salthous

English: salthouse

From Old English sealthūs; equivalent to salt + hous.


quyk lym

English: quicklime


quyk silver

English: quicksilver

From Old English cwicseolfor. Equivalent to quyk + silver.


brymston

English: brimstone

Scots: brunstane

→ Middle Welsh: brwnstan

Welsh: brwmstan

Inherited from Old English brynstān; equivalent to brende (past participle of brennen) + ston.

af

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">brennen</i>

(Christianity) The burning sulphur of Hell.


flynt ston

English: flintstone

Scots: flynt-stane

A flintstone; a piece of flint used as a firestarter.


flynt

English: flint

Scots: flint

→ Welsh: fflint

From Old English flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz.

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones, especially flint.


wheston

English: whetstone

Tok Pisin: wetston

Scots: whatstane

Inherited from Old English hwetstān, from Proto-West Germanic *hwattjastain. Equivalent to whetten + ston.

whetstone (stone for sharpening). Other purposes include:


wicche

enm-noun

wicche (plural wicches or (early) wicchen)

English: witch

Scots: wich, wech, witch

From the merger (due to regular sound change) of Old English wiċċe and wicca, from Proto-West Germanic *wikkō.


wicchen

wicchen (infinitive)
to wicchen (infinitive)
wicche (infinitive)
wicche (first-person present singular)
wicched (first-person past singular)
wicchest (present second-person singular)
wicchedest (past second-person singular)
wiccheth (present singular third-person)
wicched (past singular third-person)
wicche (present singular subjunctive)
wicched (past singular subjunctive)
wicche (imperative present singular)
wicchen (plural present)
wicche (plural present)
wiccheden (past plural)
wicchede (past plural)
wiccheth (imperative plural present)
wicche (imperative plural present)
wicchynge (participle present)
wicchende (participle present)
wicched (participle past)
ywicched (participle past)

English: witch

From Old English wiccian; equivalent to wicche + -en (infinitival suffix).


wicchecraft

English: witchcraft

From Old English wiccecræft; equivalent to wicche + -craft.

And in þat ilond is sortilege and wicchecraft [translating superstitiones, atque præstigia] i-vsed. For wommen þere selliþ schipmen wynde, as it were i-closed vnder þre knottes of þrede, so þat þe more wynd he wol haue, he wil vnknette þe mo knottes.

1387, chapter XLIV, in John Trevisa, transl., Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis:


sorcerere

English: sorcerer


sorceresse

English: sorceress

From Anglo-Norman sorceresse, equivalent to sorcerere + -esse.


wikkednesse

English: wickedness


laumpe

desctree

English: lamp
Tok Pisin: lam
→ Korean: 램프 (raempeu)
→ Pohnpeian: lamp

Scots: lamp

From Old French lampe, from Latin lampas.


armurie

English: armory, armoury

From Old French armoierie; equivalent to armure + -ie.


toyere

(agriculture) grown this year; this year's


gaugen

gaugen (infinitive)
to gaugen (infinitive)
gauge (infinitive)
gauge (first-person present singular)
gauged (first-person past singular)
gaugest (present second-person singular)
gaugedest (past second-person singular)
gaugeth (present singular third-person)
gauged (past singular third-person)
gauge (present singular subjunctive)
gauged (past singular subjunctive)
gauge (imperative present singular)
gaugen (plural present)
gauge (plural present)
gaugeden (past plural)
gaugede (past plural)
gaugeth (imperative plural present)
gauge (imperative plural present)
gaugynge (participle present)
gaugende (participle present)
gauged (participle past)
ygauged (participle past)

English: (to) gauge

Scots: (to) gauge

/ˈɡau̯d͡ʒən/

From Old Northern French gauger; equivalent to gauge + -en (infinitival suffix).

(transitive) To formally measure; make a measurement of.


toborstennysse

(medicine) A cavity or break in tissue; a rupture, abscess.


knave child

enm-noun

knave child (plural knave children or knave childre)

knave children (plural)
knave childre (plural)

English: knave-child (archaic)


Charlewayn

English: Charles' Wain

From Old English carles wǣġn, an alternative form of Old English carles wǣn; modified under influence of Old French Carles li magnes.


toȝotenysse

(Early Middle English, medicine, rare) The seeping of fluid into a cavity; effusion.


toðundennysse

(Early Middle English, medicine) A lump on the body, such as a swelling or tumor.


waynscot

English: wainscot

Borrowed from Middle Low German wagenschot.

bor+

A variety of foreign oak commonly utilised for furniture and furnishings.


knyf

English: knife

Sranan Tongo: nefi

Korean: 나이프 (naipeu)

Portuguese: naifa

Samoan: naifi

Japanese: ナイフ

Scots: knyfe, knife

Yola: kunnife

French: canif

From Old English cnīf, from Old Norse knífr, from Proto-Germanic *knībaz.

A knife as a tool or instrument; the following special senses exist:


forkerven

forkerven (infinitive)
to forkerven (infinitive)
forkerve (infinitive)
forkerve (first-person present singular)
forcarf (first-person past singular)
forkervest (present second-person singular)
forcurve (past second-person singular)
forcorve (past second-person singular)
forcarf (past second-person singular)
forkerveth (present singular third-person)
forcarf (past singular third-person)
forkerve (present singular subjunctive)
forcurve (past singular subjunctive)
forcorve (past singular subjunctive)
forkerve (imperative present singular)
forkerven (plural present)
forkerve (plural present)
forcurven (past plural)
forcurve (past plural)
forcorven (past plural)
forcorve (past plural)
forkerveth (imperative plural present)
forkerve (imperative plural present)
forkervynge (participle present)
forkervende (participle present)
forcorven (participle past)
forcorve (participle past)

English: forcarve

From Old English forċeorfan. Equivalent to for- + kerven.

(rare, medicine) To make soft, to disintegrate


barneschen

barneschen (infinitive)
to barneschen (infinitive)
barnesche (infinitive)
barnesche (first-person present singular)
barnesched (first-person past singular)
barneschest (present second-person singular)
barneschedest (past second-person singular)
barnescheth (present singular third-person)
barnesched (past singular third-person)
barnesche (present singular subjunctive)
barnesched (past singular subjunctive)
barnesche (imperative present singular)
barneschen (plural present)
barnesche (plural present)
barnescheden (past plural)
barneschede (past plural)
barnescheth (imperative plural present)
barnesche (imperative plural present)
barneschynge (participle present)
barneschende (participle present)
barnesched (participle past)
ybarnesched (participle past)

Unknown; probably related to barn (“child”).

(Late Middle English, rare) To develop a visible pregnancy.


hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

From Old English hǣþen, from Proto-Germanic *haiþinaz; possibly equivalent to heeth + -en (pertaining to).

heathen, pagan; of those who are not Christian


hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

heathen, pagan; those who are not Christian


hethen

English: hethen (obsolete)

away, far off, not around (referring to location)


haithen-hede

/ˈhɛːðənhɛːd/

/ˈhɛːðənhɔːd/

(rare) The nations of the world which follow paganism.


hæðene-scipe

English: heathenship

From Old English hǣþenscipe; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -scipe.


hæthendom

q

English: heathendom (potentially borrowed or a new formation)

/ˈhɛːðəndɔm/

From Old English hǣþendōm; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -dom.


hethenli

English: heathenly

/ˈhɛːðənliː/


hethenesse

English: heathenesse

From Old English hǣþenes, hǣþennes; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -nesse, but vowel reduction shows that by the Late ME period it was no longer analysed as such.

heathenry, paganism; belief in a pagan religion.


universite

English: university (see there for further descendants)

Scots: university, universitie

From Anglo-Norman université, from Latin ūniversitātem, accusative of ūniversitās; equivalent to universe + -ite.

A university or college (a facility offering tertiary education and higher learning).


fenygreke

English: fenugreek

From Old French fenigrec, from Latin foenum graecum.

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trigonella foenum-graecum#Translingual


venym

English: venom

Yola: vengem

A poison or venom, especially one from an animal.

(medicine) An infection or disease; a malignant presence in the body.

(rare) A potion or liquid used for dyeing.


venym

English: venom (obsolete as an adjective)


venymen

enm-verb

venymen (third-person singular simple present venymeth, present participle venymende, venymynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle venymed)

venymeth (present singular third-person)
venymende (participle present)
venymynge (participle present)
venymed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
venymen (infinitive)
to venymen (infinitive)
venyme (infinitive)
venyme (first-person present singular)
venymed (first-person past singular)
venymest (present second-person singular)
venymedest (past second-person singular)
venymeth (present singular third-person)
venymed (past singular third-person)
venyme (present singular subjunctive)
venymed (past singular subjunctive)
venyme (imperative present singular)
venymen (plural present)
venyme (plural present)
venymeden (past plural)
venymede (past plural)
venymeth (imperative plural present)
venyme (imperative plural present)
venymynge (participle present)
venymende (participle present)
venymed (participle past)
yvenymed (participle past)

English: venom (obsolete as a verb)

Borrowed from Old French venimer; equivalent to venym + -en (infinitival suffix).

To envenom; to use venom or poison to kill or injure.

To smear with venom or poison; to make poisonous.

To plant sinful ideas, corruption, or evil in a person or group of people.


venymynge

(rare) Venom or the making or application of it.


venymoushede

(medicine) An infection; a malign tumour.


venymouste

From Old French venimosete; by surface analysis, venymous + -te.


envenymen

envenymen (third-person singular simple present envenymeth, present participle envenymende, envenymynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle envenymed)

envenymeth (present singular third-person)
envenymende (participle present)
envenymynge (participle present)
envenymed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
envenimen (infinitive)
to envenimen (infinitive)
envenime (infinitive)
envenime (first-person present singular)
envenimed (first-person past singular)
envenimest (present second-person singular)
envenimedest (past second-person singular)
envenimeth (present singular third-person)
envenimed (past singular third-person)
envenime (present singular subjunctive)
envenimed (past singular subjunctive)
envenime (imperative present singular)
envenimen (plural present)
envenime (plural present)
envenimeden (past plural)
envenimede (past plural)
envenimeth (imperative plural present)
envenime (imperative plural present)
envenimynge (participle present)
envenimende (participle present)
envenimed (participle past)

English: envenom

Borrowed from Old French envenimer; equivalent to en- + venym + -en (infinitival suffix).


envenymynge

English: envenoming


wermode

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormwode</i>

English: wormwood (< wormwode)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormet</i>

Scots: wormit (< wormet)

→ Irish: mormónta

→ Middle Welsh: wermot
Welsh: wermod

From Old English wermōd, wormōd, from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā. Some forms remodelled on the basis of worm + wode.

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

wormwood (Artemisia absinthium or other related plants)

Something that induces bitterness or unlikeability.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.

(biblical) Wormwood (object in the Book of Revelation)


toln

English: tolne (obsolete)

Scots: tolne, tholone, tholonie

From Old English toln; potentially from Latin telōnium.

