abreggen

enm-verb

abreggen (third-person singular simple present abreggeth, present participle abreggende, abreggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle abregged)

abreggeth (present singular third-person)
abreggende (participle present)
abreggynge (participle present)
abregged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
abreggen (infinitive)
to abreggen (infinitive)
abregge (infinitive)
abregge (first-person present singular)
abregged (first-person past singular)
abreggest (present second-person singular)
abreggedest (past second-person singular)
abreggeth (present singular third-person)
abregged (past singular third-person)
abregge (present singular subjunctive)
abregged (past singular subjunctive)
abregge (imperative present singular)
abreggen (plural present)
abregge (plural present)
abreggeden (past plural)
abreggede (past plural)
abreggeth (imperative plural present)
abregge (imperative plural present)
abreggynge (participle present)
abreggende (participle present)
abregged (participle past)
yabregged (participle past)

English: abridge

From Old French abreger, from Latin abbreviō.

To terminate, stop, or block; to cause the end of.


alien

English: alien

Scots: alien, awlien

From Old French alien, aliene, from Latin aliēnus. Some forms (chiefly nominal) show assimilation to the suffix -ant.

An outsider or foreign person, especially if resident in one's nation.


clause

English: clause

From Old French clause, from Medieval Latin clausa.

(law) A clause, term, or consideration; a section in a legal document.


vert

English: vert

Borrowed from Old French vert, from Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis.


tak

English: tack

Scots: tak, take

From Old Norse taka (“revenue”) (from the verb taka (“to take”)) and from Middle English taken (“to take”), itself from Old Norse.

tack (a fee paid to a lord or king for the right to keep swine)


hurt

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation from hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:

(law) A transgression; the act of violating.


ese

English: ease

(law) The right to utilize the property of a neighbour for certain ends; easement.


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A record of a payment or audit acting as part of the Pipe Rolls.


original

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

From Old French original, from Late Latin orīginālis; equivalent to origyne + -al.

(rare, law) a legal document beginning legal action


quest

English: quest

Scots: quest

Partly from Anglo-Norman queste, Old French queste, and partly from their source, Latin quaesta.

(rare) A body of judges or other individuals commissioned to make a decision or verdict

(rare) The decision or verdict reached by such a body of judges.

(rare) The finding of prey by hunting dogs during a hunt.

(rare, Late Middle English) The howling upon finding prey by hunting dogs during a hunt.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


tort

English: tort

Scots: tort

From Old French tort, from Latin tortum.


doom

English: doom

Middle Scots: dome, dume

Inherited from Old English dōm, from Proto-West Germanic *dōm, from Proto-Germanic *dōmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos.


damage

English: damage

Scots: dammish

From Old French damage, from Vulgar Latin *damnāticum.

(law, often in the plural) damages (compensation for loss)


real

English: real

Scots: real

Borrowed from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis.

(Late Middle English, law) concerning possessions


acte

English: act

desc

Scots: ack, akk, ac'; act, actt, auct, accke, aick, akk (older)

Yola: acte

Borrowed from Old French act, from Latin ācta, plural of āctus.


blame

English: blame

Scots: blame

From Old French blasme, a deverbal noun from blasmer (“to criticise”).


instrument

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A body part that performs a certain function; an organ.


homage

English: homage

Scots: homage

→ Irish: ómós

From Old French homage, hommage, from Medieval Latin homināticum.

Money given to a liege by a vassal or the privilege of collecting such money.


refute

From Old French refuite, from refuir (“to flee”). Compare refuge.


office

English: office

Scots: office, offish

From Old French office, from Latin officium, contracted form of opificium.

a. 1422, petition, P.R.O. 117, 5842

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

... Abbeyes, Priories, hospitals, chaunteries and chappels, chaces, parkes, offices, milnes, weres...

A part, faculty, or division of a larger body:

A part of a house or estate devoted to manual work and storage.

A part or subdivision of an estate devoted to a specified function.


libel

Ultimately from Latin libellus (“little book”).

(law) A litigant's statement of complaint, or list of charges


wast

English: waste

Scots: waste

Yola: wauste

table
Borrowed from Old Northern French wast (noun), from the adjective. Doublet of weste (“wilderness”).

bor+

(property law) Damage to property or that which causes it.


toll

English: tool

Scots: towl

From Old English toll, from Proto-Germanic *tullō.


panel

English: panel, pannel

Scots: panel

From Old French panel, from pan, from Latin pannus; equivalent to pane + -el (diminutive suffix).

A swatch or portion of textiles or cloth.

A cushion or cloth acting as cushioning under a saddle.

The people due to sit at a jury; a panel acting as jury


assay

English: assay, say

Scots: assay, say, sey

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assai, from Late Latin exagium.

Examining; investigation, looking into, research:

Trialling, assaying; the ensuring of quality (usually of a substance, but also of a document)

The trial or testing of one's personality or personal qualities.

An attack (as a trial of one's mettle or ability on the battlefield)

(rare) Facts in support in assertion; evidence.

(rare) One's personality; the nature of something or someone.

(rare) A deed, action or doing; an endeavour or business.


riot

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riot, riote, of unknown origin.

A riot or uprising; a disturbance of the peace.

Riotousness, disturbance; lack of peaceableness.

Debauched living; dissipation or decadence:


tithe

English: tithe (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English tēoþa, teogoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *tehundō, *tegundō, from Proto-Germanic *tehundô, *tegundô; equivalent to ten + -the (ordinal suffix); compare tenthe.


tithe

English: tithe

Scots: teith (obsolete)

One of ten equal parts of a whole; a tenth.

A tithe; a tenth of one's income given to clergy.


court

English: court (see there for further descendants)

Scots: court, coort

Borrowed from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrs, contraction of cohors, cohortem.

A court of law; the body which administers justice:

A court building; the place where justice is administered.


forger

English: forger

From Old French forgiere; equivalent to forgen + -er.


aide

English: aid

Scots: aid


ferme

desctree

English: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme, farma
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)

Scots: ferm

→ Welsh: fferm

table
From Medieval Latin ferma, Old French ferme, and their etymon Old English feorm, from Proto-West Germanic *fermu, from Proto-Germanic *fermō.

(by extension) A tax mandated by the realm.


parage

English: parage

From Old French parage; equivalent to pere (“peer”) + -age.

One's bloodline or ancestry, especially in terms of relative social status.

A great or noble bloodline; an ancestry of high social status.

(rare) Common social status or position; societal equalness.

(rare) The right to hold land due to one's societal equivalence to other tenants.


fraudulent

English: fraudulent

From Middle French fraudulent, itself borrowed from Latin fraudulentus.


burgage

English: burgage

Borrowed from Old French bourgage and Medieval Latin burgāgium; equivalent to Old French bourg + -age.

Land held under a feudal ruler (often in exchange for a rent alone)

(rare) The tenure that such land is held under; burgage.

(rare) A fortified town entitled to certain rights; a borough.


quiste

From Old English *cwiss, from Proto-Germanic *kwissiz; the consonantism is from influence from quethen.


dette

English: debt

Scots: det, debt

From Old French dete, from Latin dēbita, from the plural of dēbitum.

(law, rare) A legal action in order to collect a money owed to one.


refuge

English: refuge

From Old French refuge, from Latin refūgium. Compare refute.

A protector; one who protects or safeguards.


tither

English: tither


robben

enm-verb

robben (third-person singular simple present robbeth, present participle robbende, robbynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle robbed)

robbeth (present singular third-person)
robbende (participle present)
robbynge (participle present)
robbed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
robben (infinitive)
to robben (infinitive)
robbe (infinitive)
robbe (first-person present singular)
robbed (first-person past singular)
robbest (present second-person singular)
robbedest (past second-person singular)
robbeth (present singular third-person)
robbed (past singular third-person)
robbe (present singular subjunctive)
robbed (past singular subjunctive)
robbe (imperative present singular)
robben (plural present)
robbe (plural present)
robbeden (past plural)
robbede (past plural)
robbeth (imperative plural present)
robbe (imperative plural present)
robbynge (participle present)
robbende (participle present)
robbed (participle past)
yrobbed (participle past)

English: rob

Scots: rob

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman robber, rober, from Frankish *raubōn, from Proto-Germanic *raubōną. Doublet of reven.
The expected Middle English form would be /ˈrɔːbən/; the short vowel is probably by analogy with robberie, robbour.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

To steal, rob, or pilfer; to illegally or forcibly confiscate.


lawfully

English: lawfully

Lawfully; in a way allowed by the law or legal system.


halter

English: halter

Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Inherited from Old English hælftre, hælfter, from Proto-West Germanic *halftrijā.

(rare) A rope tied in a noose for hanging.


delen

delen (infinitive)
to delen (infinitive)
dele (infinitive)
dele (first-person present singular)
delte (first-person past singular)
delde (first-person past singular)
deled (first-person past singular)
delest (present second-person singular)
deltest (past second-person singular)
deldest (past second-person singular)
deledest (past second-person singular)
deleth (present singular third-person)
delte (past singular third-person)
delde (past singular third-person)
deled (past singular third-person)
dele (present singular subjunctive)
delte (past singular subjunctive)
delde (past singular subjunctive)
deled (past singular subjunctive)
dele (imperative present singular)
delen (plural present)
dele (plural present)
delten (past plural)
delte (past plural)
delden (past plural)
delde (past plural)
deleden (past plural)
delede (past plural)
deleth (imperative plural present)
dele (imperative plural present)
delynge (participle present)
delende (participle present)
delt (participle past)
deld (participle past)
deled (participle past)
ydelt (participle past)
ydeld (participle past)

English: deal

Scots: dele, deil

Yola: ee-delt (ppl.)

From Old English dǣlan, from Proto-Germanic *dailijaną; equivalent to del + -en (infinitival suffix).

To have business with someone; to be involved in a matter:

To enter into battle; to be involved in a conflict.


frith

English: frith

From Old English friþ, friþu, from Proto-West Germanic *friþu, from Proto-Germanic *friþuz.


revere

English: reaver

Scots: refar (obsolete)

⇒ Yola: rivery

From Old English rēafere; equivalent to reven + -er.

A robber or burglar; one who steals or thieves.


herbage

English: herbage

Borrowed from Middle French herbage, and Old French erbage, from Early Medieval Latin herbāticum; equivalent to herbe + -age.


mede

English: meed

Scots: meed

From the oblique forms of Old English mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdu.

A monetary reward; earnings:
salary, payment


baston

English: baston

Scots: baston

Commuting or ending of one's imprisonment by a warden.


riotous

head

riotous (plural and weak singular riotouse)

riotouse (plural)
riotouse (singular weak)

English: riotous

Middle Scots: riotous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riotous; equivalent to rioten + -ous.


toiling

English: toiling

(rare, law) The initiation of a lawsuit.


ple

English: plea

Scots: plea

From Old French plait, plaid, from Medieval Latin placitum.

