writhen

writhen (infinitive)
to writhen (infinitive)
writhe (infinitive)
writhe (first-person present singular)
wroth (first-person past singular)
writhest (present second-person singular)
writhe (past second-person singular)
wroth (past second-person singular)
writheth (present singular third-person)
wroth (past singular third-person)
writhe (present singular subjunctive)
writhe (past singular subjunctive)
writhe (imperative present singular)
writhen (plural present)
writhe (plural present)
writhen (past plural)
writhe (past plural)
writheth (imperative plural present)
writhe (imperative plural present)
writhynge (participle present)
writhende (participle present)
writhen (participle past)
writhe (participle past)
wrethen (participle past)
wrethe (participle past)
ywrithen (participle past)
ywrithe (participle past)

English: writhe

Scots: wryth, writhe

From Old English wrīþan. Cognates include Old Swedish vrīþa and Middle High German rīden.

To go or look away; to avoid involvement in an activity or matter.

(rare, surgery) To drill a hole by a twisting motion.


noyous

English: noyous

An aphetic form of anoyous; equivalent to noy + -ous.


dovehouse

desc

English: dovehouse, dove-house, dove house


clift

English: cleft

Scots: clift

Inherited from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz; equivalent to cleven + -th.

A slash wound; an injury from an instance of slicing, cleaving, rupturing or cutting.


wasten

enm-verb

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To enfeeble; to make weak or sickly.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To eat at; to cause to decay or shrink.

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

To cleanse; to make something evanesce or evacuate.

To utilise or expend (resources or supplies):

To waste resources; to expend wastefully.

To expend time (usually in an wasteful way)


drope

English: drop

Scots: drap

From Old English dropa, from Proto-West Germanic *dropō, from Proto-Germanic *drupô.

A shower or gush; a falling agglomeration of droplets.

(medicine) A disease having speckles or spots as a symptom.


donge

English: dung

Scots: dung

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dungu, from Proto-Germanic *dungō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English oblique cases.

Dung or feces, especially of animals (used in medicine or fertiliser)


doppe

(ornithology) Any type of bird that dops or dives.


nekke

English: neck

Scots: neck

Yola: neckarès (plural)

Inherited from Old English hnecca, from Proto-West Germanic *hnakkō, from Proto-Germanic *hnakkô.

The neck (body part connecting the head and trunk):


gest

English: guest

Scots: guest

From a conflation of Old Norse gestr and Old English ġiest; both from Proto-Germanic *gastiz, from Proto-Germanic *gʰóstis. Doublet of host.

A (often threatening) male individual; a ominous person.

(figurative, rare) A male lover of a woman; a man in an unofficial intimate relationship with a woman.


knyght

English: knight

Scots: knicht

Yola: nickht

From Old English cniht, from Proto-West Germanic *kneht.


schaft

English: shaft

Scots: schaft, shaft

Inherited from Old English sċeaft (“shaft”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaft, from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz.

inh+

A weapon's shaft; the body of a polearm.

A flagstaff; a pole for a flag or banner.

(rare) A tunnel or passage (e.g. a mineshaft).


schaft

enm-noun

schaft (plural schaftes or (Early ME) schaften or (Early ME) schafte)

schaftes (plural)
schaften (Early-Middle-English plural)
schafte (Early-Middle-English plural)

From Old English sċeaft, ġesċeaft (“creation”), from sċieppan; equivalent to shapen + -th.

Something that has been created (by a deity)

A creature or animal (especially a certain species)


nece

English: niece

Scots: niece

From Old French niece, nece, from Late Latin neptia.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)

(rare) A male member of one's family, kin or lineage.


lyme

English: limb

Scots: limb, lim

⇒ Yola: lemethès

From limu, plural of Old English lim, from Proto-West Germanic *limu.


aunte

English: aunt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aunt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman aunte and continental Old French ante, from Latin amita.

The senatours wyf / hir Aunte was / But foꝛ al that / she knew hir neuer the mooꝛe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Mannes] Tale [of Lawe]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 125, verso:

The senator's wife was her aunt, / but despite that, she didn't know her at all.


schaven

enm-verb

schaven (third-person singular simple present schaveth, present participle schavynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schof, past participle schaven)

schaveth (present singular third-person)
schavynge (participle present)
schof (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaven (participle past)
schaven (infinitive)
to schaven (infinitive)
schave (infinitive)
schave (first-person present singular)
schof (first-person past singular)
schaved (first-person past singular)
schavest (present second-person singular)
schove (past second-person singular)
schof (past second-person singular)
schavedest (past second-person singular)
schaveth (present singular third-person)
schof (past singular third-person)
schaved (past singular third-person)
schave (present singular subjunctive)
schove (past singular subjunctive)
schaved (past singular subjunctive)
schave (imperative present singular)
schaven (plural present)
schave (plural present)
schoven (past plural)
schove (past plural)
schaveden (past plural)
schavede (past plural)
schaveth (imperative plural present)
schave (imperative plural present)
schavynge (participle present)
schavende (participle present)
schaven (participle past)
schave (participle past)
schaved (participle past)
yschaven (participle past)
yschave (participle past)
yschaved (participle past)

English: shave

→ Welsh: siafio

q

through confluence with Norwegian <i class="Latn mention" lang="no">skave</i>

Scots: schave, schaif, schaiff; shaav (through confluence with Norwegian skave)

From Old English sċafan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaban; equivalent to schave + -en (infinitival suffix).

To scrape or scratch, especially into pieces:

To razor hair; to use a unpaired blade to cut hair:

To shave; to remove all hair in a given area.


forhed

English: forehead

Yola: vorreat

From Old English fōrehēafod, foranhēafod.


lippe

English: lip

Scots: lip

From Old English lippa, from Proto-West Germanic *lippjō.


herte

enm-noun

herte (plural hertes or herten or herte)

hertes (plural)
herten (plural)
herte (plural)

English: heart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hert, hart, hairt

Yola: hearth, hart

Inherited from Old English heorte, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

(anatomy) heart (organ, sometimes eaten).

One's feelings, or beliefs; the heart viewed as a source of them:

One's (inherent or current) attitude or behaviour.


chyn

English: chin

Scots: chin, chyn

From Old English ċinn, from Proto-West Germanic *kinnu, form Proto-Germanic *kinnuz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénus.


berd

English: beard

Scots: berd, berde, beird

Yola: bearde

→ Anglo-Norman: berd

gl

merged with Old French <i class="Latn mention" lang="fro">barbier</i>

→⇒ Anglo-Norman: barder (verb) (merged with Old French barbier)

From Old English beard, from Proto-West Germanic *bard, from Proto-Germanic *bardaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰardʰeh₂.


felawe

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

A (male) partner, friend, or colleague; one linked with others:

A (male) co-worker; one who is employed in the same position as oneself or who works with oneself.

A member of an organisation, society, religious order/group, college, trade association, etc.

A (male) accomplice; one who assists another in criminal activity.

A (male) partner or partaker in revelry or one who likes doing so (i.e. is extroverted).

One who is in a close platonic relationship with another; a true companion.

(rare) A male individual of low societal or moral rank.

(rare) Any male individual; a fella, guy, etc.


drye

head

drye (plural and weak singular drye, comparative *dryer, superlative *dryest)

drye (plural)
drye (singular weak)
*dryer (comparative)
*dryest (superlative)

English: dry

Scots: dry, drey

From Old English drȳġe, from Proto-West Germanic *drūgi, from Proto-Germanic *drūgiz.


drye

(alchemy, medicine) Something considered alchemically dry.


drawen

enm-verb

drawen (third-person singular simple present draweth, present participle drawinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative drogh or drew, past participle drawen)

draweth (present singular third-person)
drawinge (participle present)
drogh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drawen (participle past)
drawen (infinitive)
to drawen (infinitive)
drawe (infinitive)
drawe (first-person present singular)
drogh (first-person past singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
drawest (present second-person singular)
drowe (past second-person singular)
drewe (past second-person singular)
drogh (past second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
draweth (present singular third-person)
drogh (past singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
drawe (present singular subjunctive)
drowe (past singular subjunctive)
drewe (past singular subjunctive)
drawe (imperative present singular)
drawen (plural present)
drawe (plural present)
drowen (past plural)
drowe (past plural)
drewen (past plural)
drewe (past plural)
draweth (imperative plural present)
drawe (imperative plural present)
drawynge (participle present)
drawende (participle present)
drawen (participle past)
drawe (participle past)
ydrawen (participle past)
ydrawe (participle past)

English: draw

Scots: draw

Yola: dra

From Old English dragan, from Proto-West Germanic *dragan. Many senses are calqued from Latin trahere.

(medicine) To extract blood from (someone)

To pull, move or draw away:
To extract blood from (someone)


cheke

English: cheek; choke

Scots: cheek

/ˈt͡ʃɛːk(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːk(ə)/

Originally two distinct nouns:
* Old English ċēace, from Proto-West Germanic *kākā, from Proto-Germanic *kēkǭ.
* Old English ċēoce, from Proto-West Germanic *keukā, from Proto-Germanic *keukǭ.


poynt

English: point

Yola: pint, peint

Borrowed from Old French point, puint, pointe and Anglo-Norman puingte.

(medicine) stitch used in sewing together a wound


gardyn

desctree

English: garden
Sranan Tongo: dyari
→ Nafaanra: yaadi

Scots: gairden

From Old Northern French gardin, though ultimately of Germanic origin.


womman

English: woman
Antigua and Barbuda Creole English: uman
Aukan: uman
Jamaican Creole: ooman
Krio: uman
Sranan Tongo: uma; oema (superseded)
Torres Strait Creole: oman
→ Japanese: ウーマン (ūman)
→ Korean: 우먼 (umeon)
→ Volapük: vom

English: -woman
→ French: -woman

Scots: woman, weman

From Old English wiman, wimman, wīfmann (“woman; female servant”, literally “female person; female human being”), equivalent to wyf (“woman, wife”) + man (“man, person”).

compound

hire to wommane brouȝte


chaungen

enm-verb

chaungen (third-person singular simple present chaungeth, present participle chaungende, chaungynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaunged)

chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaungende (participle present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaunged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chaungen (infinitive)
to chaungen (infinitive)
chaunge (infinitive)
chaunge (first-person present singular)
chaunged (first-person past singular)
chaungest (present second-person singular)
chaungedest (past second-person singular)
chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaunged (past singular third-person)
chaunge (present singular subjunctive)
chaunged (past singular subjunctive)
chaunge (imperative present singular)
chaungen (plural present)
chaunge (plural present)
chaungeden (past plural)
chaungede (past plural)
chaungeth (imperative plural present)
chaunge (imperative plural present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaungende (participle present)
chaunged (participle past)

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃaːnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃæi̯nd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaungier, chaunger and continental Old French changier, from Latin cambiāre, from Gaulish cambion (“change”); equivalent to chaunge (“change”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To change or vary; to become or make different:


coler

English: choler

From Old French colere, from Latin cholera (which some forms are directly from).

