feble

head

feble (plural and weak singular feble, comparative feblere, superlative feblest)

feble (plural)
feble (singular weak)
feblere (comparative)
feblest (superlative)

English: feeble

Scots: feeble

Etymology tree
Anglo-Norman feblebor.
Middle English feble
From Anglo-Norman feble, from Latin flēbilis.

etymon

(rare, money) Having a low precious metal content.


surgien

English: surgeon

Scots: surgeon

Borrowed Old French surgien, itself inherited from Vulgar Latin *chīrurgiānus, from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of cirurgien.

A surgeon; one who practices the art of surgery.


writhen

writhen (infinitive)
to writhen (infinitive)
writhe (infinitive)
writhe (first-person present singular)
wroth (first-person past singular)
writhest (present second-person singular)
writhe (past second-person singular)
wroth (past second-person singular)
writheth (present singular third-person)
wroth (past singular third-person)
writhe (present singular subjunctive)
writhe (past singular subjunctive)
writhe (imperative present singular)
writhen (plural present)
writhe (plural present)
writhen (past plural)
writhe (past plural)
writheth (imperative plural present)
writhe (imperative plural present)
writhynge (participle present)
writhende (participle present)
writhen (participle past)
writhe (participle past)
wrethen (participle past)
wrethe (participle past)
ywrithen (participle past)
ywrithe (participle past)

English: writhe

Scots: wryth, writhe

From Old English wrīþan. Cognates include Old Swedish vrīþa and Middle High German rīden.

To go or look away; to avoid involvement in an activity or matter.

(rare, surgery) To drill a hole by a twisting motion.


ymage

English: image

Scots: eemage, emage

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman ymage, from Latin imāgō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (“similarity, resemblance”).

der

image, depiction (visual representation):

(rare) A sculpture or effigy used in occult arts.

Likeness, closeness; the state of being similar.


morter

English: mortar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mortar

→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Borrowed from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium.

Grout or mortar (that which holds bricks together)


noyous

English: noyous

An aphetic form of anoyous; equivalent to noy + -ous.


dovehouse

desc

English: dovehouse, dove-house, dove house


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From Old English hierde, from Proto-West Germanic *hirdī, from Proto-Germanic *hirdijaz.


clift

English: cleft

Scots: clift

Inherited from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz; equivalent to cleven + -th.

A slash wound; an injury from an instance of slicing, cleaving, rupturing or cutting.


tem

English: team (see there for further descendants)

Scots: team

Inherited from Old English tēam, from Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz.

descendants, children; also extended to the following:

(law) The descendants of one's subordinates.

(rare) The ability to procreate or give birth.


wasten

enm-verb

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To enfeeble; to make weak or sickly.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To eat at; to cause to decay or shrink.

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

To cleanse; to make something evanesce or evacuate.

To utilise or expend (resources or supplies):

To waste resources; to expend wastefully.

To expend time (usually in a wasteful way)


drope

English: drop

Scots: drap

From Old English dropa, from Proto-West Germanic *dropō, from Proto-Germanic *drupô.

A shower or gush; a falling agglomeration of droplets.

(medicine) A disease having speckles or spots as a symptom.


donge

English: dung

Scots: dung

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dungu, from Proto-Germanic *dungō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English oblique cases.

Dung or feces, especially of animals (used in medicine or fertiliser)


donge

desc

Middle English: dongeoun (probably contributed various senses)

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”). The final vowel is either a generalisation of the dative or by analogy with Etymology 1.


gest

English: guest

Scots: guest

From a conflation of Old Norse gestr and Old English ġiest; both from Proto-Germanic *gastiz, from Proto-Germanic *gʰóstis. Doublet of host.

A (often threatening) male individual; a ominous person.

(figurative, rare) A male lover of a woman; a man in an unofficial intimate relationship with a woman.


doppe

(ornithology) Any type of bird that dops or dives.


nekke

English: neck

Scots: neck

Inherited from Old English hnecca, from Proto-West Germanic *hnakkō, from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô.

The neck (body part connecting the head and trunk):


sowen

sowen (infinitive)
to sowen (infinitive)
sowe (infinitive)
sowe (first-person present singular)
sew (first-person past singular)
sowed (first-person past singular)
sowest (present second-person singular)
sewe (past second-person singular)
sew (past second-person singular)
sowedest (past second-person singular)
soweth (present singular third-person)
sew (past singular third-person)
sowed (past singular third-person)
sowe (present singular subjunctive)
sewe (past singular subjunctive)
sowed (past singular subjunctive)
sowe (imperative present singular)
sowen (plural present)
sowe (plural present)
sewen (past plural)
sewe (past plural)
soweden (past plural)
sowede (past plural)
soweth (imperative plural present)
sowe (imperative plural present)
sowynge (participle present)
sowende (participle present)
sowen (participle past)
sowe (participle past)
sowed (participle past)
ysowen (participle past)
ysowe (participle past)

English: sow

Scots: saw, saa

From Old English sāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *sāan, from Proto-Germanic *sēaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₁- (compare seed).

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


knyght

English: knight

Scots: knicht

Yola: nickht

From Old English cniht, from Proto-West Germanic *kneht.


schaft

English: shaft

Scots: schaft, shaft

Inherited from Old English sċeaft (“shaft”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaft, from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz.

inh+

A weapon's shaft; the body of a polearm.


schaft

enm-noun

schaft (plural schaftes or (Early ME) schaften or (Early ME) schafte)

schaftes (plural)
schaften (Early-Middle-English plural)
schafte (Early-Middle-English plural)

From Old English sċeaft, ġesċeaft (“creation”), from sċieppan; equivalent to shapen + -th.

A creature or animal (especially a certain species)


nece

English: niece

Scots: niece

From Old French niece, nece, from Late Latin neptia.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)

(rare) A male member of one's family, kin or lineage.


chapele

desctree

English: chapel
→ Japanese: チャペル (chaperu)
→ Korean: 채플 (chaepeul)

Scots: chapel

Yola: chapaal

From Old French chapele, from Late Latin cappella.

A chapel (minor place of Christian worship).


strete

enm-noun

strete (plural stretes or strete or (early) streten)

stretes (plural)
strete (plural)
streten (plural)

English: street

Scots: street, streit, stret

→ Breton: straed

→ Cornish: stret

→ Welsh: stryd

Inherited from Old English strǣt, strēt, from Proto-West Germanic *strātu, from Late Latin strāta (“paved road”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A road or path connecting two destinations.


cranage

English: cranage

(rare) cranage; the money resulting from it.


lyme

English: limb

Scots: limb, lim

⇒ Yola: lemethès

From limu, plural of Old English lim, from Proto-West Germanic *limu.


aunte

English: aunt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aunt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman aunte and continental Old French ante, from Latin amita.

The senatours wyf / hir Aunte was / But foꝛ al that / she knew hir neuer the mooꝛe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Mannes] Tale [of Lawe]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 125, verso:

The senator's wife was her aunt, / but despite that, she didn't know her at all.


flum

English: flume

Middle Scots: flum, flume

An early borrowing from Old French flum, from Latin flūmen.

(by extension, rare) Any gathering of water.


schaven

enm-verb

schaven (third-person singular simple present schaveth, present participle schavynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schof, past participle schaven)

schaveth (present singular third-person)
schavynge (participle present)
schof (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaven (participle past)
schaven (infinitive)
to schaven (infinitive)
schave (infinitive)
schave (first-person present singular)
schof (first-person past singular)
schaved (first-person past singular)
schavest (present second-person singular)
schove (past second-person singular)
schof (past second-person singular)
schavedest (past second-person singular)
schaveth (present singular third-person)
schof (past singular third-person)
schaved (past singular third-person)
schave (present singular subjunctive)
schove (past singular subjunctive)
schaved (past singular subjunctive)
schave (imperative present singular)
schaven (plural present)
schave (plural present)
schoven (past plural)
schove (past plural)
schaveden (past plural)
schavede (past plural)
schaveth (imperative plural present)
schave (imperative plural present)
schavynge (participle present)
schavende (participle present)
schaven (participle past)
schave (participle past)
schaved (participle past)
yschaven (participle past)
yschave (participle past)
yschaved (participle past)

English: shave

→ Welsh: siafio

q

through confluence with Norwegian <i class="Latn mention" lang="no">skave</i>

Scots: schave, schaif, schaiff; shaav (through confluence with Norwegian skave)

From Old English sċafan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaban; equivalent to schave + -en (infinitival suffix).

To scrape or scratch, especially into pieces:

To razor hair; to use an unpaired blade to cut hair:

To shave; to remove all hair in a given area.


droghte

English: drought (dialectal or obsolete drouth, druft)

Scots: drocht, drouth

From the oblique forms of Old English drūgaþ (and the variant drūgaþe), from dryġe (“dry”); equivalent to drye + -the (abstract nominal suffix). Compare Middle Dutch drôochte, Middle Low German drö̂gede.
Notes on phonological development (compare douthe and youthe, which this word's development closely parallels)
Forms with /xt/ and /xθ/ result from early syncope in the Old English nominative singular drūgaþ, then levelling of the resulting consonantism to the oblique forms, while forms with /ð/ reflect either later syncope or the consonantism of the oblique forms (from Old English [ɣð]). Finally, forms in /θ/ represent either loss of /x/ or final devoicing of /ð/.
Shortening of the long vowel was regular in all variants of this word in Late Old English, either due to the trisyllabicity of inflected forms or because of the following consonant cluster; variants with a long vowel can represent either development of /uɣ/ to /uː/ or lengthening before /x/. In some varieties of Middle English, /u/ was apparently lowered before /x/; standard English does not continue such forms, but they underlie Scots drocht.

col-top

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

(rare) Thirstiness; a bodily need of water.


lengthe

English: length

Scots: lenth, lainth

Inherited from Old English lengþu, from Proto-West Germanic *langiþu, from Proto-Germanic *langiþō; equivalent to long + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


lippe

English: lip

Scots: lip

From Old English lippa, from Proto-West Germanic *lippjō.


forhed

English: forehead

Yola: vorreat

From Old English fōrehēafod, foranhēafod.


herte

enm-noun

herte (plural hertes or herten or herte)

hertes (plural)
herten (plural)
herte (plural)

English: heart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hert, hart, hairt

Yola: hearth, hart

Inherited from Old English heorte, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

(anatomy) heart (organ, sometimes eaten).