A toll or levy; especially one on grains that is paid in kind.


tolboth

English: tollbooth

Scots: towebuith

A tollhouse or tollbooth; a facility that tolls or fees are paid at.


tollynge

From tollen (“to toll”) + -ing (“gerund ending”).


tilyen

tilyen (infinitive)
to tilyen (infinitive)
tilye (infinitive)
tilye (first-person present singular)
tilyed (first-person past singular)
tilyest (present second-person singular)
tilyedest (past second-person singular)
tilyeth (present singular third-person)
tilyed (past singular third-person)
tilye (present singular subjunctive)
tilyed (past singular subjunctive)
tilye (imperative present singular)
tilyen (plural present)
tilye (plural present)
tilyeden (past plural)
tilyede (past plural)
tilyeth (imperative plural present)
tilye (imperative plural present)
tilyynge (participle present)
tilyende (participle present)
tilyed (participle past)
ytilyed (participle past)

English: till

Scots: tele, teel, teil

From Old English tilian, from Proto-Germanic *tilōną. Compare toilen.

To plough soil; to make indentations in it with a plough.

(rare) To rid of or eliminate disease or illness.


tilier

English: tiller

Someone who lives in a given location or who is from a given place.


tyllyng

English: tilling

From Old English tilung; equivalent to tilyen + -ing.

The procedure of tilling or tillage; taking care of the land or an orchard.


toilen

toilen (infinitive)
to toilen (infinitive)
toile (infinitive)
toile (first-person present singular)
toiled (first-person past singular)
toilest (present second-person singular)
toiledest (past second-person singular)
toileth (present singular third-person)
toiled (past singular third-person)
toile (present singular subjunctive)
toiled (past singular subjunctive)
toile (imperative present singular)
toilen (plural present)
toile (plural present)
toileden (past plural)
toilede (past plural)
toileth (imperative plural present)
toile (imperative plural present)
toilynge (participle present)
toilende (participle present)
toiled (participle past)
ytoiled (participle past)

English: toil

Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe

Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen. Compare tilyen.

(rare) To promote anguish or distraughtness; to taunt or bully.


tylman

English: tillman

Someone who is employed at a farm; an agricultural labourer.


tilthe

English: tilth

Inherited from Old English tilþ; equivalent to tilyen + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

A portion or section of land utilised for agriculture.


yeten

enm-verb

yeten (third-person singular simple present yeteth, present participle yetende, yetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative yet, past participle yoten)

yeteth (present singular third-person)
yetende (participle present)
yetynge (participle present)
yet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yoten (participle past)
yeten (infinitive)
to yeten (infinitive)
yete (infinitive)
yete (first-person present singular)
yet (first-person past singular)
yeted (first-person past singular)
yetest (present second-person singular)
yote (past second-person singular)
yet (past second-person singular)
yetedest (past second-person singular)
yeteth (present singular third-person)
yet (past singular third-person)
yeted (past singular third-person)
yete (present singular subjunctive)
yote (past singular subjunctive)
yeted (past singular subjunctive)
yete (imperative present singular)
yeten (plural present)
yete (plural present)
yoten (past plural)
yote (past plural)
yeteden (past plural)
yetede (past plural)
yeteth (imperative plural present)
yete (imperative plural present)
yetynge (participle present)
yetende (participle present)
yoten (participle past)
yote (participle past)
yeted (participle past)
yyoten (participle past)
yyote (participle past)
yyeted (participle past)

English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete), yeet

Scots: ȝet, yet, yat

q

via past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">yoten</i>

⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)

From Old English gēotan, from Proto-West Germanic *geutan.

(transitive) To pour out from a container.

(transitive, medicine) To emit fluid from the body.

(transitive, figurative) To send out, to send forth; to express.

(transitive, medicine) to administer medication by drop or injection.

(transitive, chemistry) To melt or soften; to dissolve.


ballok

English: ballock, bollock

Scots: ballok

From Old English bealluc; equivalent to ball + -ok.


bargaynen

bargaynen (infinitive)
to bargaynen (infinitive)
bargayne (infinitive)
bargayne (first-person present singular)
bargayned (first-person past singular)
bargaynest (present second-person singular)
bargaynedest (past second-person singular)
bargayneth (present singular third-person)
bargayned (past singular third-person)
bargayne (present singular subjunctive)
bargayned (past singular subjunctive)
bargayne (imperative present singular)
bargaynen (plural present)
bargayne (plural present)
bargayneden (past plural)
bargaynede (past plural)
bargayneth (imperative plural present)
bargayne (imperative plural present)
bargaynynge (participle present)
bargaynende (participle present)
bargayned (participle past)
ybargayned (participle past)

English: bargain

Scots: bargain

→ Welsh: bargeinio

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bargaigner, from Frankish *borganjan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną. Doublet of berien.

To bargain; to engage in negotiations over a sale.


bargayne

English: bargain

→ Scottish Gaelic: bargan

→ Welsh: bargen, bargain

Scots: bargain

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bargaigne, from bargaigner, from Old French bargaine (noun), bargaignier (verb), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *borganjan (“to borrow, lend”), from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną (“to borrow, lend”).

der

A pact or concord; a legal agreement with legal force:


bargaynynge

English: bargaining

Negotiation; the achievement of agreement by discussion:

(rare) Unscrupulous or deceptive negotiating.

(rare) An item demanded as compensation.


whele

English: wheal

From Old English *hwele; related to Old English hwelian.

A boil or wheal; a malignant lump or wound.


whel

English: wheel

→ Maori: wīra

desc

Middle Scots: quhel, quhele, quheil, quheile

Scots: wheel

Yola: wheel

From Old English hwēol, from Proto-Germanic *hweulu, plural of *hwehwl, from Proto-Germanic *hwehwlą, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos.

A circular movement or figure (especially in astronomy).


whelyn

whelyn (infinitive)
to whelyn (infinitive)
whele (infinitive)
whele (first-person present singular)
wheled (first-person past singular)
whelest (present second-person singular)
wheledest (past second-person singular)
wheleth (present singular third-person)
wheled (past singular third-person)
whele (present singular subjunctive)
wheled (past singular subjunctive)
whele (imperative present singular)
whelen (plural present)
whele (plural present)
wheleden (past plural)
whelede (past plural)
wheleth (imperative plural present)
whele (imperative plural present)
whelynge (participle present)
whelende (participle present)
wheled (participle past)
ywheled (participle past)

English: wheal

From Old English hwelian; equivalent to whele (“boil”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(medicine, rare) To become pustulous and swollen.

(medicine, rare) To become septic and infected.


flindre

English: flinder

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *fî-faldrôn (“flying, folding”), from *fifaldǭ (“butterfly”). If so, related to Faroese firvaldur and German Falter.
Probably also related to West Frisian flinter (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinder (“butterfly; moth”). Compare also Saterland Frisian Flinnerke (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinderen (“to flutter; fly”), and Albanian flutur (“butterfly”).


harneys

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

→ Middle Welsh: harnais

Welsh: harnais

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman harneis, from Old Norse *hernest. See Old French hernois.


walwort

English: wallwort, walwort, walewort (dated)

From Old English wealhwyrt, equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + wort (“plant”).

Sambucus ebulus
Sambucus ebulus#Translingual

danewort (The plant Sambucus ebulus, often used for medicinal purposes)


dyamaunt

English: diamond

Scots: diamant

From Old French diamant, from Late Latin diamās, from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Doublet of adamant.


mousepese

English: mouse pea (Lathyrus pratensis)

Lathyrus linifolius
Wikispecies:Lathyrus linifolius

bitter vetch; heath pea (Lathyrus linifolius)


mousere

English: mouse-ear

Hieracium pilosella
Wikispecies:Hieracium pilosella


tothe

English: tooth

Scots: tuth, tuith


toþen

toþen (infinitive)
to toþen (infinitive)
toþe (infinitive)
toþe (first-person present singular)
toþed (first-person past singular)
toþest (present second-person singular)
toþedest (past second-person singular)
toþeth (present singular third-person)
toþed (past singular third-person)
toþe (present singular subjunctive)
toþed (past singular subjunctive)
toþe (imperative present singular)
toþen (plural present)
toþe (plural present)
toþeden (past plural)
toþede (past plural)
toþeth (imperative plural present)
toþe (imperative plural present)
toþynge (participle present)
toþende (participle present)
toþed (participle past)
ytoþed (participle past)

English: tooth


tethen

tethen (infinitive)
to tethen (infinitive)
tethe (infinitive)
tethe (first-person present singular)
tethed (first-person past singular)
tethest (present second-person singular)
tethedest (past second-person singular)
tetheth (present singular third-person)
tethed (past singular third-person)
tethe (present singular subjunctive)
tethed (past singular subjunctive)
tethe (imperative present singular)
tethen (plural present)
tethe (plural present)
tetheden (past plural)
tethede (past plural)
tetheth (imperative plural present)
tethe (imperative plural present)
tethynge (participle present)
tethende (participle present)
tethed (participle past)
ytethed (participle past)

English: teethe

Scots: teethe


garsavese

From gras and a descendant of Old English æfesen.

A charge for the renting of land for raising pigs on.


thombe

English: thumb

Scots: thoum

Yola: thoome, thoume

Inherited from Old English þūma, from Proto-West Germanic *þūmō, from Proto-Germanic *þūmô.
As shown by their early attestation, spellings with final -b- are not mere hypercorrect forms, but rather represent pronunciations with /b/; such pronunciations presumably originated in a plural *thomben (from Old English þūman). Such a plural form is also presumably the origin of variants with a short vowel.


coynage

English: coinage

Borrowed from Old French coignage; equivalent to coyn + -age.


coynour

English: coiner

Borrowed from Middle French coigneur; equivalent to coyn + -our.

(rare, Late Middle English) coiner, coin-maker


coynynge

English: coining, quoining

(rare) quoining (that which composes a quoin)

(rare) coinage (coining; the creation of money)


coynen

coynen (infinitive)
to coynen (infinitive)
coyne (infinitive)
coyne (first-person present singular)
coyned (first-person past singular)
coynest (present second-person singular)
coynedest (past second-person singular)
coyneth (present singular third-person)
coyned (past singular third-person)
coyne (present singular subjunctive)
coyned (past singular subjunctive)
coyne (imperative present singular)
coynen (plural present)
coyne (plural present)
coyneden (past plural)
coynede (past plural)
coyneth (imperative plural present)
coyne (imperative plural present)
coynynge (participle present)
coynende (participle present)
coyned (participle past)
ycoyned (participle past)

English: coin

Scots: cunzie, cuinyie (obsolete as a verb)

From Old French coignier; equivalent to coyn (“coin, quoin”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make or strike an impression on metal as to make money; to coin.

