sky

skyes (plural)
ski (alternative)
skie (alternative)
ske (alternative)
skye (alternative)
scki (alternative)
schi (alternative)
schye (alternative)
scy (alternative)
skey (alternative)
skige (alternative)
skiȝe (alternative)
skyȝe (alternative)

English: sky

Scots: sky, skie, skey, ske

Yola: skee

From Old Norse ský, from Proto-Germanic *skiwją. Doublet of skew.


cod

coddes (plural)
codde (alternative)
kode (alternative)
code (alternative)

English: cod

Scots: cod

From Old English codd (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-West Germanic *koddō, from Proto-Germanic *kuddô, from Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”). The "pillow" sense is from Old Danish kodde or Old Norse koddi, from the same Proto-Germanic source.

der

(rare) The gullet, windpipe or esophagus.


blood

bloods (plural)
blod (alternative)
blode (alternative)
bloode (alternative)
bloud (alternative)

English: blood

Geordie English: bluid

Scots: bluid

Yola: blooed

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-?
Proto-Germanic *blōþą
Proto-West Germanic *blōd
Old English blōd
Middle English blood
From Old English blōd, from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, of uncertain origin.


ache

aches (plural)
ake (alternative)
eche (alternative)

English: ache

Scots: ake

From Old English eċe, ace, æċe, from Proto-West Germanic *aki, from Proto-Germanic *akiz. Some forms are remodelled on aken.


cane

canes (plural)
canne (alternative)
kane (alternative)
kanne (alternative)

English: cane

Scots: cane

From Old French cane, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).

bamboo, sugar cane, flax, or a similar simple-stemmed plant

the stem or stalk of such a plant, often used to write with

(rare) a metal implement used for surgery

(rare) a bodily passage or tube, such as the trachea


to

tos (plural)
ton (plural)
toe (alternative)
towe (alternative)
two (alternative)
tho (alternative)
teie (alternative)
ta (alternative)
toa (alternative)

English: toe

Scots: tae

Yola: toan (plural)

From Old English tā, tāhe, from Proto-West Germanic *taihā, from Proto-Germanic *taihwǭ (“toe”).


her

heres (plural)
er (alternative)
hair (alternative)
haire (alternative)
har (alternative)
hare (alternative)
hær (alternative)
hear (alternative)
heere (alternative)
heir (alternative)
here (alternative)
herre (alternative)
heyr (alternative)
hier (alternative)
hor (alternative)
hore (alternative)

English: hair

→ Russian: хаер (xajer)

→⇒ Russian: хайратник (xajratnik)

Scots: hair, hayr, hare

Yola: haar

Inherited from Old English hǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *hār, from Proto-Germanic *hērą.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

Tho rad he me how sāpson lost his heeres

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(countable) a hair (follicular growth on the skin)

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

(uncountable) hair (follicular growths on the skin)

Something similar in appearance to hair (e.g. a botanical hair)


qualm

English: qualm (possibly)

Scots: qualm (possibly)

From Old English cwealm, from Proto-West Germanic *kwalm.

cwalm (alternative)
cualm (alternative)
qwalm (alternative)
qualme (alternative)

Plague, disease or sickness; that which afflicts.


arm

English: arm

Scots: arm

From Old English earm (“poor, wretched”), from Proto-West Germanic *arm, from Proto-Germanic *armaz (“poor”), from Proto-Indo-European *erm- (“poor, ill”).


wax

English: wax


cold

head

cold (plural and weak singular colde, comparative colder, superlative *coldest)

colde (plural)
colde (singular weak)
colder (comparative)
*coldest (superlative)
cald (alternative)
chald (alternative)
cheald (alternative)
cheld (alternative)

English: cold

Geordie English: cawd, cauld

Scots: cald, cauld

Yola: coale, khoal, cole

from the form stripped-by-parse_pron_post_template_fn

Inherited from Anglian Old English cald; variants with ch- are from West Saxon ċeald.

(alchemy, medicine) Considered to be alchemically cold


cold

English: cold

Scots: cald, cauld

cald (alternative)
chald (alternative)
cheald (alternative)
cheld (alternative)


male

males (plural)
madle (alternative)
mascle (alternative)
mal (alternative)
masle (alternative)
maule (alternative)
mawle (alternative)

English: male

Scots: male

Borrowed from Old French masle, malle, from Late Latin masclus, from Latin masculus; compare femele and masculyn.

(rare) Manhood; the state of being male.


lavender

lavenderes (plural)
launder (alternative)
lavendeer (alternative)
lavendere (alternative)
lavendre (alternative)
lawender (alternative)
lawnder (alternative)
lawndere (alternative)

English: launder

Scots: launer

Borrowed from Old French lavandier, lavandiere, from Medieval Latin lavandārius.

A washer; one (especially a woman) who washes clothes.


saffron

desctree

English: saffron
→ Japanese: サフラン (safuran)
→ Korean: 사프란 (sapeuran)

Scots: sefron

c. 1200, borrowed from Old French safran, from Medieval Latin safranum, from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān);
as a colour adjective from the late 14th century.

saffroun (alternative)
safroun (alternative)
safferon (alternative)
safryn (alternative)
saffryn (alternative)
safran (alternative)
safron (alternative)
safurroun (alternative)
saferowne (alternative)
saffren (alternative)
safur (alternative)
safer (alternative)
saffyron (alternative)
saffran (alternative)
saferon (alternative)
saffrin (alternative)

Crocus sativus
Crocus sativus#Translingual


ruby

rubies (plural)
rebe (alternative)
ribe (alternative)
rube (alternative)
rubee (alternative)
rubie (alternative)
rybe (alternative)
ryby (alternative)

English: ruby

Borrowed from Old French rubi, itself borrowed from Latin rubeus.


gripe

grippes (plural)
gripen (plural)
grepe (alternative)
grippe (alternative)
grype (alternative)

English: grip

→ Dutch: grip

Scots: grip, grup

Yola: grip

Inherited from Old English gripe, from Proto-West Germanic *gripi, from Proto-Germanic *gripiz.


bal

balles (plural)
ball (alternative)
balle (alternative)

English: ball

Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball

Yola: ball

Inherited from Old English *beall, from Proto-West Germanic *ballu, from Proto-Germanic *balluz.

The eyeball; the eye viewed as a spherical object.


nose

noses (plural)
nosen (plural)
neose (alternative)
noose (alternative)
nosse (alternative)
nos (alternative)
nosu (alternative)

English: nose

Scots: nos, nose, nois

From Old English nosu, from Proto-West Germanic *nosu.


mouth

mouths (plural)
moueþ (alternative)
mouþ (alternative)
muþ (alternative)
mouthe (alternative)
muð (alternative)
mouþe (alternative)

English: mouth

Scots: mooth

Yola: meouth, moweth, mouth

From Old English mūþ, from Proto-West Germanic *munþ, from Proto-Germanic *munþaz.


leg

legges (plural)
legge (alternative)
leggue (alternative)
leige (alternative)
lige (alternative)

English: leg
→ Finnish: legi
→ Hungarian: leg

Scots: leg

From Old Norse leggr, from Proto-Germanic *lagjaz.


face

English: face (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: fyece

Scots: face

Yola: faace

Borrowed from Old French face, from Late Latin facia, from Latin faciēs.

Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC:

Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


path

pathes (plural)
paath (alternative)
paaþ (alternative)
pathe (alternative)
paththe (alternative)
paþ (alternative)
paþþe (alternative)
pað (alternative)
peþ (alternative)

English: path

Scots: peth, paith

Inherited from Old English pæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *paþ, from Proto-Germanic *paþaz, from an Iranian language, from Proto-Iranian *pántaHh, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pántaHs.
The spellings paath and pathe and Scots paith prove that a pronunciation of this word with /aː/ existed; it presumably originated from open-syllable lengthening in inflected forms.

An informal or unpaved path or trail; a track.

(rare, Late Middle English) A course or route.


hungry

English: hungry

Scots: hungry

Yola: hungree

From Old English hungriġ, from Proto-Germanic *hungragaz; equivalent to hunger + -y.

hungrig (alternative)
hunngriȝ (alternative)
houngrie (alternative)
hungrie (alternative)
hungri (alternative)
hungre (alternative)
hungery (alternative)
hongry (alternative)
hungury (alternative)
hungorie (alternative)
hungrye (alternative)

Haggard, scrawny; shriveled due to hunger or starvation.


flesh

English: flesh

Scots: flesch

Yola: vleash, vlesh

Inherited from Old English flǣsċ, from Proto-West Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).

der

flech (alternative)
fleesh (alternative)
fleisch (alternative)
fleische (alternative)
fleish (alternative)
flesch (alternative)
flesche (alternative)
fless (alternative)
flessh (alternative)
flæsc (alternative)
flæsch (alternative)
flæsh (alternative)


hurt

hurtes (plural)
hert (alternative)
hirt (alternative)
hirte (alternative)
horte (alternative)
hurte (alternative)
hyrt (alternative)

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation of hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:

A wound or disease; damage to one's body.

Monetary loss; damage to one's finances.

(law) A transgression; the act of violating.


woke

head

woke (plural and weak singular woke, comparative wakker, superlative wakkest)

woke (plural)
woke (singular weak)
wakker (comparative)
wakkest (superlative)
wac (alternative)
woc (alternative)
wake (alternative)
wok (alternative)
wooc (alternative)
woake (alternative)

Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with weyk)

Inherited from Old English wāc, from Proto-West Germanic *waikw, from Proto-Germanic *waikwaz. Doublet of weyk.

Physically weak or feeble; lacking strength or energy:

Weak or feeble due to illness, affliction or aging.


wet

English: wet (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wat

Yola: weate

From Old English wǣt, wāt, and weten (“to wet”).

wett (alternative)
wette (alternative)
wete (alternative)
weet (alternative)
weete (alternative)

(alchemy, medicine) Something that is considered alchemically wet


wet

wetes (plural)
weten (plural)
wett (alternative)
wette (alternative)
wete (alternative)
weet (alternative)
weete (alternative)

English: wet

Scots: wat


cloth

clothes (plural)
close (plural)
clothe (alternative)
clooth (alternative)
clath (alternative)
clathe (alternative)
cloþ (alternative)
cloþe (alternative)
clooþ (alternative)
claþ (alternative)
claþe (alternative)
cloð (alternative)
clað (alternative)
kloth (alternative)
klathe (alternative)
clotȝ (alternative)
cloyth (alternative)
kloyt (alternative)

English: cloth

Scots: clath, clathe, claith

From Old English clāþ, from Proto-Germanic *klaiþą.

(Late Middle English, rare) An illness or medical condition evident from boils.


comb

combes (plural)
combe (alternative)
kombe (alternative)
camb (alternative)
kambe (alternative)
cambe (alternative)

English: comb

Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem

Yola: cowm, khime

From Old English camb, comb, from Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.

