binden

binden (infinitive)
to binden (infinitive)
binde (infinitive)
binde (first-person present singular)
band (first-person past singular)
bond (first-person past singular)
bound (first-person past singular)
bindest (present second-person singular)
bounde (past second-person singular)
bonde (past second-person singular)
band (past second-person singular)
bindeth (present singular third-person)
band (past singular third-person)
bond (past singular third-person)
bound (past singular third-person)
binde (present singular subjunctive)
bounde (past singular subjunctive)
bonde (past singular subjunctive)
binde (imperative present singular)
binden (plural present)
binde (plural present)
bounden (past plural)
bounde (past plural)
bonden (past plural)
bonde (past plural)
bindeth (imperative plural present)
binde (imperative plural present)
bindynge (participle present)
bindende (participle present)
bounden (participle past)
bounde (participle past)
ybounden (participle past)
ybounde (participle past)

English: bind

Scots: bind

From Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną; equivalent to bynde + -en (infinitival suffix).

To force or compel (to perform an action):

(rare, figurative) To end or finish; to wrap up (for the sense, compare Modern English wrap up)


cours

desctree

English: course
→ Gulf Arabic: كورس (kōrs)

Scots: coorse

→ Welsh: cwrs

Borrowed from Old French cours, curs, from Latin cursus; compare Middle Dutch coers.

[…]and the yonge sonne / Hath in the ram his half cours yronne / And smale foweles maken melodye[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 7-9:

[…] and the young Sun / has made half its journey in Aries, / while small birds make melodies […]

(astronomy) The path of a celestial body.

A course or path:
The path of a celestial body.

Customary behaviour or nature; custom:
Human behaviour; deportment.


cours

English: coarse

Scots: coorse

Ordinary, coarse; of inferior grade or quality.


aken

aken (infinitive)
to aken (infinitive)
ake (infinitive)
ake (first-person present singular)
ok (first-person past singular)
aked (first-person past singular)
akest (present second-person singular)
oke (past second-person singular)
ok (past second-person singular)
akedest (past second-person singular)
aketh (present singular third-person)
ok (past singular third-person)
aked (past singular third-person)
ake (present singular subjunctive)
oke (past singular subjunctive)
aked (past singular subjunctive)
ake (imperative present singular)
aken (plural present)
ake (plural present)
oken (past plural)
oke (past plural)
akeden (past plural)
akede (past plural)
aketh (imperative plural present)
ake (imperative plural present)
akynge (participle present)
akende (participle present)
aken (participle past)
aked (participle past)

English: ache

Scots: yawk

Yola: aake

Inherited from Old English acan, from Proto-West Germanic *akan, from Proto-Germanic *akaną; equivalent to ache + -en (infinitival suffix).


gardener

English: gardener

Scots: gairdener, gairdner, gairner

From Old Northern French gardinier; equivalent to gardyn + -er.


hore

English: whore

Scots: hure, hoor

→ Welsh: hŵr

From Old English hōre, from Proto-West Germanic *hōrā, from Proto-Germanic *hōrǭ. Cognate to Middle Dutch hoere, Middle Low German hôre, Middle High German huore, and Old Swedish hōra.


hore

From Old English horu, horh, from Proto-West Germanic *hurhu, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwą.


winnen

enm-verb

winnen (third-person singular simple present winneth, present participle winnende, first-/third-person singular past indicative wan, past participle wonnen)

winneth (present singular third-person)
winnende (participle present)
wan (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
wonnen (participle past)
winnen (infinitive)
to winnen (infinitive)
winne (infinitive)
winne (first-person present singular)
wan (first-person past singular)
won (first-person past singular)
winnest (present second-person singular)
wonne (past second-person singular)
wanne (past second-person singular)
wan (past second-person singular)
won (past second-person singular)
winneth (present singular third-person)
wan (past singular third-person)
won (past singular third-person)
winne (present singular subjunctive)
wonne (past singular subjunctive)
wanne (past singular subjunctive)
winne (imperative present singular)
winnen (plural present)
winne (plural present)
wonnen (past plural)
wonne (past plural)
wannen (past plural)
wanne (past plural)
winneth (imperative plural present)
winne (imperative plural present)
winnynge (participle present)
winnende (participle present)
wonnen (participle past)
wonne (participle past)
ywonnen (participle past)
ywonne (participle past)

English: win

Scots: win

Inherited from Old English winnan, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winnaną (“to labor; to win, gain; to fight, strive”).


hough

English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how

Scots: heuch

From Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).


housel

English: housel (archaic)

Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

From Old English hūsl, hūsel, hūsul, from Proto-West Germanic *hunsl, from Proto-Germanic *hunslą.

The bread and wine utilised at Holy Communion.


marin

English: marine

Borrowed from Middle French marin, from Old French marin, from Latin marīnus. Compare mere (“sea, lake”).


chapman

English: chapman

desctree

⇒ English: chap
Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)

Scots: chapman

From Old English ċēapmann, from Proto-West Germanic *kaupamann; equivalent to chep (“price”) + man (“man”).
Forms in /i/ may be from the Old English variant ċȳpman, presumably influenced by the verb ċīepan.


hor

English: hoar

Scots: hare, hair

From Old English hār, from Proto-Germanic *hairaz.

Grey, greyish, grey-white (usually referring to hair)


hame

English: hame, heam

From Old English hama, homa, from Proto-West Germanic *hamō, from Proto-Germanic *hamô (“cover, skin”).


dower

English: dower

Scots: dower

Borrowed from Old French doeire, from Medieval Latin dōtārium; equivalent to dowen + -er. Doublet of dowarye.

(rare, astrology) A portion of the world under the domination of a particular star sign.


mede

English: mead

Scots: meid, mede

From Old English medu, from Proto-West Germanic *medu, from Proto-Germanic *meduz, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr.


mede

English: meed

Scots: meed

From the oblique forms of Old English mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdu.

A monetary reward; earnings:
salary, payment


rother

English: rudder, rother

Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder

(rare) A stick for mixing malt during brewing.


wel

English: well

Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill

From Old English wel, from Proto-Germanic *wela.

(rare) Having good grooming or personal hygiene.


auripigment

English: auripigment

orpiment (as used in alchemy and medicine)


schilling

English: shilling

Yola: shilleen

A shilling or other silver coin (including ancient coins), the value of that coin, or the weight equivalent to that coin.


molde

English: mold, mould, mool

Scots: muild, moud

From Old English molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldu, from Proto-Germanic *muldō.


molde

English: mold, mould

From Old English molda, molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldō, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥Hdʰṓ; exactly parallel to Sanskrit मूर्धन् (mūrdhan).

(anatomy, rare) The divide between the cranial bones.


suster

enm-noun

suster (plural sustren or sustres or (rare) suster, genitive sustres or suster)

sustren (plural)
sustres (plural)
suster (plural rare)
sustres (genitive)
suster (genitive)

desctree

English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)

Scots: sister, syster

Yola: zister

From Old English sweostor, swustor, sweoster, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse systir.

A sister or step-sister; a female sibling.


Diane

English: Diane

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.


chapitre

English: chapter; chapiter

Scots: chaipter

Borrowed from Old French chapitre, from Latin capitulum.

A chapterhouse; a building hosting such a group.


hawe

English: haw

Scots: haw

Yola: haeve

Inherited from Old English haga, from Proto-West Germanic *hagō, from Proto-Germanic *hagô.

A haw, hawthorn berry; the fruit of a hawthorn tree or shrub.


temen

temen (infinitive)
to temen (infinitive)
teme (infinitive)
teme (first-person present singular)
temed (first-person past singular)
temest (present second-person singular)
temedest (past second-person singular)
temeth (present singular third-person)
temed (past singular third-person)
teme (present singular subjunctive)
temed (past singular subjunctive)
teme (imperative present singular)
temen (plural present)
teme (plural present)
temeden (past plural)
temede (past plural)
temeth (imperative plural present)
teme (imperative plural present)
temynge (participle present)
temende (participle present)
temed (participle past)
ytemed (participle past)

English: teme

Inherited from Old English temian, modification of Proto-West Germanic *tammjan, from Proto-Germanic *tamjaną.


lende

Alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


horned

English: horned

Scots: hornit, hornt

⇒ Yola: hoornta, hornta

Possessing horns or a similar projection; horned or horn-bearing.

(rare) Having headwear and hair done with projections like horns.

(rare, of the moon) In its crescent phase; waxing or waning.

(rare) Hornen; crafted or manufactured from horn.


yerd

English: yard

Scots: yerd, yaird, yird

Inherited from Old English ġeard, from Proto-West Germanic *gard, from Proto-Germanic *gardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰórdʰos; cognate with Old Church Slavonic градъ (gradŭ) and a doublet of garth.

A plot of land; a piece of property, especially agricultural.


inwardly

From Old English inweardlīc; equivalent to inward + -ly.


wlite

i

English: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

Scots: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

From Old English wlite, from Proto-West Germanic *wliti, from Proto-Germanic *wlitiz, *wlituz.


sive

English: sieve

Scots: sieve, siffe, syffe, sif, syf


hernes

English: harns

Scots: harns

Inherited from Old English hærnes, plural of hærn, from Proto-West Germanic *hirʀnī, from Proto-Germanic *hirzniją.

brains; the mental organ of a living being.


charmer

English: charmer

Scots: chairmer

From Old French charmier; equivalent to charmen + -er.

A mage or spellcaster; an individual who uses magic.


swete

English: sweat; swot

→ Esperanto: ŝvito

desc

Scots: sweet, swate, swait, swete, sweit

From Old English swāt, from Proto-Germanic *swait-. The vocalism was sometimes influenced by swǣtan.


forester

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">foster</i>

English: forester (obsolete foster)

Scots: forester

Borrowed from Old French forestier; equivalent to forest + -er.


sappy

English: sappy

From Old English sæpiġ; equivalent to sap + -y.

(rare) sappy (having lots of sap or sapwood)


matrice

English: matrice, matrix

Borrowed from Old French matrice, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of maris.


spere

English: sphere

Scots: sphere, spere

Borrowed from Old French sphere, from Latin sphaera, from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra).

(astronomy) The supposed outer sphere of the cosmos, the primum mobile.


stede

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

Inherited from Old English stede, steode, styd, from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz.

more sche hath decerved to be ded / thanne evere dyde my modyr jn ony sted.

