anvelt

English: anvil

Inherited from Old English anfealt, anfilte, from Proto-West Germanic *anafalt, *anafaltī; some forms are apparently modified on the analogy of other words, such as feeld (“field”) or felde, past of fellen (“to fell”).


semestere

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">semster</i>

English: seamster, sempster (obsolete semster)

⇒ English: seamstress

Inherited from Old English sēamestre; equivalent to seem (“seam”) + -estere.

A seamster or seamstress; a person (often female) employed in sewing.


brewynge

English: brewing

brewing (the manufacture of alcoholic beverages)


tappestere

English: tapster

⇒ English: tapstress

Inherited from Old English tæppestre; equivalent to tappe (“plug”) + -estere.

Ther to he stroong was / as a Champioun / He knew the tauernes wel in euery town / And euery hoſtiler / and Tappeſtere[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 5, recto, lines 239-241:

He also was as strong as a champion; / he knew the bars well in every town, / and every innkeeper and tavernkeeper […]

A tavernkeeper or tapster; a person (originally a woman) who sells ale.


stiche

English: stitch

Scots: steek, stick

Inherited from Old English stiċe, from Proto-West Germanic *stiki, from Proto-Germanic *stikiz; compare stikke.


wodeward

English: woodward (archaic)

Inherited from Old English wuduweard; equivalent to wode (“wood”) + ward.


stichen

enm-verb

stichen (third-person singular simple present sticheth, present participle stichende, stichynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stiched)

sticheth (present singular third-person)
stichende (participle present)
stichynge (participle present)
stiched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
stichen (infinitive)
to stichen (infinitive)
stiche (first-person present singular)
stiched (first-person past singular)
stichest (present second-person singular)
stichedest (past second-person singular)
sticheth (present singular third-person)
stiched (past singular third-person)
stiche (present singular subjunctive)
stiched (past singular subjunctive)
stiche (imperative present singular)
stichen (plural present)
stiche (plural present)
sticheden (past plural)
stichede (past plural)
sticheth (imperative plural present)
stiche (imperative plural present)
stichynge (participle present)
stichende (participle present)
stiched (participle past)
ystiched (participle past)

English: stitch

Scots: steek

Inherited from Old English stiċċian (weak class 2), alteration of earlier *stiċċan (weak class 1), from Proto-West Germanic *stikkjan, from Proto-Germanic *stikjaną; equivalent to and remodelled after stiche + -en (infinitival suffix).


bareynte

Borrowed from Old French barainete (also brehaignete); equivalent to bareyne + -te.

infertility, sterility (inability to give birth)


bareynnesse

English: barrenness


bareyne

English: barren

Scots: barren

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman baraing, baraigne (continental Old French brehaigne), of unknown origin, but perhaps borrowed from a Germanic language, from Frankish *baʀ (“bare, naked”).

infertile, sterile (unable to give birth)

lacking, having no (strength, grace, etc.)


dryenesse

English: dryness

Dryness; lack of moisture or an instance of it:

(rare) Thirstiness; a bodily need of water.


teye

English: tye

Inherited from Old English tēag (“chest, enclosure”), of unclear origin; but possibly ultimately a semantic development of Etymology 1. A connection to Old Norse teigr (“plot of land”) is semantically attractive, though phonologically difficult.


spryng

English: spring

Scots: spring

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English spring, from Proto-West Germanic *spring, from Proto-Germanic *springaz (“watersource”).
* Old English spryng, from Proto-West Germanic *sprungi, from Proto-Germanic *sprungiz (“leap”), both nouns ultimately related to *springaną.

New growth of plants or trees; a twig, shrub, or a mass of shrubs.

A source or origin; that which something originates from.

(rare) The growth or appearance of hair.


threschynge

English: threshing, thrashing

(rare) Something which has been thrashed.


spryngen

enm-verb

spryngen (third-person singular simple present spryngeth, present participle spryngynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative sprang, past participle sprongen)

spryngeth (present singular third-person)
spryngynge (participle present)
sprang (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sprongen (participle past)
spryngen (infinitive)
to spryngen (infinitive)
sprynge (infinitive)
sprynge (first-person present singular)
sprang (first-person past singular)
spryngest (present second-person singular)
sprange (past second-person singular)
sprang (past second-person singular)
spryngeth (present singular third-person)
sprang (past singular third-person)
sprynge (present singular subjunctive)
sprange (past singular subjunctive)
sprynge (imperative present singular)
spryngen (plural present)
sprynge (plural present)
sprangen (past plural)
sprange (past plural)
spryngeth (imperative plural present)
sprynge (imperative plural present)
spryngynge (participle present)
spryngende (participle present)
sprongen (participle past)
spronge (participle past)
ysprongen (participle past)
yspronge (participle past)

English: spring; sprink

Scots: spring

Inherited from Old English springan, from Proto-West Germanic *springan, from Proto-Germanic *springaną; equivalent to spryng + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare sprengen.