Yellow bile as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.


relicte

English: relict

(uncommon, Late Middle English) undamaged, left alone


cubite

English: cubit

Scots: cubit (obsolete)

An elbow; the joint in the centre of the arm.


cirurgical

English: chirurgical

Borrowed from Middle French cirurgical, from Medieval Latin cirurgicālis.


governour

English: governor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: governour

Yola: governere

Borrowed from Old French gouvreneur, governeor, from Latin gubernātor; equivalent to governen + -our.

(physiology, rare) A body part which controls other body parts.


governen

governen (infinitive)
to governen (infinitive)
governe (infinitive)
governe (first-person present singular)
governed (first-person past singular)
governest (present second-person singular)
governedest (past second-person singular)
governeth (present singular third-person)
governed (past singular third-person)
governe (present singular subjunctive)
governed (past singular subjunctive)
governe (imperative present singular)
governen (plural present)
governe (plural present)
governeden (past plural)
governede (past plural)
governeth (imperative plural present)
governe (imperative plural present)
governynge (participle present)
governende (participle present)
governed (participle past)
ygoverned (participle past)

English: govern

Scots: govern

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French governer, guverner, from Latin gubernō, from Ancient Greek κυβερνάω (kubernáō).

To direct an individual or thing directly:

(physiology) To affect a body part or bodily system.


rixis

English: rhexis

(medicine) rhexis, especially phleborrhexis or arteriorrhexis (rupture of a blood vessel)


yvory

English: ivory

From Anglo-Norman ivurie, from Latin eboreus.


yvory

English: ivory


nappen

nappen (infinitive)
to nappen (infinitive)
nappe (infinitive)
nappe (first-person present singular)
napped (first-person past singular)
nappest (present second-person singular)
nappedest (past second-person singular)
nappeth (present singular third-person)
napped (past singular third-person)
nappe (present singular subjunctive)
napped (past singular subjunctive)
nappe (imperative present singular)
nappen (plural present)
nappe (plural present)
nappeden (past plural)
nappede (past plural)
nappeth (imperative plural present)
nappe (imperative plural present)
nappynge (participle present)
nappende (participle present)
napped (participle past)
ynapped (participle past)

English: nap

Scots: nap

Inherited from Old English hnappian, from Proto-West Germanic *hnappōn, of unknown origin.


nimphe

English: nymph

From Old French nimphe, from Latin nympha, from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē).


moiste

head

moiste (plural and weak singular moiste, comparative moister, superlative moistest)

moiste (plural)
moiste (singular weak)
moister (comparative)
moistest (superlative)

English: moist

From Old French moiste, of unknown origin.


ston

enm-noun

ston (plural stones or ston or (early, rare) stonen)

stones (plural)
ston (plural)
stonen (plural rare)

English: stone (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: styen

Scots: stane

Yola: sthoan

→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.

A solid mass resembling stone, especially:


sanguinolent

English: sanguinolent

From Old French sanguinolent, borrowed itself from Latin sanguinolentus.

Blood-coloured; having the same colour of blood.


lana succida

Borrowed from Medieval Latin lāna succida (“greasy wool”).

bor

(medicine) unwashed sheep’s wool, used raw or impregnated with medicinal oils, ointments, vel sim. as a medicament


kirtel

English: kirtle

Scots: kirtle

Inherited from Old English cyrtel, akin to Old Norse kyrtill.

(anatomy, figurative) A tunic or membrane.


mercurie

English: mercury

(botany) A plant belonging to the genus Chenopodium; goosefoots.


gutte

English: gut

Scots: gut

From Old English guttas (a plurale tantum), from Proto-Germanic *gut-, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰewd- (“to pour”).

The chest or abdominal region, especially when representing excessive eating.


bouk

English: bouk (obsolete)

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

From Old English būc, from Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.


grome

English: groom

→ Dutch: groom

Scots: grome, grume, greem

→ Old French: gromme, groume

⇒ Old French: groumet

Middle French: gourmet

French: gourmet

→ English: gourmet

→ Icelandic: grómr, gromr

From Old English *grōma, from Proto-West Germanic *grōmō (“growth, tumor, stomach swelling”). Compare Middle Dutch grom, Old Norse grómr, gromr, and Old French gromme. Suggested to be either from the same root as growen (“to grow”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *grō-, with a noun-forming suffix *-m-.

inh

A male child of any age (ranging from infancy to the start of adulthood).

A male person, especially a commoner or one who isn't noble-born.


feture

English: feature

Scots: fayter, featur

From Anglo-Norman feture, from Latin factūra.

One's form or bodily profile; the overall appearance of a given human.

A feature or part (almost always of the human body or face)

(rare) A piece of handiwork or crafts; something created.

(rare) A living organism; a being (viewed as God's creation)


yest

English: yeast

Scots: yest

From Old English ġist, ġyst, from Proto-Germanic *jestuz.


souke

English: suck

Scots: souk

Breastfeeding or milking; the extraction of milk.


yvel

head

yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)

yvele (plural)
yvele (singular weak)
worse (comparative)
worst (superlative)

English: evil

Scots: evil

From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
(pathology) infected, abnormal

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
infected, abnormal


hirdman

From Old English hīredman; equivalent to hird (“household”) + man (“man”), but often reanalysed as hired (“hired”) + mon.

A member of a royal household; an attendant.


braunche

English: branch

Scots: branch, brainch

Borrowed from Old French branche, brance, from Late Latin branca.


governaunce

English: governance

Middle Scots: governance

Borrowed from Old French gouvernance, governance; equivalent to governen + -aunce.

(medicine, alchemy) A course of action; a set of directives.


femele

English: female

Scots: female

Borrowed from Old French femele, from Latin fēmella. Some forms are influenced by male (“male”).

Used in extended reference to supposedly "female" gems, trees, plants, or astrological portents.


femele

English: female

Scots: female


norice

desc

English: nurse (obsolete norice, nourice, nourse)

Scots: nourice, nuirice

Borrowed from Old French norrice, from Late Latin nūtrīcia, ultimately from Latin nūtrīx.

A person (usually a woman) employed to take care of one's children; a nanny.

A person who breastfeeds a child; a wet-nurse.

(rare, Christianity) Mary as the guardian of Jesus.

Slepynge longe in greet quiete is eek a greet norice to Leccherie

1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parson's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

A long and peaceful sleep is also a true encourager of profligacy.

(by extension) A proponent or engenderer (of a quality, behaviour, etc.)

An animal or plant as a caretaker of its offspring.


nevew

English: nephew

Scots: neffae

From Old French neveu, later form of nevod, from Latin nepōtem, accusative of nepōs.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3594

[...] For he thy nevew was, and sone-in-lawe, [...]
… For he was thy nephew, and son-in-law, …


triacle

English: treacle

→ Welsh: triagl

From Old French triacle, from Latin thēriaca, from Ancient Greek θηριακή (thēriakḗ).

...for trewthe telleþ þat loue is triacle of heuene...

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section I:


unobedient

(anatomy, of a limb or muscle) unresponsive, inflexible

(pathology, of an abscess, tumor, or diseased tissue) resistant to treatment

tumor; or diseased tissue; tumor; or diseased tissue

(anatomy, of a humor) unresponsive, obstructive


emperice

English: empress

Scots: empress

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman empereiz, contraction of empereriz, from Latin imperatrix; equivalent to emperour + -esse. Final -e is apparently by analogy with other feminine nouns, as the borrowing was early enough for the Middle English gender system to survive.

‘Your blisful suster, Lucina the shene,
That of the see is chief goddesse and quene,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Franklin's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1045-1048

Yet emperesse aboven him is she:’ [...]
‘Your blissful sister, Lucina the bright,
Who of the sea is chief goddess and queen,
Though Neptune have godly dominion in the sea,
Yet empress above him is she:’ …

An empress; a female ruler of an empire.


goundy

English: goundy, gundy, gunny (dialectal)

From Old English gundiġ; equivalent to gounde + -y.


launcet

English: lancet

Borrowed from Old French lancete; equivalent to lance + -et.


henxman

English: henchman

→ Scots: hanchman

Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

Either from a putative Old English *henġestmann or formed anew from Old English henġest + man (“man”).

A male attendant to a high-ranking noble.


muskadel

English: muscadel, muscatel

Borrowed from Old Occitan muscadel, diminutive of muscat. Compare Medieval Latin muscatellum, muscadellum.

(Late Middle English) Wine made from muscat grapes; muscatel.


blosmy

English: blossomy (possibly)

From Old English blōstmig, equivalent to blosme + -y.

Blosmy tree nys neither drye ne deed.

1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Clerk-Merchant Link; Merchant's Tale, End-link”, in Canterbury Tales:

Covered with or full of blossoms; blossomy.


hegge

English: hedge

Scots: hedge

From Old English heċġ, from Proto-West Germanic *haggju. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A col-fox, ful of sly iniquitee,
That in the grove hadde woned yeres three,
By heigh imaginacioun forn-cast,
The same night thurgh-out the hegges brast [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4405-4408

A fox, full of sly iniquity,
That in the grove had dwelled three years,
By exalted imagination predestined,
The same night through the hedges broke …

A bush or shrub; a stout or short woody plant.


clarré

He drinketh ipocras, clarree, and vernage
Of spyces hote, tencresen his corage; [...]

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Merchant's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1807-1808

He drinks mulled wine, claret, and strong white wine
With hot spices to increase his desire; …


noy

English: noy (obsolete)

Scots: noy (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman nui, reinforced through aphesis of anoy. Compare noyen.


walkirie

From Old English wælcyrġe, from Proto-Germanic *walakuzjǭ.


hyde

English: hide

Scots: hide, hyde


hyde

Alternative form of hyed: simple past/past participle of hyen (“to move quickly”)


tharm

English: tharm

Scots: thairm, tharm

From Old English þearm.
Cognate to Old Frisian therm, Middle Low German darm, Middle Dutch darm, daerm, derm, Middle High German darm, Old Swedish tharmber, and Ancient Greek τόρμος (tórmos).

