pound

enm-noun

pound (plural poundes or pounden or pound)

poundes (plural)
pounden (plural)
pound (plural)

English: pound

Scots: pund, poond

From Old English pund, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą, from Latin pondō.

A measurement for weight, most notably the Tower pound, merchant's pound or pound avoirdupois, or a weight of said measurement.

Money or coinage in general, especially a great amount of it.


noun

English: noun

From Anglo-Norman noun, non, nom, from Latin nōmen, a semantic loan from Koine Greek ὄνομα (ónoma). Doublet of name.

(grammar) noun (part of speech; a category of words including substantives or nouns in the strict sense and adjectives)


name

English: name

→ Sranan Tongo: nen

→ Japanese: ネーム

Geordie English: nyem

Scots: name, naim, nem, nome

Yola: naame, name, naume

From Old English nama, from Proto-West Germanic *namō, from Proto-Germanic *namô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁nómn̥.


abbey

English: abbey

Scots: aibbey, aibey

Borrowed from Old French abaie, from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbātia. Doublet of abbathie.


in

English: inn

Scots: inn

Any kind of accommodation; particularly:

A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accommodation.

An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.

For who so wolde senge a cattes skyn / Thanne wolde the cat wel dwellen in his In

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 62, recto:

For if someone wants to singe a cat’s skin, the cat would rather stay in its house.

A home or house; habitation or housing one lives in.


in

English: in

Scots: in, i, i'

Yola: ing, in, yn, i, ee, eee

From Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

in; with the following special senses:
wearing, having on, clad in


sky

English: sky

Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske

Yola: skee

From Old Norse ský, from Proto-Germanic *skiwją. Doublet of skew.

(rare, astronomy) A certain layout or part of the sky.


quarter

English: quarter

Scots: quarter, corter

Yola: curthere, cortere

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quarter, from Latin quartārius.

A unit of capacity (being a quarter of another measure).

A unit of weight (often a quarter of an ounce or pound).

A unit of length (nine inches; being quarter of an ell).


man

English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)

Scots: man

Yola: man

Inherited from Old English mann, from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-, from Proto-Indo-European *mon-.


cod

English: cod

Scots: cod

From Old English codd (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-West Germanic *koddō, from Proto-Germanic *kuddô, from Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”). The "pillow" sense is from Old Danish kodde or Old Norse koddi, from the same Proto-Germanic source.

der

A seedpod; a plant's natural casing for its seeds.

(rare) A sack or pouch; a case for items.

(rare) The gullet, windpipe or esophagus.


wage

English: wage

Scots: wage

From Old Northern French wage, from Frankish *wadi, from Proto-Germanic *wadją. Doublet of gage and wed.


market

enm-noun

market (plural marketes, dative markete)

English: market (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: market, mercat

Scots: market

Yola: maarkeet, markeat

From late Old English market (“market”), from Old Northern French markiet (Old French marchié), Old Saxon markat, and/or Old Norse markaðr; all ultimately from Vulgar Latin marcātus, from classical Latin mercātus (“trade, market”).
Variants ending /t/ are from either Old Saxon or Old Picard, while those ending in /θ/ are from other varieties of Old Northern French (e.g. Walloon).

(rare) A market town; a town where markets are held.


blood

English: blood

Geordie English: bluid

Scots: bluid

Yola: blooed

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blōd
Middle English blood
From Old English blōd, from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of uncertain origin.


mars

From Mars, borrowed from Latin Mars. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

In þat wiyn or watir ȝe quenche mars manye tymes.

(rare) The blackish, magnetic metal susceptible to rust; iron.


love

English: love

Scots: luve, lufe

Yola: loove

Inherited from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō.

One who one loves; a loved individual:
A lover; a sexual or romantic partner.

A personification or embodiment of love.

(Christianity) The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally).


abstract

English: abstract

Scots: abstract

Drawn away or out of; detached:
(grammar) Abstract (of a noun).

Drawn away or out of; detached:
Abstract (of a noun).


ache

English: ache

Scots: ake

From Old English eċe, ace, æċe, from Proto-West Germanic *aki, from Proto-Germanic *akiz. Some forms are remodelled on aken.


win

English: win

From Old English winn, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winną, *winnaną; akin to winnen. Reinforced by earlier iwin, from Old English ġewinn.


pulpit

English: pulpit

Scots: poopit, poupit


gold

English: gold

Scots: gowd, goold

From Old English gold (“gold”), from Proto-West Germanic *golþ, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥tóm (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow; gleam; to shine”).


red

head

red (comparative redder, superlative reddest)

redder (comparative)
reddest (superlative)

English: red

Scots: rede, reid

Yola: reed

From Old English rēad, from Proto-West Germanic *raud, from Proto-Germanic *raudaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós.

(alchemy) causing transmutation into gold


silver

desctree

English: silver
Jamaican Creole: silva
→ Maori: hiriwa
→ Zulu: isiliva

Scots: silver, siller

From Old English seolfor, seolofor (“silver”).

Sone ſo iudaſ of ſlepe waſ awake. / þritti platen of ſelu[er] from hym weren itake.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 16-17; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

As soon as Judas had awakened from his rest, / thirty pieces of silver had been taken from him.


cane

English: cane

Scots: cane

From Old French cane, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).

bamboo, sugar cane, flax, or a similar simple-stemmed plant

the stem or stalk of such a plant, often used to write with

(rare) a metal implement used for surgery

(rare) a bodily passage or tube, such as the trachea


twig

English: twig

Scots: twigg, tuigg

Inherited from Old English twig, from Proto-West Germanic *twīg, from Proto-Germanic *twīgą.

Any part of a tree, especially a branch or cutting:

An easily bending branch used in crafts.


square

English: square

Scots: square

From Old French esquarre, esquerre (modern French équerre), from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, from Latin ex- + quadro, from quadrus.

A square (tool used to ensure a right angle)


hundred

English: hundred

From Old English hundred, from Proto-West Germanic *hundarad, from Proto-Germanic *hundaradą (“hundred”); some forms are remodelled on Old Norse hundrað.


sol

From Latin sōl (“sun”), or perhaps from Old English sōl (“sun”), both of which hail from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.

c. 1395 Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. Canon Yeoman's Prologue and Tale
Mercurie..and brymstoon..out of Sol and Luna were ydrawe.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


skew

From Old French escu, from Latin scūtum.

A segment of carved stone to cover a gable with.


to

English: toe

Scots: tae

Yola: toan (plural)

From Old English tā, tāhe, from Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ (“toe”).


her

English: hair

→ Russian: хаер (xajer)

→⇒ Russian: хайратник (xajratnik)

Scots: hair, hayr, hare

Yola: haar

Inherited from Old English hǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *hār, from Proto-Germanic *hērą.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

Tho rad he me how sāpson lost his heeres

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(countable) a hair (follicular growth on the skin)

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

(uncountable) hair (follicular growths on the skin)

Something similar in appearance to hair (e.g. a botanical hair)


future

English: future

Scots: futur

Borrowed from Old French futur, from Latin futūrus, past participle of sum (cognate to Middle English been).

(rare, grammar) Having the future tense; grammatically marking futureness.


arm

English: arm

Scots: airm

Yola: arrm

From Old English earm (“arm”), from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“arm”), from Proto-Indo-European *arəm- (“arm”).


art

English: art

Scots: airt

Borrowed from Old French art, from Latin artem, accusative form of ars, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís.

Competency, skill; one's aptitude or ability in a given area or at a given task.


art

Scots: airt

Yola: ete

From Old English eard, from Proto-West Germanic *ard, from Proto-Germanic *ardiz (“nature; type”). Doublet of erd (“nature, disposition”).


adamant

English: adamant

Scots: adamant (obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin adamantem, accusative of adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Doublet of dyamaunt and adamas.


wax

English: wax

A back-formation from waxen (“to grow”).


brother

enm-noun

brother (plural brether or brethren or brotheren or (rare) brothers, genitive brother or brothers)

brether (plural)
brethren (plural)
brotheren (plural)
brothers (plural rare)
brother (genitive)
brothers (genitive)

English: brother (see there for further descendants)

Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder

Yola: brover, brower

From Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frere.

Nu bꝛoþerr Wallterr bꝛoþerr min / Affterr þe flæſheſſ kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Criſſtendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

A brother or brother-in-law; a male sibling.

I ioon ȝoure bꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:9, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I, John, your brother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.

A (Christian) man (i.e. as a "brother in life/brother in Christ").

A male individual who one has a close platonic relationship with.

(rare) A relative or family member who is a man.

(rare, alchemy) Something similar to something else.


uncle

English: uncle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: uncle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman uncle, from Vulgar Latin *aunclum, from Latin avunculus.


cold

head

cold (plural and weak singular colde, comparative colder, superlative *coldest)

colde (plural)
colde (singular weak)
colder (comparative)
*coldest (superlative)

English: cold

Geordie English: cawd, cauld

Scots: cald, cauld

Yola: coale, khoal, cole

from the form stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

Inherited from Anglian Old English cald; variants with ch- are from West Saxon ċeald.

(alchemy, medicine) Considered to be alchemically cold


cold

English: cold

Scots: cald, cauld


male

English: male

Scots: male

Borrowed from Old French masle, malle, from Late Latin masclus, from Latin masculus; compare femele and masculyn.

(rare) Manhood; the state of being male.


kingdom

English: kingdom

Scots: kingdom

From Old English cyningdōm, from Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz. Equivalent to king + -dom.
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom

etymon

(astrology) The region where a planet's influence predominates


lavender

English: launder

Scots: launer

Borrowed from Old French lavandier, lavandiere, from Medieval Latin lavandārius.