A comb (toothed tool for holding or grooming hair)


box

English: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, borrowed from Latin buxus.

etymon

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual


box

English: box (see there for further descendants)

Scots: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā, borrowed from Late Latin buxis, borrowed from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís), from πῠ́ξος (pŭ́xos) + -ις (-is).


cake

cakes (plural)
kake (alternative)
caake (alternative)
cayk (alternative)

English: cake (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: kyek

Scots: cake, cyaak, kyaak

Yola: caake, kaake

→ Irish: cáca

From Old Norse kaka, from Proto-Germanic *kakǭ.

(medicine) A cake prepared to cure disease or illness.


dust

English: dust

Scots: dust, dist

Forms with a long vowel are from Old English dūst, from Proto-Germanic *dunstą. Forms with a short vowel are from Old English *dust, from Proto-Germanic *dustą.

doust (alternative)
duste (alternative)
doste (alternative)
dyste (alternative)


calf

enm-noun

calf (plural calver(e) or calveren or calves)

calver (plural)
calveren (plural)
calves (plural)
calfe (alternative)
chalf (alternative)
chalve (alternative)
chelve (alternative)
kelf (alternative)
kalf (alternative)

English: calf

Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf

Yola: callef, calef, calluf

From Anglian Old English calf, cælf (West Saxon ċealf), Proto-West Germanic *kalb, from Proto-Germanic *kalbaz.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

A representation of a calf; something that looks like a calf.


vessel

vessels (plural)
vessel (plural)
vescel (alternative)
vessell (alternative)
fessell (alternative)
vessall (alternative)
vesel (alternative)
vessayle (alternative)
fessel (alternative)
wessell (alternative)
ffessell (alternative)

English: vessel

Scots: veshel

Yola: veseal

Borrowed from Old French vaissel, vessel, from Late Latin vāscellum.

A container or vessel; a box for storage:

(alchemy) Alchemical equipment, ware, or tools.

Blood vessels; the tubes that blood travels in.


seem

semes (plural)
ceem (alternative)
ceme (alternative)
sem (alternative)
seme (alternative)
seyme (alternative)

English: seam

Scots: seam

Inherited from Old English sēam (“seam”), from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz. The "nail" sense is a semantic loan from Old Norse saumr.

inh+

(anatomy) A bodily depression or furrow.

A depression or indentation:
A bodily depression or furrow.


band

bandes (plural)
bande (alternative)
bend (alternative)
bond (alternative)
boond (alternative)
bonde (alternative)
bound (alternative)

English: band, bend, bond

Scots: band, bend

Inherited from Old English bend, from Proto-Germanic *bandiz; vocalism is influenced by Old Norse band and Old French bande.

A strip of a material used to tie or bind; a band:


moisture

English: moisture

Borrowed from Old French moistour; equivalent to moiste + -ure.

moistere (alternative)
mostowre (alternative)
moyster (alternative)
moystur (alternative)
moysture (alternative)
moystyr (alternative)


pipe

pipes (plural)
pipe (plural)
pype (alternative)

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A pipe; a piece of tubing used as a channel (often for fluids):

(medicine) A syringe; a hollow tube for medical removal or insertion.

Any other medical device or equipment based around a chamber or pipe.

A barrel or tub; a container or vessel for the storage of bulk goods, especially wine.

A record of a payment or audit acting as part of the Pipe Rolls.


maser

masers (plural)
mazer (alternative)
masere (alternative)
masour (alternative)
maserre (alternative)
mazere (alternative)
macer (alternative)
macher (alternative)
masowyr (alternative)
mausure (alternative)
mazre (alternative)
mazar (alternative)

English: mazer

Scots: maser

From Old English *maser, *mæser, from Proto-Germanic *masuraz; reinforced by Anglo-Norman mazer.

(rare, surgery) An artificial bone made of maple to repair skull injuries


kernel

kerneles (plural)
cernel (alternative)
curnel (alternative)
kernell (alternative)
kirnel (alternative)
karnel (alternative)
kurnel (alternative)
kurnele (alternative)
kyrnel (alternative)
kyrnell (alternative)
cornel (alternative)

desctree

English: kernel
→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

Scots: kirnel; churnel

From Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil; equivalent to corn + -el (agentive suffix). Some forms are influenced by corn.

(anatomy) An organ responsible for production of substances.


fervent

English: fervent

Scots: fervent

Borrowed from Old French fervent, from Latin fervēns, ferventem; compare fervour.

farvent (alternative)
ferfent (alternative)
fervein (alternative)
fervente (alternative)
ffervent (alternative)
vervent (alternative)


bath

bathes (plural)
baðen (plural)
baathe (alternative)
bathth (alternative)
batth (alternative)
baþ (alternative)
baþþ (alternative)
bæð (alternative)
beað (alternative)
beð (alternative)

English: bath

Scots: bath

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁-
Proto-Germanic *baþą
Proto-West Germanic *baþ
Old English bæþ
Middle English bath
Inherited from Old English bæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *baþ, from Proto-Germanic *baþą.

etymon

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A spiritually cleansing bath.


rot

English: rot

rote (alternative)
root (alternative)
rotte (alternative)
rott (alternative)

Any disease which causes decaying and decomposition in humans.


flor

flores (plural)
flore (alternative)
flur (alternative)
flour (alternative)
floor (alternative)
vlor (alternative)
floour (alternative)

English: floor

desc

Scots: flure, fluir, flair, fleur, fleer

From Old English flōr, from Proto-West Germanic *flōru, *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

A flat area or platform (often for preparation)


beverage

beverages (plural)
berage (alternative)
berrage (alternative)
berygge (alternative)
bevereche (alternative)
beveredg (alternative)
beverege (alternative)
beverich (alternative)
beveriche (alternative)

English: beverage

Scots: beverage, baiverage

From Old French beverage, variant of bevrage; equivalent to bever + -age. For forms such as berage, compare Middle French berage, variant of breuvage.

Such a beverage used to close negotiations; said negotiations in themselves.

Hardship, pain, torment; events that are hard to handle.


prune

English: prune

Borrowed from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *prūna, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), προῦμνον (proûmnon). Doublet of plomme.


dok

English: dock

Scots: dock

From Old English *docce, *docca, from Proto-Germanic *dukkǭ.


gras

grasses (plural)
gras (plural)
grasse (alternative)
gresse (alternative)
gres (alternative)
gers (alternative)
grece (alternative)
græs (alternative)
grace (alternative)
gars (alternative)
grys (alternative)
grisse (alternative)
grese (alternative)

desctree

English: grass
Tok Pisin: gras, garas
Fiji Hindi: giraas

desc

Scots: gress, gres, grais, graiss, grase, gers, girs

From Old English græs, from Proto-West Germanic *gras, from Proto-Germanic *grasą.

(medicine) A plant or herb reputed to have medicinal or curative properties.


must

English: must

From Old English must and Old French must, most, both from Latin mustum.

most (alternative)
moste (alternative)
moust (alternative)
muste (alternative)


navel

naveles (plural)
navele (alternative)
navill (alternative)
navyll (alternative)
navle (alternative)
naule (alternative)
nawle (alternative)
novel (alternative)
novle (alternative)
novele (alternative)
nowle (alternative)

English: navel

Scots: nyvel

From Old English nafola, from Proto-West Germanic *nabulō, from Proto-Germanic *nabulô; compare nave.


humour

humours (plural)
humore (alternative)
umour (alternative)
humor (alternative)
humur (alternative)
humer (alternative)

English: humour (see there for further descendants)

Scots: humour

From Old French humor, from Latin hūmor, ūmor.

medicinal humors: humour: coler · flewme · malencolie · sanguine [edit]

A "cardinal humour" (four liquids believed to affect health and mood)

A bodily liquid or substance that causes disease or affliction.

A bodily liquid or substance that is caused by disease.

One of the two (usually reckoned as three or four) fluidous portions of the eye.

Any fluid; something which flows or moves in a fluidous manner:

The liquid contained within a plant; plant juices.

(rare) A liquid of the human body (e.g. blood)

A mist or gas; a substance dissipated in the air.


horn

hornes (plural)
horne (alternative)
orn (alternative)

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).


rind

rindes (plural)
rinde (alternative)
rynd (alternative)
rynde (alternative)
ryn (alternative)

English: rind

Scots: rind, reen, reind

(rare) A scab; a protective coating over a wound.


mane

English: mane

Scots: mane

Inherited from Old English manu, from Proto-West Germanic *manu, from Proto-Germanic *manō; compare Middle Dutch mane, Old Frisian mana, mona, and Middle Low German mane.


wort

English: wort

Scots: wort, wirt

From Old English wyrt (“wort”), from Proto-West Germanic *wurtiju.

woort (alternative)
worte (alternative)
wrt (alternative)
wurt (alternative)
wurte (alternative)

Wort (as in brewing) or an analogous mixture (e.g. used for mead)


more

mores (plural)
moren (plural)
moore (alternative)
morre (alternative)

English: more (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English more and moru (“carrot, parsnip”), from Proto-West Germanic *morhā, *morhu, from Proto-Germanic *murhǭ, *murhō.


table

tables (plural)
tablen (plural)
tabel (alternative)
tabil (alternative)
tabul (alternative)
tabyl (alternative)
tabyle (alternative)
tabyll (alternative)
tabulle (alternative)
tabele (alternative)
tabill (alternative)

English: table (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: tyeble

Scots: table

→ Welsh: tabl

From a combination of Old French table and Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, both from Latin tabula.

(biblical) The physical Ten Commandments handed down from heaven.

A level, floor or storey (of a building)

(rare) A flat bone or fused set of bones.


acte

English: act

Scots: ack, akk, ac', act, actt, auct, accke, aick, akk (older)

Yola: acte

Borrowed from Old French act, from Latin ācta, plural of āctus.


top

toppes (plural)
toppe (alternative)
topp (alternative)
tope (alternative)
toop (alternative)

English: top

→ French: top

→ German: Top

→ Vietnamese: tốp

Scots: tap

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

The summit or top of something, especially a vertical object:

A lid or cap; a removable top or topping.

(rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.


spice

spices (plural)
spece (alternative)
spis (alternative)
spyce (alternative)
spysce (alternative)
spise (alternative)
spyse (alternative)
spiece (alternative)

English: spice

Scots: spice

From Old French espice, (modern épice), an old borrowing from Late Latin speciēs.

spices (powders used to flavour meals or dishes):

Spices as used in medicinal preparations; by extension, medicine in general.

A variety, sort, or kind of something:
A type of disease or affliction.

A seeming or presence; the way something looks from the outside:

(philosophy) The perception of something using any sense or innate ability.

(Christianity) The communion wafer when transubstantiated.

(rare) An appearance or image (either mental or real)


naked

English: naked

Scots: nakit

From Old English nacod, from Proto-Germanic *nakwadaz. Compare naken.

nakid (alternative)
nakyd (alternative)
naaked (alternative)
naket (alternative)
nakit (alternative)
nakede (alternative)

Partially bodily uncovered or bald; uncovered in a specific area.

(often with an item specified) Having none of something; bare of a thing or quality:

Unvegetated; lacking plant growth or ground cover.

Referring to the core or substance of something.


lid

liddis (plural)
lyd (alternative)
lidde (alternative)
lidd (alternative)
lydde (alternative)

English: lid

Scots: lid

From Old English hlid, from Proto-Germanic *hlidą.

