man

English: man, -man (see there for further descendants)

Scots: man

Yola: man

Inherited from Old English mann, from Proto-West Germanic *mann, from Proto-Germanic *mann-, from Proto-Indo-European *mon-.


love

English: love

Scots: luve, lufe

Yola: loove

Inherited from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō.

One who one loves; a loved individual:
A lover; a sexual or romantic partner.

A personification or embodiment of love.

(Christianity) The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally).


brother

enm-noun

brother (plural brether or brethren or brotheren or (rare) brothers, genitive brother or brothers)

brether (plural)
brethren (plural)
brotheren (plural)
brothers (plural rare)
brother (genitive)
brothers (genitive)

English: brother (see there for further descendants)

Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder

Yola: brover, brower

From Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frere.

Nu bꝛoþerr Wallterr bꝛoþerr min / Affterr þe flæſheſſ kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Criſſtendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]

c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:

Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]

A brother or brother-in-law; a male sibling.

I ioon ȝoure bꝛoþer ⁊ partener in tribulacioun ⁊ kingdom ⁊ pacience in criſt iheſu .· was in an ile þat is clepid pathmos · foꝛ þe woꝛd of god · ⁊ foꝛ þe witneſſyng of iheſu

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:9, page 117v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

I, John, your brother and partner in tribulation, the Kingdom, and endurance in Jesus Christ, was on an island that's called Patmos for the word of God and for the witnessing of Jesus.

A (Christian) man (i.e. as a "brother in life/brother in Christ").

A male individual who one has a close platonic relationship with.

(rare) A relative or family member who is a man.


uncle

English: uncle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: uncle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman uncle, from Vulgar Latin *aunclum, from Latin avunculus.


male

English: male

Scots: male

Borrowed from Old French masle, malle, from Late Latin masclus, from Latin masculus; compare femele and masculyn.

(rare) Manhood; the state of being male.


lavender

English: launder

Scots: launer

Borrowed from Old French lavandier, lavandiere, from Medieval Latin lavandārius.

A washer; one (especially a woman) who washes clothes.


dame

English: dame; dam

Scots: dame, deem; dam

From Old French dame, from Latin domina.

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
abbess (governor of a nunnery)

(rare) A female anchorite (with servants)

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
A female anchorite (with servants)


em

English: eam, eme (dialectal)

Scots: eme

Inherited from Old English ēam (“maternal uncle”), from Proto-West Germanic *auhaim, from Proto-Germanic *awahaimaz.


lady

enm-noun

lady (plural ladies, genitive ladies or lady)

ladies (plural)
ladies (genitive)
lady (genitive)

English: lady (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lady, leddy

Yola: laady

From Old English hlǣfdīġe, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + *dīġe (“maid”).


bride

English: bride

Scots: bride

Yola: breede

Inherited from Old English brȳd, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).


concubine

English: concubine

From Anglo-Norman concubine, from Latin concubīna.

A concubine; a secondary female partner.

(rare) A illegitimate or unacknowledged partner (male or female)


dan

English: dan, Dan (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman daun, daunz and Old French dan, dam, from Latin dominus.

A respectful term of address for a (male) scholar, noble, or cleric.

(rare) A male noble or member of the clergy.


madame

English: madam; ma'am

Scots: madam

madam (polite term of address or (less often) title for a noble lady)


sire

English: sir; sire

Scots: sir; sire

From Old French sire, nominative singular of seignor, from Latin senior. Doublet of senyour.

A respectful term of address for a noble or gentleman.


fader

enm-noun

fader (plural faders or fadres, genitive fader or faders or fadres)

faders (plural)
fadres (plural)
fader (genitive)
faders (genitive)
fadres (genitive)

English: father

→ Marshallese: bata

Gullah: farruh

desc

Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither

Yola: vather

Inherited from Old English fæder, from Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

A spiritual superordinate, teacher, or leader:

One of the Church Fathers; an author of patristic writings.


knave

English: knave

Middle Scots: knave, knafe, knaif

Scots: knave

→ Middle Welsh: cnaf

Welsh: cnaf

From Old English cnafa, from Proto-Germanic *knabô. Compare knape.


wer

English: wer, were

From Old English wer, from Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós; compare Old Norse verr, Latin vir, Old Prussian wijrs, Sanskrit वीर (vīra).


sone

English: son

Scots: son

From Old English sunu, from Proto-West Germanic *sunu, from Proto-Germanic *sunuz, from Proto-Indo-European *suHnús.

mi litle ſones kepe ȝe ȝou fro mawmetis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:21, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

My little children, keep yourselves from idols.


moder

enm-noun

moder (plural modres or moders or moder or (Kent) modren, genitive modres or moders or moder)

modres (plural)
moders (plural)
moder (plural)
modren (Kent plural)
modres (genitive)
moders (genitive)
moder (genitive)

desctree

English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)

desc

Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother

Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

Inherited from Old English mōdor, from Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare moddrie.