A washer; one (especially a woman) who washes clothes.


saffron

desctree

English: saffron
→ Japanese: サフラン (safuran)
→ Korean: 사프란 (sapeuran)

Scots: sefron

c. 1200, borrowed from Old French safran, from Medieval Latin safranum, from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān);
as a colour adjective from the late 14th century.

Crocus sativus
Crocus sativus#Translingual


pen

English: pen

Scots: pen

From Old English penn, from Proto-Germanic *pennō, perhaps from the root of pinn (“peg, pin”).

An enclosed structure for securing animals.


ruby

English: ruby

Borrowed from Old French rubi, itself borrowed from Latin rubeus.


del

English: deal

Scots: dele

One's fate, inevitability or luck; what is ordained to occur.


gripe

English: grip

→ Dutch: grip

Scots: grip, grup

Yola: grip

Inherited from Old English gripe, from Proto-West Germanic *gripi, from Proto-Germanic *gripiz.


bal

English: ball

Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball

Yola: ball

Inherited from Old English *beall, from Proto-West Germanic *ballu, from Proto-Germanic *balluz.

The eyeball; the eye viewed as a spherical object.


song

songes (plural)
song (accusative nominative singular)
songes (accusative nominative plural)
songes (genitive singular)
songe (genitive plural)
songes (genitive plural)
songe (dative singular)
songen (dative plural)

English: song

Scots: song, sang

Yola: zong

From Old English sang, song, from Proto-West Germanic *sangw, from Proto-Germanic *sangwaz.

A song supposed to have occult or magical power.


talent

English: talent

Scots: talent

From Old French talent and Old English talente, both from Latin talentum, from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton).


nose

English: nose

Scots: nos, nose, nois

From Old English nosu, from Proto-West Germanic *nosu.


mouth

English: mouth

Scots: mooth

Yola: meouth, moweth, mouth

From Old English mūþ, from Proto-West Germanic *munþ, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz.


leg

English: leg
→ Finnish: legi
→ Hungarian: leg

Scots: leg

From Old Norse leggr, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz.


face

English: face (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: fyece

Scots: face

Yola: faace

Borrowed from Old French face, from Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs.

Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC:

Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


path

English: path

Scots: peth, paith

Inherited from Old English pæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz, from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs.
The spellings paath and pathe and Scots paith prove that a pronunciation of this word with /aː/ existed; it presumably originated from open-syllable lengthening in inflected forms.

An informal or unpaved path or trail; a track.

(rare, Late Middle English) A course or route.


tak

English: tack

Scots: tak, take

From Old Norse taka (“revenue”) (from the verb taka (“to take”)) and from Middle English taken (“to take”), itself from Old Norse.

tack (a fee paid to a lord or king for the right to keep swine)


science

> English: science (inherited) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: science

Borrowed from Old French science, borrowed from Latin scientia, from sciēns + -ia.

etymon

One's faculty of finding information; knowing or insight


flesh

English: flesh

Scots: flesch

Yola: vleash, vlesh

Inherited from Old English flǣsċ, from Proto-West Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).


get

English: jet

From a northern form of Old French jayet, jaiet, gaiet, from Latin gagātēs, from Ancient Greek Γαγάτης (Gagátēs).


hide

hides (plural)
hiden (plural)
hide (plural)

English: hide

Scots: hyd, hid

from Old English hīd, hȳd, hīġed, hīġid (“a measure of land”), from earlier *hīwid (“the amount of land needed to support one family”), a derivative of Proto-Germanic *hīwaz, *hīwō (“relative, fellow-lodger, family”), related to *hīwô (“household”).


hide

Alternative form of hythe (“landing place, port”)


hide

enm-verb

hide (third-person singular simple present hideth, present participle hidende, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hidde)

hideth (present singular third-person)
hidende (participle present)
hidde (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)


hurt

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation from hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:

A wound or disease; damage to one's body.

Monetary loss; damage to one's finances.

(law) A transgression; the act of violating.


led

English: lead

Scots: leid, lede

Yola: leed

Inherited from Old English lēad, from Proto-West Germanic *laud, from Gaulish *laudon, from Proto-Celtic *ɸloudom.


light

English: light

Geordie English: leet

Scots: licht

Yola: lhygt

From Old English lēoht (“light, daylight; power of vision; luminary; world”), from Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from the root *lewk- (“light”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English lēoht
Middle English light

etymon

(chemistry) The property of lustre; how shiny a substance is.

(architecture) an opening in a wall allowing for the transmission of light; a window.


chalk

English: chalk (see there for further descendants); cauk, cawk

Scots: cauk, cawk

From Old English ċealc, from Proto-West Germanic *kalk.
For the variation between /t͡ʃ/ and /k/ (originating from Old English dialectal variation), compare chaf, calf, cold; in the latter two, the forms with /k/ are more widely distributed.


rode

English: rud

Scots: rud, rudd

Pot marigold, calendula (Calendula officinalis)


sew

English: sew (obsolete)

→ Middle Welsh: sew

Welsh: sew (obsolete)

From Old English sēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *sauw.

broth, gravy (liquid or sauce for boiling)

(Early Middle English) sap, juice (of a plant)


wet

English: wet (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wat

Yola: weate

From Old English wǣt, wāt, and weten (“to wet”).

(alchemy, medicine) Something that is considered alchemically wet


wet

English: wet

Scots: wat


cloth

English: cloth

Scots: clath, clathe, claith

From Old English clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

Cloth; fabric or an individual piece of it, especially made by weaving:

Table linen; a decorative cloth for the table.

(Late Middle English, rare) An illness or medical condition evident from boils.


comb

English: comb

Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem

Yola: cowm, khime

From Old English camb, comb, from Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.

A comb (toothed tool for holding or grooming hair)


box

English: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, borrowed from Latin buxus.

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual


box

English: box (see there for further descendants)

Scots: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā, borrowed from Late Latin buxis, borrowed from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís), from πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos) + -ις (-is).


cake

English: cake (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: kyek

Scots: cake, cyaak, kyaak

Yola: caake, kaake

From Old Norse kaka, from Proto-Germanic *kakǭ.

(medicine) A cake prepared to cure disease or illness.


base

English: base

Scots: base

Borrowed from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βᾰ́σῐς (bắsĭs), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷémtis.

(rare, alchemy) The mix of metals used as a base for alchemical operations.


difference

enm-noun

difference (plural differences or difference)

differences (plural)
difference (plural)

English: difference

Scots: difference

From Old French difference, from Latin differēntia; equivalent to differren (“to postpone”) + -ence.

(mathematics, rare) The result of subtraction; an amount left over.

(mathematics, rare) An order in decimal representation of numbers.


ram

English: ram

Scots: ram

From Old English ramm, from Proto-Germanic *rammaz.


sap

English: sap

Scots: sap, saup

From Old English sæp, from Proto-West Germanic *sap, from Proto-Indo-European *sep-.


hospital

English: hospital (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hospital

Borrowed from Old French hospital, from Latin hospitālis, hospitāle. Doublet of hostel.

A hostel or guesthouse; a place of accommodation or lodging.

The Knights Hospitaller (a religious order)


metal

English: metal, mettle

Scots: metal

→ Welsh: metel

Borrowed from Old French metal, from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).

(heraldry, rare) metal (class of tinctures)


old

head

old (plural and weak singular olde, comparative eldre, superlative eldest)

olde (plural)
olde (singular weak)
eldre (comparative)
eldest (superlative)

desc

English: old (dialectal ole, ould, wold)

Geordie English: awd, auld

Scots: auld

Yola: yole, yold

Inherited from Anglian Old English ald, from Proto-West Germanic *ald, from Proto-Germanic *aldaz (“grown-up”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-.
Forms with /ɛː/ are either from forms such as West Saxon and Kentish Old English eald or due to analogy with the comparative eldre or superlative eldest.

(astronomy, of the moon) In the waning crescent.

Aged; worn or used from age:
In the waning crescent.


calf

enm-noun

calf (plural calver(e) or calveren or calves)

calver (plural)
calveren (plural)
calves (plural)

English: calf

Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf

Yola: callef, calef, calluf

From Anglian Old English calf, cælf (West Saxon ċealf), Proto-West Germanic *kalb, from Proto-Germanic *kalbaz.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

A representation of a calf; something that looks like a calf.


vessel

English: vessel

Scots: veshel

Yola: veseal

Borrowed from Old French vaissel, vessel, from Late Latin vāscellum.

A container or vessel; a box for storage:

(alchemy) Alchemical equipment, ware, or tools.

Blood vessels; the tubes that blood travels in.


dew

English: dew

Scots: dew, deow, dyow

Yola: dhew

Inherited from Old English dēaw, from Proto-West Germanic *dauw, from Proto-Germanic *dawwaz, *dawwą.


potable

English: potable

Borrowed from Old French potable, from Latin pōtābilis.


seem

English: seam

Scots: seam

Inherited from Old English sēam (“seam”), from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz. The "nail" sense is a semantic loan from Old Norse saumr.

inh+

A furrow or trench; a depression in the ground.

(anatomy) A bodily depression or furrow.

A depression or indentation:
A bodily depression or furrow.


ore

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“honour”), from Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō.


band

English: band, bend, bond

Scots: band, bend

Inherited from Old English bend, from Proto-Germanic *bandiz; vocalism is influenced by Old Norse band and Old French bande.

