
kempte (past singular third-person)
kembe (present singular subjunctive)
kembed (past singular subjunctive)
kempte (past singular subjunctive)
kembe (imperative present singular)
kemben (plural present)
kembe (plural present)
kembeden (past plural)
kembede (past plural)
kempten (past plural)
kempte (past plural)
kembeth (imperative plural present)
kembe (imperative plural present)
kembynge (participle present)
kembende (participle present)
kembed (participle past)
kempt (participle past)
ykembed (participle past)
ykempt (participle past)

English: kemb (obsolete except for kempt, unkempt), comb (remodelled on the noun)

Scots: kem, keme

Yola: khimed (preterite)

From Old English cemban, from Proto-West Germanic *kambijan, from Proto-Germanic *kambijaną.

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

To comb or brush one's hair; to use a comb.


kembestere

English: kempster, kembster (historical)

Middle Scots: kemstar

A kembster; one (usually female) who combs wool.


swathel

English: swaddle

Scots: sweel

From Old English swaþul, swæþel, sweþel, sweoþol, from Proto-West Germanic *swaþil, *swaþul; probably equivalent to swathe (“strip”) + -el (agentive suffix).

af

(rare outside of compounds) A swaddle or similar strip of fabric.


swathlen

swathlen (infinitive)
to swathlen (infinitive)
swathle (infinitive)
swathle (first-person present singular)
swathled (first-person past singular)
swathlest (present second-person singular)
swathledest (past second-person singular)
swathleth (present singular third-person)
swathled (past singular third-person)
swathle (present singular subjunctive)
swathled (past singular subjunctive)
swathle (imperative present singular)
swathlen (plural present)
swathle (plural present)
swathleden (past plural)
swathlede (past plural)
swathleth (imperative plural present)
swathle (imperative plural present)
swathlynge (participle present)
swathlende (participle present)
swathled (participle past)
yswathled (participle past)

English: swaddle

Scots: sweel

From swathel + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To enclose something by wrapping up.


swaþelynge

English: swaddling

Scots: sweelin


swathen

swathen (infinitive)
to swathen (infinitive)
swathe (infinitive)
swathe (first-person present singular)
swathed (first-person past singular)
swathest (present second-person singular)
swathedest (past second-person singular)
swatheth (present singular third-person)
swathed (past singular third-person)
swathe (present singular subjunctive)
swathed (past singular subjunctive)
swathe (imperative present singular)
swathen (plural present)
swathe (plural present)
swatheden (past plural)
swathede (past plural)
swatheth (imperative plural present)
swathe (imperative plural present)
swathynge (participle present)
swathende (participle present)
swathed (participle past)
yswathed (participle past)

English: swathe

From Old English *swaþian, *sweþan; equivalent to swathe (“strip”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


knytten

knytten (infinitive)
to knytten (infinitive)
knytte (infinitive)
knytte (first-person present singular)
knytte (first-person past singular)
knytted (first-person past singular)
knyttest (present second-person singular)
knyttest (past second-person singular)
knyttedest (past second-person singular)
knytteth (present singular third-person)
knytte (past singular third-person)
knytted (past singular third-person)
knytte (present singular subjunctive)
knytte (past singular subjunctive)
knytted (past singular subjunctive)
knytte (imperative present singular)
knytten (plural present)
knytte (plural present)
knytten (past plural)
knytte (past plural)
knytteden (past plural)
knyttede (past plural)
knytteth (imperative plural present)
knytte (imperative plural present)
knyttynge (participle present)
knyttende (participle present)
knyt (participle past)
knytted (participle past)
yknyt (participle past)
yknytted (participle past)

English: knit

Scots: knit, knyt

From Old English cnyttan, from Proto-West Germanic *knuttijan, from Proto-Germanic *knutjaną, *knuttijaną.

To enter into or begin an endeavour, activity, or pursuit:

To work out an argument or treatise out of words or ideas.


knyttynge

English: knitting

Yola: nitheen

Something which joins, unifies, links, or connects.


terebentyne

English: turpentine

Scots: torpity (obsolete)

From Old French terbentine, turbentine, from Latin terebinthina; equivalent to therebynte + -ine.

