spone

English: spoon

Geordie English: spuin, speun

desc

Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune

Yola: spone

From Old English spōn, from Proto-West Germanic *spānu, form Proto-Germanic *spēnuz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A spoonful; the amount that fits in a spoon


crucifier

English: crucifier

From crucifien + -er; compare Old French crucefieor.


fiele

Borrowed from Old French viele, from Latin vitula, with replacement of /v/ with /f/ on the analogy of fithele (either in Middle English or already in Anglo-Norman).

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


tord

English: turd

Scots: tuird

From Old English tord, from Proto-Germanic *turdą.


sours

English: source

Scots: source, soorce

Borrowed from Old French sours m, sourse f, past participle of sourdre; compare sourden.

(architecture, rare) A wall fixture supporting an image.


burde

English: burd

Probably from Old English byrde; in that case, equivalent to beren + -th.

A young man, especially one of noble blood or Jesus Christ.


magicien

English: magician

Borrowed from Middle French magicien; equivalent to magik + -ien.


hengen

From Old English henġen, from Proto-West Germanic *hangini.

(Early Middle English, hapax) imprisonment


saven

enm-verb

saven (third-person singular simple present saveth, present participle savynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle saved)

saveth (present singular third-person)
savynge (participle present)
saved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
saven (infinitive)
to saven (infinitive)
save (infinitive)
save (first-person present singular)
saved (first-person past singular)
savest (present second-person singular)
savedest (past second-person singular)
saveth (present singular third-person)
saved (past singular third-person)
save (present singular subjunctive)
saved (past singular subjunctive)
save (imperative present singular)
saven (plural present)
save (plural present)
saveden (past plural)
savede (past plural)
saveth (imperative plural present)
save (imperative plural present)
savynge (participle present)
savende (participle present)
saved (participle past)
ysaved (participle past)

English: save

Geordie English: syev

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French salver, sauver, from Latin salvō, salvāre; equivalent to sauf (“safe”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(transitive, intransitive) To save (prevent from harm or difficulty):

(religion) To deliver from eternal torment.

(transitive, intransitive) To preserve or store:

To securely keep or lock away (goods or a person)


trone

English: throne

Scots: throne

From Old French trone, trosne, from Latin thronus, from Ancient Greek θρόνος (thrónos).

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene laumpıs bꝛennynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

(specifically) The heavenly throne of the Christian God.


trone

English: tron, trone

Scots: tron, trone

From Anglo-Norman trone, tron, from Late Latin trona, from Latin trutina (“balance”).

One of the planks used to make the Holy Cross.


rop

desctree

English: rope, roap, roape
→ Irish: rópa
Tok Pisin: rop

Scots: raip

→ Old French: rap

Inherited from Old English rāp, from Proto-West Germanic *raip, from Proto-Germanic *raipaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reyp-.

A cord or string:
(rare) A Franciscan corded belt.

A cord or string:
A Franciscan corded belt.


rof

English: roof

Geordie English: ruif, reuf

Scots: ruf, ruif

From Old English hrōf, from Proto-Germanic *hrōfą.

The outer side of a roof considered separately; the rooftop.

The inner side of a roof considered separately; the ceiling.

A house or building; an edifice used for inhabitance.

Any sort of cover, especially one that provides shelter.


Sampson

English: Samson, Sampson

From Latin Samson, from Ancient Greek Σαμψών (Sampsṓn), from Hebrew שִׁמְשׁוֹן.

der

Hebrew שִׁמְשׁוֹן


Crist

English: Christ

Scots: Christ

Yola: Cresst

From Old English Crist, from Latin Christus, from Ancient Greek Χριστός (Khristós).

Ich liuie, nout ich, auh crist liueð in me

louerd, for þi muchele grace / graunt vs in heouene one place; / Let vs neuer be forloren / for no sinne, crist ycoren / ah bring vs out of helle pyne […]

c. 1325, Harrowing of Hell, lines 241–245:

Lord, for your great grace / give us a place in heaven; / Don't let us ever be lost / to any sin, chosen Christ, / but bring us out of Hell's torment. […]

Apocalips of iheſu criſt · which · god ȝaf to hym to make open to hiſe ſeruauntis .· whiche þingis it bihoueþ to be maad ſoone / ⁊ he ſignefiede ſending bi his aungel to his ſeruaunt ioon

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:1, page 117rre, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

The apocalypse of Jesus Christ, which God gave to him to make clear to his servants what will necessarily happen soon. And he gave notice, sending [it] through his angel to John, his servant.


scheld

English: shield

Scots: scheld, scheild

From Old English sċield, sċeld, sċild, sċyld.