(law) A legal plea or allegation (from either party)


sweren

sweren (infinitive)
to sweren (infinitive)
swere (infinitive)
swere (first-person present singular)
swor (first-person past singular)
swar (first-person past singular)
swerest (present second-person singular)
swore (past second-person singular)
sware (past second-person singular)
swor (past second-person singular)
swar (past second-person singular)
swereth (present singular third-person)
swor (past singular third-person)
swar (past singular third-person)
swere (present singular subjunctive)
swore (past singular subjunctive)
sware (past singular subjunctive)
swere (imperative present singular)
sweren (plural present)
swere (plural present)
sworen (past plural)
swore (past plural)
swaren (past plural)
sware (past plural)
swereth (imperative plural present)
swere (imperative plural present)
swerynge (participle present)
swerende (participle present)
sworen (participle past)
swore (participle past)
sworn (participle past)
ysworen (participle past)
yswore (participle past)
ysworn (participle past)

English: swear

Scots: swer, swere, sweir

From Old English swerian, from Proto-West Germanic *swarjan, from Proto-Germanic *swarjaną; a cognate of Middle Low German sweren, Old Swedish sværia, Old Danish swæriæ, Middle Dutch swēren, and Middle High German swern.

To swear to do something; to make an oral binding statement.

To swear while laying hands on something as confirmation.

To swear by using a deity or divinity as witness.

To swear to adhere or remain faithful to a given person.

To give witness in a legal or judicial context.


dreng

→ Medieval Latin: drengus

→ English: dreng, drenge

>? Scots: dring

Inherited from Old English drenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *drangī, from Proto-Germanic *drangijaz. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse drengr.

(poetic) A warrior or soldier; a person who fights.

A follower of a lord; a member of a host.


fraude

English: fraud

From Old French fraude, itself borrowed from Latin fraus, fraudem.

Fraud as a legal act; the usage of deception or fraudulence.


deciden

deciden (infinitive)
to deciden (infinitive)
decide (infinitive)
decide (first-person present singular)
decided (first-person past singular)
decidest (present second-person singular)
decidedest (past second-person singular)
decideth (present singular third-person)
decided (past singular third-person)
decide (present singular subjunctive)
decided (past singular subjunctive)
decide (imperative present singular)
deciden (plural present)
decide (plural present)
decideden (past plural)
decidede (past plural)
decideth (imperative plural present)
decide (imperative plural present)
decidynge (participle present)
decidende (participle present)
decided (participle past)
ydecided (participle past)

English: decide

Scots: decide

From Middle French decider, from Latin dēcīdō.

To make a ruling or judgement; to decide an issue or matter of discontent.


alienen

alienen (infinitive)
to alienen (infinitive)
aliene (infinitive)
aliene (first-person present singular)
aliened (first-person past singular)
alienest (present second-person singular)
alienedest (past second-person singular)
alieneth (present singular third-person)
aliened (past singular third-person)
aliene (present singular subjunctive)
aliened (past singular subjunctive)
aliene (imperative present singular)
alienen (plural present)
aliene (plural present)
alieneden (past plural)
alienede (past plural)
alieneth (imperative plural present)
aliene (imperative plural present)
alienynge (participle present)
alienende (participle present)
aliened (participle past)
yaliened (participle past)

English: alien, aliene

From Old French aliener, from Latin aliēnō.

(rare) To take away; to revoke, or split.


jure

English: jury (see there for further descendants)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman juree, from Medieval Latin iūrāta.

(Late Middle English) jury; panel of jurors


bref

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

Borrowed from Old French brief, and its feminine form brieve, from Latin brevis, form Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of mery.


taxe

English: tax (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tax

Either a back-formation from taxen or borrowed from Middle French taxe. Doublet of taske.


vertu

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertue</i>

English: virtue (obsolete vertue)

Scots: virtue

Yola: vartue

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman vertu, from Latin virtūtem, accusative of virtūs.

Medical or pharmaceutical ability (either generally or specifically)

A mechanism that causes a bodily function to work.

Power, competence, ability; ability to effect behaviour or action:

Divine power or beneficence (sometimes inherent in an object)

Political or legislative power or jurisdiction.

Astrological or occult power or influence.

Importance or desirability; the property of having value.

The means or method that something is done with or through.

(rare) The property of causing power, effects or results.


assise

English: assize

Scots: assize (now rare)

From Old French assises, from Latin assideō. Compare syse.

(law) A holding of the court of assize (a regularly-scheduled regional court); an assizes.

(law) A legal case for a court of assize.

(law) A legal document or text enforcing a standard for an item.

(law) An enforced standard measurement of a product's nature (e.g. mass, standard, dimensions, etc.)

(law) Any legal text or document; a law.


fraudulently

English: fraudulently


wharfage

English: wharfage


asker

English: asker

Scots: askar (obsolete)

A litigant; one who begins legal action or one hired by such a person.


ridership

(Late Middle English, rare) The position of a ranger who travels on horse.


demaunde

English: demand

Scots: demand

From Old French demande, from the verb demander.


vewe

English: view

Scots: view

(rare, Late Middle English) oversight, overseeing, direction, instruction


lawe

lawes (plural)
lawen (Early-Middle-English plural)

English: law

Scots: law

Yola: laas (plural)

From Old English lagu, in turn borrowed from Old Norse *lagu, a plural of lag.

Morality, natural law (either instinctual or taught):

The Bible or one of the two books which it is composed of.

The Torah or the moral strictures contained within it.

A law or the totality of laws active in a community; the law.

The practicing of law; litigation, legal action, or part of it.

The legal profession; law or the legal system as a job or occupation.

A legal ruling or decision; penalisation or compensation.

A legal community; the area under the aegis of a given legal system.

(rare) Getting one's acquaintances to attest one's innocence.

(rare) The law as an individual; those working in law.


reven

enm-verb

reven (third-person singular simple present reveth, present participle revynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative refte, past participle reft)

reveth (present singular third-person)
revynge (participle present)
refte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
reft (participle past)
reven (infinitive)
to reven (infinitive)
reve (infinitive)
reve (first-person present singular)
reved (first-person past singular)
refte (first-person past singular)
revest (present second-person singular)
revedest (past second-person singular)
reftest (past second-person singular)
reveth (present singular third-person)
reved (past singular third-person)
refte (past singular third-person)
reve (present singular subjunctive)
reved (past singular subjunctive)
refte (past singular subjunctive)
reve (imperative present singular)
reven (plural present)
reve (plural present)
reveden (past plural)
revede (past plural)
reften (past plural)
refte (past plural)
reveth (imperative plural present)
reve (imperative plural present)
revynge (participle present)
revende (participle present)
reved (participle past)
reft (participle past)
yreved (participle past)
yreft (participle past)

English: reave (archaic)

Scots: reve, refe, reif

Inherited from Old English rēafian, from Proto-West Germanic *raubōn, from Proto-Germanic *raubōną. Doublet of robben.

To cause someone to lose something:
To steal, or rob; to secretly loot.


crucifier

English: crucifier

From crucifien + -er; compare Old French crucefieor.


verdit

English: verdict (← verdict)

Scots: verdict

Borrowed from Old French verdit, veirdit, from Vulgar Latin veredictum.

I juge, of every folk men shal oon calle / To seyn the verdit for you foules alle.

1382, Chaucer, “v. 525”, in Parlement of Foules

A verdict; a judgement or ruling (especially legal).


hengen

From Old English hengen, from Proto-West Germanic *hangini.

(Early Middle English, hapax) imprisonment


saven

saven (third-person singular simple present saveth, present participle savynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle saved)

saveth (present singular third-person)
savynge (participle present)
saved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
saven (infinitive)
to saven (infinitive)
save (infinitive)
save (first-person present singular)
saved (first-person past singular)
savest (present second-person singular)
savedest (past second-person singular)
saveth (present singular third-person)
saved (past singular third-person)
save (present singular subjunctive)
saved (past singular subjunctive)
save (imperative present singular)
saven (plural present)
save (plural present)
saveden (past plural)
savede (past plural)
saveth (imperative plural present)
save (imperative plural present)
savynge (participle present)
savende (participle present)
saved (participle past)
ysaved (participle past)

English: save

Geordie English: syev

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French salver, sauver, from Latin salvō, salvāre; equivalent to sauf (“safe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive, intransitive) To preserve or store:

To securely keep or lock away (goods or a person)


trone

English: tron, trone

Scots: tron, trone

From Anglo-Norman trone, tron, from Late Latin trona, from Latin trutina (“balance”).

One of the planks used to make the Holy Cross.


piken

piken (infinitive)
to piken (infinitive)
pike (infinitive)
pike (first-person present singular)
piked (first-person past singular)
pikest (present second-person singular)
pikedest (past second-person singular)
piketh (present singular third-person)
piked (past singular third-person)
pike (present singular subjunctive)
piked (past singular subjunctive)
pike (imperative present singular)
piken (plural present)
pike (plural present)
pikeden (past plural)
pikede (past plural)
piketh (imperative plural present)
pike (imperative plural present)
pikynge (participle present)
pikende (participle present)
piked (participle past)
ypiked (participle past)

English: pick

Scots: pik, pick

From Old English *piccian, from Proto-West Germanic *pikkōn, from Proto-Germanic *pikkōną; equivalent to pyke (“point, pike”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To seize, burgle, or pickpocket; to take illegally or illegitimately.


toller

English: toller

From Old English tollere; equivalent to toll (“toll”) + -er.

A tollkeeper; one who collects tolls, levies or payments.


injurie

English: injury

Scots: injure

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman injurie, from Latin iniūria.

The lack of justice or an instance of it.


recoverer

From Old French recovrier; equivalent to recoveren + -er.

Recovery, recuperation or respite (often from sickness)

Recovery (of lost things, feelings), regaining; getting back.

A medicament or treatment for an injury, illness, or behaviour.

Aid, succour; the granting or provision of assistance.


taske

English: task

Scots: task

From Old Northern French tasque, from Early Medieval Latin tasca, variant of taxa. Doublet of taxe.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

A pursuit, occurrence, condition, or event, especially when problematic:

(law) A lawsuit or litigation; legal action or activity.


seien

English: say

Scots: say, sa

Yola: zey, zei

From Old English seċġan (“to say”), from Proto-West Germanic *saggjan, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaną.

To say, that is:
(law) To affirm, to assert


demere

English: deemer

Middle Scots: demare

Inherited from Old English dēmere; equivalent to demen + -er.