To issue or gush (water from a water source)

(of plants) To grow, sprout, or bear fruit or flowers.

(by extension) To grow, emerge or develop:

(of waves) To overflow or flood; to utterly envelop.

To move with great speed or energy; to dash:

To become or cause to become diffused; to spread.

To become or cause to become known or disseminated.

To establish or normalise; to become or make normal.

To sprinkle or asperse; to spread in small drops or bits.


sprytten

sprytten (third-person singular simple present sprytteth, present participle spryttende, first-/third-person singular past indicative sprytte, past participle spryt)

sprytteth (present singular third-person)
spryttende (participle present)
sprytte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
spryt (participle past)
sprytten (infinitive)
to sprytten (infinitive)
sprytte (infinitive)
sprytte (first-person present singular)
sprytte (first-person past singular)
spryttest (present second-person singular)
spryttest (past second-person singular)
sprytteth (present singular third-person)
sprytte (past singular third-person)
sprytte (present singular subjunctive)
sprytte (past singular subjunctive)
sprytte (imperative present singular)
sprytten (plural present)
sprytte (plural present)
sprytten (past plural)
sprytte (past plural)
sprytteth (imperative plural present)
sprytte (imperative plural present)
spryttende (participle present)
spryt (participle past)
yspryt (participle past)

English: sprit, spirt, spurt

Scots: spret, sprit

From a combination of Old English spryttan (from Proto-West Germanic *spruttjan) and Old Norse spretta (from Proto-Germanic *sprantijaną, thus a doublet of sprenten). For the loss of /r/ in some forms, compare the development of speken from Old English sprecan.


gydy

English: giddy

Scots: giddy

Inherited from Old English gidiġ, gydiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *gudīg; compare god.


beggere

English: beggar

Scots: beggar

Either borrowed from Old French begart (from Middle Dutch beggaert) or formed anew from beggen + -er.


welefulnesse

(Late Middle English, rare) Flourishing, joy, propitiousness, luck.


schaply

English: shapely

Scots: shapely

Either from Old English *ġesċeaplīċ or formed anew from schap + -ly (adjectival suffix).

(medicine) Properly-shaped; not deformed.


welthy

English: wealthy

Scots: walthy

(Late Middle English) wealthy, prosperous


rubben

rubben (third-person singular simple present rubbeth, present participle rubbende, rubbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rubbed)

rubbeth (present singular third-person)
rubbende (participle present)
rubbynge (participle present)
rubbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rubben (infinitive)
to rubben (infinitive)
rubbe (infinitive)
rubbe (first-person present singular)
rubbed (first-person past singular)
rubbest (present second-person singular)
rubbedest (past second-person singular)
rubbeth (present singular third-person)
rubbed (past singular third-person)
rubbe (present singular subjunctive)
rubbed (past singular subjunctive)
rubbe (imperative present singular)
rubben (plural present)
rubbe (plural present)
rubbeden (past plural)
rubbede (past plural)
rubbeth (imperative plural present)
rubbe (imperative plural present)
rubbynge (participle present)
rubbende (participle present)
rubbed (participle past)
yrubbed (participle past)

English: rub

Scots: rub

Uncertain, though akin to Low German rubben, Saterland Frisian rubben, and Old Norse rubba. Possibly ultimately from Proto-Germanic *rubbōną, related to *reufaną.


colar bane

English: collarbone

The scherand suerd glaid to the colar bane.

c. 1475, Blind Harry, edited by James Moir, The Acts and Deidis of the Illustere and Vailȝeand Campioun Schir William Wallace, Knicht of Ellerslie, Edinburgh, London: Printed for the Society by William Blackwood and Sons, published 1889, page 15, line 414:


jawe bone

English: jawbone

And whan aymonet saw hym so wounded he gaff constans soo grete a stroke vpon the ere, that he bare it awaye wyth all the iawe bone /[…]

c. 1489, William Caxton, transl., The Right Plesaunt and Goodly Historie of the Foure Sonnes of Aymon (The English Charlemagne Romances; part XI), London: Published for the Early English Text Society by N. Trübner & Co., published 1885, page 562:


schite

English: shit, shite

Scots: shit

Inherited from Old English sċitte, *sċite, from Proto-West Germanic *skittjā, *skiti, from Proto-Germanic *skitiz.
Forms with /iː/ are influenced by schiten; for a similar phenomenon, compare chyne (“crack”).


schyd

English: shide (obsolete)

Middle Scots: schide, schyde

From Old English sċīd, from Proto-West Germanic *skīd, from Proto-Germanic *skīdą.


signifiaunce

English: signifiance (obsolete)

Middle Scots: signifiance

Borrowed from Old French signifiance, a learned alteration of senefiance, a semi-learned borrowing of Latin significantia; equivalent to signifien + -aunce. Doublet of significaunce.