(rare) A parasitic worm living in the intestines.


wyf

wyfes (plural)
wyves (plural)
wyve (plural)

English: wife (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wife

From Old English wīf, from Proto-West Germanic *wīb, from Proto-Germanic *wībą, of uncertain origin.

ca. 1380: It cam in cuppemele — this craft my wif used! — William Langland, Piers Plowman

ca. 1380, — Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Merchant's Tale
That in a morwe unto this May saith he
Rys up, my wif, my love, my lady fre

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

In lyke wyse as democreon the philosophre put out his owen eyen be cause he wold not see that no good myght come to the euyll and vicyous peple wyth out right And also defortes the philosophre as he went toward his deth / his wyf that folowed after hym saide that he was dampned to deth wrongfully / than he answerd and sayd to her / holde thy peas and be styll / hit is better and more merytorye to dye by a wronge and unrightfull Jugement / than that I had deseruyd to dye.

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

The leading woman of a household; a matriarch.


savacioun

English: salvation

Scots: salvation

Borrowed from Old French salvacion, sauvacion, from Late Latin salvātiō, salvātiōnem; equivalent to saven + -acioun.

(medicine, rare) Medical remediation; the restoration of health.


slutte

English: slut

Yola: slut


growen

growen (infinitive)
to growen (infinitive)
growe (infinitive)
growe (first-person present singular)
grew (first-person past singular)
growest (present second-person singular)
grewe (past second-person singular)
grew (past second-person singular)
groweth (present singular third-person)
grew (past singular third-person)
growe (present singular subjunctive)
grewe (past singular subjunctive)
growe (imperative present singular)
growen (plural present)
growe (plural present)
grewen (past plural)
grewe (past plural)
groweth (imperative plural present)
growe (imperative plural present)
growynge (participle present)
growende (participle present)
growen (participle past)
growe (participle past)
ygrowen (participle past)
ygrowe (participle past)

English: grow

Scots: grow

From Old English grōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *grōan.

To grow (usually of plants, fruit, etc.):

(often of people) to grow up; to mature.


childing

English: childing (archaic)


wombed

English: wombed

(Late Middle English) Possessing a stomach.


spumous

English: spumous

Borrowed from Latin spūmōsus; equivalent to spume + -ous.

(pathology, Late Middle English, rare) spumous, foamy


schinen

schinen (infinitive)
to schinen (infinitive)
schine (infinitive)
schine (first-person present singular)
schon (first-person past singular)
schined (first-person past singular)
schinest (present second-person singular)
schone (past second-person singular)
schine (past second-person singular)
schon (past second-person singular)
schinedest (past second-person singular)
schineth (present singular third-person)
schon (past singular third-person)
schined (past singular third-person)
schine (present singular subjunctive)
schone (past singular subjunctive)
schine (past singular subjunctive)
schined (past singular subjunctive)
schine (imperative present singular)
schinen (plural present)
schine (plural present)
schonen (past plural)
schone (past plural)
schinen (past plural)
schine (past plural)
schineden (past plural)
schinede (past plural)
schineth (imperative plural present)
schine (imperative plural present)
schinynge (participle present)
schinende (participle present)
schinen (participle past)
schined (participle past)
yschinen (participle past)
yschined (participle past)

English: shine

Scots: shine, shyne

From Old English scīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *skīnan, from Proto-Germanic *skīnaną.

To emit brightness and lightness; to shine:

To emit light inherently; to be light (like a sheet of paper)

To shimmer; to shine due to being glossy, smooth or viscous.

To be reflective or shine due to this reflectivity

To gleam; to shine due to expensive accoutrements.

To have skin that is fair and attractive.


husbonde

desctree

English: husband
⇒ Chinese: 黑漆板凳 (hēiqī bǎndèng) (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ハズバンド (hazubando)
⇒ English: husbando

Scots: husband

→ Welsh: hwsmon

Inherited from Old English hūsbonda; equivalent to hous + bonde.


hiden

enm-verb

hiden (third-person singular simple present hideth, present participle hidende, first-/third-person singular past indicative hidde, past participle hid)

hideth (present singular third-person)
hidende (participle present)
hidde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hid (participle past)

English: hide

Scots: hide, hyde


croppe

English: crop

desc

Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

From Old English cropp, croppa, from Proto-West Germanic *kropp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“body; lump; bunch; crop”). Doublet of croupe.

inh

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 5-6.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,

The top of a plant or tree:
A seedling or bud; a new plant.

(rare, figuratively) The head or end of something.


sider

desctree

English: cider
→ Bulgarian: са́йдер (sájder)
→ Finnish: siideri
→ Jersey Dutch: sâiter
→ Japanese: サイダー (saidā)
→ Korean: 사이다 (saida)

Scots: cedar (obsolete)

→ Welsh: seidr

From Old French cisdre, sidre, from Medieval Latin sīcera, from Ancient Greek σίκερα (síkera), from Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār). Doublet of ciser.

der

Hebrew שֵׁכָר (šēḵār)

Hard cider or an analogous beverage made of other fruits.

Any alcoholic beverage of great strength and potency.


mawe

English: maw

Scots: maw

From Old English maga, from Proto-West Germanic *magō, from Proto-Germanic *magô.

One of the various organs of the belly; one's entrails; especially:


scheden

enm-verb

scheden (third-person singular simple present schedeth, present participle schedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schedde, past participle sched)

schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedynge (participle present)
schedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sched (participle past)
scheden (infinitive)
to scheden (infinitive)
schede (infinitive)
schede (first-person present singular)
schedde (first-person past singular)
sched (first-person past singular)
schedest (present second-person singular)
scheddest (past second-person singular)
schede (past second-person singular)
sched (past second-person singular)
schedeth (present singular third-person)
schedde (past singular third-person)
sched (past singular third-person)
schede (present singular subjunctive)
schedde (past singular subjunctive)
schede (past singular subjunctive)
schede (imperative present singular)
scheden (plural present)
schede (plural present)
schedden (past plural)
schedde (past plural)
scheden (past plural)
schede (past plural)
schedeth (imperative plural present)
schede (imperative plural present)
schedynge (participle present)
schedende (participle present)
sched (participle past)
scheden (participle past)
schede (participle past)
ysched (participle past)
yscheden (participle past)
yschede (participle past)

English: shed

Scots: shed

Yola: shet (preterite)

From Old English scēadan, scādan, from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþan, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skeyt-.

To break up; to divide into pieces:
To separate out; to scatter.


perre

English: perry

Scots: peerie

From Old French peré, perey (modern French poiré), from Vulgar Latin *piratum; related to pere (“pear”).


folen

folen (infinitive)
to folen (infinitive)
fole (infinitive)
fole (first-person present singular)
foled (first-person past singular)
folest (present second-person singular)
foledest (past second-person singular)
foleth (present singular third-person)
foled (past singular third-person)
fole (present singular subjunctive)
foled (past singular subjunctive)
fole (imperative present singular)
folen (plural present)
fole (plural present)
foleden (past plural)
folede (past plural)
foleth (imperative plural present)
fole (imperative plural present)
folynge (participle present)
folende (participle present)
foled (participle past)
yfoled (participle past)

English: foal

Scots: foal

From fole (“foal”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


berme

English: barm

Scots: barm, berme, barme, baurm

Yola: barrm

From Old English beorma, from Proto-West Germanic *bermō.

The head of foam present in beer that is aging.

(rare) The head of foam present in a glass of beer.


swellen

swellen (infinitive)
to swellen (infinitive)
swelle (infinitive)
swelle (first-person present singular)
swal (first-person past singular)
swelled (first-person past singular)
swellest (present second-person singular)
swolle (past second-person singular)
swal (past second-person singular)
swelledest (past second-person singular)
swelleth (present singular third-person)
swal (past singular third-person)
swelled (past singular third-person)
swelle (present singular subjunctive)
swolle (past singular subjunctive)
swelled (past singular subjunctive)
swelle (imperative present singular)
swellen (plural present)
swelle (plural present)
swollen (past plural)
swolle (past plural)
swelleden (past plural)
swellede (past plural)
swelleth (imperative plural present)
swelle (imperative plural present)
swellynge (participle present)
swellende (participle present)
swollen (participle past)
swolle (participle past)
swelled (participle past)
yswolle (participle past)

English: swell

Scots: swell, swall

From Old English swellan, from Proto-West Germanic *swellan, from Proto-Germanic *swellaną.

To swell; to grow or become bigger or stronger:

(medicine) To become swollen due to illness or injury.


oximel

English: oxymel

From Late Latin oxymel, oxymeli, from Ancient Greek ὀξύμελι (oxúmeli).


knytter

English: knitter

Knitter, a person who knits as an occupation.


purgen

purgen (infinitive)
to purgen (infinitive)
purge (infinitive)
purge (first-person present singular)
purged (first-person past singular)
purgest (present second-person singular)
purgedest (past second-person singular)
purgeth (present singular third-person)
purged (past singular third-person)
purge (present singular subjunctive)
purged (past singular subjunctive)
purge (imperative present singular)
purgen (plural present)
purge (plural present)
purgeden (past plural)
purgede (past plural)
purgeth (imperative plural present)
purge (imperative plural present)
purgynge (participle present)
purgende (participle present)
purged (participle past)
ypurged (participle past)

English: purge

Scots: purge

Borrowed from Old French purgier, from Latin pūrgō.

To cleanse or purify; to remove impurities:

(medicine) To purge or cleanse the body.


spruten

spruten (infinitive)
to spruten (infinitive)
sprute (infinitive)
sprute (first-person present singular)
sprot (first-person past singular)
spruted (first-person past singular)
sprutest (present second-person singular)
sprote (past second-person singular)
sprot (past second-person singular)
sprutedest (past second-person singular)
spruteth (present singular third-person)
sprot (past singular third-person)
spruted (past singular third-person)
sprute (present singular subjunctive)
sprote (past singular subjunctive)
spruted (past singular subjunctive)
sprute (imperative present singular)
spruten (plural present)
sprute (plural present)
sproten (past plural)
sprote (past plural)
spruteden (past plural)
sprutede (past plural)
spruteth (imperative plural present)
sprute (imperative plural present)
sprutynge (participle present)
sprutende (participle present)
sproten (participle past)
sprote (participle past)
spruted (participle past)

English: sprout

Scots: sproot, spruit

From Old English sprūtan, from Proto-Germanic *sprūtaną, variant of *spreutaną.


ladde

English: lad

Scots: lad

Probably from North Germanic, possibly Old Norse ladd (“hose, woolen stocking”); according to Liberman, words for socks, shoes, and stockings were used pejoratively as nicknames for fools. See also Swedish ladder (“old shoes”), lodde (“Frisian shoe”), lädder (“socks”), all said to be related to Old Norse loðinn (“hairy, shaggy, woolly”).

cog

A (male) servant or hireling (usually of a noble)

A male commoner; a man with a low position in society.

Any man (without qualification); an adult male human being.