A mother; the female direct ancestor of someone or some creature.

The indirect female ancestor of someone or some creature.

A woman who performs the duties of a mother; a female caretaker or guardian.

A woman who heads a female monastic community; an abbess.


bern

Inherited from Old English beorn; probably from Proto-Germanic *bernuz.


stepdame

English: stepdame


haven

haven (infinitive)
to haven (infinitive)
have (infinitive)
han (infinitive)
ha (infinitive)
have (first-person present singular)
ha (first-person present singular)
hadde (first-person past singular)
haved (first-person past singular)
havest (present second-person singular)
hast (present second-person singular)
haddest (past second-person singular)
havedest (past second-person singular)
haveth (present singular third-person)
hath (present singular third-person)
hadde (past singular third-person)
haved (past singular third-person)
have (present singular subjunctive)
ha (present singular subjunctive)
hadde (past singular subjunctive)
haved (past singular subjunctive)
have (imperative present singular)
ha (imperative present singular)
haven (plural present)
have (plural present)
han (plural present)
ha (plural present)
hadden (past plural)
hadde (past plural)
haveden (past plural)
havede (past plural)
haveth (imperative plural present)
have (imperative plural present)
ha (imperative plural present)
havynge (participle present)
havende (participle present)
had (participle past)
haved (participle past)
yhad (participle past)
yhaved (participle past)

From Old English habban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną.

to get, acquire, or obtain:
to have (a child); to give birth


lede

enm-noun

lede (plural ledes or lede or (early) leden)

ledes (plural)
lede (plural)
leden (plural)

English: lede (obsolete)

Scots: leid

From Old English lēode (“people, men”), plural of lēod, from Proto-West Germanic *liudī, plural of *liud(i), from Proto-Germanic *liudīz, plural of *liudiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁léwdʰeyes, plural of *h₁léwdʰis.
Akin to Old Frisian liod, Old Saxon liud, Old Norse ljóðr, lýðr, Old High German liut, Dutch lieden.

A (male) human; a man:
A vassal or subject.

A (male) human; a man:
A servant or retainer.

A (male) human; a man:
A ruler; one with governing authority.


manly

English: manly

Scots: manly

From Old English *manlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *mannlīk, from Proto-Germanic *mannlīkaz; equivalent to man + -ly (adjectival suffix).


mantel

English: mantle, mantel

Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

From Anglo-Norman mantel and Old English mentel, both ultimately from Late Latin mantēllum, later form of Latin mantēle.


hore

English: whore

Scots: hure, hoor

→ Welsh: hŵr

From Old English hōre, from Proto-West Germanic *hōrā, from Proto-Germanic *hōrǭ. Cognate to Middle Dutch hoere, Middle Low German hôre, Middle High German huore, and Old Swedish hōra.


suster

suster (plural sustren or sustres or (rare) suster, genitive sustres or suster)

sustren (plural)
sustres (plural)
suster (plural rare)
sustres (genitive)
suster (genitive)

desctree

English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)

Scots: sister, syster

Yola: zister

From Old English sweostor, swustor, sweoster, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse systir.

A sister or step-sister; a female sibling.


temen

temen (infinitive)
to temen (infinitive)
teme (infinitive)
teme (first-person present singular)
temed (first-person past singular)
temest (present second-person singular)
temedest (past second-person singular)
temeth (present singular third-person)
temed (past singular third-person)
teme (present singular subjunctive)
temed (past singular subjunctive)
teme (imperative present singular)
temen (plural present)
teme (plural present)
temeden (past plural)
temede (past plural)
temeth (imperative plural present)
teme (imperative plural present)
temynge (participle present)
temende (participle present)
temed (participle past)
ytemed (participle past)

English: teme

Inherited from Old English temian, modification of Proto-West Germanic *tammjan, from Proto-Germanic *tamjaną.


matrice

English: matrice, matrix

Borrowed from Old French matrice, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of maris.


duk

English: duke

Scots: duik, duke

→ Breton: duk

→ Cornish: duk

→ Irish: diúc

→ Manx: duic

→ Scottish Gaelic: diùc

→ Welsh: dug

Borrowed from Old French duc, from Latin dux.

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.


duchesse

English: duchess

Scots: duches


secunde

English: second

Scots: second

From Old French second, from Latin secundus.

Non-primary; less important, noticeable or large.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

(rare) The amniotic sac or afterbirth; that which protects a embryo or fetus.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

From Old French seconde, from Medieval Latin secunda.