A strip of a material used to tie or bind; a band:


moisture

English: moisture

Borrowed from Old French moistour; equivalent to moiste + -ure.


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A pipe; a piece of tubing used as a channel (often for fluids):

(medicine) A syringe; a hollow tube for medical removal or insertion.

Any other medical device or equipment based around a chamber or pipe.

A barrel or tub; a container or vessel for the storage of bulk goods, especially wine.

A unit measuring the mass or amount (equivalent to such a container).

A record of a payment or audit acting as part of the Pipe Rolls.


maser

English: mazer

Scots: maser

From Old English *maser, *mæser, from Proto-Germanic *masuraz; reinforced by Anglo-Norman mazer.

(rare, surgery) An artificial bone made of maple to repair skull injuries


kernel

desctree

English: kernel
→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

Scots: kirnel; churnel

From Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil; equivalent to corn + -el (agentive suffix). Some forms are influenced by corn.

(anatomy) An organ responsible for production of substances.


paper

English: paper
Tok Pisin: pepa
→ Rotokas: pepa
→ Dutch: paper
→ Eastern Arrernte: pipe
→ Esperanto: papero
Ido: papero
→ Hawaiian: pepa
→ Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
→ Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
→ Maori: pepa
→ Marshallese: peba
→ Mokilese: peipa
→ Niuean: pepa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
→ Southern Ndebele: iphepha
→ Spanish: paper
→ Swazi: líphepha
→ Xhosa: iphepha
→ Yoruba: bébà, pépà
→ Zulu: iphepha

Scots: paper

→ Welsh: papur


fervent

English: fervent

Scots: fervent

Borrowed from Old French fervent, from Latin fervēns, ferventem; compare fervour.


hey

English: hay

Scots: hey

Yola: hye, hey

From Old English hīġ, hīeġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hawi, from Proto-Germanic *hawją (“hay”).


bath

English: bath

Scots: bath

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁-
Proto-Germanic *baþą
Proto-West Germanic *baþ
Old English bæþ
Middle English bath
Inherited from Old English bæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *baþ, from Proto-Germanic *baþą.

etymon

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A spiritually cleansing bath.

(alchemy, rare) A bath for distilling water.

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A bath for distilling water.


dame

English: dame; dam

Scots: dame, deem; dam

From Old French dame, from Latin domina.

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
abbess (governor of a nunnery)

(rare) A female anchorite (with servants)

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
A female anchorite (with servants)


flor

English: floor

desc

Scots: flure, fluir, flair, fleur, fleer

From Old English flōr, from Proto-West Germanic *flōru, *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

A flat area or platform (often for preparation)


natural

English: natural

Scots: naitural

From Old French natural, from Latin nātūrālis; equivalent to nature + -al.


lune

English: Luna

From Old French lune (“moon”), from Latin lūna.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens.


universe

English: universe

Scots: universe

From Old French univers, from Latin ūniversus.

(Late Middle English, rare) The universe; the stars.


beverage

English: beverage

Scots: beverage, baiverage

From Old French beverage, variant of bevrage; equivalent to bever + -age. For forms such as berage, compare Middle French berage, variant of breuvage.

Such a beverage used to close negotiations; said negotiations in themselves.

Hardship, pain, torment; events that are hard to handle.


prune

English: prune

Borrowed from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *prūna, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), προῦμνον (proûmnon). Doublet of plomme.


dam

English: dam

Scots: dam

From Old English *damm, from Proto-West Germanic *damm.


dam

(when preceding labials) Alternative form of dan


em

English: eam, eme (dialectal)

Scots: eme

Inherited from Old English ēam (“maternal uncle”), from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim, from Proto-Germanic *awahaimaz.


pot

English: pot

Scots: pott, pat

From Old English pott and Old French pot, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *puttaz, from Proto-Indo-European *budnós.

A measurement for the quantity of liquids.


surname

English: surname

Partial calque of Old French surnoun, from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen; equivalent to sur- + name. Forms beginning with sir-, syr-, etc. represent reanalysis of the first element as sire.

Þat is noȝt reisonable...to refusy my syres sorname.

1393, William Langland, Piers Plowman, C iv 369:


dok

English: dock

Scots: dock

From Old English *docce, *docca, from Proto-Germanic *dukkǭ.


sonne

English: sun

Scots: sun

Yola: zin

From Old English sunne, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnā, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ.


gras

desctree

English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas

desc

Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

From Old English græs, from Proto-West Germanic *gras, from Proto-Germanic *grasą.

(medicine) A plant or herb reputed to have medicinal or curative properties.


must

English: must

From Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.


navel

English: navel

Scots: nyvel

From Old English nafola, from Proto-West Germanic *nabulō, from Proto-Germanic *nabulô; compare nave.


mercurial

Borrowed from Latin mercuriālis, Mercuriālis (“pertaining to the Roman god Mercury”).

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium; a goosefoot.


mercurial

English: mercurial

The ſixte ſuende after this / By name Canis minor is. / The which ſterre is Mercuriall / By wey of kinde, and forth withall / As it is writen in the carte / Complexion he taketh of Marte.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, “Book VII”, in Reinhold Pauli, editor, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume III, London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC, page 130:

(astrology, astronomy) mercurial; pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Mercury


rust

English: rust

Scots: roost, roust

From Old English rust, rūst, from Proto-West Germanic *rust, *rost, from Proto-Germanic *rustaz.

(horticulture) A fungal disease of plants.


humour

English: humour (see there for further descendants)

Scots: humour

From Old French humor, from Latin hūmor, ūmor.

medicinal humors: humour: coler · flewme · malencolie · sanguine [edit]

A "cardinal humour" (four liquids believed to affect health and mood)

A bodily liquid or substance that causes disease or affliction.

A bodily liquid or substance that is caused by disease.

One of the two (usually reckoned as three or four) fluidous portions of the eye.

Any fluid; something which flows or moves in a fluidous manner:

The liquid contained within a plant; plant juices.

(rare) A liquid of the human body (e.g. blood)

A mist or gas; a substance dissipated in the air.


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).


rind

English: rind

Scots: rind, reen, reind

(rare) A scab; a protective coating over a wound.


mane

English: mane

Scots: mane

Inherited from Old English manu, from Proto-West Germanic *manu, from Proto-Germanic *manō; compare Middle Dutch mane, Old Frisian mana, mona, and Middle Low German mane.


wort

English: wort

Scots: wort, wirt

From Old English wyrt (“wort”), from Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju.

Wort (as in brewing) or an analogous mixture (e.g. used for mead)


more

English: more (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English more and moru (“carrot, parsnip”), from Proto-West Germanic *morhā, *morhu, from Proto-Germanic *murhǭ, *murhō.

(rare) root, (of a hair, tooth, or tongue)


blad

English: blade; blad

Scots: blade, blaid, bled

From Old English blæd, from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃otom.
The form with /aː/ originates from open-syllable lengthening in inflected forms.


flour

English: flower, flour

Scots: flouer, flour, floor

→ Middle Welsh: fflwr

Welsh: fflŵr

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs. More at flower.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

A flower (often representing impermanence or beauty)

An exemplar or example of a trait or behaviour.


table

English: table (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: tyeble

Scots: table

→ Welsh: tabl

From a combination of Old French table and Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, both from Latin tabula.

(biblical) The physical Ten Commandments handed down from heaven.

A level, floor or storey (of a building)

(rare, palmistry) A portion of the hand surrounded by palm lines.

(rare) A flat bone or fused set of bones.


acte

English: act

Scots: ack, akk, ac', act, actt, auct, accke, aick, akk (older)

Yola: acte

Borrowed from Old French act, from Latin ācta, plural of āctus.


top

English: top

→ French: top

→ German: Top

→ Vietnamese: tốp

Scots: tap

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

The summit or top of something, especially a vertical object:

A lid or cap; a removable top or topping.

(rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.


spice

English: spice

Scots: spice

From Old French espice, (modern épice), an old borrowing from Late Latin speciēs.

spices (powders used to flavour meals or dishes):

Spices as used in medicinal preparations; by extension, medicine in general.

Spices as used in alchemical preparations.

A variety, sort, or kind of something:
A distinct kind of creature; a species.

A seeming or presence; the way something looks from the outside:

(philosophy) The perception of something using any sense or innate ability.

(Christianity) The communion wafer when transubstantiated.

(rare) An appearance or image (either mental or real)


naked

English: naked

Scots: nakit

From Old English nacod, from Proto-Germanic *nakwadaz. Compare naken.

Partially bodily uncovered or bald; uncovered in a specific area.

(often with an item specified) Having none of something; bare of a thing or quality:

Unvegetated; lacking plant growth or ground cover.

Referring to the core or substance of something.


lady

enm-noun

lady (plural ladies, genitive ladies or lady)

ladies (plural)
ladies (genitive)
lady (genitive)

English: lady (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lady, leddy

Yola: laady

From Old English hlǣfdīġe, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + *dīġe (“maid”).


desert

English: desert

From Old French deserte (“deserved”), from deservir (“to deserve”), from Vulgar Latin dēserviō (“to gain or merit by giving service”).

der

worth, virtuousness, benefit; that which is good.


thorn

English: thorn

Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)

Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

Inherited from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós.

A thorn (spine on a plant with a sharp point)

A plant having thorns, especially the hawthorn or rosebush.

(rare) Thorns pulled from the ground for burning.


lid

English: lid

Scots: lid

From Old English hlid, from Proto-Germanic *hlidą.