One's feelings, or beliefs; the heart viewed as a source of them:

One's (inherent or current) attitude or behaviour.


chyn

English: chin

Scots: chin, chyn

From Old English ċinn, from Proto-West Germanic *kinnu, form Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus.


berd

English: beard

Scots: berd, berde, beird

Yola: bearde

→ Anglo-Norman: berd

gl

merged with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">barbier</i>

→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Old English beard, from Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂.


felawe

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

A (male) partner, friend, or colleague; one linked with others:

A (male) co-worker; one who is employed in the same position as oneself or who works with oneself.

A member of an organisation, society, religious order/group, college, trade association, etc.

A (male) accomplice; one who assists another in criminal activity.

A (male) partner or partaker in revelry or one who likes doing so (i.e. is extroverted).

One who is in a close platonic relationship with another; a true companion.

(rare) A male individual of low societal or moral rank.

(rare) Any male individual; a fella, guy, etc.


drye

head

drye (plural and weak singular drye, comparative *dryer, superlative *dryest)

drye (plural)
drye (singular weak)
*dryer (comparative)
*dryest (superlative)

English: dry

Scots: dry, drey

From Old English drȳġe, from Proto-West Germanic *drūgi, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz.

Dry; lacking wetness, humidity, or water:

Having water extracted out of it; dried, shrunken.

(of food) Preserved by drying; dried or cured.


drye

(alchemy, medicine) Something considered alchemically dry.


drawen

enm-verb

drawen (third-person singular simple present draweth, present participle drawinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative drogh or drew, past participle drawen)

draweth (present singular third-person)
drawinge (participle present)
drogh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drawen (participle past)
drawen (infinitive)
to drawen (infinitive)
drawe (infinitive)
drawe (first-person present singular)
drogh (first-person past singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
drawest (present second-person singular)
drowe (past second-person singular)
drewe (past second-person singular)
drogh (past second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
draweth (present singular third-person)
drogh (past singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
drawe (present singular subjunctive)
drowe (past singular subjunctive)
drewe (past singular subjunctive)
drawe (imperative present singular)
drawen (plural present)
drawe (plural present)
drowen (past plural)
drowe (past plural)
drewen (past plural)
drewe (past plural)
draweth (imperative plural present)
drawe (imperative plural present)
drawynge (participle present)
drawende (participle present)
drawen (participle past)
drawe (participle past)
ydrawen (participle past)
ydrawe (participle past)

English: draw

Scots: draw

Yola: dra

From Old English dragan, from Proto-West Germanic *dragan. Many senses are calqued from Latin trahere.

(medicine) To extract blood from (someone)

To pull, move or draw away:
To extract blood from (someone)

To draw, push, or impel towards (oneself); to attract:

(mathematics) To add; to perform addition.


cheke

English: cheek; choke

Scots: cheek

/ˈt͡ʃɛːk(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːk(ə)/

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English ċēace, from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ.
* Old English ċēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *keukā, from Proto-Germanic *keukǭ.


moneye

English: money (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: money, moneth

Scots: money

Yola: monie, monnie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman muneie (compare modern Norman mounaie), from Latin monēta; doublet of mynt.


poynt

English: point

Yola: pint, peint

Borrowed from Old French point, puint, pointe and Anglo-Norman puingte.

(geometry) point (zero-dimensional mathematical object)

(medicine) stitch used in sewing together a wound


dwellen

dwelen (infinitive)
to dwelen (infinitive)
dwele (infinitive)
dwele (first-person present singular)
dweled (first-person past singular)
dwelte (first-person past singular)
dwelest (present second-person singular)
dweledest (past second-person singular)
dweltest (past second-person singular)
dweleth (present singular third-person)
dweled (past singular third-person)
dwelte (past singular third-person)
dwele (present singular subjunctive)
dweled (past singular subjunctive)
dwelte (past singular subjunctive)
dwele (imperative present singular)
dwelen (plural present)
dwele (plural present)
dweleden (past plural)
dwelede (past plural)
dwelten (past plural)
dwelte (past plural)
dweleth (imperative plural present)
dwele (imperative plural present)
dwelynge (participle present)
dwelende (participle present)
dweled (participle past)
dwelt (participle past)
ydweled (participle past)
ydwelt (participle past)

English: dwell

Scots: dwall

From Old English dwellan (with semantic influence from Old Norse dvelja), from Proto-West Germanic *dwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną.

To dwell; to remain:
To remain or stay (in a location)

To dwell; to remain:
To live, reside, or inhabit.

(figurative) To become settled or established (with).

To last; to persist:
To be left; to remain in possession.

To be left over; to remain (of a portion).


prisoun

English: prison

Scots: preeson

From late Anglo-Norman prisoun, spelt prisun in early Anglo-Norman. Ultimately from Latin prehensiō, prehensiōnem.

prison, jail, dungeon (place where captives are held)


gardyn

desctree

English: garden
Sranan Tongo: dyari
→ Nafaanra: yaadi

Scots: gairden

From Old Northern French gardin, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


womman

English: woman
Antigua and Barbuda Creole English: uman
Aukan: uman
Jamaican Creole: ooman
Krio: uman
Sranan Tongo: uma; oema (superseded)
Torres Strait Creole: oman
→ Japanese: ウーマン (ūman)
→ Korean: 우먼 (umeon)
→ Volapük: vom

English: -woman
→ French: -woman

Scots: woman, weman

From Old English wiman, wimman, wīfmann (“woman; female servant”, literally “female person; female human being”), equivalent to wyf (“woman, wife”) + man (“man, person”).

compound

hire to wommane brouȝte


fruyt

desctree

English: fruit
Bislama: frut
Jamaican Creole: fruut
Tok Pisin: frut
→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)

Scots: fruit, frute

→ Cornish: frut

Borrowed from Old French fruit, from Latin fructus.


volvelle

English: volvelle

Borrowed from Medieval Latin volvella, variant of volvellum, from volvō + -ellum.

A moving part of an astronomical instrument.


voys

English: voice

Scots: voice, vice, vyce

Yola: vice

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman voiz, voys, veys, from Latin vōx, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs.

(grammar) Grammatical voice; the relation a verb or noun has to the subject.


chaungen

enm-verb

chaungen (third-person singular simple present chaungeth, present participle chaungende, chaungynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaunged)

chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaungende (participle present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaunged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chaungen (infinitive)
to chaungen (infinitive)
chaunge (infinitive)
chaunge (first-person present singular)
chaunged (first-person past singular)
chaungest (present second-person singular)
chaungedest (past second-person singular)
chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaunged (past singular third-person)
chaunge (present singular subjunctive)
chaunged (past singular subjunctive)
chaunge (imperative present singular)
chaungen (plural present)
chaunge (plural present)
chaungeden (past plural)
chaungede (past plural)
chaungeth (imperative plural present)
chaunge (imperative plural present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaungende (participle present)
chaunged (participle past)

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃaːnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃæi̯nd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaungier, chaunger and continental Old French changier, from Latin cambiāre, from Gaulish cambion (“change”); equivalent to chaunge (“change”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To change or vary; to become or make different:

To replace or swap; to substitute for another.


coler

English: choler

From Old French colere, from Latin cholera (which some forms are directly from).

medicinal humors: humour: coler · flewme · malencolie · sanguine [edit]

Yellow bile as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.


relicte

English: relict

(uncommon, Late Middle English) undamaged, left alone


rerer

(rare) A person who raises occult forces.


droppen

enm-verb

droppen (third-person singular simple present droppeth, present participle droppende, droppynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dropped)

droppeth (present singular third-person)
droppende (participle present)
droppynge (participle present)
dropped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
droppen (infinitive)
to droppen (infinitive)
droppe (infinitive)
droppe (first-person present singular)
dropped (first-person past singular)
droppest (present second-person singular)
droppedest (past second-person singular)
droppeth (present singular third-person)
dropped (past singular third-person)
droppe (present singular subjunctive)
dropped (past singular subjunctive)
droppe (imperative present singular)
droppen (plural present)
droppe (plural present)
droppeden (past plural)
droppede (past plural)
droppeth (imperative plural present)
droppe (imperative plural present)
droppynge (participle present)
droppende (participle present)
dropped (participle past)

English: drop

Scots: drap

Inherited from Old English dropian, from Proto-West Germanic *dropōn, from Proto-Germanic *drupōną; equivalent to drope (“drop”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(of a liquid) To drip; to fall in drops:

To drip; to fall in drops:
To rain; to descend in a mass of drops.

To drip; to fall in drops:
To sprinkle; to cause to drip.

To drop; to move suddenly and directly down.

(figuratively) To create, inculcate, or instil.


cubite

English: cubit

Scots: cubit (obsolete)

A cubit (unit of length measuring one and a half feet)

An elbow; the joint in the centre of the arm.


servage

English: servage

Borrowed from Old French servage; equivalent to serven + -age.

(feudalism) A payment or service required by a liege.


cirurgical

English: chirurgical

Borrowed from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin cirurgicālis.


vitaile

English: victual, vittle

Scots: victual

→ Irish: biotáille

From Old French vitaile, from Latin victuālia.


governour

English: governor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: governour

Yola: governere

Borrowed from Old French gouvreneur, governeor, from Latin gubernātor; equivalent to governen + -our.

(physiology, rare) A body part which controls other body parts.


tofall

(architecture) A small structure, e.g. a shed, that is annexed to the wall of a larger one, having its roof formed in a single slope with the top resting against the wall.


governen

governen (infinitive)
to governen (infinitive)
governe (infinitive)
governe (first-person present singular)
governed (first-person past singular)
governest (present second-person singular)
governedest (past second-person singular)
governeth (present singular third-person)
governed (past singular third-person)
governe (present singular subjunctive)
governed (past singular subjunctive)
governe (imperative present singular)
governen (plural present)
governe (plural present)
governeden (past plural)
governede (past plural)
governeth (imperative plural present)
governe (imperative plural present)
governynge (participle present)
governende (participle present)
governed (participle past)
ygoverned (participle past)

English: govern

Scots: govern

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French governer, guverner, from Latin gubernō, from Ancient Greek κυβερνάω (kubernáō).