It..shul stand me in gret ste [read: sted] her if it mygth be do closly and suerly.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

A state of being; a circumstance, condition, or situation.


herbe

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yerb</i>

English: herb (dialectal yerb)

Scots: herb, yerb

A plant as used in alchemy, magic or medicine.


duk

English: duke

Scots: duik, duke

→ Breton: duk

→ Cornish: duk

→ Irish: diúc

→ Manx: duic

→ Scottish Gaelic: diùc

→ Welsh: dug

Borrowed from Old French duc, from Latin dux.

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.


poudre

English: powder (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pouder, pouther

→ Welsh: powdr, powdwr, pwdr

From Old French poudre, ultimately from Latin pulvis.

Various powders as used in medicine or alchemy.

powder (a collection of particles):
(rare) Gunpowder; black powder.

powder (a collection of particles):
Gunpowder; black powder.


mone

desctree

English: moon
Sranan Tongo: mun
Tok Pisin: mun
Torres Strait Creole: mun

Scots: muin

Yola: moone, mond

Inherited from Old English mōna. The sense of the word as silver is the result of its astrological association with the planet.

(astronomy) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.


atter

enm-noun

atter (uncountable, dative attre, attere)

English: atter

Scots: atter, etter

From Old English āttor, ǣttor, variants of ātor, from Proto-West Germanic *aitr, from Proto-Germanic *aitrą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyd-.


muk

English: muck

Scots: muck

Borrowed from Old Norse myki, mykr, from Proto-Germanic *mukī, *mukaz. Alternatively, inherited from Old English *moc (in hlōsmoc (“pigsty dung”)); all from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg-, *mewk- (“slick, slippery”).


hete

English: heat

Scots: hete, heit

Yola: het

Inherited from Old English hǣtu, from Proto-West Germanic *haitī, from Proto-Germanic *haitį̄.

The condition of being hot; a hot thing:

(physiology) Elevated bodily temperature; febrility.

(physiology) A state where the skin is inflamed or reddened.


sprengen

enm-verb

sprengen (third-person singular simple present sprengeth, present participle sprengende, sprengynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle sprenged)

sprengeth (present singular third-person)
sprengende (participle present)
sprengynge (participle present)
sprenged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
sprengen (infinitive)
to sprengen (infinitive)
sprenge (infinitive)
sprenge (first-person present singular)
spreynde (first-person past singular)
sprenged (first-person past singular)
sprengest (present second-person singular)
spreyndest (past second-person singular)
sprengedest (past second-person singular)
sprengeth (present singular third-person)
spreynde (past singular third-person)
sprenged (past singular third-person)
sprenge (present singular subjunctive)
spreynde (past singular subjunctive)
sprenged (past singular subjunctive)
sprenge (imperative present singular)
sprengen (plural present)
sprenge (plural present)
spreynden (past plural)
spreynde (past plural)
sprengeden (past plural)
sprengede (past plural)
sprengeth (imperative plural present)
sprenge (imperative plural present)
sprengynge (participle present)
sprengende (participle present)
spreynd (participle past)
sprenged (participle past)
yspreynd (participle past)
ysprenged (participle past)

English: springe (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English sprenġan, from Proto-West Germanic *sprangijan, from Proto-Germanic *sprangijaną; compare spryngen.

He wolden sowen som difficultee, / Or springen cockle in our clene corn.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shipmans Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To sprinkle or asperse; to spread in small drops or bits.


conjurer

English: conjurer, conjuror

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conjurour; equivalent to conjuren + -er.


panne

desctree

English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン

Scots: pan

Inherited from Old English panne, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ, from Late Latin panna.

A pan, skillet, tin, or cookpot; any metal container used for cooking in.


richesse

desc

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">rich</i>

English: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich); richesse

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">rich</i>

Scots: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich)

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="yol">reeche</i>

Yola: reeches (remodelled as a plural of reeche)

Borrowed from Old French richesce, richesse, from riche (“rich”). Some forms are reinterpreted as the plural of riche (“rich”).

(collective) Riches, valuables; precious goods.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Riches, valuables; precious goods.

(in the plural, religion) (Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
(Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Opulence, splendour; visible wealth.

Profusion, abundance; the state of being prosperous or plentiful.


hele

English: heal

Scots: heal, hele

Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

From Old English hǣlu, hǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *hailī. Compare helen and hol (“whole”).

[...] ‘I shal my-self to herbes techen yow,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4139-4140

That shul ben for your hele, and for your prow;’ [...]
… ‘I shall myself guide you to herbs,
That shall be for your health and for your benefit;’ …

Health or wellbeing; one's mental or physical condition.

That which heals or cures; healing:
(medicine) A curative medicine.

That which heals or cures; healing:
A curative medicine.

(Christianity) Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

That which heals or cures; healing:
Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)


hele

English: heel

Scots: heel

Yola: heel

From Old English hēla, hǣla, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō. Compare hough (“hough, hock”).


cornered

English: cornered, corner (the verb is a back-formation)

Scots: cornert, corner (the verb is a back-formation)


sak

English: sack
→ Japanese: サック (sakku)

Scots: seck

Inherited from Old English sacc, sæcc, from Proto-West Germanic *sakku, from Proto-Germanic *sakkuz, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos), from a Semitic language.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A wallet or moneybag.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A sack (unit of measure)


Saturne

English: Saturn

Borrowed from Old French Saturne, from Latin Sāturnus.

(astronomy) The planet once believed to be furthest from the earth: Saturn.


foten

enm-verb

foten (third-person singular simple present foteth, present participle fotende, fotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle foted)

foteth (present singular third-person)
fotende (participle present)
fotynge (participle present)
foted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
foten (infinitive)
to foten (infinitive)
fote (infinitive)
fote (first-person present singular)
foted (first-person past singular)
fotest (present second-person singular)
fotedest (past second-person singular)
foteth (present singular third-person)
foted (past singular third-person)
fote (present singular subjunctive)
foted (past singular subjunctive)
fote (imperative present singular)
foten (plural present)
fote (plural present)
foteden (past plural)
fotede (past plural)
foteth (imperative plural present)
fote (imperative plural present)
fotynge (participle present)
fotende (participle present)
foted (participle past)
yfoted (participle past)

English: foot

From fot (“foot”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To move with one's feet; to step.

(rare) To execute footwork; to step to music.


duchesse

English: duchess

Scots: duches


salten

salten (infinitive)
to salten (infinitive)
salte (infinitive)
salte (first-person present singular)
salted (first-person past singular)
salte (first-person past singular)
selt (first-person past singular)
saltest (present second-person singular)
saltedest (past second-person singular)
saltest (past second-person singular)
selte (past second-person singular)
selt (past second-person singular)
salteth (present singular third-person)
salted (past singular third-person)
salte (past singular third-person)
selt (past singular third-person)
salte (present singular subjunctive)
salted (past singular subjunctive)
salte (past singular subjunctive)
selte (past singular subjunctive)
salte (imperative present singular)
salten (plural present)
salte (plural present)
salteden (past plural)
saltede (past plural)
salten (past plural)
salte (past plural)
selten (past plural)
selte (past plural)
salteth (imperative plural present)
salte (imperative plural present)
saltynge (participle present)
saltende (participle present)
salted (participle past)
ysalted (participle past)
salt (participle past)
ysalt (participle past)
selte (participle past)
yselte (participle past)

English: salt

Scots: saut

From Old English sealtan, from Proto-Germanic *saltaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l-; equivalent to salt + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To apply salt to open wounds as a method of torture.


boten

boten (infinitive)
to boten (infinitive)
bote (infinitive)
bote (first-person present singular)
boted (first-person past singular)
botest (present second-person singular)
botedest (past second-person singular)
boteth (present singular third-person)
boted (past singular third-person)
bote (present singular subjunctive)
boted (past singular subjunctive)
bote (imperative present singular)
boten (plural present)
bote (plural present)
boteden (past plural)
botede (past plural)
boteth (imperative plural present)
bote (imperative plural present)
botynge (participle present)
botende (participle present)
boted (participle past)
yboted (participle past)

English: boot

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōtian; equivalent to bote (“help”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To be useful, helpful, or handy; to come in, be of, or be able to be productively used.

(rare) To add an extra item in a swapping of goods to make the things swapped equivalent.

(rare) To profit, to gain or obtain benefit from.


capacite

English: capacity

From Old French capacite, from Latin capācitās.

Authorisation given by a government or legal authority or a bill granting it.


congelen

congelen (infinitive)
to congelen (infinitive)
congele (infinitive)
congele (first-person present singular)
congeled (first-person past singular)
congelest (present second-person singular)
congeledest (past second-person singular)
congeleth (present singular third-person)
congeled (past singular third-person)
congele (present singular subjunctive)
congeled (past singular subjunctive)
congele (imperative present singular)
congelen (plural present)
congele (plural present)
congeleden (past plural)
congelede (past plural)
congeleth (imperative plural present)
congele (imperative plural present)
congelynge (participle present)
congelende (participle present)
congeled (participle past)
ycongeled (participle past)

English: congeal

From Middle French congeler, from Latin congēlō; equivalent to con- + gelen.


conjuren

conjuren (infinitive)
to conjuren (infinitive)
conjure (infinitive)
conjure (first-person present singular)
conjured (first-person past singular)
conjurest (present second-person singular)
conjuredest (past second-person singular)
conjureth (present singular third-person)
conjured (past singular third-person)
conjure (present singular subjunctive)
conjured (past singular subjunctive)
conjure (imperative present singular)
conjuren (plural present)
conjure (plural present)
conjureden (past plural)
conjurede (past plural)
conjureth (imperative plural present)
conjure (imperative plural present)
conjurynge (participle present)
conjurende (participle present)
conjured (participle past)
yconjured (participle past)

English: conjure

Borrowed from Old French conjurer, from Latin coniūrō.

To conjure; to summon or practice summoning.


crispen

crispen (infinitive)
to crispen (infinitive)
crispe (infinitive)
crispe (first-person present singular)
crisped (first-person past singular)
crispest (present second-person singular)
crispedest (past second-person singular)
crispeth (present singular third-person)
crisped (past singular third-person)
crispe (present singular subjunctive)
crisped (past singular subjunctive)
crispe (imperative present singular)
crispen (plural present)
crispe (plural present)
crispeden (past plural)
crispede (past plural)
crispeth (imperative plural present)
crispe (imperative plural present)
crispynge (participle present)
crispende (participle present)
crisped (participle past)
ycrisped (participle past)

English: crisp

Scots: crisp

From Latin crispō and Old French crespir; equivalent to crisp (“curly”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


Vesper

English: Vesper

Borrowed from Latin vesper (“evening, evening star”).