A lid; a piece of material used to cover a container.

The exterior of a gravesite, ditch, or pit.

The covering over one's eyes; an eyelid.


bark

English: bark

Scots: bark

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).


sauce

sauces (plural)
sause (alternative)
sawce (alternative)
sawse (alternative)
salse (alternative)
saus (alternative)
saws (alternative)

English: sauce

Scots: sauce

From Old French sause, from Vulgar Latin *salsa, from Latin salsus (“salted”).

A liquid medicine; sauce as a pharmaceutical.


den

English: den

Scots: den

From Old English denn, from Proto-West Germanic *dani. Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives.


snare

snares (plural)
snaare (alternative)
snarr (alternative)
snarre (alternative)

English: snare

Scots: snare

From Old English snearu, from Proto-West Germanic *snarhā, from Proto-Germanic *snarhǭ.


instrument

instrumentes (plural)
enstrement (alternative)
instreument (alternative)
jnstrument (alternative)
ynstrument (alternative)

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A body part that performs a certain function; an organ.


stale

English: stale

Borrowed from Old French estale (“settled, clear”), probably connected to Proto-Germanic *stāną (“to stand”).

bor+

c. 1300, K. Horn (Laud), 383

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Bi forn þe king abenche Red win to schenche And after mete stale Boþe win and ale.

Notemuge to putte in ale, Whether it be moyste or stale

c. 1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, Sir Thopas, section 52:

(alcoholic beverages) clear, free of dregs and lees; old and strong


whey

English: whey (whig)

Scots: quhaye, quhay, quhey, whey, fey

From Old English hwǣġ, hwæiġ, hwæġ, hweġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hwaij (“whey”).

wheyy (alternative)
whei (alternative)
wheye (alternative)
wheyȝe (alternative)
wey (alternative)
whay (alternative)
qwhey (alternative)
weyȝe (alternative)
whaye (alternative)
wege (alternative)

The leftovers from milk curdled during cheesemaking; whey.

(rare) The result of strained almond milk.


ale

English: ale

Geordie English: yel

Scots: yill, ale, aill, ayll

⇒ Yola: aalhouse

From Old English ealu, from Proto-West Germanic *alu, from Proto-Germanic *alu, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elut-.


ancle

ancles (plural)
anclee (alternative)
anclowe (alternative)
ancyl (alternative)
ankel (alternative)
ankill (alternative)
ankyll (alternative)
oncleou (alternative)

English: ankle (dialectal ancley, anclef, ancliff; obsolete ancle)

Scots: ankleth, anklet (fusion of Middle English ancle and lith); hankle

From Old English *ancol, *ancel, from Proto-West Germanic *ankul, from Proto-Germanic *ankulaz. Some forms are from anclēo, anclēow, which is from the same Proto-Germanic word suffixed with an unknown element.


muscle

muscles (plural)
mucell (alternative)
muscule (alternative)
musculle (alternative)
muskylle (alternative)

English: muscle

From Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“muscle”).


steppe

steppes (plural)
stap (alternative)
stape (alternative)
steape (alternative)
steepe (alternative)
step (alternative)
stepe (alternative)

English: step

Scots: step, stap, stop

From Old English stæpe, stepe, from Proto-West Germanic *stapi. The (historical) geminate is due to the influence of steppen.

An imprint or sign of something; that which something leaves as evidence:

(figurative) The remains left by an injury or disease.


gele

gelees (plural)
jelyf (alternative)
gelly (alternative)
gelye (alternative)
gelle (alternative)
gelee (alternative)
gely (alternative)

English: jelly

Scots: jeely

Borrowed from Old French gelee (“frost”), from Early Medieval Latin gelāta. Equivalent to gelen + -e (participial suffix).

(medicine) A jelly used as a pharmaceutical.


bastard

bastardes (plural)
bastarde (alternative)
basterd (alternative)
bastart (alternative)

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

From Anglo-Norman bastard; equivalent to bast (“illegitimacy”) + -ard.

a kind of fortified wine, often with spices added


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

bastarde (alternative)
basterd (alternative)
bastart (alternative)

coming not from wedlock, coming from bastardy; illegitimate

(rare) made using or incorporating fortified wine


office

offices (plural)
offiz (alternative)
offis (alternative)
offyce (alternative)
ofys (alternative)
offise (alternative)
ofice (alternative)
offece (alternative)
offys (alternative)

English: office

Scots: office, offish

From Old French office, from Latin officium, contracted form of opificium.

The state of being employed or having a work or job; employment:

Ecclesiastical or religious work; a church career.

(rare) Unskilled work; any work that is unimportant or base.

A position of responsibility or control; a crucial occupation:

The situation, status, or rank one has in the wider world or within society.

Þe mouþ heþ tuo offices, huer-of þe on belongeþ to þe zuelȝ...
Þe oþer zuo is in speche.

A task, chore or assignment, especially one which is important or required; an obligation:

A task or function that one organ does to assist another or the body as a whole.


hoxe

A back-formation of hoxen or *hoxene, earlier form of hokschyne.


cataract

cateractes (plural)
cateract (alternative)
cataracta (alternative)
cataracte (alternative)
catheracte (alternative)
catharacte (alternative)
catharacta (alternative)
catterak (alternative)
catarac (alternative)

desctree

English: cataract
→ Cebuano: katarak
→ Marshallese: kōtrāāk

Scots: cataract (rare, obsolete)

From Latin cataracta, from Ancient Greek καταρράκτης (katarrháktēs).


gong

gonges (plural)
gang (alternative)
gonge (alternative)
goonge (alternative)

English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)

Scots: gang, gaung, ging

Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Inherited from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, form Proto-Germanic *gangaz. Compare gangen.

(chiefly Northern, uncommon) A walk; a journey, especially by foot.

(Northern, rare) A gait; the way one walks.

(poetic, rare) A band or company of armed men.


fax

English: fax (obsolete)

Scots: fax

From Old English feax, from Proto-West Germanic *fahs.


fot

enm-noun

fot (plural feet or fot or (rare) fotes)

feet (plural)
fot (plural)
fotes (plural rare)
fod (alternative)
foȝt (alternative)
foit (alternative)
foot (alternative)
foote (alternative)
fote (alternative)
fout (alternative)
fut (alternative)
vot (alternative)

English: foot (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fit, fuit, fut, fute

Yola: voote

Inherited from Old English fōt, from Proto-West Germanic *fōt, from Proto-Germanic *fōts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds.

One of a set of units of measurement:
foot (unit for measuring length)

One of a set of units of measurement:
square foot (unit for measuring area)

One of a set of units of measurement:
(prosody) A metrical foot

One of a set of units of measurement:
A metrical foot

The bottom or foundation of something (e.g. stairs):

The end of a bed or tomb (where the foot rests).


visage

English: visage


rote

rotes (plural)
roten (plural)
root (alternative)
roote (alternative)
rot (alternative)
rotæ (alternative)

desctree

English: root, wrout, rout (dialectal), wroot (obsolete)
→ Irish: rúta

Scots: ruit, rute

From Late Old English rōt, rōte, from Old Norse rót, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of wort (“plant”). See more at English root.

A root used as food; a root vegetable or tuber.

The foundation or base of a protuberance or extension of the body:

The root of the hair; the part of the hair within the scalp.

foꝛ þe roote of alle yuelis is coueitiſe / whiche ſummen coueitynge .· erriden fro þe feiþ. / ⁊ biſettiden hem wiþ manye ſoꝛewis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Tymothe ·i· 6:10, page 84r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the root of all wrongs is covetousness, which some yearned for and strayed from the faith; they've unleashed many sorrows upon themselves.

Something which generates, creates, or emanates something:

The origin of an abstract quality; that which something originally came from.

A wellspring or exemplar of an abstract quality that which something comes from.


vapour

vapours (plural)
vapor (alternative)
vapoure (alternative)
vapur (alternative)
wapour (alternative)

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

(physiology) A noxious bodily fume believed to be the cause of maladies.


jus

English: juice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: joice, jice

juse (alternative)
juce (alternative)
juys (alternative)
juyse (alternative)
jewse (alternative)
jeuse (alternative)
jous (alternative)
jows (alternative)
jwisch (alternative)
juwys (alternative)


nerve

nerves (plural)
nerf (alternative)
nerfe (alternative)
nerff (alternative)
nerffe (alternative)

English: nerve

Scots: nerve

Borrowed from Medieval Latin nervus, from Proto-Italic *snēuros, from Proto-Indo-European *snéh₁wr̥; thus a doublet of synwe.
Forms with /f/ reflect either final devoicing or Middle French nerf.


palate

English: palate

From Old French palat, from Latin palātum.

palet (alternative)
palat (alternative)
palette (alternative)
palete (alternative)

One's sense of taste (the palate was believed to be the source of this).


crane

English: crane (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cran, from Medieval Latin crānium.


fen

fennes (plural)
fen (accusative nominative singular)
fennes (accusative nominative plural)
fennes (genitive singular)
fenne (genitive plural)
fennes (genitive plural)
fenne (dative singular)
fennen (dative plural)
fenne (alternative)
ven (alternative)

English: fen

Scots: fen

Yola: ven

From Old English fenn; from Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją. The "dung" sense is influenced by Old French fien.


sirup

sirupes (plural)
sirupe (alternative)
siruppe (alternative)
syrop (alternative)
syroppe (alternative)
syrope (alternative)
sirop (alternative)
syrip (alternative)
syrippe (alternative)

English: syrup
→ Hebrew: סירופ (siróp)
→ Japanese: シラップ (shirappu)
→ Korean: 시럽 (sireop)
→ Marshallese: jurub
→ Tsonga: sirapu
→ Welsh: surop, syrop, syrup
→ Zulu: isiraphu

Scots: seerup

From Old French sirop, from Medieval Latin siruppus, syrupus, from Arabic شَرَاب (šarāb).

(medicine) A syrup of herbs used for medicine.


violent

head

violent (plural and weak singular violente)

violente (plural)
violente (singular weak)
vyolent (alternative)
wyolent (alternative)
vilent (alternative)

English: violent

From Old French violent, from Latin violentus.


garbage

English: garbage

desc

Yola: graabache, graapish (influenced by garbage)


tame

tam (alternative)
tom (alternative)
tome (alternative)

English: tame

Scots: tame

From Old English tam, tom, from Proto-West Germanic *tam (“tame”).

(anatomy, medicine, of a fistula) inner, interior


wrist

wrystes (plural)
wryst (alternative)
wryste (alternative)
wriste (alternative)
wyrste (alternative)
wirste (alternative)
virste (alternative)
wrest (alternative)
wreste (alternative)
wrost (alternative)

English: wrist

Scots: wrist

Yola: wrasth, wraste

From Old English wrist, wyrst, from Proto-Germanic *wristuz.

wrist (joint attaching the arm to the hand)


pere

peres (plural)
per (alternative)
peer (alternative)
peere (alternative)
pier (alternative)
pyer (alternative)
piere (alternative)
pyere (alternative)
pir (alternative)

English: peer

Scots: peer

From Old French per and Anglo-Norman peir, from Latin pār.