A lid; a piece of material used to cover a container.

The exterior of a gravesite, ditch, or pit.

The covering over one's eyes; an eyelid.


mode

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Old English mōd, from Proto-Germanic *mōdaz.

(rare) Writing or speaking; communication.


seed

English: seed

Scots: seed, seid, sid

Yola: zeade

From Old English sǣd, sēd, from Proto-West Germanic *sād, *sādi, from Proto-Germanic *sēdiz, *sēdą, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (compare sowen).

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
A kind or variety of seed.

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
(collectively) seed, grain

seed (ovule or analogous structure):
seed, grain

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


bark

English: bark

Scots: bark

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).

(rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.


token

English: token

Scots: taiken

From Old English tācn, from Proto-Germanic *taikną (“sign, token, symbol”).


sauce

English: sauce

Scots: sauce

From Old French sause, from Vulgar Latin *salsa, from Latin salsus (“salted”).

A liquid medicine; sauce as a pharmaceutical.


frost

English: frost

Scots: frost

Yola: vrosth, vroste, vrast

From Old English frost, forst, from Proto-West Germanic *frost, from Proto-Germanic *frustaz, *frustą; akin to Middle Dutch vorst, Middle High German vrost, Middle Low German vrost, and Old Swedish frost.

Hail; precipitation below freezing temperature.


ter

English: tar

Scots: tar

Yola: tar

From Old English teoru, teru, from Proto-Germanic *terwą, from Proto-Indo-European *dérwom. Forms with a short vowel are possibly from an Old English form *teor with loss of the final vowel.


den

English: den

Scots: den

From Old English denn, from Proto-West Germanic *dani. Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives.

and iheſus ſeide to him / foxis han dennes ⁊ bꝛiddis of heuene han neeſtis.· but mannes ſone haþ not where he ſchal reſte his heed

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 8:20, page 3v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But Jesus said to him, "Foxes have dens and the birds up above have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere he can rest his head."

A chamber of residence:
A den (animal lair)

A chamber of residence:
A refuge; a shelter.


snare

English: snare

Scots: snare

From Old English sneare, snearu, from Proto-West Germanic *snarhā, from Proto-Germanic *snarhǭ.


instrument

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A body part that performs a certain function; an organ.


stale

English: stale

Borrowed from Old French estale (“settled, clear”), probably connected to Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”).

bor+

c. 1300, K. Horn (Laud), 383

Bi forn þe king abenche Red win to schenche And after mete stale Boþe win and ale.

Notemuge to putte in ale, Whether it be moyste or stale

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, Sir Thopas, section 52:

(alcoholic beverages) clear, free of dregs and lees; old and strong


whey

English: whey (whig)

Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

From Old English hwǣġ, hwæiġ, hwæġ, hweġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaij (“whey”).

The leftovers from milk curdled during cheesemaking; whey.

(rare) The result of strained almond milk.


bride

English: bride

Scots: bride

Yola: breede

Inherited from Old English brȳd, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).


concubine

English: concubine

From Anglo-Norman concubine, from Latin concubīna.

A concubine; a secondary female partner.

(rare) A illegitimate or unacknowledged partner (male or female)


ale

English: ale

Geordie English: yel

Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll

⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Old English ealu, from Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.


dan

English: dan, Dan (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman daun, daunz and Old French dan, dam, from Latin dominus.

A respectful term of address for a (male) scholar, noble, or cleric.

(rare) A male noble or member of the clergy.


ancle

English: ankle (dialectal ancley, anclef, ancliff; obsolete ancle)

Scots: ankleth, anklet (fusion of Middle English ancle and lith); hankle

From Old English *ancol, *ancel, from Proto-West Germanic *ankul, from Proto-Germanic *ankulaz. Some forms are from anclēo, anclēow, which is from the same Proto-Germanic word suffixed with an unknown element.


muscle

English: muscle

From Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“muscle”).


steppe

English: step

Scots: step, stap, stop

From Old English stæpe, stepe, from Proto-West Germanic *stapi. The (historical) geminate is due to the influence of steppen.

An imprint or sign of something; that which something leaves as evidence:

(figurative) The remains left by an injury or disease.

The bottom region of the foot; the sole.

(rare) The length covered by a step (as a unit of length, ~2.5 feet)


gele

English: jelly

Scots: jeely

Borrowed from Old French gelee (“frost”), from Early Medieval Latin gelāta. Equivalent to gelen + -e (participial suffix).

(medicine) A jelly used as a pharmaceutical.


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

From Anglo-Norman bastard; equivalent to bast (“illegitimacy”) + -ard.

a kind of fortified wine, often with spices added


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

coming not from wedlock, coming from bastardy; illegitimate

(rare) made using or incorporating fortified wine


hostel

English: hostel

Scots: hostel

→ Middle Cornish: ostel

Cornish: ostel

Borrowed from Old French hostel, ostel, from Latin hospitāle. Doublet of hospital.


deluge

English: deluge

From Old French deluge, from Latin dīluvium.

(rare, figurative) Any cataclysmic or catastrophic event.


broth

English: broth

→ Scottish Gaelic: brot

Scots: broth

Water in which something (usually food) has been boiled; broth.


rime

English: rhyme

Uncertain. Either of Germanic origin, from Old English rīm (“number”), from Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“counting”) or from Old French rime, from Medieval Latin rhythmus (“cadence”).

Þatt full wel iss bitacnedd Þurrh tale & rime off fowwerrtiȝ, Off fowwerr siþe tene. — Ormulum, c1200

(That full well is betokened thru tale and the number of forty, of four times ten.)


rusty

English: rusty

Scots: roosty, rousty

Yola: roostha, roosta, roosthaa

From Old English rustiġ; equivalent to rust + -y.


pane

English: pane
→ Japanese: ペイン (pein)

Scots: pane, peen

→ Irish: pána

Borrowed from Old French pan, from Latin pannus.

A piece of high-quality textiles or animal hides, especially as part of a garment:

A garment or item of clothing; especially one made of fabric or fur.


furlong

English: furlong

From Old English furlang; equivalent to forow + long.


stage

English: stage

From Old French estage, from ester (“to be standing, be located”).


corn

English: corn (see there for further descendants)

Scots: corn, curn

Yola: coorn, koorn

Inherited from Old English corn, from Proto-West Germanic *korn, from Proto-Germanic *kurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of greyn.

Any plant that bears grain, especially wheat.

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

A grain or seed used as a unit of weight.


lover

English: louver, louvre, luffer

Middle Scots: lewar

Borrowed from Old French lovier, lover, from Medieval Latin *lōdārium (attested as lōvārium), extension of lōdium, of unclear origin.


office

English: office

Scots: office, offish

From Old French office, from Latin officium, contracted form of opificium.

The state of being employed or having a work or job; employment:

Ecclesiastical or religious work; a church career.

(rare) Unskilled work; any work that is unimportant or base.

A position of responsibility or control; a crucial occupation:

The situation, status, or rank one has in the wider world or within society.

Þe mouþ heþ tuo offices, huer-of þe on belongeþ to þe zuelȝ...
Þe oþer zuo is in speche.

A task, chore or assignment, especially one which is important or required; an obligation:

A task or function that one organ does to assist another or the body as a whole.


hoxe

A back-formation from hoxen or *hoxene, earlier form of hokschyne.


cataract

desctree

English: cataract
→ Cebuano: katarak
→ Marshallese: kōtrāāk

Scots: cataract (rare, obsolete)

From Latin cataracta, from Ancient Greek καταρράκτης (katarrháktēs).


gong

English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)

Scots: gang, gaung, ging

Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Inherited from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, form Proto-Germanic *gangaz. Compare gangen.

(chiefly Northern, uncommon) A walk; a journey, especially by foot.

(Northern, rare) A gait; the way one walks.

(poetic, rare) A band or company of armed men.


madame

English: madam; ma'am

Scots: madam

madam (polite term of address or (less often) title for a noble lady)


chambre

English: chamber

desctree

Scots: chaumer
→ Scottish Gaelic: seòmar

Yola: chaamer

Borrowed from Old French chambre, from Latin camera, camara, from Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kămắrā).


homage

English: homage

Scots: homage

→ Irish: ómós

From Old French homage, hommage, from Medieval Latin homināticum.

Money given to a liege by a vassal or the privilege of collecting such money.


manger

English: manger

Scots: manger

From Old French mangeoire, from manger (“to eat”).


fax

English: fax (obsolete)

Scots: fax

From Old English feax, from Proto-West Germanic *fahs.


fot

enm-noun

fot (plural feet or fot or (rare) fotes)

feet (plural)
fot (plural)
fotes (plural rare)

English: foot (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute

Yola: voote

Inherited from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.

One of a set of units of measurement:
foot (unit for measuring length)

One of a set of units of measurement:
square foot (unit for measuring area)

One of a set of units of measurement:
(prosody) A metrical foot

One of a set of units of measurement:
A metrical foot

The bottom or foundation of something (e.g. stairs):

The end of a bed or tomb (where the foot rests).


visage

English: visage


gate

English: gate, gait

Scots: gate

From Old Norse gata, from Proto-Germanic *gatwǭ.

The way which one acts; one's mode of behaviour:

A way or procedure for doing something; a method.

A moral or religious path; the course of one's life.

(Late Middle English) One's lifestyle or demeanour; the way one chooses to act.

