pound

enm-noun

pound (plural poundes or pounden or pound)

poundes (plural)
pounden (plural)
pound (plural)

English: pound

Scots: pund, poond

From Old English pund, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *pund, from Proto-Germanic *pundą, from Latin pondō.

Money or coinage in general, especially a great amount of it.


wage

English: wage

Scots: wage

From Old Northern French wage, from Frankish *wadi, from Proto-Germanic *wadją. Doublet of gage and wed.


market

market (plural marketes, dative markete)

English: market (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: market, mercat

Scots: market

Yola: maarkeet, markeat

From late Old English market (“market”), from Old Northern French markiet (Old French marchié), Old Saxon markat, and/or Old Norse markaðr; all ultimately from Vulgar Latin marcātus, from classical Latin mercātus (“trade, market”).
Variants ending /t/ are from either Old Saxon or Old Picard, while those ending in /θ/ are from other varieties of Old Northern French (e.g. Walloon).

(rare) A market town; a town where markets are held.


win

English: win

From Old English winn, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winną, *winnaną; akin to winnen. Reinforced by earlier iwin, from Old English ġewinn.


in

English: inn

Scots: inn

Any kind of accommodation; particularly:

A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accommodation.

An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.


talent

English: talent

Scots: talent

From Old French talent and Old English talente, both from Latin talentum, from Ancient Greek τάλαντον (tálanton).


tak

English: tack

Scots: tak, take

From Old Norse taka (“revenue”) (from the verb taka (“to take”)) and from Middle English taken (“to take”), itself from Old Norse.

tack (a fee paid to a lord or king for the right to keep swine)


hurt

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation from hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:

A wound or disease; damage to one's body.

Monetary loss; damage to one's finances.

(law) A transgression; the act of violating.


hospital

English: hospital (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hospital

Borrowed from Old French hospital, from Latin hospitālis, hospitāle. Doublet of hostel.

A hostel or guesthouse; a place of accommodation or lodging.

The Knights Hospitaller (a religious order)


metal

English: metal, mettle

Scots: metal

→ Welsh: metel

Borrowed from Old French metal, from Latin metallum, from Ancient Greek μέταλλον (métallon).


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A record of a payment or audit acting as part of the Pipe Rolls.


paper

desctree

English: paper
Tok Pisin: pepa
→ Rotokas: pepa
→ Dutch: paper
→ Eastern Arrernte: pipe
→ Esperanto: papero
Ido: papero
→ Hawaiian: pepa
→ Japanese: ペーパー (pēpā)
→ Malay: kertas (semantic loan)
→ Malayalam: പേപ്പർ (pēppaṟ)
→ Maori: pepa
→ Marshallese: peba
→ Mokilese: peipa
→ Niuean: pepa
→ Scottish Gaelic: pàipear
→ Southern Ndebele: iphepha
→ Spanish: paper
→ Swazi: líphepha
→ Xhosa: iphepha
→ Yoruba: bébà, pépà
→ Zulu: iphepha

Scots: paper

→ Welsh: papur


hostel

English: hostel

Scots: hostel

→ Middle Cornish: ostel

Cornish: ostel

Borrowed from Old French hostel, ostel, from Latin hospitāle. Doublet of hospital.


homage

English: homage

Scots: homage

→ Irish: ómós

From Old French homage, hommage, from Medieval Latin homināticum.

Money given to a liege by a vassal or the privilege of collecting such money.


store

English: store

Scots: store

→ Welsh: stôr

From Anglo-Norman stor, estour, ultimately from Latin instaurare. Compare warnestore.


toll

English: tool

Scots: towl

From Old English toll, from Proto-Germanic *tullō.


hire

English: her

Scots: her

Yola: her

From Old English hire (“her”), from Proto-West Germanic *heʀā, *hiʀā, from Proto-Germanic *hezōz, genitive feminine singular of *hiz (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here; this”).

Here begynnyt the wyf of bathe hir tale.

1430, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale.”, in Canterbury Tales:

Used in place of the possessive suffix -es to denote possession by an antecedent noun.


hire

English: hire

Scots: hire

From Old English hȳr, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀiju. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.


assay

English: assay, say

Scots: assay, say, sey

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman assai, from Late Latin exagium.

Examining; investigation, looking into, research:

Trialling, assaying; the ensuring of quality (usually of a substance, but also of a document)

The trial or testing of one's personality or personal qualities.

An attack (as a trial of one's mettle or ability on the battlefield)

The trialling of comestibles or nourishments (mostly in ceremony)


tithe

English: tithe (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English tēoþa, teogoþa, from Proto-West Germanic *tehundō, *tegundō, from Proto-Germanic *tehundô, *tegundô; equivalent to ten + -the (ordinal suffix); compare tenthe.


tithe

English: tithe

Scots: teith (obsolete)

One of ten equal parts of a whole; a tenth.

A tithe; a tenth of one's income given to clergy.


hood

English: hood

Scots: hude, huid

From Old English hōd, from Proto-Germanic *hōdaz.

A hood made of chain mail used as head armour.


issue

English: issue

Borrowed from Old French issue (“exit”), from issu, past participle of issir, eissir. Compare issen.
Forms with /ʃ/ mostly do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.

Exit, departure; the act of leaving or going out:

(especially pathology) An outwards flow or discharge.

A result or outcome arising from something.

(finance) Income, revenue, especially from a tax.

(rare) One's (non-biological) successors or inheritors.


ferme

English: farm
→ Dutch: farm
→ Finnish: farmi
→ German: Farm
→ Portuguese: farme, farma
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרם (farm)
→ Spanish: farmear
→ Thai: ฟาร์ม (faam)

Scots: ferm

→ Welsh: fferm

From Medieval Latin ferma, Old French ferme, and their etymon Old English feorm, from Proto-West Germanic *fermu, from Proto-Germanic *fermō.

(by extension) A tax mandated by the realm.


aide

English: aid

Scots: aid


riche

English: rich

Scots: rich

From Old English rīċe (“mighty, rich”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”), from *rīks, an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.


dette

English: debt

Scots: det, debt

From Old French dete, from Latin dēbita, from the plural of dēbitum.

(law, rare) A legal action in order to collect a money owed to one.


grot

English: groat

Yola: grate

A groat or other silver coin of similar value, traditionally worth four pennies, or the weight corresponding to that coin.


mynt

English: mint

From Old English mynet, from Proto-West Germanic *munit, from Latin monēta; doublet of moneye.


tither

English: tither


hord

English: hoard

Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

From Old English hord, from Proto-West Germanic *hoʀd, from Proto-Germanic *huzdą.

(rare) The act of putting away for safekeeping.


venu

English: venue


winnen

enm-verb

winnen (third-person singular simple present winneth, present participle winnende, first-/third-person singular past indicative wan, past participle wonnen)

winneth (present singular third-person)
winnende (participle present)
wan (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
wonnen (participle past)
winnen (infinitive)
to winnen (infinitive)
winne (infinitive)
winne (first-person present singular)
wan (first-person past singular)
won (first-person past singular)
winnest (present second-person singular)
wonne (past second-person singular)
wanne (past second-person singular)
wan (past second-person singular)
won (past second-person singular)
winneth (present singular third-person)
wan (past singular third-person)
won (past singular third-person)
winne (present singular subjunctive)
wonne (past singular subjunctive)
wanne (past singular subjunctive)
winne (imperative present singular)
winnen (plural present)
winne (plural present)
wonnen (past plural)
wonne (past plural)
wannen (past plural)
wanne (past plural)
winneth (imperative plural present)
winne (imperative plural present)
winnynge (participle present)
winnende (participle present)
wonnen (participle past)
wonne (participle past)
ywonnen (participle past)
ywonne (participle past)

English: win

Scots: win

Inherited from Old English winnan, from Proto-West Germanic *winnan, from Proto-Germanic *winnaną (“to labor; to win, gain; to fight, strive”).


chapman

English: chapman

desctree

⇒ English: chap
Pennsylvania German: Tschaepp (“guy”)

Scots: chapman

From Old English ċēapmann, from Proto-West Germanic *kaupamann; equivalent to chep (“price”) + man (“man”).
Forms in /i/ may be from the Old English variant ċȳpman, presumably influenced by the verb ċīepan.


mede

English: meed

Scots: meed

From the oblique forms of Old English mēd, from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdu.