(anatomy, rare) A body part connected or concomitant with another.


ere

eren (plural)
eres (plural)
eare (alternative)
eere (alternative)
eyr (alternative)
ȝhere (alternative)
here (alternative)
ire (alternative)
yere (alternative)

English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia

Scots: ear

From Old English ēare, from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws.

The ear (organ that receives sound):
The auricle; the outside of the ear.

If ony man haþ eeris of herynge .· here he

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Mark 7:16, page 19v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If anyone has ears for hearing, make him hear.

The sense of hearing; the ability to hear.

The level of attention given to someone speaking.


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.

fflex (alternative)
flaxe (alternative)
flex (alternative)
flexe (alternative)
vlex (alternative)


nape

English: nape

The nape of a fish; the part below a fish's head.


wale

wales (plural)
walle (alternative)
wala (alternative)

English: wale, weal

Scots: wale, wail

From Old English walu, from Proto-West Germanic *walu, from Proto-Germanic *waluz.

(rare) A welt; an injury created by use of a whip or a similar weapon.


whit

head

whit (plural and weak singular white, comparative whitter, superlative whittest)

white (plural)
white (singular weak)
whitter (comparative)
whittest (superlative)
hwit (alternative)
white (alternative)
whyte (alternative)
whitt (alternative)
whytt (alternative)
whyt (alternative)
whiȝt (alternative)
qwyght (alternative)
ȝwijt (alternative)
wyghte (alternative)
whiyt (alternative)
whijt (alternative)

English: white (see there for further descendants)

Scots: quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white

Yola: whit

Inherited from Old English hwīt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīt, from Proto-Germanic *hwītaz.

(medicine) Unusually light; bearing the pallor of death


crisp

crispe (plural)
crispe (singular weak)
cripce (alternative)
crips (alternative)
crispe (alternative)
crysp (alternative)
cryspe (alternative)
kyrspe (alternative)

English: crisp

From Old English crisp, cirps and Old French cresp, crespe, from Latin crispus.


heed

heedes (plural)
hed (alternative)
hede (alternative)
heede (alternative)
hedde (alternative)
had (alternative)
hade (alternative)
head (alternative)
heid (alternative)
hiede (alternative)
hide (alternative)
heyd (alternative)
hyede (alternative)
hyde (alternative)
het (alternative)
heved (alternative)
haved (alternative)
hefed (alternative)
hewed (alternative)
hafed (alternative)
haphed (alternative)
hived (alternative)
hyved (alternative)
hefd (alternative)
hefde (alternative)
hevd (alternative)
efd (alternative)
hevid (alternative)
hevyd (alternative)
heid (alternative)
heifd (alternative)
heyd (alternative)
heyfd (alternative)
hevod (alternative)
heveð (alternative)
heaved (alternative)
heaveð (alternative)
eaved (alternative)
heafod (alternative)
heafoð (alternative)
heafad (alternative)
hæved (alternative)
hæfed (alternative)
hæfedd (alternative)
hæfved (alternative)
hafved (alternative)
heofod (alternative)
hevet (alternative)
hefet (alternative)
heavet (alternative)
hæfet (alternative)
havet (alternative)
heafd (alternative)
heafde (alternative)
hæfd (alternative)
hæfde (alternative)
heifd (alternative)
heyfd (alternative)
hafd (alternative)
hafde (alternative)
hifde (alternative)
hyfde (alternative)

desctree

English: head, heed, hed (obsolete), 'ead (UK, eye dialect)
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi

Geordie English: heed

Scots: heid

Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Old English hēafod, from Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”).

The head (top portion of an animal):
A head-covering; headwear or hair.

A start or origin:
The outermost extremity of something.


node

English: node
→ Irish: nód

Borrowed from Latin nōdus. Doublet of knotte.

(medicine, Late Middle English) lump, swelling


official

head

official (plural and weak singular officiale)

officiale (plural)
officiale (singular weak)
officiale (alternative)
offycyal (alternative)
offyciall (alternative)
officiall (alternative)
offecialle (alternative)

English: official

Scots: offeecial

From Old French official, from Latin officiālis; equivalent to office + -al.

(of body parts) Functional; serving a purpose.


sanguine

English: sanguine

From Old French sanguin (and feminine sanguine), from Latin sanguineus.

sanguyn (alternative)
sangweyne (alternative)
sangwen (alternative)
sangewyn (alternative)
sangwyn (alternative)
sangwyne (alternative)
sanguyne (alternative)
sangueyn (alternative)

Having a bloody-red hue; coloured in sanguine or a similar colour.

Made of or created from blood (as a humour); bloody.


sanguine

sanguynes (plural)
sanguyn (alternative)
sangweyne (alternative)
sangwen (alternative)
sangewyn (alternative)
sangwyn (alternative)
sangwyne (alternative)
sanguyne (alternative)
sangueyn (alternative)

English: sanguine

medicinal humor adjectives: humour: colerik · fleumatik · malencolik · sanguine [edit]

Blood as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.

(rare) A swollen region or edema attributed to an excess of blood.


tripe

tripes (plural)
tryp (alternative)
trype (alternative)

English: tripe

Scots: tripe

Borrowed from Old French tripe; further etymology is uncertain (compare Italian trippa, Spanish tripa).

A portion of a creature's entrails or organs (often as food).


ordure

ordures (plural)
ordoure (alternative)
ordre (alternative)
ordur (alternative)

English: ordure

Borrowed from Middle French ordure and Anglo-Norman ordure, ordeur(e), ordor(e), ordour.

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:

Of the hinder part of her buttocks it is very horrible to see, as certainly in that part of her body there as they purge her stinking ordure, that foul part they show to the people proudly in spite of honesty, the honesty that Jesus Christ and his companions observed to show in her life.


horen

horen (infinitive)
to horen (infinitive)
hore (infinitive)
hore (first-person present singular)
hored (first-person past singular)
horest (present second-person singular)
horedest (past second-person singular)
horeth (present singular third-person)
hored (past singular third-person)
hore (present singular subjunctive)
hored (past singular subjunctive)
hore (imperative present singular)
horen (plural present)
hore (plural present)
horeden (past plural)
horede (past plural)
horeth (imperative plural present)
hore (imperative plural present)
horynge (participle present)
horende (participle present)
hored (participle past)
yhored (participle past)
hore (alternative)
hoore (alternative)
horyn (alternative)

English: hoar (obsolete)

From Old English hārian; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


flask

desctree

English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg

Scots: flask, flas

From Anglo-Norman flascon, from Frankish *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ. Reinforced by existing Old English flasce, from the same source.

A container for the storage of garments.


sore

sores (plural)
sar (alternative)
sor (alternative)
sær (alternative)
sære (alternative)
soor (alternative)
soore (alternative)
sarre (alternative)

English: sore

Scots: sair

From Old English sār, from Proto-Germanic *sairą (noun), *sairaz (adjective).

A medical or pathological affliction or condition; a malady.


sore

head

sore (comparative sorer, sorrer, superlative sorest)

sorer (comparative)
sorrer (comparative)
sorest (superlative)
sar (alternative)
sor (alternative)
sær (alternative)
sære (alternative)
soor (alternative)
soore (alternative)
sarre (alternative)

English: sore

Scots: sair

Hurtfully, harmfully; in a way which creates wounds, painfulness, or anguish:

Strictly, mercilessly, remorselessly; without attention to kindness or mercy.

Expensively; in a way which creates a monetary or resource setback.

While suffering or experiencing an injury or pain.


organic

English: organic

Borrowed from Old French organique, borrowed itself from Latin organicus. Equivalent to organe + -ik.

organice (alternative)
organik (alternative)
organys (alternative)
organise (alternative)

(rare) Positioned around the neck or nape (used of veins)


tusk

tuskes (plural)
tux (alternative)
tuxe (alternative)
tosk (alternative)
tuske (alternative)
twuxe (alternative)

English: tusk

Scots: tusk

From Old English tūx, from earlier tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusshe.


issue

issues (plural)
essu (alternative)
ischewe (alternative)
isseu (alternative)
issew (alternative)
issheu (alternative)
isshewe (alternative)
isshue (alternative)
issieu (alternative)
issu (alternative)
issuwe (alternative)
issw (alternative)
isswe (alternative)
uschew (alternative)
usshew (alternative)
usshewe (alternative)
ussu (alternative)
ussue (alternative)
yschue (alternative)
ysseu (alternative)
yssew (alternative)
yssue (alternative)
ysue (alternative)

English: issue

Borrowed from Old French issue (“exit”), from issu, past participle of issir, eissir. Compare issen.
Forms with /ʃ/ mostly do not reflect palatalisation of /s/ (as in modern English); instead, they exist because Old French /s(s)/ was perceived as being phonetically closer to Middle English /ʃ/ than to /s/.

Exit, departure; the act of leaving or going out:

(especially pathology) An outwards flow or discharge.

(rare) A sortie (movement of soldiers towards the enemy)

(anatomy) A passage or channel out of the body.

An exit; a way out of a place.
A passage or channel out of the body.

(medicine) An issue; (incision for draining liquid in medieval medicine)

A result or outcome arising from something.

(rare) One's (non-biological) successors or inheritors.


squamous

English: squamous

From Latin squāmōsus; equivalent to squame + -ous.

squamos (alternative)
squamose (alternative)
sqaumouse (alternative)
swamous (alternative)

(Late Middle English) scaly (especially due to disease)


hunger

English: hunger

Scots: hounger, hunger

From Old English hungor, from Proto-West Germanic *hungr, from Proto-Germanic *hungruz.

hunngerr (alternative)
hungor (alternative)
hungær (alternative)
hunguer (alternative)
honguer (alternative)
honger (alternative)
hungre (alternative)
hongre (alternative)
hungere (alternative)
hongur (alternative)
hounger (alternative)
hounguer (alternative)
hungir (alternative)
hungyr (alternative)
hungur (alternative)

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.

Hunger; a great lack or death of food or nutrition.


lovable

English: lovable, loveable

loveable (alternative)
lufabul (alternative)
luff-able (alternative)
luffeabill (alternative)


suture

English: suture

(rare, anatomy) A slight bodily indentation.


eyed

English: eyed

iȝed (alternative)
yhed (alternative)
eiȝede (alternative)
y-yȝed (alternative)
eied (alternative)


fume

fumes (plural)
fwme (alternative)
feum (alternative)
fewme (alternative)

English: fume

Scots: fume

Borrowed from Old French fum, from Latin fūmus, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós.

(physiology) Fumes as the supposed cause of feelings.


nervous

English: nervous

Borrowed from Latin nervōsus; equivalent to nerve + -ous.

Composed of or incorporating nerves or tendons.

(uncommon) Pertaining to nerves or tendons.


ligament

ligamentes (plural)
lygament (alternative)

English: ligament

A ligament or similar connecting tissue (e.g. a tendon)


axel

axeles (plural)
axle (alternative)
eaxle (alternative)
æxle (alternative)
exle (alternative)

English: axle (obsolete)

Scots: aixle, exle

From Old English eaxl, from Proto-West Germanic *ahslu, from Proto-Germanic *ahslō.


sward

English: sward

Scots: swaird

From Old English sweard, from Proto-Germanic *swarduz; compare Old Norse svǫrðr.

swerd (alternative)
swerde (alternative)
swarde (alternative)
swarthe (alternative)
swarth (alternative)
suarth (alternative)

(Late Middle English) Skin, especially that on meat.