(Late Middle English) Gait; the way one walks.


rote

desctree

English: root, wrout, rout (dialectal), wroot (obsolete)
→ Irish: rúta

Scots: ruit, rute

From Late Old English rōt, rōte, from Old Norse rót, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of wort (“plant”). See more at English root.

A root used as food; a root vegetable or tuber.

The foundation or base of a protuberance or extension of the body:

The root of the hair; the part of the hair within the scalp.

foꝛ þe roote of alle yuelis is coueitiſe / whiche ſummen coueitynge .· erriden fro þe feiþ. / ⁊ biſettiden hem wiþ manye ſoꝛewis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Tymothe ·i· 6:10, page 84r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the root of all wrongs is covetousness, which some yearned for and strayed from the faith; they've unleashed many sorrows upon themselves.

Something which generates, creates, or emanates something:

The origin of an abstract quality; that which something originally came from.

A wellspring or exemplar of an abstract quality that which something comes from.

(rare, astronomy) Data used for astronomical purposes.

(rare, mathematics) A mathematical root.


vapour

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

Fumes or vapour; a visible gaseous emission:

(physiology) A noxious bodily fume believed to be the cause of maladies.


jus

English: juice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: joice, jice


place

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">pleace</i>

English: place (dialectal pleace)

Pijin: ples

Tok Pisin: ples

Scots: place, pleece

From Old English plæċe and Old French place, both from Latin platea, from Ancient Greek πλατεῖα (plateîa).

A place, area or spot; a part of the Earth or universe:

(rare) A city square, market square, or courtyard.

A location or position in or on a larger space (occupied by something or someone):

(mathematics) The place of a digit in a number written with Arabic numerals.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

The usual location or place of something (e.g. an animal's dwelling).


story

English: story, storey

Borrowed from Old French estoree, past participle of estorer. Alternatively, the same word as storie.


nerve

English: nerve

Scots: nerve

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nervus, from Proto-Italic *snēuros, from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥; thus a doublet of synwe.
Forms with /f/ reflect either final devoicing or Middle French nerf.


henge

English: hinge

Scots: heenge

From Old English *henġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hangiju; compare hangen.


adamantine

English: adamantine

From Latin adamantinus; equivalent to adamant + -ine.


palate

English: palate

From Old French palat, from Latin palātum.

One's sense of taste (the palate was believed to be the source of this).


nest

English: nest

Scots: nest

Yola: naesth

From Old English nest, from Proto-West Germanic *nest, from Proto-Germanic *nestą.


crane

English: crane (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cran, from Medieval Latin crānium.


fen

fennes (plural)
fen (accusative nominative singular)
fennes (accusative nominative plural)
fennes (genitive singular)
fenne (genitive plural)
fennes (genitive plural)
fenne (dative singular)
fennen (dative plural)

English: fen

Scots: fen

Yola: ven

From Old English fenn; from Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją. The "dung" sense is influenced by Old French fien.


sirup

desctree

English: syrup
→ Hebrew: סירופ (siróp)
→ Japanese: シラップ (shirappu)
→ Korean: 시럽 (sireop)
→ Marshallese: jurub
→ Tsonga: sirapu
→ Welsh: surop, syrop, syrup
→ Zulu: isiraphu

Scots: seerup

From Old French sirop, from Medieval Latin siruppus, syrupus, from Arabic شَرَاب (šarāb).

(medicine) A syrup of herbs used for medicine.


violent

head

violent (plural and weak singular violente)

violente (plural)
violente (singular weak)

English: violent

From Old French violent, from Latin violentus.


garbage

English: garbage

desc

Yola: graabache, graapish (influenced by garbage)


tame

English: tame

Scots: tame

From Old English tam, tom, from Proto-West Germanic *tam (“tame”).

(anatomy, medicine, of a fistula) inner, interior


wrist

English: wrist

Scots: wrist

Yola: wrasth, wraste

From Old English wrist, wyrst, from Proto-Germanic *wristuz.

wrist (joint attaching the arm to the hand)


store

English: store

Scots: store

→ Welsh: stôr

From Anglo-Norman stor, estour, ultimately from Latin instaurare. Compare warnestore.


pere

English: peer

Scots: peer

From Old French per and Anglo-Norman peir, from Latin pār.

A member of the nobility or ruling class of a country or settlement.

(anatomy, rare) A body part connected or concomitant with another.


fother

English: fother

Scots: fother

From Old Norse fóðr, from Proto-Germanic *fōdrą. Doublet of fodder.

a great quantity, especially a load or of people.


clove

English: clove

Scots: clow

Inherited from Old English clufu, from Proto-West Germanic *klubu, from Proto-Germanic *klubō, related to cleven.


clove

From Old English clofen, past participle of clēofan.


material

head

material (plural and weak singular materiale)

materiale (plural)
materiale (singular weak)

English: material

From Latin māteriālis; equivalent to matere + -al.

Extant in matter or having physical form; material.

Affecting or modifying physical matter or attributes.


straw

English: straw

Scots: strae

Yola: stre, strew

From Old English strēaw, strēow. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse strá.

The remaining plant material after cultivation; halm, straw.

(figurative) Anything slight or worthless; the least possible thing.

(rare) A measure of weight for candlewax.


yelm

English: yelm, yealm

Inherited from Old English ġielm (“handful”), from Proto-West Germanic *galmi, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish”).

der

(hapax) yelm, yealm (sheaf of straw for thatching)


toll

English: tool

Scots: towl

From Old English toll, from Proto-Germanic *tullō.


bever

English: bever

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bever (modern French boire), from Latin bibō.


hire

English: her

Scots: her

Yola: her

From Old English hire (“her”), from Proto-West Germanic *heʀā, *hiʀā, from Proto-Germanic *hezōz, genitive feminine singular of *hiz (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here; this”).

Here begynnyt the wyf of bathe hir tale.

1430, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale.”, in Canterbury Tales:

Used in place of the possessive suffix -es to denote possession by an antecedent noun.


hire

English: hire

Scots: hire

From Old English hȳr, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀiju. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.


floury

English: flowery, floury

(cooking, rare) Blanketed in flour; floury.


assay

English: assay, say

Scots: assay, say, sey

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assai, from Late Latin exagium.

Examining; investigation, looking into, research:

Trialling, assaying; the ensuring of quality (usually of a substance, but also of a document)

The trial or testing of one's personality or personal qualities.

An attack (as a trial of one's mettle or ability on the battlefield)

The trialling of comestibles or nourishments (mostly in ceremony)


bole

English: bull

Scots: bul, bull

From a mixture of Old English bula, *bulla, and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô.


ere

English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia

Scots: ear

From Old English ēare, from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws.

The ear (organ that receives sound):
The auricle; the outside of the ear.

If ony man haþ eeris of herynge .· here he

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Mark 7:16, page 19v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If anyone has ears for hearing, make him hear.

The sense of hearing; the ability to hear.

The level of attention given to someone speaking.


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.


nape

English: nape

The nape of a fish; the part below a fish's head.


pith

English: pith

Scots: pith

From Old English piþa, from Proto-Germanic *piþô.

The soft interior portion of something, especially:

(botany) pith (soft substance in the center of a plant's stem)


sire

English: sir; sire

Scots: sir; sire

From Old French sire, nominative singular of seignor, from Latin senior. Doublet of senyour.

A respectful term of address for a noble or gentleman.


wale

English: wale, weal

Scots: wale, wail

From Old English walu, from Proto-West Germanic *walu, from Proto-Germanic *waluz.

(rare) A welt; an injury created by use of a whip or a similar weapon.


whit

head

whit (plural and weak singular white, comparative whitter, superlative whittest)

white (plural)
white (singular weak)
whitter (comparative)
whittest (superlative)

English: white (see there for further descendants)

Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white

Yola: whit

Inherited from Old English hwīt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīt, from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz.

(alchemy) Inducing the transmutation of a substance into silver

(medicine) Unusually light; bearing the pallor of death


spume

English: spume

Borrowed from Old French espume, from Latin spūma.


brace

English: brace

Scots: brace

From Old French brace, from Latin bracchia, plural of bracchium.

Vambrace; armour which protects the arm.

A cord or brace for fastening or attaching things to something.

(rare) A support or buttress used in other applications.


crisp

English: crisp

From Old English crisp, cirps and Old French cresp, crespe, from Latin crispus.


fader

enm-noun

fader (plural faders or fadres, genitive fader or faders or fadres)

faders (plural)
fadres (plural)
fader (genitive)
faders (genitive)
fadres (genitive)

English: father

→ Marshallese: bata

Gullah: farruh

desc

Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither

Yola: vather

Inherited from Old English fæder, from Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

A spiritual superordinate, teacher, or leader:

One of the Church Fathers; an author of patristic writings.


gauge

English: gauge

Scots: gauge

/ˈɡaːd͡ʒ(ə)/

From Old Northern French gauge, from Frankish *galga, from Proto-Germanic *galgô. Doublet of galwes.


core

English: core

Yola: core

Unknown; derivation from either Old French cuer (“heart”) or cors (“body”) has been suggested, though both possibilities pose serious problems.

(rare, by extension) The middle of something.


couple

English: couple

Scots: couple, kipple

Borrowed from Old French couple, from Latin cōpula.

(architecture) One of two opposing roof beams (or the two as a pair)


heed

desctree

English: head, heed, hed (obsolete), 'ead (UK, eye dialect)
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi

Geordie English: heed

Scots: heid

Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Old English hēafod, from Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”).

The head (top portion of an animal):
A head-covering; headwear or hair.

A start or origin:
The source of a river; the headwater.