(rare) An indication; a distinguishing behaviour.


significaunce

English: significance

Scots: signeeficance

Borrowed from Middle French significance, from Old French significance, a borrowing from Latin significantia. Doublet of signifiaunce (the more usual Middle English term).


nombrynge

English: numbering

Scots: nummerin


housynge

English: housing

Scots: housin, housing

From either hous (“house”) or housen (“to shelter, house”) + -ing.


nekke bon

English: neckbone

Scots: neckbane


ryngbon

English: ringbone

Middle Scots: ringbane

From ryng (“ring”) + bon (“bone”). Old English hringbān is probably unrelated, as it means "eye socket" and there is a long gap in attestation.


sponeful

English: spoonful

Scots: spuinfu, speenfu, spinfu


youthe

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yought</i>

English: youth (obsolete yought)

desc

Middle Scots: ȝouthe, ȝouth, ȝowth, ȝewth, youth

Scots: youth

From the oblique forms of Old English ġeoguþ ([ˈju.ɣuθ]), from Proto-West Germanic *jugunþi, from Proto-Germanic *jugunþiz; loosely equivalent to yong + -the (abstract nominal suffix). Compare yongthe.
Notes on phonological development (compare droghte and douthe, which this word's development closely parallels)
Forms with /ð/ continue the consonantism of the Old English oblique forms (from Old English [ɣð]), while forms in /θ/ mostly represent final devoicing of /ð/. Unlike in droghte, these two form types predominate in Middle English; the forms with /xt/ and /xθ/ (from early syncope in the Old English nominative singular ġeoguþ, then levelling of the resulting consonantism to the oblique forms) are much rarer.
Shortening of the long vowel was regular in all variants of this word in Late Old English, either due to the trisyllabicity of inflected forms or because of the following consonant cluster; in forms with /ð/, /θ/, the long vowel reflects a regular change from /uɣ/ to /uː/, while in those with /xt/, /xθ/, it is due to lengthening before /x/. Some Middle English varieties apparently underwent a change of /juː/ to /jiu̯/; Modern English (and Scots) /juːθ/ can reflect either the changed or unchanged form. In Early Modern English, forms with a short vowel (/jʊθ/) are recorded; these may originate from shortening in youthhede. However, there is no evidence that such forms existed in Middle English.

col-top

Youth (part of life following childhood):

(rare) The youth or childhood of an animal.


whate

From Old English hwatu (“omen”), from Proto-West Germanic *hwatu (“warning”), from Proto-Germanic *hwatō (“incitement”); compare Icelandic hvöt (“urge, encouragement”).


stomakere

English: stomacher

From stomak + -er, possibly after Anglo-Norman *estomachier.


garisoun

English: garrison

Scots: gairison

Borrowed from Old French garison, from garir, guarir (“to protect”); Doublet of warisoun. Senses 1 and 2 are probably due to the influence of gersom, while senses 3 and 4 are probably due to the influence of garnisoun.


warisoun

Middle Scots: warisoun, warisone

→ English: warison, warrison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman warison, from warir (“to protect”); equivalent to warysshen + -isoun. Doublet of garisoun.

A monetary transaction; the act of paying for a service:

(rare) Compensation or recompense for wrong.

whanne sire Tristram was in the see / he said / Grete wel kyng Marke and all myn enemyes / and saye hem I wille come ageyne whan I maye / And wel am I rewarded for the fyghtynge with sire Marhaus[…]and wel I am rewarded for[…]many other dedes haue I done for hym / and now haue I my waryson

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IX:

A reward, recompense; what one deserves.

Wealth, possessions; a treasure (literal or figurative).

(rare) Ownership; the state of owning or possessing.


warysshen

warysshen (infinitive)
to warysshen (infinitive)
warysshe (infinitive)
warysshe (first-person present singular)
warysshed (first-person past singular)
warysshte (first-person past singular)
warysshest (present second-person singular)
warysshedest (past second-person singular)
warysshtest (past second-person singular)
waryssheth (present singular third-person)
warysshed (past singular third-person)
warysshte (past singular third-person)
warysshe (present singular subjunctive)
warysshed (past singular subjunctive)
warysshte (past singular subjunctive)
warysshe (imperative present singular)
warysshen (plural present)
warysshe (plural present)
waryssheden (past plural)
warysshede (past plural)
warysshten (past plural)
warysshte (past plural)
waryssheth (imperative plural present)
warysshe (imperative plural present)
warysshynge (participle present)
warysshende (participle present)
warysshed (participle past)
waryssht (participle past)
ywarysshed (participle past)
ywaryssht (participle past)

English: warish (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Northern French wariss-, extended stem of warir (central Old French garir, guarir), from Frankish *warjan, from Proto-Germanic *warjaną. Doublet of weren (“to protect”); also compare warisoun.

bor+

Thanne were myn herte / Al warisshed of his bittre peynes smerte.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Frankeleyns Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To cure; to cause recovery or improvement.


garnisoun

English: garnison (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French garnison, from Old French garnison, from garnir, guarnir (“to protect, provision”); equivalent to garnysshen + -isoun and a doublet of warnisoun. Compare garnement.


conjurisoun

Borrowed from Old French conjureison, conjurison, from Latin coniūrātiō; equivalent to conjuren + -isoun. Doublet of conjuracioun.