To direct an individual or thing directly:

(physiology) To affect a body part or bodily system.

(grammar) To depend upon or govern (a part of speech)


rixis

English: rhexis

(medicine) rhexis, especially phleborrhexis or arteriorrhexis (rupture of a blood vessel)


yvory

English: ivory

From Anglo-Norman ivurie, from Latin eboreus.


yvory

English: ivory


forgen

enm-verb

forgen (third-person singular simple present forgeth, present participle forgende, forgynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forged)

forgeth (present singular third-person)
forgende (participle present)
forgynge (participle present)
forged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
forgen (infinitive)
to forgen (infinitive)
forge (infinitive)
forge (first-person present singular)
forged (first-person past singular)
forgest (present second-person singular)
forgedest (past second-person singular)
forgeth (present singular third-person)
forged (past singular third-person)
forge (present singular subjunctive)
forged (past singular subjunctive)
forge (imperative present singular)
forgen (plural present)
forge (plural present)
forgeden (past plural)
forgede (past plural)
forgeth (imperative plural present)
forge (imperative plural present)
forgynge (participle present)
forgende (participle present)
forged (participle past)
yforged (participle past)

English: forge

Scots: forge

/ˈfɔːrd͡ʒən/

From Anglo-Norman forger and Old French forgier, from Latin fabricō.

To make; to build:
(metallurgy) To forge (shape metal)

To make; to build:
To forge (shape metal)

To make; to build:
To coin; to mint (money, currency)


grece

English: grease

Scots: gree (a back-formation)

From Anglo-Norman grece, from Vulgar Latin *crassia.

Processed and melted animal fat used in cooking or anointing; grease.


cloistre

English: cloister

Scots: closter (< closter)

From Old French cloistre, from Medieval Latin claustrum.

A monastery or cloister; a place where a monastic lifestyle is practiced.

A cloister (roofed path, especially at a monastic complex)

That which is cloistered; a confined location.

(figurative, rare) The uterus as a protective location.


housen

housen (third-person singular simple present houseth, present participle housende, housynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle housed)

houseth (present singular third-person)
housende (participle present)
housynge (participle present)
housed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
housen (infinitive)
to housen (infinitive)
house (infinitive)
house (first-person present singular)
housed (first-person past singular)
housest (present second-person singular)
housedest (past second-person singular)
houseth (present singular third-person)
housed (past singular third-person)
house (present singular subjunctive)
housed (past singular subjunctive)
house (imperative present singular)
housen (plural present)
house (plural present)
houseden (past plural)
housede (past plural)
houseth (imperative plural present)
house (imperative plural present)
housynge (participle present)
housende (participle present)
housed (participle past)
yhoused (participle past)

English: house

Scots: house, hoose

Inherited from Old English hūsian, from Proto-West Germanic *hūsōn, from Proto-Germanic *hūsōną; equivalent to hous + -en (infinitival suffix).

To accommodate or lodge; to have as a guest:

To give out accommodations (to someone).

To shelter or reside (in a house or building)

To build, construct (houses or buildings).

To set up or arrange accommodation (in a building)


nappen

nappen (infinitive)
to nappen (infinitive)
nappe (infinitive)
nappe (first-person present singular)
napped (first-person past singular)
nappest (present second-person singular)
nappedest (past second-person singular)
nappeth (present singular third-person)
napped (past singular third-person)
nappe (present singular subjunctive)
napped (past singular subjunctive)
nappe (imperative present singular)
nappen (plural present)
nappe (plural present)
nappeden (past plural)
nappede (past plural)
nappeth (imperative plural present)
nappe (imperative plural present)
nappynge (participle present)
nappende (participle present)
napped (participle past)
ynapped (participle past)

English: nap

Scots: nap

Inherited from Old English hnappian, from Proto-West Germanic *hnappōn, of unknown origin.


nimphe

English: nymph

From Old French nimphe, from Latin nympha, from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē).


moiste

head

moiste (plural and weak singular moiste, comparative moister, superlative moistest)

moiste (plural)
moiste (singular weak)
moister (comparative)
moistest (superlative)

English: moist

From Old French moiste, of unknown origin.


ston

enm-noun

ston (plural stones or ston or (early, rare) stonen)

stones (plural)
ston (plural)
stonen (plural rare)

English: stone (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: styen

Scots: stane

Yola: sthoan

→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A millstone or whetstone.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A pebble used in a slingshot.

A solid mass resembling stone, especially:


rodde

English: rod

Scots: rod, rodd

Yola: rade

From Old English *rodd; further provenance is uncertain.


alabastre

English: alabaster

Scots: alabaster

From Old French alabastre, from Latin alabaster, from Ancient Greek ἀλάβαστρος (alábastros), from earlier ἀλάβαστος (alábastos).


sanguinolent

English: sanguinolent

From Old French sanguinolent, borrowed itself from Latin sanguinolentus.

Emitting blood or having blood flow out; currently bleeding.

Forestalling or countering bloodflow or blood spurting.

Blood-coloured; having the same colour of blood.


obligatorie

English: obligatory

(rare) Allowing the imposition of duties.


tresorer

English: treasurer

From Old French tresorer; equivalent to tresour + -er.

A treasurer (official entrusted with an organisation or government's revenue)


lana succida

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lāna succida (“greasy wool”).

bor

(medicine) unwashed sheep’s wool, used raw or impregnated with medicinal oils, ointments, vel sim. as a medicament


occean

English: ocean

Scots: ocean

From Old French occean, from Latin Ōceanus, from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós).

A large sea believed to encircle the world's land.


balsamum

From Latin balsamum, from Ancient Greek βάλσαμον (bálsamon, “balsam”), of Semitic origin (compare Hebrew בושם). Doublet of bawme.


attry

English: attery, attry

Scots: attery, attry, attrie, atry

From Old English ǣttriġ, ǣtriġ; equivalent to atter (“poison”) + -y.

Poisonous, toxic; containing poison or venom.


kirtel

English: kirtle

Scots: kirtle

Inherited from Old English cyrtel, akin to Old Norse kyrtill.

(anatomy, figurative) A tunic or membrane.


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Yola: baam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.


covent

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">covent</i>

English: convent; coven (obsolete covent)

Middle Scots: covent, convent

Borrowed from Old French covent, from Latin conventus.

A group or order of (male or female) monastics; a convent.


mercurie

English: mercury

The silvery-coloured chemical element that is liquid at room temperature; quicksilver, mercury.

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium; goosefoots.


feal

Middle Scots: feall, fiall

Scots: feal, feele (obsolete)

→ English: feal

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman feal (“faithful”), earlier fedeil, from Latin fidēlis; compare feaute.
In Middle English, reinterpreted as fe (“fee”) + -al, influencing both the sense and form.

bor+

A stipend or allowance given to someone.


gutte

English: gut

Scots: gut

From Old English guttas (a plurale tantum), from Proto-Germanic *gut-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).

The chest or abdominal region, especially when representing excessive eating.


bouk

English: bouk (obsolete)

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

From Old English būc, from Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.


mollen

enm-verb

mollen (third-person singular simple present molleth, present participle mollende, mollynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle molled)

molleth (present singular third-person)
mollende (participle present)
mollynge (participle present)
molled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mollen (infinitive)
to mollen (infinitive)
molle (infinitive)
molle (first-person present singular)
molled (first-person past singular)
mollest (present second-person singular)
molledest (past second-person singular)
molleth (present singular third-person)
molled (past singular third-person)
molle (present singular subjunctive)
molled (past singular subjunctive)
molle (imperative present singular)
mollen (plural present)
molle (plural present)
molleden (past plural)
mollede (past plural)
molleth (imperative plural present)
molle (imperative plural present)
mollynge (participle present)
mollende (participle present)
molled (participle past)
ymolled (participle past)

English: mull, moil

From Old French moillier, from Latin *molliāre.


grome

English: groom

→ Dutch: groom

Scots: grome, grume, greem

→ Old French: gromme, groume

⇒ Old French: groumet

Middle French: gourmet

French: gourmet

→ English: gourmet

→ Icelandic: grómr, gromr

From Old English *grōma, from Proto-West Germanic *grōmō (“growth, tumor, stomach swelling”). Compare Middle Dutch grom, Old Norse grómr, gromr, and Old French gromme. Suggested to be either from the same root as growen (“to grow”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *grō-, with a noun-forming suffix *-m-.

inh

A male child of any age (ranging from infancy to the start of adulthood).

A male person, especially a commoner or one who isn't noble-born.


welthe

English: wealth

Scots: walth

Either inherited from Old English *welþ, weleþu (from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu) or formed anew from wele (“wealth”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix) on the model of helthe.

af

Wealth, prosperity, plentifulness; a state of flourishing:

Benefit or advantage; that which is helpful or advantageous.

(religion) Spiritual flourishing or prosperity; salvation or reward.

Riches (great amount of valuable assets or material possessions)


smyth

English: smith

Scots: smith

From Old English smiþ, from Proto-Germanic *smiþaz.


feture

English: feature

Scots: fayter, featur

From Anglo-Norman feture, from Latin factūra.

One's form or bodily profile; the overall appearance of a given human.

A feature or part (almost always of the human body or face)

(rare) A piece of handiwork or crafts; something created.

(rare) A living organism; a being (viewed as God's creation)


escheker

English: exchequer, Exchequer

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛˈkeːr/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛkər/

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium. Doublet of cheker.