A unit of time equal to a sixtieth of a (horological) minute.


manfully

English: manfully

Bravely, strongly, daringly, determinedly


manful

English: manful

Scots: manfull (obsolete)

Noble, brave, strong, daring, determined; displaying virtues seen as manly.


nonne

English: nun

Scots: nun

From Old English nunne, from Late Latin nonna.


quene

English: queen (see there for further descendants)

Scots: queen, wheen

Yola: queen

From Old English cwēn (“woman, wife, queen”) (the final schwa is by analogy with other Old English feminine nouns, such as Etymology 2), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from a derivative of *gʷḗn (“woman, wife”). Cognates include:
* Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Greek γυναίκα (gynaíka)
* Old Prussian genna
* Persian زَن (zan)
* Sanskrit जनि (jani)
* Proto-Slavic *žena

Any powerful woman noble (e.g. a former queen consort, a duchess, etc.)

A female divine or holy figure; a female divinity or the Virgin Mary.

A female embodiment, exemplar, or representation of a moral ideal.

(rare) A female follower of Christianity in heaven.


quene

English: quean

desc

Scots: quean, quein, quine, quin, queynie

From Old English cwene (“woman, wife, prostitute”), from Proto-West Germanic *kwenā, from Proto-Germanic *kwenǭ, from the same Indo-European source as above. Cognate to Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 (qinō), Middle High German kone, kan, kun, quëne, Old Norse kona, and Middle Low German quene.


bakestere

English: baxter

Inherited from Old English bæcestre; equivalent to baken + -estere.


frere

English: friar

Scots: freer (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French frere, from Latin frater, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of brother.

Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]

friar (male member of a mendicant order)

(rare) monk (male member of a monastic order)


gome

English: gome

Scots: gome

Inherited from Old English guma, from Proto-West Germanic *gumō, from Proto-Germanic *gumô, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ.

And þus bigynneth þes gomes · to greden ful heiȝ.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:

And thus began these men · to cry out full high.^(Verification Needed)

Some towns wex near toom, In the which woned many a gome.

Some towns wax near empty, In which lived many a man.^(Verification Needed)

To the, ihesu, I make my mone; / ffarwell! comly, of cors so cleyn! / ffarwel! gracyouse gome! where so thou gone, / fful mekill grace is to the geyn;

15th c., “Iohannes baptista [John the Baptist]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 203, lines 267–270:

To thee, Jesus, I make my lamentation: farewell, pleasing [man], so clean of body! Farewell, gracious man! Wheresoever thou goest, you will gain much grace

(rare) A male hireling, assistant or underling


emperour

English: emperor

Scots: emperor

Borrowed from Old French empereor, from Latin imperātorem.


burde

English: burd

Probably from Old English byrde; in that case, equivalent to beren + -th.

A young man, especially one of noble blood or Jesus Christ.


horsman

English: horseman

(rare) One who is in change of horses; a groom.


matrone

→ English: matron

→ Scots: matron

From Old French matrone, from Latin matrona.


patronesse

English: patroness

From Late Latin patronissa; equivalent to patroun + -esse.


enen

enm-verb

enen (third-person singular simple present eneth, present participle enende, enynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ened)

eneth (present singular third-person)
enende (participle present)
enynge (participle present)
ened (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
enen (infinitive)
to enen (infinitive)
ene (first-person present singular)
ened (first-person past singular)
enest (present second-person singular)
enedest (past second-person singular)
eneth (present singular third-person)
ened (past singular third-person)
ene (present singular subjunctive)
ened (past singular subjunctive)
ene (imperative present singular)
enen (plural present)
ene (plural present)
eneden (past plural)
enede (past plural)
eneth (imperative plural present)
ene (imperative plural present)
enynge (participle present)
enende (participle present)
ened (participle past)
yened (participle past)

English: ean

Scots: eenie

Inherited from Old English ēanian, from Proto-West Germanic *aunōn, from Proto-Germanic *aunōną, from *aunaz (“lamb”).
Variants with /d/ are from reinterpretation of the past-tense suffix as part of the verbal stem (compare modern English lend, sound).

(rare, of livestock) To give birth; to yean.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

One of a human body's liquids or fluids; a biofluid:

(rare) Partially digested food while sitting in the stomach.

(rare) A twig or bough; a portion of a plant or tree.


bour

English: bower

Scots: bour

From Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.

(figuratively) Something's resting place.


maris

Borrowed from Old French marris, marriz, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of matrice.


godmoder

English: godmother

From Old English godmōdor; equivalent to god + moder.


gest

English: guest

Scots: guest

From a conflation of Old Norse gestr and Old English ġiest; both from Proto-Germanic *gastiz, from Proto-Germanic *gʰóstis. Doublet of host.

A (often threatening) male individual; a ominous person.

(figurative, rare) A male lover of a woman; a man in an unofficial intimate relationship with a woman.


knyght

English: knight

Scots: knicht

Yola: nickht

From Old English cniht, from Proto-West Germanic *kneht.


nece

English: niece

Scots: niece

From Old French niece, nece, from Late Latin neptia.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)

(rare) A male member of one's family, kin or lineage.


aunte

English: aunt (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aunt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman aunte and continental Old French ante, from Latin amita.