(uncommon) Conjuration; the magical arts.


caudroun

desc

English: cauldron (obsolete caldron, caudron); chaldron

Scots: caudron, cauthron

Borrowed from Old Northern French cauderon (Parisien chauderon), ultimately from Late Latin caldāria (“cooking-pot”).


caudel

English: caudle; coddle

Middle Scots: caudil

Borrowed from Old Northern French caudel (Parisien chaudel), from Medieval Latin caldellum, diminutive of Latin caldus (“warm”).


hevene

enm-noun

hevene (plural hevenes or (early) hevenen, genitive hevenes or hevene)

hevenes (plural)
hevenen (plural)
hevenes (genitive)
hevene (genitive)
hevene (accusative nominative singular)
hevenes (accusative nominative plural)
hevenes (genitive singular)
hevene (genitive singular)
hevenes (genitive plural)
hevene (dative singular)
hevenes (dative plural)

English: Heaven

Scots: heiven

Yola: heaaven, heoven

Inherited from Old English heofon, from Proto-West Germanic *hebun.
Forms without a final vowel are from the Old English a-stem variant, while forms with one continue weak (n-stem) heofone or are generalised from the Old English ō-stem accusative or the genitive or dative of both variants.

The heavens; the cosmos surrounding the Earth, especially:


hoxen

enm-verb

hoxen (third-person singular simple present hoxeth, present participle hoxende, hoxynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hoxed)

hoxeth (present singular third-person)
hoxende (participle present)
hoxynge (participle present)
hoxed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hoxen (infinitive)
to hoxen (infinitive)
hoxe (infinitive)
hoxe (first-person present singular)
hoxed (first-person past singular)
hoxest (present second-person singular)
hoxedest (past second-person singular)
hoxeth (present singular third-person)
hoxed (past singular third-person)
hoxe (present singular subjunctive)
hoxed (past singular subjunctive)
hoxe (imperative present singular)
hoxen (plural present)
hoxe (plural present)
hoxeden (past plural)
hoxede (past plural)
hoxeth (imperative plural present)
hoxe (imperative plural present)
hoxynge (participle present)
hoxende (participle present)
hoxed (participle past)
yhoxed (participle past)

English: hox (obsolete)

From earlier hoxenen, from the noun *hoxene (only attested as hokschyne, with alteration after schyne), from Old English hōhsinu, from hōh (“heel”) + sinu (“sinew”) (compare hough, synwe).

(rare) To hamstring; to cut the hamstring of an animal.


hokschyne

desc

English: huxen, huckson, huxon, huckshin, hucksheen (influenced by shin) (dialectal, obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hōhsinu, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hasinu, from Proto-Germanic *hanhasinwō; equivalent to hough (“heel”) + synwe (“sinew”).
In all attested forms, the second element has been remodelled after schyne (“shin”), though forms without this remodelling survived in Modern English dialects and the verb hoxen.

James A. H. Murray
w:James Murray (lexicographer)

Oxford English Dictionary
w:Oxford English Dictionary

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


synwe

English: sinew

Scots: sinnon, sinnen, sennin, shinnon

From the oblique forms of Old English sinu, seonu, from Proto-West Germanic *sinu, from Proto-Germanic *senawō, from Proto-Indo-European *snḗh₁wr̥; thus a doublet of nerve.
Some forms are influenced by Old Norse sin.

(specifically) An animal sinew cooked as meat.


synwy

English: sinewy

Tendonous; having tendons or a large amount of them.

(literary, rare) Possessing nerves; nerved.

(botany, rare, of leaves) Possessing veins; veined.


richedom

>? English: richdom (probably calqued from continental West Germanic)

Inherited from Old English rīċedom, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīdōm, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijadōmaz; equivalent to riche (“rich”) + -dom.


richely

English: richly

Scots: richly

Inherited from Old English rīċlīċe, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīlīkō, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijalīkô; equivalent to and often remodelled after riche (“rich”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Marvelously; in an attractive or majestic way:

With ceremony, rigour, and ritual; reverentially.

Luxuriously; in an extravagant or lavish way.

Copiously, profusely; in an abundant way.