(poetic) A ruler as the fount of justice.


scutage

English: scutage

Borrowed from Medieval Latin scūtāgium, calquing Old French escuage. Compare scuage and scute.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


grith

English: grith

From Late Old English griþ, from Old Norse grið.


fleme

table
Inherited from Old English flīema (“fugitive, exile, outlaw”), from flīeman (“to escape”). Compare flem.

inh+

(poetic) One who is banished; an exile, outcast, or fugitive.


chalenge

English: challenge

Scots: challenge

Borrowed from Old French chalenge, chalange, chalonge, from Latin calumnia, from Proto-Italic *kalwomniā.

A slanderous or defamatory claim or allegation.

A claim; the assertion of a privilege or right.

(rare) A summons for a duel, especially for a trial by combat.


servise

English: service (see there for further descendants)

Scots: service

Borrowed from Old French servise, from Latin servitium. By surface analysis, serven + -ise.

Service (performance of required tasks):

The labour or money required by one's feudal lord.

A particular function or task:
Payment for service; wages.

A particular function or task:
The provision of food at the table.

A particular function or task:
(law, rare) The delivery of summons.

A particular function or task:
The delivery of summons.


morter

English: mortar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mortar

→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Borrowed from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium.

Grout or mortar (that which holds bricks together)


tem

English: team (see there for further descendants)

Scots: team

table
Inherited from Old English tēam, from Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz.

(law) The privilege of making decisions about ownership disputes between a person's subordinates.

descendants, children; also extended to the following:

(law) The descendants of one's subordinates.


wasten

enm-verb

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To devastate; to make a wasteland or ruin.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To enfeeble; to make weak or sickly.

To ruin or damage; to cause damage to:
To eat at; to cause to decay or shrink.

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

To break up; to cause to dissolve or disintegrate.

To kill or murder; to cause someone's death.


tenour

English: tenor

Scots: tenor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tenour, from Latin tenor.

The tone or character of something; the tenor of something; the usual mode of life.

The relevant and purposeful content of a directive.

An abstract; a summation of a document or directive.

(music) The primary musical section (tending to be the tenor)

(music, rare) A pitch as a basis for finding out pitch difference.

(music, rare) Something's vocal or musical characteristics.


cranage

English: cranage

(rare) cranage; the money resulting from it.


symple

head

symple (plural and weak singular symple, comparative sympler, superlative symplest)

symple (plural)
symple (singular weak)
sympler (comparative)
symplest (superlative)

English: simple

Scots: semple

Borrowed from Old French simple, from Latin simplex (“single; singular”).

(law, philosophy) Without extra conditions; unconditioned.


symple

English: simple

(law, rare) A document without extra complications or conditions.


felawe

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

A (male) partner, friend, or colleague; one linked with others:

A member of an organisation, society, religious order/group, college, trade association, etc.

A (male) accomplice; one who assists another in criminal activity.

An appellation used towards a man beneath oneself in society (either friendly or insulting)

(rare) Any male individual; a fella, guy, etc.


actour

English: actor

Scots: acker

Borrowed from Latin āctōr; equivalent to act + -our.


dwellen

dwelen (infinitive)
to dwelen (infinitive)
dwele (infinitive)
dwele (first-person present singular)
dweled (first-person past singular)
dwelte (first-person past singular)
dwelest (present second-person singular)
dweledest (past second-person singular)
dweltest (past second-person singular)
dweleth (present singular third-person)
dweled (past singular third-person)
dwelte (past singular third-person)
dwele (present singular subjunctive)
dweled (past singular subjunctive)
dwelte (past singular subjunctive)
dwele (imperative present singular)
dwelen (plural present)
dwele (plural present)
dweleden (past plural)
dwelede (past plural)
dwelten (past plural)
dwelte (past plural)
dweleth (imperative plural present)
dwele (imperative plural present)
dwelynge (participle present)
dwelende (participle present)
dweled (participle past)
dwelt (participle past)
ydweled (participle past)
ydwelt (participle past)

English: dwell

Scots: dwall

From Old English dwellan (with semantic influence from Old Norse dvelja), from Proto-West Germanic *dwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną.

To last; to persist:
To remain or continue (in a condition)


quethen

enm-verb

quethen (third-person singular simple present quetheth, present participle quethynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative quath, past participle quethen)

quetheth (present singular third-person)
quethynge (participle present)
quath (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
quethen (participle past)
quethen (infinitive)
to quethen (infinitive)
quethe (infinitive)
quethe (first-person present singular)
quath (first-person past singular)
quoth (first-person past singular)
quethest (present second-person singular)
quede (past second-person singular)
quode (past second-person singular)
quath (past second-person singular)
quoth (past second-person singular)
quetheth (present singular third-person)
quath (past singular third-person)
quoth (past singular third-person)
quethe (present singular subjunctive)
quede (past singular subjunctive)
quode (past singular subjunctive)
quethe (imperative present singular)
quethen (plural present)
quethe (plural present)
queden (past plural)
quede (past plural)
quoden (past plural)
quode (past plural)
quetheth (imperative plural present)
quethe (imperative plural present)
quethynge (participle present)
quethende (participle present)
queden (participle past)
quede (participle past)
quethe (participle past)
yqueden (participle past)
yquede (participle past)
yquethe (participle past)

English: quethe (obsolete except in past tense quoth)

Scots: quethe (noun)

Yola: co, quo

From Old English cweþan, from Proto-West Germanic *kweþan, from Proto-Germanic *kweþaną; a cognate of Middle Low German queden, Middle Dutch quēden, Middle High German quëden, and Old Swedish kvæþa.

To bequeath; to hand down to one's successors by will.

To abandon; to give away or give out; to donate.


dampnen

dampnen (third-person singular simple present dampneth, present participle dampnende, dampnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle dampned)

dampneth (present singular third-person)
dampnende (participle present)
dampnynge (participle present)
dampned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dampnen (infinitive)
to dampnen (infinitive)
dampne (infinitive)
dampne (first-person present singular)
dampned (first-person past singular)
dampe (first-person past singular)
dampnest (present second-person singular)
dampnedest (past second-person singular)
dampest (past second-person singular)
dampneth (present singular third-person)
dampned (past singular third-person)
dampe (past singular third-person)
dampne (present singular subjunctive)
dampned (past singular subjunctive)
dampe (past singular subjunctive)
dampne (imperative present singular)
dampnen (plural present)
dampne (plural present)
dampneden (past plural)
dampnede (past plural)
dampen (past plural)
dampe (past plural)
dampneth (imperative plural present)
dampne (imperative plural present)
dampnynge (participle present)
dampnende (participle present)
dampned (participle past)
damp (participle past)
ydampned (participle past)
ydamp (participle past)

English: damn

Scots: damn

Borrowed from Old French dampner, from Latin damnō; compare condempnen.

(law) to charge as guilty; to effect punishment.


servage

English: servage

Borrowed from Old French servage; equivalent to serven + -age.

(feudalism) A payment or service required by a liege.


rebellen

rebellen (infinitive)
to rebellen (infinitive)
rebelle (infinitive)
rebelle (first-person present singular)
rebelled (first-person past singular)
rebellest (present second-person singular)
rebelledest (past second-person singular)
rebelleth (present singular third-person)
rebelled (past singular third-person)
rebelle (present singular subjunctive)
rebelled (past singular subjunctive)
rebelle (imperative present singular)
rebellen (plural present)
rebelle (plural present)
rebelleden (past plural)
rebellede (past plural)
rebelleth (imperative plural present)
rebelle (imperative plural present)
rebellynge (participle present)
rebellende (participle present)
rebelled (participle past)
yrebelled (participle past)

English: rebel

Scots: rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebeller, in turn borrowed from Latin rebellō. Doublet of revelen (“to revel”); equivalent to rebel + -en (infinitival suffix).

To rebel; to start a revolt or uprising against authorities.


forgen

forgen (third-person singular simple present forgeth, present participle forgende, forgynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forged)

forgeth (present singular third-person)
forgende (participle present)
forgynge (participle present)
forged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
forgen (infinitive)
to forgen (infinitive)
forge (infinitive)
forge (first-person present singular)
forged (first-person past singular)
forgest (present second-person singular)
forgedest (past second-person singular)
forgeth (present singular third-person)
forged (past singular third-person)
forge (present singular subjunctive)
forged (past singular subjunctive)
forge (imperative present singular)
forgen (plural present)
forge (plural present)
forgeden (past plural)
forgede (past plural)
forgeth (imperative plural present)
forge (imperative plural present)
forgynge (participle present)
forgende (participle present)
forged (participle past)
yforged (participle past)

English: forge

Scots: forge

/ˈfɔːrd͡ʒən/

From Anglo-Norman forger and Old French forgier, from Latin fabricō.

To create; to invent:
To forge; to counterfeit.


axen

axen (infinitive)
to axen (infinitive)
axe (infinitive)
axe (first-person present singular)
axed (first-person past singular)
axte (first-person past singular)
axest (present second-person singular)
axedest (past second-person singular)
axtest (past second-person singular)
axeth (present singular third-person)
axed (past singular third-person)
axte (past singular third-person)
axe (present singular subjunctive)
axed (past singular subjunctive)
axte (past singular subjunctive)
axe (imperative present singular)
axen (plural present)
axe (plural present)
axeden (past plural)
axede (past plural)
axten (past plural)
axte (past plural)
axeth (imperative plural present)
axe (imperative plural present)
axynge (participle present)
axende (participle present)
axed (participle past)
axt (participle past)

English: ask (dialectal ax, axe, aks)

Scots: ask, as, ax

Yola: ishe

From Old English ācsian, āxian, metathetic forms of āscian, from Proto-West Germanic *aiskōn.

(intransitive, transitive, ditransitive) To ask, enquire or question:

To formulate or proffer a question or query.

To ask for a response (to a question or query).

(transitive) To look for something; to attempt to find something:

To search for an object, place, or person.

(rare, transitive) To aim to visit a location.


obligatorie

English: obligatory

(rare) Allowing the imposition of duties.


feal

Middle Scots: feall, fiall

Scots: feal, feele (obsolete)

→ English: feal

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman feal (“faithful”), earlier fedeil, from Latin fidēlis; compare feaute.
In Middle English, reinterpreted as fe (“fee”) + -al, influencing both the sense and form.

bor+

A stipend or allowance given to someone.

(rare) Ownership of land under feudalism.

(rare) Fealty; feudal allegiance, fidelity, or loyalty.


synne

English: sin

Scots: sin

Inherited from Old English synn, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju (“concern”), from Proto-Germanic *sunjō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

(more generally) A wrong; e.g. a mistake or crime.


fre

Inherited from Old English frēo, from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz. Some forms are from friġ, an alternate Old English form.


jurour

English: juror

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jurour, from Latin iūrātor; equivalent to jure + -our.