Turpentine or a pharmaceutical made from it.


wyspe

English: wisp

Scots: wisp, wusp

Perhaps related to whisk (“bunch of twigs, hair”). Cognate to Dutch wisp, dialectal Danish visp, Swedish visp, Norwegian Bokmål visp, etc.

(glassblowing, obsolete, rare) A fifteenth-century unit for measuring window glass.


glasy

English: glassy

Scots: glessy, glessie

Resembling glass; glasslike or glassy:
(of mucus) Opaque, runny and greyish.

Resembling glass; glasslike or glassy:
Opaque, runny and greyish.


glasier

English: glazer; glazier


dyaper

English: diaper

Scots: dyper

Borrowed from Old French dyapre, diaspre, from Medieval Latin diaspra, diasprum, from Byzantine Greek δίασπρος (díaspros, adj).

der

(rare) A piece of clothing made of such fabric.


dyapren

dyapren (infinitive)
to dyapren (infinitive)
dyapre (infinitive)
dyapre (first-person present singular)
dyapred (first-person past singular)
dyaprest (present second-person singular)
dyapredest (past second-person singular)
dyapreth (present singular third-person)
dyapred (past singular third-person)
dyapre (present singular subjunctive)
dyapred (past singular subjunctive)
dyapre (imperative present singular)
dyapren (plural present)
dyapre (plural present)
dyapreden (past plural)
dyaprede (past plural)
dyapreth (imperative plural present)
dyapre (imperative plural present)
dyaprynge (participle present)
dyaprende (participle present)
dyapred (participle past)
ydyapred (participle past)

English: diaper

Scots: dyper

Borrowed from Old French diaprer, diasprer; equivalent to dyaper + -en (infinitival suffix).

To decorate fabric with repetitive patterns of shapes or emblems.


towayle

English: towel (see there for further descendants)

Scots: toul, tool, tooel

→ Irish: tuáille

From Old French toaille, from Early Medieval Latin toallia, from Frankish *þwahilu.

(rare) A fabric cover for communion wafers.


pibleston

English: pebblestone

From Old English papol-stān; equivalent to pibel + ston.

A pebble used as a missile or projectile.


pibel

English: pebble

Scots: peeble


parchemyn

English: parchment

Scots: pairchment

From Old French parchemin, from Vulgar Latin *pergamīnus, from Ancient Greek Περγαμηνός (Pergamēnós).


medewax

Either mede (“mead (beverage)”) or mede (“meadow”) + wax (“wax”).


jacynct

English: jacinth

Scots: jacinct (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French jacinte, from Medieval Latin jacintus, jacinthus, from Latin hyacinthus, from Ancient Greek ὑάκινθος (huákinthos).


lyoure

Borrowed from Old French liure, from Latin ligātūra. Doublet of ligature.


twynen

twynen (infinitive)
to twynen (infinitive)
twyne (infinitive)
twyne (first-person present singular)
twyned (first-person past singular)
twynest (present second-person singular)
twynedest (past second-person singular)
twyneth (present singular third-person)
twyned (past singular third-person)
twyne (present singular subjunctive)
twyned (past singular subjunctive)
twyne (imperative present singular)
twynen (plural present)
twyne (plural present)
twyneden (past plural)
twynede (past plural)
twyneth (imperative plural present)
twyne (imperative plural present)
twynynge (participle present)
twynende (participle present)
twyned (participle past)

English: twine

Scots: twine

Either from a putative Old English *twīnian or newly formed from twyn + -en (infinitival suffix).

(by extension, rare) To twist; to mingle.


surnape

English: surnape

Borrowed from Old French surnappe; equivalent to sur- + nape.

(chiefly Late Middle English) An overcloth laid for handwashing.


mylneston

English: millstone

Scots: millstane

Inherited from Old English mylnestān, mylenstān; equivalent to mylne + ston.


pilche

English: pilch (obsolete)

Scots: pilch, pilsh

Inherited from Old English pylċe, pyleċe, from Late Latin pellicia, from Latin pellis.


savenape

From saven (“to save, protect”) + nape (“tablecloth”).


slykeston

English: sleekstone; slickstone

sleekstone, slickstone (stone for polishing)


worstede

English: worsted

Scots: worset

From Worstede, a town in Norfolk; equivalent to Old English worϸ (“enclosure”) + stede (“place”).


shev

(glassblowing, obsolete) A fourteenth-century unit of glass.