The senatours wyf / hir Aunte was / But foꝛ al that / she knew hir neuer the mooꝛe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The [Mannes] Tale [of Lawe]”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 125, verso:

The senator's wife was her aunt, / but despite that, she didn't know her at all.


felawe

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

A (male) partner, friend, or colleague; one linked with others:

A (male) co-worker; one who is employed in the same position as oneself or who works with oneself.

A member of an organisation, society, religious order/group, college, trade association, etc.

A (male) accomplice; one who assists another in criminal activity.

A (male) partner or partaker in revelry or one who likes doing so (i.e. is extroverted).

One who is in a close platonic relationship with another; a true companion.

(rare) A male individual of low societal or moral rank.

(rare) Any male individual; a fella, guy, etc.


womman

desctree

English: woman
Antigua and Barbuda Creole English: uman
Aukan: uman
Jamaican Creole: ooman
Krio: uman
Sranan Tongo: uma; oema (superseded)
Torres Strait Creole: oman
→ Japanese: ウーマン (ūman)
→ Korean: 우먼 (umeon)
→ Volapük: vom

English: -woman
→ French: -woman

Scots: woman, weman

From Old English wiman, wimman, wīfmann (“woman; female servant”, literally “female person; female human being”), equivalent to wyf (“woman, wife”) + man (“man, person”).

compound

hire to wommane brouȝte


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.


relicte

English: relict

(uncommon, Late Middle English) undamaged, left alone


nimphe

English: nymph

From Old French nimphe, from Latin nympha, from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē).


grome

English: groom

→ Dutch: groom

Scots: grome, grume, greem

→ Old French: gromme, groume

⇒ Old French: groumet

Middle French: gourmet

French: gourmet

→ English: gourmet

→ Icelandic: grómr, gromr

From Old English *grōma, from Proto-West Germanic *grōmō (“growth, tumor, stomach swelling”). Compare Middle Dutch grom, Old Norse grómr, gromr, and Old French gromme. Suggested to be either from the same root as growen (“to grow”), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *grō-, with a noun-forming suffix *-m-.

inh

A male child of any age (ranging from infancy to the start of adulthood).

A male person, especially a commoner or one who isn't noble-born.


hirdman

From Old English hīredman; equivalent to hird (“household”) + man (“man”), but often reanalysed as hired (“hired”) + mon.

A member of a royal household; an attendant.


femele

English: female

Scots: female

Borrowed from Old French femele, from Latin fēmella. Some forms are influenced by male (“male”).

Used in extended reference to supposedly "female" gems, trees, plants, or astrological portents.


femele

English: female

Scots: female


norice

desc

English: nurse (obsolete norice, nourice, nourse)

Scots: nourice, nuirice

Borrowed from Old French norrice, from Late Latin nūtrīcia, ultimately from Latin nūtrīx.

A person (usually a woman) employed to take care of one's children; a nanny.

A person who breastfeeds a child; a wet-nurse.

(rare, Christianity) Mary as the guardian of Jesus.

Slepynge longe in greet quiete is eek a greet norice to Leccherie

1394, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parson's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

A long and peaceful sleep is also a true encourager of profligacy.

(by extension) A proponent or engenderer (of a quality, behaviour, etc.)

An animal or plant as a caretaker of its offspring.


nevew

English: nephew

Scots: neffae

From Old French neveu, later form of nevod, from Latin nepōtem, accusative of nepōs.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3594

[...] For he thy nevew was, and sone-in-lawe, [...]
… For he was thy nephew, and son-in-law, …


emperice

English: empress

Scots: empress

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman empereiz, contraction of empereriz, from Latin imperatrix; equivalent to emperour + -esse. Final -e is apparently by analogy with other feminine nouns, as the borrowing was early enough for the Middle English gender system to survive.

‘Your blisful suster, Lucina the shene,
That of the see is chief goddesse and quene,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Franklin's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 1045-1048

Yet emperesse aboven him is she:’ [...]
‘Your blissful sister, Lucina the bright,
Who of the sea is chief goddess and queen,
Though Neptune have godly dominion in the sea,
Yet empress above him is she:’ …

An empress; a female ruler of an empire.


henxman

English: henchman

→ Scots: hanchman

Scots: hensman, henceman (obsolete)

Either from a putative Old English *henġestmann or formed anew from Old English henġest + man (“man”).