(religion) Spiritual guarding or shielding.

Any form of shielding or armament:
Spiritual guarding or shielding.


feden

enm-verb

feden (third-person singular simple present fedeth, present participle fedynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative fedde, past participle fed)

fedeth (present singular third-person)
fedynge (participle present)
fedde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
fed (participle past)
feden (infinitive)
to feden (infinitive)
fede (infinitive)
fede (first-person present singular)
fedde (first-person past singular)
fedest (present second-person singular)
feddest (past second-person singular)
fedeth (present singular third-person)
fet (present singular third-person)
fedde (past singular third-person)
fede (present singular subjunctive)
fedde (past singular subjunctive)
fede (imperative present singular)
feden (plural present)
fede (plural present)
fedden (past plural)
fedde (past plural)
fedeth (imperative plural present)
fede (imperative plural present)
fedynge (participle present)
fedende (participle present)
fed (participle past)
yfed (participle past)

English: feed

Scots: fede, feid

From Old English fēdan, from Proto-West Germanic *fōdijan, from Proto-Germanic *fōdijaną, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to guard, graze, feed”).

der

to provide for; to maintain (oneself or others):

to satisfy or comfort (spiritually, emotionally)


tracen

tracen (infinitive)
to tracen (infinitive)
trace (infinitive)
trace (first-person present singular)
traced (first-person past singular)
tracest (present second-person singular)
tracedest (past second-person singular)
traceth (present singular third-person)
traced (past singular third-person)
trace (present singular subjunctive)
traced (past singular subjunctive)
trace (imperative present singular)
tracen (plural present)
trace (plural present)
traceden (past plural)
tracede (past plural)
traceth (imperative plural present)
trace (imperative plural present)
tracynge (participle present)
tracende (participle present)
traced (participle past)
ytraced (participle past)

English: trace

Borrowed from Old French tracer, tracier, from Vulgar Latin *tractiō; equivalent to trace + -en (infinitival suffix).

To participate in dancing or footwork; to move one's feet rhythmically.


librarie

English: library (see there for further descendants)

Scots: leebrary

From Anglo-Norman librarie, ultimately from Latin librarium.


muren

muren (infinitive)
to muren (infinitive)
mure (first-person present singular)
mured (first-person past singular)
murest (present second-person singular)
muredest (past second-person singular)
mureth (present singular third-person)
mured (past singular third-person)
mure (present singular subjunctive)
mured (past singular subjunctive)
mure (imperative present singular)
muren (plural present)
mure (plural present)
mureden (past plural)
murede (past plural)
mureth (imperative plural present)
mure (imperative plural present)
murynge (participle present)
murende (participle present)
mured (participle past)

English: mure

Borrowed from Middle French murer, from Old French murer, from Late Latin mūrō, mūrāre.

(Late Middle English) To enclose or surround; to wall in.


mountant

English: montant

Borrowed from Old French montant; equivalent to mounten + -ant.


versicle

English: versicle

From Old French versicule, from Latin versiculus; equivalent to vers + -icle.

(rare) A short Biblical verse used as part of the liturgy.


hading

(Early Middle English, rare) consecration


homager

English: homager

A believer in or adherent of a divinity; a worshipper.


ender

English: ender

(rare) A person who fulfils God's plan or designs.


legende

English: legend

Scots: leegend

Borrowed from Old French legende, from Medieval Latin legenda.

A historical narrative (usually about an individual)


matrone

→ English: matron

→ Scots: matron

From Old French matrone, from Latin matrona.


herre

Alternative form of here: comparative degree of he (“high”)


oratorie

English: oratory

From Anglo-Norman oratorie, Middle French oratoire, and their source, Late Latin ōrātōrium.


fifte

English: fifth

Scots: fift, fyft

From Old English fīfta, from Proto-West Germanic *fimftō, from Proto-Germanic *fimftô. Equivalent to five + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on.


fifte

English: fifth

Scots: fift, fyft

(rare) A fifth; something which is fifth.