A monetary reward; earnings:
salary, payment


schilling

English: shilling

Yola: shilleen

A shilling or other silver coin (including ancient coins), the value of that coin, or the weight equivalent to that coin.


richesse

desc

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">rich</i>

English: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich); richesse

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">rich</i>

Scots: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich)

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="yol">reeche</i>

Yola: reeches (remodelled as a plural of reeche)

Borrowed from Old French richesce, richesse, from riche (“rich”). Some forms are reinterpreted as the plural of riche (“rich”).

(collective) Riches, valuables; precious goods.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Riches, valuables; precious goods.

(in the plural, religion) (Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
(Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
Opulence, splendour; visible wealth.

Profusion, abundance; the state of being prosperous or plentiful.


hele

English: heal

Scots: heal, hele

Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

From Old English hǣlu, hǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *hailī. Compare helen and hol (“whole”).

(Christianity) Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

That which heals or cures; healing:
Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)


sak

English: sack
→ Japanese: サック (sakku)

Scots: seck

Inherited from Old English sacc, sæcc, from Proto-West Germanic *sakku, from Proto-Germanic *sakkuz, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos), from a Semitic language.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A wallet or moneybag.


boten

boten (infinitive)
to boten (infinitive)
bote (infinitive)
bote (first-person present singular)
boted (first-person past singular)
botest (present second-person singular)
botedest (past second-person singular)
boteth (present singular third-person)
boted (past singular third-person)
bote (present singular subjunctive)
boted (past singular subjunctive)
bote (imperative present singular)
boten (plural present)
bote (plural present)
boteden (past plural)
botede (past plural)
boteth (imperative plural present)
bote (imperative plural present)
botynge (participle present)
botende (participle present)
boted (participle past)
yboted (participle past)

English: boot

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōtian; equivalent to bote (“help”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To be useful, helpful, or handy; to come in, be of, or be able to be productively used.

(rare) To add an extra item in a swapping of goods to make the things swapped equivalent.

(rare) To profit, to gain or obtain benefit from.


sellen

enm-verb

sellen (third-person singular simple present selleth, present participle sellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative solde, past participle sold)

selleth (present singular third-person)
sellynge (participle present)
solde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sold (participle past)
sellen (infinitive)
to sellen (infinitive)
selle (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
solde (first-person past singular)
selde (first-person past singular)
sellest (present second-person singular)
soldest (past second-person singular)
seldest (past second-person singular)
selleth (present singular third-person)
selth (present singular third-person)
solde (past singular third-person)
selde (past singular third-person)
selle (present singular subjunctive)
solde (past singular subjunctive)
selde (past singular subjunctive)
selle (imperative present singular)
sellen (plural present)
selle (plural present)
solden (past plural)
solde (past plural)
selden (past plural)
selde (past plural)
selleth (imperative plural present)
selle (imperative plural present)
sellynge (participle present)
sellende (participle present)
sold (participle past)
seld (participle past)
ysold (participle past)
yseld (participle past)

English: sell

→ Dutch: sellen

Scots: sell

Inherited from Old English sellan, from Proto-West Germanic *salljan, from Proto-Germanic *saljaną (“to give”).

To sell; to make a sale or transaction:
To market; to put up for sale.

(usually negative) To give up in exchange (outside of an explicit transaction).

(religion) To sell one's soul; to consign one's soul to Hell.

(figuratively) To weaken, adulterate or lose (in exchange)

I nul ſulle my louerd foꝛ noneſ cunneſ eiſte. / bote hit be foꝛ þe þritti platen. þat he me bitaiſte.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 22-23; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"I won't betray my Lord for any kind of good, / except for the thirty pieces that he left me."

To betray; to give up or hand over (usually a person)


herberwe

English: harbor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: harbery, harbory, hairbour

From Old English herebeorg, from Proto-West Germanic *harjabergu; equivalent to here (“army”) + bergh. The final vowel is levelled in from the Old English oblique cases; forms ending in /iː/ may be from the Old English dative singular.

(rare) Providing for guests; hospitality.


taxe

English: tax (see there for further descendants)

Scots: tax

Either a back-formation from taxen or borrowed from Middle French taxe. Doublet of taske.


horden

horden (infinitive)
to horden (infinitive)
horde (infinitive)
horde (first-person present singular)
horded (first-person past singular)
hordest (present second-person singular)
hordedest (past second-person singular)
hordeth (present singular third-person)
horded (past singular third-person)
horde (present singular subjunctive)
horded (past singular subjunctive)
horde (imperative present singular)
horden (plural present)
horde (plural present)
hordeden (past plural)
hordede (past plural)
hordeth (imperative plural present)
horde (imperative plural present)
hordynge (participle present)
hordende (participle present)
horded (participle past)
yhorded (participle past)

English: hoard

Scots: huird

From Old English hordian; equivalent to hord (“hoard”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To secrete, hoard or amass; to store valuables away.


richen

enm-verb

richen (third-person singular simple present richeth, present participle richende, richynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle riched)

richeth (present singular third-person)
richende (participle present)
richynge (participle present)
riched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
richen (infinitive)
to richen (infinitive)
riche (infinitive)
riche (first-person present singular)
riched (first-person past singular)
richest (present second-person singular)
richedest (past second-person singular)
richeth (present singular third-person)
riched (past singular third-person)
riche (present singular subjunctive)
riched (past singular subjunctive)
riche (imperative present singular)
richen (plural present)
riche (plural present)
richeden (past plural)
richede (past plural)
richeth (imperative plural present)
riche (imperative plural present)
richynge (participle present)
richende (participle present)
riched (participle past)
yriched (participle past)

English: rich (obsolete)

Middle Scots: rich, riche

From riche (“rich”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make rich(er) or (more) valuable; to enrichen.

To acquire or possess wealth; to become or be rich.


meden

enm-verb

meden (third-person singular simple present medeth, present participle medende, medynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle meded)

medeth (present singular third-person)
medende (participle present)
medynge (participle present)
meded (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
meden (infinitive)
to meden (infinitive)
mede (infinitive)
mede (first-person present singular)
meded (first-person past singular)
medest (present second-person singular)
mededest (past second-person singular)
medeth (present singular third-person)
meded (past singular third-person)
mede (present singular subjunctive)
meded (past singular subjunctive)
mede (imperative present singular)
meden (plural present)
mede (plural present)
mededen (past plural)
medede (past plural)
medeth (imperative plural present)
mede (imperative plural present)
medynge (participle present)
medende (participle present)
meded (participle past)
ymeded (participle past)

English: meed

From Old English *mēdian (“to reward, bribe”), from Proto-West Germanic *miʀdōn (“to reward”).


loven

enm-verb

loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovende, lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)

loveth (present singular third-person)
lovende (participle present)
lovynge (participle present)
loved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loven (infinitive)
to loven (infinitive)
love (infinitive)
love (first-person present singular)
loved (first-person past singular)
lovest (present second-person singular)
lovedest (past second-person singular)
loveth (present singular third-person)
loved (past singular third-person)
love (present singular subjunctive)
loved (past singular subjunctive)
love (imperative present singular)
loven (plural present)
love (plural present)
loveden (past plural)
lovede (past plural)
loveth (imperative plural present)
love (imperative plural present)
lovynge (participle present)
lovende (participle present)
loved (participle past)
yloved (participle past)

English: lofe, loff, loave, love

Middle Scots: love

Scots: loave

Inherited from Old English lofian, from Proto-West Germanic *lobōn, from Proto-Germanic *lubōną; equivalent to lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To valuate; to make an appraisal or valuation.


wharfage

English: wharfage


asker

English: asker

Scots: askar (obsolete)

A litigant; one who begins legal action or one hired by such a person.


schat

→ Medieval Latin: scata, sceatta

Money, cash, currency; monetary or fiscal wealth.


toller

English: toller

From Old English tollere; equivalent to toll (“toll”) + -er.