A lad or boy; a male human child (including babies)


warenne

English: warren

From Anglo-Norman warenne, variant of garenne, of disputed origin.

warren (breeding zone for small animals, especially rabbits).


vynegre

desctree

English: vinegar
→ Japanese: ビネガー (binegā)
→ Welsh: finegr

Scots: veenegar

From Old French vinaigre; but sometimes interpreted as a compound of wyn + egre.

vinegar, especially that made from wine (often used in cooking, medicine and as a garnish).


degre

English: degree

Scots: degree

Borrowed from Old French degré, degréz (hence the variant degrece); equivalent to de- + gre.

The state, quality, or status of something; something's current characteristics:

A distinguishing quantity; degree, amount, or extent:

(medicine) A degree of severity of medical conditions.


forfader

English: forefather

Scots: forefaither, forefader


bragot

desc

English: bragget, bracket, brackett, bragawd, braggett, braggot, bragot

From Middle Welsh bragawd, bragaut, bragod.

bragget (beverage made of ale and honey)


fass

English: fas

Yola: fash

From Old English fæs; cognate to Middle High German vase.


schalk

English: shalk

Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik

From Old English scealc, from Proto-West Germanic *skalk.


vexen

vexen (infinitive)
to vexen (infinitive)
vexe (infinitive)
vexe (first-person present singular)
vexed (first-person past singular)
vexest (present second-person singular)
vexedest (past second-person singular)
vexeth (present singular third-person)
vexed (past singular third-person)
vexe (present singular subjunctive)
vexed (past singular subjunctive)
vexe (imperative present singular)
vexen (plural present)
vexe (plural present)
vexeden (past plural)
vexede (past plural)
vexeth (imperative plural present)
vexe (imperative plural present)
vexynge (participle present)
vexende (participle present)
vexed (participle past)
yvexed (participle past)

English: vex

Scots: vex

From Old French vexer, from Latin vēxō, vēxāre.

(law) To bring legal action (against someone)


heggen

enm-verb

heggen (third-person singular simple present heggeth, present participle heggende, heggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hegged)

heggeth (present singular third-person)
heggende (participle present)
heggynge (participle present)
hegged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
heggen (infinitive)
to heggen (infinitive)
hegge (infinitive)
hegge (first-person present singular)
hegged (first-person past singular)
heggest (present second-person singular)
heggedest (past second-person singular)
heggeth (present singular third-person)
hegged (past singular third-person)
hegge (present singular subjunctive)
hegged (past singular subjunctive)
hegge (imperative present singular)
heggen (plural present)
hegge (plural present)
heggeden (past plural)
heggede (past plural)
heggeth (imperative plural present)
hegge (imperative plural present)
heggynge (participle present)
heggende (participle present)
hegged (participle past)
yhegged (participle past)

English: hedge

From hegge (“hedge”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


breden

breden (infinitive)
to breden (infinitive)
brede (infinitive)
brede (first-person present singular)
bredde (first-person past singular)
bradde (first-person past singular)
bredest (present second-person singular)
breddest (past second-person singular)
braddest (past second-person singular)
bredeth (present singular third-person)
bredde (past singular third-person)
bradde (past singular third-person)
brede (present singular subjunctive)
bredde (past singular subjunctive)
bradde (past singular subjunctive)
brede (imperative present singular)
breden (plural present)
brede (plural present)
bredden (past plural)
bredde (past plural)
bradden (past plural)
bradde (past plural)
bredeth (imperative plural present)
brede (imperative plural present)
bredynge (participle present)
bredende (participle present)
bred (participle past)
brad (participle past)
ybred (participle past)
ybrad (participle past)

English: breed

Scots: breed

From Old English brēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *brōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *brōdijaną; equivalent to brod (“brood”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To create; to engender or produce:
To bear; to give birth.


knape

English: knape

Scots: knape, knaip

From Old English cnapa, from Proto-West Germanic *knappō.


mewe

English: mew (archaic)

i

Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)

→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve

French: mauve

Old French: moette

French: mouette

From Old English mǣw, from Proto-West Germanic *maiwī, from Proto-Germanic *maiwaz.

(rare) seagull, gull (member of the family Laridae)


mewe

English: mew (mostly obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

A cage used for allowing birds to shed their feathers.

A cage or compartment used for preparing animals to be used as meat.

Any place where one is locked up or secured; a cage or cell.


anoy

English: annoy

Borrowed from Old French anoi, enoi; compare anoyen and modern English ennui.


boye

English: boy

Scots: boy

Yola: bye, buye

From Old English *bōia, from Proto-Germanic *bōjô.


freten

enm-verb

freten (third-person singular simple present freteth, present participle fretynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative frat, past participle freten)

freteth (present singular third-person)
fretynge (participle present)
frat (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
freten (participle past)
freten (infinitive)
to freten (infinitive)
frete (infinitive)
frete (first-person present singular)
frat (first-person past singular)
fret (first-person past singular)
frette (first-person past singular)
freted (first-person past singular)
fretest (present second-person singular)
frete (past second-person singular)
frat (past second-person singular)
fret (past second-person singular)
frettest (past second-person singular)
fretedest (past second-person singular)
freteth (present singular third-person)
fret (present singular third-person)
frat (past singular third-person)
fret (past singular third-person)
frette (past singular third-person)
freted (past singular third-person)
frete (present singular subjunctive)
frete (past singular subjunctive)
frette (past singular subjunctive)
freted (past singular subjunctive)
frete (imperative present singular)
freten (plural present)
frete (plural present)
freten (past plural)
frete (past plural)
fretten (past plural)
frette (past plural)
freteden (past plural)
fretede (past plural)
freteth (imperative plural present)
frete (imperative plural present)
fretynge (participle present)
fretende (participle present)
freten (participle past)
yfreten (participle past)
frete (participle past)
yfrete (participle past)
fret (participle past)
yfret (participle past)
freted (participle past)
yfreted (participle past)

English: fret

Scots: frete, freet

Inherited from Old English fretan, from Proto-West Germanic *fraetan, from Proto-Germanic *fraetaną; equivalent to fret (“eating away”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Some senses are possibly influenced by an Old French *freiter.

af

(figurative) To wear at; to annoy or injure.

To wear or abrade; to rub or chafe at:
To wear at; to annoy or injure.


sornesse

English: soreness

Scots: sairness

From Old English sārnes; equivalent to sore + -nesse.

Soreness, painfulness; the state of being sore.


impregnacioun

English: impregnation


doughter

enm-noun

doughter (plural doughters or doughtren or deghter or (rare) doughter or (rare) deghteres or (rare) dehtren, genitive doughter or doughters)

doughters (plural)
doughtren (plural)
deghter (plural)
doughter (plural rare)
deghteres (plural rare)
dehtren (plural rare)
doughter (genitive)
doughters (genitive)

desctree

English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda

desc

Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter

Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Old English dohtor, from Proto-West Germanic *dohter.

dostyr

influenced by late Old French, where s before a consonant represented /x/

foꝛ I cam to departe a man aȝenes his fadir .· ⁊ þe douȝtir aȝenes hir modir · ⁊ þe ſones wijf aȝenes þe hoſebondis modir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:35, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because I came to divide a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against [her] mother-in-law.

Nat longe tyme after that this Grisild

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 442-444

Al had hir lever have born a knave child.
Not long time after this Griselda
Was married, she has borne a daughter,
Although she would rather have given birth to a male child.

One's daughter; one's female direct progeny.


purpel

English: purple

Scots: purpill, purple

From Old English purpel, purpul, from Latin purpura, from Ancient Greek πορφύρα (porphúra).

(medicine, rare) A purple wound or sore.


schanke

English: shank

Scots: schank, schanck

From Old English sċanca, from Proto-West Germanic *skankō, from Proto-Germanic *skankô.


wommanhede

English: womanhood; womanhead


wifkin

From Old English wīfcynn, from wīf (“wife”) and cynn (“kin”).


wommankynde

English: womankind


wommanly

head

wommanly (comparative wommanlyere, superlative wommanlyeste)

wommanlyere (comparative)
wommanlyeste (superlative)

English: womanly


wommanyssh

English: womanish, womannish


bathen

enm-verb

bathen (third-person singular simple present batheth, present participle bathende, bathynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bathed)

batheth (present singular third-person)
bathende (participle present)
bathynge (participle present)
bathed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bathen (infinitive)
to bathen (infinitive)
bathe (infinitive)
bathe (first-person present singular)
bathed (first-person past singular)
bathest (present second-person singular)
bathedest (past second-person singular)
batheth (present singular third-person)
bathed (past singular third-person)
bathe (present singular subjunctive)
bathed (past singular subjunctive)
bathe (imperative present singular)
bathen (plural present)
bathe (plural present)
batheden (past plural)
bathede (past plural)
batheth (imperative plural present)
bathe (imperative plural present)
bathynge (participle present)
bathende (participle present)
bathed (participle past)
ybathed (participle past)

English: bathe

Scots: bathe, baith, bauthe

From Old English baþian, from Proto-West Germanic *baþōn, from Proto-Germanic *baþōną; equivalent to bath + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare bethen.


flynt

English: flint

Scots: flint

→ Welsh: fflint

From Old English flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz.

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones, especially flint.


sorceresse

English: sorceress

From Anglo-Norman sorceresse, equivalent to sorcerere + -esse.


wikkednesse

English: wickedness


toborstennysse

(medicine) A cavity or break in tissue; a rupture, abscess.


knave child

enm-noun

knave child (plural knave children or knave childre)

knave children (plural)
knave childre (plural)

English: knave-child (archaic)


toȝotenysse

(Early Middle English, medicine, rare) The seeping of fluid into a cavity; effusion.


toðundennysse

(Early Middle English, medicine) A lump on the body, such as a swelling or tumor.


knyf

English: knife

Sranan Tongo: nefi

Korean: 나이프 (naipeu)

Portuguese: naifa

Samoan: naifi

Japanese: ナイフ

Scots: knyfe, knife

Yola: kunnife

French: canif

From Old English cnīf, from Old Norse knífr, from Proto-Germanic *knībaz.

A knife as a tool or instrument; the following special senses exist:


forkerven

forkerven (infinitive)
to forkerven (infinitive)
forkerve (infinitive)
forkerve (first-person present singular)
forcarf (first-person past singular)
forkervest (present second-person singular)
forcurve (past second-person singular)
forcorve (past second-person singular)
forcarf (past second-person singular)
forkerveth (present singular third-person)
forcarf (past singular third-person)
forkerve (present singular subjunctive)
forcurve (past singular subjunctive)
forcorve (past singular subjunctive)
forkerve (imperative present singular)
forkerven (plural present)
forkerve (plural present)
forcurven (past plural)
forcurve (past plural)
forcorven (past plural)
forcorve (past plural)
forkerveth (imperative plural present)
forkerve (imperative plural present)
forkervynge (participle present)
forkervende (participle present)
forcorven (participle past)
forcorve (participle past)

English: forcarve

From Old English forċeorfan. Equivalent to for- + kerven.