(rare) A person who spreads untruths; a defamer.


chartre

English: charter (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chairter

Borrowed from Old French chartre, from Latin chartula, diminutive of charta.

A charter (document conferring authority or privileges)

(by extension) A deed or other legally binding document.

(by extension, rare) A document or paper.

(figurative) The Christian promise of salvation.


balaunce

English: balance

Scots: ballance

From Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia.

(astrology, astronomy) Libra (constellation; member of the Zodiac)


murage

English: murage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French murage (compare Medieval Latin mūrāgium). Equivalent to muren + -age.

(rare) The privilege of collecting murage.


recoveree

English: recovery

From Old French recovree; equivalent to recoveren + -e (participial suffix).

(rare, Late Middle English) Restoration or granting of that which is legally due.


surveyour

English: surveyor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman surveour; equivalent to surveyen + -our.

An overseer, superintendent, or supervisor:

(law) One who oversees the executors of a will.


transgressour

English: transgressor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman transgressour, from Latin transgressor. Compare transgressioun.


riotour

English: rioter, riotor

Borrowed from Old French rioteor; equivalent to rioten + -our.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Pardoner's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 692-693

‘Is it swich peril with him for to mete?’
‘Yea, God's arms,’ said this rioter,
‘Is it such peril to meet with him?’

A rioter; a person who participates in a riot.


tolsey

English: tolsey


defaute

English: default

absence, failure to appear somewhere, especially (law) failure to appear in court


dewe

English: due

Scots: due

Borrowed from Old French deu (“due”), past participle of devoir (“to owe”), from Latin debere (“to owe”), from de (“from”) + habere (“to have”).

Fitting, correct, suitable; enough for some end:

Expected or promoted by legislation or tradition.

Worthy of (a given) penalty, acclamation, or reward.


dewe

English: due


withseien

English: withsay

From Old English wiþsecgan (“withsay”), adapted to reflect the change of the verb secgan (“say”) to Middle English seien; equivalent to with- + seien.

(law) to appeal, to contest the validity of a legal decision

(law) to challenge, to contest the validity of a claim or argument

(law) to disavow, to contest the validity of an oath


answere

English: answer

Scots: answer, answere

From Old English andswaru, from Proto-West Germanic *andaswaru, from Proto-Germanic *andaswarō; equivalent to and- + sware. The second-syllable vocalism is presumably from the verb answeren; for the pronunciation with /au̯/, see Caunterbury.

A response to a query or questioning; an answering.

The answer for a problem or challenge; a solving.

A decision or response coming from a deity or divinity.

A legal defence or the privilege of being able to mount one.

(rare) A reply to a point; a counterpoint or countering.


Newgate

English: Newgate


purgen

purgen (infinitive)
to purgen (infinitive)
purge (infinitive)
purge (first-person present singular)
purged (first-person past singular)
purgest (present second-person singular)
purgedest (past second-person singular)
purgeth (present singular third-person)
purged (past singular third-person)
purge (present singular subjunctive)
purged (past singular subjunctive)
purge (imperative present singular)
purgen (plural present)
purge (plural present)
purgeden (past plural)
purgede (past plural)
purgeth (imperative plural present)
purge (imperative plural present)
purgynge (participle present)
purgende (participle present)
purged (participle past)
ypurged (participle past)

English: purge

Scots: purge

Borrowed from Old French purgier, from Latin pūrgō.


translacioun

English: translation

From Anglo-Norman translacioun, from Latin trānslātiō; equivalent to translaten + -ioun.

Substitution or supersedure of religious law.


wodegeld

English: woodgeld

From Old English *wudġeld, equivalent to wode + geld.


flemen

enm-verb

flemen (third-person singular simple present flemeth, present participle flemende, flemynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle flemed)

flemeth (present singular third-person)
flemende (participle present)
flemynge (participle present)
flemed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
flemen (infinitive)
to flemen (infinitive)
fleme (infinitive)
fleme (first-person present singular)
flemed (first-person past singular)
flemest (present second-person singular)
flemedest (past second-person singular)
flemeth (present singular third-person)
flemed (past singular third-person)
fleme (present singular subjunctive)
flemed (past singular subjunctive)
fleme (imperative present singular)
flemen (plural present)
fleme (plural present)
flemeden (past plural)
flemede (past plural)
flemeth (imperative plural present)
fleme (imperative plural present)
flemynge (participle present)
flemende (participle present)
flemed (participle past)
yflemed (participle past)

English: fleme (obsolete)

Scots: fleem, fleme (obsolete)

From Old English flīeman (“to put to flight, drive away, banish”), from flēam (“flight, flow”) as if Proto-West Germanic *flaumijan; by surface analysis, fleme (“exile”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

surface analysis

To (legally or officially exile from a jurisdiction.

To remove or expel (a spirit or emotion)


vexen

vexen (infinitive)
to vexen (infinitive)
vexe (infinitive)
vexe (first-person present singular)
vexed (first-person past singular)
vexest (present second-person singular)
vexedest (past second-person singular)
vexeth (present singular third-person)
vexed (past singular third-person)
vexe (present singular subjunctive)
vexed (past singular subjunctive)
vexe (imperative present singular)
vexen (plural present)
vexe (plural present)
vexeden (past plural)
vexede (past plural)
vexeth (imperative plural present)
vexe (imperative plural present)
vexynge (participle present)
vexende (participle present)
vexed (participle past)
yvexed (participle past)

English: vex

Scots: vex

From Old French vexer, from Latin vēxō, vēxāre.

(law) To bring legal action (against someone)


breker

English: breaker


syse

English: size

Scots: size

From Old French cise, sise. Compare assise.

(law) a court of assize; a regularly scheduled regional court

(law) a assize; a legal ruling or verdict


auctour

English: author

Scots: author

From Anglo-Norman autour, from Latin auctor.

(rare, law) A person who makes a legal accusation.


shirrevehod

English: sheriffhood


shirreve

English: sheriff, shrieve

Scots: shirra

From Old English sċīrġerēfa; equivalent to shire (“shire”) + reve.

A sheriff; a person responsible for a number of different tasks, including law enforcement and judicial responsibilities.


shirevewyk

English: sheriffwick

From shirreve + wike (“official, position”).


auctorite

English: authority

Scots: authority, authoritie

Borrowed from Old French auctorité, from Latin auctōritātem, accusative of auctōritās; equivalent to auctour + -ite.

Legal authority or control; the privilege of exercising control.

The right to perform a given action; approval, permission.

Legal effectiveness or standing; genuineness.


tolboth

English: tollbooth

Scots: towebuith

A tollhouse or tollbooth; a facility that tolls or fees are paid at.


toln

English: tolne (obsolete)

Scots: tolne, tholone, tholonie

From Old English toln; potentially from Latin telōnium.

A toll or levy; especially one on grains that is paid in kind.


tollynge

From tollen (“to toll”) + -ing (“gerund ending”).


toilen

toilen (infinitive)
to toilen (infinitive)
toile (infinitive)
toile (first-person present singular)
toiled (first-person past singular)
toilest (present second-person singular)
toiledest (past second-person singular)
toileth (present singular third-person)
toiled (past singular third-person)
toile (present singular subjunctive)
toiled (past singular subjunctive)
toile (imperative present singular)
toilen (plural present)
toile (plural present)
toileden (past plural)
toilede (past plural)
toileth (imperative plural present)
toile (imperative plural present)
toilynge (participle present)
toilende (participle present)
toiled (participle past)
ytoiled (participle past)

English: toil

Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe

Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen. Compare tilyen.

To enter into a legal case; to debate or promote a view.


pikyng

English: picking


cryme

English: crime

Scots: crime

From Old French crime, from Latin crīmen.

A criminal action or decision; that which is against the law.


cryminal

English: criminal

Scots: creeminal

From Anglo-Norman criminal, from Latin crīminālis; equivalent to cryme + -al.

(rare) Relating to crime or illegal actions; criminal.


crymynous

English: criminous

From Latin crīminōsus; equivalent to cryme + -ous.

(rare, Late Middle English) criminally responsible.


garsavese

From gras and a descendant of Old English æfesen.

A charge for the renting of land for raising pigs on.


herien

herien (infinitive)
to herien (infinitive)
herie (infinitive)
herie (first-person present singular)
heried (first-person past singular)
heriest (present second-person singular)
heriedest (past second-person singular)
herieth (present singular third-person)
heried (past singular third-person)
herie (present singular subjunctive)
heried (past singular subjunctive)
herie (imperative present singular)
herien (plural present)
herie (plural present)
herieden (past plural)
heriede (past plural)
herieth (imperative plural present)
herie (imperative plural present)
heriynge (participle present)
heriende (participle present)
heried (participle past)
yheried (participle past)

English: harry, harrow

Scots: herry, hery, hary

From Old English herġian, from Proto-West Germanic *harjōn, from Proto-Germanic *harjōną. Equivalent to here (“army”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


pleyen

pleyen (infinitive)
to pleyen (infinitive)
pleye (infinitive)
pleye (first-person present singular)
pleyed (first-person past singular)
pleyest (present second-person singular)
pleyedest (past second-person singular)
pleyeth (present singular third-person)
pleyed (past singular third-person)
pleye (present singular subjunctive)
pleyed (past singular subjunctive)
pleye (imperative present singular)
pleyen (plural present)
pleye (plural present)
pleyeden (past plural)
pleyede (past plural)
pleyeth (imperative plural present)
pleye (imperative plural present)
pleyynge (participle present)
pleyende (participle present)
pleyed (participle past)
ypleyed (participle past)

English: plea

Scots: plea

From ple (“plea”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To produce proof or evidence for a plea.


byndynge

English: binding

Scots: bindin

A tie, binding or knot; that which binds:


biqueste

English: bequest

Scots: bequeyst

bi- + quiste; see more at English bequest

(Late Middle English) One's will and testament.


enquest

English: inquest

Scots: inquest

From Old French enqueste and Medieval Latin inquesta; equivalent to en- + quest; ultimately from Latin inquīsita.

A jury trial; a session of court with jurors in attendance.

(rare) A review or inquest of land or titles to determine fees.

(rare, Late Middle English) A quest, mission, or search.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


gardein

English: guardian

Scots: gairdian

From Anglo-Norman guardein, from guarder; equivalent to garde + -ein. Doublet of wardein.

(rare) guardian, guard; one who is given the responsibility of protection.

(rare) The head officer or leader of an institution.