A tollkeeper; one who collects tolls, levies or payments.


taverne

English: tavern

Scots: tavern

From Old French taverne, from Latin taberna.


taske

English: task

Scots: task

From Old Northern French tasque, from Early Medieval Latin tasca, variant of taxa. Doublet of taxe.


scutage

English: scutage

Borrowed from Medieval Latin scūtāgium, calquing Old French escuage. Compare scuage and scute.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


servise

English: service (see there for further descendants)

Scots: service

Borrowed from Old French servise, from Latin servitium. By surface analysis, serven + -ise.

Service (performance of required tasks):

The state of being employed; employment (often as a servant or attendant):

The labour or money required by one's feudal lord.

A particular function or task:
Payment for service; wages.

A particular function or task:
The provision of food at the table.


feble

head

feble (plural and weak singular feble, comparative feblere, superlative feblest)

feble (plural)
feble (singular weak)
feblere (comparative)
feblest (superlative)

English: feeble

Scots: feeble

Etymology tree
Anglo-Norman feblebor.
Middle English feble
From Anglo-Norman feble, from Latin flēbilis.

etymon

(rare, money) Having a low precious metal content.


cranage

English: cranage

(rare) cranage; the money resulting from it.


moneye

English: money (see there for further descendants)

Middle Scots: money, moneth

Scots: money

Yola: monie, monnie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman muneie (compare modern Norman mounaie), from Latin monēta; doublet of mynt.


chaungen

enm-verb

chaungen (third-person singular simple present chaungeth, present participle chaungende, chaungynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaunged)

chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaungende (participle present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaunged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chaungen (infinitive)
to chaungen (infinitive)
chaunge (infinitive)
chaunge (first-person present singular)
chaunged (first-person past singular)
chaungest (present second-person singular)
chaungedest (past second-person singular)
chaungeth (present singular third-person)
chaunged (past singular third-person)
chaunge (present singular subjunctive)
chaunged (past singular subjunctive)
chaunge (imperative present singular)
chaungen (plural present)
chaunge (plural present)
chaungeden (past plural)
chaungede (past plural)
chaungeth (imperative plural present)
chaunge (imperative plural present)
chaungynge (participle present)
chaungende (participle present)
chaunged (participle past)

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃaːnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒən/

/ˈt͡ʃæi̯nd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaungier, chaunger and continental Old French changier, from Latin cambiāre, from Gaulish cambion (“change”); equivalent to chaunge (“change”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To change or vary; to become or make different:

To replace or swap; to substitute for another.


servage

English: servage

Borrowed from Old French servage; equivalent to serven + -age.

(feudalism) A payment or service required by a liege.


forgen

enm-verb

forgen (third-person singular simple present forgeth, present participle forgende, forgynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle forged)

forgeth (present singular third-person)
forgende (participle present)
forgynge (participle present)
forged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
forgen (infinitive)
to forgen (infinitive)
forge (infinitive)
forge (first-person present singular)
forged (first-person past singular)
forgest (present second-person singular)
forgedest (past second-person singular)
forgeth (present singular third-person)
forged (past singular third-person)
forge (present singular subjunctive)
forged (past singular subjunctive)
forge (imperative present singular)
forgen (plural present)
forge (plural present)
forgeden (past plural)
forgede (past plural)
forgeth (imperative plural present)
forge (imperative plural present)
forgynge (participle present)
forgende (participle present)
forged (participle past)
yforged (participle past)

English: forge

Scots: forge

/ˈfɔːrd͡ʒən/

From Anglo-Norman forger and Old French forgier, from Latin fabricō.

To make; to build:
To coin; to mint (money, currency)


obligatorie

English: obligatory

(rare) Allowing the imposition of duties.


tresorer

English: treasurer

From Old French tresorer; equivalent to tresour + -er.

A treasurer (official entrusted with an organisation or government's revenue)


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Yola: baam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.


feal

Middle Scots: feall, fiall

Scots: feal, feele (obsolete)

→ English: feal

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman feal (“faithful”), earlier fedeil, from Latin fidēlis; compare feaute.
In Middle English, reinterpreted as fe (“fee”) + -al, influencing both the sense and form.

bor+

A stipend or allowance given to someone.


welthe

English: wealth

Scots: walth

Either inherited from Old English *welþ, weleþu (from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu) or formed anew from wele (“wealth”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix) on the model of helthe.

af

Wealth, prosperity, plentifulness; a state of flourishing:

Benefit or advantage; that which is helpful or advantageous.

(religion) Spiritual flourishing or prosperity; salvation or reward.

Riches (great amount of valuable assets or material possessions)


escheker

English: exchequer, Exchequer

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛˈkeːr/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛkər/

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium. Doublet of cheker.

The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


fre

Inherited from Old English frēo, from Proto-West Germanic *frī, from Proto-Germanic *frijaz. Some forms are from friġ, an alternate Old English form.


creditour

English: creditor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman creditour, itself borrowed from Latin crēditor, crēditōrem.


endower

(rare) Money granted as to support an individual.


murage

English: murage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French murage (compare Medieval Latin mūrāgium). Equivalent to muren + -age.

(rare) The privilege of collecting murage.


ryal

English: rial, ryal

Scots: rial, ryal

From Anglo-Norman reial, rial, from Latin rēgālis. Doublet of royal.

(Late Middle English) ryal/royal (coin), or a similar coin


servaunt

enm-noun

servaunt (plural servauntes or servauns)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sarvant</i>

English: servant (dialectal sarvant)

Scots: servant, sairvant, servan

From Old French servent, servant, originally the present participle of servir; equivalent to serven + -ant. Doublet of serjaunt.

A labourer or employee; one who works for another:

[…]Is verray god / this is al our sentence / That hath so good a seruant / hym to serue / This with o voys / we trowen thogh we sterue

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonne”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 171, recto, lines 418-420:

[…] is true God (this all of us believe) / who has such a good follower to serve Him. / This we believe without exception, even if we die.

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.

(religion) A follower of a deity or religious concept.


eschaunge

English: exchange

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschaunge, from eschaungier (“to exchange”); equivalent to es- + chaunge.

Exchange; giving in compensation for something received:

Moneychanging; the exchange of currency.


aungel

English: angel (see there for further descendants)

Scots: angel, aungel

From Anglo-Norman angle, from Latin angelus, from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos).

A coin made of gold with an image of an angel.


herbergage

From Old French herbergage, herberjage; equivalent to Old French herbergier + -age. Compare herberjour and herberwe.

Where as ther was / swich congregacioun / Of peple / and eek so streit of herbergage / That they ne founde / as muche as o cotage

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok / and Hen / Chaũtecler ⁊ Ꝑtelote”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 101, verso:

Where there was such a multitude of people / but such a dearth of lodgings, / That they didn't find as much as a cottage.


coyn

English: coin, quoin, coign

→ Japanese: コイン (koin)

Scots: cuinyie, cunzie

Borrowed from Old French coin, from Latin cuneus.

Any kind of currency; a token bearing monetary value.


growen

growen (infinitive)
to growen (infinitive)
growe (infinitive)
growe (first-person present singular)
grew (first-person past singular)
growest (present second-person singular)
grewe (past second-person singular)
grew (past second-person singular)
groweth (present singular third-person)
grew (past singular third-person)
growe (present singular subjunctive)
grewe (past singular subjunctive)
growe (imperative present singular)
growen (plural present)
growe (plural present)
grewen (past plural)
grewe (past plural)
groweth (imperative plural present)
growe (imperative plural present)
growynge (participle present)
growende (participle present)
growen (participle past)
growe (participle past)
ygrowen (participle past)
ygrowe (participle past)

English: grow

Scots: grow

From Old English grōwan, from Proto-West Germanic *grōan.


stith

English: stith (dialectal)

Scots: styth

Inherited from Old English stīþ, from Proto-West Germanic *stinþ, from Proto-Germanic *stinþaz.

Merciless, unforgiving; showing no quarter.


chaunge

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒ(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːnd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French change, chaunge, from Latin cambium, from Gaulish cambion (“change”).