(rare) A musical fifth or a note a fifth away from another given note.


salm

English: psalm

Scots: saum, sawm

→ Middle Welsh: salm

Welsh: salm

Inherited from Old English psealm, from Late Latin psalmus. Some forms are influenced by Old French salme, saume.


maner

English: manor

Scots: maner

→ Middle Irish: mainér

Irish: mainéar

Borrowed from Old French manoir, from Latin manēre (“to stay”).

(figurative, Late Middle English, rare) Any dwelling or abode.


maner

English: manner

Scots: mainer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman manere, from Vulgar Latin, Late Latin manuāria, from manuarius.

A genre, format, or variety of art or literature.


patronesse

English: patroness

From Late Latin patronissa; equivalent to patroun + -esse.


toppen

toppen (infinitive)
to toppen (infinitive)
toppe (infinitive)
toppe (first-person present singular)
topped (first-person past singular)
toppest (present second-person singular)
toppedest (past second-person singular)
toppeth (present singular third-person)
topped (past singular third-person)
toppe (present singular subjunctive)
topped (past singular subjunctive)
toppe (imperative present singular)
toppen (plural present)
toppe (plural present)
toppeden (past plural)
toppede (past plural)
toppeth (imperative plural present)
toppe (imperative plural present)
toppynge (participle present)
toppende (participle present)
topped (participle past)
ytopped (participle past)

English: top

Scots: tap

(rare, Late Middle English) To provide roofing; to give a roof.


veine

English: veyne

From Old French veine, from Latin vēnia, from Proto-Indo-European *wn̥h₁yeh₂; doublet of wynne (“happiness”).

(Christianity) An act of penitence or supplication involving some form of kneeling or prostration.


myren

enm-verb

myren (third-person singular simple present myreth, present participle myrende, myrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle myred)

myreth (present singular third-person)
myrende (participle present)
myrynge (participle present)
myred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
myren (infinitive)
to myren (infinitive)
myre (infinitive)
myre (first-person present singular)
myred (first-person past singular)
myrest (present second-person singular)
myredest (past second-person singular)
myreth (present singular third-person)
myred (past singular third-person)
myre (present singular subjunctive)
myred (past singular subjunctive)
myre (imperative present singular)
myren (plural present)
myre (plural present)
myreden (past plural)
myrede (past plural)
myreth (imperative plural present)
myre (imperative plural present)
myrynge (participle present)
myrende (participle present)
myred (participle past)
ymyred (participle past)

English: mire

Scots: mire

From mire (“mire”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To confound or mire oneself (especially in a religious context).


staf

enm-noun

staf (plural staves or staven or staffes)

staves (plural)
staven (plural)
staffes (plural)

English: staff, stave

Scots: staf, staff

Yola: stheeves (plural)

From Old English stæf, from Proto-West Germanic *stab.

A staff, rod or pole; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object:

A staff used to support one's movement; a crutch.

A staff serving as an emblem of authority and rulership.


verset

English: verset

From Old French verset; equivalent to vers + -et.


schort

From Old English sċort, from Proto-West Germanic *skurt, from Proto-Germanic *skurtaz. Akin to Middle High German schurz.


enden

enden (infinitive)
to enden (infinitive)
ende (infinitive)
ende (first-person present singular)
ended (first-person past singular)
endest (present second-person singular)
endedest (past second-person singular)
endeth (present singular third-person)
ended (past singular third-person)
ende (present singular subjunctive)
ended (past singular subjunctive)
ende (imperative present singular)
enden (plural present)
ende (plural present)
endeden (past plural)
endede (past plural)
endeth (imperative plural present)
ende (imperative plural present)
endynge (participle present)
endende (participle present)
ended (participle past)
yended (participle past)

English: end

Scots: ende, end

From Old English endian; equivalent to ende + -en (infinitival suffix).

To come to an end, stop, or termination (usually of an era or event)

Of literary works; to end, to have no more chapters or pages.

(rare, Late Middle English) To be suffixed or inflected.

To complete or accomplish; to reach completion:

To construct or erect an edifice or structure.

To cause a behaviour, consequence, or effect.