(referring to marriage) Advantageously, to be wealthy.


richenesse

English: richness

From riche (“rich”) + -nesse (abstract nominal suffix).

af

(rare) Wealthiness; the state of being wealthy.


frayel

English: frail

Scots: frail

Borrowed from Old French frael, fraiel, of unknown origin; possibly a dissimilatory variant of flael, flaiel (“flail”); if so, a doublet of fleyl.

A rushen basket for picking dried fruit; a frail.


flegge

English: fledge

desc

modified after <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fletcher</i>

⇒ English: fletch (modified after fletcher)

>? Scots: fleg, flegg

>? Yola: fletch

From Old English *flyċġe, from Proto-West Germanic *flugi.

(of birds) Able to fly; feathered, fledged.


tedden

enm-verb

tedden (third-person singular simple present teddeth, present participle teddende, teddynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tedded)

teddeth (present singular third-person)
teddende (participle present)
teddynge (participle present)
tedded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
tedden (infinitive)
to tedden (infinitive)
tedde (infinitive)
tedde (first-person present singular)
tedded (first-person past singular)
teddest (present second-person singular)
teddedest (past second-person singular)
teddeth (present singular third-person)
tedded (past singular third-person)
tedde (present singular subjunctive)
tedded (past singular subjunctive)
tedde (imperative present singular)
tedden (plural present)
tedde (plural present)
teddeden (past plural)
teddede (past plural)
teddeth (imperative plural present)
tedde (imperative plural present)
teddynge (participle present)
teddende (participle present)
tedded (participle past)
ytedded (participle past)

English: ted

Scots: ted

Apparently inherited from Old English *teddan, from Proto-West Germanic *taddjan, from Proto-Germanic *tadjaną.


wrenchen

wrenchen (third-person singular simple present wrencheth, present participle wrenchende, wrenchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wrenched)

wrencheth (present singular third-person)
wrenchende (participle present)
wrenchynge (participle present)
wrenched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wrenchen (infinitive)
to wrenchen (infinitive)
wrenche (infinitive)
wrenche (first-person present singular)
wreynte (first-person past singular)
wrenched (first-person past singular)
wrenchest (present second-person singular)
wreyntest (past second-person singular)
wrenchedest (past second-person singular)
wrencheth (present singular third-person)
wreynte (past singular third-person)
wrenched (past singular third-person)
wrenche (present singular subjunctive)
wreynte (past singular subjunctive)
wrenched (past singular subjunctive)
wrenche (imperative present singular)
wrenchen (plural present)
wrenche (plural present)
wreynten (past plural)
wreynte (past plural)
wrencheden (past plural)
wrenchede (past plural)
wrencheth (imperative plural present)
wrenche (imperative plural present)
wrenchynge (participle present)
wrenchende (participle present)
wreynt (participle past)
wrenched (participle past)
ywreynt (participle past)
ywrenched (participle past)

English: wrench

Middle Scots: wrenk, wrink

>? Scots: renk

Inherited from Old English wrenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *wrankijan, from Proto-Germanic *wrankijaną; equivalent to wrench (“trick”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To contort or twist; to move out of shape.

To wrench away; to forcefully take or push.

(figuratively, rare) To distort or contort; to make unrecognisable.


mysfeling

Possibly a participle of an unattested verb *mysfelen, from mys- + felen ("to think wrongly; to feel poorly"). By surface analysis, mys- + feling.

a1475, Platearis Practica brevis [Cambridge University Library MS Dd.10.44] fol. 18v, quoted in 2016, Juhani Norri, Dictionary of Medical VOcabulary in English, 1375-1550: Body Parts, Sickness, Instruments, and Medical Preperations; under "misfeeling"
Ȝyf be in þe sinewis, þan þe stoppynge & mysfyllynge [L: stupor et insensibilitas (D5va)] is in þe ouereste partes, as in þe face.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)


bature

English: batter

Scots: batter

→ Irish: batar

Borrowed from Middle French batture, from Old French bateure, possibly from Late Latin *battatūra; equivalent to baten (“to beat”) + -ure.

A runny fluid made of beat ingredients; batter, paste.


goodles

English: goodless

Scots: guidless

Inherited from Old English gōdlēas; by surface analysis, good + -les.


berdles

English: beardless

Scots: beardless

Inherited from Old English beardlēas; by surface analysis, berd + -les.


fruytles

English: fruitless


housles

English: houseless

Possibly from an Old English *hūslēas, from Proto-West Germanic *hūsalaus, from Proto-Germanic *hūsalausaz.
Alternatively, but less likely, this word may have been formed anew, possibly as a calque of Old Norse húslauss or Middle Dutch huusloos; in any case, equivalent to hous + -les.


garite

English: garret

Middle Scots: garret

Borrowed from Old French garite, guerite (“watchtower”).