To manufacture coins; to create coinage.


queynte

head

queynte (comparative queynter, superlative queyntest)

queynter (comparative)
queyntest (superlative)

English: quaint

Scots: quent (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman cointe, from Latin cognitus.


plurelle

English: plural

Scots: plural

From Old French plurel, from Latin plūrālis.


plurelle

English: plural


byndynge

English: binding

Scots: bindin

(rare) Bookbinding; the making of a book's spine.

A tie, binding or knot; that which binds:


lesarde

English: lizard (← lizard)

Scots: lesart (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lusard, from Latin lacertus; some forms are remodelled on the Latin etymon.

A lizard used as an alchemical ingredient.

A reptile, especially a lizard.
A snakelike creature; a wyrm.

(rare, heraldry) A depiction of a lizard on a coat of arms.


depnesse

English: deepness

Scots: deepness

From Old English dēopnes; equivalent to depe + -nesse.

depth (the third dimension, after height and width)


depen

depen (infinitive)
to depen (infinitive)
depe (infinitive)
depe (first-person present singular)
deped (first-person past singular)
depest (present second-person singular)
depedest (past second-person singular)
depeth (present singular third-person)
deped (past singular third-person)
depe (present singular subjunctive)
deped (past singular subjunctive)
depe (imperative present singular)
depen (plural present)
depe (plural present)
depeden (past plural)
depede (past plural)
depeth (imperative plural present)
depe (imperative plural present)
depynge (participle present)
depende (participle present)
deped (participle past)
ydeped (participle past)

English: deep (obsolete)

Scots: depe

From the merger of Old English dēopian and dīepan, from Proto-West Germanic *deupōn and *daupijan, respectively. Equivalent to depe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To submerge or place in water or another liquid.

To submerge or place in water in order to colour an object; to tint.


nyfte

English: nift (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English nift, from Proto-West Germanic *nifti, from Proto-Germanic *niftiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)


quenchen

enm-verb

quenchen (third-person singular simple present quencheth, present participle quenchende, quenchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quenched)

quencheth (present singular third-person)
quenchende (participle present)
quenchynge (participle present)
quenched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
quenchen (infinitive)
to quenchen (infinitive)
quenche (infinitive)
quenche (first-person present singular)
quenched (first-person past singular)
quenchest (present second-person singular)
quenchedest (past second-person singular)
quencheth (present singular third-person)
quenched (past singular third-person)
quenche (present singular subjunctive)
quenched (past singular subjunctive)
quenche (imperative present singular)
quenchen (plural present)
quenche (plural present)
quencheden (past plural)
quenchede (past plural)
quencheth (imperative plural present)
quenche (imperative plural present)
quenchynge (participle present)
quenchende (participle present)
quenched (participle past)
yquenched (participle past)

English: quench

Scots: quench

Inherited from Old English cwenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwankijan, from Proto-Germanic *kwankijaną.

To spray or douse with water or another liquid.

(medicine) To modify mercury to make it usable in recipes.


enquest

English: inquest

Scots: inquest

From Old French enqueste and Medieval Latin inquesta; equivalent to en- + quest; ultimately from Latin inquīsita.

A jury trial; a session of court with jurors in attendance.

(rare) A review or inquest of land or titles to determine fees.

(rare, Late Middle English) A quest, mission, or search.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


vendage

desctree

English: vintage
→ French: vintage
→ Polish: vintage
→ Spanish: vintage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vendenge (with the suffix modified after -age), from Latin vī̆ndēmia. Forms with /t/ are due to the influence of vin(i)ter.

vintage (the seasonal crop of a vineyard)


rubarbe

English: rhubarb

Scots: rhubarub

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reubarbe, from Late Latin reubarbarum, probably from Koine Greek ῥῆον βάρβαρον (rhêon bárbaron).

der

ῥῆον βάρβαρον

A kind of plant belonging to the genus Rheum; rhubarb.


myle

English: mile

Scots: mile

From Old English mīl, from Proto-West Germanic *mīliju. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

mile (unit of measure composed of 8 furlongs)

The time it takes to walk a mile (reckoned at 20 minutes)


hiren

English: hern, her'n

From hire, with influence from min and þin.

Third-person singular feminine possessive pronoun: hers.


hiren

enm-verb

hiren (third-person singular simple present hireth, present participle hirende, hirynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hired)

hireth (present singular third-person)
hirende (participle present)
hirynge (participle present)
hired (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hiren (infinitive)
to hiren (infinitive)
hire (infinitive)
hire (first-person present singular)
hired (first-person past singular)
hirest (present second-person singular)
hiredest (past second-person singular)
hireth (present singular third-person)
hired (past singular third-person)
hire (present singular subjunctive)
hired (past singular subjunctive)
hire (imperative present singular)
hiren (plural present)
hire (plural present)
hireden (past plural)
hirede (past plural)
hireth (imperative plural present)
hire (imperative plural present)
hirynge (participle present)
hirende (participle present)
hired (participle past)
yhired (participle past)

English: hire

Scots: hire

From Old English hȳrian, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀijan; equivalent to hire (“wages”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


Mercurie

English: mercury, Mercury

Scots: marcury


venerien

Venerian

Either from Old French venerien or from Latin Venerius. The nominal use derives from the astrological understanding of Venus as the source of erotic influence.

(astronomy, astrology, sometimes capitalized, see Venerien) Pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Venus.


marcyan

(astronomy, astrology, sometimes capitalized) Pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Mars.


jubiter

From Latin Iuppiter. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

The boke...shewith howe that saturne may be turnyd into lune and jubiter into white sol..by the mene of a water that is 7 times sharper..than ever was any vineger.

1500, Singer, Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain in Ireland:

(rare, sometimes capitalised) A malleable, silvery metal; tin.


ikil

English: ickle, eckle


gramere

English: grammar

Scots: grammar; glamour

→ English: glamour, glamor (see there for further descendants)

From Old French gramaire, grammaire, from Latin grammatica. Doublet of gramarie.


gramarie

English: gramarye, grammary, gramary

→ Scots: gramarye, gramarie

Scots: glamourie (now literary)

desc

→ English: glamoury, glamourie (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gramarie, variant of gramaire, from Latin grammatica. Doublet of gramere.


gramere scole

English: grammar school

From gramere (“(Latin) grammar”) + scole (“school”).

af

grammar school (school that teaches Latin)


saturne

Borrowed from Old French Saturne, from Latin Sāturnus. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.
See Metals of antiquity.

And ȝe quenche mars in whiȝt wiyn or in comoun watir manye tymes, and aftirward in þe same wiyn or watir ȝe caste saturne liquified ofte tymes, þanne wiþoute doute ȝe schal fynde þat þe saturne is maad riȝt hard.

And ye quench iron in white wine or in common water many times, and afterward in the same wine or water ye cast liquefied lead oftentimes, then without doubt ye shall find that the lead is made right hard.

(rare) The heavy, bright bluish metal; lead.


saturnyne

English: saturnine

From Old French saturnin, from Latin Sāturnīnus.

(astronomy, astrology, sometimes capitalized) Pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Saturn.


saturnous

From Saturne + -ous, from Latin Sāturnus.

Beth they war of metes that encresith sede..& suche metis ben..stronge, swete wyne & saturnous; and good wyne þat is myghty & swete, bothe whit & rede.


warderobe

English: wardrobe

Scots: wardrop (obsolete)

From Old Northern French warderoube; equivalent to ward + robe.

A small room or other location where clothing is stored for use; a wardrobe.


in þe croke of þe mone

(astronomy) During the waxing crescent phase of the moon between the new moon and half moon.

(astronomy, less common) Whenever the moon is in a crescent shape, either waxing or waning.


bente mone

enm-noun

bente mone (plural bente mones or bente monen)

bente mones (plural)
bente monen (plural)

(astronomy) A crescent moon, either waxing or waning.


newe mone

newe mone (plural newe mones or newe monen)

English: new moon

(astronomy) The phase of the moon when in conjunction with the sun; the new moon.


ful mone

ful mone (plural ful mones or ful monen)

full moon

(astronomy) The phase of the moon when in opposition with the sun; the full moon.


in þe newe of þe mone

(astronomy) During the time when the moon is in conjunction with the sun; during the new moon.


at þe fulle of þe mone

(astronomy) During the time when the moon is in opposition with the sun; during the full moon.


olde mone

olde mone (plural olde mones or olde monen)

English: old moon

(astronomy) A moon in its final phase before new; a waning crescent moon.


yong mone

yong mone (plural yong mones or yong monen)

English: young moon

(astronomy) A moon in its first phase after new; a waxing crescent moon.


yong sonne

(astronomy) In the first quarter of the solar year, after the vernal equinox.


bylden

enm-verb

bylden (third-person singular simple present byldeth, present participle byldynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bylte, past participle bylt)

byldeth (present singular third-person)
byldynge (participle present)
bylte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bylt (participle past)
bylden (infinitive)
to bylden (infinitive)
bylde (infinitive)
bylde (first-person present singular)
bylte (first-person past singular)
bylde (first-person past singular)
bylded (first-person past singular)
byldest (present second-person singular)
byltest (past second-person singular)
byldest (past second-person singular)
byldedest (past second-person singular)
byldeth (present singular third-person)
bylte (past singular third-person)
bylde (past singular third-person)
bylded (past singular third-person)
bylde (present singular subjunctive)
bylte (past singular subjunctive)
bylde (past singular subjunctive)
bylded (past singular subjunctive)
bylde (imperative present singular)
bylden (plural present)
bylde (plural present)
bylten (past plural)
bylte (past plural)
bylden (past plural)
bylde (past plural)
byldeden (past plural)
byldede (past plural)
byldeth (imperative plural present)
bylde (imperative plural present)
byldynge (participle present)
byldende (participle present)
bylt (participle past)
byld (participle past)
bylded (participle past)
ybylt (participle past)
ybyld (participle past)
ybylded (participle past)

English: build

Inherited from Old English bytlan, from Proto-West Germanic *buþlijan, from Proto-Germanic *buþlijaną, from Proto-Germanic *buþlą, *bōþlą (“house, dwelling, farm”).

To furnish; to supply quarters with necessities.


mynystren

mynystren (third-person singular simple present mynystreth, present participle mynystrende, mynystrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mynystred)

mynystreth (present singular third-person)
mynystrende (participle present)
mynystrynge (participle present)
mynystred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mynystren (infinitive)
to mynystren (infinitive)
mynystre (infinitive)
mynystre (first-person present singular)
mynystred (first-person past singular)
mynystrest (present second-person singular)
mynystredest (past second-person singular)
mynystreth (present singular third-person)
mynystred (past singular third-person)
mynystre (present singular subjunctive)
mynystred (past singular subjunctive)
mynystre (imperative present singular)
mynystren (plural present)
mynystre (plural present)
mynystreden (past plural)
mynystrede (past plural)
mynystreth (imperative plural present)
mynystre (imperative plural present)
mynystrynge (participle present)
mynystrende (participle present)
mynystred (participle past)
ymynystred (participle past)

English: minister

Scots: minister (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French ministrer, from Old French ministrer, from Latin ministrō; equivalent to ministre + -en (infinitival suffix).