A male attendant to a high-ranking noble.


walkirie

From Old English wælcyrġe, from Proto-Germanic *walakuzjǭ.


wyf

wyfes (plural)
wyves (plural)
wyve (plural)

English: wife (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wife

From Old English wīf, from Proto-West Germanic *wīb, from Proto-Germanic *wībą, of uncertain origin.

ca. 1380: It cam in cuppemele — this craft my wif used! — William Langland, Piers Plowman

ca. 1380, — Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Merchant's Tale
That in a morwe unto this May saith he
Rys up, my wif, my love, my lady fre

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

In lyke wyse as democreon the philosophre put out his owen eyen be cause he wold not see that no good myght come to the euyll and vicyous peple wyth out right And also defortes the philosophre as he went toward his deth / his wyf that folowed after hym saide that he was dampned to deth wrongfully / than he answerd and sayd to her / holde thy peas and be styll / hit is better and more merytorye to dye by a wronge and unrightfull Jugement / than that I had deseruyd to dye.

1474, Caxton, Game and Playe of the Chesse:

The leading woman of a household; a matriarch.


slutte

English: slut

Yola: slut


childing

English: childing (archaic)


husbonde

desctree

English: husband
⇒ Chinese: 黑漆板凳 (hēiqī bǎndèng) (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ハズバンド (hazubando)
⇒ English: husbando

Scots: husband

→ Welsh: hwsmon

Inherited from Old English hūsbonda; equivalent to hous + bonde.


folen

folen (infinitive)
to folen (infinitive)
fole (infinitive)
fole (first-person present singular)
foled (first-person past singular)
folest (present second-person singular)
foledest (past second-person singular)
foleth (present singular third-person)
foled (past singular third-person)
fole (present singular subjunctive)
foled (past singular subjunctive)
fole (imperative present singular)
folen (plural present)
fole (plural present)
foleden (past plural)
folede (past plural)
foleth (imperative plural present)
fole (imperative plural present)
folynge (participle present)
folende (participle present)
foled (participle past)
yfoled (participle past)

English: foal

Scots: foal

From fole (“foal”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


ladde

English: lad

Scots: lad

Probably from North Germanic, possibly Old Norse ladd (“hose, woolen stocking”); according to Liberman, words for socks, shoes, and stockings were used pejoratively as nicknames for fools. See also Swedish ladder (“old shoes”), lodde (“Frisian shoe”), lädder (“socks”), all said to be related to Old Norse loðinn (“hairy, shaggy, woolly”).

cog

A (male) servant or hireling (usually of a noble)

A male commoner; a man with a low position in society.

Any man (without qualification); an adult male human being.

A lad or boy; a male human child (including babies)


forfader

English: forefather

Scots: forefaither, forefader


schalk

English: shalk

Middle Scots: schalk, schak, schaik

From Old English scealc, from Proto-West Germanic *skalk.


breden

breden (infinitive)
to breden (infinitive)
brede (infinitive)
brede (first-person present singular)
bredde (first-person past singular)
bradde (first-person past singular)
bredest (present second-person singular)
breddest (past second-person singular)
braddest (past second-person singular)
bredeth (present singular third-person)
bredde (past singular third-person)
bradde (past singular third-person)
brede (present singular subjunctive)
bredde (past singular subjunctive)
bradde (past singular subjunctive)
brede (imperative present singular)
breden (plural present)
brede (plural present)
bredden (past plural)
bredde (past plural)
bradden (past plural)
bradde (past plural)
bredeth (imperative plural present)
brede (imperative plural present)
bredynge (participle present)
bredende (participle present)
bred (participle past)
brad (participle past)
ybred (participle past)
ybrad (participle past)

English: breed

Scots: breed

From Old English brēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *brōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *brōdijaną; equivalent to brod (“brood”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To create; to engender or produce:
To bear; to give birth.


knape

English: knape

Scots: knape, knaip

From Old English cnapa, from Proto-West Germanic *knappō.


boye

English: boy

Scots: boy

Yola: bye, buye

From Old English *bōia, from Proto-Germanic *bōjô.

Bye or boye: Bostio.

1440, Promptorium Parvulorum, section 35:


impregnacioun

English: impregnation


doughter

enm-noun

doughter (plural doughters or doughtren or deghter or (rare) doughter or (rare) deghteres or (rare) dehtren, genitive doughter or doughters)

doughters (plural)
doughtren (plural)
deghter (plural)
doughter (plural rare)
deghteres (plural rare)
dehtren (plural rare)
doughter (genitive)
doughters (genitive)

desctree

English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda

desc

Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter

Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Old English dohtor, from Proto-West Germanic *dohter.

dostyr

influenced by late Old French, where s before a consonant represented /x/

foꝛ I cam to departe a man aȝenes his fadir .· ⁊ þe douȝtir aȝenes hir modir · ⁊ þe ſones wijf aȝenes þe hoſebondis modir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:35, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because I came to divide a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against [her] mother-in-law.

Nat longe tyme after that this Grisild

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Clerk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 442-444

Al had hir lever have born a knave child.
Not long time after this Griselda
Was married, she has borne a daughter,
Although she would rather have given birth to a male child.