A start or origin:
The outermost extremity of something.


court

English: court (see there for further descendants)

Scots: court, coort

Borrowed from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrs, contraction of cohors, cohortem.

A court of law; the body which administers justice:


knave

English: knave

Middle Scots: knave, knafe, knaif

Scots: knave

→ Middle Welsh: cnaf

Welsh: cnaf

From Old English cnafa, from Proto-Germanic *knabô. Compare knape.


node

English: node
→ Irish: nód

Borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knotte.

(medicine, Late Middle English) lump, swelling


official

head

official (plural and weak singular officiale)

officiale (plural)
officiale (singular weak)

English: official

Scots: offeecial

From Old French official, from Latin officiālis; equivalent to office + -al.

(of body parts) Functional; serving a purpose.


sanguine

English: sanguine

From Old French sanguin (and feminine sanguine), from Latin sanguineus.

Having a bloody-red hue; coloured in sanguine or a similar colour.

Made of or created from blood (as a humour); bloody.


sanguine

English: sanguine

medicinal humor adjectives: humour: colerik · fleumatik · malencolik · sanguine [edit]

Blood as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

(rare) A swollen region or edema attributed to an excess of blood.


sty

English: sty

Inherited from Old English stiġ, stī, from Proto-West Germanic *stij, from Proto-Germanic *stiją, related to *stīganą (“to climb, ascend”).


swathe

English: swaðe

A strip or wrap, especially for wrapping babies in.


swathe

English: swath, swathe

Scots: swa, swarth

From Old English swaþu, from Proto-Germanic *swaþō, from Proto-Indo-European *swem(bʰ)- (“to bend, turn, swing”).

der

(rare) A strip of land as a unit of measure.

(rare) A trace left behind by something.


tithe

English: tithe (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English tēoþa, teogoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *tehundō, *tegundō, from Proto-Germanic *tehundô, *tegundô; equivalent to ten + -the (ordinal suffix); compare tenthe.


tithe

English: tithe

Scots: teith (obsolete)

One of ten equal parts of a whole; a tenth.

A tithe; a tenth of one's income given to clergy.


tripe

English: tripe

Scots: tripe

Borrowed from Old French tripe; further etymology is uncertain (compare Italian trippa, Spanish tripa).

A portion of a creature's entrails or organs (often as food).


bush

English: bush

Scots: bus

Yola: bushe

From Old English busċ, *bysċ, from Proto-West Germanic *busk. Cognates include Middle Dutch bosch, busch, Middle High German busch, bosch, and also Old French bois, buisson.


ordure

English: ordure

Borrowed from Middle French ordure and Anglo-Norman ordure, ordeur(e), ordor(e), ordour.

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:

Of the hinder part of her buttocks it is very horrible to see, as certainly in that part of her body there as they purge her stinking ordure, that foul part they show to the people proudly in spite of honesty, the honesty that Jesus Christ and his companions observed to show in her life.


larder

English: larder

Middle Scots: lairder

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman larder and continental Old French lardier, both from Latin lardārium. By surface analysis, lard + -er.

The place where such a stock is made and stored.


Lucifer

English: Lucifer

Scots: Lucifer

Satan; the Devil; the supreme Christian figure of evil.


horen

horen (infinitive)
to horen (infinitive)
hore (infinitive)
hore (first-person present singular)
hored (first-person past singular)
horest (present second-person singular)
horedest (past second-person singular)
horeth (present singular third-person)
hored (past singular third-person)
hore (present singular subjunctive)
hored (past singular subjunctive)
hore (imperative present singular)
horen (plural present)
hore (plural present)
horeden (past plural)
horede (past plural)
horeth (imperative plural present)
hore (imperative plural present)
horynge (participle present)
horende (participle present)
hored (participle past)
yhored (participle past)

English: hoar (obsolete)

From Old English hārian; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


drinken

drinken (infinitive)
to drinken (infinitive)
drinke (infinitive)
drinke (first-person present singular)
drank (first-person past singular)
drinkest (present second-person singular)
drunke (past second-person singular)
drank (past second-person singular)
drinketh (present singular third-person)
drank (past singular third-person)
drinke (present singular subjunctive)
drunke (past singular subjunctive)
drinke (imperative present singular)
drinken (plural present)
drinke (plural present)
drunken (past plural)
drunke (past plural)
drinketh (imperative plural present)
drinke (imperative plural present)
drinkynge (participle present)
drinkende (participle present)
drunken (participle past)
drunke (participle past)
ydrunken (participle past)
ydrunke (participle past)

English: drink (see there for further descendants)

Scots: drink

Yola: drink

From Old English drincan, from Proto-West Germanic *drinkan, from Proto-Germanic *drinkaną.


carpenter

English: carpenter

Scots: carpenter

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius.


creme

English: cream (see there for further descendants)

From Old French cresme, creme, craime, a blend of Late Latin crisma (from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma)) and crāmum. Doublet of crisme.


hood

English: hood

Scots: hude, huid

From Old English hōd, from Proto-Germanic *hōdaz.

A hood made of chain mail used as head armour.


flask

desctree

English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg

Scots: flask, flas

From Anglo-Norman flascon, from Frankish *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ. Reinforced by existing Old English flasce, from the same source.

A container for the storage of garments.


sore

head

sore (comparative sorer, sorrer, superlative sorest)

sorer (comparative)
sorrer (comparative)
sorest (superlative)

English: sore

Scots: sair

From Old English sār, from Proto-Germanic *sairą (noun), *sairaz (adjective).

Hurtfully, harmfully; in a way which creates wounds, painfulness, or anguish:

Strictly, mercilessly, remorselessly; without attention to kindness or mercy.

Expensively; in a way which creates a monetary or resource setback.

While suffering or experiencing an injury or pain.


flod

English: flood

Scots: fluid, flude

Inherited from Old English flōd, from Proto-Germanic *flōduz.

A waterbody or water in general (opposed to land):

A river; a waterbody that moves in one direction.

A lake or ocean; a large open body of water.

The movement of the sea (e.g. tide or flow)

(figurative) Something that flows or issues in abundance.


sorcery

English: sorcery

Scots: sorcery

From Middle French sorcerie, from Old French sorcerie.


ounce

English: ounce, unce

Scots: ounce

From Middle French once, from Old French once, unce, from Latin uncia. Doublet of ynche.

By ounces henge his lokkes that he hadde / And therwith he his shuldres overspradde

a. 1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “General Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, archived from the original on 2019-02-22, lines 677–678:

By very little hung the locks that he had; / He draped them over his shoulders

(rare) A minuscule or insignificant amount or quantity.


organic

English: organic

Borrowed from Old French organique, borrowed itself from Latin organicus. Equivalent to organe + -ik.

(rare) Positioned around the neck or nape (used of veins)


tusk

English: tusk

Scots: tusk

From Old English tūx, from earlier tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusshe.


issue

English: issue

Borrowed from Old French issue (“exit”), from issu, past participle of issir, eissir. Compare issen.
Forms with /ʃ/ mostly do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.

Exit, departure; the act of leaving or going out:

(especially pathology) An outwards flow or discharge.

(rare) A sortie (movement of soldiers towards the enemy)

(anatomy) A passage or channel out of the body.

An exit; a way out of a place.
A passage or channel out of the body.

(medicine) An issue; (incision for draining liquid in medieval medicine)

A result or outcome arising from something.

(finance) Income, revenue, especially from a tax.

(rare) One's (non-biological) successors or inheritors.

(rare) An issue; a matter of dispute or controversy.


squamous

English: squamous

From Latin squāmōsus; equivalent to squame + -ous.

(Late Middle English) scaly (especially due to disease)


stable

English: stable

Scots: stable

→ Middle Irish: stábla

Irish: stábla

Scottish Gaelic: stàball

From Anglo-Norman stable, singular derived from the plural Latin stab(u)la (“dwellings, stables”).

The chambres and the stables weren wyde, / And wel we weren esed atte beste;

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 28–29:

The rooms and stables spacious were and wide, / And well we there were eased, and of the best.


stable

enm-verb

stable (third-person singular simple present stableth, present participle stablende, stablynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stabled)

stableth (present singular third-person)
stablende (participle present)
stablynge (participle present)
stabled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of stablen (“to establish”)


corner

English: corner

Scots: corner

Yola: curneale, kurneal

→ Irish: coirnéal

→ Welsh: cornel

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman corner, cornere (and its dissimilatory variant cornel), from corne (“horn”); compare Medieval Latin cornārius.

The inside of a corner; the space inside a corner.


yoken

yoken (third-person singular simple present yoketh, present participle yokende, yokynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle yoked)

yoketh (present singular third-person)
yokende (participle present)
yokynge (participle present)
yoked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
yoken (infinitive)
to yoken (infinitive)
yoke (infinitive)
yoke (first-person present singular)
yoked (first-person past singular)
yokest (present second-person singular)
yokedest (past second-person singular)
yoketh (present singular third-person)
yoked (past singular third-person)
yoke (present singular subjunctive)
yoked (past singular subjunctive)
yoke (imperative present singular)
yoken (plural present)
yoke (plural present)
yokeden (past plural)
yokede (past plural)
yoketh (imperative plural present)
yoke (imperative plural present)
yokynge (participle present)
yokende (participle present)
yoked (participle past)
yyoked (participle past)

English: yoke

Scots: yoke

From Old English geocian, from Proto-West Germanic *jukōn, from Proto-Germanic *jukōną; equivalent to yok + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To irrevocably choose a life path.


garth

English: garth

Scots: garthe (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse garðr, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos; cognate with Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ) and a doublet of yerd.


suture

English: suture

(rare, anatomy) A slight bodily indentation.


eyed

English: eyed


wharf

English: wharf

Scots: wharf

Inherited from Old English hweorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *hwerban, from Proto-Germanic *hwerbaną.


forger

English: forger

From Old French forgiere; equivalent to forgen + -er.


fume

English: fume

Scots: fume

Borrowed from Old French fum, from Latin fūmus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós.