(Christianity or medicine) To administer (a sacrament or medicine)

To give (out); to deliver:
To administer (a sacrament or medicine)


ministracioun

English: ministration

Scots: ministration (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French ministration, from Old French ministracïon, from Latin ministrātio; equivalent to ministre + -acioun.

bor+

Administration (especially of medicine or sacraments)


mynystrynge

English: ministering

Scots: ministring (obsolete)

(medicine, rare) The administration of medicine.


bleden

bleden (infinitive)
to bleden (infinitive)
blede (infinitive)
blede (first-person present singular)
bledde (first-person past singular)
bledest (present second-person singular)
bleddest (past second-person singular)
bledeth (present singular third-person)
bledde (past singular third-person)
blede (present singular subjunctive)
bledde (past singular subjunctive)
blede (imperative present singular)
bleden (plural present)
blede (plural present)
bledden (past plural)
bledde (past plural)
bledeth (imperative plural present)
blede (imperative plural present)
bledynge (participle present)
bledende (participle present)
bled (participle past)
ybled (participle past)

English: bleed

Scots: blede, bleid

From Old English blēdan, from Proto-Germanic *blōþijaną.

To pass away (especially from blood loss caused by injury)


gyser

English: gizzard

Borrowed from Middle French gésier, guysier, from Old French gesier, from Latin gigēria.

(Late Middle English) A gizzard or liver; an organ for processing waste.


gyserne

English: gizzern

Scots: gizzern


wombe

English: womb

Geordie English: wyem

Scots: wame, wam

From Old English womb, wamb, from Proto-West Germanic *wambu, from Proto-Germanic *wambō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(figurative) One's diet, nutritional habits or lifestyle.

The stomach (portion of a body between the torso and the chest):

The womb or uterus; the location where a baby gestates.

The digestive organs or entrails of an organism.


wevynge

English: weaving

Scots: weavin

(anatomy, rare) An array of various interwoven threads.


spynner

English: spinner

A spinner; a person (normally a woman) who spins fibre as a job.


spynnere

English: spinner


spynnestere

English: spinster

Scots: spinster


spyne

English: spine

Borrowed from Old French espine and its ancestor Latin spīna, from Proto-Italic *speinā.

A spine (prickle or needle of an animal)


stif

head

stif (comparative stiffer, superlative stiffeste)

stiffer (comparative)
stiffeste (superlative)

English: stiff

Scots: stif, stiff, steif

Yola: stiff

From Old English stīf, from Proto-West Germanic *stīf. The variant with a short vowel is probably from the comparative.


stiffenes

English: stiffness


schuldre

enm-noun

schuldre (plural schuldres or schuldren)

English: shoulder

desc

Middle Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder

Scots: shouder, shooder, shouther, shoother, shidder

Yola: shuller

From Old English sċuldra, sċuldor, from Proto-West Germanic *skuldru.

The shoulder (as a joint or bodily region):

(figurative) One's strength or carrying capacity.

And ſotheli Sem and Jafeth puttiden a mentil on her ſchuldris, and thei ȝeden bacward, and hileden the ſchameful membris of her fadir, and her faces weren turned awei, and thei ſien not the priuy membris of her fadir.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 9:23”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Due to that, Shem and Japheth put a mantle on their shoulders, and they went backwards and covered their father's nether regions, so that they didn't see their father's privates.


schuldre bon

English: shoulder bone

The scapula or shoulder bone (bone behind the shoulder).


schuldre blad

English: shoulderblade

From schuldre (“shoulder”) + blad (“leaf, blade”).

af

(rare) The scapula or shoulder bone (bone behind the shoulder).


bladdre

English: bladder

Scots: bledder, blether

Yola: blautheer

From Old English blǣdre, blǣddre, blēdre, from Proto-West Germanic *blādrā, from Proto-Germanic *blēdrǭ.

Any other bladder or sac; often used in medicine.


cleyed

English: clayed

(Late Middle English, rare) Covered in clay for adhesion.


browe

English: brow

Geordie English: broo

Scots: broo

Inherited from Old English brū, from Proto-West Germanic *brūu, from Proto-Germanic *brūwō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

The eyebrow (line of hair above the eyes)


panetrie

English: pantry

Scots: pantry

A pantry; a storehouse or storage area, usually for comestibles


herne panne

English: harnpan, harn-pan

Scots: harn-pan


brayn

English: brain

Scots: brane, braine

Yola: bryne, brine, brian

From Old English bræġn, from Proto-West Germanic *bragn, from Proto-Germanic *bragną.

Brain matter; the substance the brain is made of.


brayn panne

English: brainpan, brain-pan

Scots: branepan (obsolete)

From Old English bræġenpanne; equivalent to brayn + panne.

The skull or brainpan, especially the upper portion.


kernellen

kernellen (infinitive)
to kernellen (infinitive)
kernelle (infinitive)
kernelle (first-person present singular)
kernelled (first-person past singular)
kernellest (present second-person singular)
kernelledest (past second-person singular)
kernelleth (present singular third-person)
kernelled (past singular third-person)
kernelle (present singular subjunctive)
kernelled (past singular subjunctive)
kernelle (imperative present singular)
kernellen (plural present)
kernelle (plural present)
kernelleden (past plural)
kernellede (past plural)
kernelleth (imperative plural present)
kernelle (imperative plural present)
kernellynge (participle present)
kernellende (participle present)
kernelled (participle past)
ykernelled (participle past)


kirnelly

English: kernelly

(rare) glandular, containing many glands or tumours.


greyn

English: grain

Scots: grain

Yola: gryne

Borrowed from Old French grain, from Latin grānum, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of corn.

Grain (die made with crushed insects, or a similar long-lasting dye)


greynen

greynen (infinitive)
to greynen (infinitive)
greyne (infinitive)
greyne (first-person present singular)
greyned (first-person past singular)
greynest (present second-person singular)
greynedest (past second-person singular)
greyneth (present singular third-person)
greyned (past singular third-person)
greyne (present singular subjunctive)
greyned (past singular subjunctive)
greyne (imperative present singular)
greynen (plural present)
greyne (plural present)
greyneden (past plural)
greynede (past plural)
greyneth (imperative plural present)
greyne (imperative plural present)
greynynge (participle present)
greynende (participle present)
greyned (participle past)
ygreyned (participle past)

English: grain


swellynge

English: swelling

Scots: swallin

(medicine) A swelling or growth of a body part or injury.

(medicine) An unnatural excrescence or projection.


swelle

English: swell

(rare, medicine) A swelling or bloating.


delvere

English: delver

Scots: delver

From Old English delfere; equivalent to delven + -er.


delvynge

English: delving

Scots: delving, dellin

Yola: delleen, dellen

Inherited from Old English delfung; equivalent to delven + -ing.


serchen

serchen (infinitive)
to serchen (infinitive)
serche (infinitive)
serche (first-person present singular)
serched (first-person past singular)
serchest (present second-person singular)
serchedest (past second-person singular)
sercheth (present singular third-person)
serched (past singular third-person)
serche (present singular subjunctive)
serched (past singular subjunctive)
serche (imperative present singular)
serchen (plural present)
serche (plural present)
sercheden (past plural)
serchede (past plural)
sercheth (imperative plural present)
serche (imperative plural present)
serchynge (participle present)
serchende (participle present)
serched (participle past)
yserched (participle past)

English: search

Scots: sairch

/ˈsɛːrt͡ʃən/

/ˈsɛːrd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman sercher, from Latin circō; equivalent to serche + -en (infinitival suffix).

To comb through (in order to find or investigate something).

To search, to try to find; to scour:
To scout out or investigate.

(rare) To take or perform measurements or readings.


serchour

English: searcher

Scots: saircher

/ˈsɛːrt͡ʃər/

Borrowed from Old French cercheor; equivalent to serchen + -our.

A searcher; an investigator or scrutiniser.

One who performs checkups or quality control:

A person employed by a guild to ensure adherence to guild guidelines.

A person who levies duties and examines the quality of trade goods.

(rare) An investigator of watches or postings.

A medical implement used to extract or examine.


serche

English: search

Scots: sairch

Yola: surchte

Borrowed from Old French cerche (“search”), from cerchier (“to search”); compare serchen.

bor+

The privilege to investigate crime (usually violations of guild code)

A supervisor of a convent (monastery for women).

(rare, Late Middle English) An inspection or inquest of goods or products.


weif

English: waif

Scots: waith, waff

From Anglo-Norman waif, from Old Norse veif (“flag”).

The privilege of being able to take in such goods.


blowynge

English: blowing

Scots: blawin

Yola: blayeen, blauyeen

Inherited from Old English blāwung; equivalent to blowen (“to blow”) + -ing.

Breathing, respiration (the movement of air in and out of the mouth).

(rare, medicine) Inflammation or swelling of a body part.


juel

English: jewel

Scots: jewel

From Anglo-Norman juel; akin to Old French jouel, of disputed origin.

Something of great monetary worth or value, especially when made of gems:

(Late Middle English) A jewel or gem; a precious stone.


jewell hous

A location where the English royal valuables were stored.


ympen

enm-verb

ympen (third-person singular simple present ympeth, present participle ympende, ympynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ymped)

ympeth (present singular third-person)
ympende (participle present)
ympynge (participle present)
ymped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
ympen (infinitive)
to ympen (infinitive)
ympe (infinitive)
ympe (first-person present singular)
ymped (first-person past singular)
ympest (present second-person singular)
ympedest (past second-person singular)
ympeth (present singular third-person)
ymped (past singular third-person)
ympe (present singular subjunctive)
ymped (past singular subjunctive)
ympe (imperative present singular)
ympen (plural present)
ympe (plural present)
ympeden (past plural)
ympede (past plural)
ympeth (imperative plural present)
ympe (imperative plural present)
ympynge (participle present)
ympende (participle present)
ymped (participle past)
yymped (participle past)

English: imp

Scots: imp

Inherited from Old English impian, from Proto-West Germanic *impōn; equivalent to ympe + -en (“infinitival suffix”, infinitival suffix).

af

To transplant (attach a cutting to stock)


byldere

English: builder

→ Macedonian: билдер (bilder)

→ Serbo-Croatian:

Latin script: bilder

Cyrillic script: би̏лдер

From bylden + -er. Compare Old English bylda, bytla.


byldynge

English: building

→ French: building

By surface analysis, bylden + -ing; either formed anew or a continuation of Old English bytling.

The construction or design of a building.