(astronomy) The planet closely associated with the evening: Venus.


scars

English: scarce

Middle Scots: scarce, skarce

Scots: scarce

Borrowed from Old Northern French scars, escars, possibly from Late Latin *excarpsus; see scarce for more.


floten

floten (infinitive)
to floten (infinitive)
flote (infinitive)
flote (first-person present singular)
floted (first-person past singular)
flotest (present second-person singular)
flotedest (past second-person singular)
floteth (present singular third-person)
floted (past singular third-person)
flote (present singular subjunctive)
floted (past singular subjunctive)
flote (imperative present singular)
floten (plural present)
flote (plural present)
floteden (past plural)
flotede (past plural)
floteth (imperative plural present)
flote (imperative plural present)
flotynge (participle present)
flotende (participle present)
floted (participle past)
yfloted (participle past)

English: float

→ German: floaten

Scots: flote, flot, floit

From Old English flotian, from Proto-Germanic *flutōną.

To move in or around water; to float or swim:

To float; to stay buoyant on the surface of a liquid.


fomenten

fomenten (infinitive)
to fomenten (infinitive)
fomente (first-person present singular)
fomented (first-person past singular)
fomentest (present second-person singular)
fomentedest (past second-person singular)
fomenteth (present singular third-person)
fomented (past singular third-person)
fomente (present singular subjunctive)
fomented (past singular subjunctive)
fomente (imperative present singular)
fomenten (plural present)
fomente (plural present)
fomenteden (past plural)
fomentede (past plural)
fomenteth (imperative plural present)
fomente (imperative plural present)
fomentynge (participle present)
fomentende (participle present)
fomented (participle past)

English: foment

From Old French fomenter, from Late Latin fōmentare.

(medicine) To apply a warm, soft medicament.


halle

Alternative form of hale (“hale (temporary structure for housing, entertaining, eating meals, etc.)”)


hurten

enm-verb

hurten (third-person singular simple present hurteth, present participle hurtynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative hurte, past participle hurt)

hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hurt (participle past)
hurten (infinitive)
to hurten (infinitive)
hurte (infinitive)
hurte (first-person present singular)
hurte (first-person past singular)
hurted (first-person past singular)
hurtest (present second-person singular)
hurtest (past second-person singular)
hurtedest (past second-person singular)
hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurte (past singular third-person)
hurted (past singular third-person)
hurte (present singular subjunctive)
hurte (past singular subjunctive)
hurted (past singular subjunctive)
hurte (imperative present singular)
hurten (plural present)
hurte (plural present)
hurten (past plural)
hurte (past plural)
hurteden (past plural)
hurtede (past plural)
hurteth (imperative plural present)
hurte (imperative plural present)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurtende (participle present)
hurt (participle past)
hurted (participle past)
yhurt (participle past)

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Usually taken to be an early borrowing from Old Northern French hurter, of disputed origin, but possibly instead from an Old English *hyrtan. In any case, equivalent to hurt + -en (infinitival suffix).

To injure; to cause harm or trouble for:

To ruin or worsen; to make damaged or worse.

To strike, hurl or bump against; to launch into.


leef

English: leaf
Tok Pisin: lip

Scots: leaf, lefe, leif

Yola: laafe

From Old English lēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *laub, from Proto-Germanic *laubą.


onen

onen (third-person singular simple present oneth, present participle onende, first-/third-person singular past indicative onede, past participle ioned)

oneth (present singular third-person)
onende (participle present)
onede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ioned (participle past)
onen (infinitive)
to onen (infinitive)
one (infinitive)
one (first-person present singular)
oned (first-person past singular)
onest (present second-person singular)
onedest (past second-person singular)
oneth (present singular third-person)
oned (past singular third-person)
one (present singular subjunctive)
oned (past singular subjunctive)
one (imperative present singular)
onen (plural present)
one (plural present)
oneden (past plural)
onede (past plural)
oneth (imperative plural present)
one (imperative plural present)
onynge (participle present)
onende (participle present)
oned (participle past)
yoned (participle past)

English: one

Scots: ane


laven

laven (infinitive)
to laven (infinitive)
lave (infinitive)
lave (first-person present singular)
laved (first-person past singular)
lafte (first-person past singular)
lavest (present second-person singular)
lavedest (past second-person singular)
laftest (past second-person singular)
laveth (present singular third-person)
laved (past singular third-person)
lafte (past singular third-person)
lave (present singular subjunctive)
laved (past singular subjunctive)
lafte (past singular subjunctive)
lave (imperative present singular)
laven (plural present)
lave (plural present)
laveden (past plural)
lavede (past plural)
laften (past plural)
lafte (past plural)
laveth (imperative plural present)
lave (imperative plural present)
lavynge (participle present)
lavende (participle present)
laved (participle past)
laft (participle past)
ylaved (participle past)
ylaft (participle past)

English: lave

Scots: lave

From Old English lafian, from Proto-West Germanic *labōn.


liquide

English: liquid

Borrowed from Old French liquide, from Latin liquidus.


pese

pesen (plural)
peses (plural)
pisen (plural)

English: pease; pea

Scots: pease

Yola: piz

From Old English pise, piose, *peose, from Late Latin pisa, from Latin pisum, from Ancient Greek πίσον (píson), πῐ́σος (pĭ́sos), πισός (pisós).

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual


nombren

nombren (third-person singular simple present nombreth, present participle nombrende, nombrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle nombred)

nombreth (present singular third-person)
nombrende (participle present)
nombrynge (participle present)
nombred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
nombren (infinitive)
to nombren (infinitive)
nombre (infinitive)
nombre (first-person present singular)
nombred (first-person past singular)
nombrest (present second-person singular)
nombredest (past second-person singular)
nombreth (present singular third-person)
nombred (past singular third-person)
nombre (present singular subjunctive)
nombred (past singular subjunctive)
nombre (imperative present singular)
nombren (plural present)
nombre (plural present)
nombreden (past plural)
nombrede (past plural)
nombreth (imperative plural present)
nombre (imperative plural present)
nombrynge (participle present)
nombrende (participle present)
nombred (participle past)
ynombred (participle past)

English: number

Scots: nummer

Borrowed from Old French nombrer, from Latin numerō; equivalent to nombre + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To deduce or realise; to come to a conclusion.


rimen

rimen (third-person singular simple present rimeth, present participle rimende, rimynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rimed)

rimeth (present singular third-person)
rimende (participle present)
rimynge (participle present)
rimed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rimen (infinitive)
to rimen (infinitive)
rime (infinitive)
rime (first-person present singular)
rimed (first-person past singular)
rimest (present second-person singular)
rimedest (past second-person singular)
rimeth (present singular third-person)
rimed (past singular third-person)
rime (present singular subjunctive)
rimed (past singular subjunctive)
rime (imperative present singular)
rimen (plural present)
rime (plural present)
rimeden (past plural)
rimede (past plural)
rimeth (imperative plural present)
rime (imperative plural present)
rimynge (participle present)
rimende (participle present)
rimed (participle past)
yrimed (participle past)

English: rhyme

From Old English rīman (“to count, enumerate, number”), from Proto-Germanic *rīmaną.

inh

Ic ne mai rimen ne tellen all ðo sennes …

Of sorowe þat myghte he ryme Of x thousande men lefte no moo But sexty men and twelfe.


salven

salveen (infinitive)
to salveen (infinitive)
salvee (infinitive)
salvee (first-person present singular)
salveed (first-person past singular)
salveest (present second-person singular)
salveedest (past second-person singular)
salveeth (present singular third-person)
salveed (past singular third-person)
salvee (present singular subjunctive)
salveed (past singular subjunctive)
salvee (imperative present singular)
salveen (plural present)
salvee (plural present)
salveeden (past plural)
salveede (past plural)
salveeth (imperative plural present)
salvee (imperative plural present)
salveynge (participle present)
salveende (participle present)
salveed (participle past)
ysalveed (participle past)

English: salve

Inherited from Old English sealfian, from Proto-West Germanic *salbōn, from Proto-Germanic *salbōną; equivalent to salve + -en (infinitival suffix).

To heal or cure; to make healthy or good.


roten

enm-verb

roten (third-person singular simple present roteth, present participle rotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle roted)

roteth (present singular third-person)
rotynge (participle present)
roted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
roten (infinitive)
to roten (infinitive)
rote (infinitive)
rote (first-person present singular)
roted (first-person past singular)
rotest (present second-person singular)
rotedest (past second-person singular)
roteth (present singular third-person)
roted (past singular third-person)
rote (present singular subjunctive)
roted (past singular subjunctive)
rote (imperative present singular)
roten (plural present)
rote (plural present)
roteden (past plural)
rotede (past plural)
roteth (imperative plural present)
rote (imperative plural present)
rotynge (participle present)
rotende (participle present)
roted (participle past)
roten (participle past)

English: rot

Scots: rot

Yola: rothed, rotheda, rothyed (adj)

Inherited from Old English rotian, from Proto-West Germanic *rotēn, from Proto-Germanic *rutāną.


roten

English: rotten

Scots: rotten

Borrowed from Old Norse rotinn (“rotten”).

bor+

Rotten or spoiled (usually of animal or plant matter):

(rare) Toxic, noxious (of gas or liquid)

(rare) Collapsing or decomposing into pieces; falling apart.

Noon helthe is in my fleiſch fro the face of thin ire; no pees is to my boonys fro the face of my ſynnes. / For my wickidneſſis ben goon ouer myn heed; as an heuy birthun, tho ben maad heuy on me. / Myn heelid woundis weren rotun, and ben brokun; fro the face of myn vnwiſdom.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 37:4-6”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

No health is in my body due to the nature of your anger; no rest is in my bones due to my sinful behaviour. / For my wickedness has utterly enveloped me, like a heavy load that has weighed on me. / My healed wounds were festering, and have burst from the nature of my mistakes.

Gangrenous, infected (having necrosis or putrefaction)


secunde

English: second

Scots: second

From Old French second, from Latin secundus.

Non-primary; less important, noticeable or large.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

(rare) The amniotic sac or afterbirth; that which protects a embryo or fetus.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

From Old French seconde, from Medieval Latin secunda.