(religion) To rule or have ultimate power; to realise.


stound

English: stound

Scots: stound

From Old English stund (“a period of time, while, hour, occasion”), from Proto-Germanic *stundō (“point in time, hour”).

inh

Time, especially the proper time for doing something:

A canonical hour: one of the 3-hour divisions of the day, (Christianity) its divine office.


secte

English: sect

Scots: sect, seck

Borrowed from Old French secte, from Late Latin secta.

A religion or religious organisation (usually not referring to Christianity)

A division within a religion (either doctrinal or administrative)

A sect; a smaller offshoot of a religion with unorthodox belief.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

Matter or stuff; that which things are composed of:

(rare, theology) The physical actions or part of a Christian ritual.

A topic or theme; an area of knowledge or discussion:

The primary area or topic discussed in a piece of literature.

The primary theme, point or thesis of a piece of literature.


lenden

lenden (infinitive)
to lenden (infinitive)
lende (infinitive)
lende (first-person present singular)
lente (first-person past singular)
lende (first-person past singular)
lendest (present second-person singular)
lentest (past second-person singular)
lendest (past second-person singular)
lendeth (present singular third-person)
lente (past singular third-person)
lende (past singular third-person)
lende (present singular subjunctive)
lente (past singular subjunctive)
lende (past singular subjunctive)
lende (imperative present singular)
lenden (plural present)
lende (plural present)
lenten (past plural)
lente (past plural)
lenden (past plural)
lende (past plural)
lendeth (imperative plural present)
lende (imperative plural present)
lendynge (participle present)
lendende (participle present)
lent (participle past)
lend (participle past)
ylent (participle past)
ylend (participle past)

From Old English lendan, from Proto-West Germanic *landijan, from Proto-Germanic *landijaną; compare londen.

To come; to go near:
To arrive; to reach one's destination.

To come; to go near:
To arrive at shore; to land.

To come; to go near:
To come together; to come to another.

To come; to go near:
To come upon; to light upon.

To dwell, stay; to make accommodation:
(usually negated) To wait; to stay put.

To dwell, stay; to make accommodation:
To wait; to stay put.

To settle; to house; to give accommodation.


bour

English: bower

Scots: bour

From Old English būr, from Proto-West Germanic *būr, from Proto-Germanic *būraz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-.


yol

English: Yule

Middle Scots: Yule, Ȝule, Yuill, Ȝuill

Scots: Yule

From Old English ġeōl, from Proto-Germanic *jeulō, plural of *jehwlą.

forþi þis ȝol ouerȝede and þe ȝere after / and vche ſeſoun ſerlepes ſued after oþer / after cryſtenmaſſe com þe crabbed lentoun /

a. 1375, Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, stanza 22, page 97r, lines 500–502:

And this Christmastide went, and the year with (it); / each season followed alone after the last. / After Christmas came spiteful Lent, […]


devel

enm-noun

devel (plural develes or defles or develen)

develes (plural)
defles (plural)
develen (plural)

English: devil (see there for further descendants)

Scots: deil, deel, deevil

Yola: deevil, deel (syncopated)

From Old English dēofol, dēoful, from earlier dīobul, from Proto-West Germanic *diubul, from Ancient Greek διάβολος (diábolos).

Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1693–1696:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...

Satan, Lucifer (in Early ME, without the definite article)

A pagan or heretical god; a deity considered to be false or an idol.


benedicite

Borrowed from Latin benedīcite, a plural imperative of benedīcō (“I bless, I praise”), through an Old French form. Compare Modern English Benedicite.

What Abſolon / what Criſtes swete tree / Why riſe ye ſo rathe / ey benedicitee / What eyleth yow / som gay gerl / god it woot[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Millerẏs Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 49, recto, lines 3767-3769:

What, Absolon, for Christ's sweet cross, / why do you rise so soon? Ay, bless me! / What hurts you? Some pretty girl, god knows […]


orthodoxe

English: orthodox

Borrowed from Middle French orthodoxe and Late Latin orthodoxus, form Ancient Greek ὀρθόδοξος (orthódoxos).

(rare, Late Middle English) orthodox (conforming to true and received religious doctrine)


gre

English: gree (obsolete)

Scots: gree

From Old French gré (“step”), from Latin gradus. The senses related to success are potentially from Scottish Gaelic gré.