(physiology) Fumes as the supposed cause of feelings.


nervous

English: nervous

Borrowed from Latin nervōsus; equivalent to nerve + -ous.

Composed of or incorporating nerves or tendons.

(uncommon) Pertaining to nerves or tendons.


ferme

desctree

English: farm, (historical) feorm, (obsolete) ferme
Hawaiian Creole: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme, farma
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)

Scots: ferm

→ Welsh: fferm

From Medieval Latin ferma, Old French ferme, and their etymon Old English feorm, from Proto-West Germanic *fermu, from Proto-Germanic *fermō.

(by extension) A tax mandated by the realm.


arable

English: arable

Borrowed from Middle French arable, from Old French arable, borrowed from Latin arābilis. Equivalent to Middle French arer + -able.


ligament

English: ligament

A ligament or similar connecting tissue (e.g. a tendon)


aide

English: aid

Scots: aid


axel

English: axle (obsolete)

Scots: aixle, exle

From Old English eaxl, from Proto-West Germanic *ahslu, from Proto-Germanic *ahslō.


wer

English: wer, were

From Old English wer, from Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós; compare Old Norse verr, Latin vir, Old Prussian wijrs, Sanskrit वीर (vīra).


sward

English: sward

Scots: swaird

From Old English sweard, from Proto-Germanic *swarduz; compare Old Norse svǫrðr.

(Late Middle English) Skin, especially that on meat.

Swarde or sworde of flesche (swad or swarde, s.) Coriana.

[c. 1440, Galfrido Grammatico [i.e., Geoffrey the Grammarian], “Swarde”, in edited by Albert Way, Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, dictionarius Anglo–Latinus princeps, […] [Storehouse for Children or Clerics, the First English–Latin Dictionary, […]] (Camden Society; LXXXIX), London: […] Societatis Camdenensis [Camden Society], published 1865, →OCLC, page 482, column 1:

Sward: The rind of bacon or pork; also, the outer covering or skin of something.


glas

English: glass (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gless, glass

Inherited from Old English glæs, from Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą.

Ground-up glass as used in alchemy and pharmaceuticals.


cubicle

English: cubicle

Learned borrowing from Latin cubiculum (“bedroom”).


corde

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

A sinew or the muscular material one is made out of.


tens

English: tense

From Old French tens, tans, from Latin tempus.


verbe

English: verb

Borrowed from Old French verbe, from Latin verbum, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om. Doublet of word.


tablet

English: tablet

Scots: taiblet

From Old French tablete; equivalent to table + -et.


fane

English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

Inherited from Old English fana, from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô; doublet of fanon.

A flag borne on sea-going vessels, especially a long triangular one.


salve

English: salve

Scots: saw

From the oblique forms of Old English sealf, from Proto-West Germanic *salbu, from Proto-Germanic *salbō.


sith

English: sith

multiplication sign
multiplication sign#English

(mathematics, in the plural) units of multiplication, multiples, groupings equivalent to a multiplication sign between multiplier and multiplicand


warp

English: warp

Scots: warp

From Old English wearp, warp, from Proto-West Germanic *warp, from Proto-Germanic *warpą. Related to werpen.


plage

The plages of the North

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


theater

English: theater, theatre

Scots: theatre

/ˌtɛːˈaːtər/

From Old French theatre, from Latin theatrum, from Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron).

A theatre open to the sky; an amphitheatre.


sone

English: son

Scots: son

From Old English sunu, from Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

mi litle ſones kepe ȝe ȝou fro mawmetis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:21, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

My little children, keep yourselves from idols.


riche

English: rich

Scots: rich

From Old English rīċe (“mighty, rich”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”), from *rīks, an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.


inward

English: inward, innards

From Old English inweard; equivalent to in + -ward.


tappen

tappen (infinitive)
to tappen (infinitive)
tappe (infinitive)
tappe (first-person present singular)
tapped (first-person past singular)
tappest (present second-person singular)
tappedest (past second-person singular)
tappeth (present singular third-person)
tapped (past singular third-person)
tappe (present singular subjunctive)
tapped (past singular subjunctive)
tappe (imperative present singular)
tappen (plural present)
tappe (plural present)
tappeden (past plural)
tappede (past plural)
tappeth (imperative plural present)
tappe (imperative plural present)
tappynge (participle present)
tappende (participle present)
tapped (participle past)
ytapped (participle past)

English: tap

Scots: tap

From Old English tæppian, from Proto-Germanic *tappōną; equivalent to tappe (“plug”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


swart

head

swart (plural and weak singular swarte, comparative swarter)

swarte (plural)
swarte (singular weak)
swarter (comparative)

English: swart, swarth

Scots: swart

From Old English sweart, from Proto-West Germanic *swart, from Proto-Germanic *swartaz; compare Middle Dutch swart, Middle Low German swart, Middle High German swarz.

Black-skinned, swarthy; having dark skin.


Marte

(astronomy) The red-coloured planet visible to the naked eye: Mars.


trave

English: trave

Borrowed from Middle French trave, from Latin trabem, from Proto-Indo-European *treb-.

A wooden cage for containing horses that are being shod.


ardour

English: ardor, ardour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ardour, ardur, from Latin ārdor, ārdōrem; compare ardaunt.


lege

English: liege

Scots: liege

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lige, liege; further etymology is disputed.

(One of) one's subjects or vassals; (one of) those under one's control.

(rare) One's feudal overlords or superiors.


lege

English: liege

Able to command obedience from one's inferiors.

Pledged to obey one's superiors; subject to duty by an authority.

(rare) Otherwise bound by feudal obligations.


fissure

English: fissure

From Old French fissure, from Latin fissūra.


moder

enm-noun

moder (plural modres or moders or moder or (Kent) modren, genitive modres or moders or moder)

modres (plural)
moders (plural)
moder (plural)
modren (Kent plural)
modres (genitive)
moders (genitive)
moder (genitive)

desctree

English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)

desc

Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother

Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

Inherited from Old English mōdor, from Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare moddrie.

A mother; the female direct ancestor of someone or some creature.

The indirect female ancestor of someone or some creature.

A woman who performs the duties of a mother; a female caretaker or guardian.

A woman who heads a female monastic community; an abbess.

Something, somewhere or someone likened to a mother (in begetting, caring, or nourishing):

The womb (as the organ which protects and nourishes the baby).


croft

English: croft

Scots: croft, craft

From Old English croft, possibly from Proto-Germanic *kruftaz, from Proto-Indo-European *grewb- (“to curve, bend, crawl”), from *ger- (“to turn, wind”).


geomancy

1425 Mandev. (Eg) 115/9

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

At a syde of þe emperour table sittez many philosophers and grete clerkez of diuerse sciencez, sum of astronomy, sum of nigromancy, sum of geomancy, sum of pyromancy, sum of ydromancy.


perle

English: pearl

Scots: pairl, purl

From Old French perle, from Medieval Latin perula.

A pearl (excretion found in bivalves used in jewellery and medicine).

(figurative) The pupil (hole in the iris)


venus

From Venus, borrowed from Latin Venus. So named because of its astrological association with the planet.

This water forsoþe is so strong, þat if a litil drope þerof falle vpon ȝoure hond, anoon it wole perce it þoruȝ-out; and in þe same maner it wole do, if it falle vpon a plate of venus.


bern

English: barn

Scots: bern

Yola: barrn

From Old English bearn, contracted forms of Old English berern, bereærn (“barn, granary”). Equivalent to bere + -ern.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


bern

Inherited from Old English beorn; probably from Proto-Germanic *bernuz.


dette

English: debt

Scots: det, debt

From Old French dete, from Latin dēbita, from the plural of dēbitum.

(law, rare) A legal action in order to collect a money owed to one.


canner

English: canner

(rare, Late Middle English) A machine that removes impurities from wine.


tumour

English: tumour, tumor

From Old French tumour, from Latin tumor.


vinous

English: vinous, vinose


scheren

scheren (infinitive)
to scheren (infinitive)
schere (infinitive)
schern (infinitive)
schere (first-person present singular)
schar (first-person past singular)
scher (first-person past singular)
scherest (present second-person singular)
schere (past second-person singular)
schar (past second-person singular)
scher (past second-person singular)
schereth (present singular third-person)
schar (past singular third-person)
scher (past singular third-person)
schere (present singular subjunctive)
schere (past singular subjunctive)
schere (imperative present singular)
scheren (plural present)
schere (plural present)
schern (plural present)
scheren (past plural)
schere (past plural)
schereth (imperative plural present)
schere (imperative plural present)
scherynge (participle present)
scherende (participle present)
schoren (participle past)
schore (participle past)
schorn (participle past)
yschoren (participle past)
yschore (participle past)

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: shaure (preterite)

Inherited from Old English sċieran, from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To injure by slashing or slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop up or dice (especially food)

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop off; to sunder by slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To harvest or reap crops.

To remove one's hair; to have one's hair shaved.

To shave the top of the head (to induct into monasticism).