Fluctuation, inconstancy; the state of being variable.

Exchange (giving in compensation for something received):


hostelerie

English: hostelry

Borrowed from Middle French hostellerie, from Old French hostelerie, ostelerie; equivalent to hostel + -erie.


felaweshipe

English: fellowship

Equivalent to felawe + -schipe; either a new ME formation or adapted from Old Norse félagskapr, félagsskapr.

Partnership or companionship; having company:

Festiveness, cheer, merriment; feasting and joy.


agrement

English: agreement

From Old French agrement; equivalent to agreen + -ment.

An understanding or agreement; a state of mutual shared opinion.

(rare) Monetary compensation or remuneration.

(rare) The conditions agreed upon when settling a bill.


dewe

English: due

Scots: due

Borrowed from Old French deu (“due”), past participle of devoir (“to owe”), from Latin debere (“to owe”), from de (“from”) + habere (“to have”).

Fitting, correct, suitable; enough for some end:

Expected or promoted by legislation or tradition.

Worthy of (a given) penalty, acclamation, or reward.


dewe

English: due


mynter

English: minter

From Old English mynetere, from Proto-West Germanic *munitārī, from Latin monētārius.

(rare) mint (place where money is coined)


sellere

English: seller

Scots: seller

(specifically) One who illegally sells clerical offices; a simoniac.


tresorie

English: treasury

From Old French tresorie; equivalent to tresour + -ie.

(rare) A treasury department; the department in charge of funds.


issen

enm-verb

issen (third-person singular simple present isseth, present participle issende, issynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle issed)

isseth (present singular third-person)
issende (participle present)
issynge (participle present)
issed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
issen (infinitive)
to issen (infinitive)
isse (infinitive)
isse (first-person present singular)
issed (first-person past singular)
issest (present second-person singular)
issedest (past second-person singular)
isseth (present singular third-person)
issed (past singular third-person)
isse (present singular subjunctive)
issed (past singular subjunctive)
isse (imperative present singular)
issen (plural present)
isse (plural present)
isseden (past plural)
issede (past plural)
isseth (imperative plural present)
isse (imperative plural present)
issynge (participle present)
issende (participle present)
issed (participle past)
yissed (participle past)

Middle Scots: isch, usch

Scots: ish, ush

→ English: ish (Scotland)

Borrowed from Old French issir, eissir, from Latin exīre. Compare issuen.

(finance, of profits) To accrue or accumulate.


ferthing

English: farthing

Scots: fardin

Yola: fardeen

From Old English feorðing; equivalent to ferthe + -ing.

A farthing or similar small coin; the weight of that coin.


tolboth

English: tollbooth

Scots: towebuith

A tollhouse or tollbooth; a facility that tolls or fees are paid at.


tollynge

From tollen (“to toll”) + -ing (“gerund ending”).


toln

English: tolne (obsolete)

Scots: tolne, tholone, tholonie

From Old English toln; potentially from Latin telōnium.

A toll or levy; especially one on grains that is paid in kind.


bargaynynge

English: bargaining

Negotiation; the achievement of agreement by discussion:

(rare) Unscrupulous or deceptive negotiating.

(rare) An item demanded as compensation.


bargaynen

bargaynen (infinitive)
to bargaynen (infinitive)
bargayne (infinitive)
bargayne (first-person present singular)
bargayned (first-person past singular)
bargaynest (present second-person singular)
bargaynedest (past second-person singular)
bargayneth (present singular third-person)
bargayned (past singular third-person)
bargayne (present singular subjunctive)
bargayned (past singular subjunctive)
bargayne (imperative present singular)
bargaynen (plural present)
bargayne (plural present)
bargayneden (past plural)
bargaynede (past plural)
bargayneth (imperative plural present)
bargayne (imperative plural present)
bargaynynge (participle present)
bargaynende (participle present)
bargayned (participle past)
ybargayned (participle past)

English: bargain

Scots: bargain

→ Welsh: bargeinio

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bargaigner, from Frankish *borganjan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną. Doublet of berien.

To bargain; to engage in negotiations over a sale.


bargayne

English: bargain

→ Scottish Gaelic: bargan

→ Welsh: bargen, bargain

Scots: bargain

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman bargaigne, from bargaigner, from Old French bargaine (noun), bargaignier (verb), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *borganjan (“to borrow, lend”), from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną (“to borrow, lend”).

der

A pact or concord; a legal agreement with legal force:


garsavese

From gras and a descendant of Old English æfesen.

A charge for the renting of land for raising pigs on.


coynage

English: coinage

Borrowed from Old French coignage; equivalent to coyn + -age.


coynynge

English: coining, quoining

(rare) coinage (coining; the creation of money)


coynour

English: coiner

Borrowed from Middle French coigneur; equivalent to coyn + -our.

(rare, Late Middle English) coiner, coin-maker


coynen

coynen (infinitive)
to coynen (infinitive)
coyne (infinitive)
coyne (first-person present singular)
coyned (first-person past singular)
coynest (present second-person singular)
coynedest (past second-person singular)
coyneth (present singular third-person)
coyned (past singular third-person)
coyne (present singular subjunctive)
coyned (past singular subjunctive)
coyne (imperative present singular)
coynen (plural present)
coyne (plural present)
coyneden (past plural)
coynede (past plural)
coyneth (imperative plural present)
coyne (imperative plural present)
coynynge (participle present)
coynende (participle present)
coyned (participle past)
ycoyned (participle past)

English: coin

Scots: cunzie, cuinyie (obsolete as a verb)

From Old French coignier; equivalent to coyn (“coin, quoin”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make or strike an impression on metal as to make money; to coin.

To manufacture coins; to create coinage.


enquest

English: inquest

Scots: inquest

From Old French enqueste and Medieval Latin inquesta; equivalent to en- + quest; ultimately from Latin inquīsita.

A jury trial; a session of court with jurors in attendance.

(rare) A review or inquest of land or titles to determine fees.

(rare, Late Middle English) A quest, mission, or search.

(rare, Late Middle English) A petition or asking.


hiren

English: hern, her'n

From hire, with influence from min and þin.

Third-person singular feminine possessive pronoun: hers.


hiren

enm-verb

hiren (third-person singular simple present hireth, present participle hirende, hirynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hired)

hireth (present singular third-person)
hirende (participle present)
hirynge (participle present)
hired (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hiren (infinitive)
to hiren (infinitive)
hire (infinitive)
hire (first-person present singular)
hired (first-person past singular)
hirest (present second-person singular)
hiredest (past second-person singular)
hireth (present singular third-person)
hired (past singular third-person)
hire (present singular subjunctive)
hired (past singular subjunctive)
hire (imperative present singular)
hiren (plural present)
hire (plural present)
hireden (past plural)
hirede (past plural)
hireth (imperative plural present)
hire (imperative plural present)
hirynge (participle present)
hirende (participle present)
hired (participle past)
yhired (participle past)

English: hire

Scots: hire

From Old English hȳrian, from Proto-West Germanic *hūʀijan; equivalent to hire (“wages”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


serchour

English: searcher

Scots: saircher

/ˈsɛːrt͡ʃər/

Borrowed from Old French cercheor; equivalent to serchen + -our.

A searcher; an investigator or scrutiniser.

One who performs checkups or quality control:

A person employed by a guild to ensure adherence to guild guidelines.

A person who levies duties and examines the quality of trade goods.

(rare) An investigator of watches or postings.


serche

English: search

Scots: sairch

Yola: surchte

Borrowed from Old French cerche (“search”), from cerchier (“to search”); compare serchen.

bor+

(rare, Late Middle English) An inspection or inquest of goods or products.


weif

English: waif

Scots: waith, waff

From Anglo-Norman waif, from Old Norse veif (“flag”).

The privilege of being able to take in such goods.


spicerie

English: spicery

Scots: spicerie

From Old French espicerie; equivalent to spicer + -ie or spice + -erie.

A spice or spices; ground substances used as flavouring:

Spices used for their scents, aromas, or smells.

Spices used for their (purported) medical effects.

Spices used for the embalmment dead bodies.