The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


yest

English: yeast

Scots: yest

From Old English ġist, ġyst, from Proto-Germanic *jestuz.


souke

English: suck

Scots: souk

Breastfeeding or milking; the extraction of milk.


yvel

head

yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)

yvele (plural)
yvele (singular weak)
worse (comparative)
worst (superlative)

English: evil

Scots: evil

From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
(pathology) infected, abnormal

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
infected, abnormal


fillen

enm-verb

fillen (third-person singular simple present filleth, present participle fillynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative filde, past participle fild)

filleth (present singular third-person)
fillynge (participle present)
filde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fild (participle past)
fillen (infinitive)
to fillen (infinitive)
fille (infinitive)
fille (first-person present singular)
filled (first-person past singular)
filde (first-person past singular)
fillest (present second-person singular)
filledest (past second-person singular)
fildest (past second-person singular)
filleth (present singular third-person)
filled (past singular third-person)
filde (past singular third-person)
fille (present singular subjunctive)
filled (past singular subjunctive)
filde (past singular subjunctive)
fille (imperative present singular)
fillen (plural present)
fille (plural present)
filleden (past plural)
fillede (past plural)
filden (past plural)
filde (past plural)
filleth (imperative plural present)
fille (imperative plural present)
fillynge (participle present)
fillende (participle present)
filled (participle past)
fild (participle past)
yfilled (participle past)
yfild (participle past)

English: fill

Scots: fill

Yola: vill

From Old English fyllan, from Proto-West Germanic *fullijan, from Proto-Germanic *fullijaną; equivalent to fille + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare fullen.

To pour beverages (wine, beer) into glasses.


wayn

English: wain

Scots: wain, wayn, wane

From Old English wæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *wagn, from Proto-Germanic *wagnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *woǵʰnos.


fre

Inherited from Old English frēo, from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz. Some forms are from friġ, an alternate Old English form.


hirdman

From Old English hīredman; equivalent to hird (“household”) + man (“man”), but often reanalysed as hired (“hired”) + mon.

A member of a royal household; an attendant.


regioun

English: region

Scots: region

From Anglo-Norman regiun, from Latin regiōnem, accusative of regiō.


creditour

English: creditor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman creditour, itself borrowed from Latin crēditor, crēditōrem.


balaunce

English: balance

Scots: ballance

From Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia.

(astrology, astronomy) Libra (constellation; member of the Zodiac)


braunche

English: branch

Scots: branch, brainch

Borrowed from Old French branche, brance, from Late Latin branca.


governaunce

English: governance

Middle Scots: governance

Borrowed from Old French gouvernance, governance; equivalent to governen + -aunce.

(medicine, alchemy) A course of action; a set of directives.


cley

English: clay, cley

Scots: cley

Yola: cley

From Old English clǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *klaij.

Any earth or terrain; something of little value or import.


endower

(rare) Money granted as to support an individual.


femele

English: female

Scots: female

Borrowed from Old French femele, from Latin fēmella. Some forms are influenced by male (“male”).

Used in extended reference to supposedly "female" gems, trees, plants, or astrological portents.


femele

English: female

Scots: female


norice

desc

English: nurse (obsolete norice, nourice, nourse)

Scots: nourice, nuirice

Borrowed from Old French norrice, from Late Latin nūtrīcia, ultimately from Latin nūtrīx.

A person (usually a woman) employed to take care of one's children; a nanny.

A person who breastfeeds a child; a wet-nurse.

(rare, Christianity) Mary as the guardian of Jesus.

Slepynge longe in greet quiete is eek a greet norice to Leccherie

1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parson's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

A long and peaceful sleep is also a true encourager of profligacy.

(by extension) A proponent or engenderer (of a quality, behaviour, etc.)

An animal or plant as a caretaker of its offspring.


wawe

English: waw, wawe (obsolete)

Scots: waw

From inflected forms in wāg- of Old English wǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *wāg, from Proto-Germanic *wēgaz.

And fro the navele doun al covered was / With wawes grene, and brighte as any glas.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 1099-1100:

A wave (moving zone of water or other flowing substance; undulation)


nevew

English: nephew

Scots: neffae

From Old French neveu, later form of nevod, from Latin nepōtem, accusative of nepōs.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3594

[...] For he thy nevew was, and sone-in-lawe, [...]
… For he was thy nephew, and son-in-law, …


arsmetrike

Alteration of Old French arismetique, from Latin arithmētica, arithmeticus, from Ancient Greek ἀριθμητική (τέχνη) (arithmētikḗ (tékhnē), “(art of) counting”), feminine of ἀριθμητικός (arithmētikós, “arithmetical”), from ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number, counting”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ri-dʰh₁-mó-s, form of *h₂rey- (“to count, reason”).

der

ἀριθμητική (τέχνη)

In ars-metrike shal there no man fynde, / Biforn this day, of swich a question.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Sompners Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, lines 558-589:


triacle

English: treacle

→ Welsh: triagl

From Old French triacle, from Latin thēriaca, from Ancient Greek θηριακή (thēriakḗ).

...for trewthe telleþ þat loue is triacle of heuene...

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I:


unobedient

(anatomy, of a limb or muscle) unresponsive, inflexible

(pathology, of an abscess, tumor, or diseased tissue) resistant to treatment

tumor; or diseased tissue; tumor; or diseased tissue

(anatomy, of a humor) unresponsive, obstructive


emperice

English: empress

Scots: empress

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman empereiz, contraction of empereriz, from Latin imperatrix; equivalent to emperour + -esse. Final -e is apparently by analogy with other feminine nouns, as the borrowing was early enough for the Middle English gender system to survive.

‘Your blisful suster, Lucina the shene,
That of the see is chief goddesse and quene,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Franklin's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1045-1048

Yet emperesse aboven him is she:’ [...]
‘Your blissful sister, Lucina the bright,
Who of the sea is chief goddess and queen,
Though Neptune have godly dominion in the sea,
Yet empress above him is she:’ …

An empress; a female ruler of an empire.


murage

English: murage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French murage (compare Medieval Latin mūrāgium). Equivalent to muren + -age.

A tax for the maintenance of town walls; murage.

(rare) The privilege of collecting murage.


licour

English: liquor

Scots: liquor

Borrowed from Old French licour, from Latin liquor (“fluidity; a liquid”).


goundy

English: goundy, gundy, gunny (dialectal)

From Old English gundiġ; equivalent to gounde + -y.


ryal

English: rial, ryal

Scots: rial, ryal

From Anglo-Norman reial, rial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of royal.

(Late Middle English) ryal/royal (coin), or a similar coin


flowen

enm-verb

flowen (third-person singular simple present floweth, present participle flowende, flowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle flowed)

floweth (present singular third-person)
flowende (participle present)
flowynge (participle present)
flowed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
flowen (infinitive)
to flowen (infinitive)
flowe (infinitive)
flowe (first-person present singular)
flowed (first-person past singular)
flew (first-person past singular)
flowest (present second-person singular)
flowedest (past second-person singular)
flewe (past second-person singular)
flew (past second-person singular)
floweth (present singular third-person)
flowed (past singular third-person)
flew (past singular third-person)
flowe (present singular subjunctive)
flowed (past singular subjunctive)
flewe (past singular subjunctive)
flowe (imperative present singular)
flowen (plural present)
flowe (plural present)
floweden (past plural)
flowede (past plural)
flewen (past plural)
flewe (past plural)
floweth (imperative plural present)
flowe (imperative plural present)
flowynge (participle present)
flowende (participle present)
flowed (participle past)
flowen (participle past)
yflowed (participle past)
yflowen (participle past)

English: flow

Scots: flow

Inherited from Old English flōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *flōan, from Proto-Germanic *flōaną. Compare flod.

To flow, stream, or issue; (to move as a fluid):

(figurative) To flow (move smoothly like liquid)

To be flooded; to be overwhelmed by a flood or deluge.

(rare, figurative) To macerate in joy or lucre.


brigge

English: bridge

Geordie English: brig

Scots: brig

Yola: burge

Inherited from Old English brycġ. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

A bridge (structure that crosses river or a divide)


servaunt

enm-noun

servaunt (plural servauntes or servauns)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sarvant</i>

English: servant (dialectal sarvant)

Scots: servant, sairvant, servan

From Old French servent, servant, originally the present participle of servir; equivalent to serven + -ant. Doublet of serjaunt.

A labourer or employee; one who works for another:

[…]Is verray god / this is al our sentence / That hath so good a seruant / hym to serue / This with o voys / we trowen thogh we sterue

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonne”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 171, recto, lines 418-420:

[…] is true God (this all of us believe) / who has such a good follower to serve Him. / This we believe without exception, even if we die.

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.

(religion) A follower of a deity or religious concept.


drovy

From Old English drōfig, equivalent to drof + -y.

He fand drovy watyr & stynkand, & drank þeroff.

(of water) having sediment stirred up; murky, turbid.


elne

English: ell

Scots: elne, ellne, eln, el, ell


launcet

English: lancet

Borrowed from Old French lancete; equivalent to lance + -et.


bedrip

English: bedrip

Yola: bederup

From Old English bedrīp, equivalent to bede (“request”) + ripe (“reaping”).

A day of reaping demanded from tenants by their feudal lord


henxman

English: henchman

→ Scots: hanchman

Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

Either from a putative Old English *henġestmann or formed anew from Old English henġest + man (“man”).

A male attendant to a high-ranking noble.


muskadel

English: muscadel, muscatel

Borrowed from Old Occitan muscadel, diminutive of muscat. Compare Medieval Latin muscatellum, muscadellum.

(Late Middle English) Wine made from muscat grapes; muscatel.


blosmy

English: blossomy (possibly)

From Old English blōstmig, equivalent to blosme + -y.

Blosmy tree nys neither drye ne deed.

1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Clerk-Merchant Link; Merchant's Tale, End-link”, in Canterbury Tales:

Covered with or full of blossoms; blossomy.


gerner

English: garner

Scots: girnel, garnel

Borrowed from Old French gernier, grenier, from Latin grānārium; equivalent to greyn + -er.

Wel koude he keepe / a Gerner and a Bynne / Ther was noon Auditour / koude on hym wynne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 9, verso:

He could keep a granary and a grain-bin well, / and there was no auditor who could best him.

A granary; a building for storing grain.


chaunterie

English: chantry

From Old French chaunterie; equivalent to chaunten + -erie.

[...] Fro þe kyng watʒ cummen with knyʒtes in to þe halle,
Þe chauntre of þe chapel cheued to an ende; [...]

c. 14th century, Gawain Poet, part I, stanza 4, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, line 62-63

… For the king was come with knights into the hall,
And chanting in the chapel had chimed to an end; …

(rare) The chanting which occurs during Mass.


atazir

From Old French [Term?], from Arabic التأثير (at-taʔṯīr, “influence”).

O Mars, o atazir, as in this cas!