(rare) A degree (educational qualification handed out by tertiary institutions)


stikke

English: stick

Scots: stick, stikk

Inherited from Old English sticca, from Proto-West Germanic *stikkō, from Proto-Germanic *stikkô, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”).

der

A number of eels, usually approaching around 25.


mysterie

English: mystery

Scots: meestery

From Anglo-Norman misterie, from Latin mysterium, from Ancient Greek μυστήριον (mustḗrion).

A spiritual ceremony or event; especially the Eucharist.


synger

English: singer

Scots: singar

A singer (one who makes song of any gender)

A musician (one who plays a musical instrument)


blasfemen

blasfemen (infinitive)
to blasfemen (infinitive)
blasfeme (infinitive)
blasfeme (first-person present singular)
blasfemed (first-person past singular)
blasfemest (present second-person singular)
blasfemedest (past second-person singular)
blasfemeth (present singular third-person)
blasfemed (past singular third-person)
blasfeme (present singular subjunctive)
blasfemed (past singular subjunctive)
blasfeme (imperative present singular)
blasfemen (plural present)
blasfeme (plural present)
blasfemeden (past plural)
blasfemede (past plural)
blasfemeth (imperative plural present)
blasfeme (imperative plural present)
blasfemynge (participle present)
blasfemende (participle present)
blasfemed (participle past)
yblasfemed (participle past)

English: blaspheme

Borrowed from Old French blasfemer, a learned borrowing from Late Latin blasphēmāre. Doublet of blamen.

(transitive, intransitive) to blaspheme; to speak against a deity

(transitive, intransitive) to act insultingly towards a deity


charmen

charmen (infinitive)
to charmen (infinitive)
charme (infinitive)
charme (first-person present singular)
charmed (first-person past singular)
charmest (present second-person singular)
charmedest (past second-person singular)
charmeth (present singular third-person)
charmed (past singular third-person)
charme (present singular subjunctive)
charmed (past singular subjunctive)
charme (imperative present singular)
charmen (plural present)
charme (plural present)
charmeden (past plural)
charmede (past plural)
charmeth (imperative plural present)
charme (imperative plural present)
charmynge (participle present)
charmende (participle present)
charmed (participle past)
ycharmed (participle past)

English: charm

Scots: chairm

Borrowed from Old French charmer; equivalent to charme + -en (infinitival suffix).

To cast a magical charm; to use a spell.


prest

English: priest

Scots: preest, priest

Yola: priesth, vrieste

From Old English prēost, from Late Latin presbyter, from Ancient Greek πρεσβύτερος (presbúteros).


Pask

English: Pasch (archaic)

Scots: Pace

Borrowed from Old French pasches, from Ecclesiastical Latin pascha, from Ancient Greek πάσχα (páskha), from Aramaic פַּסְחָא (pasḥā), from Hebrew פֶּסַח (pésaḥ).

A lamb eaten at Passover or Easter; a Paschal Lamb.

(rare) The pain endured by Jesus Christ.


blome

English: bloom

Scots: blume, blum, bluim, bleem, blome

From Old Norse blóm, from Proto-Germanic *blōmô. The final vowel is from the Old Norse oblique cases or Etymology 2.

(rare) An appellation for Jesus Christ, among other religious figures


baptisterie

English: baptistry, baptistery

Borrowed from Ecclesiastical Latin baptistērium, baptizātōrium, from Ancient Greek βαπτιστήριον (baptistḗrion); equivalent to baptiste + -erie.

der

βαπτιστήριον

A baptistry (the facility where baptism occurs)

The church service held in conjunction with baptism.


servise

English: service (see there for further descendants)

Scots: service

Borrowed from Old French servise, from Latin servitium. By surface analysis, serven + -ise.

Loyalty or allegiance:
Religious devotion or worship.


feble

head

feble (plural and weak singular feble, comparative feblere, superlative feblest)

feble (plural)
feble (singular weak)
feblere (comparative)
feblest (superlative)

English: feeble

Scots: feeble

Etymology tree
Anglo-Norman feblebor.
Middle English feble
From Anglo-Norman feble, from Latin flēbilis.

etymon

Unfaithful, unbelieving; lacking religious confidence.


ymage

English: image

Scots: eemage, emage

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman ymage, from Latin imāgō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eym- (“similarity, resemblance”).

der

image, depiction (visual representation):

(rare) A sculpture or effigy used in occult arts.