A branch of a wealthy estate ensuring the provision or victualling of food.


mongere

English: monger

(rare outside of compounds) A retailer; a merchant.


exaccion

English: exaction

Scots: exaction (obsolete)

Borrowed from Middle French exaction, ultimately from Latin exāctiōnem, accusative form of exāctiō; equivalent to ex- + accion.

(Late Middle English) An instance of taxation; a charge.


hostiler

English: hostler, ostler

⇒? English: hosteler, hosteller

Scots: ostler

Borrowed from Middle French hostiler, from Old French hostelier, from Medieval Latin hostilārius, hospitālārius, from hospitāle. Equivalent to hostel + -er.

(Late Middle English) A hostler; one who deals with horses.


journeyinge

English: journeying


jorneman

English: journeyman


journe

English: journey

Scots: jurney

Borrowed from Old French jornee, from Vulgar Latin *diurnāta.

An endeavour or enterprise; an attempt at something:

(figurative) Mortality; the final event of one's life.

The happenings or accomplishments of a day:

A day of fighting, tilting, or jousting.

The amount of work set or completed in a day.

A unit of distance equalling a the distance covered in a day of travel (around 20 miles)

(rare) The fruits or results of a day or its work.


reysen

enm-verb

reysen (third-person singular simple present reyseth, present participle reysende, reysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reysed)

reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysende (participle present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
reysen (infinitive)
to reysen (infinitive)
reyse (infinitive)
reyse (first-person present singular)
reysed (first-person past singular)
reysest (present second-person singular)
reysedest (past second-person singular)
reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysed (past singular third-person)
reyse (present singular subjunctive)
reysed (past singular subjunctive)
reyse (imperative present singular)
reysen (plural present)
reyse (plural present)
reyseden (past plural)
reysede (past plural)
reyseth (imperative plural present)
reyse (imperative plural present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysende (participle present)
reysed (participle past)
yreysed (participle past)

English: raise

Scots: rais, rase, raise

Borrowed from Old Norse reisa, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reren.

and iheſus reiſide him ſelf .· ⁊ ſeide to hir / womman where ben þei þat accuſiden þee .·? no man haþ dampned þee .·?

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 8:10, page 49r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And Jesus raised himself, and said to her: "Woman, where are those who ostracised you? Has nobody ostracised you?"

To raise; to hold up or suspend upwards:

To cause to stand up; to induce to rise.

(Late Middle English) To extract or pull out; to cause something to exit.

To create or ready something:
To start or cause; to endow or grant.


reren

reren (infinitive)
to reren (infinitive)
rere (infinitive)
rere (first-person present singular)
rered (first-person past singular)
rerest (present second-person singular)
reredest (past second-person singular)
rereth (present singular third-person)
rered (past singular third-person)
rere (present singular subjunctive)
rered (past singular subjunctive)
rere (imperative present singular)
reren (plural present)
rere (plural present)
rereden (past plural)
rerede (past plural)
rereth (imperative plural present)
rere (imperative plural present)
rerynge (participle present)
rerende (participle present)
rered (participle past)
yrered (participle past)

English: rear

Scots: rere, reir

From Old English rǣran, from Proto-West Germanic *raiʀijan, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reysen.

To collect money, taxes or fines; to enforce taxation.


dotacion

English: dotation

(Late Middle English) dotation, endowing


theen

theen (infinitive)
to theen (infinitive)
thee (infinitive)
thee (first-person present singular)
thew (first-person past singular)
theest (present second-person singular)
thowe (past second-person singular)
thew (past second-person singular)
theeth (present singular third-person)
thew (past singular third-person)
thee (present singular subjunctive)
thowe (past singular subjunctive)
thee (imperative present singular)
theen (plural present)
thee (plural present)
thowen (past plural)
thowe (past plural)
theeth (imperative plural present)
thee (imperative plural present)
theynge (participle present)
theende (participle present)
thowen (participle past)
thowe (participle past)

English: thee (obsolete or dialectal)

Scots: thee, the

From Old English þēon (strong class 1), from Proto-Germanic *þinhaną (strong class 3); a cognate of Middle Dutch diën. In later Old English, þēon changed to strong class 2 on the model of tēon, meaning the past participle became þogen; in Middle English, the -g- vocalised to -w-, resulting in a form thowen. Past singular forms in -w- were then analogically created on the basis of this past participle (see the inflection table below).

To thrive, prosper, flourish, experience success, wealth, or prosperity.

So mote i theen, thow art a proper man,
 [...]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Pardoners Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio lxix, verso:

As sure as i hope to prosper (By Jove! / Marry! / Truly, / ...), you are a proper fellow,
 …


assethen

assethen (infinitive)
to assethen (infinitive)
assethe (infinitive)
assethe (first-person present singular)
assethed (first-person past singular)
assethest (present second-person singular)
assethedest (past second-person singular)
assetheth (present singular third-person)
assethed (past singular third-person)
assethe (present singular subjunctive)
assethed (past singular subjunctive)
assethe (imperative present singular)
assethen (plural present)
assethe (plural present)
assetheden (past plural)
assethede (past plural)
assetheth (imperative plural present)
assethe (imperative plural present)
assethynge (participle present)
assethende (participle present)
assethed (participle past)
yassethed (participle past)

Scots: assythe (obsolete)


bocherie

English: butchery

Borrowed from Old French boucherie; by surface analysis, bocher + -ie.

(rare) As a whole, butchers or their craft.


gredyly

English: greedily

Scots: greedily

From Old English grǣdiglīce, grǣdelīce; equivalent to gredy + -ly.

Voraciously, insatiably, with a tendency to overeat or excessively eat (used of people and beasts)

Enviously, greedily; in a way that displays avarice or greed.

Overexcitedly or impulsively; in an excessively eager or willing way.


gredynesse

English: greediness

From Old English grǣdiġnes; equivalent to gredy + -nesse.

enviousness, greediness, avarice; the state of lusting after wealth or lucre


gredy

English: greedy
Sranan Tongo: gridi

Scots: gredy, gredie

Inherited from Anglian Old English grēdiġ (West Saxon grǣdiġ), from Proto-West Germanic *grādag, from Proto-Germanic *grēdagaz.

inh+

Envious, greedy; lusting after wealth or lucre; displaying avarice or greed.


counte

English: count, compt

Scots: coont, count

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conte, counte, from Latin computus; reinforced through aphesis of acounte.


counte

English: county

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman counté, from Latin comitātus; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -te.

A traditional county or shire of England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.


endowynge

An endowment or granting of money as means.


thef

English: thief

Scots: thef, theif, thief


thefte

English: theft

Scots: thift, theft

Inherited from Old English þīefþ, from Proto-West Germanic *þiubiþu, from Proto-Germanic *þiubiþō; equivalent to thef + -the (“abstract nominal suffix”).

Theft, stealing, robbery (in general or as an individual instance):

Financial fraud; the mishandling of money.

Something seen as analogous or equivalent to theft.


imposicioun

English: imposition

Borrowed from Old French imposicion, from Latin impositiō; equivalent to in- + posicioun.

A charge or fee or its collection or retrieval.

(rare, surgery) Entering, putting something inside.

(rare) Imputation; making a claim about someone.


obligen

obligen (infinitive)
to obligen (infinitive)
oblige (infinitive)
oblige (first-person present singular)
obliged (first-person past singular)
obligest (present second-person singular)
obligedest (past second-person singular)
obligeth (present singular third-person)
obliged (past singular third-person)
oblige (present singular subjunctive)
obliged (past singular subjunctive)
oblige (imperative present singular)
obligen (plural present)
oblige (plural present)
obligeden (past plural)
obligede (past plural)
obligeth (imperative plural present)
oblige (imperative plural present)
obligynge (participle present)
obligende (participle present)
obliged (participle past)
yobliged (participle past)

English: oblige

Scots: obleege

/ɔˈblɛːd͡ʒən/

Borrowed from Old French obligier, from Latin obligō.

To oblige; to compel to do something or behave a certain way.

To start being obligated; to make oneself obligated.

To donate or offer as a guarantee of security.


obligacioun

English: obligation

Scots: obligation

Borrowed from Old French obligacion, from Latin obligātiō; equivalent to obligen + -acioun.