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Man of Law’s Tale, lines 304-305

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(astrology, rare) The influence of a celestial body on other such bodies or on the fortunes of people.


glasynge

English: glazing


eschaunge

English: exchange

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from eschaungier (“to exchange”); equivalent to es- + chaunge.

Exchange; giving in compensation for something received:

Moneychanging; the exchange of currency.


hegge

English: hedge

Scots: hedge

From Old English heċġ, from Proto-West Germanic *haggju. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A col-fox, ful of sly iniquitee,
That in the grove hadde woned yeres three,
By heigh imaginacioun forn-cast,
The same night thurgh-out the hegges brast [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4405-4408

A fox, full of sly iniquity,
That in the grove had dwelled three years,
By exalted imagination predestined,
The same night through the hedges broke …

A bush or shrub; a stout or short woody plant.


enchauntour

English: enchanter

Scots: enchanter

From Old French enchanteor, from Latin incantātor; equivalent to enchaunten + -our.

But lat us go now to thilke horrible sweryng of adjuracioun and conjuracioun, as doon thise false enchauntours or nigromanciens in bacyns ful of water, or in a bright swerd, in a cercle, or in a fir, or in a shulderboon of a sheep.

14ᵗʰ C., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson's Tale, section 38, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Parson%27s_Prologue_and_Tale


clarré

He drinketh ipocras, clarree, and vernage
Of spyces hote, tencresen his corage; [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1807-1808

He drinks mulled wine, claret, and strong white wine
With hot spices to increase his desire; …


noy

English: noy (obsolete)

Scots: noy (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman nui, reinforced through aphesis of anoy. Compare noyen.


aungel

English: angel (see there for further descendants)

Scots: angel, aungel

From Anglo-Norman angle, from Latin angelus, from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos).

A coin made of gold with an image of an angel.


cleve

English: cleve

Inherited from Old English clēofa, from Proto-Germanic *klebô.


costrel

English: costrel

→ Middle Welsh: costrel

Welsh: costrel

Borrowed from Old French costerel, modification of costeret.

Any small container or means of storage for liquids; a costrel.


walkirie

From Old English wælcyrġe, from Proto-Germanic *walakuzjǭ.


terremote

Borrowed from Old French terremote, terremoete, from Latin terraemotus (“earthquake”), from terra (“the earth”) + mōtus (“movement”).

he schok[…]As it a terremote were

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, edited by Reinhold Pauli, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume (please specify |volume=I, II, or III), London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC:


tolsey

English: tolsey


erthe

English: earth, Earth

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">erd</i>

Scots: erd (influenced by erd)

Yola: erth, eart, eard, eorth, eord

From Old English eorþe, from Proto-West Germanic *erþu, from Proto-Germanic *erþō.


hyde

English: hide

Scots: hide, hyde


hyde

Alternative form of hyed: simple past/past participle of hyen (“to move quickly”)


tharm

English: tharm

Scots: thairm, tharm

From Old English þearm.
Cognate to Old Frisian therm, Middle Low German darm, Middle Dutch darm, daerm, derm, Middle High German darm, Old Swedish tharmber, and Ancient Greek τόρμος (tórmos).

(rare) A parasitic worm living in the intestines.


bothe

desctree

English: booth
→ Bengali: বুথ (buth)
→ Scottish Gaelic: bùth
→ Welsh: bwth

Scots: buith, buth

A shack or cabin; any makeshift habitation.


legement

English: ledgment, ledgement


herbergage

From Old French herbergage, herberjage; equivalent to Old French herbergier + -age. Compare herberjour and herberwe.

Where as ther was / swich congregacioun / Of peple / and eek so streit of herbergage / That they ne founde / as muche as o cotage

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok / and Hen / Chaũtecler ⁊ Ꝑtelote”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 101, verso:

Where there was such a multitude of people / but such a dearth of lodgings, / That they didn't find as much as a cottage.


wyf

wyfes (plural)
wyves (plural)
wyve (plural)

English: wife (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wife

From Old English wīf, from Proto-West Germanic *wīb, from Proto-Germanic *wībą, of uncertain origin.

ca. 1380: It cam in cuppemele — this craft my wif used! — William Langland, Piers Plowman

ca. 1380, — Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Merchant's Tale
That in a morwe unto this May saith he
Rys up, my wif, my love, my lady fre

In lyke wyse as democreon the philosophre put out his owen eyen be cause he wold not see that no good myght come to the euyll and vicyous peple wyth out right And also defortes the philosophre as he went toward his deth / his wyf that folowed after hym saide that he was dampned to deth wrongfully / than he answerd and sayd to her / holde thy peas and be styll / hit is better and more merytorye to dye by a wronge and unrightfull Jugement / than that I had deseruyd to dye.

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

The leading woman of a household; a matriarch.


tablement

English: tablement

From Anglo-Norman tablement; equivalent to table + -ment.


drenchen

drenchen (infinitive)
to drenchen (infinitive)
drenche (infinitive)
drenche (first-person present singular)
dreynte (first-person past singular)
drenched (first-person past singular)
drenchest (present second-person singular)
dreyntest (past second-person singular)
drenchedest (past second-person singular)
drencheth (present singular third-person)
dreynte (past singular third-person)
drenched (past singular third-person)
drenche (present singular subjunctive)
dreynte (past singular subjunctive)
drenched (past singular subjunctive)
drenche (imperative present singular)
drenchen (plural present)
drenche (plural present)
dreynten (past plural)
dreynte (past plural)
drencheden (past plural)
drenchede (past plural)
drencheth (imperative plural present)
drenche (imperative plural present)
drenchynge (participle present)
drenchende (participle present)
dreynt (participle past)
drenched (participle past)
ydreynt (participle past)
ydrenched (participle past)

English: drench

Scots: drynch

From Old English drenċan and ġedrenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *drankijan, from Proto-Germanic *drankijaną (“to cause to drink, drench”).

inh

(transitive, intransitive) To submerge; to place underwater:

(transitive) To sink a nation or region; to flood.

To submerge; to place underwater:
To sink a nation or region; to flood.

[…]This world, he ſeyde, in laſſe than an hour / Shal al be dreynt, ſo hidous is the ſhour. / Thus ſhal mankynde drenche, and leſe hir lyf.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Miller's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3519–3521:

[…] This world, he said, in under an hour, / will all be drowned, as the shower'll be that strong. / Thus humankind will perish and lose their lives.

(intransitive) To drown; die by drowning.

To submerge; to place underwater:
To drown; die by drowning.

(transitive) To end one's life via drowning.

To submerge; to place underwater:
To end one's life via drowning.

(transitive, sometimes reflexive) To totally surround, surge, or submerge; to overpower.

(intransitive) To be totally surrounded, surged, or submerged.


coyn

English: coin, quoin, coign

→ Japanese: コイン (koin)

Scots: cuinyie, cunzie

Borrowed from Old French coin, from Latin cuneus.

Any kind of currency; a token bearing monetary value.


sotilte

English: subtlety

From Old French sutilté, from Latin subtīlitās; equivalent to sotil + -te.

The quality of being fluidic or lacking viscosity.


savacioun

English: salvation

Scots: salvation

Borrowed from Old French salvacion, sauvacion, from Late Latin salvātiō, salvātiōnem; equivalent to saven + -acioun.

(medicine, rare) Medical remediation; the restoration of health.


crabbe

English: crab

Scots: crab, craib

Inherited from Old English crabba, from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô.


slutte

English: slut

Yola: slut


childing

English: childing (archaic)


growen

growen (infinitive)
to growen (infinitive)
growe (infinitive)
growe (first-person present singular)
grew (first-person past singular)
growest (present second-person singular)
grewe (past second-person singular)
grew (past second-person singular)
groweth (present singular third-person)
grew (past singular third-person)
growe (present singular subjunctive)
grewe (past singular subjunctive)
growe (imperative present singular)
growen (plural present)
growe (plural present)
grewen (past plural)
grewe (past plural)
groweth (imperative plural present)
growe (imperative plural present)
growynge (participle present)
growende (participle present)
growen (participle past)
growe (participle past)
ygrowen (participle past)
ygrowe (participle past)

English: grow

Scots: grow

From Old English grōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *grōan.

To grow (usually of plants, fruit, etc.):

(often of people) to grow up; to mature.


wombed

English: wombed

(Late Middle English) Possessing a stomach.


schour

English: shower

Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

Inherited from Old English sċūr, from Proto-West Germanic *skūru, from Proto-Germanic *skūrō.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

Rainfall, precipitation (falling waterdrops)


nauger

English: auger

From Old English nafugār, from Proto-West Germanic *nabugaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *nabōgaizaz; equivalent to nave (“hub of a wheel”) + gor (“spear”).
Cognate with Old Saxon navugēr, Old High German nabagēr, Old Norse nafarr. Forms without initial n- are due to reanalysis of a nauger as an auger.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


faie

English: fey, fae, fay

Borrowed from Middle French feie, fee, from Old French fae, from Vulgar Latin Fāta.

Magical, enchanted, or otherworldly; fey or fae.


stith

English: stith (dialectal)

Scots: styth

Inherited from Old English stīþ, from Proto-West Germanic *stinþ, from Proto-Germanic *stinþaz.

Merciless, unforgiving; showing no quarter.


stith

English: stith (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse steði, *steð; the vocalism in /i/ may be due to influence from smyth and smythy. Doublet of stithy.


spumous

English: spumous

Borrowed from Latin spūmōsus; equivalent to spume + -ous.

(pathology, Late Middle English, rare) spumous, foamy


water

English: water (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: watter, wetter

Scots: watter

Yola: waudher, wadher

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wed-
Proto-Indo-European *-r̥
Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥
Proto-Germanic *watōr
Proto-West Germanic *watar
Old English wæter
Middle English water
From Old English wæter, from Proto-West Germanic *watar, from Proto-Germanic *watōr.


schinen

schinen (infinitive)
to schinen (infinitive)
schine (infinitive)
schine (first-person present singular)
schon (first-person past singular)
schined (first-person past singular)
schinest (present second-person singular)
schone (past second-person singular)
schine (past second-person singular)
schon (past second-person singular)
schinedest (past second-person singular)
schineth (present singular third-person)
schon (past singular third-person)
schined (past singular third-person)
schine (present singular subjunctive)
schone (past singular subjunctive)
schine (past singular subjunctive)
schined (past singular subjunctive)
schine (imperative present singular)
schinen (plural present)
schine (plural present)
schonen (past plural)
schone (past plural)
schinen (past plural)
schine (past plural)
schineden (past plural)
schinede (past plural)
schineth (imperative plural present)
schine (imperative plural present)
schinynge (participle present)
schinende (participle present)
schinen (participle past)
schined (participle past)
yschinen (participle past)
yschined (participle past)

English: shine

Scots: shine, shyne

From Old English scīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *skīnan, from Proto-Germanic *skīnaną.