One's daughter; one's female direct progeny.


wommanhede

English: womanhood; womanhead


wommankynde

English: womankind


wifkin

From Old English wīfcynn, from wīf (“wife”) and cynn (“kin”).


wommanyssh

English: womanish, womannish


wommanly

head

wommanly (comparative wommanlyere, superlative wommanlyeste)

wommanlyere (comparative)
wommanlyeste (superlative)

English: womanly


sorceresse

English: sorceress

From Anglo-Norman sorceresse, equivalent to sorcerere + -esse.


knave child

enm-noun

knave child (plural knave children or knave childre)

knave children (plural)
knave childre (plural)

English: knave-child (archaic)


barneschen

barneschen (infinitive)
to barneschen (infinitive)
barnesche (infinitive)
barnesche (first-person present singular)
barnesched (first-person past singular)
barneschest (present second-person singular)
barneschedest (past second-person singular)
barnescheth (present singular third-person)
barnesched (past singular third-person)
barnesche (present singular subjunctive)
barnesched (past singular subjunctive)
barnesche (imperative present singular)
barneschen (plural present)
barnesche (plural present)
barnescheden (past plural)
barneschede (past plural)
barnescheth (imperative plural present)
barnesche (imperative plural present)
barneschynge (participle present)
barneschende (participle present)
barnesched (participle past)
ybarnesched (participle past)

Unknown; probably related to barn (“child”).

(Late Middle English, rare) To develop a visible pregnancy.


nyfte

English: nift (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English nift, from Proto-West Germanic *nifti, from Proto-Germanic *niftiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

A niece (female offspring of one's sibling)


spynner

English: spinner

A spinner; a person (normally a woman) who spins fibre as a job.


spynnere

English: spinner


spynnestere

English: spinster

Scots: spinster


hacchen

hacchen (infinitive)
to hacchen (infinitive)
hacche (infinitive)
hacche (first-person present singular)
hacched (first-person past singular)
haughte (first-person past singular)
hacchest (present second-person singular)
hacchedest (past second-person singular)
haughtest (past second-person singular)
haccheth (present singular third-person)
hacched (past singular third-person)
haughte (past singular third-person)
hacche (present singular subjunctive)
hacched (past singular subjunctive)
haughte (past singular subjunctive)
hacche (imperative present singular)
hacchen (plural present)
hacche (plural present)
haccheden (past plural)
hacchede (past plural)
haughten (past plural)
haughte (past plural)
haccheth (imperative plural present)
hacche (imperative plural present)
hacchynge (participle present)
hacchende (participle present)
hacched (participle past)
haught (participle past)
yhacched (participle past)
yhaught (participle past)

English: hatch

From Old English hæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *hakjaną.


monfulnesse

English: manfulness

(Late Middle English, rare) manfulness, male virtue


norischen

norischen (infinitive)
to norischen (infinitive)
norische (infinitive)
norische (first-person present singular)
norisched (first-person past singular)
norischest (present second-person singular)
norischedest (past second-person singular)
norischeth (present singular third-person)
norisched (past singular third-person)
norische (present singular subjunctive)
norisched (past singular subjunctive)
norische (imperative present singular)
norischen (plural present)
norische (plural present)
norischeden (past plural)
norischede (past plural)
norischeth (imperative plural present)
norische (imperative plural present)
norischynge (participle present)
norischende (participle present)
norisched (participle past)
ynorisched (participle past)

English: nourish

Scots: nourish

From Old French nouriss-, stem of norrir, from Latin nūtriō.

To nourish; to provide with food or nourishment.

To breastfeed; to provide with breastmilk.

To give birth; to reproduce or create offspring.


norisshyng

Child-raising; the education and preparation of young for the world (usually referring to humans)


prophetesse

English: prophetess

Borrowed from Old French prophetesse, from Latin prophētissa; equivalent to prophete + -esse.

A female prophet; one who expounds upon a divine message or a purported one.

(rare) A female foreteller; a woman who divines or previews.


whelpen

whelpen (infinitive)
to whelpen (infinitive)
whelpe (infinitive)
whelpe (first-person present singular)
whelped (first-person past singular)
whelpest (present second-person singular)
whelpedest (past second-person singular)
whelpeth (present singular third-person)
whelped (past singular third-person)
whelpe (present singular subjunctive)
whelped (past singular subjunctive)
whelpe (imperative present singular)
whelpen (plural present)
whelpe (plural present)
whelpeden (past plural)
whelpede (past plural)
whelpeth (imperative plural present)
whelpe (imperative plural present)
whelpynge (participle present)
whelpende (participle present)
whelped (participle past)
ywhelped (participle past)

English: whelp

From Old English hwelpian; equivalent to whelp + -en (infinitival suffix).