A debenture; a document which obligates one to pay another.


redempcioun

English: redemption

Scots: redemption

Borrowed from Old French redemption, borrowed itself from Latin redemptio. Doublet of raunsoun.

A payment or fee, especially one acting as ransom.

(rare) Payment of a tax, charge, or duty.

(theology, rare) Spiritual overhaul or reforming.

(theology, rare) Spiritual remission or forgiving.


raunsonynge

(rare) Imprisoning while offering ransom.


raymen

enm-verb

raymen (third-person singular simple present raymeth, present participle raymende, raymynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle raymed)

raymeth (present singular third-person)
raymende (participle present)
raymynge (participle present)
raymed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
raymen (infinitive)
to raymen (infinitive)
rayme (infinitive)
rayme (first-person present singular)
raymed (first-person past singular)
raymest (present second-person singular)
raymedest (past second-person singular)
raymeth (present singular third-person)
raymed (past singular third-person)
rayme (present singular subjunctive)
raymed (past singular subjunctive)
rayme (imperative present singular)
raymen (plural present)
rayme (plural present)
raymeden (past plural)
raymede (past plural)
raymeth (imperative plural present)
rayme (imperative plural present)
raymynge (participle present)
raymende (participle present)
raymed (participle past)
yraymed (participle past)

An early borrowing from Old French raembre, inherited from Latin redimō. Doublet of redemen.

To loot; to go on a campaign of stealing and burglary.


raunsoun

English: ransom

Scots: ransom

Borrowed from Old French raençon, from Latin redemptio. Doublet of redempcioun.

Ransom; the practice of paying to let someone out of jail (in war).

A payment or fee; money paid to someone out of necessity:

A payment or fee as punishment for criminal activity.

A large quantity or reserve of coinage or money.


answeren

answeren (third-person singular simple present answereth, present participle answerende, answerynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle answered)

answereth (present singular third-person)
answerende (participle present)
answerynge (participle present)
answered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
answeren (infinitive)
to answeren (infinitive)
answere (infinitive)
answere (first-person present singular)
answered (first-person past singular)
answerde (first-person past singular)
answerest (present second-person singular)
answeredest (past second-person singular)
answerdest (past second-person singular)
answereth (present singular third-person)
answered (past singular third-person)
answerde (past singular third-person)
answere (present singular subjunctive)
answered (past singular subjunctive)
answerde (past singular subjunctive)
answere (imperative present singular)
answeren (plural present)
answere (plural present)
answereden (past plural)
answerede (past plural)
answerden (past plural)
answerde (past plural)
answereth (imperative plural present)
answere (imperative plural present)
answerynge (participle present)
answerende (participle present)
answered (participle past)
answerd (participle past)
yanswered (participle past)
yanswerd (participle past)

English: answer

Scots: answer

From Old English andswerian (from Proto-Germanic *andaswarjaną) and Old English andswarian (from Proto-Germanic *andaswarōną); equivalent to and- + swaren or answere + -en (infinitival suffix).


mysansweren

misansweren (infinitive)
to misansweren (infinitive)
misanswere (infinitive)
misanswere (first-person present singular)
misanswered (first-person past singular)
misanswerest (present second-person singular)
misansweredest (past second-person singular)
misanswereth (present singular third-person)
misanswered (past singular third-person)
misanswere (present singular subjunctive)
misanswered (past singular subjunctive)
misanswere (imperative present singular)
misansweren (plural present)
misanswere (plural present)
misanswereden (past plural)
misanswerede (past plural)
misanswereth (imperative plural present)
misanswere (imperative plural present)
misanswerynge (participle present)
misanswerende (participle present)
misanswered (participle past)
ymisanswered (participle past)

English: misanswer

To answer in a contemptuous or insulting way.


fantome

English: phantom, phantasm

Scots: phanton

Borrowed from Old French fantesme, fantosme, from Latin phantasma, from Ancient Greek φάντασμα (phántasma).

(rare, medicine) A hallucination or delirium brought on by illness.


botyng

An extra in a swapping to make the things swapped equivalent.


duete

English: duty

Scots: duty

From Anglo-Norman dueté; equivalent to dewe + -te.

Something which one is obliged to do (by law, society, or belief)


detty

Required, needful, necessary; not optional.


dettour

English: debtor

Borrowed from Old French detour, from Latin debitor; equivalent to dette + -our.

One who is indebted to another (financially, for their help, etc.)

and þus ȝe ſchulen pꝛeie / Oure fadir þat art in heuenes .· halewid be þi name / þi kyngdom come to / be þi wille doon in erþe .· as in heuene / ȝyue to vs þis dai oure bꝛeed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce / and foꝛȝyue to vs oure dettis .· as we foꝛȝyuen to oure dettouris / and lede vs not in to temptacioun .· but delyuere vs fro yuele amen […]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 6:9-14, page 3r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be sanctified; / your Kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth, like in heaven. / Give us our bread over other substances, / forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us, / and don't bring us into temptation, but instead save us from evil. Amen."

One who must atone for their wrongs against another.


motoun

English: mutton

Scots: mutton

Yola: muthon, mothoon

Borrowed from Old French mouton, from Vulgar Latin moltō, from Gaulish *multon-, from Proto-Celtic *moltos.

An Anglo-French gold coin impressed with the image of a lamb.


askynge

English: asking

Scots: asking, askin

From Old English āscung, āxung (“asking; question; inquiry”); equivalent to axen + -ing.


coroune

English: crown (see there for further descendants)

Scots: croun, croon

→ Welsh: coron

From Anglo-Norman coroune, curune, corone, from Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē).

A piece of non-British currency with a crown on it.


thryven

thryven (infinitive)
to thryven (infinitive)
thryve (infinitive)
thryve (first-person present singular)
throf (first-person past singular)
thryvest (present second-person singular)
throve (past second-person singular)
thryve (past second-person singular)
threve (past second-person singular)
throf (past second-person singular)
thryveth (present singular third-person)
throf (past singular third-person)
thryve (present singular subjunctive)
throve (past singular subjunctive)
thryve (past singular subjunctive)
threve (past singular subjunctive)
thryve (imperative present singular)
thryven (plural present)
thryve (plural present)
throven (past plural)
throve (past plural)
thryven (past plural)
thryve (past plural)
threven (past plural)
threve (past plural)
thryveth (imperative plural present)
thryve (imperative plural present)
thryvynge (participle present)
thryvende (participle present)
thryven (participle past)
thryve (participle past)
threven (participle past)
threve (participle past)

English: thrive

Scots: thrive

Yola: threeve

From Old Norse þrífa, from Proto-Germanic *þrībaną. Cognates include Old Swedish þrīvas.

To acquire prosperity or fortune; to succeed.


enhauncen

enhauncen (third-person singular simple present enhaunceth, present participle enhauncende, enhauncynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle enhaunced)

enhaunceth (present singular third-person)
enhauncende (participle present)
enhauncynge (participle present)
enhaunced (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
enhauncen (infinitive)
to enhauncen (infinitive)
enhaunce (infinitive)
enhaunce (first-person present singular)
enhaunced (first-person past singular)
enhauncest (present second-person singular)
enhauncedest (past second-person singular)
enhaunceth (present singular third-person)
enhaunced (past singular third-person)
enhaunce (present singular subjunctive)
enhaunced (past singular subjunctive)
enhaunce (imperative present singular)
enhauncen (plural present)
enhaunce (plural present)
enhaunceden (past plural)
enhauncede (past plural)
enhaunceth (imperative plural present)
enhaunce (imperative plural present)
enhauncynge (participle present)
enhauncende (participle present)
enhaunced (participle past)
yenhaunced (participle past)

English: enhance

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman enhauncer, from Vulgar Latin *inaltiāre. The second /n/ is an unetymological excrescence.

(rare) To install a column or other vertical object.

To lift, heighten, or raise up:
(rare) To heighten ground or floor.

To lift, heighten, or raise up:
To heighten ground or floor.

To better or improve someone; to make someone better:

To cause to become (more) wealthy, successful, or powerful.