A unit of time equal to a sixtieth of a (horological) minute.


seden

enm-verb

seden (third-person singular simple present sedeth, present participle sedende, sedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seded)

sedeth (present singular third-person)
sedende (participle present)
sedynge (participle present)
seded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
seden (infinitive)
to seden (infinitive)
sede (infinitive)
sede (first-person present singular)
seded (first-person past singular)
sedest (present second-person singular)
sededest (past second-person singular)
sedeth (present singular third-person)
seded (past singular third-person)
sede (present singular subjunctive)
seded (past singular subjunctive)
sede (imperative present singular)
seden (plural present)
sede (plural present)
sededen (past plural)
sedede (past plural)
sedeth (imperative plural present)
sede (imperative plural present)
sedynge (participle present)
sedende (participle present)
seded (participle past)
yseded (participle past)

English: seed

Scots: seed


sellen

sellen (third-person singular simple present selleth, present participle sellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative solde, past participle sold)

selleth (present singular third-person)
sellynge (participle present)
solde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sold (participle past)
sellen (infinitive)
to sellen (infinitive)
selle (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
solde (first-person past singular)
selde (first-person past singular)
sellest (present second-person singular)
soldest (past second-person singular)
seldest (past second-person singular)
selleth (present singular third-person)
selth (present singular third-person)
solde (past singular third-person)
selde (past singular third-person)
selle (present singular subjunctive)
solde (past singular subjunctive)
selde (past singular subjunctive)
selle (imperative present singular)
sellen (plural present)
selle (plural present)
solden (past plural)
solde (past plural)
selden (past plural)
selde (past plural)
selleth (imperative plural present)
selle (imperative plural present)
sellynge (participle present)
sellende (participle present)
sold (participle past)
seld (participle past)
ysold (participle past)
yseld (participle past)

English: sell

→ Dutch: sellen

Scots: sell

Inherited from Old English sellan, from Proto-West Germanic *salljan, from Proto-Germanic *saljaną (“to give”).

(usually negative) To give up in exchange (outside of an explicit transaction).

(religion) To sell one's soul; to consign one's soul to Hell.


charme

English: charm

Scots: chairm

Borrowed from Old French charme, from Latin carmen.

A phrase believed to have magical efficacy; a charm.


Phebe

From Latin Phoebē, from Ancient Greek Φοίβη (Phoíbē).

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.


masse

English: mass

Scots: mass

Yola: messe

From Anglo-Norman masse, from Latin massa, from Ancient Greek μᾶζα (mâza).

(anatomy) blood (believed in medieval times to be a mixture of the four humours)


herberwe

English: harbor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: harbery, harbory, hairbour

From Old English herebeorg, from Proto-West Germanic *harjabergu; equivalent to here (“army”) + bergh. The final vowel is levelled in from the Old English oblique cases; forms ending in /iː/ may be from the Old English dative singular.

(rare) Providing for guests; hospitality.


mansioun

English: mansion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mansion, mansiun, from Latin mansiō.

A place where one makes their home or dwells; a home:

A house, hostel, palace, etc; a purpose-built dwelling or habitation.

(figurative) The abode of a human behaviour.

(rare) A temporary waypoint on a journey.


dewy

English: dewy

From Old English dēawiġ, from Old English dēaw. Equivalent to dew + -y.


savable

English: savable

Borrowed from Middle French sauvable, from Old French salvable, sauvable, from Medieval Latin salvābilis; equivalent to saven + -able.

(medicine) Able to be cured; remediable.


spikenard

English: spikenard

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman spicanarde, from Medieval Latin spīca nardī.

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.


taxe

English: tax (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tax

Either a back-formation from taxen or borrowed from Middle French taxe. Doublet of taske.


thirl

English: thirl, thurl

Scots: thirl

⇒ Yola: thorelucke

From Old English þyrel, from Proto-West Germanic *þurhil, from Proto-Germanic *þurhilą.

An aperture or hole, especially of the body:

A wound or gash; an opening from injury.


manfully

English: manfully

Bravely, strongly, daringly, determinedly


manful

English: manful

Scots: manfull (obsolete)

Noble, brave, strong, daring, determined; displaying virtues seen as manly.


heer

English: hair


graven

graven (infinitive)
to graven (infinitive)
grave (infinitive)
grave (first-person present singular)
grof (first-person past singular)
graved (first-person past singular)
gravest (present second-person singular)
grove (past second-person singular)
grof (past second-person singular)
gravedest (past second-person singular)
graveth (present singular third-person)
grof (past singular third-person)
graved (past singular third-person)
grave (present singular subjunctive)
grove (past singular subjunctive)
graved (past singular subjunctive)
grave (imperative present singular)
graven (plural present)
grave (plural present)
groven (past plural)
grove (past plural)
graveden (past plural)
gravede (past plural)
graveth (imperative plural present)
grave (imperative plural present)
gravynge (participle present)
gravende (participle present)
graven (participle past)
grave (participle past)
graved (participle past)
ygraven (participle past)
ygrave (participle past)
ygraved (participle past)

English: grave (obsolete)

⇒ English: engrave

Scots: grave

From Old English grafan, from Proto-West Germanic *graban, from Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

To bury, especially to inhume or entomb.

To dig up the ground (for agriculture, excavation, etc.)

To carve or engrave (with inscriptions or carvings)

To carve or adorn:
To sculpt; to carve with a chisel.

To carve or adorn:
To adorn with precious metal.


delven

delven (infinitive)
to delven (infinitive)
delve (infinitive)
delve (first-person present singular)
dalf (first-person past singular)
delved (first-person past singular)
delvest (present second-person singular)
dolve (past second-person singular)
dalf (past second-person singular)
delvedest (past second-person singular)
delveth (present singular third-person)
dalf (past singular third-person)
delved (past singular third-person)
delve (present singular subjunctive)
dolve (past singular subjunctive)
delved (past singular subjunctive)
delve (imperative present singular)
delven (plural present)
delve (plural present)
dolven (past plural)
dolve (past plural)
delveden (past plural)
delvede (past plural)
delveth (imperative plural present)
delve (imperative plural present)
delvynge (participle present)
delvende (participle present)
dolven (participle past)
delved (participle past)
ydolven (participle past)
ydelved (participle past)

English: delve

Scots: delve, dell, del

Yola: del

From Old English delfan, from Proto-West Germanic *delban, from Proto-Germanic *delbaną.

Whan Adam dalf, and Eve span; / Wo was thanne a gentilman?

1381 June 12, John Ball, Sermon at Blackheath:

When Adam delved and Eve spun; / Who was a nobleman then?

To furrow; to dig for an agricultural purpose.


magnete

desctree

English: magnet
→ Cebuano: magnet
→? Indonesian: magnet
→? Malay: magnet
→ Tagalog: magnet
→ Welsh: magnet

From Old French magnete or Latin magnēs, magnētem, from Ancient Greek μαγνήτης λίθος (magnḗtēs líthos, “Magnesian stone”). Doublet of magnes.

der

μαγνήτης λίθος

lodestone (a magnetic stone that is an ore of iron)


nonne

English: nun

Scots: nun

From Old English nunne, from Late Latin nonna.


quene

English: queen (see there for further descendants)

Scots: queen, wheen

Yola: queen

From Old English cwēn (“woman, wife, queen”) (the final schwa is by analogy with other Old English feminine nouns, such as Etymology 2), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from a derivative of *gʷḗn (“woman, wife”). Cognates include:
* Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Greek γυναίκα (gynaíka)
* Old Prussian genna
* Persian زَن (zan)
* Sanskrit जनि (jani)
* Proto-Slavic *žena

Any powerful woman noble (e.g. a former queen consort, a duchess, etc.)

A female divine or holy figure; a female divinity or the Virgin Mary.

A female embodiment, exemplar, or representation of a moral ideal.

(rare) A female follower of Christianity in heaven.


quene

English: quean

desc

Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin, queynie

From Old English cwene (“woman, wife, prostitute”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from the same Indo-European source as above. Cognate to Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō), Middle High German kone, kan, kun, quëne, Old Norse kona, and Middle Low German quene.


bakestere

English: baxter

Inherited from Old English bæcestre; equivalent to baken + -estere.


vertu

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertue</i>

English: virtue (obsolete vertue)

Scots: virtue

Yola: vartue

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman vertu, from Latin virtūtem, accusative of virtūs.

Medical or pharmaceutical ability (either generally or specifically)

Power, competence, ability; ability to effect behaviour or action:

Astrological or occult power or influence.

Fortitude, strength, or might; power innate to a living being:

Sapience, wisdom, higher functioning or that which causes it.

Raw physical strength, endurance, or health.


assise

English: assize

Scots: assize (now rare)

From Old French assises, from Latin assideō. Compare syse.


goot

English: goat (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gait, gayt

Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth


brede

Scots: brede

From Old English brǣde, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *brādō, from Proto-Germanic *brēdô (“meat, roast”). Doublet of brawne.

(hunting) One of thirty-two choice parts of a boar for roasting.


brede

English: bread (“breadth”) (dialectal)

Scots: brede, breid

From Old English brǣdu, brǣd, from Proto-West Germanic *braidī, from Proto-Germanic *braidį̄.

breadth (measure of how wide something is):

extent (space to which something extends):

The total extent of a surface or object.