Swarde or sworde of flesche (swad or swarde, s.) Coriana.

[c. 1440, Galfrido Grammatico [i.e., Geoffrey the Grammarian], “Swarde”, in Albert Way, editor, Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, dictionarius Anglo–Latinus princeps, […] [Storehouse for Children or Clerics, the First English–Latin Dictionary, […]] (Camden Society; LXXXIX), London: […] Societatis Camdenensis [Camden Society], published 1865, →OCLC, page 482, column 1:

Sward: The rind of bacon or pork; also, the outer covering or skin of something.


fraudulent

English: fraudulent

From Middle French fraudulent, itself borrowed from Latin fraudulentus.

fraudelent (alternative)
ffraudulent (alternative)

Necrotic, rotting; infected with or afflicted with gangrene.


corde

cordes (plural)
cord (alternative)
coord (alternative)

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

A sinew or the muscular material one is made out of.


tablet

tablettes (plural)
tabelett (alternative)
tabelet (alternative)
tabblet (alternative)
tabulet (alternative)
tabulette (alternative)

English: tablet

Scots: taiblet

From Old French tablete; equivalent to table + -et.


salve

salves (plural)
salf (alternative)
salfe (alternative)
salff (alternative)
salffe (alternative)
salwe (alternative)
selve (alternative)
scealfe (alternative)
sealfe (alternative)
sealve (alternative)
sallfe (alternative)

English: salve

Scots: saw

From the oblique forms of Old English sealf, from Proto-West Germanic *salbu, from Proto-Germanic *salbō.


inward

inwardes (plural)
inwart (alternative)
ynward (alternative)
inworde (alternative)
inwarde (alternative)
ynvarde (alternative)
inword (alternative)
inewarde (alternative)

English: inward, innards

From Old English inweard; equivalent to in + -ward.


swart

swart (plural and weak singular swarte, comparative swarter)

swarte (plural)
swarte (singular weak)
swarter (comparative)
sweorte (alternative)
swearte (alternative)
sweart (alternative)
swærte (alternative)
swarte (alternative)
suart (alternative)
suarte (alternative)
swert (alternative)
swerte (alternative)

English: swart, swarth

Scots: swart

From Old English sweart, from Proto-West Germanic *swart, from Proto-Germanic *swartaz; compare Middle Dutch swart, Middle Low German swart, Middle High German swarz.

Black-skinned, swarthy; having dark skin.


ardour

ardours (plural)
ardoure (alternative)
ardowr (alternative)
ardure (alternative)

English: ardor, ardour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ardour, ardur, from Latin ārdor, ārdōrem; compare ardaunt.


fissure

English: fissure

From Old French fissure, from Latin fissūra.


moder

enm-noun

moder (plural modres or moders or moder or (Kent) modren, genitive modres or moders or moder)

modres (plural)
moders (plural)
moder (plural)
modren (Kent plural)
modres (genitive)
moders (genitive)
moder (genitive)
mother (alternative)
modere (alternative)
modre (alternative)
modir (alternative)
modyr (alternative)
mooder (alternative)
modder (alternative)
modire (alternative)
modyre (alternative)
modur (alternative)
moodur (alternative)
moderr (alternative)

desctree

English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)

desc

Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother

Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

Inherited from Old English mōdor, from Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare moddrie.

A mother; the female direct ancestor of someone or some creature.

The indirect female ancestor of someone or some creature.

A woman who performs the duties of a mother; a female caretaker or guardian.

A woman who heads a female monastic community; an abbess.

Something, somewhere or someone likened to a mother (in begetting, caring, or nourishing):

The womb (as the organ which protects and nourishes the baby).


perle

perles (plural)
peerl (alternative)
peerle (alternative)
perel (alternative)
perill (alternative)
perl (alternative)
peryll (alternative)

English: pearl

Scots: pairl, purl

From Old French perle, from Medieval Latin perula.

A pearl (excretion found in bivalves used in jewellery and medicine).

(figurative) The pupil (hole in the iris)


canner

English: canner

cannere (alternative)
kannere (alternative)

(rare, Late Middle English) A machine that removes impurities from wine.


tumour

English: tumour, tumor

From Old French tumour, from Latin tumor.


vinous

English: vinous, vinose

vinose (alternative)
vynose (alternative)


scheren

scheren (infinitive)
to scheren (infinitive)
schere (infinitive)
schern (infinitive)
schere (first-person present singular)
schar (first-person past singular)
scher (first-person past singular)
scherest (present second-person singular)
schere (past second-person singular)
schar (past second-person singular)
scher (past second-person singular)
schereth (present singular third-person)
schar (past singular third-person)
scher (past singular third-person)
schere (present singular subjunctive)
schere (past singular subjunctive)
schere (imperative present singular)
scheren (plural present)
schere (plural present)
schern (plural present)
scheren (past plural)
schere (past plural)
schereth (imperative plural present)
schere (imperative plural present)
scherynge (participle present)
scherende (participle present)
schoren (participle past)
schore (participle past)
schorn (participle past)
yschoren (participle past)
yschore (participle past)
schæren (alternative)
schere (alternative)
scheryn (alternative)
shere (alternative)
sheren (alternative)
ssere (alternative)

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: shaure (preterite)

Inherited from Old English sċieran, from Proto-West Germanic *skeran, from Proto-Germanic *skeraną.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To injure by slashing or slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop up or dice (especially food)

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To chop off; to sunder by slicing.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To harvest or reap crops.

To remove one's hair; to have one's hair shaved.

To shave the top of the head (to induct into monasticism).

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
(rare) To shear or shave fabric.

To cut; to slice with a sharp edge:
To shear; to remove hair, fur, or wool:
To shear or shave fabric.


pissen

pissen (infinitive)
to pissen (infinitive)
pisse (infinitive)
pisse (first-person present singular)
pissed (first-person past singular)
pissest (present second-person singular)
pissedest (past second-person singular)
pisseth (present singular third-person)
pissed (past singular third-person)
pisse (present singular subjunctive)
pissed (past singular subjunctive)
pisse (imperative present singular)
pissen (plural present)
pisse (plural present)
pisseden (past plural)
pissede (past plural)
pisseth (imperative plural present)
pisse (imperative plural present)
pissynge (participle present)
pissende (participle present)
pissed (participle past)
ypissed (participle past)
pisse (alternative)
pyssyn (alternative)
pysse (alternative)
pyschyn (alternative)

English: piss

Scots: pish

Borrowed from Old French pissier, from Vulgar Latin *pīssiāre; equivalent to pisse + -en (infinitival suffix).

To piss; to deliver urine from the genitals.

To eject any other substance through the genitals.


pisse

English: piss

Scots: pish

pis (alternative)
pys (alternative)
pysse (alternative)
pysche (alternative)
pyshe (alternative)


bote

botes (plural)
boten (plural)
boot (alternative)
bot (alternative)
boote (alternative)

English: boot

→ English: bote (also from Old English bōt)

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōt, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtu, from Proto-Germanic *bōtō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(rare) A medicinal or pharmaceutical cure or remedy; something used to quell disease.


cerebrum

English: cerebrum

Borrowed from Latin cerebrum, from Proto-Italic *kerazrom.

cerebre (alternative)
cerrebre (alternative)
serabrum (alternative)


haven

haven (infinitive)
to haven (infinitive)
have (infinitive)
han (infinitive)
ha (infinitive)
have (first-person present singular)
ha (first-person present singular)
hadde (first-person past singular)
haved (first-person past singular)
havest (present second-person singular)
hast (present second-person singular)
haddest (past second-person singular)
havedest (past second-person singular)
haveth (present singular third-person)
hath (present singular third-person)
hadde (past singular third-person)
haved (past singular third-person)
have (present singular subjunctive)
ha (present singular subjunctive)
hadde (past singular subjunctive)
haved (past singular subjunctive)
have (imperative present singular)
ha (imperative present singular)
haven (plural present)
have (plural present)
han (plural present)
ha (plural present)
hadden (past plural)
hadde (past plural)
haveden (past plural)
havede (past plural)
haveth (imperative plural present)
have (imperative plural present)
ha (imperative plural present)
havynge (participle present)
havende (participle present)
had (participle past)
haved (participle past)
yhad (participle past)
yhaved (participle past)
have (alternative)
haav (alternative)
haf (alternative)
hafe (alternative)
haben (alternative)
habben (alternative)
heven (alternative)
hawe (alternative)
han (alternative)
haan (alternative)
ha (alternative)

From Old English habban, from Proto-West Germanic *habbjan, from Proto-Germanic *habjaną.

to get, acquire, or obtain:
to have (a child); to give birth


carbuncle

carbuncles (plural)
carboncle (alternative)
carbuncul (alternative)
charbocle (alternative)
charbokel (alternative)
charbouncle (alternative)
charbucle (alternative)
charbukel (alternative)
charbuncle (alternative)
charbunkel (alternative)

English: carbuncle

Borrowed from Old French carbuncle, charbuncle, itself borrowed from Latin carbunculus.

(pathology) A carbuncle; a large abscess.


cloven

English: cloven

Scots: clowen, cloen

From Old English clofen, ġeclofen, past participle of clēofan, from Proto-Germanic *klubanaz, past participle of *kleubaną.

clove (alternative)
clofenn (alternative)
clovyn (alternative)
clofen (alternative)
i-clove (alternative)
y clove (alternative)

Split, cloven, separated, divided (used of anatomical features)


madden

madden (infinitive)
to madden (infinitive)
madde (infinitive)
madde (first-person present singular)
madded (first-person past singular)
maddest (present second-person singular)
maddedest (past second-person singular)
maddeth (present singular third-person)
madded (past singular third-person)
madde (present singular subjunctive)
madded (past singular subjunctive)
madde (imperative present singular)
madden (plural present)
madde (plural present)
maddeden (past plural)
maddede (past plural)
maddeth (imperative plural present)
madde (imperative plural present)
maddynge (participle present)
maddende (participle present)
madded (participle past)
ymadded (participle past)
maddyn (alternative)
mad (alternative)
madde (alternative)
made (alternative)
medd (alternative)
medde (alternative)

English: mad (obsolete)

To behave idiotically or stupidly; to display stupidity.


mantel

mantles (plural)
mantell (alternative)
mantelle (alternative)
mantil (alternative)
mantill (alternative)
mantyll (alternative)
mantle (alternative)
mantyl (alternative)
mentel (alternative)

English: mantle, mantel

Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

From Anglo-Norman mantel and Old English mentel, both ultimately from Late Latin mantēllum, later form of Latin mantēle.


stony

English: stony

Scots: stany

Inherited from Old English stāniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *stainag, from Proto-Germanic *stainagaz; equivalent to ston + -y.

stani (alternative)
staniȝ (alternative)
stany (alternative)
stoni (alternative)
stonye (alternative)


potage

potages (plural)
potache (alternative)
pottage (alternative)
potege (alternative)

English: pottage; porridge

Scots: pottage; parritch

Yola: porachès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French potage; equivalent to pot + -age.