A watchtower or turret; a fortified tower.

An attic or garret; a room below the roof.


gersom

English: gersum, grassum

Scots: grassum (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English gærsum, gersum, gærsuma, from Old Norse gersemi, gørsemi (“treasure”), from gerr, gǫrr (“ready”) + -semi (“-ness”), with the ending assimilated to native -sum. Compare garisoun.

(specifically) A rent paid to one's manorial lord.


tynkere

English: tinker

Scots: tinker

Uncertain, but perhaps from Old English *tincere, from tin (“tin”) + *cere, as in bēocere (“beekeeper”).

tinker (itinerant repairer of metal kitchenware)


triasandri

Borrowed from Medieval Latin triasandrī, variant of triasandalī, from trias (“triad”) + sandalī (“sandalwood's”).

A liquid medicine made of three kinds of sandalwood.


frenetik

English: frantic; frenetic; phrenitic

Borrowed from Middle French frenetique, from Latin phrenēticus, from Ancient Greek φρενητικός (phrenētikós). Compare frenesie; see there for pronunciations with /a/.


gayole

English: jail, gaol

Scots: jile, jyle

/ɡæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

/ɡaːˈɔːl(ə)/

/d͡ʒæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiole, gaiole, from Latin caveola. Forms with /v/ probably reflect Old French forms that retain the medial labial of Latin caveola.

jail, prison (place for confining prisoners)


gayoler

English: jailer, gaoler

Scots: jiler

→ Middle Irish: seigléir

Irish: séiléir, séileoir

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiolier, gaiolier; equivalent to gayole + -er. For forms with /v/, see gayole.

His yonge sone, that three yeer was of age,
Un-to him seyde, ‘fader, why do ye wepe?

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3621-3624

Is ther no morsel breed that ye do kepe?’
His young son, who was three years of age,
Unto him said, ‘Father, why do you weep?
When will the jailer bring our soup,
Is there no morsel of bread that you do keep?’


pynden

enm-verb

pynden (third-person singular simple present pyndeth, present participle pyndynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative pynde, past participle pynd)

pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pyndynge (participle present)
pynde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
pynd (participle past)
pynden (infinitive)
to pynden (infinitive)
pynde (infinitive)
pynde (first-person present singular)
pynde (first-person past singular)
pynded (first-person past singular)
pyndest (present second-person singular)
pyndest (past second-person singular)
pyndedest (past second-person singular)
pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pynde (past singular third-person)
pynded (past singular third-person)
pynde (present singular subjunctive)
pynde (past singular subjunctive)
pynded (past singular subjunctive)
pynde (imperative present singular)
pynden (plural present)
pynde (plural present)
pynden (past plural)
pynde (past plural)
pyndeden (past plural)
pyndede (past plural)
pyndeth (imperative plural present)
pynde (imperative plural present)
pyndynge (participle present)
pyndende (participle present)
pynd (participle past)
pynded (participle past)
ypynd (participle past)
ypynded (participle past)

English: pind (dialectal)

Middle Scots: poynd, puynd

Scots: pund, puind, poind, pynd, pind

→ English: poind

Inherited from Old English *pyndan (and derived ġepyndan), from Proto-West Germanic *pundijan; compare pound.

To enclose or confine; to set up boundaries:

(of animals) To shut up in a pound; to impound.

(figuratively, rare) To check or restrain oneself.


gramarien

enm-noun

gramarien (plural gramariens or gramarienes)

gramariens (plural)
gramarienes (plural)

English: grammarian

From Middle French gramarien, gramairien; equivalent to gramere (“grammar”) + -ien (“-ian”).

A grammarian; a student or researcher of grammar.


nonnerie

English: nunnery

Scots: nunnery

From nonne (“nun”) + -erie (“-ery, -ry”).


blisse

blisse (plural blisses or (early) blissen)

English: bliss

Scots: bliss

From Old English blīds, blīss (“joy”) from Proto-West Germanic *blīþisi. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

(rare, astrology) exaltation (the place where a planet is most influential)


geldyng

English: gelding

Scots: gelding

From Old Norse geldingr (“wether, eunuch”), from gelda (“to castrate”). Equivalent to gelden + -ing.