(figurative) The extent or totality of one's feelings.


lond

londes (plural)
lond (accusative nominative singular)
londes (accusative nominative plural)
londes (genitive singular)
londe (genitive plural)
londe (dative singular)
londen (dative plural)

English: land

Scots: laund, land

Yola: lhoan, lloan, loan, lone, londe

From Old English land, from Proto-West Germanic *land, from Proto-Germanic *landą.


hous

hous (plural)
houses (plural)
housen (plural)

English: house (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: hoose

Scots: hoose

Yola: heouse, houze, howze

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-der.?
Proto-Germanic *hūsą
Proto-West Germanic *hūs
Old English hūs
Middle English hous
From Old English hūs, from Proto-West Germanic *hūs, from Proto-Germanic *hūsą.
Cognate with Dutch huis, German Low German Huus, German Haus, Danish hus, Faroese hús, Icelandic hús, Norwegian Bokmål hus, Norwegian Nynorsk hus, Swedish hus.

etymon

[…]if ony of þi puple Iſrael biſechiþ, and knowiþ his veniaunce and ſikenesse, and if he ſpꝛediþ abꝛood hiſe hondis in þis hows[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:29”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

[…] If any of your people Israel prays, and knows their destruction and disease, and spreads his hands to this temple […]


horden

horden (infinitive)
to horden (infinitive)
horde (infinitive)
horde (first-person present singular)
horded (first-person past singular)
hordest (present second-person singular)
hordedest (past second-person singular)
hordeth (present singular third-person)
horded (past singular third-person)
horde (present singular subjunctive)
horded (past singular subjunctive)
horde (imperative present singular)
horden (plural present)
horde (plural present)
hordeden (past plural)
hordede (past plural)
hordeth (imperative plural present)
horde (imperative plural present)
hordynge (participle present)
hordende (participle present)
horded (participle past)
yhorded (participle past)

English: hoard

Scots: huird

From Old English hordian; equivalent to hord (“hoard”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To secrete, hoard or amass; to store valuables away.


culter

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">culter</i>

English: colter, coulter (obsolete culter)

Scots: couter, cooter

Inherited from Old English culter, from Latin culter, of unclear origin. Forms with final /ə/ may be due to influence from Old French coutre or due to an Old English ō-stem by-form.


segen

enm-verb

segen (third-person singular simple present segeth, present participle segende, segynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seged)

segeth (present singular third-person)
segende (participle present)
segynge (participle present)
seged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
segen (infinitive)
to segen (infinitive)
sege (infinitive)
sege (first-person present singular)
seged (first-person past singular)
segest (present second-person singular)
segedest (past second-person singular)
segeth (present singular third-person)
seged (past singular third-person)
sege (present singular subjunctive)
seged (past singular subjunctive)
sege (imperative present singular)
segen (plural present)
sege (plural present)
segeden (past plural)
segede (past plural)
segeth (imperative plural present)
sege (imperative plural present)
segynge (participle present)
segende (participle present)
seged (participle past)
yseged (participle past)

English: siege

Scots: siege

To siege; to assault or attack a walled settlement.


palmestrie

English: palmistry


sauge

English: sage

Scots: sage

Borrowed from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia.


macula

English: macula

Borrowed from Latin macula. Doublet of mayle.

(Late Middle English, rare) A lesion on the eye or skin.


cappe

English: cap

Scots: kep

From Old English cæppe, from Proto-West Germanic *kappā, from Late Latin cappa.

(medicine, rare) A bandage or other covering to protect a wound.


tappe

English: tap

Scots: tap, tapp

From Old English tæppa, from Proto-West Germanic *tappō, from Proto-Germanic *tappô.

A hole or spout for the emission of liquid.


tappe

English: tap


tappe

Alternative form of tappen (“to let flow”)


richen

richen (third-person singular simple present richeth, present participle richende, richynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle riched)

richeth (present singular third-person)
richende (participle present)
richynge (participle present)
riched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
richen (infinitive)
to richen (infinitive)
riche (infinitive)
riche (first-person present singular)
riched (first-person past singular)
richest (present second-person singular)
richedest (past second-person singular)
richeth (present singular third-person)
riched (past singular third-person)
riche (present singular subjunctive)
riched (past singular subjunctive)
riche (imperative present singular)
richen (plural present)
riche (plural present)
richeden (past plural)
richede (past plural)
richeth (imperative plural present)
riche (imperative plural present)
richynge (participle present)
richende (participle present)
riched (participle past)
yriched (participle past)

English: rich (obsolete)

Middle Scots: rich, riche

From riche (“rich”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make rich(er) or (more) valuable; to enrichen.

To acquire or possess wealth; to become or be rich.


chete

Inherited from Anglian Old English ċēte (West Saxon *ċīete, ċȳte).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


meden

enm-verb

meden (third-person singular simple present medeth, present participle medende, medynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle meded)

medeth (present singular third-person)
medende (participle present)
medynge (participle present)
meded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
meden (infinitive)
to meden (infinitive)
mede (infinitive)
mede (first-person present singular)
meded (first-person past singular)
medest (present second-person singular)
mededest (past second-person singular)
medeth (present singular third-person)
meded (past singular third-person)
mede (present singular subjunctive)
meded (past singular subjunctive)
mede (imperative present singular)
meden (plural present)
mede (plural present)
mededen (past plural)
medede (past plural)
medeth (imperative plural present)
mede (imperative plural present)
medynge (participle present)
medende (participle present)
meded (participle past)
ymeded (participle past)

English: meed

From Old English *mēdian (“to reward, bribe”), from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdōn (“to reward”).


maligne

English: malign

Scots: maling (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French maligne, from Latin malignus.


loven

enm-verb

loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovende, lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)

loveth (present singular third-person)
lovende (participle present)
lovynge (participle present)
loved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loven (infinitive)
to loven (infinitive)
love (infinitive)
love (first-person present singular)
loved (first-person past singular)
lovest (present second-person singular)
lovedest (past second-person singular)
loveth (present singular third-person)
loved (past singular third-person)
love (present singular subjunctive)
loved (past singular subjunctive)
love (imperative present singular)
loven (plural present)
love (plural present)
loveden (past plural)
lovede (past plural)
loveth (imperative plural present)
love (imperative plural present)
lovynge (participle present)
lovende (participle present)
loved (participle past)
yloved (participle past)

English: lofe, loff, loave, love

Middle Scots: love

Scots: loave

Inherited from Old English lofian, from Proto-West Germanic *lobōn, from Proto-Germanic *lubōną; equivalent to lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To valuate; to make an appraisal or valuation.


knop

English: knop

Scots: knap (in part)

From Middle Low German and Middle Dutch knoppe, from Proto-Germanic *knuppô, *knuppaz, *knappô, one of many kn- words related to *knuttô (“a knot”).


loppe

English: lop (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English loppe, lobbe, from a conflation of Proto-Germanic *lubbō, *lubbǭ and Proto-Germanic *luppǭ.


wyn

English: wine (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wyne

From Old English wīn, from Proto-West Germanic *wīn, from Latin vīnum.

wine (in food, cooking, medicine, the Eucharist, etc.)


pacient

English: patient

Borrowed from Middle French patient, from Old French pacient, from Latin patiens, present participle of patior (“to suffer, endure”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate, hurt”).


pacient

English: pacient

(pathology) patient (individual under care)

(alchemy, rare) That which is subjected to action.


ciromanci

1440 Palmistry
This lytill tretis draw owt of the sciens of Ciromanci.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


cyromancy

Thales Mylesyes..fyrst dyd wryte the syens off cyromancy in the langage of Parce.


mages

English: mage

From Latin magī (often assimilated to the native ME plural ending), plural of magus, from Ancient Greek μάγος (mágos).

Wizards, occult scholars; those with great esoteric skill.


sowel

English: sole (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English sāgol, sāgel, from Proto-West Germanic *saigul.

A stake with a sharp end (used for fence-building)


geomance

1392 Gower CA 6.1295-8

The craft which that Saturnus fond, To make prickes in the Sond, That Geomance cleped is, Fulofte he useth it amis; And of the flod his Ydromance, And of the fyr the Piromance, With questions echon of tho He tempteth ofte.


geomesie

Geometrie & geomesie [vrr. gemensye, gemessie, geemessye] is gynful of speche.


wharfage

English: wharfage


asker

English: asker

Scots: askar (obsolete)

A litigant; one who begins legal action or one hired by such a person.


kex

English: kex, kix

Scots: kex

Unknown. Possibly from a Celtic and/or substrate language.

Any dried stem of a plant with a hollow interior.

(rare) A plant having a hollow stem; a member of the family Umbelliferae.


herber

English: herber, arbour

Scots: herber (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman herber, erber (“garden”), from erbe (“grass, herb”); equivalent to herbe + -er.

Also loke þyn gardynes and orchardes & erberes with-ynne þe citee be wel I-tyled, as wel for profite & nede as for honest disport.

c. 1450, The Book of Vegecye of Dedes of Knyghthode [Douce], (trans. of Vegetius, De re militari), line 98b


frere

English: friar

Scots: freer (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French frere, from Latin frater, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of brother.

Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]

friar (male member of a mendicant order)

(rare) monk (male member of a monastic order)


stomak

English: stomach

Scots: stamack

Borrowed from Old French estomac, from Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

(figurative) One's emotional or sexual drive (supposedly coming from the stomach)


perche

English: perch

Borrowed from Old French perche, from Latin pertica.


cifre

English: cipher, cypher

Borrowed from Old French cyfre, cyffre, from Medieval Latin cifra, from Arabic صِفْر (ṣifr).

(rare) Any symbol or figure used in mathematics.


rubriche

English: rubric

Borrowed from Middle French rubrique, rubriche, rubrice, from borrowed itself from Latin rubrīca.


yok

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yock</i>

English: yoke (obsolete yock)

Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke

Scots: yoke, yock

Inherited from Old English ġeoc, from Proto-West Germanic *juk, *jok, from Proto-Germanic *juką, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
Forms with a long vowel are either leveled from inflected forms or influenced by the verb yoken, where open-syllable lengthening took place.


compas

English: compass

Borrowed from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus.

A boundary or edge; that which surrounds:

A rounded shape (i.e. a circle, curve or sphere) or a region surrounded by one.


hengel

Borrowed from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch hengel; compare henge.


gome

English: gome

Scots: gome

Inherited from Old English guma, from Proto-West Germanic *gumō, from Proto-Germanic *gumô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ.

And þus bigynneth þes gomes · to greden ful heiȝ.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:

And thus began these men · to cry out full high.^(Verification Needed)

Some towns wex near toom, In the which woned many a gome.

Some towns wax near empty, In which lived many a man.^(Verification Needed)

To the, ihesu, I make my mone; / ffarwell! comly, of cors so cleyn! / ffarwel! gracyouse gome! where so thou gone, / fful mekill grace is to the geyn;

15th c., “Iohannes baptista [John the Baptist]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 203, lines 267–270:

To thee, Jesus, I make my lamentation: farewell, pleasing [man], so clean of body! Farewell, gracious man! Wheresoever thou goest, you will gain much grace

(rare) A male hireling, assistant or underling


gome

English: gum (dialectal goom)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

Inherited from Old English gōma, from Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.

(often in the plural) The flesh around the teeth; the gum.

The interior of one's mouth; the palate or roof of the mouth.