A pudding or slurry; any dish made of thick, runny liquid.

Greens or vegetables; plant matter as used in food.

(rare) A cataplasm; a pad on a wound to relieve.


forme

formes (plural)
form (alternative)
foorm (alternative)
foorme (alternative)
fourm (alternative)
fourme (alternative)
furme (alternative)
fform (alternative)
fforme (alternative)
fwrme (alternative)

English: form

Middle Scots: forme, fourme, furme

Scots: form; furm

Borrowed from Old French forme, fourme, from Latin fōrma, of unclear origin.
For possible differentiation in pronunciation by sense, see the usage note at Modern English form.

The manner, style, or means something is done in:

Convention, procedure; established practice.

The characteristic behaviour associated with a group.

The wording or formulation of a textual passage.

An educational or medical course or schedule.

(philosophy) The essential category of something (Aristotle's μορφή)}


kne

knes (plural)
kneen (plural)
knewe (alternative)
knee (alternative)
knew (alternative)
know (alternative)
kneo (alternative)
cneowe (alternative)
cneo (alternative)

English: knee

Scots: kne, kney, knie

Yola: konnee

From Anglian Old English cnēo (West Saxon cnēow is continued in knew), from Proto-West Germanic *kneu, from Proto-Germanic *knewą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵónu (“knee”).


ligature

English: ligature

Borrowed from Middle French ligature, itself borrowed from Late Latin ligātūra. Doublet of lyoure.


skyn

skynnes (plural)
skinn (alternative)
scin (alternative)
skin (alternative)
skinne (alternative)
skynne (alternative)
scyn (alternative)
sckyn (alternative)
schyn (alternative)

English: skin

Scots: skin

Yola: skien

From Old Norse skinn, from Proto-Germanic *skinþą.

A layer or cover located in the inside of the body.


bak

bakkes (plural)
bac (alternative)
bacc (alternative)
back (alternative)
backe (alternative)
bakke (alternative)
bakk (alternative)
bake (alternative)

English: back

Scots: back, bak, bake

From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:

(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself.

The vertebrae or spine; the bone holding up the back.

(rare) The extremities, margin or boundary of something.


bak

English: back

Yola: bak


binden

binden (infinitive)
to binden (infinitive)
binde (infinitive)
binde (first-person present singular)
band (first-person past singular)
bond (first-person past singular)
bound (first-person past singular)
bindest (present second-person singular)
bounde (past second-person singular)
bonde (past second-person singular)
band (past second-person singular)
bindeth (present singular third-person)
band (past singular third-person)
bond (past singular third-person)
bound (past singular third-person)
binde (present singular subjunctive)
bounde (past singular subjunctive)
bonde (past singular subjunctive)
binde (imperative present singular)
binden (plural present)
binde (plural present)
bounden (past plural)
bounde (past plural)
bonden (past plural)
bonde (past plural)
bindeth (imperative plural present)
binde (imperative plural present)
bindynge (participle present)
bindende (participle present)
bounden (participle past)
bounde (participle past)
ybounden (participle past)
ybounde (participle past)
bynden (alternative)

English: bind

Scots: bind

From Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną; equivalent to bynde + -en (infinitival suffix).

To force or compel (to perform an action):

(rare, figurative) To end or finish; to wrap up (for the sense, compare Modern English wrap up)


dusty

English: dusty

Scots: dusty, disty

From Old English dūstiġ; equivalent to dust + -y.


aken

aken (infinitive)
to aken (infinitive)
ake (infinitive)
ake (first-person present singular)
ok (first-person past singular)
aked (first-person past singular)
akest (present second-person singular)
oke (past second-person singular)
ok (past second-person singular)
akedest (past second-person singular)
aketh (present singular third-person)
ok (past singular third-person)
aked (past singular third-person)
ake (present singular subjunctive)
oke (past singular subjunctive)
aked (past singular subjunctive)
ake (imperative present singular)
aken (plural present)
ake (plural present)
oken (past plural)
oke (past plural)
akeden (past plural)
akede (past plural)
aketh (imperative plural present)
ake (imperative plural present)
akynge (participle present)
akende (participle present)
aken (participle past)
aked (participle past)
ake (alternative)
eken (alternative)

English: ache

Scots: yawk

Yola: aake

Inherited from Old English acan, from Proto-West Germanic *akan, from Proto-Germanic *akaną; equivalent to ache + -en (infinitival suffix).


hore

From Old English horu, horh, from Proto-West Germanic *hurhu, from Proto-Germanic *hurhwą.

heore (alternative)
hoore (alternative)
hor (alternative)
horewe (alternative)
horowe (alternative)
horwe (alternative)
horwȝ (alternative)
ore (alternative)


hough

English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how

Scots: heuch

From Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).

ho (alternative)
hogh (alternative)
hoghe (alternative)
how (alternative)


housel

English: housel (archaic)

Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

From Old English hūsl, hūsel, hūsul, from Proto-West Germanic *hunsl, from Proto-Germanic *hunslą.

hoosyl (alternative)
hosel (alternative)
hosil (alternative)
hosill (alternative)
hosol (alternative)
housil (alternative)
housul (alternative)
housyl (alternative)
housyll (alternative)
howsel (alternative)
howsell (alternative)
howsill (alternative)
husel (alternative)
husell (alternative)
husul (alternative)

The bread and wine utilised at Holy Communion.


hor

English: hoar

Scots: hare, hair

From Old English hār, from Proto-Germanic *hairaz.

hore (alternative)
hoare (alternative)
hoer (alternative)
hoere (alternative)
hoor (alternative)

Grey, greyish, grey-white (usually referring to hair)


hame

English: hame, heam

From Old English hama, homa, from Proto-West Germanic *hamō, from Proto-Germanic *hamô (“cover, skin”).


mede

English: mead

Scots: meid, mede

From Old English medu, from Proto-West Germanic *medu, from Proto-Germanic *meduz, from Proto-Indo-European *médʰu. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse mjǫðr.

med (alternative)
meed (alternative)
meeth (alternative)
meode (alternative)
meth (alternative)
methe (alternative)
meþ (alternative)
meþe (alternative)


rother

rothers (plural)
rodder (alternative)
rothre (alternative)
ruder (alternative)
rothyr (alternative)
rothir (alternative)
rothar (alternative)
roþer (alternative)

English: rudder, rother

Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder

(rare) A stick for mixing malt during brewing.


wel

bet (comparative)
well (alternative)
weel (alternative)
weele (alternative)
wele (alternative)
welle (alternative)
wulle (alternative)
wille (alternative)
wal (alternative)
wol (alternative)

English: well

Scots: weel, wele, weil, weill

From Old English wel, from Proto-Germanic *wela.

Healthy; experiencing good health and/or in good condition.


auripigment

English: auripigment

orpiment (as used in alchemy and medicine)


molde

English: mold, mould, mool

Scots: muild, moud

From Old English molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldu, from Proto-Germanic *muldō.

mold (alternative)
moold (alternative)
moolde (alternative)
moulde (alternative)
mowlde (alternative)
mulde (alternative)


molde

moldes (plural)
mold (alternative)
moold (alternative)
moolde (alternative)
mowlde (alternative)

English: mold, mould

From Old English molda, molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldō, from Proto-Indo-European *ml̥Hdʰṓ; exactly parallel to Sanskrit मूर्धन् (mūrdhan).

(anatomy, rare) The divide between the cranial bones.


temen

temen (infinitive)
to temen (infinitive)
teme (infinitive)
teme (first-person present singular)
temed (first-person past singular)
temest (present second-person singular)
temedest (past second-person singular)
temeth (present singular third-person)
temed (past singular third-person)
teme (present singular subjunctive)
temed (past singular subjunctive)
teme (imperative present singular)
temen (plural present)
teme (plural present)
temeden (past plural)
temede (past plural)
temeth (imperative plural present)
teme (imperative plural present)
temynge (participle present)
temende (participle present)
temed (participle past)
ytemed (participle past)
teme (alternative)
temie (alternative)

English: teme

Inherited from Old English temian, modification of Proto-West Germanic *tammjan, from Proto-Germanic *tamjaną.


lende

Alternative form of lenden (“to come, to dwell”)


horned

English: horned

Scots: hornit, hornt

⇒ Yola: hoornta, hornta

hornyd (alternative)
orned (alternative)
hornd (alternative)

Possessing horns or a similar projection; horned or horn-bearing.

(rare) Having headwear and hair done with projections like horns.

(rare, of the moon) In its crescent phase; waxing or waning.

(rare) Hornen; crafted or manufactured from horn.


inwardly

From Old English inweardlīc; equivalent to inward + -ly.

inwerdlic (alternative)
inwardliche (alternative)
inweardlice (alternative)
inwardely (alternative)
inwardli (alternative)


wlite

i

English: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

Scots: lit (confluence with lit, from Old Norse litr)

From Old English wlite, from Proto-West Germanic *wliti, from Proto-Germanic *wlitiz, *wlituz.


brennen

enm-verb

brennen (third-person singular simple present brenneth, present participle brennynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative brente, past participle brent)

brenneth (present singular third-person)
brennynge (participle present)
brente (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
brent (participle past)
brennen (infinitive)
to brennen (infinitive)
brenne (infinitive)
brenne (first-person present singular)
brenned (first-person past singular)
brente (first-person past singular)
brennest (present second-person singular)
brennedest (past second-person singular)
brentest (past second-person singular)
brenneth (present singular third-person)
brenned (past singular third-person)
brente (past singular third-person)
brenne (present singular subjunctive)
brenned (past singular subjunctive)
brente (past singular subjunctive)
brenne (imperative present singular)
brennen (plural present)
brenne (plural present)
brenneden (past plural)
brennede (past plural)
brenten (past plural)
brente (past plural)
brenneth (imperative plural present)
brenne (imperative plural present)
brennynge (participle present)
brennende (participle present)
brenned (participle past)
brent (participle past)
ybrenned (participle past)
ybrent (participle past)
bren (alternative)
brenne (alternative)
brin (alternative)
brine (alternative)
brynne (alternative)
berne (alternative)
bernen (alternative)
birne (alternative)
byrne (alternative)
bearne (alternative)
beornen (alternative)
bærnen (alternative)
bærnenn (alternative)
brennenn (alternative)

English: burn

Scots: bern, brenn, bren, brend

Originally three distinct verbs:
* Old English biernan, from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”).
* Old English bærnan, from Proto-West Germanic *brannijan, from Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”).
* Old Norse brenna, cognate with bærnan; forms derived from this source are usual after early Middle English.

inh

(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically "burn":

(medicine, pathology) To corrode or inflame.


hernes

English: harns

Scots: harns

Inherited from Old English hærnes, plural of hærn, from Proto-West Germanic *hirʀnī, from Proto-Germanic *hirzniją.

harnes (alternative)
harns (alternative)
hærnes (alternative)
herenes (alternative)
hernez (alternative)
herns (alternative)
hernys (alternative)

brains; the mental organ of a living being.