(rare) An individual who acts in loco parentis; a guardian of a legal minor.


robberie

English: robbery

Scots: robbery

Borrowed from Old French roberie; equivalent to robbour + -ie.


robbour

English: robber

Scots: robber

>? Yola: ropeare, ropear

Borrowed from Old French robeor; equivalent to robben + -our, but remodelled on robben + -er from an early date.

A robber or burglar; one who robs or steals.


robbynge

English: robbing


bireven

bireven (infinitive)
to bireven (infinitive)
bireve (infinitive)
bireve (first-person present singular)
bireved (first-person past singular)
birefte (first-person past singular)
birevest (present second-person singular)
birevedest (past second-person singular)
bireftest (past second-person singular)
bireveth (present singular third-person)
bireved (past singular third-person)
birefte (past singular third-person)
bireve (present singular subjunctive)
bireved (past singular subjunctive)
birefte (past singular subjunctive)
bireve (imperative present singular)
bireven (plural present)
bireve (plural present)
bireveden (past plural)
birevede (past plural)
bireften (past plural)
birefte (past plural)
bireveth (imperative plural present)
bireve (imperative plural present)
birevynge (participle present)
birevende (participle present)
bireved (participle past)
bireft (participle past)

English: bereave

Scots: bereve, bereif

From Old English berēafian, from Proto-Germanic *biraubōną; equivalent to bi- + reven.

To cause someone to lose something:
To steal, or rob; to secretly loot.


revynge

English: reaving

Scots: reiving

Inherited from Old English rēafung; equivalent to reven + -ing.


extorcion

English: extortion


serche

English: search

Scots: sairch

Yola: surchte

table
Borrowed from Old French cerche (“search”), from cerchier (“to search”); compare serchen.

bor+

The privilege to investigate crime (usually violations of guild code)

A supervisor of a convent (monastery for women).

(rare, Late Middle English) An inspection or inquest of goods or products.

(rare, Late Middle English) An in-depth conversation.


weif

English: waif

Scots: waith, waff

From Anglo-Norman waif, from Old Norse veif (“flag”).

The privilege of being able to take in such goods.


exaccion

English: exaction

Scots: exaction (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French exaction, ultimately from Latin exāctiōnem, accusative form of exāctiō; equivalent to ex- + accion.

(Late Middle English) An instance of taxation; a charge.


accion

desctree

English: action
→ Arabic: أَكْشِن (ʔakšin)
→ Bulgarian: екшън (ekšǎn)
→ German: Action
→ Irish: aicsean
→ Hebrew: אקשן (akshn)
→ Japanese: アクション (akushon)
→ Korean: 액션 (aeksyeon)
→ Russian: экшн (ekšn)

Scots: action

Borrowed from Old French action, from Latin āctiōnem, accusative form of āctiō; equivalent to act + -ioun.

The capability of being able to launch a legal suit.


jorneyen

jorneyen (infinitive)
to jorneyen (infinitive)
jorneye (infinitive)
jorneye (first-person present singular)
jorneyed (first-person past singular)
jorneyest (present second-person singular)
jorneyedest (past second-person singular)
jorneyeth (present singular third-person)
jorneyed (past singular third-person)
jorneye (present singular subjunctive)
jorneyed (past singular subjunctive)
jorneye (imperative present singular)
jorneyen (plural present)
jorneye (plural present)
jorneyeden (past plural)
jorneyede (past plural)
jorneyeth (imperative plural present)
jorneye (imperative plural present)
jorneyynge (participle present)
jorneyende (participle present)
jorneyed (participle past)
yjorneyed (participle past)

English: journey

Scots: jurney

From Old French jornoiier; equivalent to journe + -en (infinitival).

(Late Middle English) To make a round as a judge of a circuit court


reysen

enm-verb

reysen (third-person singular simple present reyseth, present participle reysende, reysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reysed)

reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysende (participle present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
reysen (infinitive)
to reysen (infinitive)
reyse (infinitive)
reyse (first-person present singular)
reysed (first-person past singular)
reysest (present second-person singular)
reysedest (past second-person singular)
reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysed (past singular third-person)
reyse (present singular subjunctive)
reysed (past singular subjunctive)
reyse (imperative present singular)
reysen (plural present)
reyse (plural present)
reyseden (past plural)
reysede (past plural)
reyseth (imperative plural present)
reyse (imperative plural present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysende (participle present)
reysed (participle past)
yreysed (participle past)

English: raise

Scots: rais, rase, raise

table
Borrowed from Old Norse reisa, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reren.

To raise; to hold up or suspend upwards:

To cause to stand up; to induce to rise.

(Late Middle English) To extract or pull out; to cause something to exit.

To create or ready something:
To start or cause; to endow or grant.


reren

reren (infinitive)
to reren (infinitive)
rere (infinitive)
rere (first-person present singular)
rered (first-person past singular)
rerest (present second-person singular)
reredest (past second-person singular)
rereth (present singular third-person)
rered (past singular third-person)
rere (present singular subjunctive)
rered (past singular subjunctive)
rere (imperative present singular)
reren (plural present)
rere (plural present)
rereden (past plural)
rerede (past plural)
rereth (imperative plural present)
rere (imperative plural present)
rerynge (participle present)
rerende (participle present)
rered (participle past)
yrered (participle past)

English: rear

Scots: rere, reir

From Old English rǣran, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reysen.

To collect money, taxes or fines; to enforce taxation.


crepen

crepen (infinitive)
to crepen (infinitive)
crepe (infinitive)
crepe (first-person present singular)
crep (first-person past singular)
crop (first-person past singular)
crepte (first-person past singular)
creped (first-person past singular)
crepest (present second-person singular)
crope (past second-person singular)
crepe (past second-person singular)
crep (past second-person singular)
crop (past second-person singular)
creptest (past second-person singular)
crepedest (past second-person singular)
crepeth (present singular third-person)
crep (past singular third-person)
crop (past singular third-person)
crepte (past singular third-person)
creped (past singular third-person)
crepe (present singular subjunctive)
crope (past singular subjunctive)
crepe (past singular subjunctive)
crepte (past singular subjunctive)
creped (past singular subjunctive)
crepe (imperative present singular)
crepen (plural present)
crepe (plural present)
cropen (past plural)
crope (past plural)
crepen (past plural)
crepe (past plural)
crepten (past plural)
crepte (past plural)
crepeden (past plural)
crepede (past plural)
crepeth (imperative plural present)
crepe (imperative plural present)
crepynge (participle present)
crepende (participle present)
cropen (participle past)
crope (participle past)
crept (participle past)
creped (participle past)
ycrope (participle past)

English: creep

Scots: crepe, creip

From Old English crēopan, from Proto-Germanic *kreupaną.
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Germanic *kreupaną
Proto-West Germanic *kreupan
Old English crēopan
Middle English crepen

etymon

To burgle or rob; to loot a house or property.


provisioun

English: provision

Scots: proveesion

Borrowed from Old French provision, from Latin prōvīsiōnem, accusative singular of prōvīsiō; equivalent to pro- + visioun.

(law) A legal provision or clause; a condition.


previsioun

English: prevision

Borrowed from Old French prevision, from Late Latin praevīsiōnem, accusative singular of praevīsiō; equivalent to pre- + visioun.


asseth

From Anglo-Norman *aset, back-formed from asez, asetz (interpreted as a plural). Forms without initial a- are from rebracketing of asseth as a seth. Compare English asset, from a Modern English reinterpretation of asetz.

Recompense; compensation or indemnity for damages.

Fulfilling; realisation of a duty, request, or question posed.

Expiation; atoning by performing duties (instead of admission or reflection)

Jesus's death as a sacrifice; the Atonement.


decre

English: decree

Scots: decree

Borrowed from Old French decré, from Latin dēcrētum.

(rare) A binding and official legal instrument; a law.


tresounen

tresounen (infinitive)
to tresounen (infinitive)
tresoune (infinitive)
tresoune (first-person present singular)
tresouned (first-person past singular)
tresounest (present second-person singular)
tresounedest (past second-person singular)
tresouneth (present singular third-person)
tresouned (past singular third-person)
tresoune (present singular subjunctive)
tresouned (past singular subjunctive)
tresoune (imperative present singular)
tresounen (plural present)
tresoune (plural present)
tresouneden (past plural)
tresounede (past plural)
tresouneth (imperative plural present)
tresoune (imperative plural present)
tresounynge (participle present)
tresounende (participle present)
tresouned (participle past)
ytresouned (participle past)

From tresoun + -en (infinitival suffix).


tresoun

English: treason

Scots: traison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman treson, from Old French traïson (“treason”), from Latin trāditiō. Doublet of tradicioun.

Betrayal; aiding one's enemies or rivals:

The crime of treason as defined under the Treason Act 1351.


counte

English: county

table
Borrowed from Anglo-Norman counté, from Latin comitātus; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -te.


submissioun

English: submission

Borrowed from Old French soubmission, from Latin submissiō.

(law) Legal submission to the decisions of someone else.


thefly

English: thiefly (now rare)

In a way resembling a thief; thievishly (especially referring to deception or sleight-of-hand)


thevysch

English: thievish

Having a personality like a thief or robber; thievish.


thef

English: thief

Scots: thef, theif, thief


thefte

English: theft

Scots: thift, theft

Inherited from Old English þīefþ, from Proto-West Germanic *þiubiþu, from Proto-Germanic *þiubiþō; equivalent to thef + -the (“abstract nominal suffix”).

Theft, stealing, robbery (in general or as an individual instance):

Financial fraud; the mishandling of money.

Something seen as analogous or equivalent to theft.


quellere

English: queller

From Old English cwellere; equivalent to quellen + -er.

One entrusted with the duty of execution or torturing; a hangman.


deposicion

English: deposition

Borrowed from Old French deposicion, from Latin dēpositiō; equivalent to de- + posicioun.

(rare) The burial or internment of a saint.

(rare) A legal deposition or a document with it.


interposicion

English: interposition

Borrowed from Old French interposicion; equivalent to inter- + posicioun.

(rare) An intervention diminishing the force of legislation.


indisposicioun

English: indisposition

Borrowed from Middle French indisposicion; equivalent to in- + disposicioun.

(rare) Criminality; the act of behaving outside the law.


sub pena

English: subpoena, subpena, subpœna

From Medieval Latin: sub (“under”) and poena (“penalty”), the beginning of the original subpoena used in the Court of Chancery.

A subpoena or summons, especially for the Court of Chancery.


imposicioun

English: imposition

Borrowed from Old French imposicion, from Latin impositiō; equivalent to in- + posicioun.

A charge or fee or its collection or retrieval.

(rare, surgery) Entering, putting something inside.