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
(rare) To shear or shave fabric.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
To shear or shave fabric.


pissen

pissen (infinitive)
to pissen (infinitive)
pisse (infinitive)
pisse (first-person present singular)
pissed (first-person past singular)
pissest (present second-person singular)
pissedest (past second-person singular)
pisseth (present singular third-person)
pissed (past singular third-person)
pisse (present singular subjunctive)
pissed (past singular subjunctive)
pisse (imperative present singular)
pissen (plural present)
pisse (plural present)
pisseden (past plural)
pissede (past plural)
pisseth (imperative plural present)
pisse (imperative plural present)
pissynge (participle present)
pissende (participle present)
pissed (participle past)
ypissed (participle past)

English: piss

Scots: pish

Borrowed from Old French pissier, from Vulgar Latin *pīssiāre; equivalent to pisse + -en (infinitival suffix).

To piss; to deliver urine from the genitals.

To eject any other substance through the genitals.


pisse

English: piss

Scots: pish


bote

English: boot

→ English: bote (also from Old English bōt)

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōt, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtu, from Proto-Germanic *bōtō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(rare) A medicinal or pharmaceutical cure or remedy; something used to quell disease.


stepdame

English: stepdame


cerebrum

English: cerebrum

Borrowed from Latin cerebrum, from Proto-Italic *kerazrom.


slider

From Old English slidor, from Proto-West Germanic *slidr.


grot

English: groat

Yola: grate

A groat or other silver coin of similar value, traditionally worth four pennies, or the weight corresponding to that coin.


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bet, past participle beten)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beten (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bet (first-person past singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bete (past second-person singular)
bet (past second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (past singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
beten (participle past)
bete (participle past)
bet (participle past)
ybeten (participle past)
ybete (participle past)

desctree

English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede

Scots: beat, beit

Inherited from Old English bēatan, from Proto-West Germanic *bautan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To bat (wings or eyes) up and down.

To (repeatedly or violently) press, pound or whack:

To strike metal into shape; to perform metalworking.


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bette, past participle bet)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bet (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
bete (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
betest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (present singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
bet (participle past)
ybet (participle past)

English: beet (dialectal, obsolete)

Scots: bete, beit, beet, beat

Inherited from Old English bētan, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtijan, from Proto-Germanic *bōtijaną; some forms are remodelled on bet (“better”).

To expiate; to make amends for a sin or wrong.

To start or add fuel to a fire; to stoke.


haven

haven (infinitive)
to haven (infinitive)
have (infinitive)
han (infinitive)
ha (infinitive)
have (first-person present singular)
ha (first-person present singular)
hadde (first-person past singular)
haved (first-person past singular)
havest (present second-person singular)
hast (present second-person singular)
haddest (past second-person singular)
havedest (past second-person singular)
haveth (present singular third-person)
hath (present singular third-person)
hadde (past singular third-person)
haved (past singular third-person)
have (present singular subjunctive)
ha (present singular subjunctive)
hadde (past singular subjunctive)
haved (past singular subjunctive)
have (imperative present singular)
ha (imperative present singular)
haven (plural present)
have (plural present)
han (plural present)
ha (plural present)
hadden (past plural)
hadde (past plural)
haveden (past plural)
havede (past plural)
haveth (imperative plural present)
have (imperative plural present)
ha (imperative plural present)
havynge (participle present)
havende (participle present)
had (participle past)
haved (participle past)
yhad (participle past)
yhaved (participle past)

From Old English habban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną.

to get, acquire, or obtain:
to have (a child); to give birth


nombre

English: number (see there for further descendants)

Scots: nummer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman noumbre and Old French nonbre, from Latin numerus.

Arithmetic; mathematics; the study of numbers.


carbuncle

English: carbuncle

Borrowed from Old French carbuncle, charbuncle, itself borrowed from Latin carbunculus.

(pathology) A carbuncle; a large abscess.


westen

westen (third-person singular simple present westeth, present participle westende, westynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wested)

westeth (present singular third-person)
westende (participle present)
westynge (participle present)
wested (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
westen (infinitive)
to westen (infinitive)
weste (infinitive)
weste (first-person present singular)
wested (first-person past singular)
westest (present second-person singular)
westedest (past second-person singular)
westeth (present singular third-person)
wested (past singular third-person)
weste (present singular subjunctive)
wested (past singular subjunctive)
weste (imperative present singular)
westen (plural present)
weste (plural present)
westeden (past plural)
westede (past plural)
westeth (imperative plural present)
weste (imperative plural present)
westynge (participle present)
westende (participle present)
wested (participle past)

English: west

From west (“west”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(uncommon, astronomy) To move westwards.


cenacle

English: cenacle

Borrowed from Old French cenacle, itself borrowed from Latin cēnāculum.

An upper level or dining room, especially the one where the Last Supper was hosted.


lede

enm-noun

lede (plural ledes or lede or (early) leden)

ledes (plural)
lede (plural)
leden (plural)

English: lede (obsolete)

Scots: leid

From Old English lēode (“people, men”), plural of lēod, from Proto-West Germanic *liudī, plural of *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudīz, plural of *liudiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰeyes, plural of *h₁léwdʰis.
Akin to Old Frisian liod, Old Saxon liud, Old Norse ljóðr, lýðr, Old High German liut, Dutch lieden.

A (male) human; a man:
A vassal or subject.

A (male) human; a man:
A servant or retainer.

A (male) human; a man:
A ruler; one with governing authority.


mynt

English: mint

From Old English mynet, from Proto-West Germanic *munit, from Latin monēta; doublet of moneye.


bras

English: brass

Scots: bress

→ Irish: prás

→ Scottish Gaelic: pràis

From Old English bræs; further origin uncertain.


manly

English: manly

Scots: manly

From Old English *manlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *mannlīk, from Proto-Germanic *mannlīkaz; equivalent to man + -ly (adjectival suffix).


parlour

English: parlor, parlour

Scots: parlour

Borrowed from Old French parleor, parloir, parleoir, from Old French parler (“to speak”); equivalent to parlen + -our.

A room or opening for monastics to communicate with laypeople.


wæstm

wæstmes (plural)
wæstm (accusative nominative singular)
wæstmes (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmæs (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmes (genitive singular)
wæstmæs (genitive singular)
wæstme (genitive plural)
wæstme (dative singular)
wæstmen (dative plural)

From Old English wæstm, from Proto-Germanic *wastmaz.

The crops produced by a plant; the result of a harvest.


tither

English: tither


cloven

English: cloven

Scots: clowen, cloen

From Old English clofen, ġeclofen, past participle of clēofan, from Proto-Germanic *klubanaz, past participle of *kleubaną.

Split, cloven, separated, divided (used of anatomical features)


hord

English: hoard

Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

From Old English hord, from Proto-West Germanic *hoʀd, from Proto-Germanic *huzdą.

A location or room of hidden non-valuables.

A storehouse of (non-hidden) valuables or presents.

(figurative) A supply or stock of abstract valuables.

(rare) The act of putting away for safekeeping.


couche

English: couch

Scots: cooch, cootch

→ Welsh: cwtsh
→ English: cwtch

From Old French couche, from couchier (whence couchen).

(rare) A bedroom; the room where one sleeps in.


mantel

English: mantle, mantel

Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

From Anglo-Norman mantel and Old English mentel, both ultimately from Late Latin mantēllum, later form of Latin mantēle.


venu

English: venue


celle

English: cell

Scots: cell

From Old English cell and Old French cele, selle, both from Latin cella, from Proto-Italic *kelnā; compare halle.

A private place, room, or building for habitation.

(figuratively) A place of entrapment or confinement.


stony

English: stony

Scots: stany

Inherited from Old English stāniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *stainag, from Proto-Germanic *stainagaz; equivalent to ston + -y.


crochet

English: crotchet

From Old French crochet; doublet of croket.


unde

English: und


potage

English: pottage; porridge

Scots: pottage; parritch

Yola: porachès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French potage; equivalent to pot + -age.

A pudding or slurry; any dish made of thick, runny liquid.

Greens or vegetables; plant matter as used in food.

(rare) A cataplasm; a pad on a wound to relieve.


kne

English: knee

Scots: kne, kney, knie

Yola: konnee

From Anglian Old English cnēo (West Saxon cnēow is continued in knew), from Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”).


ligature

English: ligature

Borrowed from Middle French ligature, itself borrowed from Late Latin ligātūra. Doublet of lyoure.


thorny

English: thorny

Scots: thorny

From Old English þorniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *þornag. Equivalent to thorn + -y.


dweller

English: dweller

Yola: dwellerès, dwelleres (plural)


stele

Yola: sthill, stell

Inherited from Old English stela, steola; a parallel etymology to English stale (“a handle, shaft, stem”, noun).

m+

And in o purpose stedfastly to dwel / And nat bewray thyng that men vs tel / But that tale is nat worthe a rake stele / Parde we women con nothyng hele

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


skyn

English: skin

Scots: skin

Yola: skien

From Old Norse skinn, from Proto-Germanic *skinþą.

The skin (outer layer of the body or a portion of it)

A hide, fur or skin of an animal, especially used as a garment.

A prepared hide (such as parchment or leather)

A layer or cover located in the inside of the body.

A rind or external layer (especially of a plant).

(biblical) Part of the material composing a tent.


bak

English: back

Scots: back, bak, bake

From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:

(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself.

The vertebrae or spine; the bone holding up the back.

(rare) The extremities, margin or boundary of something.


bak

English: back

Yola: bak