(referring to animals) To give birth; to bear a litter or whelp.


chevese

Inherited from Old English ċiefes, ċiefese, from Proto-West Germanic *kabisi, from Proto-Germanic *kabisjō.


bridegome

English: bridegroom

Scots: bridegreem

Yola: breedegroom

Inherited from Old English brȳdguma, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdigumō, from Proto-Germanic *brūdigumô; equivalent to bride + gome (“man”).

A (bride)groom; a man recently married or to be married.

(theology) God as Christendom's partner.


souken

souken (infinitive)
to souken (infinitive)
souke (infinitive)
souke (first-person present singular)
sek (first-person past singular)
sok (first-person past singular)
souked (first-person past singular)
soukest (present second-person singular)
soke (past second-person singular)
sek (past second-person singular)
sok (past second-person singular)
soukedest (past second-person singular)
souketh (present singular third-person)
sek (past singular third-person)
sok (past singular third-person)
souked (past singular third-person)
souke (present singular subjunctive)
soke (past singular subjunctive)
souked (past singular subjunctive)
souke (imperative present singular)
souken (plural present)
souke (plural present)
soken (past plural)
soke (past plural)
soukeden (past plural)
soukede (past plural)
souketh (imperative plural present)
souke (imperative plural present)
soukynge (participle present)
soukende (participle present)
soken (participle past)
soke (participle past)
souked (participle past)
ysoken (participle past)
ysoke (participle past)
ysouked (participle past)

English: suck

Scots: souke

Inherited from Old English sūcan, sūgan, from Proto-West Germanic *sūkan, *sūgan, from Proto-Germanic *sūkaną, *sūganą.

To suck (to draw with the mouth):
To breastfeed (of an infant)


kembestere

English: kempster, kembster (historical)

Middle Scots: kemstar

A kembster; one (usually female) who combs wool.


governeresse

English: governess, governoress

Borrowed from Old French governeresse; equivalent to governour + -esse.

A female guardian or protector; a governess.


susterhede

English: sisterhood (with change in suffix)

The state where one possesses a female sibling; having a sister.


moderhede

English: motherhood

The state of being a mother; motherhood (especially used of the Virgin Mary)


moderles

head

moderles (plural and weak singular moderlese)

moderlese (plural)
moderlese (singular weak)

English: motherless

From Old English mōdorlēas, from Proto-Germanic *mōdērlausaz; equivalent to moder + -les.


moder in lawe

English: mother-in-law


suster-in-lawe

English: sister-in-law

sister-in-law (sister of a spouse; wife of a sibling)


douȝter in lawe

English: daughter-in-law


brother-in-lawe

enm-noun

brother-in-lawe (plural breþeren in lawe)

English: brother-in-law


godfader

English: godfather

From Old English godfæder; equivalent to god + fader.


fader in lawe

English: father-in-law


gronen

gronen (infinitive)
to gronen (infinitive)
grone (infinitive)
grone (first-person present singular)
groned (first-person past singular)
gronest (present second-person singular)
gronedest (past second-person singular)
groneth (present singular third-person)
groned (past singular third-person)
grone (present singular subjunctive)
groned (past singular subjunctive)
grone (imperative present singular)
gronen (plural present)
grone (plural present)
groneden (past plural)
gronede (past plural)
groneth (imperative plural present)
grone (imperative plural present)
gronynge (participle present)
gronende (participle present)
groned (participle past)
ygroned (participle past)

English: groan

Scots: grane, grain

Inherited from Old English grānian, from Proto-West Germanic *grainōn, from Proto-Germanic *grainōną, a derivative of *grīnaną (which didn't leave any descendants in Middle English).

gloss

(rare) To pass away; to suffer from death.


patroun

English: patron, pattern

Scots: patron, pawtron

Yola: patroon

→ Irish: pátrún

From Old French patrone, from Latin patrōnus.

(rare, historical) One who worked as legal counsel in ancient Rome.


horesone

English: whoreson (obsolete)

Scots: hurson (obsolete)

(rare) An illegitimate son, especially the son of a prostitute.


sone in lawe

English: son-in-law


bedeman

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">beadman</i>

English: beadsman (obsolete beadman)

Scots: bedesman

A term of address used for an individual attentive to one's needs.


childberyng

English: childbearing, child-bearing


child bed

English: childbed


syngeresse

English: singeress (obsolete)


syngster

English: singster (archaic)


enchaunteresse

English: enchantress

From Old French enchanteresse; equivalent to enchauntour + -esse.


chaunteresse

English: chantress

From Old French chanteresse; equivalent to chauntour + -esse.

A woman who participates or heads a choir.


Jewesse

English: Jewess (dated)

From Old French juiesse; equivalent to Jew + -esse.


senyour

English: seignior

From Old French seignor, from Latin senior. Doublet of sire.

A respectful term of address for a noble.

Ruler, potentate; one with dominion or authority.