(rare) Imputation; making a claim about someone.


sutour

English: suitor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suytour, from Latin secūtor; equivalent to sute + -our.

(rare) A chaser or follower; one who tracks.


obligacioun

English: obligation

Scots: obligation

Borrowed from Old French obligacion, from Latin obligātiō; equivalent to obligen + -acioun.

A covenant or contract; a directive obligating one to behave a certain way.


obligen

obligen (infinitive)
to obligen (infinitive)
oblige (infinitive)
oblige (first-person present singular)
obliged (first-person past singular)
obligest (present second-person singular)
obligedest (past second-person singular)
obligeth (present singular third-person)
obliged (past singular third-person)
oblige (present singular subjunctive)
obliged (past singular subjunctive)
oblige (imperative present singular)
obligen (plural present)
oblige (plural present)
obligeden (past plural)
obligede (past plural)
obligeth (imperative plural present)
oblige (imperative plural present)
obligynge (participle present)
obligende (participle present)
obliged (participle past)
yobliged (participle past)

English: oblige

Scots: obleege

/ɔˈblɛːd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Old French obligier, from Latin obligō.

To donate or offer as a guarantee of security.


strem

English: stream

Scots: stream, strem, streme, streym

Yola: streem

Inherited from Old English strēam, from Proto-West Germanic *straum, from Proto-Germanic *straumaz.

A waterbody; a region of the world containing water:

A stream or river (flowing path of water)

The movement of water; flowing or tides.

A sea; a large, continuous body of water.

(rare) The maritime possessions of a nation.

(rare) An emission or issuing; something that comes out.


redempcioun

English: redemption

Scots: redemption

Borrowed from Old French redemption, borrowed itself from Latin redemptio. Doublet of raunsoun.

A payment or fee, especially one acting as ransom.

(rare) Payment of a tax, charge, or duty.

(theology, rare) Spiritual overhaul or reforming.

(theology, rare) Spiritual remission or forgiving.


raymen

enm-verb

raymen (third-person singular simple present raymeth, present participle raymende, raymynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle raymed)

raymeth (present singular third-person)
raymende (participle present)
raymynge (participle present)
raymed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
raymen (infinitive)
to raymen (infinitive)
rayme (infinitive)
rayme (first-person present singular)
raymed (first-person past singular)
raymest (present second-person singular)
raymedest (past second-person singular)
raymeth (present singular third-person)
raymed (past singular third-person)
rayme (present singular subjunctive)
raymed (past singular subjunctive)
rayme (imperative present singular)
raymen (plural present)
rayme (plural present)
raymeden (past plural)
raymede (past plural)
raymeth (imperative plural present)
rayme (imperative plural present)
raymynge (participle present)
raymende (participle present)
raymed (participle past)
yraymed (participle past)

An early borrowing from Old French raembre, inherited from Latin redimō. Doublet of redemen.

To loot; to go on a campaign of stealing and burglary.

To obtain territory or property; to come into control of.

(rare) To pay compensation to exculpate or liberate.

(rare) To come into one's possession or company.


raunsonynge

(rare) Imprisoning while offering ransom.


raunsoun

English: ransom

Scots: ransom

Borrowed from Old French raençon, from Latin redemptio. Doublet of redempcioun.

Ransom; the practice of paying to let someone out of jail (in war).

A payment or fee; money paid to someone out of necessity:

A payment or fee as punishment for criminal activity.

A large quantity or reserve of coinage or money.


forswerer

English: forswearer


swerer

English: swearer

Scots: swerar, sweirar, swearar


forswerynge

English: forswearing

And now that I have ſpoken of glotonye, / Now wol I yow deffenden haſardrye; / Haſard is verray mooder of leſynges, / And of deceite, and curſed forſwerynges[…]

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 589–592

And since I've spoken about gluttony, / Now, I'll prevent you from dice-playing; / Dice games are literally the source of falsehoods, / deception, and false testimonies […]

The act of perjuring oneself; false testimony.


forsweren

forsweren (infinitive)
to forsweren (infinitive)
forswere (infinitive)
forswere (first-person present singular)
forswor (first-person past singular)
forswar (first-person past singular)
forswerest (present second-person singular)
forswore (past second-person singular)
forsware (past second-person singular)
forswor (past second-person singular)
forswar (past second-person singular)
forswereth (present singular third-person)
forswor (past singular third-person)
forswar (past singular third-person)
forswere (present singular subjunctive)
forswore (past singular subjunctive)
forsware (past singular subjunctive)
forswere (imperative present singular)
forsweren (plural present)
forswere (plural present)
forsworen (past plural)
forswore (past plural)
forswaren (past plural)
forsware (past plural)
forswereth (imperative plural present)
forswere (imperative plural present)
forswerynge (participle present)
forswerende (participle present)
forsworen (participle past)
forswore (participle past)
forsworn (participle past)

English: forswear

From Old English forswerian; equivalent to for- + sweren.

(rare, Christianity) To make an oath against God.


mysansweren

misansweren (infinitive)
to misansweren (infinitive)
misanswere (infinitive)
misanswere (first-person present singular)
misanswered (first-person past singular)
misanswerest (present second-person singular)
misansweredest (past second-person singular)
misanswereth (present singular third-person)
misanswered (past singular third-person)
misanswere (present singular subjunctive)
misanswered (past singular subjunctive)
misanswere (imperative present singular)
misansweren (plural present)
misanswere (plural present)
misanswereden (past plural)
misanswerede (past plural)
misanswereth (imperative plural present)
misanswere (imperative plural present)
misanswerynge (participle present)
misanswerende (participle present)
misanswered (participle past)
ymisanswered (participle past)

English: misanswer

To answer in a contemptuous or insulting way.


answeren

answeren (third-person singular simple present answereth, present participle answerende, answerynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle answered)

answereth (present singular third-person)
answerende (participle present)
answerynge (participle present)
answered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
answeren (infinitive)
to answeren (infinitive)
answere (infinitive)
answere (first-person present singular)
answered (first-person past singular)
answerde (first-person past singular)
answerest (present second-person singular)
answeredest (past second-person singular)
answerdest (past second-person singular)
answereth (present singular third-person)
answered (past singular third-person)
answerde (past singular third-person)
answere (present singular subjunctive)
answered (past singular subjunctive)
answerde (past singular subjunctive)
answere (imperative present singular)
answeren (plural present)
answere (plural present)
answereden (past plural)
answerede (past plural)
answerden (past plural)
answerde (past plural)
answereth (imperative plural present)
answere (imperative plural present)
answerynge (participle present)
answerende (participle present)
answered (participle past)
answerd (participle past)
yanswered (participle past)
yanswerd (participle past)

English: answer

Scots: answer

From Old English andswerian (from Proto-Germanic *andaswarjaną) and Old English andswarian (from Proto-Germanic *andaswarōną); equivalent to and- + swaren or answere + -en (infinitival suffix).

To answer or respond; to offer a response:

(especially law) To provide an explanation; to justify or refute.

(religion) To explain oneself at the Last Judgement.


collusioun

English: collusion

From Old French collusion, from Latin collūsiō.

An action of deception or fraud; an example of dishonesty.


duete

English: duty

Scots: duty

From Anglo-Norman dueté; equivalent to dewe + -te.

Something which one is obliged to do (by law, society, or belief)


duely

English: duly

Scots: dewly, deuly


compassynge

English: compassing

Guile or plotting; the practicing of sleight-of hand with ill intent.


lawday

A day when a local court meets, especially the court for each of the hundreds (administrative divisions)


lawier

English: lawyer

Scots: lawer


lawely

From Old English lahlīċ; influenced by and equivalent to lawe + -ly.

Lawful; allowed, required, or obligated by the law or legal system.


laweful

head

laweful (plural and weak singular lawefulle)

lawefulle (plural)
lawefulle (singular weak)

English: lawful

Scots: lawfu

Lawful; allowed by the law or legal system.

Morally correct; allowed by one's moral code.

Respectable; highly accepted by society.


laweliche

From Old English lahlīċe; influenced by and equivalent to lawe + -ly.


laweles

English: lawless

Scots: lawless

Not following the law or discipline; unruly, disorderly.

Not governed by or having information of any law.


constitucioun

English: constitution

Borrowed from Old French constitucion, from Latin cōnstitūtiōnem, accusative singular of cōnstitūtiō.

A piece of legislation; an edict or legal instrument from secular authorities.


chalengeable

chalengeable (plural and weak singular chalengeable)

chalengeable (plural)
chalengeable (singular weak)

English: challengeable, challengable

Challengeable; able to be called out, disagreed with, or argued with.


chalengere

English: challenger

From chalengen + -er; some forms are influenced by Old French chalongeor.

(rare) A claimant; one who claims something.


chalengynge

English: challenging

Slander, defamation; the propagation of untrue and unflattering claims.

The challenging or countering of a claim, allegation, or belief.

A claim; the assertion of a privilege or right.


chalengen

enm-verb

chalengen (third-person singular simple present chalengeth, present participle chalengende, chalengynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chalenged)

chalengeth (present singular third-person)
chalengende (participle present)
chalengynge (participle present)
chalenged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chalengen (infinitive)
to chalengen (infinitive)
chalenge (infinitive)
chalenge (first-person present singular)
chalenged (first-person past singular)
chalengest (present second-person singular)
chalengedest (past second-person singular)
chalengeth (present singular third-person)
chalenged (past singular third-person)
chalenge (present singular subjunctive)
chalenged (past singular subjunctive)
chalenge (imperative present singular)
chalengen (plural present)
chalenge (plural present)
chalengeden (past plural)
chalengede (past plural)
chalengeth (imperative plural present)
chalenge (imperative plural present)
chalengynge (participle present)
chalengende (participle present)
chalenged (participle past)
ychalenged (participle past)

English: challenge

Scots: challenge

Borrowed from Old French chalengier, chalongier, chalenger, from Latin calumnior; equivalent to chalenge + -en (infinitival suffix).

To claim a possession, right, or privilege:

To appropriate or expropriate; to take wrongfully or forcibly.

(rare) To forcibly request or order; to make a demand.

(rare) To win a conflict or engagement; to defeat one's enemies.


alienyng

The removal of a person's possessions or privileges.

(rare) Madness or crazedness; lack or loss of mental sanity.

(rare) Renouncement or separation; a split between two parties.


alienacioun

English: alienation

From Old French alienacion, itself borrowed from Latin aliēnātiōnem. By surface analysis, alienen + -acioun.


askynge

English: asking

Scots: asking, askin

From Old English āscung, āxung (“asking; question; inquiry”); equivalent to axen + -ing.


frenderede

From Old English frēondrǣden; equivalent to frend + -rede.