(rare, medicine) To make soft, to disintegrate


barneschen

barneschen (infinitive)
to barneschen (infinitive)
barnesche (infinitive)
barnesche (first-person present singular)
barnesched (first-person past singular)
barneschest (present second-person singular)
barneschedest (past second-person singular)
barnescheth (present singular third-person)
barnesched (past singular third-person)
barnesche (present singular subjunctive)
barnesched (past singular subjunctive)
barnesche (imperative present singular)
barneschen (plural present)
barnesche (plural present)
barnescheden (past plural)
barneschede (past plural)
barnescheth (imperative plural present)
barnesche (imperative plural present)
barneschynge (participle present)
barneschende (participle present)
barnesched (participle past)
ybarnesched (participle past)

Unknown; probably related to barn (“child”).

(Late Middle English, rare) To develop a visible pregnancy.


fenygreke

English: fenugreek

From Old French fenigrec, from Latin foenum graecum.

Trigonella foenum-graecum
Trigonella foenum-graecum#Translingual


venym

English: venom

Yola: vengem

A poison or venom, especially one from an animal.

(medicine) An infection or disease; a malignant presence in the body.


venym

English: venom (obsolete as an adjective)


venymoushede

(medicine) An infection; a malign tumour.


venymouste

From Old French venimosete; by surface analysis, venymous + -te.


wermode

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormwode</i>

English: wormwood (< wormwode)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormet</i>

Scots: wormit (< wormet)

→ Irish: mormónta

From Old English wermōd, wormōd, from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā. Some forms remodelled on the basis of worm + wode.

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

wormwood (Artemisia absinthium or other related plants)

Something that induces bitterness or unlikeability.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.

(biblical) Wormwood (object in the Book of Revelation)


tilyen

tilyen (infinitive)
to tilyen (infinitive)
tilye (infinitive)
tilye (first-person present singular)
tilyed (first-person past singular)
tilyest (present second-person singular)
tilyedest (past second-person singular)
tilyeth (present singular third-person)
tilyed (past singular third-person)
tilye (present singular subjunctive)
tilyed (past singular subjunctive)
tilye (imperative present singular)
tilyen (plural present)
tilye (plural present)
tilyeden (past plural)
tilyede (past plural)
tilyeth (imperative plural present)
tilye (imperative plural present)
tilyynge (participle present)
tilyende (participle present)
tilyed (participle past)
ytilyed (participle past)

English: till

Scots: tele, teel, teil

From Old English tilian, from Proto-Germanic *tilōną. Compare toilen.

(rare) To rid of or eliminate disease or illness.


yeten

enm-verb

yeten (third-person singular simple present yeteth, present participle yetende, yetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative yet, past participle yoten)

yeteth (present singular third-person)
yetende (participle present)
yetynge (participle present)
yet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
yoten (participle past)
yeten (infinitive)
to yeten (infinitive)
yete (infinitive)
yete (first-person present singular)
yet (first-person past singular)
yeted (first-person past singular)
yetest (present second-person singular)
yote (past second-person singular)
yet (past second-person singular)
yetedest (past second-person singular)
yeteth (present singular third-person)
yet (past singular third-person)
yeted (past singular third-person)
yete (present singular subjunctive)
yote (past singular subjunctive)
yeted (past singular subjunctive)
yete (imperative present singular)
yeten (plural present)
yete (plural present)
yoten (past plural)
yote (past plural)
yeteden (past plural)
yetede (past plural)
yeteth (imperative plural present)
yete (imperative plural present)
yetynge (participle present)
yetende (participle present)
yoten (participle past)
yote (participle past)
yeted (participle past)
yyoten (participle past)
yyote (participle past)
yyeted (participle past)

English: yet, ewte (dialectal), yete (obsolete), yeet

Scots: ȝet, yet, yat

q

via past participle <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">yoten</i>

⇒ English: yote (via past participle yoten) (dialectal)

From Old English gēotan, from Proto-West Germanic *geutan.

(transitive, medicine) To emit fluid from the body.

(transitive, medicine) to administer medication by drop or injection.


ballok

English: ballock, bollock

Scots: ballok

From Old English bealluc; equivalent to ball + -ok.


whele

English: wheal

From Old English *hwele; related to Old English hwelian.

A boil or wheal; a malignant lump or wound.


flindre

English: flinder

Unknown. Possibly from Proto-Germanic *fî-faldrôn (“flying, folding”), from *fifaldǭ (“butterfly”). If so, related to Faroese firvaldur and German Falter.
Probably also related to West Frisian flinter (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinder (“butterfly; moth”). Compare also Saterland Frisian Flinnerke (“butterfly”), Dutch vlinderen (“to flutter; fly”), and Albanian flutur (“butterfly”).


whelyn

whelyn (infinitive)
to whelyn (infinitive)
whele (infinitive)
whele (first-person present singular)
wheled (first-person past singular)
whelest (present second-person singular)
wheledest (past second-person singular)
wheleth (present singular third-person)
wheled (past singular third-person)
whele (present singular subjunctive)
wheled (past singular subjunctive)
whele (imperative present singular)
whelen (plural present)
whele (plural present)
wheleden (past plural)
whelede (past plural)
wheleth (imperative plural present)
whele (imperative plural present)
whelynge (participle present)
whelende (participle present)
wheled (participle past)
ywheled (participle past)

English: wheal

From Old English hwelian; equivalent to whele (“boil”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(medicine, rare) To become pustulous and swollen.

(medicine, rare) To become septic and infected.


harneys

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman harneis, from Old Norse *hernest. See Old French hernois.


walwort

English: wallwort, walwort, walewort (dated)

From Old English wealhwyrt, equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + wort (“plant”).

Sambucus ebulus
Sambucus ebulus#Translingual

danewort (The plant Sambucus ebulus, often used for medicinal purposes)


mousepese

English: mouse pea (Lathyrus pratensis)

Lathyrus linifolius
Wikispecies:Lathyrus linifolius

bitter vetch; heath pea (Lathyrus linifolius)


mousere

English: mouse-ear

Hieracium pilosella
Wikispecies:Hieracium pilosella


toþen

toþen (infinitive)
to toþen (infinitive)
toþe (infinitive)
toþe (first-person present singular)
toþed (first-person past singular)
toþest (present second-person singular)
toþedest (past second-person singular)
toþeth (present singular third-person)
toþed (past singular third-person)
toþe (present singular subjunctive)
toþed (past singular subjunctive)
toþe (imperative present singular)
toþen (plural present)
toþe (plural present)
toþeden (past plural)
toþede (past plural)
toþeth (imperative plural present)
toþe (imperative plural present)
toþynge (participle present)
toþende (participle present)
toþed (participle past)
ytoþed (participle past)

English: tooth


tothe

English: tooth

Scots: tuth, tuith


tethen

tethen (infinitive)
to tethen (infinitive)
tethe (infinitive)
tethe (first-person present singular)
tethed (first-person past singular)
tethest (present second-person singular)
tethedest (past second-person singular)
tetheth (present singular third-person)
tethed (past singular third-person)
tethe (present singular subjunctive)
tethed (past singular subjunctive)
tethe (imperative present singular)
tethen (plural present)
tethe (plural present)
tetheden (past plural)
tethede (past plural)
tetheth (imperative plural present)
tethe (imperative plural present)
tethynge (participle present)
tethende (participle present)
tethed (participle past)
ytethed (participle past)

English: teethe

Scots: teethe


byndynge

English: binding

Scots: bindin

(rare) Bookbinding; the making of a book's spine.


nyfte

English: nift (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English nift, from Proto-West Germanic *nifti, from Proto-Germanic *niftiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)


quenchen

enm-verb

quenchen (third-person singular simple present quencheth, present participle quenchende, quenchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quenched)

quencheth (present singular third-person)
quenchende (participle present)
quenchynge (participle present)
quenched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
quenchen (infinitive)
to quenchen (infinitive)
quenche (infinitive)
quenche (first-person present singular)
quenched (first-person past singular)
quenchest (present second-person singular)
quenchedest (past second-person singular)
quencheth (present singular third-person)
quenched (past singular third-person)
quenche (present singular subjunctive)
quenched (past singular subjunctive)
quenche (imperative present singular)
quenchen (plural present)
quenche (plural present)
quencheden (past plural)
quenchede (past plural)
quencheth (imperative plural present)
quenche (imperative plural present)
quenchynge (participle present)
quenchende (participle present)
quenched (participle past)
yquenched (participle past)

English: quench

Scots: quench

Inherited from Old English cwenċan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwankijan, from Proto-Germanic *kwankijaną.

(medicine) To modify mercury to make it usable in recipes.


vendage

desctree

English: vintage
→ French: vintage
→ Polish: vintage
→ Spanish: vintage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vendenge (with the suffix modified after -age), from Latin vī̆ndēmia. Forms with /t/ are due to the influence of vin(i)ter.

vintage (the seasonal crop of a vineyard)


rubarbe

English: rhubarb

Scots: rhubarub

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reubarbe, from Late Latin reubarbarum, probably from Koine Greek ῥῆον βάρβαρον (rhêon bárbaron).

der

ῥῆον βάρβαρον

A kind of plant belonging to the genus Rheum; rhubarb.


saturnous

From Saturne + -ous, from Latin Sāturnus.

Beth they war of metes that encresith sede..& suche metis ben..stronge, swete wyne & saturnous; and good wyne þat is myghty & swete, bothe whit & rede.


mynystren

enm-verb

mynystren (third-person singular simple present mynystreth, present participle mynystrende, mynystrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mynystred)

mynystreth (present singular third-person)
mynystrende (participle present)
mynystrynge (participle present)
mynystred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mynystren (infinitive)
to mynystren (infinitive)
mynystre (infinitive)
mynystre (first-person present singular)
mynystred (first-person past singular)
mynystrest (present second-person singular)
mynystredest (past second-person singular)
mynystreth (present singular third-person)
mynystred (past singular third-person)
mynystre (present singular subjunctive)
mynystred (past singular subjunctive)
mynystre (imperative present singular)
mynystren (plural present)
mynystre (plural present)
mynystreden (past plural)
mynystrede (past plural)
mynystreth (imperative plural present)
mynystre (imperative plural present)
mynystrynge (participle present)
mynystrende (participle present)
mynystred (participle past)
ymynystred (participle past)

English: minister

Scots: minister (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French ministrer, from Old French ministrer, from Latin ministrō; equivalent to ministre + -en (infinitival suffix).