(rare) Self-improvement or self-realisation.


bathynge

English: bathing

(Late Middle English) The process of bathing, especially for medicinal purposes.


capston

English: capstone


skynner

English: skinner

Scots: skinner

From skyn + -er; compare to Old Norse skinnari.


skynnery

English: skinnery


skynnen

enm-verb

skynnen (third-person singular simple present skynneth, present participle skynnende, skynnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle skynned)

skynneth (present singular third-person)
skynnende (participle present)
skynnynge (participle present)
skynned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
skynnen (infinitive)
to skynnen (infinitive)
skynne (infinitive)
skynne (first-person present singular)
skynned (first-person past singular)
skynnest (present second-person singular)
skynnedest (past second-person singular)
skynneth (present singular third-person)
skynned (past singular third-person)
skynne (present singular subjunctive)
skynned (past singular subjunctive)
skynne (imperative present singular)
skynnen (plural present)
skynne (plural present)
skynneden (past plural)
skynnede (past plural)
skynneth (imperative plural present)
skynne (imperative plural present)
skynnynge (participle present)
skynnende (participle present)
skynned (participle past)
yskynned (participle past)

English: skin

Scots: skin

From skyn + -en (infinitival suffix); compare to Old Norse skinna.

(rare) To remove the skin; to perform a circumcision.


rofen

rofen (infinitive)
to rofen (infinitive)
rofe (infinitive)
rofe (first-person present singular)
rofed (first-person past singular)
rofest (present second-person singular)
rofedest (past second-person singular)
rofeth (present singular third-person)
rofed (past singular third-person)
rofe (present singular subjunctive)
rofed (past singular subjunctive)
rofe (imperative present singular)
rofen (plural present)
rofe (plural present)
rofeden (past plural)
rofede (past plural)
rofeth (imperative plural present)
rofe (imperative plural present)
rofynge (participle present)
rofende (participle present)
rofed (participle past)
yrofed (participle past)

English: roof

Scots: ruif


paleys

English: palace

Scots: pallace

From Old French palais, paleis, from Latin palātium, from Palātium (“Palatine Hill”).

A palace; an official ornate dwelling of a high official.


tuskyd

English: tusked

Scots: tuskit (obsolete)


tusshe

English: tush

From Old English tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusk.


gunnepoudre

English: gunpowder

Scots: gunpoother


asshe

English: ash

Scots: aish, esh

From Old English æsc, from Proto-West Germanic *ask, from Proto-Germanic *askaz.


segynge

English: sieging


heggynge

English: hedging

Scots: hedgin

The construction of a hedge or fortification.

(rare) A hedge or fence that looks like a hedge.


spicerie

English: spicery

Scots: spicerie

From Old French espicerie; equivalent to spicer + -ie or spice + -erie.

A spice or spices; ground substances used as flavouring:

Spices used for their scents, aromas, or smells.

Spices used for their (purported) medical effects.

Spices used for the embalmment dead bodies.

A branch of a wealthy estate ensuring the provision or victualling of food.


ȝerde

English: yard, yerd

Scots: yaird, yeard, yird

Inherited from Old English ġerd, from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀdi, from Proto-Germanic *gazdijō. related to Polish żerdź from Proto-Slavic *žьrdь ("perch, pole, ricker").

A bar or rod; a long, skinny piece of material:

A bar used to stop a joint from moving; a splint.

One's penis or phallus; the main sexual organ of a male.

A yard (unit of length consisting of three feet, often used for fabric)


sugre

English: sugar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: succar

Borrowed from Middle French sucre, from Old French çucre, from Old Italian zuccaro, from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar), from Persian شکر, from Middle Persian škl (šakar), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā).

sugar (crystallised sucrose used as a sweetener)


naperie

English: napery

Scots: napery

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman naperie; equivalent to nape + -erie.

A storage room containing fabrics or textiles.


scherer

English: shearer

Scots: shearer

/ˈʃɛːrər(ə)/

(rare) A harvester; a person who reaps crops.


scherynge

English: shearing

Scots: shearin

Sheep-shearing; the trimming of sheep's wool.


schaver

English: shaver

(rare, Late Middle English) A haircutter; one who cuts peoples' hair.


schavynge

English: shaving

Scratching, filing, razoring, abrasion; the process of removing material


mongere

English: monger

(rare outside of compounds) A retailer; a merchant.


hacche

English: hatch, heck

Scots: hatch, heck, haik

From Old English hæċ, hæc, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkju, variant of *haggju; see more at hegge. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

The bottom section of a Dutch door; a half door.


hacchen

hacchen (infinitive)
to hacchen (infinitive)
hacche (infinitive)
hacche (first-person present singular)
hacched (first-person past singular)
haughte (first-person past singular)
hacchest (present second-person singular)
hacchedest (past second-person singular)
haughtest (past second-person singular)
haccheth (present singular third-person)
hacched (past singular third-person)
haughte (past singular third-person)
hacche (present singular subjunctive)
hacched (past singular subjunctive)
haughte (past singular subjunctive)
hacche (imperative present singular)
hacchen (plural present)
hacche (plural present)
haccheden (past plural)
hacchede (past plural)
haughten (past plural)
haughte (past plural)
haccheth (imperative plural present)
hacche (imperative plural present)
hacchynge (participle present)
hacchende (participle present)
hacched (participle past)
haught (participle past)
yhacched (participle past)
yhaught (participle past)

English: hatch

From Old English hæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *hakjaną.


hospitalite

English: hospitality

Middle Scots: hospitalitie

Borrowed from Old French hospitalité, from Latin hospitālitās; by surface analysis, hospital + -ite.


exaccion

English: exaction

Scots: exaction (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French exaction, ultimately from Latin exāctiōnem, accusative form of exāctiō; equivalent to ex- + accion.

(Late Middle English) An instance of taxation; a charge.


hospiteler

English: hospitaller, hospitaler

Borrowed from Middle French hospitalier; equivalent to hospital + -er. Some forms have the vowel of Medieval Latin hospitulārius.


hostiler

English: hostler, ostler

⇒? English: hosteler, hosteller

Scots: ostler

Borrowed from Middle French hostiler, from Old French hostelier, from Medieval Latin hostilārius, hospitālārius, from hospitāle. Equivalent to hostel + -er.

(Late Middle English) A hostler; one who deals with horses.


hostelen

hostelen (third-person singular simple present hosteleth, present participle hostelende, hostelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hosteled)

hosteleth (present singular third-person)
hostelende (participle present)
hostelynge (participle present)
hosteled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hostelen (infinitive)
to hostelen (infinitive)
hostele (first-person present singular)
hosteled (first-person past singular)
hostelest (present second-person singular)
hosteledest (past second-person singular)
hosteleth (present singular third-person)
hosteled (past singular third-person)
hostele (present singular subjunctive)
hosteled (past singular subjunctive)
hostele (imperative present singular)
hostelen (plural present)
hostele (plural present)
hosteleden (past plural)
hostelede (past plural)
hosteleth (imperative plural present)
hostele (imperative plural present)
hostelynge (participle present)
hostelende (participle present)
hosteled (participle past)
yhosteled (participle past)

From Old French hosteler, osteler; equivalent to hostel + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To provide or use accommodation; to lodge.


journe

English: journey

Scots: jurney

Borrowed from Old French jornee, from Vulgar Latin *diurnāta.

An endeavour or enterprise; an attempt at something:

(figurative) Mortality; the final event of one's life.

The happenings or accomplishments of a day:

A day of fighting, tilting, or jousting.

The amount of work set or completed in a day.

A unit of distance equalling a the distance covered in a day of travel (around 20 miles)

(rare) The fruits or results of a day or its work.


jorneman

English: journeyman


journeyinge

English: journeying


hevynesse

English: heaviness

From Old English hefiġnes; equivalent to (and influenced by) hevy + -nesse.


mountuous

English: montuous

Borrowed from Latin montuōsus, equivalent to mount + -ous.


resyn

English: resin

Borrowed from Old French résine, from Latin resīna.


reysynge

English: raising

Scots: raisin


reysen

reysen (third-person singular simple present reyseth, present participle reysende, reysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reysed)

reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysende (participle present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
reysen (infinitive)
to reysen (infinitive)
reyse (infinitive)
reyse (first-person present singular)
reysed (first-person past singular)
reysest (present second-person singular)
reysedest (past second-person singular)
reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysed (past singular third-person)
reyse (present singular subjunctive)
reysed (past singular subjunctive)
reyse (imperative present singular)
reysen (plural present)
reyse (plural present)
reyseden (past plural)
reysede (past plural)
reyseth (imperative plural present)
reyse (imperative plural present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysende (participle present)
reysed (participle past)
yreysed (participle past)

English: raise

Scots: rais, rase, raise

Borrowed from Old Norse reisa, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reren.

and iheſus reiſide him ſelf .· ⁊ ſeide to hir / womman where ben þei þat accuſiden þee .·? no man haþ dampned þee .·?

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 8:10, page 49r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And Jesus raised himself, and said to her: "Woman, where are those who ostracised you? Has nobody ostracised you?"

To raise; to hold up or suspend upwards:

To cause to stand up; to induce to rise.

(Late Middle English) To extract or pull out; to cause something to exit.

To create or ready something:
To start or cause; to endow or grant.

To create or ready something:
To summon a occult or demonic force.

foꝛ as þe fadir reiſiþ deed men ⁊ quykeneþ .· ſo þe ſone quykeneþ whom he wole

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 5:21, page 47r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Just like the father raises the dead and revives them, the son revives who he wants.

To resurrect; to cause to come back from the dead.


reren

reren (infinitive)
to reren (infinitive)
rere (infinitive)
rere (first-person present singular)
rered (first-person past singular)
rerest (present second-person singular)
reredest (past second-person singular)
rereth (present singular third-person)
rered (past singular third-person)
rere (present singular subjunctive)
rered (past singular subjunctive)
rere (imperative present singular)
reren (plural present)
rere (plural present)
rereden (past plural)
rerede (past plural)
rereth (imperative plural present)
rere (imperative plural present)
rerynge (participle present)
rerende (participle present)
rered (participle past)
yrered (participle past)

English: rear

Scots: rere, reir

From Old English rǣran, from Proto-West Germanic *raiʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reysen.

To construct or make; to cause the construction of something:

To ready or prepare; to activate or equip for use.

To collect money, taxes or fines; to enforce taxation.


reren

English: rear

From Old English hrēran, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōzijaną.


rerynge

English: rearing

(rare) The action of pulling or causing to rise upwards.

(rare) Breeding; raising of beast or fowl.

(rare) Jumping; upwards moving or movement.

(rare, Late Middle English) Raising of armies, bands or troops.


mayn

English: main

Scots: mayne, mayn, main, mane

Inherited from Old English mæġen, from Proto-West Germanic *magin, from Proto-Germanic *maginą; compare Proto-Germanic *maganą (Middle English mowen).

Military ability; power in combat or war.

Mental capability; mindpower or willpower.


mayn

English: main

Scots: main, mane

Yola: mhyne (adv)

From Old English mæġen and Old Norse megn, megenn (“strong, main”).