(rare, Late Middle English) One's teeth or jaws.


castel

English: castle
→ Tongan: kāsolo

Scots: castle

→ Scottish Gaelic: caisteal

From late Old English castel, castell, borrowed from Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman/Old Northern French castel, itself also from castellum.


wroten

wroten (infinitive)
to wroten (infinitive)
wrote (infinitive)
wrote (first-person present singular)
wroted (first-person past singular)
wrot (first-person past singular)
wrotest (present second-person singular)
wrotedest (past second-person singular)
wrottest (past second-person singular)
wroteth (present singular third-person)
wroted (past singular third-person)
wrot (past singular third-person)
wrote (present singular subjunctive)
wroted (past singular subjunctive)
wrot (past singular subjunctive)
wrote (imperative present singular)
wroten (plural present)
wrote (plural present)
wroteden (past plural)
wrotede (past plural)
wrotten (past plural)
wrotte (past plural)
wroteth (imperative plural present)
wrote (imperative plural present)
wrotynge (participle present)
wrotende (participle present)
wroted (participle past)
wrot (participle past)
ywroted (participle past)
ywrot (participle past)

English: root

Scots: wrutt, wort, rute, wirt, ruit

From Old English wrōtan, from Proto-Germanic *wrōtaną.

(rare) To till; to move soil for agriculture.


corne

English: corn

Borrowed from Old French corne, corn; from Latin cornū.


squame

English: squame

From Old French esquame, from Latin squāma.

yron squames

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Chanons Yeman”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Metal that flakes; a flake of such metal.

not squames to wasche them, and wype them, nor auoyde them, not angry nor hasty, or un pacient thof one haue the vomet, another the fluxe, another the frensy, which nowe syngethe, now wel apayde, ffor ther be some sekenesses vexynge the seke so gretly and prouokynge them to ire, that the mater drawen up to the brayne alyenthe the mendes.

c. 1450, “Additions to the Rule or Saint Saviour”, in George James Aungier, editor, History and Antiquities of Syon Monastery, published 1840, page 395:


soule

enm-noun

soule (plural soules or soulen or (early) soule)

soules (plural)
soulen (plural)
soule (plural)

English: soul (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saul

Inherited from Old English sāwol, sāwel, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

(alchemy) A refined animating substance akin to the soul.


brest

English: brest, breast

Scots: brest, breist, breest

From Old English brēost, from Proto-West Germanic *breust, from Proto-Germanic *breustą.


brest

English: bryst (obsolete)

From Old Norse brestr, from Proto-Germanic *brestuz; influenced by the cognate Old English byrst. Doublet of burst.


organe

desctree

English: organ
→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)
→ Maori: ōkana
→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

Scots: organ

From Old French organe, orgene, from Latin organum (“implement; musical instrument”). Doublet of organum.

der

A body part which performs a certain function; an organ.


tyme

English: time (see there for further descendants)

Scots: time, teime, tim

Yola: deemes (plural)

From Old English tīma, from Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô. Doublet of demon.

(grammar) Verbal tense; the way time is morphologically marked on a verb.


emperour

English: emperor

Scots: emperor

Borrowed from Old French empereor, from Latin imperātorem.


cisterne

English: cistern

From Old French cisterne, from Latin cisterna.


vertuous

head

vertuous (plural and weak singular vertuouse)

vertuouse (plural)
vertuouse (singular weak)

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertuous</i>

English: virtuous (obsolete vertuous)

Scots: virtuous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vertuous, vertous, from Latin virtuōsus; equivalent to vertu + -ous.

Useful against occult or malign forces; warding against sorcery.


dragoun

English: dragon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: draigon

Borrowed from Old French dragon, from Latin dracō, dracōnem, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of drake (“dragon”).


spone

English: spoon

Geordie English: spuin, speun

desc

Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune

Yola: spone

From Old English spōn, from Proto-West Germanic *spānu, form Proto-Germanic *spēnuz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A spoonful; the amount that fits in a spoon


stithy

English: stithy

Scots: studdy, stiddy

Either borrowed from Old Norse steðja, oblique singular of steði, or a remodelling of stith on the analogy of smythy. Doublet of stith.


materas

English: mattress

Scots: mattrass

Borrowed from Old French matras, from Arabic مَطْرَح (maṭraḥ).

(anatomy, rare) A pad or cushion in one's body.


magnes

English: magnes (obsolete)

Learned borrowing from Latin magnēs, from Ancient Greek μαγνήτης λίθος (magnḗtēs líthos, “Magnesian stone”). Doublet of magnete.

der

μαγνήτης λίθος

(rare) lodestone (a magnetic stone that is an ore of iron)


tresse

English: tress

From Old French tresce, of unclear origin.


sorel

English: sorrel

Rumex acetosa
Rumex acetosa#Translingual


tord

English: turd

Scots: tuird

From Old English tord, from Proto-Germanic *turdą.


sours

English: source

Scots: source, soorce

Borrowed from Old French sours m, sourse f, past participle of sourdre; compare sourden.

(rare) The origin of a stream of flowing water.

(architecture, rare) A wall fixture supporting an image.


burde

English: burd

Probably from Old English byrde; in that case, equivalent to beren + -th.

A young man, especially one of noble blood or Jesus Christ.


magicien

English: magician

Borrowed from Middle French magicien; equivalent to magik + -ien.


newe

From Old English nīewe, from Proto-West Germanic *niwi, from Proto-Germanic *niwjaz, from Proto-Indo-European *néwyos. More at new.

Wið-uten ðe læche ðe loceð after mannes ikynde, þe newe oðer elde, and ðe wrihte his timber to keruen after ðare mone, ðe is ikyndelich þing; elles hit is al ȝedwoll.


horsman

English: horseman

(rare) One who is in change of horses; a groom.


warte

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">wrot</i>

English: wart (dialectal wrot)

Scots: wrat

From Old English wearte, from Proto-West Germanic *wartā, from Proto-Germanic *wartǭ.


coper

English: copper

→ Maori: kapa

→ Shona: kopa

Scots: coper, copper

→ Cornish: kober

→ Irish: copar

→ Manx: cobbyr

→ Scottish Gaelic: copar

→ Welsh: copor

Inherited from Old English copor, coper, from Proto-West Germanic *kopr.


hengen

From Old English henġen, from Proto-West Germanic *hangini.

(Early Middle English, hapax) imprisonment


saven

enm-verb

saven (third-person singular simple present saveth, present participle savynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle saved)

saveth (present singular third-person)
savynge (participle present)
saved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
saven (infinitive)
to saven (infinitive)
save (infinitive)
save (first-person present singular)
saved (first-person past singular)
savest (present second-person singular)
savedest (past second-person singular)
saveth (present singular third-person)
saved (past singular third-person)
save (present singular subjunctive)
saved (past singular subjunctive)
save (imperative present singular)
saven (plural present)
save (plural present)
saveden (past plural)
savede (past plural)
saveth (imperative plural present)
save (imperative plural present)
savynge (participle present)
savende (participle present)
saved (participle past)
ysaved (participle past)

English: save

Geordie English: syev

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French salver, sauver, from Latin salvō, salvāre; equivalent to sauf (“safe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive, intransitive) To preserve or store:

To securely keep or lock away (goods or a person)

To heal or better; to improve health, emotions, or morals.


eren

eren (infinitive)
to eren (infinitive)
ere (infinitive)
ere (first-person present singular)
ered (first-person past singular)
erest (present second-person singular)
eredest (past second-person singular)
ereth (present singular third-person)
ered (past singular third-person)
ere (present singular subjunctive)
ered (past singular subjunctive)
ere (imperative present singular)
eren (plural present)
ere (plural present)
ereden (past plural)
erede (past plural)
ereth (imperative plural present)
ere (imperative plural present)
erynge (participle present)
erende (participle present)
ered (participle past)
yered (participle past)

English: ear (archaic)

Scots: ear

Inherited from Old English erian, from Proto-West Germanic *arjan, from Proto-Germanic *arjaną.


rosee

English: rosee

A meal incorporating rose petals or flowers


panter

English: panther

From Old French pantere, from Latin panthera, from Ancient Greek πάνθηρ (pánthēr).


rusten

enm-verb

rusten (third-person singular simple present rusteth, present participle rustende, rustynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rusted)

rusteth (present singular third-person)
rustende (participle present)
rustynge (participle present)
rusted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rusten (infinitive)
to rusten (infinitive)
ruste (infinitive)
ruste (first-person present singular)
rusted (first-person past singular)
rustest (present second-person singular)
rustedest (past second-person singular)
rusteth (present singular third-person)
rusted (past singular third-person)
ruste (present singular subjunctive)
rusted (past singular subjunctive)
ruste (imperative present singular)
rusten (plural present)
ruste (plural present)
rusteden (past plural)
rustede (past plural)
rusteth (imperative plural present)
ruste (imperative plural present)
rustynge (participle present)
rustende (participle present)
rusted (participle past)
yrusted (participle past)

English: rust

Scots: roost, roust

(figurative) To degenerate; to deteriorate.


spanne

English: span

Scots: span

From Old English spann, from Proto-West Germanic *spannu, from Proto-Germanic *spānnõ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)pend- (“to stretch”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

der

A specific measure of volume that corresponds to the quantity that fits in a person's hands while cupped.


rof

English: roof

Geordie English: ruif, reuf

Scots: ruf, ruif

From Old English hrōf, from Proto-Germanic *hrōfą.

The outer side of a roof considered separately; the rooftop.

The inner side of a roof considered separately; the ceiling.

A house or building; an edifice used for inhabitance.

Any sort of cover, especially one that provides shelter.


plukken

enm-verb

plukken (third-person singular simple present plukketh, present participle plukkende, plukkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle plukked)

plukketh (present singular third-person)
plukkende (participle present)
plukkynge (participle present)
plukked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
plukken (infinitive)
to plukken (infinitive)
plukke (infinitive)
plukke (first-person present singular)
plukked (first-person past singular)
plukkest (present second-person singular)
plukkedest (past second-person singular)
plukketh (present singular third-person)
plukked (past singular third-person)
plukke (present singular subjunctive)
plukked (past singular subjunctive)
plukke (imperative present singular)
plukken (plural present)
plukke (plural present)
plukkeden (past plural)
plukkede (past plural)
plukketh (imperative plural present)
plukke (imperative plural present)
plukkynge (participle present)
plukkende (participle present)
plukked (participle past)
yplukked (participle past)

English: pluck

Scots: pluck

From Old English pluccian, from Proto-West Germanic *plukkōn, from Proto-Germanic *plukkōną. Compare plicchen.

To pluck bare; to leave featherless or hairless.


vernage

→ English: vernage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vernage, from Old Italian Vernaccia.


comparatif

English: comparative

Borrowed from Old French comparatif, from Latin comparātīvus.