(Christianity or medicine) To administer (a sacrament or medicine)

To give (out); to deliver:
To administer (a sacrament or medicine)


ministracioun

English: ministration

Scots: ministration (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French ministration, from Old French ministracïon, from Latin ministrātio; equivalent to ministre + -acioun.

bor+

Administration (especially of medicine or sacraments)


mynystrynge

English: ministering

Scots: ministring (obsolete)

(medicine, rare) The administration of medicine.


bleden

bleden (infinitive)
to bleden (infinitive)
blede (infinitive)
blede (first-person present singular)
bledde (first-person past singular)
bledest (present second-person singular)
bleddest (past second-person singular)
bledeth (present singular third-person)
bledde (past singular third-person)
blede (present singular subjunctive)
bledde (past singular subjunctive)
blede (imperative present singular)
bleden (plural present)
blede (plural present)
bledden (past plural)
bledde (past plural)
bledeth (imperative plural present)
blede (imperative plural present)
bledynge (participle present)
bledende (participle present)
bled (participle past)
ybled (participle past)

English: bleed

Scots: blede, bleid

From Old English blēdan, from Proto-Germanic *blōþijaną.

To pass away (especially from blood loss caused by injury)


gyser

English: gizzard

Borrowed from Middle French gésier, guysier, from Old French gesier, from Latin gigēria.

(Late Middle English) A gizzard or liver; an organ for processing waste.


gyserne

English: gizzern

Scots: gizzern


wombe

English: womb

Geordie English: wyem

Scots: wame, wam

From Old English womb, wamb, from Proto-West Germanic *wambu, from Proto-Germanic *wambō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(figurative) One's diet, nutritional habits or lifestyle.

The stomach (portion of a body between the torso and the chest):

The womb or uterus; the location where a baby gestates.

The digestive organs or entrails of an organism.


spynnere

English: spinner

A spinner; a person (normally a woman) who spins fibre as a job.


spynner

English: spinner


spynnestere

English: spinster

Scots: spinster


wevynge

English: weaving

Scots: weavin

(anatomy, rare) An array of various interwoven threads.


spyne

English: spine

Borrowed from Old French espine and its ancestor Latin spīna, from Proto-Italic *speinā.

A spine (prickle or needle of an animal)


stiffenes

English: stiffness


schulder-blade

English: shoulderblade

(rare) The scapula or shoulder bone (bone behind the shoulder).


schulder bone

English: shoulder bone


schuldre

enm-noun

schuldre (plural schuldres or schuldren)

English: shoulder

desc

Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder

Yola: shuller

From Old English sċuldra, sċuldor, from Proto-West Germanic *skuldru.

And ſotheli Sem and Jafeth puttiden a mentil on her ſchuldris, and thei ȝeden bacward, and hileden the ſchameful membris of her fadir, and her faces weren turned awei, and thei ſien not the priuy membris of her fadir.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Genesis 9:23”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Due to that, Shem and Japheth put a mantle on their shoulders, and they went backwards and covered their father's nether regions, so that they didn't see their father's privates.

The shoulder (as a joint or as a region of the body).

(figurative) One's strength or carrying capacity.

The part of a piece of clothing which surrounds the shoulder.


bladdre

English: bladder

Scots: bledder, blether

Yola: blautheer

From Old English blǣdre, blǣddre, blēdre, from Proto-West Germanic *blādrā, from Proto-Germanic *blēdrǭ.

Any other bladder or sac; often used in medicine.


browe

English: brow

Geordie English: broo

Scots: broo

Inherited from Old English brū, from Proto-West Germanic *brūu, from Proto-Germanic *brūwō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

The eyebrow (line of hair above the eyes)


herne panne

English: harnpan, harn-pan

Scots: harn-pan


brayn panne

English: brainpan, brain-pan

Scots: branepan (obsolete)

From Old English bræġenpanne; equivalent to brayn + panne.

The skull or brainpan, especially the upper portion.


brayn

English: brain

Scots: brane, braine

Yola: bryne, brine, brian

From Old English bræġn, from Proto-West Germanic *bragn, from Proto-Germanic *bragną.

Brain matter; the substance the brain is made of.


kirnelly

English: kernelly

(rare) glandular, containing many glands or tumours.


swellynge

English: swelling

Scots: swallin

(medicine) A swelling or growth of a body part or injury.

(medicine) An unnatural excrescence or projection.


swelle

English: swell

(rare, medicine) A swelling or bloating.


serchour

English: searcher

Scots: saircher

/ˈsɛːrt͡ʃər/

Borrowed from Old French cercheor; equivalent to serchen + -our.

A searcher; an investigator or scrutiniser.

One who performs checkups or quality control:

A person employed by a guild to ensure adherence to guild guidelines.

A person who levies duties and examines the quality of trade goods.

(rare) An investigator of watches or postings.

A medical implement used to extract or examine.


blowynge

English: blowing

Scots: blawin

Inherited from Old English blāwung; equivalent to blowen (“to blow”) + -ing.

(rare, medicine) Inflammation or swelling of a body part.


ympen

enm-verb

ympen (third-person singular simple present ympeth, present participle ympende, ympynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ymped)

ympeth (present singular third-person)
ympende (participle present)
ympynge (participle present)
ymped (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
ympen (infinitive)
to ympen (infinitive)
ympe (infinitive)
ympe (first-person present singular)
ymped (first-person past singular)
ympest (present second-person singular)
ympedest (past second-person singular)
ympeth (present singular third-person)
ymped (past singular third-person)
ympe (present singular subjunctive)
ymped (past singular subjunctive)
ympe (imperative present singular)
ympen (plural present)
ympe (plural present)
ympeden (past plural)
ympede (past plural)
ympeth (imperative plural present)
ympe (imperative plural present)
ympynge (participle present)
ympende (participle present)
ymped (participle past)
yymped (participle past)

English: imp

Scots: imp

Inherited from Old English impian, from Proto-West Germanic *impōn; equivalent to ympe + -en (“infinitival suffix”, infinitival suffix).

af

To transplant (attach a cutting to stock)


bathynge

English: bathing

(Late Middle English) The process of bathing, especially for medicinal purposes.


skynner

English: skinner

Scots: skinner

From skyn + -er; compare to Old Norse skinnari.


skynnen

enm-verb

skynnen (third-person singular simple present skynneth, present participle skynnende, skynnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle skynned)

skynneth (present singular third-person)
skynnende (participle present)
skynnynge (participle present)
skynned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
skynnen (infinitive)
to skynnen (infinitive)
skynne (infinitive)
skynne (first-person present singular)
skynned (first-person past singular)
skynnest (present second-person singular)
skynnedest (past second-person singular)
skynneth (present singular third-person)
skynned (past singular third-person)
skynne (present singular subjunctive)
skynned (past singular subjunctive)
skynne (imperative present singular)
skynnen (plural present)
skynne (plural present)
skynneden (past plural)
skynnede (past plural)
skynneth (imperative plural present)
skynne (imperative plural present)
skynnynge (participle present)
skynnende (participle present)
skynned (participle past)
yskynned (participle past)

English: skin

Scots: skin

From skyn + -en (infinitival suffix); compare to Old Norse skinna.

(rare) To remove the skin; to perform a circumcision.


tuskyd

English: tusked

Scots: tuskit (obsolete)


tusshe

English: tush

From Old English tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusk.


asshe

English: ash

Scots: aish, esh

From Old English æsc, from Proto-West Germanic *ask, from Proto-Germanic *askaz.


heggynge

English: hedging

Scots: hedgin

(rare) A hedge or fence that looks like a hedge.


spicerie

English: spicery

Scots: spicerie

From Old French espicerie; equivalent to spicer + -ie or spice + -erie.

A spice or spices; ground substances used as flavouring:

Spices used for their scents, aromas, or smells.

Spices used for their (purported) medical effects.

Spices used for the embalmment dead bodies.


ȝerde

English: yard, yerd

Scots: yaird, yeard, yird

Inherited from Old English ġerd, from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀdi, from Proto-Germanic *gazdijō. related to Polish żerdź from Proto-Slavic *žьrdь ("perch, pole, ricker").

A bar or rod; a long, skinny piece of material:

A bar used to stop a joint from moving; a splint.

One's penis or phallus; the main sexual organ of a male.


schaver

English: shaver

(rare, Late Middle English) A haircutter; one who cuts peoples' hair.


schavynge

English: shaving

Scratching, filing, razoring, abrasion; the process of removing material


hacchen

hacchen (infinitive)
to hacchen (infinitive)
hacche (infinitive)
hacche (first-person present singular)
hacched (first-person past singular)
haughte (first-person past singular)
hacchest (present second-person singular)
hacchedest (past second-person singular)
haughtest (past second-person singular)
haccheth (present singular third-person)
hacched (past singular third-person)
haughte (past singular third-person)
hacche (present singular subjunctive)
hacched (past singular subjunctive)
haughte (past singular subjunctive)
hacche (imperative present singular)
hacchen (plural present)
hacche (plural present)
haccheden (past plural)
hacchede (past plural)
haughten (past plural)
haughte (past plural)
haccheth (imperative plural present)
hacche (imperative plural present)
hacchynge (participle present)
hacchende (participle present)
hacched (participle past)
haught (participle past)
yhacched (participle past)
yhaught (participle past)

English: hatch

From Old English hæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *hakjaną.


resyn

English: resin

Borrowed from Old French résine, from Latin resīna.


monfulnesse

English: manfulness

(Late Middle English, rare) manfulness, male virtue


toppyng

English: topping

Scots: tappin

(rare, Late Middle English) A attachment for the top of a candle.


taylende

English: tail end, tail-end, tailend


frount

English: front (see there for further descendants)

Scots: front

Borrowed from Old French front, from Latin frons.

The front; the forward side of something:

The front of the head; the face or forehead.


botme

desctree

English: bottom, botton (dialectal)
→ Dutch: bottom
→ French: bottom

desc

Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome

Yola: bothom

From Old English botm, bodan, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

The lowest section of something; the bottom, especially of water:

The bottom portion of a ship's hull, or the line of wood running along it.


tayl

English: tail

Scots: tail, tale

Yola: tyel, taal

From Old English tæġl, from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, form Proto-Germanic *taglą, *taglaz.

A line, row or array:
(botany) A shoot or branch.

A line, row or array:
A shoot or branch.