The state of being friends; a friendly relationship.


frendles

head

frendles (plural and weak singular frendlese)

frendlese (plural)
frendlese (singular weak)

English: friendless

Inherited from Old English frēondlēas; equivalent to frend + -les.


coroune

English: crown (see there for further descendants)

Scots: croun, croon

→ Welsh: coron

From Anglo-Norman coroune, curune, corone, from Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē).

(Judaism, historical) A golden stripe surrounding important historic Jewish artifacts.


bedeman

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">beadman</i>

English: beadsman (obsolete beadman)

Scots: bedesman

A petitioner; one who presents a petition or legal case.


questioun

English: question

Scots: quaisten, quastin

→ Welsh: cwestiwn

From Anglo-Norman questiun, from Latin quaestiōnem, accusative of quaestiō; equivalent to quest + -ioun.

A question, ask, or query; something asked.

A subject in the theoretical sciences for consideration or conversation about it.

A problematic topic or issue; a cause for concern.

A challenge of something's veracity or factuality.

(rare) A petition; the act of asking to do something.


mowynge

English: mowing

Scots: mawing, mawin

A requirement to mow imposed on tenants.


translatynge

English: translating

The taking away of one's property or money.


childwyte

A penalty for impregnating a unfree woman.


recoveryng

English: recovering

Recovery, recuperation or respite (often from sickness)

Recovery (of lost things, feelings), regaining; getting back.

(rare) The state of desiring to recover lost things.


recovere

English: recover (noun)


recoveren

recoveren (infinitive)
to recoveren (infinitive)
recovere (infinitive)
recovere (first-person present singular)
recovered (first-person past singular)
recoverest (present second-person singular)
recoveredest (past second-person singular)
recovereth (present singular third-person)
recovered (past singular third-person)
recovere (present singular subjunctive)
recovered (past singular subjunctive)
recovere (imperative present singular)
recoveren (plural present)
recovere (plural present)
recovereden (past plural)
recoverede (past plural)
recovereth (imperative plural present)
recovere (imperative plural present)
recoverynge (participle present)
recoverende (participle present)
recovered (participle past)
yrecovered (participle past)

English: recover

From Anglo-Norman recoverer, from Latin recuperō, from earlier reciperō; equivalent to re- + coveren (“to recover”).

To get back; to recover possession or use of (a faculty, power, territory, member, etc.):

(law) To be compensated for damages or have something restored.


cassen

cassen (infinitive)
to cassen (infinitive)
casse (infinitive)
casse (first-person present singular)
cassed (first-person past singular)
cassest (present second-person singular)
cassedest (past second-person singular)
casseth (present singular third-person)
cassed (past singular third-person)
casse (present singular subjunctive)
cassed (past singular subjunctive)
casse (imperative present singular)
cassen (plural present)
casse (plural present)
casseden (past plural)
cassede (past plural)
casseth (imperative plural present)
casse (imperative plural present)
cassynge (participle present)
cassende (participle present)
cassed (participle past)
ycassed (participle past)

English: cass (obsolete)

From Old French casser, from Latin cassō.

(law, rare, Late Middle English) To render useless or void; to annul; to shut down.


maundement

English: mandement, mandment (obsolete)

The entirety of a religion's law or strictures.


wytword

a statement which bears witness to something; testament; covenant


bodeword

Calque of Old Norse boðorð; equivalent to bod + word.


ymagynen

ymagynen (infinitive)
to ymagynen (infinitive)
ymagyne (infinitive)
ymagyne (first-person present singular)
ymagyned (first-person past singular)
ymagynest (present second-person singular)
ymagynedest (past second-person singular)
ymagyneth (present singular third-person)
ymagyned (past singular third-person)
ymagyne (present singular subjunctive)
ymagyned (past singular subjunctive)
ymagyne (imperative present singular)
ymagynen (plural present)
ymagyne (plural present)
ymagyneden (past plural)
ymagynede (past plural)
ymagyneth (imperative plural present)
ymagyne (imperative plural present)
ymagynynge (participle present)
ymagynende (participle present)
ymagyned (participle past)

English: imagine

Scots: imaigine

From Middle French imaginer, from Latin imāginor; compare ymage.

to imagine or depict; to formulate a mental image.


monymaker

English: moneymaker

One who counterfeits; a forger of money.


crucifien

enm-verb

crucifien (third-person singular simple present crucifieth, present participle crucifiende, crucifiynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle crucified)

crucifieth (present singular third-person)
crucifiende (participle present)
crucifiynge (participle present)
crucified (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
crucifien (infinitive)
to crucifien (infinitive)
crucifie (first-person present singular)
crucified (first-person past singular)
crucifiest (present second-person singular)
crucifiedest (past second-person singular)
crucifieth (present singular third-person)
crucified (past singular third-person)
crucifie (present singular subjunctive)
crucified (past singular subjunctive)
crucifie (imperative present singular)
crucifien (plural present)
crucifie (plural present)
crucifieden (past plural)
crucifiede (past plural)
crucifieth (imperative plural present)
crucifie (imperative plural present)
crucifiynge (participle present)
crucifiende (participle present)
crucified (participle past)
ycrucified (participle past)

English: crucify

Scots: crucifee

Borrowed from Old French crucefier, from Late Latin crucificāre, from Latin crucifīgere.


fermen

fermen (infinitive)
to fermen (infinitive)
ferme (infinitive)
ferme (first-person present singular)
fermed (first-person past singular)
fermest (present second-person singular)
fermedest (past second-person singular)
fermeth (present singular third-person)
fermed (past singular third-person)
ferme (present singular subjunctive)
fermed (past singular subjunctive)
ferme (imperative present singular)
fermen (plural present)
ferme (plural present)
fermeden (past plural)
fermede (past plural)
fermeth (imperative plural present)
ferme (imperative plural present)
fermynge (participle present)
fermende (participle present)
fermed (participle past)

English: farm (dialectal)

table
From Old English feormian, possibly from Proto-West Germanic *furbēn.


fermen

English: farm

Scots: ferm

table
Borrowed from Anglo-Norman fermer; equivalent to ferme (“lease”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


fermen

English: firm

Scots: firm

table
Borrowed from Old French fermer, from Latin firmō, firmāre; equivalent to ferme (“firm”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


condempnacioun

English: condemnation

From Latin condemnātiō, condemnātiōnem; equivalent to condempnen + -acioun.


dampnacioun

English: damnation

From Old French dampnacion, from Latin damnatio; equivalent to dampnen + -acioun.


dampnynge

English: damning


condempnen

enm-verb

condempnen (third-person singular simple present condempneth, present participle condempnende, condempnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle condempned)

condempneth (present singular third-person)
condempnende (participle present)
condempnynge (participle present)
condempned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
condempnen (infinitive)
to condempnen (infinitive)
condempne (infinitive)
condempne (first-person present singular)
condempned (first-person past singular)
condempe (first-person past singular)
condempnest (present second-person singular)
condempnedest (past second-person singular)
condempest (past second-person singular)
condempneth (present singular third-person)
condempned (past singular third-person)
condempe (past singular third-person)
condempne (present singular subjunctive)
condempned (past singular subjunctive)
condempe (past singular subjunctive)
condempne (imperative present singular)
condempnen (plural present)
condempne (plural present)
condempneden (past plural)
condempnede (past plural)
condempen (past plural)
condempe (past plural)
condempneth (imperative plural present)
condempne (imperative plural present)
condempnynge (participle present)
condempnende (participle present)
condempned (participle past)
condemp (participle past)
ycondempned (participle past)
ycondemp (participle past)

English: condemn

Borrowed from Old French condamner, from Latin condemnō; compare dampnen.

(law) to charge as guilty; to effect punishment.


grene wax

English: green wax

Named for the green wax seal of the Exchequer.


vexacioun

English: vexation

from Old French vexacion, from Latin vexātiō; equivalent to vexen + -acioun.


hundredpeny

From hundred (“administrative division”) + peny.

af

(rare) A tax levied on a hundred (administrative division)


peny

English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)

Scots: penny

From Old English penniġ, a form of penning, from Proto-West Germanic *panning, from Proto-Germanic *panningaz.

Money or coinage (especially that with little value).


forgynge

English: forging


ordel

English: ordeal

Scots: ordeil

Borrowed from Medieval Latin ordalium, ordelum, itself borrowed from Old English ordēl, ordāl, from Proto-West Germanic *uʀdailī. Alternatively, directly inherited from the Old English form.

(rare) ordeal (trial by subjection to a dangerous test)


scheder

English: shedder

/ˈʃɛːdər(ə)/


schedynge

English: shedding


tithyng

English: tithing

From Old English tēoðung, tēoðing; equivalent to tithe + -ing.

tithe (tenth of one's income given to clergy)


tithen

tithen (infinitive)
to tithen (infinitive)
tithe (infinitive)
tithe (first-person present singular)
tithed (first-person past singular)
tithest (present second-person singular)
tithedest (past second-person singular)
titheth (present singular third-person)
tithed (past singular third-person)
tithe (present singular subjunctive)
tithed (past singular subjunctive)
tithe (imperative present singular)
tithen (plural present)
tithe (plural present)
titheden (past plural)
tithede (past plural)
titheth (imperative plural present)
tithe (imperative plural present)
tithynge (participle present)
tithende (participle present)
tithed (participle past)
ytithed (participle past)

English: tithe

From Old English tēoþian, teogoðian; equivalent to tithe + -en (infinitival suffix).


noysaunce

English: nuisance

→ Scots: nuisance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman nusaunce and Old French nuisance.

(law) Anything harmful or offensive to the community.


transgressioun

English: transgression

Borrowed from Old French transgression, from Latin trānsgressiō. Compare transgressour.

A violation or transgression of the law.


taxen

taxen (infinitive)
to taxen (infinitive)
taxe (infinitive)
taxe (first-person present singular)
taxed (first-person past singular)
taxest (present second-person singular)
taxedest (past second-person singular)
taxeth (present singular third-person)
taxed (past singular third-person)
taxe (present singular subjunctive)
taxed (past singular subjunctive)
taxe (imperative present singular)
taxen (plural present)
taxe (plural present)
taxeden (past plural)
taxede (past plural)
taxeth (imperative plural present)
taxe (imperative plural present)
taxynge (participle present)
taxende (participle present)
taxed (participle past)
ytaxed (participle past)

English: tax

Scots: tax

From Old French taxer, from Latin taxō, taxāre; equivalent to taxe (“tax”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


taxacioun

English: taxation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman taxacion, from Latin taxātiō, taxātiōnem. Equivalent to taxe + -acioun.


fermour

desctree

English: farmer
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרמער (farmer)

Scots: fermer, fairmer

A remodelling of Old French fermier (from Medieval Latin firmarius) after ferme (“lease”) + -our.