(grammar, rare) Of the comparative degree.


scheef

English: sheaf

Scots: sheaf


schat

→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta

Money, cash, currency; monetary or fiscal wealth.


toller

English: toller

From Old English tollere; equivalent to toll (“toll”) + -er.

A tollkeeper; one who collects tolls, levies or payments.


iren

English: iron

→ Marshallese: aen

Scots: airn, ern, irne

Yola: eeren

From Old English īsern, from Proto-West Germanic *īsarn, from Proto-Germanic *īsarną, from Proto-Celtic *īsarnom.


taverne

English: tavern

Scots: tavern

From Old French taverne, from Latin taberna.


librarie

English: library (see there for further descendants)

Scots: leebrary

From Anglo-Norman librarie, ultimately from Latin librarium.


muren

muren (infinitive)
to muren (infinitive)
mure (first-person present singular)
mured (first-person past singular)
murest (present second-person singular)
muredest (past second-person singular)
mureth (present singular third-person)
mured (past singular third-person)
mure (present singular subjunctive)
mured (past singular subjunctive)
mure (imperative present singular)
muren (plural present)
mure (plural present)
mureden (past plural)
murede (past plural)
mureth (imperative plural present)
mure (imperative plural present)
murynge (participle present)
murende (participle present)
mured (participle past)

English: mure

Borrowed from Middle French murer, from Old French murer, from Late Latin mūrō, mūrāre.

(Late Middle English) To enclose or surround; to wall in.


mountant

English: montant

Borrowed from Old French montant; equivalent to mounten + -ant.


dwalen

dwalen (infinitive)
to dwalen (infinitive)
dwale (infinitive)
dwale (first-person present singular)
dwaled (first-person past singular)
dwalest (present second-person singular)
dwaledest (past second-person singular)
dwaleth (present singular third-person)
dwaled (past singular third-person)
dwale (present singular subjunctive)
dwaled (past singular subjunctive)
dwale (imperative present singular)
dwalen (plural present)
dwale (plural present)
dwaleden (past plural)
dwalede (past plural)
dwaleth (imperative plural present)
dwale (imperative plural present)
dwalynge (participle present)
dwalende (participle present)
dwaled (participle past)
ydwaled (participle past)

>? English: dwale, dwall

>? Scots: dwall

From Old English dwalian, from Proto-West Germanic *dwalōn, from Proto-Germanic *dwalōną; equivalent to dwale + -en (“infinitival suffix”).


frenesie

English: frenzy

Scots: franazy (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French frenesie, from Medieval Latin phrenesia, modification of Latin phrenēsis. Compare frenetik.
For pronunciations of this word with /a/, compare Old French franaisie, variant of frenesie; the MED's belief that such pronunciations are influenced by fantasie is unnecessary.

Irrationality, insanity; the condition of lacking a sound mind.


taske

English: task

Scots: task

From Old Northern French tasque, from Early Medieval Latin tasca, variant of taxa. Doublet of taxe.


teer

English: tear

desc

Middle Scots: tear, tere, teir, tichwr, tychir

Scots: tear, taer, tare, teir

From Old English tēar, tǣr, tæhher, teagor, from Proto-West Germanic *tahr.

A tear as a symptom of disease or injury.

An emotionally-triggered tear (e.g. ecstasy, remorse, sadness, sympathy)

(figuratively) The feeling of teariness or distress.


teer

English: tear, tare (“good flax”) (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle Dutch têer, alternative form of têder, têeder (whence modern Dutch teder), from Old Dutch *tidar, from Proto-Germanic *tidaraz.


teer

Alternative form of teren (“to ruin by removing or splitting”)


ters

English: tarse

Scots: tars, ters

From Old English teors, from Proto-West Germanic *ters (“nail; penis”).


matrone

→ English: matron

→ Scots: matron

From Old French matrone, from Latin matrona.


tusky

English: tusky


mirre

Middle English: mirre

English: myrrh

Scots: myrrh

From Old English myrre, from Latin myrrha, from Ancient Greek μύρρα (múrrha), from a Semitic language. Reinforced by Old French mirre.

and þei entriden in to þe hous .· ⁊ founden þe child wiþ marie his modir / and þei felden doun .· and woꝛſchipiden him / and whanne þei hadden openyde her treſouris .· þei offriden to hym ȝiftes. gold encenſe ⁊ myrre

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 2:11, page 1v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And they entered into the house, and found the child with Mary, his mother; then they fell down and worshipped him. And when they'd opened their treasures, they offered gifts to him: gold, frankincense, and myrrh.

Commiphora myrrha
Commiphora myrrha#Translingual

Myrrh (the dried sap of a tree of the species Commiphora myrrha)


herre

Alternative form of here: comparative degree of he (“high”)


oratorie

English: oratory

From Anglo-Norman oratorie, Middle French oratoire, and their source, Late Latin ōrātōrium.


wath

English: wath (obsolete)

Scots: wath (rare)

From Old Norse vað and Old English wæd, both from Proto-Germanic *wadą, from Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom.

(rare) A ford; a crossing through a stream.


wolle

English: wool

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

Yola: wul

Inherited from Old English wull, from Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

Shorn wool, especially stockpiled in bulk.


maner

English: manor

Scots: maner

→ Middle Irish: mainér

Irish: mainéar

Borrowed from Old French manoir, from Latin manēre (“to stay”).


patronesse

English: patroness

From Late Latin patronissa; equivalent to patroun + -esse.


milte

English: milt

Scots: melt, meilt

From Old English milte, from Proto-West Germanic *meltā, *miltijā, from Proto-Germanic *meltǭ.


enen

enm-verb

enen (third-person singular simple present eneth, present participle enende, enynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ened)

eneth (present singular third-person)
enende (participle present)
enynge (participle present)
ened (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
enen (infinitive)
to enen (infinitive)
ene (first-person present singular)
ened (first-person past singular)
enest (present second-person singular)
enedest (past second-person singular)
eneth (present singular third-person)
ened (past singular third-person)
ene (present singular subjunctive)
ened (past singular subjunctive)
ene (imperative present singular)
enen (plural present)
ene (plural present)
eneden (past plural)
enede (past plural)
eneth (imperative plural present)
ene (imperative plural present)
enynge (participle present)
enende (participle present)
ened (participle past)
yened (participle past)

English: ean

Scots: eenie

Inherited from Old English ēanian, from Proto-West Germanic *aunōn, from Proto-Germanic *aunōną, from *aunaz (“lamb”).
Variants with /d/ are from reinterpretation of the past-tense suffix as part of the verbal stem (compare modern English lend, sound).

(rare, of livestock) To give birth; to yean.


probleme

English: problem
→ Welsh: problem

Scots: problem

From Middle French probleme; from Latin problēma, from Ancient Greek πρόβλημα (próblēma).

(rare) An allegory; a scenario used as analogy.


odde

English: odd

Scots: odd, od, ode

Borrowed from Old Norse oddi, from oddr; compare ord.


saphir

English: sapphire

Borrowed from Old French saphir, saffre, from Latin sapphir, sappir, sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros).


toppen

toppen (infinitive)
to toppen (infinitive)
toppe (infinitive)
toppe (first-person present singular)
topped (first-person past singular)
toppest (present second-person singular)
toppedest (past second-person singular)
toppeth (present singular third-person)
topped (past singular third-person)
toppe (present singular subjunctive)
topped (past singular subjunctive)
toppe (imperative present singular)
toppen (plural present)
toppe (plural present)
toppeden (past plural)
toppede (past plural)
toppeth (imperative plural present)
toppe (imperative plural present)
toppynge (participle present)
toppende (participle present)
topped (participle past)
ytopped (participle past)

English: top

Scots: tap

(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof.


veine

English: vein

Scots: van, vane, vain, vaine

From Anglo-Norman veine, from Latin vēna.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]


hamme

English: ham

Scots: ham, hamb

Inherited from Old English ham, hamm (“back of the knee”), from Proto-West Germanic *hammu, from Proto-Germanic *hammō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.


staf

enm-noun

staf (plural staves or staven or staffes)

staves (plural)
staven (plural)
staffes (plural)

English: staff, stave

Scots: staf, staff

Yola: stheeves (plural)

From Old English stæf, from Proto-West Germanic *stab.

A staff, rod or pole; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object:

A clerical staff, often curled; a crozier.

A staff serving as an emblem of authority and rulership.

A rod for conveying or transporting items upon.

A staff for blending or mixing ingredients.

(figurative) One's nourishment or lifeblood; that which aids one.


spirite

the foure spirites and the bodyes seven

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


forke

English: fork (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fork

Yola: vork

From Old English force, from Proto-West Germanic *furkō, from Latin furca; also influenced by Anglo-Norman forque and Old French forche, both from the same Latin word.

(Late Middle English, anatomy) A point, spike, or projection on a bone or tooth.


enden

enden (infinitive)
to enden (infinitive)
ende (infinitive)
ende (first-person present singular)
ended (first-person past singular)
endest (present second-person singular)
endedest (past second-person singular)
endeth (present singular third-person)
ended (past singular third-person)
ende (present singular subjunctive)
ended (past singular subjunctive)
ende (imperative present singular)
enden (plural present)
ende (plural present)
endeden (past plural)
endede (past plural)
endeth (imperative plural present)
ende (imperative plural present)
endynge (participle present)
endende (participle present)
ended (participle past)
yended (participle past)

English: end

Scots: ende, end

From Old English endian; equivalent to ende + -en (infinitival suffix).

To come to an end, stop, or termination (usually of an era or event)

Of literary works; to end, to have no more chapters or pages.

(rare, Late Middle English) To be suffixed or inflected.

To complete or accomplish; to reach completion:

To construct or erect an edifice or structure.

To cause a behaviour, consequence, or effect.


secte

English: sect

Scots: sect, seck

Borrowed from Old French secte, from Late Latin secta.

A religion or religious organisation (usually not referring to Christianity)

People who behave or think in a specified manner (either as a group or in general).

(rare) One's physical composition or existence.


eie

English: eye
Sranan Tongo: ai

Geordie English: ee, eye

Scots: ee

Yola: ieen, eein, eeen, een, ein, eyen (plural)

From Old English ēaġe, from Proto-West Germanic *augā, from Proto-Germanic *augô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs.

(figuratively) A highly valued or regarded object.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

Matter or stuff; that which things are composed of:

Primordial, crude or essential matter; matter without complication.

(rare) The real essence or body of something (as opposed to its form or permutations)

(rare, theology) The physical actions or part of a Christian ritual.