Extraordinarily large; gigantic or humongous.


monfulnesse

English: manfulness

(Late Middle English, rare) manfulness, male virtue


toppyng

English: topping

Scots: tappin

(rare, Late Middle English) A attachment for the top of a candle.


botme

desctree

English: bottom, botton (dialectal)
→ Dutch: bottom
→ French: bottom

desc

Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome

Yola: bothom

From Old English botm, bodan, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

The lowest section of something; the bottom, especially of water:

The bottom portion of a ship's hull, or the line of wood running along it.


tayl

English: tail

Scots: tail, tale

Yola: tyel, taal

From Old English tæġl, from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, form Proto-Germanic *taglą, *taglaz.

A line, row or array:
(botany) A shoot or branch.

A line, row or array:
A shoot or branch.

(euphemistic) One's genitalia or nether regions.


taylende

English: tail end, tail-end, tailend


frount

English: front (see there for further descendants)

Scots: front

Borrowed from Old French front, from Latin frons.

The front; the forward side of something:

The front of the head; the face or forehead.


frounter

English: frontier

Scots: fronter (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fronter, ultimately from Latin frōns.


endeles

English: endless

Scots: endless

From Old English endelēas, from Proto-Germanic *andijalausaz; equivalent to ende + -les.

Unending in quantity; nonfinite, innumerable.


endelesly

English: endlessly

From Old English endelēaslīce; equivalent to endeles + -ly.

For an infinite time; endlessly, timelessly, lasting without end.


endyng

English: ending

Scots: endin

Yola: endeen

From Old English endung, ġeendung; equivalent to ende + -ing.

An ending, termination, or conclusion.
The end of one's life; death or dying.

(Christianity) The end of the current world; the biblical Apocalypse.

An ending, termination, or conclusion.
A grammatical ending; a suffix.

Accomplishment or successful completing of a duty or action.


dokkyn

dokkyn (infinitive)
to dokkyn (infinitive)
dokke (infinitive)
dokke (first-person present singular)
dokked (first-person past singular)
dokkest (present second-person singular)
dokkedest (past second-person singular)
dokketh (present singular third-person)
dokked (past singular third-person)
dokke (present singular subjunctive)
dokked (past singular subjunctive)
dokke (imperative present singular)
dokken (plural present)
dokke (plural present)
dokkeden (past plural)
dokkede (past plural)
dokketh (imperative plural present)
dokke (imperative plural present)
dokkynge (participle present)
dokkende (participle present)
dokked (participle past)
ydokked (participle past)

English: dock

Scots: dock

(rare, Late Middle English) To lessen one's rights or capabilities.


dotacion

English: dotation

(Late Middle English) dotation, endowing


dewyn

dewyn (infinitive)
to dewyn (infinitive)
dewe (infinitive)
dewe (first-person present singular)
dewed (first-person past singular)
dewest (present second-person singular)
dewedest (past second-person singular)
deweth (present singular third-person)
dewed (past singular third-person)
dewe (present singular subjunctive)
dewed (past singular subjunctive)
dewe (imperative present singular)
dewen (plural present)
dewe (plural present)
deweden (past plural)
dewede (past plural)
deweth (imperative plural present)
dewe (imperative plural present)
dewynge (participle present)
dewende (participle present)
dewed (participle past)
ydewed (participle past)

English: dew

From Old English *dēawian, from Proto-West Germanic *dauwēn. By surface analysis, dew + -en (infinitival suffix).


norischen

norischen (infinitive)
to norischen (infinitive)
norische (infinitive)
norische (first-person present singular)
norisched (first-person past singular)
norischest (present second-person singular)
norischedest (past second-person singular)
norischeth (present singular third-person)
norisched (past singular third-person)
norische (present singular subjunctive)
norisched (past singular subjunctive)
norische (imperative present singular)
norischen (plural present)
norische (plural present)
norischeden (past plural)
norischede (past plural)
norischeth (imperative plural present)
norische (imperative plural present)
norischynge (participle present)
norischende (participle present)
norisched (participle past)
ynorisched (participle past)

English: nourish

Scots: nourish

From Old French nouriss-, stem of norrir, from Latin nūtriō.

To nourish; to provide with food or nourishment.

To breastfeed; to provide with breastmilk.

To give birth; to reproduce or create offspring.

(physiology) To supply bodily organs with vital substances.


norisshyng

Child-raising; the education and preparation of young for the world (usually referring to humans)

(rare) Reproduction; giving birth or producing offspring.

(rare) The consumption of nourishment or other living requirements.

(rare) Luxuries, indulgences; goods that are not necessary.


chymeney

English: chimney

Scots: chimley, chimlie

Yola: gimlie

→ Welsh: simnai

Borrowed from Old French chimenee~cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta. Forms starting with k- are from Old Northern French; forms ending in -th are from early Old French *cheminethe.

bor+

A device for heating; a stove or furnace.


nayl

English: nail

Scots: nail, nale

Yola: niel

(figurative) A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

A nail (metal fastening pin):
A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

(rare) An ocular malady present in humans and animals.


fynger

English: finger
Sranan Tongo: finga

Scots: finger

Yola: vinger

Inherited from Old English finger, from Proto-West Germanic *fingr, from Proto-Germanic *fingraz, from Proto-Indo-European *penkʷrós.

A finger (mobile extensions of the hand):

The fingers as a representation of divine craftsmanship.

A digit or finger (unit of length around as long or wide as a finger).

Blessid be my Lord God, that techith myn hondis to werre and my fyngris to batel.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 143:1”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Blessed be my Lord God, who teaches my hands to war and my fingers to battle.

And with hir fynger signes made she / That Damyan sholde clymbe upon a tree

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Merchant's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2209–2210:

And with her finger she made signs / That Damian should climb onto a tree


mygge

From Old English micga, micge; related to miȝen (“to produce urine”).


miȝen

miȝen (infinitive)
to miȝen (infinitive)
miȝe (infinitive)
miȝe (first-person present singular)
mæh (first-person past singular)
meh (first-person past singular)
myhst (present second-person singular)
miȝe (past second-person singular)
mæh (past second-person singular)
meh (past second-person singular)
myhþ (present singular third-person)
mæh (past singular third-person)
meh (past singular third-person)
miȝe (present singular subjunctive)
miȝe (past singular subjunctive)
miȝe (imperative present singular)
miȝen (plural present)
miȝe (plural present)
miȝen (past plural)
miȝe (past plural)
miȝeþ (imperative plural present)
miȝe (imperative plural present)
miȝende (participle present)
miȝen (participle past)
ȝemiȝen (participle past)
imiȝen (participle past)

(Early Middle English) To produce urine; to urinate.


pissere

English: pisser


pyssynge

English: pissing

Scots: pishin


potell

English: pottle

Scots: pottle

Borrowed from Old French potel; equivalent to pot + -el (diminutive suffix).

A pottle (a unit of volume equalling a half-gallon)


potacion

English: potation

Borrowed from Old French potacion, from Latin pōtātiō.

A beverage or drink, especially one with restorative properties.


pocioun

English: potion

Scots: potion

Borrowed from Old French pocion, borrowed itself from Latin pōtiō; doublet of pocioun, which Old French inherited from the same Latin source.

A liquid medicine or remedy; a medicinal solution.

(rare) A drink; liquid used to hydrate or refresh.


lether

desctree

English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Scots: lether, ledder, leither

Yola: luther (verb)

Inherited from Old English leþer, from Proto-West Germanic *leþr, from Proto-Germanic *leþrą, from Proto-Indo-European *letróm.

(rare, Late Middle English) An ocular tumor.


merveilous

English: marvellous

Scots: mervellous

Borrowed from Old French merveillus, merveillos; equivalent to merveil + -ous.

Miraculous or occult; involving paranormal or divine forces.


visioun

English: vision

Scots: veesion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman visioun, from Latin vīsiōnem, accusative singular of vīsiō.

A vision; an illusory image, apparition or mirage.


divisioun

English: division

Scots: diveesion

Borrowed from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiōnem, accusative of dīvīsiō.

Division; the act of dividing or splitting:

(rare, mathematics) The mathematical operation of division.

That which is divided; the result of a split:

(rare) A portion or division; a demarcated part.

(rare) A border; a division between territories.

Description or delineation; the act of determining.

(rare) Inconsistency, unharmony; that which contradicts or grates.


prophetesse

English: prophetess

Borrowed from Old French prophetesse, from Latin prophētissa; equivalent to prophete + -esse.

A female prophet; one who expounds upon a divine message or a purported one.

(rare) A female foreteller; a woman who divines or previews.


fumerelle

→ English: femerell, fumerell (historical)

A femerell; a vent for smoke to escape out of.


fumosite

English: fumosity (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fumosité, from Latin fūmōsitās (which some forms are directly from); equivalent to fumous + -ite.

(physiology) Bodily fumes that purportedly cause an ailment or mood.


sliden

sliden (infinitive)
to sliden (infinitive)
slide (infinitive)
slide (first-person present singular)
slod (first-person past singular)
slidest (present second-person singular)
slide (past second-person singular)
slode (past second-person singular)
slod (past second-person singular)
slideth (present singular third-person)
slit (present singular third-person)
slod (past singular third-person)
slide (present singular subjunctive)
slide (past singular subjunctive)
slode (past singular subjunctive)
slide (imperative present singular)
sliden (plural present)
slide (plural present)
sliden (past plural)
slide (past plural)
sloden (past plural)
slode (past plural)
slideth (imperative plural present)
slide (imperative plural present)
slidynge (participle present)
slidende (participle present)
sliden (participle past)
slide (participle past)
ysliden (participle past)
yslide (participle past)

English: slide

→ Japanese: スライド (suraido)

Scots: slide

From Old English slīdan. Cognates include Middle Dutch slīden, Middle Low German slīden, Middle High German slīten, and Sanskrit स्रेधति (sredhati).

To move, especially in an inconspicuous or noiseless way:

To leak or secrete; to move as a liquid.


slidery

English: slithery, sliddery

Scots: sliddery, sliddry


theen

theen (infinitive)
to theen (infinitive)
thee (infinitive)
thee (first-person present singular)
thew (first-person past singular)
theest (present second-person singular)
thowe (past second-person singular)
thew (past second-person singular)
theeth (present singular third-person)
thew (past singular third-person)
thee (present singular subjunctive)
thowe (past singular subjunctive)
thee (imperative present singular)
theen (plural present)
thee (plural present)
thowen (past plural)
thowe (past plural)
theeth (imperative plural present)
thee (imperative plural present)
theynge (participle present)
theende (participle present)
thowen (participle past)
thowe (participle past)

English: thee (obsolete or dialectal)

Scots: thee, the

From Old English þēon (strong class 1), from Proto-Germanic *þinhaną (strong class 3); a cognate of Middle Dutch diën. In later Old English, þēon changed to strong class 2 on the model of tēon, meaning the past participle became þogen; in Middle English, the -g- vocalised to -w-, resulting in a form thowen. Past singular forms in -w- were then analogically created on the basis of this past participle (see the inflection table below).