Bethleem

English: Bethlehem; bedlam

From Old French Betleem, from Latin Bēthlehēmum, Bēthleëm, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bet léchem).

Beðleem (alternative)
Beþþleæm (alternative)
Bedlem (alternative)
Bedleem (alternative)
Bedleme (alternative)
Bethlehem (alternative)
Betheleem (alternative)


swete

swetes (plural)
swette (alternative)
swhete (alternative)
squete (alternative)
swæt (alternative)
swate (alternative)
swote (alternative)
swot (alternative)

English: sweat; swot

→ Esperanto: ŝvito

desc

Scots: sweet, swate, swait, swete, sweit

From Old English swāt, from Proto-Germanic *swait-. The vocalism was sometimes influenced by swǣtan.


matrice

English: matrice, matrix

Borrowed from Old French matrice, from Latin mātrīx. Doublet of maris.

matris (alternative)
matrix (alternative)


herbe

herbes (plural)
eerbe (alternative)
erbe (alternative)
ȝerbe (alternative)
oerbe (alternative)
yerbe (alternative)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yerb</i>

English: herb (dialectal yerb)

Scots: herb, yerb

A plant as used in alchemy, magic or medicine.


maladie

maladies (plural)
maladi (alternative)
malady (alternative)
maladye (alternative)
maledye (alternative)
malodye (alternative)

English: malady

A malady, disease, or illness; that which makes one sick or ill.


poudre

poudres (plural)
powder (alternative)
pouder (alternative)
powdre (alternative)
pouldre (alternative)
powdir (alternative)
powdyr (alternative)
pudre (alternative)
poudur (alternative)
poweder (alternative)
pouþer (alternative)
powþer (alternative)
powther (alternative)
powdur (alternative)

English: powder (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pouder, pouther

→ Welsh: powdr, powdwr, pwdr

From Old French poudre, ultimately from Latin pulvis.

powder (a collection of particles):
(rare) Gunpowder; black powder.

powder (a collection of particles):
Gunpowder; black powder.


muk

English: muck

Scots: muck

Borrowed from Old Norse myki, mykr, from Proto-Germanic *mukī, *mukaz. Alternatively, inherited from Old English *moc (in hlōsmoc (“pigsty dung”)); all from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg-, *mewk- (“slick, slippery”).

mock (alternative)
mok (alternative)
moke (alternative)
mokke (alternative)
muc (alternative)
mucke (alternative)
muke (alternative)
mukke (alternative)


hete

hetes (plural)
heten (plural)
heet (alternative)
heete (alternative)
heite (alternative)
hette (alternative)
hetee (alternative)
hæte (alternative)
heate (alternative)

English: heat

Scots: hete, heit

Yola: het

Inherited from Old English hǣtu, from Proto-West Germanic *haitī, from Proto-Germanic *haitį̄.

The condition of being hot; a hot thing:

(physiology) Elevated bodily temperature; febrility.

(physiology) A state where the skin is inflamed or reddened.


panne

pannes (plural)
ponne (alternative)
pane (alternative)
pan (alternative)

desctree

English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン

Scots: pan

Inherited from Old English panne, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ, from Late Latin panna.


hele

English: heal

Scots: heal, hele

Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

From Old English hǣlu, hǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *hailī. Compare helen and hol (“whole”).

hale (alternative)
heale (alternative)
heel (alternative)
heele (alternative)
helle (alternative)
hel (alternative)
ȝel (alternative)
ȝele (alternative)
eale (alternative)
hæle (alternative)

[...] ‘I shal my-self to herbes techen yow,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Nun's Priest's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4139-4140

That shul ben for your hele, and for your prow;’ [...]
… ‘I shall myself guide you to herbs,
That shall be for your health and for your benefit;’ …

Health or wellbeing; one's mental or physical condition.

That which heals or cures; healing:
(medicine) A curative medicine.

That which heals or cures; healing:
A curative medicine.

(Christianity) Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

That which heals or cures; healing:
Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)


hele

heles (plural)
helen (plural)
heele (alternative)
heyle (alternative)
heyll (alternative)
hiele (alternative)
hile (alternative)

English: heel

Scots: heel

Yola: heel

From Old English hēla, hǣla, from Proto-West Germanic *hą̄hilō. Compare hough (“hough, hock”).


salten

salten (infinitive)
to salten (infinitive)
salte (infinitive)
salte (first-person present singular)
salted (first-person past singular)
salte (first-person past singular)
selt (first-person past singular)
saltest (present second-person singular)
saltedest (past second-person singular)
saltest (past second-person singular)
selte (past second-person singular)
selt (past second-person singular)
salteth (present singular third-person)
salted (past singular third-person)
salte (past singular third-person)
selt (past singular third-person)
salte (present singular subjunctive)
salted (past singular subjunctive)
salte (past singular subjunctive)
selte (past singular subjunctive)
salte (imperative present singular)
salten (plural present)
salte (plural present)
salteden (past plural)
saltede (past plural)
salten (past plural)
salte (past plural)
selten (past plural)
selte (past plural)
salteth (imperative plural present)
salte (imperative plural present)
saltynge (participle present)
saltende (participle present)
salted (participle past)
ysalted (participle past)
salt (participle past)
ysalt (participle past)
selte (participle past)
yselte (participle past)
salte (alternative)
sulte (alternative)

English: salt

Scots: saut

From Old English sealtan, from Proto-West Germanic *saltan, from Proto-Germanic *saltaną, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l-; equivalent to salt + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To apply salt to open wounds as a method of torture.


amad

amadde (plural)
amadde (singular weak)
a-mad (alternative)
a mad (alternative)
amed (alternative)
a-med (alternative)
amead (alternative)

Formed as if a- + mad. However, this word is attested before mad (which largely displaces it in the later language), which might be an aphetic form of it; in this case, it would be a modification of Old English ġemǣdd with a different prefix.

Emotionally overwhelmed; consumed by mood or feelings.


crispen

crispen (infinitive)
to crispen (infinitive)
crispe (infinitive)
crispe (first-person present singular)
crisped (first-person past singular)
crispest (present second-person singular)
crispedest (past second-person singular)
crispeth (present singular third-person)
crisped (past singular third-person)
crispe (present singular subjunctive)
crisped (past singular subjunctive)
crispe (imperative present singular)
crispen (plural present)
crispe (plural present)
crispeden (past plural)
crispede (past plural)
crispeth (imperative plural present)
crispe (imperative plural present)
crispynge (participle present)
crispende (participle present)
crisped (participle past)
ycrisped (participle past)
crespen (alternative)

English: crisp

Scots: crisp

From Latin crispō and Old French crespir; equivalent to crisp (“curly”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


fomenten

fomenten (infinitive)
to fomenten (infinitive)
fomente (first-person present singular)
fomented (first-person past singular)
fomentest (present second-person singular)
fomentedest (past second-person singular)
fomenteth (present singular third-person)
fomented (past singular third-person)
fomente (present singular subjunctive)
fomented (past singular subjunctive)
fomente (imperative present singular)
fomenten (plural present)
fomente (plural present)
fomenteden (past plural)
fomentede (past plural)
fomenteth (imperative plural present)
fomente (imperative plural present)
fomentynge (participle present)
fomentende (participle present)
fomented (participle past)

English: foment

From Old French fomenter, from Late Latin fōmentare.

(medicine) To apply a warm, soft medicament.


hurten

enm-verb

hurten (third-person singular simple present hurteth, present participle hurtynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative hurte, past participle hurt)

hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hurt (participle past)
hurten (infinitive)
to hurten (infinitive)
hurte (infinitive)
hurte (first-person present singular)
hurte (first-person past singular)
hurted (first-person past singular)
hurtest (present second-person singular)
hurtest (past second-person singular)
hurtedest (past second-person singular)
hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurte (past singular third-person)
hurted (past singular third-person)
hurte (present singular subjunctive)
hurte (past singular subjunctive)
hurted (past singular subjunctive)
hurte (imperative present singular)
hurten (plural present)
hurte (plural present)
hurten (past plural)
hurte (past plural)
hurteden (past plural)
hurtede (past plural)
hurteth (imperative plural present)
hurte (imperative plural present)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurtende (participle present)
hurt (participle past)
hurted (participle past)
yhurt (participle past)
herte (alternative)
hirte (alternative)
hirten (alternative)
hurt (alternative)
hurte (alternative)
hirrtenn (alternative)

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Usually taken to be an early borrowing from Old Northern French hurter, of disputed origin, but possibly instead from an Old English *hyrtan. In any case, equivalent to hurt + -en (infinitival suffix).

To injure; to cause harm or trouble for:

To ruin or worsen; to make damaged or worse.

To strike, hurl or bump against; to launch into.


onen

onen (third-person singular simple present oneth, present participle onende, first-/third-person singular past indicative onede, past participle ioned)

oneth (present singular third-person)
onende (participle present)
onede (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
ioned (participle past)
onen (infinitive)
to onen (infinitive)
one (infinitive)
one (first-person present singular)
oned (first-person past singular)
onest (present second-person singular)
onedest (past second-person singular)
oneth (present singular third-person)
oned (past singular third-person)
one (present singular subjunctive)
oned (past singular subjunctive)
one (imperative present singular)
onen (plural present)
one (plural present)
oneden (past plural)
onede (past plural)
oneth (imperative plural present)
one (imperative plural present)
onynge (participle present)
onende (participle present)
oned (participle past)
yoned (participle past)
oonen (alternative)
anen (alternative)
one (alternative)

English: one

Scots: ane


reformen

reformen (third-person singular simple present reformeth, present participle reformende, reformynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reformed)

reformeth (present singular third-person)
reformende (participle present)
reformynge (participle present)
reformed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
reformen (infinitive)
to reformen (infinitive)
reforme (infinitive)
reforme (first-person present singular)
reformed (first-person past singular)
reformest (present second-person singular)
reformedest (past second-person singular)
reformeth (present singular third-person)
reformed (past singular third-person)
reforme (present singular subjunctive)
reformed (past singular subjunctive)
reforme (imperative present singular)
reformen (plural present)
reforme (plural present)
reformeden (past plural)
reformede (past plural)
reformeth (imperative plural present)
reforme (imperative plural present)
reformynge (participle present)
reformende (participle present)
reformed (participle past)
refoorme (alternative)
reforme (alternative)
reformyn (alternative)
refourme (alternative)

English: reform

Middle Scots: reform, reforme

Scots: reform

Borrowed from Middle French and Anglo-Norman reformer, refourmer, from Latin rēfōrmō; equivalent to re- + formen (“to create”).

To restore or return to a former situation:

(rare) To return (property); to reconcile (people).