A tax collector entitled to retain their proceeds for a fixed fee.


purgacioun

English: purgation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman purgacion, from Latin pūrgātiō; equivalent to purgen + -acioun.

Acquittal through compurgation or an ordeal.


confermen

confermen (infinitive)
to confermen (infinitive)
conferme (infinitive)
conferme (first-person present singular)
confermed (first-person past singular)
confermest (present second-person singular)
confermedest (past second-person singular)
confermeth (present singular third-person)
confermed (past singular third-person)
conferme (present singular subjunctive)
confermed (past singular subjunctive)
conferme (imperative present singular)
confermen (plural present)
conferme (plural present)
confermeden (past plural)
confermede (past plural)
confermeth (imperative plural present)
conferme (imperative plural present)
confermynge (participle present)
confermende (participle present)
confermed (participle past)

English: confirm

Borrowed from Old French confermer, from Latin confirmō; equivalent to con- + fermen.

To strengthen; to make firm or secure:
To confirm (assure accuracy)

To strengthen; to make firm or secure:
To assent to; to approve.

To confirm (perform the sacrament of confirmation)


affermen

affermen (infinitive)
to affermen (infinitive)
afferme (infinitive)
afferme (first-person present singular)
affermed (first-person past singular)
affermest (present second-person singular)
affermedest (past second-person singular)
affermeth (present singular third-person)
affermed (past singular third-person)
afferme (present singular subjunctive)
affermed (past singular subjunctive)
afferme (imperative present singular)
affermen (plural present)
afferme (plural present)
affermeden (past plural)
affermede (past plural)
affermeth (imperative plural present)
afferme (imperative plural present)
affermynge (participle present)
affermende (participle present)
affermed (participle past)

English: affirm

Borrowed from Old French afermer, from Latin affirmō; equivalent to a- + fermen.


curfu

English: curfew

Borrowed from Old French cuevre-feu. Forms ending in -r are due to the influence of fyr (“fire”).


wasshere

English: washer

One who debases coins by using acid to wear at the metal.


wasshynge

English: washing

Middle Scots: wasching

Scots: washin

From Old English *wæsċing, equivalent to wasshen + -ing.

The process of washing or cleaning:
(medicine) The bathing of a wound.

The process of washing or cleaning:
The bathing of a wound.

(figurative) Purification; spiritual cleansing.

The process of washing or cleaning:
Purification; spiritual cleansing.

(rare) The debasement of coins by using acid to wear at the metal.

(rare) A bath (i.e. for washing the body)

Something used to wash or clean:
A bath (i.e. for washing the body)


serjaunt

enm-noun

serjaunt (plural serjauntes or serjauns)

English: sergeant

→ Manx: sarjant

Scots: sairjint

Borrowed from Old French sergeant, from Medieval Latin serviēns. Doublet of servaunt.

A law enforcement officer charged with apprehending and ordering summons.


dongeoun

English: dungeon, donjon

Scots: dungeon

From a merger of Old French donjon (“main residence of a castle, fortified tower”) and Old English dung (“underground cellar, dungeon, prison”), whence also Middle English donge (“pit, abyss”).


manquellere

English: manqueller

From man (“man, person”) + quellere (“killer”).

af

One entrusted with the duty of execution; a hangman.


eschete

English: escheat

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːt(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French escheoit m, escheoite f, past participle of escheoir (“to fall”). Compare escheten and achete.

(rare, law) A writ for the escheat of a given property.


escheten

escheten (infinitive)
to escheten (infinitive)
eschete (first-person present singular)
escheted (first-person past singular)
eschete (first-person past singular)
eschetest (present second-person singular)
eschetedest (past second-person singular)
eschetest (past second-person singular)
escheteth (present singular third-person)
escheted (past singular third-person)
eschete (past singular third-person)
eschete (present singular subjunctive)
escheted (past singular subjunctive)
eschete (past singular subjunctive)
eschete (imperative present singular)
escheten (plural present)
eschete (plural present)
escheteden (past plural)
eschetede (past plural)
escheten (past plural)
eschete (past plural)
escheteth (imperative plural present)
eschete (imperative plural present)
eschetynge (participle present)
eschetende (participle present)
escheted (participle past)
eschet (participle past)

English: escheat

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːtən/

Borrowed from Old French escheoiter, from escheoit, past participle of escheoir (“to fall”); equivalent to eschete + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare acheten.

To take property from one's feudal subjects; to escheat.


escheterie

→ English: escheatery (calque)

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛːtəˈriː(ə)/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛːtəriː(ə)/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman escheterie; corresponding to escheten + -erie.

(rare) The medieval English governmental office that recorded escheated property; the escheatery.


eschetour

English: escheator, escheater

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛːˈtuːr/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschetour; corresponding to escheten + -our.

escheator (royal officer that records escheated property)


chetour

desc

English: cheater (obsolete in this sense)

/t͡ʃɛːˈtuːr/


achete

English: cheat

/ˈt͡ʃɛːt(ə)/

A modification of eschete paralleling the formation of acheten from escheten.

Escheat; the acquisition of property left without an inheritor.


acheten

acheten (infinitive)
to acheten (infinitive)
achete (first-person present singular)
acheted (first-person past singular)
achetest (present second-person singular)
achetedest (past second-person singular)
acheteth (present singular third-person)
acheted (past singular third-person)
achete (present singular subjunctive)
acheted (past singular subjunctive)
achete (imperative present singular)
acheten (plural present)
achete (plural present)
acheteden (past plural)
achetede (past plural)
acheteth (imperative plural present)
achete (imperative plural present)
achetynge (participle present)
achetende (participle present)
acheted (participle past)

English: cheat

Scots: cheat, chate, chait

/aˈt͡ʃɛːtən/

Modification of escheten, possibly reflecting the loss of French preconsonantal /s/; equivalent to achete + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To take property from one's feudal subjects; to escheat.


scuage

English: escuage (restored from the etymon)

Borrowed from Old French escuage; equivalent to Old French escu + -age.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


Petres peny

English: Peter's pence

From Petres (genitive of Peter (“Peter”)) + peny (“penny”) or pens (“pence”) or other similar formations.

af

genitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">Peter</i> (“Peter”)

Peter's pence, alms-fee (tax due to Rome collected from English homes)


pencioun

English: pension

Scots: pension

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French pencion, pension, from Latin pēnsiō, pēnsiōnem.


biquethen

biquethen (infinitive)
to biquethen (infinitive)
biquethe (infinitive)
biquethe (first-person present singular)
biquath (first-person past singular)
biquethest (present second-person singular)
biquethe (past second-person singular)
biquath (past second-person singular)
biquetheth (present singular third-person)
biquath (past singular third-person)
biquethe (present singular subjunctive)
biquethe (past singular subjunctive)
biquethe (imperative present singular)
biquethen (plural present)
biquethe (plural present)
biquethen (past plural)
biquethe (past plural)
biquetheth (imperative plural present)
biquethe (imperative plural present)
biquethynge (participle present)
biquethende (participle present)
biquethen (participle past)
biquethe (participle past)

English: bequeath

Inherited from Old English becweþan; equivalent to bi- + quethen.

To bequeath; to hand down to one's successors by will.


stedefastly

English: steadfastly

Scots: steadfastly

From stedefast + -ly (adverbial suffix).

(rare) Totally, fully; without exception.


byndere

English: binder


warisoun

Middle Scots: warisoun, warisone

→ English: warison, warrison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman warison, from warir (“to protect”); equivalent to warysshen + -isoun. Doublet of garisoun.

Wealth, possessions; a treasure (literal or figurative).


gersom

English: gersum, grassum

Scots: grassum (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English gærsum, gersum, gærsuma, from Old Norse gersemi, gørsemi (“treasure”), from gerr, gǫrr (“ready”) + -semi (“-ness”), with the ending assimilated to native -sum. Compare garisoun.

(specifically) A rent paid to one's manorial lord.


avourie

English: avowry, advowry

Borrowed from Old French avoerie, avouerie, from avoer (“avow”), from Latin advocō (“call, console”).

(law) acknowledgment (as of a child, of property)

(law) avowry (act of justifying distraint)


gayole

English: jail, gaol

Scots: jile, jyle

/ɡæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

/ɡaːˈɔːl(ə)/

/d͡ʒæi̯ˈɔːl(ə)/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiole, gaiole, from Latin caveola. Forms with /v/ probably reflect Old French forms that retain the medial labial of Latin caveola.

jail, prison (place for confining prisoners)


gayoler

English: jailer, gaoler

Scots: jiler

→ Middle Irish: seigléir

Irish: séiléir, séileoir

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiolier, gaiolier; equivalent to gayole + -er. For forms with /v/, see gayole.

His yonge sone, that three yeer was of age,
Un-to him seyde, ‘fader, why do ye wepe?

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Monk's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3621-3624

Is ther no morsel breed that ye do kepe?’
His young son, who was three years of age,
Unto him said, ‘Father, why do you weep?
When will the jailer bring our soup,
Is there no morsel of bread that you do keep?’


pynden

enm-verb

pynden (third-person singular simple present pyndeth, present participle pyndynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative pynde, past participle pynd)

pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pyndynge (participle present)
pynde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
pynd (participle past)
pynden (infinitive)
to pynden (infinitive)
pynde (infinitive)
pynde (first-person present singular)
pynde (first-person past singular)
pynded (first-person past singular)
pyndest (present second-person singular)
pyndest (past second-person singular)
pyndedest (past second-person singular)
pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pynde (past singular third-person)
pynded (past singular third-person)
pynde (present singular subjunctive)
pynde (past singular subjunctive)
pynded (past singular subjunctive)
pynde (imperative present singular)
pynden (plural present)
pynde (plural present)
pynden (past plural)
pynde (past plural)
pyndeden (past plural)
pyndede (past plural)
pyndeth (imperative plural present)
pynde (imperative plural present)
pyndynge (participle present)
pyndende (participle present)
pynd (participle past)
pynded (participle past)
ypynd (participle past)
ypynded (participle past)

English: pind (dialectal)

Middle Scots: poynd, puynd

Scots: pund, puind, poind, pynd, pind

→ English: poind

Inherited from Old English *pyndan (and derived ġepyndan), from Proto-West Germanic *pundijan; compare pound.

To enclose or confine; to set up boundaries:

(of animals) To shut up in a pound; to impound.

(figuratively, rare) To check or restrain oneself.


countour

English: counter, compter

Scots: counter, coonter

Borrowed from Old French conteor and Middle French contoir; equivalent to counte (“computation”) + -our.