To emit brightness and lightness; to shine:

To emit light inherently; to be light (like a sheet of paper)

To shimmer; to shine due to being glossy, smooth or viscous.

To be reflective or shine due to this reflectivity

To gleam; to shine due to expensive accoutrements.

To have skin that is fair and attractive.


schiten

enm-verb

schiten (third-person singular simple present schiteth, present participle schitynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schoot, past participle schiten)

schiteth (present singular third-person)
schitynge (participle present)
schoot (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schiten (participle past)
schiten (infinitive)
to schiten (infinitive)
schite (infinitive)
schite (first-person present singular)
schoot (first-person past singular)
schitest (present second-person singular)
schite (past second-person singular)
schote (past second-person singular)
schoot (past second-person singular)
schiteth (present singular third-person)
schit (present singular third-person)
schoot (past singular third-person)
schite (present singular subjunctive)
schite (past singular subjunctive)
schote (past singular subjunctive)
schite (imperative present singular)
schiten (plural present)
schite (plural present)
schiten (past plural)
schite (past plural)
schoten (past plural)
schote (past plural)
schiteth (imperative plural present)
schite (imperative plural present)
schitynge (participle present)
schitende (participle present)
schiten (participle past)
schite (participle past)
yschiten (participle past)
yschite (participle past)

English: shit, shite

Scots: shit

Inherited from Old English sċītan, from Proto-West Germanic *skītan, from Proto-Germanic *skītaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skéydt; equivalent to schite (“diarrhoea”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


chaunge

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒ(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːnd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French change, chaunge, from Latin cambium, from Gaulish cambion (“change”).

Fluctuation, inconstancy; the state of being variable.

Exchange (giving in compensation for something received):

Moneychanging; the exchange of currency.


drit

English: dirt

Yola: dhurth

From Old Norse drit (“excrement”), from Proto-Germanic *dritą, *dritō (“excrement”).


husbonde

desctree

English: husband
⇒ Chinese: 黑漆板凳 (hēiqī bǎndèng) (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ハズバンド (hazubando)
⇒ English: husbando

Scots: husband

→ Welsh: hwsmon

Inherited from Old English hūsbonda; equivalent to hous + bonde.

A farmer or villein; one who tends to the soil.


blowen

blowen (infinitive)
to blowen (infinitive)
blowe (infinitive)
blowe (first-person present singular)
blew (first-person past singular)
blowest (present second-person singular)
blewe (past second-person singular)
blew (past second-person singular)
bloweth (present singular third-person)
blew (past singular third-person)
blowe (present singular subjunctive)
blewe (past singular subjunctive)
blowe (imperative present singular)
blowen (plural present)
blowe (plural present)
blewen (past plural)
blewe (past plural)
bloweth (imperative plural present)
blowe (imperative plural present)
blowynge (participle present)
blowende (participle present)
blowen (participle past)
blowe (participle past)
yblowen (participle past)
yblowe (participle past)

English: blow

Geordie English: blaw

Scots: blaw

Yola: blay

Inherited from Old English blāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną.

To blow away; to blow to eliminate or remove.


hiden

enm-verb

hiden (third-person singular simple present hideth, present participle hidende, first-/third-person singular past indicative hidde, past participle hid)

hideth (present singular third-person)
hidende (participle present)
hidde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hid (participle past)

English: hide

Scots: hide, hyde


croppe

English: crop

desc

Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

From Old English cropp, croppa, from Proto-West Germanic *kropp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“body; lump; bunch; crop”). Doublet of croupe.

inh

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,

The top of a plant or tree:
A seedling or bud; a new plant.

(rare, figuratively) The head or end of something.


hostelerie

English: hostelry

Borrowed from Middle French hostellerie, from Old French hostelerie, ostelerie; equivalent to hostel + -erie.


felaweshipe

English: fellowship

Equivalent to felawe + -schipe; either a new ME formation or adapted from Old Norse félagskapr, félagsskapr.

Partnership or companionship; having company:

Festiveness, cheer, merriment; feasting and joy.


sider

desctree

English: cider
→ Bulgarian: са́йдер (sájder)
→ Finnish: siideri
→ Jersey Dutch: sâiter
→ Japanese: サイダー (saidā)
→ Korean: 사이다 (saida)

Scots: cedar (obsolete)

→ Welsh: seidr

From Old French cisdre, sidre, from Medieval Latin sīcera, from Ancient Greek σίκερα (síkera), from Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār). Doublet of ciser.

der

Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār)

Hard cider or an analogous beverage made of other fruits.

Any alcoholic beverage of great strength and potency.


agrement

English: agreement

From Old French agrement; equivalent to agreen + -ment.

An understanding or agreement; a state of mutual shared opinion.

(rare) Monetary compensation or remuneration.

(rare) The conditions agreed upon when settling a bill.


mawe

English: maw

Scots: maw

From Old English maga, from Proto-West Germanic *magō, from Proto-Germanic *magô.

One of the various organs of the belly; one's entrails; especially:


scheden

enm-verb

scheden (third-person singular simple present schedeth, present participle schedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schedde, past participle sched)

schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedynge (participle present)
schedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sched (participle past)
scheden (infinitive)
to scheden (infinitive)
schede (infinitive)
schede (first-person present singular)
schedde (first-person past singular)
sched (first-person past singular)
schedest (present second-person singular)
scheddest (past second-person singular)
schede (past second-person singular)
sched (past second-person singular)
schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedde (past singular third-person)
sched (past singular third-person)
schede (present singular subjunctive)
schedde (past singular subjunctive)
schede (past singular subjunctive)
schede (imperative present singular)
scheden (plural present)
schede (plural present)
schedden (past plural)
schedde (past plural)
scheden (past plural)
schede (past plural)
schedeth (imperative plural present)
schede (imperative plural present)
schedynge (participle present)
schedende (participle present)
sched (participle past)
scheden (participle past)
schede (participle past)
ysched (participle past)
yscheden (participle past)
yschede (participle past)

English: shed

Scots: shed

Yola: shet (preterite)

From Old English scēadan, scādan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþan, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skeyt-.

To break up; to divide into pieces:
To separate out; to scatter.


hoggeshed

English: hogshead

→ Old French: hoggeshed


losenge

English: lozenge

Scots: lozen

From Old French losenge (“lozenge, rhombus”).


digit

English: digit


planete

planet

From Old French planete, from Latin planeta, planetes, from Ancient Greek πλανήτης (planḗtēs, “wanderer”), from Ancient Greek πλανάω (planáō, “wander about, stray”), of unknown origin. Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to wander, roam”).

der

(astronomy) Each of the seven celestial bodies seen as moving relative to the rest of the stars: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.


dewe

English: due

Scots: due

Borrowed from Old French deu (“due”), past participle of devoir (“to owe”), from Latin debere (“to owe”), from de (“from”) + habere (“to have”).

Fitting, correct, suitable; enough for some end:

Expected or promoted by legislation or tradition.

Worthy of (a given) penalty, acclamation, or reward.


dewe

English: due


perre

English: perry

Scots: peerie

From Old French peré, perey (modern French poiré), from Vulgar Latin *piratum; related to pere (“pear”).


tode

English: toad

Scots: tade, taid, taed, ted

From Old English *tāde, a shortening of tādie, tādiġe, of uncertain origin. Compared to Old Norse and modern Danish tudse (“toad”), but OED rejects this because the zero grade of ai is i, not u. Possibly from a common Proto-Germanic word *tod (“small”), compared to Proto-Germanic *tūdrijaz (“small, frail”) (modern English tidbit) or *taltōną (“to sway, dangle, hesitate”) (modern English toddle), referring to its short steps.

cog

(rare, alchemy) The remnants of an element used in alchemical transmutation.


folen

folen (infinitive)
to folen (infinitive)
fole (infinitive)
fole (first-person present singular)
foled (first-person past singular)
folest (present second-person singular)
foledest (past second-person singular)
foleth (present singular third-person)
foled (past singular third-person)
fole (present singular subjunctive)
foled (past singular subjunctive)
fole (imperative present singular)
folen (plural present)
fole (plural present)
foleden (past plural)
folede (past plural)
foleth (imperative plural present)
fole (imperative plural present)
folynge (participle present)
folende (participle present)
foled (participle past)
yfoled (participle past)

English: foal

Scots: foal

From fole (“foal”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


mynter

English: minter

From Old English mynetere, from Proto-West Germanic *munitārī, from Latin monētārius.

(rare) mint (place where money is coined)


berme

English: barm

Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm

Yola: barrm

From Old English beorma, from Proto-West Germanic *bermō.

The head of foam present in beer that is aging.

barm (froth used for fermented and leavened food)

(rare) The head of foam present in a glass of beer.


berme

Alternative form of barm (“belly, chest”)


sellere

English: seller

Scots: seller

(specifically) One who illegally sells clerical offices; a simoniac.


chirche

English: church

Geordie English: chorch, kirk

Scots: kirk

Yola: chourch

/ˈt͡ʃɛrt͡ʃ(ə)/

From Old English ċiriċe, from Proto-West Germanic *kirikā, borrowed from Ancient Greek κυριακόν (kuriakón).

Foꝛ ouer ſithon ne · foꝛ baren. hi nouther circe ne cyrceiard. oc namen al þe god ð þar inne ƿaſ. ⁊ brenden ſythen þe cyrce ⁊ al te gædere.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Because after a while, they spared neither churches or churchyards, but stole all the valuables within them before burning the church and everything in it.

Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church


swellen

swellen (infinitive)
to swellen (infinitive)
swelle (infinitive)
swelle (first-person present singular)
swal (first-person past singular)
swelled (first-person past singular)
swellest (present second-person singular)
swolle (past second-person singular)
swal (past second-person singular)
swelledest (past second-person singular)
swelleth (present singular third-person)
swal (past singular third-person)
swelled (past singular third-person)
swelle (present singular subjunctive)
swolle (past singular subjunctive)
swelled (past singular subjunctive)
swelle (imperative present singular)
swellen (plural present)
swelle (plural present)
swollen (past plural)
swolle (past plural)
swelleden (past plural)
swellede (past plural)
swelleth (imperative plural present)
swelle (imperative plural present)
swellynge (participle present)
swellende (participle present)
swollen (participle past)
swolle (participle past)
swelled (participle past)
yswolle (participle past)

English: swell

Scots: swell, swall

From Old English swellan, from Proto-West Germanic *swellan, from Proto-Germanic *swellaną.

To swell; to grow or become bigger or stronger:

(medicine) To become swollen due to illness or injury.


trenche

English: trench

Middle Scots: trinch

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trenche, from trenchier (“to cut”).

(military, rare) A trench; a narrow ditch used as cover.


oximel

English: oxymel

From Late Latin oxymel, oxymeli, from Ancient Greek ὀξύμελι (oxúmeli).


Newgate

English: Newgate


knytter

English: knitter

Knitter, a person who knits as an occupation.


cenyth

English: zenith

Learned borrowing from Medieval Latin cenit.

lbor

This lyne Meridional ys but a Maner descripcion or the ymagined, that passeth vpon the pooles of þis the world And by the cenyth of owre heued.

c. 1391, Geoffrey Chaucer, Treatise on the Astrolabe:

(astronomy) zenith (point in the sky vertically above a given position or observer)


purgen

purgen (infinitive)
to purgen (infinitive)
purge (infinitive)
purge (first-person present singular)
purged (first-person past singular)
purgest (present second-person singular)
purgedest (past second-person singular)
purgeth (present singular third-person)
purged (past singular third-person)
purge (present singular subjunctive)
purged (past singular subjunctive)
purge (imperative present singular)
purgen (plural present)
purge (plural present)
purgeden (past plural)
purgede (past plural)
purgeth (imperative plural present)
purge (imperative plural present)
purgynge (participle present)
purgende (participle present)
purged (participle past)
ypurged (participle past)

English: purge

Scots: purge

Borrowed from Old French purgier, from Latin pūrgō.

To cleanse or purify; to remove impurities:

(medicine) To purge or cleanse the body.


spruten

spruten (infinitive)
to spruten (infinitive)
sprute (infinitive)
sprute (first-person present singular)
sprot (first-person past singular)
spruted (first-person past singular)
sprutest (present second-person singular)
sprote (past second-person singular)
sprot (past second-person singular)
sprutedest (past second-person singular)
spruteth (present singular third-person)
sprot (past singular third-person)
spruted (past singular third-person)
sprute (present singular subjunctive)
sprote (past singular subjunctive)
spruted (past singular subjunctive)
sprute (imperative present singular)
spruten (plural present)
sprute (plural present)
sproten (past plural)
sprote (past plural)
spruteden (past plural)
sprutede (past plural)
spruteth (imperative plural present)
sprute (imperative plural present)
sprutynge (participle present)
sprutende (participle present)
sproten (participle past)
sprote (participle past)
spruted (participle past)

English: sprout

Scots: sproot, spruit

From Old English sprūtan, from Proto-Germanic *sprūtaną, variant of *spreutaną.


ladde

English: lad

Scots: lad

Probably from North Germanic, possibly Old Norse ladd (“hose, woolen stocking”); according to Liberman, words for socks, shoes, and stockings were used pejoratively as nicknames for fools. See also Swedish ladder (“old shoes”), lodde (“Frisian shoe”), lädder (“socks”), all said to be related to Old Norse loðinn (“hairy, shaggy, woolly”).

cog

A (male) servant or hireling (usually of a noble)

A male commoner; a man with a low position in society.

Any man (without qualification); an adult male human being.

A lad or boy; a male human child (including babies)


emeraude

English: emerald

From Old French esmeraude, from Vulgar Latin *smaralda, *smaraldus, *smaraudus, variant of Latin smaragdus, from Ancient Greek σμάραγδος (smáragdos), μάραγδος (máragdos), from a Semitic language.


warenne

English: warren

From Anglo-Norman warenne, variant of garenne, of disputed origin.

warren (breeding zone for small animals, especially rabbits).


surnoun

Borrowed from Old French surnoun, from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen; equivalent to sur- + noun.


vynegre

desctree

English: vinegar
→ Japanese: ビネガー (binegā)
→ Welsh: finegr

Scots: veenegar

From Old French vinaigre; but sometimes interpreted as a compound of wyn + egre.

vinegar, especially that made from wine (often used in cooking, medicine and as a garnish).


degre

English: degree

Scots: degree

Borrowed from Old French degré, degréz (hence the variant degrece); equivalent to de- + gre.

The state, quality, or status of something; something's current characteristics:

A distinguishing quantity; degree, amount, or extent:

(grammar) A type or extent of grammatical comparison.

(medicine) A degree of severity of medical conditions.

The state of one's behaviour; one's way, bearing, or method.

(geometry) An angular measurement amounting to 1/360 of a circle.


forfader

English: forefather

Scots: forefaither, forefader


narde

English: nard, nardus

From Old French narde and Old English nard, both from Latin nardus, from Ancient Greek νάρδος (nárdos), from Phoenician [Term?], ultimately from Sanskrit नलद (nálada).

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.


bragot

desc

English: bragget, bracket, brackett, bragawd, braggett, braggot, bragot

From Middle Welsh bragawd, bragaut, bragod.

bragget (beverage made of ale and honey)


chambre forene

In to a chambre forene þe gadelyng gan wende.

1297, Robert of Gloucester, Chronicle, page 310:

(euphemistic) A "room outdoors", an outhouse: an outbuilding used as a lavatory.


fass

English: fas

Yola: fash

From Old English fæs; cognate to Middle High German vase.


thost

English: thost

From Old English þost, from Proto-Germanic *þustaz.

fecal matter; dung or feces, especially that of animals


galder

Inherited from Old English galdor, from Proto-West Germanic *galdr.


mylne

desctree

English: mill
Sranan Tongo: miri
→ Hindi: मिल (mil)

Scots: mill, mull

Yola: mile

From Old English mylen, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu.

A mill; a grinding apparatus or a building housing one:


schalk

English: shalk

Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik

From Old English scealc, from Proto-West Germanic *skalk.


crisme

English: chrism, chrisom

From Late Old English crisma, from Medieval Latin crisma, from Ecclesiastical Latin chrisma, from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma). Doublet of creme.


vexen

vexen (infinitive)
to vexen (infinitive)
vexe (infinitive)
vexe (first-person present singular)
vexed (first-person past singular)
vexest (present second-person singular)
vexedest (past second-person singular)
vexeth (present singular third-person)
vexed (past singular third-person)
vexe (present singular subjunctive)
vexed (past singular subjunctive)
vexe (imperative present singular)
vexen (plural present)
vexe (plural present)
vexeden (past plural)
vexede (past plural)
vexeth (imperative plural present)
vexe (imperative plural present)
vexynge (participle present)
vexende (participle present)
vexed (participle past)
yvexed (participle past)

English: vex

Scots: vex

From Old French vexer, from Latin vēxō, vēxāre.

(law) To bring legal action (against someone)


heggen

enm-verb

heggen (third-person singular simple present heggeth, present participle heggende, heggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hegged)

heggeth (present singular third-person)
heggende (participle present)
heggynge (participle present)
hegged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
heggen (infinitive)
to heggen (infinitive)
hegge (infinitive)
hegge (first-person present singular)
hegged (first-person past singular)
heggest (present second-person singular)
heggedest (past second-person singular)
heggeth (present singular third-person)
hegged (past singular third-person)
hegge (present singular subjunctive)
hegged (past singular subjunctive)
hegge (imperative present singular)
heggen (plural present)
hegge (plural present)
heggeden (past plural)
heggede (past plural)
heggeth (imperative plural present)
hegge (imperative plural present)
heggynge (participle present)
heggende (participle present)
hegged (participle past)
yhegged (participle past)

English: hedge

From hegge (“hedge”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


breden

breden (infinitive)
to breden (infinitive)
brede (infinitive)
brede (first-person present singular)
bredde (first-person past singular)
bradde (first-person past singular)
bredest (present second-person singular)
breddest (past second-person singular)
braddest (past second-person singular)
bredeth (present singular third-person)
bredde (past singular third-person)
bradde (past singular third-person)
brede (present singular subjunctive)
bredde (past singular subjunctive)
bradde (past singular subjunctive)
brede (imperative present singular)
breden (plural present)
brede (plural present)
bredden (past plural)
bredde (past plural)
bradden (past plural)
bradde (past plural)
bredeth (imperative plural present)
brede (imperative plural present)
bredynge (participle present)
bredende (participle present)
bred (participle past)
brad (participle past)
ybred (participle past)
ybrad (participle past)

English: breed

Scots: breed

From Old English brēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *brōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *brōdijaną; equivalent to brod (“brood”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To create; to engender or produce:
To bear; to give birth.


dimydicion

English: dimidiation

The first is called addicion, þe secunde is called subtraccion. The thryd is called duplacion. The 4. is called dimydicion. [A rough transliteration]

(arithmetic) division by two, dividing into halves, dimidiation


tresorie

English: treasury

From Old French tresorie; equivalent to tresour + -ie.

(rare) A treasury department; the department in charge of funds.


sege

English: siege

Scots: siege

Borrowed from Old French sege, siege, from Vulgar Latin *sēdicum, from sēdēs.

A siege; an attack or assault on a walled city:

(by extension) A latrine or privy; a hole or container for disposing feces.


knape

English: knape

Scots: knape, knaip

From Old English cnapa, from Proto-West Germanic *knappō.


issen

enm-verb

issen (third-person singular simple present isseth, present participle issende, issynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle issed)

isseth (present singular third-person)
issende (participle present)
issynge (participle present)
issed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
issen (infinitive)
to issen (infinitive)
isse (infinitive)
isse (first-person present singular)
issed (first-person past singular)
issest (present second-person singular)
issedest (past second-person singular)
isseth (present singular third-person)
issed (past singular third-person)
isse (present singular subjunctive)
issed (past singular subjunctive)
isse (imperative present singular)
issen (plural present)
isse (plural present)
isseden (past plural)
issede (past plural)
isseth (imperative plural present)
isse (imperative plural present)
issynge (participle present)
issende (participle present)
issed (participle past)
yissed (participle past)

Middle Scots: isch, usch

Scots: ish, ush

→ English: ish (Scotland)

Borrowed from Old French issir, eissir, from Latin exīre. Compare issuen.