To cheer up; to make happier or more assured.

To feel (excessively) prideful or vain; to have excessive pride.


endowement

English: endowment


wynnere

English: winner


wynnyng

English: winning

gain, acquiring, accession:
profit, earnings


awinnen

awinnen (infinitive)
to awinnen (infinitive)
awinne (infinitive)
awinne (first-person present singular)
awan (first-person past singular)
awon (first-person past singular)
awinnest (present second-person singular)
awonne (past second-person singular)
awanne (past second-person singular)
awan (past second-person singular)
awon (past second-person singular)
awinneth (present singular third-person)
awan (past singular third-person)
awon (past singular third-person)
awinne (present singular subjunctive)
awonne (past singular subjunctive)
awanne (past singular subjunctive)
awinne (imperative present singular)
awinnen (plural present)
awinne (plural present)
awonnen (past plural)
awonne (past plural)
awannen (past plural)
awanne (past plural)
awinneth (imperative plural present)
awinne (imperative plural present)
awinnynge (participle present)
awinnende (participle present)
awonnen (participle past)
awonne (participle past)

From Old English āwinnan; equivalent to a- + winnen.


mynute

English: minute
Tok Pisin: minit

Scots: meenit

From Old French minute, from Medieval Latin minūta. Compare menuse.


monymaker

English: moneymaker

A minter or moneyer; one who makes money.


moneyour

English: moneyer

From money + -our; reinforced by Anglo-Norman monoiier, monneiere, monnier.

One who deals in money; one who works in finance.


moneyen

moneyen (infinitive)
to moneyen (infinitive)
moneye (infinitive)
moneye (first-person present singular)
moneyed (first-person past singular)
moneyest (present second-person singular)
moneyedest (past second-person singular)
moneyeth (present singular third-person)
moneyed (past singular third-person)
moneye (present singular subjunctive)
moneyed (past singular subjunctive)
moneye (imperative present singular)
moneyen (plural present)
moneye (plural present)
moneyeden (past plural)
moneyede (past plural)
moneyeth (imperative plural present)
moneye (imperative plural present)
moneyynge (participle present)
moneyende (participle present)
moneyed (participle past)
ymoneyed (participle past)


wely

English: wealy (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English weliġ, weoliġ, from Proto-West Germanic *welag; equivalent to wele (“weal”) + -y.

Wealthy, rich; possessing wealth or affluence.


grene wax

English: green wax

Named for the green wax seal of the Exchequer.


quytaunce

English: quittance

Scots: cuttance

From Old French quitance (modern French quittance), from Latin quietantia; equivalent to quyten + -aunce.


hundredpeny

From hundred (“administrative division”) + peny.

af

(rare) A tax levied on a hundred (administrative division)


peny

English: penny, pence (see there for further descendants)

Scots: penny

From Old English penniġ, a form of penning, from Proto-West Germanic *panning, from Proto-Germanic *panningaz.

Money or coinage (especially that with little value).


tresour

English: treasure

Scots: treisur

From Old French tresor, from Latin thēsaurus, from Ancient Greek θησαυρός (thēsaurós).

treasure, hoard (collection of valuables)

Something or someone of great value:
treasure (a valuable possession)

Something or someone of great value:
gift, talent (valuable faculty)

A treasury or vault (repository for valuables)


tithyng

English: tithing

From Old English tēoðung, tēoðing; equivalent to tithe + -ing.

tithe (tenth of one's income given to clergy)


tithen

tithen (infinitive)
to tithen (infinitive)
tithe (infinitive)
tithe (first-person present singular)
tithed (first-person past singular)
tithest (present second-person singular)
tithedest (past second-person singular)
titheth (present singular third-person)
tithed (past singular third-person)
tithe (present singular subjunctive)
tithed (past singular subjunctive)
tithe (imperative present singular)
tithen (plural present)
tithe (plural present)
titheden (past plural)
tithede (past plural)
titheth (imperative plural present)
tithe (imperative plural present)
tithynge (participle present)
tithende (participle present)
tithed (participle past)
ytithed (participle past)

English: tithe

From Old English tēoþian, teogoðian; equivalent to tithe + -en (infinitival suffix).


herberwen

herberwen (infinitive)
to herberwen (infinitive)
herberwe (infinitive)
herberwe (first-person present singular)
herberwed (first-person past singular)
herberwest (present second-person singular)
herberwedest (past second-person singular)
herberweth (present singular third-person)
herberwed (past singular third-person)
herberwe (present singular subjunctive)
herberwed (past singular subjunctive)
herberwe (imperative present singular)
herberwen (plural present)
herberwe (plural present)
herberweden (past plural)
herberwede (past plural)
herberweth (imperative plural present)
herberwe (imperative plural present)
herberwynge (participle present)
herberwende (participle present)
herberwed (participle past)
yherberwed (participle past)

English: harbor, harbour

Scots: hairbor, hairbour

From Old English herebeorgian; equivalent to herberwe + -en (infinitival suffix).

foꝛ I hungride .· ⁊ ȝe ȝauen me to ete / and I þirſtide .· and ȝe ȝauen me to dꝛynke / I was herboꝛles .· ⁊ ȝe herboꝛiden me[…]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 25:35, page 14r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Because I was hungry, and you gave me something to eat; I was thirsty, and you gave me something to drink; I was homeless, and you sheltered me […]

To accommodate or lodge; to have as a guest:

To give out accommodations (to someone).

To dwell or stay; to make accommodation.


crouche

English: crouch (obsolete)

From Old English crūċ, from Latin crucem. Doublet of cross and croys.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.


besaunt

English: bezant, basant, besant, byzant

From Old French besant, from Latin byzantius.

A bezant (Byzantine gold coin) or similar coin:

An ancient coin, especially a talent, drachma, or mina.


taxen

taxen (infinitive)
to taxen (infinitive)
taxe (infinitive)
taxe (first-person present singular)
taxed (first-person past singular)
taxest (present second-person singular)
taxedest (past second-person singular)
taxeth (present singular third-person)
taxed (past singular third-person)
taxe (present singular subjunctive)
taxed (past singular subjunctive)
taxe (imperative present singular)
taxen (plural present)
taxe (plural present)
taxeden (past plural)
taxede (past plural)
taxeth (imperative plural present)
taxe (imperative plural present)
taxynge (participle present)
taxende (participle present)
taxed (participle past)
ytaxed (participle past)

English: tax

Scots: tax

From Old French taxer, from Latin taxō, taxāre; equivalent to taxe (“tax”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


taxacioun

English: taxation

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman taxacion, from Latin taxātiō, taxātiōnem. Equivalent to taxe + -acioun.


fermour

desctree

English: farmer
→ Kashubian: farmôrz (Canada, United States)
→ Yiddish: פֿאַרמער (farmer)

Scots: fermer, fairmer

A remodelling of Old French fermier (from Medieval Latin firmarius) after ferme (“lease”) + -our.

A tax collector entitled to retain their proceeds for a fixed fee.


cheker

English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium; equivalent to chek + -er. Doublet of escheker.

(by extension) The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


creaunce

English: creance

Borrowed from Old French creance (earlier credance), from Latin crēdentia. Doublet of credence.


wasshere

English: washer

One who debases coins by using acid to wear at the metal.


wasshynge

English: washing

Middle Scots: wasching

Scots: washin

From Old English *wæsċing, equivalent to wasshen + -ing.

Something used to wash or clean:
(rare) Water used to wash; dishwater.

Something used to wash or clean:
Water used to wash; dishwater.


acounte

English: account
→ Bulgarian: ака́унт (akáunt)
→ Japanese: アカウント (akaunto)
→ Malay: akaun
→ Pohnpeian: akaund
→ Russian: аккаунт (akkaunt)
→ Swahili: akaunti

Scots: accoont, account

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman acounte, aconte, from aconter (see acounten). Equivalent to a- + counte (“computation”).