To mend or improve; to change for the better:

To recreate or remake (usually in a superior manner)

(surgery, horticulture) To place or set again.


salven

salveen (infinitive)
to salveen (infinitive)
salvee (infinitive)
salvee (first-person present singular)
salveed (first-person past singular)
salveest (present second-person singular)
salveedest (past second-person singular)
salveeth (present singular third-person)
salveed (past singular third-person)
salvee (present singular subjunctive)
salveed (past singular subjunctive)
salvee (imperative present singular)
salveen (plural present)
salvee (plural present)
salveeden (past plural)
salveede (past plural)
salveeth (imperative plural present)
salvee (imperative plural present)
salveynge (participle present)
salveende (participle present)
salveed (participle past)
ysalveed (participle past)
salf (alternative)
salfe (alternative)
salve (alternative)
salvyn (alternative)
sallfenn (alternative)

English: salve

Inherited from Old English sealfian, from Proto-West Germanic *salbōn, from Proto-Germanic *salbōną; equivalent to salve + -en (infinitival suffix).

To heal or cure; to make healthy or good.


roten

roten (third-person singular simple present roteth, present participle rotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle roted)

roteth (present singular third-person)
rotynge (participle present)
roted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
roten (infinitive)
to roten (infinitive)
rote (infinitive)
rote (first-person present singular)
roted (first-person past singular)
rotest (present second-person singular)
rotedest (past second-person singular)
roteth (present singular third-person)
roted (past singular third-person)
rote (present singular subjunctive)
roted (past singular subjunctive)
rote (imperative present singular)
roten (plural present)
rote (plural present)
roteden (past plural)
rotede (past plural)
roteth (imperative plural present)
rote (imperative plural present)
rotynge (participle present)
rotende (participle present)
roted (participle past)
roten (participle past)
roote (alternative)
rooton (alternative)
rootye (alternative)
rot (alternative)
rote (alternative)
roti (alternative)
rotie (alternative)
rotte (alternative)
rotten (alternative)
roty (alternative)
rotye (alternative)
rotyn (alternative)
rotenn (alternative)
rotien (alternative)
rotiȝen (alternative)

English: rot

Scots: rot

Yola: rothed, rotheda, rothyed (adj)

Inherited from Old English rotian, from Proto-West Germanic *rotēn, from Proto-Germanic *rutāną.

To decompose; to make or become rotten or spoiled:

To become toxic or noxious (of gas or liquid)

To putrefy; to become or make infected or gangrenous (in the body).

(rare) To become rusty; to develop a layer of rust.


roten

roteth (present singular third-person)
rotynge (participle present)
roted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
roten (infinitive)
to roten (infinitive)
rote (infinitive)
rote (first-person present singular)
roted (first-person past singular)
rotest (present second-person singular)
rotedest (past second-person singular)
roteth (present singular third-person)
roted (past singular third-person)
rote (present singular subjunctive)
roted (past singular subjunctive)
rote (imperative present singular)
roten (plural present)
rote (plural present)
roteden (past plural)
rotede (past plural)
roteth (imperative plural present)
rote (imperative plural present)
rotynge (participle present)
rotende (participle present)
roted (participle past)
yroted (participle past)
rooten (alternative)
rote (alternative)
rotyn (alternative)

English: root

Scots: ruit

From rote (“root”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To settle or fix; to put in a permanent state.


roten

English: rotten

Scots: rotten

Borrowed from Old Norse rotinn (“rotten”).

bor+

roote (alternative)
rooten (alternative)
rote (alternative)
roton (alternative)
rottyn (alternative)
rotun (alternative)
rotyn (alternative)

Rotten or spoiled (usually of animal or plant matter):

(rare) Collapsing or decomposing into pieces; falling apart.

Noon helthe is in my fleiſch fro the face of thin ire; no pees is to my boonys fro the face of my ſynnes. / For my wickidneſſis ben goon ouer myn heed; as an heuy birthun, tho ben maad heuy on me. / Myn heelid woundis weren rotun, and ben brokun; fro the face of myn vnwiſdom.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 37:4-6”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

No health is in my body due to the nature of your anger; no rest is in my bones due to my sinful behaviour. / For my wickedness has utterly enveloped me, like a heavy load that has weighed on me. / My healed wounds were festering, and have burst from the nature of my mistakes.

Gangrenous, infected (having necrosis or putrefaction)


secunde

English: second

Scots: second

From Old French second, from Latin secundus.

second (alternative)
secound (alternative)
secund (alternative)
seconde (alternative)
secounde (alternative)
IIᵈᵉ (alternative)

Non-primary; less important, noticeable or large.


secunde

secundes (plural)
second (alternative)
secound (alternative)
secund (alternative)
seconde (alternative)
secounde (alternative)
IIᵈᵉ (alternative)

English: second

Scots: seicont

(rare) The amniotic sac or afterbirth; that which protects an embryo or fetus.


secunde

English: second

Scots: seicont

From Old French seconde, from Medieval Latin secunda.

A unit of time equal to a sixtieth of a (horological) minute.


masse

massez (plural)
massa (alternative)
mace (alternative)
mas (alternative)

English: mass

Scots: mass

Yola: messe

From Anglo-Norman masse, from Latin massa, from Ancient Greek μᾶζα (mâza).

(anatomy) blood (believed in medieval times to be a mixture of the four humours)


savable

English: savable

Borrowed from Middle French sauvable, from Old French salvable, sauvable, from Medieval Latin salvābilis; equivalent to saven + -able.

salvable (alternative)
sauvable (alternative)

(medicine) Able to be cured; remediable.


spikenard

English: spikenard

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman spicanarde, from Medieval Latin spīca nardī.

spicenarde (alternative)
spiconarde (alternative)
spikenarde (alternative)
spiknarde (alternative)
spycanard (alternative)
spyconard (alternative)
spykanard (alternative)
spykenard (alternative)
spykenarde (alternative)
spykynard (alternative)

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.


thirl

thirles (plural)
ðirl (alternative)
thirle (alternative)
thrile (alternative)
thrill (alternative)
thurl (alternative)
þirile (alternative)
þroll (alternative)
þurl (alternative)
þurle (alternative)

English: thirl, thurl

Scots: thirl

⇒ Yola: thorelucke

From Old English þyrel, from Proto-West Germanic *þurhil, from Proto-Germanic *þurhilą.

An aperture or hole, especially of the body:

A wound or gash; an opening from injury.


heer

English: hair


vertu

vertues (plural)
verteu (alternative)
vertew (alternative)
vertiwe (alternative)
vertue (alternative)
vertuu (alternative)
vertuwe (alternative)
vertwe (alternative)
virtew (alternative)
virtu (alternative)
virtue (alternative)
wertue (alternative)
vartu (alternative)
wartu (alternative)

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertue</i>

English: virtue (obsolete vertue)

Scots: virtue

Yola: vartue

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman vertu, from Latin virtūtem, accusative of virtūs.

Medical or pharmaceutical ability (either generally or specifically)

Fortitude, strength, or might; power innate to a living being:

Sapience, wisdom, higher functioning or that which causes it.

Raw physical strength, endurance, or health.


segen

enm-verb

segen (third-person singular simple present segeth, present participle segende, segynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seged)

segeth (present singular third-person)
segende (participle present)
segynge (participle present)
seged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
segen (infinitive)
to segen (infinitive)
sege (infinitive)
sege (first-person present singular)
seged (first-person past singular)
segest (present second-person singular)
segedest (past second-person singular)
segeth (present singular third-person)
seged (past singular third-person)
sege (present singular subjunctive)
seged (past singular subjunctive)
sege (imperative present singular)
segen (plural present)
sege (plural present)
segeden (past plural)
segede (past plural)
segeth (imperative plural present)
sege (imperative plural present)
segynge (participle present)
segende (participle present)
seged (participle past)
yseged (participle past)
seegen (alternative)
sege (alternative)
seggen (alternative)

English: siege

Scots: siege

To siege; to assault or attack a walled settlement.


sauge

English: sage

Scots: sage

Borrowed from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia.

sage (alternative)
sawge (alternative)
sawgge (alternative)
salge (alternative)


macula

English: macula

Borrowed from Latin macula. Doublet of mayle.

(Late Middle English, rare) A lesion on the eye or skin.


cappe

cappes (plural)
cappen (plural)
cap (alternative)
cape (alternative)
keppe (alternative)
cep (alternative)

English: cap

Scots: kep

From Old English cæppe, from Proto-West Germanic *kappā, from Late Latin cappa.

(medicine, rare) A bandage or other covering to protect a wound.


maligne

English: malign

Scots: maling (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French maligne, from Latin malignus.

malign (alternative)
malygne (alternative)


sterven

sterven (infinitive)
to sterven (infinitive)
sterve (infinitive)
sterve (first-person present singular)
starf (first-person past singular)
stervest (present second-person singular)
storve (past second-person singular)
sturve (past second-person singular)
starf (past second-person singular)
sterveth (present singular third-person)
starf (past singular third-person)
sterve (present singular subjunctive)
storve (past singular subjunctive)
sturve (past singular subjunctive)
sterve (imperative present singular)
sterven (plural present)
sterve (plural present)
storven (past plural)
storve (past plural)
sturven (past plural)
sturve (past plural)
sterveth (imperative plural present)
sterve (imperative plural present)
stervynge (participle present)
stervende (participle present)
storven (participle past)
storve (participle past)
ystorven (participle past)
ystorve (participle past)
sterve (alternative)

English: starve, sterve

Scots: sterve

From Old English steorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *sterban, from Proto-Germanic *sterbaną.


wyn

wynes (plural)
win (alternative)
wine (alternative)
wyne (alternative)
wijn (alternative)
vine (alternative)
vyn (alternative)
vyne (alternative)
wyen (alternative)
weyn (alternative)
wynne (alternative)

English: wine (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wyne

From Old English wīn, from Proto-West Germanic *wīn, from Latin vīnum.

wine (in food, cooking, medicine, the Eucharist, etc.)


pacient

English: patient

Borrowed from Middle French patient, from Old French pacient, from Latin patiens, present participle of patior (“to suffer, endure”), from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate, hurt”).

der

paciente (alternative)
pacyent (alternative)
patient (alternative)


pacient

pacientes (plural)
paciente (alternative)
pacyent (alternative)
patient (alternative)

English: pacient

(pathology) patient (individual under care)


stomak

stomakes (plural)
stomac (alternative)
stomach (alternative)
stomack (alternative)
stomake (alternative)
stommak (alternative)
stomok (alternative)
stomoke (alternative)

English: stomach

Scots: stamack

Borrowed from Old French estomac, from Latin stomachus, from Ancient Greek στόμαχος (stómakhos).

The stomach or guts:
(figurative) Hunger, starvation.

The stomach or guts:
Hunger, starvation.

(figurative) One's emotional or sexual drive (supposedly coming from the stomach)


gome

gomes (plural)
goman (plural)
gomme (alternative)
goome (alternative)
gume (alternative)
gumme (alternative)

English: gum (dialectal goom)

Scots: goom, geem, gum

Inherited from Old English gōma, from Proto-West Germanic *gōmō, from Proto-Germanic *gōmô.

(often in the plural) The flesh around the teeth; the gum.

The interior of one's mouth; the palate or roof of the mouth.

(rare, Late Middle English) One's teeth or jaws.


corne

cornes (plural)
corn (alternative)
coorne (alternative)

English: corn

Borrowed from Old French corne, corn; from Latin cornū.