Likeness, closeness; the state of being similar.


morter

English: mortar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mortar

→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Borrowed from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium.

Grout or mortar (that which holds bricks together)


dovehouse

desc

English: dovehouse, dove-house, dove house


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From Old English hierde, from Proto-West Germanic *hirdī, from Proto-Germanic *hirdijaz.


wasten

enm-verb

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

(figuratively, religion) To eliminate sin.


donge

English: dung

Scots: dung

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dungu, from Proto-Germanic *dungō. The final vowel is generalised from Old English oblique cases.

Dung or feces, especially of animals (used in medicine or fertiliser)


donge

desc

Middle English: dongeoun (probably contributed various senses)

From Old English dung, from Proto-West Germanic *dung (“cellar”). The final vowel is either a generalisation of the dative or by analogy with Etymology 1.


schaft

enm-noun

schaft (plural schaftes or (Early ME) schaften or (Early ME) schafte)

schaftes (plural)
schaften (Early-Middle-English plural)
schafte (Early-Middle-English plural)

From Old English sċeaft, ġesċeaft (“creation”), from sċieppan; equivalent to shapen + -th.

Something that has been created (by a deity)


tenour

English: tenor

Scots: tenor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tenour, from Latin tenor.

(music) The primary musical section (tending to be the tenor)

(music, rare) A pitch as a basis for finding out pitch difference.

(music, rare) Something's vocal or musical characteristics.


chapele

desctree

English: chapel
→ Japanese: チャペル (chaperu)
→ Korean: 채플 (chaepeul)

Scots: chapel

Yola: chapaal

From Old French chapele, from Late Latin cappella.

A chapel (minor place of Christian worship).


strete

enm-noun

strete (plural stretes or strete or (early) streten)

stretes (plural)
strete (plural)
streten (plural)

English: street

Scots: street, streit, stret

→ Breton: straed

→ Cornish: stret

→ Welsh: stryd

Inherited from Old English strǣt, strēt, from Proto-West Germanic *strātu, from Late Latin strāta (“paved road”). The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A road or path connecting two destinations.


lyme

English: limb

Scots: limb, lim

⇒ Yola: lemethès

From limu, plural of Old English lim, from Proto-West Germanic *limu.


bourde

English: bourd (obsolete)

Scots: bourd

Borrowed from Old French bourde; further etymology is disputed. See bourde (“blunder”).

A diversion or amusing activity, especially humorous:

A funny or entertaining tale, narrative, or example.

(rare) A humorous incident or event; a practical joke.

(rare) An entertaining incident or event.


bourde

At Alyſaundre he was, when it was won / Full ofte tyme he had the bourde bigon / Abouen alle nacions in Pruce […]

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Prologues”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, “The Knyght”, column 2:

At Alexandria he was, when it was won / Quite often he had the board begun [sat at the head of the table] / Above all nations in Prussia […]


sophie

head

sophie (countable and uncountable, plural sophies)


blisful

blisful (plural and weak singular blisfulle)

blisfulle (plural)
blisfulle (singular weak)

English: blissful

Scots: blissfu

Formed from blisse (“bliss, joy”) + -ful (“-full, -y”) at a time when the Old English distinction between nominative blis and oblique blisse was still current.

af

Amazing, wonderful; inspiring satisfaction:


symple

head

symple (plural and weak singular symple, comparative sympler, superlative symplest)

symple (plural)
symple (singular weak)
sympler (comparative)
symplest (superlative)

English: simple

Scots: semple

Borrowed from Old French simple, from Latin simplex (“single; singular”).

lo I ſende ȝou as ſcheep in þe myddil of wolues / þerfoꝛ be ȝe ſliȝ as ſerpentis .· and ſymple as dowues

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:16, page 4v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So I'm sending you out like sheep in amongst wolves, so be shrewd like snakes and harmless like doves.

virtuous, godly, without sin:
guiltless, blameless

virtuous, godly, without sin:
humble, unassuming, mild

(law, philosophy) Without extra conditions; unconditioned.


symple

English: simple

An individual who is virtuous, godly, or without sin:

(rare) One who is guiltless, or blameless.