To thrive, prosper, flourish, experience success, wealth, or prosperity.

So mote i theen, thow art a proper man,
 [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxix, verso:

As sure as i hope to prosper (By Jove! / Marry! / Truly, / ...), you are a proper fellow,
 …


aqua vite

desc

> English: aqua vitae, aqua vitæ (inherited)

A kind of brandy (often flavoured with spices).


whelpen

whelpen (infinitive)
to whelpen (infinitive)
whelpe (infinitive)
whelpe (first-person present singular)
whelped (first-person past singular)
whelpest (present second-person singular)
whelpedest (past second-person singular)
whelpeth (present singular third-person)
whelped (past singular third-person)
whelpe (present singular subjunctive)
whelped (past singular subjunctive)
whelpe (imperative present singular)
whelpen (plural present)
whelpe (plural present)
whelpeden (past plural)
whelpede (past plural)
whelpeth (imperative plural present)
whelpe (imperative plural present)
whelpynge (participle present)
whelpende (participle present)
whelped (participle past)
ywhelped (participle past)

English: whelp

From Old English hwelpian; equivalent to whelp + -en (infinitival suffix).

(referring to animals) To give birth; to bear a litter or whelp.


crudden

crudden (infinitive)
to crudden (infinitive)
crudde (infinitive)
crudde (first-person present singular)
crudded (first-person past singular)
cruddest (present second-person singular)
cruddedest (past second-person singular)
cruddeth (present singular third-person)
crudded (past singular third-person)
crudde (present singular subjunctive)
crudded (past singular subjunctive)
crudde (imperative present singular)
crudden (plural present)
crudde (plural present)
cruddeden (past plural)
cruddede (past plural)
cruddeth (imperative plural present)
crudde (imperative plural present)
cruddynge (participle present)
cruddende (participle present)
crudded (participle past)
ycrudded (participle past)

English: curd

Scots: crud

To mould or form; to make into a defined shape.


sethen

sethen (infinitive)
to sethen (infinitive)
sethe (infinitive)
sethe (first-person present singular)
seth (first-person past singular)
soth (first-person past singular)
sethest (present second-person singular)
sothe (past second-person singular)
sode (past second-person singular)
seth (past second-person singular)
soth (past second-person singular)
setheth (present singular third-person)
seth (present singular third-person)
seth (past singular third-person)
soth (past singular third-person)
sethe (present singular subjunctive)
sothe (past singular subjunctive)
sode (past singular subjunctive)
sethe (imperative present singular)
sethen (plural present)
sethe (plural present)
sothen (past plural)
sothe (past plural)
soden (past plural)
sode (past plural)
setheth (imperative plural present)
sethe (imperative plural present)
sethynge (participle present)
sethende (participle present)
soden (participle past)
sode (participle past)
ysoden (participle past)
ysode (participle past)

English: seethe (sodden is from the former past participle)

Scots: seth, seith, seethe (sodden is from the former past participle)

From Old English sēoþan, from Proto-Germanic *seuþaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sēden, Middle Dutch sieden, Middle High German sieden, and Old Swedish siūþa.

To break down or process one's consumed food using stomach acid; to digest.


sethyng

English: seething

Scots: seethin


oyle

English: oil

Scots: ile, uilie, ulie

From Anglo-Norman olie and Old French oile, from Latin oleum, from Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion). Compare olyve.

(alchemy) An alchemical essence or extract.


assethen

assethen (infinitive)
to assethen (infinitive)
assethe (infinitive)
assethe (first-person present singular)
assethed (first-person past singular)
assethest (present second-person singular)
assethedest (past second-person singular)
assetheth (present singular third-person)
assethed (past singular third-person)
assethe (present singular subjunctive)
assethed (past singular subjunctive)
assethe (imperative present singular)
assethen (plural present)
assethe (plural present)
assetheden (past plural)
assethede (past plural)
assetheth (imperative plural present)
assethe (imperative plural present)
assethynge (participle present)
assethende (participle present)
assethed (participle past)
yassethed (participle past)

Scots: assythe (obsolete)


chevese

Inherited from Old English ċiefes, ċiefese, from Proto-West Germanic *kabisi, from Proto-Germanic *kabisjō.


charmynge

English: charming

Scots: chairmin


bocherie

English: butchery

Borrowed from Old French boucherie; by surface analysis, bocher + -ie.

(rare) As a whole, butchers or their craft.


rebellyng

English: rebelling

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey authorities or rules (divine or earyhly)

(rare) An uprising or revolt against authorities

(rare, Late Middle English) Aches in one's digestive system.


gredy

English: greedy
Sranan Tongo: gridi

Scots: gredy, gredie

Inherited from Anglian Old English grēdiġ (West Saxon grǣdiġ), from Proto-West Germanic *grādag, from Proto-Germanic *grēdagaz.

inh+

Envious, greedy; lusting after wealth or lucre; displaying avarice or greed.


gredyly

English: greedily

Scots: greedily

From Old English grǣdiglīce, grǣdelīce; equivalent to gredy + -ly.

Voraciously, insatiably, with a tendency to overeat or excessively eat (used of people and beasts)

Enviously, greedily; in a way that displays avarice or greed.

Overexcitedly or impulsively; in an excessively eager or willing way.


gredynesse

English: greediness

From Old English grǣdiġnes; equivalent to gredy + -nesse.

enviousness, greediness, avarice; the state of lusting after wealth or lucre


erable

English: earable

From eren (“to plough”) + -able (“-able”), apparently on the model of arable.


growte

English: grout

Scots: grute, gruit

Inherited from Old English grūt, from Proto-Germanic *grūtą, *grutą.


counte

English: count, compt

Scots: coont, count

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conte, counte, from Latin computus; reinforced through aphesis of acounte.


counte

English: county

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman counté, from Latin comitātus; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -te.

A traditional county or shire of England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.


threschen

threschen (infinitive)
to threschen (infinitive)
thresche (infinitive)
thresche (first-person present singular)
thrasch (first-person past singular)
thresched (first-person past singular)
threschest (present second-person singular)
throsche (past second-person singular)
thrasch (past second-person singular)
threschedest (past second-person singular)
threscheth (present singular third-person)
thrasch (past singular third-person)
thresched (past singular third-person)
thresche (present singular subjunctive)
throsche (past singular subjunctive)
thresched (past singular subjunctive)
thresche (imperative present singular)
threschen (plural present)
thresche (plural present)
throschen (past plural)
throsche (past plural)
threscheden (past plural)
threschede (past plural)
threscheth (imperative plural present)
thresche (imperative plural present)
threschynge (participle present)
threschende (participle present)
throschen (participle past)
throsche (participle past)
thresched (participle past)
ythroschen (participle past)
ythrosche (participle past)

English: thresh, thrash

Scots: thresch, thrash

Inherited from Old English þrescan, þrexan, from Proto-West Germanic *þreskan, from Proto-Germanic *þreskaną.


thresshere

English: thresher, thrasher

Yola: dhresheare

/ˈθrɛʃər(ə)/

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *terh₁-der.?
Proto-Germanic *þreskaną
Old English þrescan
Middle English threschen
Latin -ariusbor.
Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz
Proto-West Germanic *-ārī
Old English -ere
Middle English -er
Middle English thresshere
From threschen + -er.


threschwolde

English: threshold

Scots: thrashel

/ˈθrɛʃwɔːld/

/ˈθrɛʃfɔːld/

From Old English þresċold, þerxold, þrexwold, from Proto-Germanic *þreskwaþluz; the first element is akin to threschen, but the second is of disputed origin, and was identified with several different words in Middle English.

An entryway; the part of a structure where one enters.


bridegome

English: bridegroom

Scots: bridegreem

Yola: breedegroom

Inherited from Old English brȳdguma, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdigumō, from Proto-Germanic *brūdigumô; equivalent to bride + gome (“man”).

A (bride)groom; a man recently married or to be married.

(theology) God as Christendom's partner.


gumme

English: gum

Scots: gum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gume, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin gummi, cummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy, qmyt.

A gum or resin; a sticky syrup from a plant, used as scent and in pharmaceuticals.


gummen

gummen (infinitive)
to gummen (infinitive)
gumme (infinitive)
gumme (first-person present singular)
gummed (first-person past singular)
gummest (present second-person singular)
gummedest (past second-person singular)
gummeth (present singular third-person)
gummed (past singular third-person)
gumme (present singular subjunctive)
gummed (past singular subjunctive)
gumme (imperative present singular)
gummen (plural present)
gumme (plural present)
gummeden (past plural)
gummede (past plural)
gummeth (imperative plural present)
gumme (imperative plural present)
gummynge (participle present)
gummende (participle present)
gummed (participle past)
ygummed (participle past)

English: gum


mastik

English: mastic

Borrowed from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē).

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual

(rare) The mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)


breydynge

English: braiding

Weaving, intertwining (of branches or yarn)


endowynge

An endowment or granting of money as means.


feeldi

English: fieldy


gnawynge

English: gnawing

A severe pain or injury; something that causes great pain.


kilne

English: kiln

Scots: kill

From Old English cylene, from Latin culīna (possibly through a Proto-Germanic *kulinǭ).


thef

English: thief

Scots: thef, theif, thief


thefte

English: theft

Scots: thift, theft

Inherited from Old English þīefþ, from Proto-West Germanic *þiubiþu, from Proto-Germanic *þiubiþō; equivalent to thef + -the (“abstract nominal suffix”).

Theft, stealing, robbery (in general or as an individual instance):

Financial fraud; the mishandling of money.

Something seen as analogous or equivalent to theft.


brewen

brewen (infinitive)
to brewen (infinitive)
brewe (infinitive)
brewe (first-person present singular)
brew (first-person past singular)
brewed (first-person past singular)
brewest (present second-person singular)
browe (past second-person singular)
brew (past second-person singular)
brewedest (past second-person singular)
breweth (present singular third-person)
brew (past singular third-person)
brewed (past singular third-person)
brewe (present singular subjunctive)
browe (past singular subjunctive)
brewed (past singular subjunctive)
brewe (imperative present singular)
brewen (plural present)
brewe (plural present)
browen (past plural)
browe (past plural)
breweden (past plural)
brewede (past plural)
breweth (imperative plural present)
brewe (imperative plural present)
brewynge (participle present)
brewende (participle present)
browen (participle past)
browe (participle past)
brewed (participle past)
ybrowen (participle past)
ybrowe (participle past)
ybrewed (participle past)

English: brew

Scots: brew

To brew; to make or be involved in making alcoholic beverages (especially beer).


brewe

English: bree (dialectal)

Scots: brew, bree

From Old English brǣw, brēaw, brēġ, from Proto-Germanic *brēwō (besides *brūwō → Middle English browe).


brewere

English: brewer

Scots: brewer


brewhous

English: brewhouse

A brewhouse or brewery; a place for making beer.