(euphemistic) One's genitalia or nether regions.


dokkyn

dokkyn (infinitive)
to dokkyn (infinitive)
dokke (infinitive)
dokke (first-person present singular)
dokked (first-person past singular)
dokkest (present second-person singular)
dokkedest (past second-person singular)
dokketh (present singular third-person)
dokked (past singular third-person)
dokke (present singular subjunctive)
dokked (past singular subjunctive)
dokke (imperative present singular)
dokken (plural present)
dokke (plural present)
dokkeden (past plural)
dokkede (past plural)
dokketh (imperative plural present)
dokke (imperative plural present)
dokkynge (participle present)
dokkende (participle present)
dokked (participle past)
ydokked (participle past)

English: dock

Scots: dock

(rare, Late Middle English) To lessen one's rights or capabilities.


norisshyng

Child-raising; the education and preparation of young for the world (usually referring to humans)

(rare) Reproduction; giving birth or producing offspring.

(rare) The consumption of nourishment or other living requirements.

(rare) Luxuries, indulgences; goods that are not necessary.


norischen

norischen (infinitive)
to norischen (infinitive)
norische (infinitive)
norische (first-person present singular)
norisched (first-person past singular)
norischest (present second-person singular)
norischedest (past second-person singular)
norischeth (present singular third-person)
norisched (past singular third-person)
norische (present singular subjunctive)
norisched (past singular subjunctive)
norische (imperative present singular)
norischen (plural present)
norische (plural present)
norischeden (past plural)
norischede (past plural)
norischeth (imperative plural present)
norische (imperative plural present)
norischynge (participle present)
norischende (participle present)
norisched (participle past)
ynorisched (participle past)

English: nourish

Scots: nourish

From Old French nouriss-, stem of norrir, from Latin nūtriō.

To nourish; to provide with food or nourishment.

To breastfeed; to provide with breastmilk.

To give birth; to reproduce or create offspring.

(physiology) To supply bodily organs with vital substances.


nayl

English: nail

Scots: nail, nale

Yola: niel

(rare) An ocular malady present in humans and animals.


mygge

From Old English micga, micge; related to miȝen (“to produce urine”).


miȝen

miȝen (infinitive)
to miȝen (infinitive)
miȝe (infinitive)
miȝe (first-person present singular)
mæh (first-person past singular)
meh (first-person past singular)
myhst (present second-person singular)
miȝe (past second-person singular)
mæh (past second-person singular)
meh (past second-person singular)
myhþ (present singular third-person)
mæh (past singular third-person)
meh (past singular third-person)
miȝe (present singular subjunctive)
miȝe (past singular subjunctive)
miȝe (imperative present singular)
miȝen (plural present)
miȝe (plural present)
miȝen (past plural)
miȝe (past plural)
miȝeþ (imperative plural present)
miȝe (imperative plural present)
miȝende (participle present)
miȝen (participle past)
ȝemiȝen (participle past)
imiȝen (participle past)

(Early Middle English) To produce urine; to urinate.


pissere

English: pisser


pyssynge

English: pissing

Scots: pishin


pocioun

English: potion

Scots: potion

Borrowed from Old French pocion, borrowed itself from Latin pōtiō; doublet of pocioun, which Old French inherited from the same Latin source.

A liquid medicine or remedy; a medicinal solution.


lether

desctree

English: leather
Tok Pisin: let
→ Esperanto: ledo
→ Ido: ledro

Scots: lether, ledder, leither

Yola: luther (verb)

Inherited from Old English leþer, from Proto-West Germanic *leþr, from Proto-Germanic *leþrą, from Proto-Indo-European *letróm.

(rare, Late Middle English) An ocular tumor.


prophetesse

English: prophetess

Borrowed from Old French prophetesse, from Latin prophētissa; equivalent to prophete + -esse.

A female prophet; one who expounds upon a divine message or a purported one.

(rare) A female foreteller; a woman who divines or previews.


divisioun

English: division

Scots: diveesion

Borrowed from Old French division, from Latin dīvīsiōnem, accusative of dīvīsiō.

Division; the act of dividing or splitting:

(rare, mathematics) The mathematical operation of division.

A distinguishing, defining or identifying attribute.

Description or delineation; the act of determining.


visioun

English: vision

Scots: veesion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman visioun, from Latin vīsiōnem, accusative singular of vīsiō.

A vision; an illusory image, apparition or mirage.


fumosite

English: fumosity (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French fumosité, from Latin fūmōsitās (which some forms are directly from); equivalent to fumous + -ite.

(physiology) Bodily fumes that purportedly cause an ailment or mood.


aqua vite

desc

> English: aqua vitae, aqua vitæ (inherited)

A kind of brandy (often flavoured with spices).


whelpen

whelpen (infinitive)
to whelpen (infinitive)
whelpe (infinitive)
whelpe (first-person present singular)
whelped (first-person past singular)
whelpest (present second-person singular)
whelpedest (past second-person singular)
whelpeth (present singular third-person)
whelped (past singular third-person)
whelpe (present singular subjunctive)
whelped (past singular subjunctive)
whelpe (imperative present singular)
whelpen (plural present)
whelpe (plural present)
whelpeden (past plural)
whelpede (past plural)
whelpeth (imperative plural present)
whelpe (imperative plural present)
whelpynge (participle present)
whelpende (participle present)
whelped (participle past)
ywhelped (participle past)

English: whelp

From Old English hwelpian; equivalent to whelp + -en (infinitival suffix).

(referring to animals) To give birth; to bear a litter or whelp.


sethyng

English: seething

Scots: seethin


sethen

sethen (infinitive)
to sethen (infinitive)
sethe (infinitive)
sethe (first-person present singular)
seth (first-person past singular)
soth (first-person past singular)
sethest (present second-person singular)
sothe (past second-person singular)
sode (past second-person singular)
seth (past second-person singular)
soth (past second-person singular)
setheth (present singular third-person)
seth (present singular third-person)
seth (past singular third-person)
soth (past singular third-person)
sethe (present singular subjunctive)
sothe (past singular subjunctive)
sode (past singular subjunctive)
sethe (imperative present singular)
sethen (plural present)
sethe (plural present)
sothen (past plural)
sothe (past plural)
soden (past plural)
sode (past plural)
setheth (imperative plural present)
sethe (imperative plural present)
sethynge (participle present)
sethende (participle present)
soden (participle past)
sode (participle past)
ysoden (participle past)
ysode (participle past)

English: seethe (sodden is from the former past participle)

Scots: seth, seith, seethe (sodden is from the former past participle)

From Old English sēoþan, from Proto-Germanic *seuþaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sēden, Middle Dutch sieden, Middle High German sieden, and Old Swedish siūþa.

To break down or process one's consumed food using stomach acid; to digest.


chevese

Inherited from Old English ċiefes, ċiefese, from Proto-West Germanic *kabisi, from Proto-Germanic *kabisjō.


rebellyng

English: rebelling

(Late Middle English) Refusal to obey authorities or rules (divine or earyhly)

(rare) An uprising or revolt against authorities

(rare, Late Middle English) Aches in one's digestive system.


growte

English: grout

Scots: grute, gruit

Inherited from Old English grūt, from Proto-Germanic *grūtą, *grutą.


bridegome

English: bridegroom

Scots: bridegreem

Yola: breedegroom

Inherited from Old English brȳdguma, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdigumō, from Proto-Germanic *brūdigumô; equivalent to bride + gome (“man”).

A (bride)groom; a man recently married or to be married.

(theology) God as Christendom's partner.


mastik

English: mastic

Borrowed from Old French mastic, from Latin mastiche, from Ancient Greek μαστίχη (mastíkhē).

Pistacia lentiscus
Pistacia lentiscus#Translingual

(rare) The mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)


gummen

gummen (infinitive)
to gummen (infinitive)
gumme (infinitive)
gumme (first-person present singular)
gummed (first-person past singular)
gummest (present second-person singular)
gummedest (past second-person singular)
gummeth (present singular third-person)
gummed (past singular third-person)
gumme (present singular subjunctive)
gummed (past singular subjunctive)
gumme (imperative present singular)
gummen (plural present)
gumme (plural present)
gummeden (past plural)
gummede (past plural)
gummeth (imperative plural present)
gumme (imperative plural present)
gummynge (participle present)
gummende (participle present)
gummed (participle past)
ygummed (participle past)

English: gum


gumme

English: gum

Scots: gum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gume, from Late Latin gumma, from Latin gummi, cummi, from Ancient Greek κόμμι (kómmi), from Egyptian qmy, qmyt.

A gum or resin; a sticky syrup from a plant, used as scent and in pharmaceuticals.


gnawynge

English: gnawing

A severe pain or injury; something that causes great pain.


brewere

English: brewer

Scots: brewer


brewestere

English: brewster

Scots: browster


brewe

English: bree (dialectal)

Scots: brew, bree

From Old English brǣw, brēaw, brēġ, from Proto-Germanic *brēwō (besides *brūwō → Middle English browe).


brewen

brewen (infinitive)
to brewen (infinitive)
brewe (infinitive)
brewe (first-person present singular)
brew (first-person past singular)
brewed (first-person past singular)
brewest (present second-person singular)
browe (past second-person singular)
brew (past second-person singular)
brewedest (past second-person singular)
breweth (present singular third-person)
brew (past singular third-person)
brewed (past singular third-person)
brewe (present singular subjunctive)
browe (past singular subjunctive)
brewed (past singular subjunctive)
brewe (imperative present singular)
brewen (plural present)
brewe (plural present)
browen (past plural)
browe (past plural)
breweden (past plural)
brewede (past plural)
breweth (imperative plural present)
brewe (imperative plural present)
brewynge (participle present)
brewende (participle present)
browen (participle past)
browe (participle past)
brewed (participle past)
ybrowen (participle past)
ybrowe (participle past)
ybrewed (participle past)

English: brew

Scots: brew

To brew; to make or be involved in making alcoholic beverages (especially beer).


brewhous

English: brewhouse

A brewhouse or brewery; a place for making beer.


styngyng

English: stinging

A sting; the pain caused by a stinging or similar pain.


stynge

English: sting

Scots: sting

Inherited from Old English sting, stincg, from Proto-Germanic *stungiz.

A sting; the pain caused by a stinger or any analogous pain.


writhyng

English: writhing


kembestere

English: kempster, kembster (historical)

Middle Scots: kemstar

A kembster; one (usually female) who combs wool.


souken

souken (infinitive)
to souken (infinitive)
souke (infinitive)
souke (first-person present singular)
sek (first-person past singular)
sok (first-person past singular)
souked (first-person past singular)
soukest (present second-person singular)
soke (past second-person singular)
sek (past second-person singular)
sok (past second-person singular)
soukedest (past second-person singular)
souketh (present singular third-person)
sek (past singular third-person)
sok (past singular third-person)
souked (past singular third-person)
souke (present singular subjunctive)
soke (past singular subjunctive)
souked (past singular subjunctive)
souke (imperative present singular)
souken (plural present)
souke (plural present)
soken (past plural)
soke (past plural)
soukeden (past plural)
soukede (past plural)
souketh (imperative plural present)
souke (imperative plural present)
soukynge (participle present)
soukende (participle present)
soken (participle past)
soke (participle past)
souked (participle past)
ysoken (participle past)
ysoke (participle past)
ysouked (participle past)

English: suck

Scots: souke

Inherited from Old English sūcan, sūgan, from Proto-West Germanic *sūkan, *sūgan, from Proto-Germanic *sūkaną, *sūganą.