An elder; one having authority due to their old age.


olde fader

English: eldfather

Scots: eldfader

From Old English ealdefæder, variant of eald fæder; equivalent to old + fader. In some forms, the first element is influenced by elde.


stepfader

English: stepfather

Scots: stepfaither

From Old English stēopfæder, from Proto-Germanic *steupafadēr; equivalent to step- + fader.


stepmoder

English: stepmother

Scots: stap-mither

From Old English stēopmōdor, from Proto-Germanic *steupamōdēr; equivalent to step- + moder.


stepdoughter

English: stepdaughter

From Old English stēopdohtor (“stepdaughter”), from Proto-Germanic *steupaduhtēr (“stepdaughter”); equivalent to step- + doughter.


stepsone

English: stepson

From Old English stēopsunu (“stepson”), from Proto-Germanic *steupasunuz (“stepson”); equivalent to step- + sone.


concepcioun

English: conception

Borrowed from Old French conception, from Latin conceptiō.


conceyven

conceyven (infinitive)
to conceyven (infinitive)
conceyve (infinitive)
conceyve (first-person present singular)
conceyved (first-person past singular)
conceyvest (present second-person singular)
conceyvedest (past second-person singular)
conceyveth (present singular third-person)
conceyved (past singular third-person)
conceyve (present singular subjunctive)
conceyved (past singular subjunctive)
conceyve (imperative present singular)
conceyven (plural present)
conceyve (plural present)
conceyveden (past plural)
conceyvede (past plural)
conceyveth (imperative plural present)
conceyve (imperative plural present)
conceyvynge (participle present)
conceyvende (participle present)
conceyved (participle past)
yconceyved (participle past)

English: conceive

From Old French concevoir, from Latin concipiō.


farowen

farowen (infinitive)
to farowen (infinitive)
farowe (infinitive)
farowe (first-person present singular)
farowed (first-person past singular)
farowest (present second-person singular)
farowedest (past second-person singular)
faroweth (present singular third-person)
farowed (past singular third-person)
farowe (present singular subjunctive)
farowed (past singular subjunctive)
farowe (imperative present singular)
farowen (plural present)
farowe (plural present)
faroweden (past plural)
farowede (past plural)
faroweth (imperative plural present)
farowe (imperative plural present)
farowynge (participle present)
farowende (participle present)
farowed (participle past)
yfarowed (participle past)

English: farrow

From *farow (“farrow”) + -en (infinitival suffix), possibly through an Old English *feargian, formed from fearh.


godsone

English: godson

Scots: godson

From Old English godsunu; equivalent to god + sone (“son”).


wyfly

English: wifely

Scots: wifely (obsolete)

Either from Old English wīflīċ (itself from Proto-West Germanic *wībalīk) or a new formation from wyf + -ly (adjectival suffix).


countesse

English: countess

Borrowed from Old French contesse; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -esse.


moddrie

Inherited from Old English mōdriġe, from Proto-West Germanic *mōdrijā.

(Early Middle English, rare) aunt (sister of one's parents)


houswyf

English: housewife, hussy

→ Latin: hūswīva

From hous (“house, home”) + wyf (“wife, woman”).

A housewife (chief woman of the household)


femynyne

English: feminine

Borrowed from Old French feminin; compare femele.


masculyn

English: masculine

Borrowed from Old French masculin, from Latin masculīnus; compare male.


semestere

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">semster</i>

English: seamster, sempster (obsolete semster)

⇒ English: seamstress

Inherited from Old English sēamestre; equivalent to seem (“seam”) + -estere.

A seamster or seamstress; a person (often female) employed in sewing.


tappestere

English: tapster

⇒ English: tapstress

Inherited from Old English tæppestre; equivalent to tappe (“plug”) + -estere.

Ther to he stroong was / as a Champioun / He knew the tauernes wel in euery town / And euery hoſtiler / and Tappeſtere[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 5, recto, lines 239-241:

He also was as strong as a champion; / he knew the bars well in every town, / and every innkeeper and tavernkeeper […]

A tavernkeeper or tapster; a person (originally a woman) who sells ale.


bareynte

Borrowed from Old French barainete (also brehaignete); equivalent to bareyne + -te.

infertility, sterility (inability to give birth)


bareynnesse

English: barrenness


bareyne

English: barren

Scots: barren

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman baraing, baraigne (continental Old French brehaigne), of unknown origin, but perhaps borrowed from a Germanic language, from Frankish *baʀ (“bare, naked”).

infertile, sterile (unable to give birth)


nonnerie

English: nunnery

Scots: nunnery

From nonne (“nun”) + -erie (“-ery, -ry”).


geldyng

English: gelding

Scots: gelding

From Old Norse geldingr (“wether, eunuch”), from gelda (“to castrate”). Equivalent to gelden + -ing.

& thei wenten doun bothe into the water, Philip & the geldyng, & Philip baptiside hym.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Dedis of Apoſtlis 8:38, page 96v, column 2, line 19; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

and they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him. (KJV)