& thei wenten doun bothe into the water, Philip & the geldyng, & Philip baptiside hym.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 8:38, page 96v, column 2, line 19; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. (KJV)


wynken

enm-verb

wynken (third-person singular simple present wynketh, present participle wynkende, wynkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wynked)

wynketh (present singular third-person)
wynkende (participle present)
wynkynge (participle present)
wynked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wynken (infinitive)
to wynken (infinitive)
wynke (infinitive)
wynke (first-person present singular)
wynked (first-person past singular)
wynkest (present second-person singular)
wynkedest (past second-person singular)
wynketh (present singular third-person)
wynked (past singular third-person)
wynke (present singular subjunctive)
wynked (past singular subjunctive)
wynke (imperative present singular)
wynken (plural present)
wynke (plural present)
wynkeden (past plural)
wynkede (past plural)
wynketh (imperative plural present)
wynke (imperative plural present)
wynkynge (participle present)
wynkende (participle present)
wynked (participle past)

English: wink

Scots: wink

From Old English wincian, from Proto-West Germanic *winkōn. Compare wyncen.


orisonte

English: horizon

Middle Scots: orizon, orizont

Borrowed from Middle French horizon, horizonte, from Old French orisonte, orison, from Latin horizōn, from Ancient Greek ὁρίζων (horízōn).

(astronomy) The circle indicating the horizon on an astrolabe.


attren

attren (third-person singular simple present attreth, present participle attrende, attrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle attred)

attreth (present singular third-person)
attrende (participle present)
attrynge (participle present)
attred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
attren (infinitive)
to attren (infinitive)
attre (infinitive)
attre (first-person present singular)
attred (first-person past singular)
attrest (present second-person singular)
attredest (past second-person singular)
attreth (present singular third-person)
attred (past singular third-person)
attre (present singular subjunctive)
attred (past singular subjunctive)
attre (imperative present singular)
attren (plural present)
attre (plural present)
attreden (past plural)
attrede (past plural)
attreth (imperative plural present)
attre (imperative plural present)
attrynge (participle present)
attrende (participle present)
attred (participle past)
yattred (participle past)

English: atter

desc

vocalism may be due to influence from Old Norse <i class="Latn mention" lang="non">eitra</i>

Scots: etter (vocalism may be due to influence from Old Norse eitra)

Inherited from Old English ǣtrian, ǣttrian, from Proto-West Germanic *aitrōn, from Proto-Germanic *aitrōną; equivalent to atter (“poison”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


chaffare

English: chaffer (obsolete)

From Old English *ċēapfaru; equivalent to chep + fare. Compare Old Norse kaupfǫr.

Commercial or mercantile activity; trading.


chaffaren

enm-verb

chaffaren (third-person singular simple present chaffareth, present participle chaffarende, chaffarynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaffared)

chaffareth (present singular third-person)
chaffarende (participle present)
chaffarynge (participle present)
chaffared (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chaffaren (infinitive)
to chaffaren (infinitive)
chaffare (infinitive)
chaffare (first-person present singular)
chaffared (first-person past singular)
chaffarest (present second-person singular)
chaffaredest (past second-person singular)
chaffareth (present singular third-person)
chaffared (past singular third-person)
chaffare (present singular subjunctive)
chaffared (past singular subjunctive)
chaffare (imperative present singular)
chaffaren (plural present)
chaffare (plural present)
chaffareden (past plural)
chaffarede (past plural)
chaffareth (imperative plural present)
chaffare (imperative plural present)
chaffarynge (participle present)
chaffarende (participle present)
chaffared (participle past)
ychaffared (participle past)

English: chaffer

From chaffare (“trade”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive, rare, usually with of) To trade in return for profit.


countour

English: counter, compter

Scots: counter, coonter

Borrowed from Old French conteor and Middle French contoir; equivalent to counte (“computation”) + -our.

An accountant; a financial recordkeeper.

A calculator or computer (person who performs arithmetic)


counten

enm-verb

counten (third-person singular simple present counteth, present participle countende, countynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle counted)

counteth (present singular third-person)
countende (participle present)
countynge (participle present)
counted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
counten (infinitive)
to counten (infinitive)
counte (infinitive)
counte (first-person present singular)
counted (first-person past singular)
countest (present second-person singular)
countedest (past second-person singular)
counteth (present singular third-person)
counted (past singular third-person)
counte (present singular subjunctive)
counted (past singular subjunctive)
counte (imperative present singular)
counten (plural present)
counte (plural present)
counteden (past plural)
countede (past plural)
counteth (imperative plural present)
counte (imperative plural present)
countynge (participle present)
countende (participle present)
counted (participle past)
ycounted (participle past)

English: count

Scots: coont, count

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman counter, conter, from Latin computō; equivalent to counte (“computation”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To count; to analyse or consider as a member of a group.


acounten

enm-verb

acounten (third-person singular simple present acounteth, present participle acountende, acountynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle acounted)

acounteth (present singular third-person)
acountende (participle present)
acountynge (participle present)
acounted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
acounten (infinitive)
to acounten (infinitive)
acounte (infinitive)
acounte (first-person present singular)
acounted (first-person past singular)
acountest (present second-person singular)
acountedest (past second-person singular)
acounteth (present singular third-person)
acounted (past singular third-person)
acounte (present singular subjunctive)
acounted (past singular subjunctive)
acounte (imperative present singular)
acounten (plural present)
acounte (plural present)
acounteden (past plural)
acountede (past plural)
acounteth (imperative plural present)
acounte (imperative plural present)
acountynge (participle present)
acountende (participle present)
acounted (participle past)

English: account, accompt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman acounter, aconter; equivalent to acounte (“account”) + -en (infinitival suffix) or a- + counten (“to count”).

af

To narrate or recount; to provide an accounting:

To maintain or provide accounts of finances.


computacioun

English: computation

Borrowed from Middle French computation or its etymon Latin computātiō (“computation”), from computō (“to compute”); compare counten.