To suck (to draw with the mouth):
To breastfeed (of an infant)


kemben

enm-verb

kemben (third-person singular simple present kembeth, present participle kembynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative kempte, past participle kempt)

kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembynge (participle present)
kempte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
kempt (participle past)
kemben (infinitive)
to kemben (infinitive)
kembe (infinitive)
kembe (first-person present singular)
kembed (first-person past singular)
kempte (first-person past singular)
kembest (present second-person singular)
kembedest (past second-person singular)
kemptest (past second-person singular)
kembeth (present singular third-person)
kembed (past singular third-person)
kempte (past singular third-person)
kembe (present singular subjunctive)
kembed (past singular subjunctive)
kempte (past singular subjunctive)
kembe (imperative present singular)
kemben (plural present)
kembe (plural present)
kembeden (past plural)
kembede (past plural)
kempten (past plural)
kempte (past plural)
kembeth (imperative plural present)
kembe (imperative plural present)
kembynge (participle present)
kembende (participle present)
kembed (participle past)
kempt (participle past)
ykembed (participle past)
ykempt (participle past)

English: kemb (obsolete except for kempt, unkempt), comb (remodelled on the noun)

Scots: kem, keme

Yola: khimed (preterite)

From Old English cemban, from Proto-West Germanic *kambijan, from Proto-Germanic *kambijaną.

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

To comb or brush one's hair; to use a comb.


hony

English: honey (see there for further descendants)

Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny

Yola: henee, honi

From Old English huniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą, dissimilated variant of *hunangą, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks.


hayle

English: hail

Scots: hail

From Old English hæġl, hæġel, hagol, from Proto-Germanic *haglaz (“hail”).

(rare, medicine) A tumor situated near the eye.


elbowe

English: elbow

Scots: elbuck

Yola: helbough, helboge

From Old English elnboga, elboga, from Proto-Germanic *alinabugô; equivalent to elne + bowe.

(rare) A tassel suspended from the elbow.


chyne

English: chine (chink)

Scots: chin, chun

From Old English ċine, ċinu, from Proto-West Germanic *kinu, from Proto-Germanic *kinō. Forms with /iː/ are influenced by chynen.

(pathology) opening (of an injury or wound)


chyne

English: chine

From Old French eschine, from Frankish *skinu, from Proto-Germanic *skinō. Doublet of schyne (“shin”).


thenoun

Borrowed from Latin tenōn, from Ancient Greek τένων (ténōn).


posicioun

English: position

Borrowed from Old French posicion, from Latin positiō.

(surgery) Position or location on the body.


disposicioun

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">dispotion</i>

English: disposition (obsolete dispotion)

Borrowed from Middle French disposition, from Old French disposition, from Latin dispositiō; equivalent to dis- + posicioun.

Preparing or readying; the act of making oneself ready.

The state of being able to direct, instruct, or command; control.

The state of being able to make decisions or choices.

A directive, instruction, or command; an act of those in power.


imposicioun

English: imposition

Borrowed from Old French imposicion, from Latin impositiō; equivalent to in- + posicioun.

(rare, surgery) Entering, putting something inside.


sotilen

sotilen (infinitive)
to sotilen (infinitive)
sotile (infinitive)
sotile (first-person present singular)
sotiled (first-person past singular)
sotilest (present second-person singular)
sotiledest (past second-person singular)
sotileth (present singular third-person)
sotiled (past singular third-person)
sotile (present singular subjunctive)
sotiled (past singular subjunctive)
sotile (imperative present singular)
sotilen (plural present)
sotile (plural present)
sotileden (past plural)
sotilede (past plural)
sotileth (imperative plural present)
sotile (imperative plural present)
sotilynge (participle present)
sotilende (participle present)
sotiled (participle past)
ysotiled (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French sotiliier, from Late Latin subtīliō; equivalent to sotil + -en (infinitival suffix).

(medicine) To lessen someone's food intake.


situacioun

English: situation

Borrowed from Middle French situation, from Medieval Latin situātio.


spewynge

English: spewing

Scots: spewin


spewen

enm-verb

spewen (third-person singular simple present speweth, present participle spewende, spewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle spewed)

speweth (present singular third-person)
spewende (participle present)
spewynge (participle present)
spewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
spewen (infinitive)
to spewen (infinitive)
spewe (infinitive)
spewe (first-person present singular)
spewed (first-person past singular)
spewest (present second-person singular)
spewedest (past second-person singular)
speweth (present singular third-person)
spewed (past singular third-person)
spewe (present singular subjunctive)
spewed (past singular subjunctive)
spewe (imperative present singular)
spewen (plural present)
spewe (plural present)
speweden (past plural)
spewede (past plural)
speweth (imperative plural present)
spewe (imperative plural present)
spewynge (participle present)
spewende (participle present)
spewed (participle past)
spowen (participle past)
spowe (participle past)
yspewed (participle past)

English: spew

Scots: spew

From Old English spīwan (strong class 1).

To spew (regurgitate partially-digested food)


cirurgie

English: chirurgy (altered after Latin and Greek)

Borrowed from Old French cirurgie, borrowed itself from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of surgerie. At least one form has been remodelled to incorporate the suffix -erie (a process that happened already before the word was borrowed into Middle English).

surgery (the part of medicine related to performing surgical operations)


cirurgien

English: chirurgeon (altered after Latin and Greek)

Borrowed from Old French cirurgiien, borrowed itself from Vulgar Latin *chīrurgiānus, from chīrurgia; equivalent to cirurgie + -ien. Doublet of surgien.

A surgeon; one who practices the art of surgery.


surgerie

English: surgery

Borrowed from Old French surgerie; a modification of surgie, from Latin chīrurgia. Doublet of cirurgie. Almost all forms have been remodelled to incorporate the suffix -erie (a process that happened already before the word was borrowed into Middle English).


hornynge

English: horning

(surgery) The utilisation of a horn for suction.


fleumatik

English: phlegmatic (remodelled after Latin)

From Old French fleumatique, from Latin phlegmāticus.

Phlegmatic; containing or made of the humour of phlegm.

Caused by an overabundance or overflow of phlegm; made due to too much phlegm.

(rare) Generating, creating or making phlegm.


flewme

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fleam</i>

English: phlegm (dialectal fleam)

Scots: fleem

From Old French fleume, from Latin phlegma, from Ancient Greek φλέγμα (phlégma). For the change of /ɛu̯/ to /ɛː/ before /m/, compare rewme.

Phlegm, sputum or a similar mucous substance; material coughed up.


malencolious

English: melancholious (obsolete)

From Middle French melancolieus; equivalent to malencolie + -ous.

Made of or containing black bile or melancholy.


malencolik

English: melancholic (remodelled after Greek)

From Old French melancolique, from Ancient Greek μελαγχολικός (melankholikós); equivalent to malencolie + -ik.

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μελαγχολικός


malencolie

English: melancholy (remodelled after Latin)

From Old French melancolie, from Late Latin melancholia, from Ancient Greek μελαγχολία (melankholía). Many forms of this word show influence from Old French mal (“bad”).

Black bile as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

A supposed affliction caused by an excessive amount or quantity of black bile.


malencolie

Scots: melancholy (remodelled after Latin)

Yola: malaunchly (remodelled after Latin)

Tending to be under the influence of black bile.

Having one's mood changed by black bile; depressed or raging.

(rare) Due to the influence of black bile.


colerik

English: choleric

From Old French colerique, from Latin cholericus; equivalent to coler (“choler”) + -ik.

Having an extreme and dangerous quantity of yellow bile.

Due to the influence or presence of yellow bile.

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, line 589,
The REVE was a sclendre colerik man.

Having one's mood changed by yellow bile; easily angered.

(rare) Made of or containing yellow bile or choler.

(rare) Under the influence of or governed by yellow bile.

(rare) Having a proclivity to promote black bile.


ooneyed

English: one-eyed

Scots: ane-eit, aan eet

From Old English ānēġed, from Proto-Germanic *ainaugidaz. Equivalent to oon + eyed.


terebentyne

English: turpentine

Scots: torpity (obsolete)

From Old French terbentine, turbentine, from Latin terebinthina; equivalent to therebynte + -ine.

Turpentine or a pharmaceutical made from it.


governeresse

English: governess, governoress

Borrowed from Old French governeresse; equivalent to governour + -esse.

A female guardian or protector; a governess.


governynge

English: governing

(medicine) The practice of giving out a restorative course of action.

(physiology, rare) The effect exerted by a part of the body on another.


governail

English: governail (archaic)

Middle Scots: governall

Borrowed from Middle French governail, from Old French governail, governaille, from Latin gubernāculum.

(rare, medicine) A restorative course of action.


fantome

English: phantom, phantasm

Scots: phanton

Borrowed from Old French fantesme, fantosme, from Latin phantasma, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma).

(rare, medicine) A hallucination or delirium brought on by illness.


botoun

English: button (see there for further descendants)

Scots: button

Yola: buththone, boththone

Borrowed from Old French bouton, boton. See English button for more.

A button or decorative protrusion on garments or tools.

A bud, budset, or shoot; a newly-formed leaf.

Ac hy habbeþ hire herten zuo aꝛered ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dꝛedeþ kyng. ne erl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

Something that is small or of little or no value or worth.


bakbon

English: backbone

Scots: backbane


gounde

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">gund</i>

English: gound (dialectal gund)

From Old English gund, from Proto-Germanic *gundaz.

Gum that is deposited in sore eyes; gound.


susterhede

English: sisterhood (with change in suffix)

The state where one possesses a female sibling; having a sister.


columpne

English: column

Scots: column

From Old French columne, from Latin columna.


moder in lawe

English: mother-in-law


moderles

head

moderles (plural and weak singular moderlese)

moderlese (plural)
moderlese (singular weak)

English: motherless

From Old English mōdorlēas, from Proto-Germanic *mōdērlausaz; equivalent to moder + -les.


moderhede

English: motherhood

The state of being a mother; motherhood (especially used of the Virgin Mary)


douȝter in lawe

English: daughter-in-law


suster-in-lawe

English: sister-in-law

sister-in-law (sister of a spouse; wife of a sibling)