(rare) An inn or tavern with an on-site brewery.


brewestere

English: brewster

Scots: browster


schovel

English: shovel (dialectal shoul, shool)

→ Fiji Hindi: sabbal

→ Marshallese: jabōļ

Scots: shuffle, schule, shule, shuil

Yola: shule

Inherited from Old English sċofl, *sċufl, from Proto-Germanic *skuflō. Akin to schoven.

A shovel or spade; a scooped tool with a handle.


ethymologie

English: etymology

Borrowed from Old French ethimologie, from Latin etymologia, from Ancient Greek ἐτυμολογία (etumología).

(rare, Late Middle English) The study of such senses.


stynge

English: sting

Scots: sting

Inherited from Old English sting, stincg, from Proto-Germanic *stungiz.

A sting; the pain caused by a stinger or any analogous pain.


styngyng

English: stinging

A sting; the pain caused by a stinging or similar pain.


writhyng

English: writhing


souken

souken (infinitive)
to souken (infinitive)
souke (infinitive)
souke (first-person present singular)
sek (first-person past singular)
sok (first-person past singular)
souked (first-person past singular)
soukest (present second-person singular)
soke (past second-person singular)
sek (past second-person singular)
sok (past second-person singular)
soukedest (past second-person singular)
souketh (present singular third-person)
sek (past singular third-person)
sok (past singular third-person)
souked (past singular third-person)
souke (present singular subjunctive)
soke (past singular subjunctive)
souked (past singular subjunctive)
souke (imperative present singular)
souken (plural present)
souke (plural present)
soken (past plural)
soke (past plural)
soukeden (past plural)
soukede (past plural)
souketh (imperative plural present)
souke (imperative plural present)
soukynge (participle present)
soukende (participle present)
soken (participle past)
soke (participle past)
souked (participle past)
ysoken (participle past)
ysoke (participle past)
ysouked (participle past)

English: suck

Scots: souke

Inherited from Old English sūcan, sūgan, from Proto-West Germanic *sūkan, *sūgan, from Proto-Germanic *sūkaną, *sūganą.

To suck (to draw with the mouth):
To breastfeed (of an infant)

To take money or finances (especially when using up money)


hony

English: honey (see there for further descendants)

Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny

Yola: henee, honi

From Old English huniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą, dissimilated variant of *hunangą, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks.

(rare) A term of affection; compare modern English honey.


kemben

enm-verb

kemben (third-person singular simple present kembeth, present participle kembynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative kempte, past participle kempt)

kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembynge (participle present)
kempte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
kempt (participle past)
kemben (infinitive)
to kemben (infinitive)
kembe (infinitive)
kembe (first-person present singular)
kembed (first-person past singular)
kempte (first-person past singular)
kembest (present second-person singular)
kembedest (past second-person singular)
kemptest (past second-person singular)
kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembed (past singular third-person)
kempte (past singular third-person)
kembe (present singular subjunctive)
kembed (past singular subjunctive)
kempte (past singular subjunctive)
kembe (imperative present singular)
kemben (plural present)
kembe (plural present)
kembeden (past plural)
kembede (past plural)
kempten (past plural)
kempte (past plural)
kembeth (imperative plural present)
kembe (imperative plural present)
kembynge (participle present)
kembende (participle present)
kembed (participle past)
kempt (participle past)
ykembed (participle past)
ykempt (participle past)

English: kemb (obsolete except for kempt, unkempt), comb (remodelled on the noun)

Scots: kem, keme

Yola: khimed (preterite)

From Old English cemban, from Proto-West Germanic *kambijan, from Proto-Germanic *kambijaną.

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

To comb or brush one's hair; to use a comb.


kembestere

English: kempster, kembster (historical)

Middle Scots: kemstar

A kembster; one (usually female) who combs wool.


hayle

English: hail

Scots: hail

From Old English hæġl, hæġel, hagol, from Proto-Germanic *haglaz (“hail”).

(rare, medicine) A tumor situated near the eye.


elbowe

English: elbow

Scots: elbuck

Yola: helbough, helboge

From Old English elnboga, elboga, from Proto-Germanic *alinabugô; equivalent to elne + bowe.

(rare) A tassel suspended from the elbow.


chyne

English: chine (chink)

Scots: chin, chun

From Old English ċine, ċinu, from Proto-West Germanic *kinu, from Proto-Germanic *kinō. Forms with /iː/ are influenced by chynen.

(pathology) opening (of an injury or wound)


chyne

English: chine

From Old French eschine, from Frankish *skinu, from Proto-Germanic *skinō. Doublet of schyne (“shin”).


couplen

couplen (infinitive)
to couplen (infinitive)
couple (infinitive)
couple (first-person present singular)
coupled (first-person past singular)
couplest (present second-person singular)
coupledest (past second-person singular)
coupleth (present singular third-person)
coupled (past singular third-person)
couple (present singular subjunctive)
coupled (past singular subjunctive)
couple (imperative present singular)
couplen (plural present)
couple (plural present)
coupleden (past plural)
couplede (past plural)
coupleth (imperative plural present)
couple (imperative plural present)
couplynge (participle present)
couplende (participle present)
coupled (participle past)
ycoupled (participle past)

English: couple

Scots: cowpill (obsolete)

From Old French coupler, from Latin cōpulō; equivalent to couple + -en (infinitival suffix).

To marry or wed; to join in a matrimonial union.


thenoun

Borrowed from Latin tenōn, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn).


flodgate

English: floodgate

→ Middle Welsh: flotyat

desc

Welsh: fflodiad, fflodiard, fflodiart, fflodiat


flowynge

English: flowing, flowin'

Middle Scots: flowing, flowyng

Scots: flowin, flowan

⇒ Scots: flownie, flounie

Flowing (motion or movement of a liquid):

An overflow or flood; a flow over a boundary.


overflowen

overflowen (infinitive)
to overflowen (infinitive)
overflowe (infinitive)
overflowe (first-person present singular)
overflowed (first-person past singular)
overflew (first-person past singular)
overflowest (present second-person singular)
overflowedest (past second-person singular)
overflewe (past second-person singular)
overflew (past second-person singular)
overfloweth (present singular third-person)
overflowed (past singular third-person)
overflew (past singular third-person)
overflowe (present singular subjunctive)
overflowed (past singular subjunctive)
overflewe (past singular subjunctive)
overflowe (imperative present singular)
overflowen (plural present)
overflowe (plural present)
overfloweden (past plural)
overflowede (past plural)
overflewen (past plural)
overflewe (past plural)
overfloweth (imperative plural present)
overflowe (imperative plural present)
overflowynge (participle present)
overflowende (participle present)
overflowed (participle past)
overflowen (participle past)

English: overflow

From Old English oferflōwan; equivalent to over- + flowen.

To overflow; to cause flooding or immerse in water.


quantite

English: quantity

Borrowed from Old French quantité, from Latin quantitās.

Number, quantity or amount (either discrete or continuous):

Degree, extent; the relative amount or significance of something.


posicioun

English: position

Borrowed from Old French posicion, from Latin positiō.

(surgery) Position or location on the body.


apposicioun

English: apposition

Borrowed from Middle French apposition, from Latin appositiō; equivalent to ad- + posicioun.


disposicioun

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">dispotion</i>

English: disposition (obsolete dispotion)

Borrowed from Middle French disposition, from Old French disposition, from Latin dispositiō; equivalent to dis- + posicioun.

The nature or state of something (either inherent or current):

(astrology) The purported influence of the constellations on people.

Preparing or readying; the act of making oneself ready.

The state of being able to direct, instruct, or command; control.

The state of being able to make decisions or choices.

A directive, instruction, or command; an act of those in power.


imposicioun

English: imposition

Borrowed from Old French imposicion, from Latin impositiō; equivalent to in- + posicioun.

A charge or fee or its collection or retrieval.

(rare, surgery) Entering, putting something inside.

(rare) Imputation; making a claim about someone.


indisposicioun

English: indisposition

Borrowed from Middle French indisposicion; equivalent to in- + disposicioun.

(rare, astrology) Negative astrological influence.


opposicioun

English: opposition

Borrowed from Old French oposicion, from Late Latin oppositiō.

(rare) An opposing or opposed quality or ideal.


preposicioun

English: preposition

Borrowed from Old French preposicion, from Latin praepositiō; equivalent to pre- + posicioun.

(grammar) A preposition; an adposition preceding the word it modifies.


proposicioun

English: proposition

Borrowed from Old French proposicion, from Latin prōpositiō; equivalent to pro- + posicioun.

(rare, geometry) A theorem; a proven statement.


sotilnes

English: subtleness

The state of being light, airy, and/or fluidic.

Trickery, insidiousness; the concealment of one's true behaviour or goals.

(rare) Mental power or ability; smartness or cleverness.

(rare) Capability; ability in a specified domain.


sotilen

sotilen (infinitive)
to sotilen (infinitive)
sotile (infinitive)
sotile (first-person present singular)
sotiled (first-person past singular)
sotilest (present second-person singular)
sotiledest (past second-person singular)
sotileth (present singular third-person)
sotiled (past singular third-person)
sotile (present singular subjunctive)
sotiled (past singular subjunctive)
sotile (imperative present singular)
sotilen (plural present)
sotile (plural present)
sotileden (past plural)
sotilede (past plural)
sotileth (imperative plural present)
sotile (imperative plural present)
sotilynge (participle present)
sotilende (participle present)
sotiled (participle past)
ysotiled (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French sotiliier, from Late Latin subtīliō; equivalent to sotil + -en (infinitival suffix).

To create or design; to come up with an idea.

(medicine) To lessen someone's food intake.


obligacioun

English: obligation

Scots: obligation

Borrowed from Old French obligacion, from Latin obligātiō; equivalent to obligen + -acioun.

A debenture; a document which obligates one to pay another.


obligen

obligen (infinitive)
to obligen (infinitive)
oblige (infinitive)
oblige (first-person present singular)
obliged (first-person past singular)
obligest (present second-person singular)
obligedest (past second-person singular)
obligeth (present singular third-person)
obliged (past singular third-person)
oblige (present singular subjunctive)
obliged (past singular subjunctive)
oblige (imperative present singular)
obligen (plural present)
oblige (plural present)
obligeden (past plural)
obligede (past plural)
obligeth (imperative plural present)
oblige (imperative plural present)
obligynge (participle present)
obligende (participle present)
obliged (participle past)
yobliged (participle past)

English: oblige

Scots: obleege

/ɔˈblɛːd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Old French obligier, from Latin obligō.

To oblige; to compel to do something or behave a certain way.

To start being obligated; to make oneself obligated.

To donate or offer as a guarantee of security.


situacioun

English: situation

Borrowed from Middle French situation, from Medieval Latin situātio.


wynche

English: winch

Inherited from Old English winċe, from Proto-Germanic *winkijǭ.

A long bore or shaft dug in order to extract water from.