One of a human body's liquids or fluids; a biofluid:

(rare) Partially digested food while sitting in the stomach.

A topic or theme; an area of knowledge or discussion:

A science; a discipline, branch, or area of formal knowledge.

The information or informants one draws upon for a work; the matter used as source.

(rare) A twig or bough; a portion of a plant or tree.


matere

English: mater

At fourten yer sche conseyved Cryste in hire matere clere,
And in the fiftene yer sche chyldyd, this avowe dare I;
Here lyvyng wyth that swete sone thre and thretty yere,

ante''' 1475: Ludus Coventriæ, XLI: “The Assumption of the Virgin”, lines 5–8

And after his deth in erthe xij. yer dede sche tary.


kerven

kerven (infinitive)
to kerven (infinitive)
kerve (infinitive)
kerve (first-person present singular)
carf (first-person past singular)
kervest (present second-person singular)
curve (past second-person singular)
corve (past second-person singular)
carf (past second-person singular)
kerveth (present singular third-person)
carf (past singular third-person)
kerve (present singular subjunctive)
curve (past singular subjunctive)
corve (past singular subjunctive)
kerve (imperative present singular)
kerven (plural present)
kerve (plural present)
curven (past plural)
curve (past plural)
corven (past plural)
corve (past plural)
kerveth (imperative plural present)
kerve (imperative plural present)
kervynge (participle present)
kervende (participle present)
corven (participle past)
corve (participle past)
ycorven (participle past)
ycorve (participle past)

English: carve

Scots: cairve, kerve, kerf, carf

From Old English ċeorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *kerban, from Proto-Germanic *kerbaną. The total depalatalization of most forms seems to have arisen from analogy to past plural curven and past participle corven.

To cut or stab; to slash as to cause cutting or stabbing:

To cut into; to slice (especially meat).

To make surgical incisions or perform surgical operations.

To remove or expel by cutting off or out.


lenden

lenden (infinitive)
to lenden (infinitive)
lende (infinitive)
lende (first-person present singular)
lente (first-person past singular)
lende (first-person past singular)
lendest (present second-person singular)
lentest (past second-person singular)
lendest (past second-person singular)
lendeth (present singular third-person)
lente (past singular third-person)
lende (past singular third-person)
lende (present singular subjunctive)
lente (past singular subjunctive)
lende (past singular subjunctive)
lende (imperative present singular)
lenden (plural present)
lende (plural present)
lenten (past plural)
lente (past plural)
lenden (past plural)
lende (past plural)
lendeth (imperative plural present)
lende (imperative plural present)
lendynge (participle present)
lendende (participle present)
lent (participle past)
lend (participle past)
ylent (participle past)
ylend (participle past)

From Old English lendan, from Proto-West Germanic *landijan, from Proto-Germanic *landijaną; compare londen.

To come; to go near:
To arrive; to reach one's destination.

To come; to go near:
To arrive at shore; to land.

To come; to go near:
To come together; to come to another.

To come; to go near:
To come upon; to light upon.

To dwell, stay; to make accommodation:
(usually negated) To wait; to stay put.

To dwell, stay; to make accommodation:
To wait; to stay put.

To settle; to house; to give accommodation.


winge

English: wing

Scots: weeng

Yola: wing

From Old Norse vængr, from Proto-Germanic *wēngijaz.

⁊ þe foure beeſtis hadden euery of hem ſixe wyngis / ⁊ al aboute and wiþ inne þei weren ful of iȝen / ⁊ þei hadden not reſte · dai ⁊ nyȝt, ſeiynge · hooli · hooli · hooli .· þe loꝛd god almyȝti / þat was ⁊ þat is .· ⁊ þat is to comynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:8, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And all of the four beasts had six wings, and they were covered with eyes across all their body; and they didn't rest, day or night, in saying: "Holy, holy, holy, the almighty Lord God, who was, who is, and who will come".

A wing (arm enabling flight; used in cooking and medicine).

(figurative) A method or means of flight.

(figurative) A shelter or refuge (as a bird guards its young)

(rare, Late Middle English) A portion; a section.


adamas

Learned borrowing from Latin adamās, from Ancient Greek ἀδάμας (adámas). Compare adamant.

(rare) adamant, adamantine (valuable gemstone)


bour

English: bower

Scots: bour

From Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.

(figuratively) Something's resting place.


wrid

English: wride

(Northern) A cluster of plants growing together.

(Early Middle English) The main stem of a plant.


maris

Borrowed from Old French marris, marriz, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of matrice.


scutage

English: scutage

Borrowed from Medieval Latin scūtāgium, calquing Old French escuage. Compare scuage and scute.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


stremen

stremen (infinitive)
to stremen (infinitive)
streme (infinitive)
streme (first-person present singular)
stremed (first-person past singular)
stremest (present second-person singular)
stremedest (past second-person singular)
stremeth (present singular third-person)
stremed (past singular third-person)
streme (present singular subjunctive)
stremed (past singular subjunctive)
streme (imperative present singular)
stremen (plural present)
streme (plural present)
stremeden (past plural)
stremede (past plural)
stremeth (imperative plural present)
streme (imperative plural present)
stremynge (participle present)
stremende (participle present)
stremed (participle past)
ystremed (participle past)

English: stream

Scots: stream

To bleed; to experience bleeding or blood loss.

(rare) To stream or gush; to flow profusely.


fleme

English: fleam

Borrowed from Old French flieme, from Vulgar Latin *fletoma, from Late Latin phlebotomus, from Ancient Greek φλεβότομος (phlebótomos), φλεβοτόμον (phlebotómon).

(Late Middle English, rare) A lancet or fleam.


gre

English: gree (obsolete)

Scots: gree

From Old French gré (“step”), from Latin gradus. The senses related to success are potentially from Scottish Gaelic gré.

(geometry) An angular measurement amounting to 1/360 of a circle.

(rare) A degree (educational qualification handed out by tertiary institutions)


stikke

English: stick

Scots: stick, stikk

Inherited from Old English sticca, from Proto-West Germanic *stikkō, from Proto-Germanic *stikkô, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”).

der

A number of eels, usually approaching around 25.


snaren

snaren (infinitive)
to snaren (infinitive)
snare (infinitive)
snare (first-person present singular)
snared (first-person past singular)
snarest (present second-person singular)
snaredest (past second-person singular)
snareth (present singular third-person)
snared (past singular third-person)
snare (present singular subjunctive)
snared (past singular subjunctive)
snare (imperative present singular)
snaren (plural present)
snare (plural present)
snareden (past plural)
snarede (past plural)
snareth (imperative plural present)
snare (imperative plural present)
snarynge (participle present)
snarende (participle present)
snared (participle past)

English: snare

From snare (“snare”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(surgery, rare) To remove a wound with a snare.


huske

English: husk

Probably borrowed from Middle Low German hūske(n) or Middle Dutch hūskijn, diminutive of hūs (“house”).

A husk (protective covering of fruits, nuts or vegetables)

(anatomy) A covering (of a wound or the foreskin)


tonge

desctree

English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete), tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete), tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
Australian Kriol: tang
Bislama: tang
Sranan Tongo: tongo
Tok Pisin: tang
Torres Strait Creole: tang

Scots: tung, tongue, tong

From Old English tunge (“tongue, language”).


tonge

English: tong (tongs); tang

Scots: tang, taing

From Old English tang, tange, from Proto-West Germanic *tangu, from Proto-Germanic *tangō. Reinforced by Old Norse tangi.

A pair of tongs:
(surgery) A forceps (surgical tongs)

A pair of tongs:
A forceps (surgical tongs)


charmen

charmen (infinitive)
to charmen (infinitive)
charme (infinitive)
charme (first-person present singular)
charmed (first-person past singular)
charmest (present second-person singular)
charmedest (past second-person singular)
charmeth (present singular third-person)
charmed (past singular third-person)
charme (present singular subjunctive)
charmed (past singular subjunctive)
charme (imperative present singular)
charmen (plural present)
charme (plural present)
charmeden (past plural)
charmede (past plural)
charmeth (imperative plural present)
charme (imperative plural present)
charmynge (participle present)
charmende (participle present)
charmed (participle past)
ycharmed (participle past)

English: charm

Scots: chairm

Borrowed from Old French charmer; equivalent to charme + -en (infinitival suffix).

To cast a magical charm; to use a spell.


cunte

English: cunt

Scots: cunt

From Old English *cunte, from Proto-West Germanic *kuntā, from Proto-Germanic *kuntǭ.

Þe maide þat ȝeuit hirſilf alle. / Oþir to fre man, oþir to þralle. / Ar ringe be ſet an honde. / And pleiit with þe croke and wiþ þe balle. / And mekit gret þat erſt was ſmalle. / Þe wedding got to ſconde. / Ȝeue þi cunte to cunni[n]g / and craue affetir weddin[g] quod hendi[ng].

a. 1300, Hending, The Proverbs of Hending, stanza 42, page 479v-r:

The woman that gives herself totally / either to a freeman or a serf / before a ring is set on her hand / and who plays with the twig and berries / and makes great that once was small / [Her] wedding becomes shameful. / "Give your vagina with cunning / and make your requests after the wedding" said Hending.


godmoder

English: godmother

From Old English godmōdor; equivalent to god + moder.


blome

English: bloom

Scots: blume, blum, bluim, bleem, blome

From Old Norse blóm, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô. The final vowel is from the Old Norse oblique cases or Etymology 2.

(rare) An appellation for Jesus Christ, among other religious figures


baptisterie

English: baptistry, baptistery

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin baptistērium, baptizātōrium, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστήριον (baptistḗrion); equivalent to baptiste + -erie.

der

βαπτιστήριον

A baptistry (the facility where baptism occurs)

The church service held in conjunction with baptism.


weke

English: wick

Scots: week

From Old English wēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *weukā (“flax bundle, wick”), from Proto-Indo-European *weg- (“to weave”), see also West Frisian wjok, wjuk (“wing”), Dutch wiek (“wing; propeller, blade; wick”), German Wieche (“wisp; wick”).


weke

Borrowed from Old Norse vǫkva (“moisture”), from vǫkr (“wet”).


servise

English: service (see there for further descendants)

Scots: service

Borrowed from Old French servise, from Latin servitium. By surface analysis, serven + -ise.

Service (performance of required tasks):

The state of being employed; employment (often as a servant or attendant):

The labour or money required by one's feudal lord.

A particular function or task:
Payment for service; wages.

A particular function or task:
The provision of food at the table.