Computation, calculation (of time or in arithmetic or astronomy).

Enumeration; the act of calculating quantity.


pouten

enm-verb

pouten (third-person singular simple present pouteth, present participle poutende, poutynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pouted)

pouteth (present singular third-person)
poutende (participle present)
poutynge (participle present)
pouted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
counten (infinitive)
to counten (infinitive)
counte (first-person present singular)
counted (first-person past singular)
countest (present second-person singular)
countedest (past second-person singular)
counteth (present singular third-person)
counted (past singular third-person)
counte (present singular subjunctive)
counted (past singular subjunctive)
counte (imperative present singular)
counten (plural present)
counte (plural present)
counteden (past plural)
countede (past plural)
counteth (imperative plural present)
counte (imperative plural present)
countynge (participle present)
countende (participle present)
counted (participle past)
ycounted (participle past)

English: pout

Probably borrowed from North Germanic, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *pūtō (“swollen”).


rewayn

desc

English: rowen, roughings, rowet, rowett, rowings

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rewain, variant of regain; other than the dialectal development of /ɔu̯/ to /au̯/, the variation in pronunciation apparently reflects variation in Old French.


unchaungeable

English: unchangeable

Unchangeable; unchanging or unable to change.


chaungere

English: changer

From chaungen (“to change”) + -er and Old French changeor; thus also equivalent to chaungen + -our.

A moneychanger; an individual who changes money.


Pegase

English: Pegasus

From Latin Pēgasus, from Ancient Greek Πήγασος (Pḗgasos), traditionally associated with πηγή (pēgḗ, “spring, fountain, fountain fed by a spring”), especially used to denote springs of Ocean, where Perseus killed Medusa, from whose blood Pegasus sprang. Some have dismissed this as folk etymology and suggest a pre-Greek origin because of the -ασος suffix. First attested in the 14th century.

(Late Middle English, astronomy) Pegasus


croppen

enm-verb

croppen (third-person singular simple present croppeth, present participle croppende, croppynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle cropped)

croppeth (present singular third-person)
croppende (participle present)
croppynge (participle present)
cropped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
croppen (infinitive)
to croppen (infinitive)
croppe (infinitive)
croppe (first-person present singular)
cropped (first-person past singular)
croppest (present second-person singular)
croppedest (past second-person singular)
croppeth (present singular third-person)
cropped (past singular third-person)
croppe (present singular subjunctive)
cropped (past singular subjunctive)
croppe (imperative present singular)
croppen (plural present)
croppe (plural present)
croppeden (past plural)
croppede (past plural)
croppeth (imperative plural present)
croppe (imperative plural present)
croppynge (participle present)
croppende (participle present)
cropped (participle past)
ycropped (participle past)

English: crop

Scots: crap

Inherited from Old English croppian; equivalent to croppe (“crop”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


wyndowe

desc

English: window (dialectal windon, obsolete windore)

Scots: winda, windae, wunda, wundae; winnock, wunnock

Borrowed from Old Norse vindauga, from vind (“wind”) + auga (“eye”); compare wynd (“wind”).
East Anglian forms with /n/ may originate from a weak plural *wyndowen.


thirlen

enm-verb

thirlen (third-person singular simple present thirleth, present participle thirlende, thirlynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle thirled)

thirleth (present singular third-person)
thirlende (participle present)
thirlynge (participle present)
thirled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
thirlen (infinitive)
to thirlen (infinitive)
thirle (infinitive)
thirle (first-person present singular)
thirled (first-person past singular)
thirlest (present second-person singular)
thirledest (past second-person singular)
thirleth (present singular third-person)
thirled (past singular third-person)
thirle (present singular subjunctive)
thirled (past singular subjunctive)
thirle (imperative present singular)
thirlen (plural present)
thirle (plural present)
thirleden (past plural)
thirlede (past plural)
thirleth (imperative plural present)
thirle (imperative plural present)
thirlynge (participle present)
thirlende (participle present)
thirled (participle past)
ythirled (participle past)

English: thirl; thrill

Scots: thirl

From Old English þȳrlian; equivalent to thirl (“hole”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(rare, anatomy) To occupy or extend into.

To enter, move or travel into:
To occupy or extend into.