(finance, of profits) To accrue or accumulate.


mewe

English: mew (archaic)

i

Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)

→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve

French: mauve

Old French: moette

French: mouette

From Old English mǣw, from Proto-West Germanic *maiwī, from Proto-Germanic *maiwaz.

(rare) seagull, gull (member of the family Laridae)


mewe

English: mew (mostly obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

A cage used for allowing birds to shed their feathers.

A cage or compartment used for preparing animals to be used as meat.

Any place where one is locked up or secured; a cage or cell.


anoy

English: annoy

Borrowed from Old French anoi, enoi; compare anoyen and modern English ennui.


boye

English: boy

Scots: boy

Yola: bye, buye

From Old English *bōia, from Proto-Germanic *bōjô.

Bye or boye: Bostio.

1440, Promptorium Parvulorum, section 35:


ythe

From the oblique forms of Old English ȳþ, from Proto-West Germanic *unþi, from Proto-Germanic *unþī.


depthe

English: depth

Scots: deepth

Inherited from Old English *dīepþ, from Proto-West Germanic *diupiþu, from Proto-Germanic *diupiþō; equivalent to depe + -the (abstract nominal suffix).

(rare) The sea floor; the part of the earth's surface which is submerged.


abstractif

English: abstractive

From Latin abstractivus, from abstractus (“drawn away”) + -īvus; equivalent to abstract + -if.

(grammar, of nouns) Denoting a quality or state that is not concrete; abstract.


drof

English: droff

From Old English drōf, from Proto-West Germanic *drōbī (“disturbed, cloudy, troubled”).

inh

(of water) having sediment stirred up; murky, turbid.


tyn

English: tin

→ Atong (India): tin

→ Iban: tin

→ Indonesian: tin

→ Norman: tinne

Tok Pisin: tin

Scots: tin

From Old English tin, from Proto-West Germanic *tin, from Proto-Germanic *tiną.


roum

English: room

→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm

→ Fiji Hindi: rum

Scots: rowm, roum

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *rūm
Old English rūm
Middle English roum
Inherited from Old English rūm, from Proto-West Germanic *rūm, from Proto-Germanic *rūmą.


keye

English: key

Scots: key, kee, kye

From Old English cǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *kaiju; the final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

(architecture) A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

In various extended senses:
A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

Control, safety, or that which ensures it.


freten

enm-verb

freten (third-person singular simple present freteth, present participle fretynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative frat, past participle freten)

freteth (present singular third-person)
fretynge (participle present)
frat (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
freten (participle past)
freten (infinitive)
to freten (infinitive)
frete (infinitive)
frete (first-person present singular)
frat (first-person past singular)
fret (first-person past singular)
frette (first-person past singular)
freted (first-person past singular)
fretest (present second-person singular)
frete (past second-person singular)
frat (past second-person singular)
fret (past second-person singular)
frettest (past second-person singular)
fretedest (past second-person singular)
freteth (present singular third-person)
fret (present singular third-person)
frat (past singular third-person)
fret (past singular third-person)
frette (past singular third-person)
freted (past singular third-person)
frete (present singular subjunctive)
frete (past singular subjunctive)
frette (past singular subjunctive)
freted (past singular subjunctive)
frete (imperative present singular)
freten (plural present)
frete (plural present)
freten (past plural)
frete (past plural)
fretten (past plural)
frette (past plural)
freteden (past plural)
fretede (past plural)
freteth (imperative plural present)
frete (imperative plural present)
fretynge (participle present)
fretende (participle present)
freten (participle past)
yfreten (participle past)
frete (participle past)
yfrete (participle past)
fret (participle past)
yfret (participle past)
freted (participle past)
yfreted (participle past)

English: fret

Scots: frete, freet

Inherited from Old English fretan, from Proto-West Germanic *fraetan, from Proto-Germanic *fraetaną; equivalent to fret (“eating away”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Some senses are possibly influenced by an Old French *freiter.

af

(figurative) To wear at; to annoy or injure.

To wear or abrade; to rub or chafe at:
To wear at; to annoy or injure.


ferthing

English: farthing

Scots: farden, fardon, fardin

Yola: fardeen

From Old English feorðing; equivalent to ferthe + -ing.

A farthing or similar small coin; the weight of that coin.


poisoun

English: poison

Scots: pushion

From Old French poison, from Latin pōtiōnis, accusative of pōtiō; doublet of pocioun.


sornesse

English: soreness

Scots: sairness

From Old English sārnes; equivalent to sore + -nesse.

Soreness, painfulness; the state of being sore.


impregnacioun

English: impregnation


doughter

enm-noun

doughter (plural doughters or doughtren or deghter or (rare) doughter or (rare) deghteres or (rare) dehtren, genitive doughter or doughters)

doughters (plural)
doughtren (plural)
deghter (plural)
doughter (plural rare)
deghteres (plural rare)
dehtren (plural rare)
doughter (genitive)
doughters (genitive)

desctree

English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda

desc

Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter

Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Old English dohtor, from Proto-West Germanic *dohter.

dostyr

influenced by late Old French, where s before a consonant represented /x/

foꝛ I cam to departe a man aȝenes his fadir .· ⁊ þe douȝtir aȝenes hir modir · ⁊ þe ſones wijf aȝenes þe hoſebondis modir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:35, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because I came to divide a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against [her] mother-in-law.

Nat longe tyme after that this Grisild

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 442-444

Al had hir lever have born a knave child.
Not long time after this Griselda
Was married, she has borne a daughter,
Although she would rather have given birth to a male child.

One's daughter; one's female direct progeny.


mowen

enm-verb

mowen (third-person singular simple present may, present participle mowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative myghte, past participle mowen)

may (present singular third-person)
mowynge (participle present)
myghte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
mowen (participle past)
mowen (infinitive)
to mowen (infinitive)
mowe (infinitive)
maye (infinitive)
may (first-person present singular)
myghte (first-person past singular)
moghte (first-person past singular)
myght (present second-person singular)
mayst (present second-person singular)
myghtest (past second-person singular)
moghtest (past second-person singular)
may (present singular third-person)
myghte (past singular third-person)
moghte (past singular third-person)
mowe (present singular subjunctive)
maye (present singular subjunctive)
myghte (past singular subjunctive)
moghte (past singular subjunctive)
mowen (plural present)
mowe (plural present)
mayen (plural present)
maye (plural present)
myghten (past plural)
myghte (past plural)
moghten (past plural)
moghte (past plural)
mowynge (participle present)
mowende (participle present)
mowen (participle past)
mowe (participle past)
myght (participle past)
moght (participle past)

English: may

Scots: mey, may, ma

Yola: mye, mey, meigh, mai, maa, ma

From Old English magan, from Proto-West Germanic *magan, from Proto-Germanic *maganą.
Most forms are from an Old English by-form *mugan (no doubt due to the analogy of dugan).


sotil

head

sotil (comparative sotiler, superlative sotilest)

sotiler (comparative)
sotilest (superlative)

desc

English: subtle, subtil, subtile, suttle

Scots: suttle

Borrowed from Old French sotil, soutil, subtil, from Latin subtīlis.

Lacking coarseness; made with refinement.

Having a high viscosity; fluidic or runny.


sotil

(rare) Sophistication; the state of being complicated.


bochous

From Old English bōchus; equivalent to bok + hous.


purpel

English: purple

Scots: purpill, purple

From Old English purpel, purpul, from Latin purpura, from Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphúra).

(medicine, rare) A purple wound or sore.


gostly

English: ghostly; ghastly (by conflation)

Scots: gaistly, ghaistly

From Old English gāstlīċ (“spiritual, holy, clerical (not lay), ghastly, ghostly, spectral”). Equivalent to gost + -ly (adjectival suffix).

inh

Supernatural, incorporeal; consisting of spirit.


kychyn

English: kitchen (see there for further descendants)

desc

Scots: kitchen, kitchin, ketchin, keetchen

→ Middle Irish: cisten

Irish: cistin

Manx: kishteen, kishtyn

Scottish Gaelic: cidsin

From Old English cyċene, from Proto-West Germanic *kukinā, from Late Latin cocīna, from earlier coquīna.


lyoun

English: lion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lion

Yola: leeoon, leioon

From Old French leon, leun, liun, from Latin leōnem, accusative of leō, from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).

Leo (the constellation or astrological sign)


schanke

English: shank

Scots: schank, schanck

From Old English sċanca, from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô.


wommanhede

English: womanhood; womanhead


wommankynde

English: womankind


wifkin

From Old English wīfcynn, from wīf (“wife”) and cynn (“kin”).


wommanyssh

English: womanish, womannish


wommanly

head

wommanly (comparative wommanlyere, superlative wommanlyeste)

wommanlyere (comparative)
wommanlyeste (superlative)

English: womanly


bathen

enm-verb

bathen (third-person singular simple present batheth, present participle bathende, bathynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bathed)

batheth (present singular third-person)
bathende (participle present)
bathynge (participle present)
bathed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bathen (infinitive)
to bathen (infinitive)
bathe (infinitive)
bathe (first-person present singular)
bathed (first-person past singular)
bathest (present second-person singular)
bathedest (past second-person singular)
batheth (present singular third-person)
bathed (past singular third-person)
bathe (present singular subjunctive)
bathed (past singular subjunctive)
bathe (imperative present singular)
bathen (plural present)
bathe (plural present)
batheden (past plural)
bathede (past plural)
batheth (imperative plural present)
bathe (imperative plural present)
bathynge (participle present)
bathende (participle present)
bathed (participle past)
ybathed (participle past)

English: bathe

Scots: bathe, baith, bauthe

From Old English baþian, from Proto-West Germanic *baþōn, from Proto-Germanic *baþōną; equivalent to bath + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare bethen.