(often in the plural) An account (financial record)


creaunsour

English: creancer (historical)

Borrowed from Old French creanceor; equivalent to creaunce + -our.


creauncen

creauncen (infinitive)
to creauncen (infinitive)
creaunce (infinitive)
creaunce (first-person present singular)
creaunced (first-person past singular)
creauncest (present second-person singular)
creauncedest (past second-person singular)
creaunceth (present singular third-person)
creaunced (past singular third-person)
creaunce (present singular subjunctive)
creaunced (past singular subjunctive)
creaunce (imperative present singular)
creauncen (plural present)
creaunce (plural present)
creaunceden (past plural)
creauncede (past plural)
creaunceth (imperative plural present)
creaunce (imperative plural present)
creauncynge (participle present)
creauncende (participle present)
creaunced (participle past)
ycreaunced (participle past)

Borrowed from Old French creancier; equivalent to creaunce + -en (infinitival suffix).


scuage

English: escuage (restored from the etymon)

Borrowed from Old French escuage; equivalent to Old French escu + -age.

(Late Middle English) scutage (medieval English tax)


Petres peny

English: Peter's pence

From Petres (genitive of Peter (“Peter”)) + peny (“penny”) or pens (“pence”) or other similar formations.

af

genitive of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">Peter</i> (“Peter”)

Peter's pence, alms-fee (tax due to Rome collected from English homes)


pencioun

English: pension

Scots: pension

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French pencion, pension, from Latin pēnsiō, pēnsiōnem.


mensken

enm-verb

mensken (third-person singular simple present mensketh, present participle menskynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mensked)

mensketh (present singular third-person)
menskynge (participle present)
mensked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mensken (infinitive)
to mensken (infinitive)
menske (infinitive)
menske (first-person present singular)
mensked (first-person past singular)
menskest (present second-person singular)
menskedest (past second-person singular)
mensketh (present singular third-person)
mensked (past singular third-person)
menske (present singular subjunctive)
mensked (past singular subjunctive)
menske (imperative present singular)
mensken (plural present)
menske (plural present)
menskeden (past plural)
menskede (past plural)
mensketh (imperative plural present)
menske (imperative plural present)
menskynge (participle present)
menskende (participle present)
mensked (participle past)

English: mense (dialectal)

Scots: mense

From menske (“honour”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


ernen

enm-verb

ernen (third-person singular simple present erneth, present participle ernende, ernynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle erned)

erneth (present singular third-person)
ernende (participle present)
ernynge (participle present)
erned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
ernen (infinitive)
to ernen (infinitive)
erne (infinitive)
erne (first-person present singular)
erned (first-person past singular)
ernest (present second-person singular)
ernedest (past second-person singular)
erneth (present singular third-person)
erned (past singular third-person)
erne (present singular subjunctive)
erned (past singular subjunctive)
erne (imperative present singular)
ernen (plural present)
erne (plural present)
erneden (past plural)
ernede (past plural)
erneth (imperative plural present)
erne (imperative plural present)
ernynge (participle present)
ernende (participle present)
erned (participle past)

English: earn

Scots: earn

Inherited from Old English earnian, from Proto-West Germanic *aʀanōn, from Proto-Germanic *azanōną.


beggere

English: beggar

Scots: beggar

Either borrowed from Old French begart (from Middle Dutch beggaert) or formed anew from beggen + -er.


welefulnesse

(Late Middle English, rare) Flourishing, joy, propitiousness, luck.


welthy

English: wealthy

Scots: walthy

(Late Middle English) wealthy, prosperous


garisoun

English: garrison

Scots: gairison

Borrowed from Old French garison, from garir, guarir (“to protect”); Doublet of warisoun. Senses 1 and 2 are probably due to the influence of gersom, while senses 3 and 4 are probably due to the influence of garnisoun.


warisoun

Middle Scots: warisoun, warisone

→ English: warison, warrison

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman warison, from warir (“to protect”); equivalent to warysshen + -isoun. Doublet of garisoun.

A monetary transaction; the act of paying for a service:

(rare) Compensation or recompense for wrong.

whanne sire Tristram was in the see / he said / Grete wel kyng Marke and all myn enemyes / and saye hem I wille come ageyne whan I maye / And wel am I rewarded for the fyghtynge with sire Marhaus[…]and wel I am rewarded for[…]many other dedes haue I done for hym / and now haue I my waryson

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xxij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book IX:

A reward, recompense; what one deserves.

Wealth, possessions; a treasure (literal or figurative).

(rare) Ownership; the state of owning or possessing.


richenesse

English: richness

From riche (“rich”) + -nesse (abstract nominal suffix).

af

(rare) Wealthiness; the state of being wealthy.


richedom

desc

>? English: richdom (probably calqued from continental West Germanic)

Inherited from Old English rīċedom, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīdōm, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijadōmaz; equivalent to riche (“rich”) + -dom.


richely

English: richly

Scots: richly

Inherited from Old English rīċlīċe, from Proto-West Germanic *rīkīlīkō, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijalīkô; equivalent to and often remodelled after riche (“rich”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

Marvelously; in an attractive or majestic way:

With ceremony, rigour, and ritual; reverentially.

Luxuriously; in an extravagant or lavish way.

Copiously, profusely; in an abundant way.

(referring to marriage) Advantageously, to be wealthy.


goodles

English: goodless

Scots: guidless

Inherited from Old English gōdlēas; by surface analysis, good + -les.


gersom

English: gersum, grassum

Scots: grassum (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English gærsum, gersum, gærsuma, from Old Norse gersemi, gørsemi (“treasure”), from gerr, gǫrr (“ready”) + -semi (“-ness”), with the ending assimilated to native -sum. Compare garisoun.

(specifically) A rent paid to one's manorial lord.


chaffaren

enm-verb

chaffaren (third-person singular simple present chaffareth, present participle chaffarende, chaffarynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chaffared)

chaffareth (present singular third-person)
chaffarende (participle present)
chaffarynge (participle present)
chaffared (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chaffaren (infinitive)
to chaffaren (infinitive)
chaffare (infinitive)
chaffare (first-person present singular)
chaffared (first-person past singular)
chaffarest (present second-person singular)
chaffaredest (past second-person singular)
chaffareth (present singular third-person)
chaffared (past singular third-person)
chaffare (present singular subjunctive)
chaffared (past singular subjunctive)
chaffare (imperative present singular)
chaffaren (plural present)
chaffare (plural present)
chaffareden (past plural)
chaffarede (past plural)
chaffareth (imperative plural present)
chaffare (imperative plural present)
chaffarynge (participle present)
chaffarende (participle present)
chaffared (participle past)
ychaffared (participle past)

English: chaffer

From chaffare (“trade”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive, rare, usually with of) To trade in return for profit.


chaffare

English: chaffer (obsolete)

From Old English *ċēapfaru; equivalent to chep + fare. Compare Old Norse kaupfǫr.

Commercial or mercantile activity; trading.


countour

English: counter, compter

Scots: counter, coonter

Borrowed from Old French conteor and Middle French contoir; equivalent to counte (“computation”) + -our.


acounten

enm-verb

acounten (third-person singular simple present acounteth, present participle acountende, acountynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle acounted)

acounteth (present singular third-person)
acountende (participle present)
acountynge (participle present)
acounted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
acounten (infinitive)
to acounten (infinitive)
acounte (infinitive)
acounte (first-person present singular)
acounted (first-person past singular)
acountest (present second-person singular)
acountedest (past second-person singular)
acounteth (present singular third-person)
acounted (past singular third-person)
acounte (present singular subjunctive)
acounted (past singular subjunctive)
acounte (imperative present singular)
acounten (plural present)
acounte (plural present)
acounteden (past plural)
acountede (past plural)
acounteth (imperative plural present)
acounte (imperative plural present)
acountynge (participle present)
acountende (participle present)
acounted (participle past)

English: account, accompt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman acounter, aconter; equivalent to acounte (“account”) + -en (infinitival suffix) or a- + counten (“to count”).

af

To narrate or recount; to provide an accounting:

To maintain or provide accounts of finances.


unchaungeable

English: unchangeable

Unchangeable; unchanging or unable to change.


chaungere

English: changer

From chaungen (“to change”) + -er and Old French changeor; thus also equivalent to chaungen + -our.

A moneychanger; an individual who changes money.