(rare) One who is humble, unassuming, or mild.


herte

enm-noun

herte (plural hertes or herten or herte)

hertes (plural)
herten (plural)
herte (plural)

English: heart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hert, hart, hairt

Yola: hearth, hart

Inherited from Old English heorte, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

Ac hy habbeþ hire heꝛten zuo areꝛed ine god: þet hi ne pꝛayſeþ þe woꝛdle: bote ane botoun. and hi ne dredeþ kyng. ne eꝛl.[…]

c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Vridom”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt, page 86:

But those who have their hearts inspired by God, who don't praise the world('s ways) even a bit and who don't fear kings, earls, […]

One's feelings, or beliefs; the heart viewed as a source of them:

One's or religious feelings and attitudes.


felawe

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

A (male) partner, friend, or colleague; one linked with others:

A member of an organisation, society, religious order/group, college, trade association, etc.


juggement

English: judgment


dwellen

dwelen (infinitive)
to dwelen (infinitive)
dwele (infinitive)
dwele (first-person present singular)
dweled (first-person past singular)
dwelte (first-person past singular)
dwelest (present second-person singular)
dweledest (past second-person singular)
dweltest (past second-person singular)
dweleth (present singular third-person)
dweled (past singular third-person)
dwelte (past singular third-person)
dwele (present singular subjunctive)
dweled (past singular subjunctive)
dwelte (past singular subjunctive)
dwele (imperative present singular)
dwelen (plural present)
dwele (plural present)
dweleden (past plural)
dwelede (past plural)
dwelten (past plural)
dwelte (past plural)
dweleth (imperative plural present)
dwele (imperative plural present)
dwelynge (participle present)
dwelende (participle present)
dweled (participle past)
dwelt (participle past)
ydweled (participle past)
ydwelt (participle past)

English: dwell

Scots: dwall

From Old English dwellan (with semantic influence from Old Norse dvelja), from Proto-West Germanic *dwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *dwaljaną.

To dwell; to remain:
To remain or stay (in a location)

To dwell; to remain:
To live, reside, or inhabit.

(figurative) To become settled or established (with).

To last; to persist:
To be left; to remain in possession.

To be left over; to remain (of a portion).


prisoun

English: prison

Scots: preeson

From late Anglo-Norman prisoun, spelt prisun in early Anglo-Norman. Ultimately from Latin prehensiō, prehensiōnem.

prison, jail, dungeon (place where captives are held)


crien

enm-verb

crien (third-person singular simple present crieth, present participle cryinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle cried)

crieth (present singular third-person)
cryinge (participle present)
cried (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
crien (infinitive)
to crien (infinitive)
crie (infinitive)
crie (first-person present singular)
cried (first-person past singular)
cride (first-person past singular)
criest (present second-person singular)
criedest (past second-person singular)
cridest (past second-person singular)
crieth (present singular third-person)
cried (past singular third-person)
cride (past singular third-person)
crie (present singular subjunctive)
cried (past singular subjunctive)
cride (past singular subjunctive)
crie (imperative present singular)
crien (plural present)
crie (plural present)
crieden (past plural)
criede (past plural)
criden (past plural)
cride (past plural)
crieth (imperative plural present)
crie (imperative plural present)
cryinge (participle present)
criende (participle present)
cried (participle past)
crid (participle past)

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: cry't (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French crier, from Vulgar Latin *crītāre; equivalent to cry + -en (infinitival suffix).

criþe

either reflects early Old French crider or a scribal error

To announce or proclaim:
To order, charge, or direct.


voys

English: voice

Scots: voice, vice, vyce

Yola: vice

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman voiz, voys, veys, from Latin vōx, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs.

An utterance; the use of one's voice:
A prayer (entreaty to a deity).

A musical sound; a tune, note, or musical piece or a kind of one.


mirour

English: mirror

Scots: mirror

From Old French mireor, from the verb mirer (“to look at”).

A mirror, looking-glass, or other reflective surface.


relicte

English: relict

Borrowed from Middle French relicte, from Late Latin relicta, from Latin relictus, past participle of relinquere.

(uncommon, Late Middle English) undamaged, left alone


rerer

(rare) A person who raises occult forces.


servage

English: servage

Borrowed from Old French servage; equivalent to serven + -age.

Marital or religious bondage or service.


governour

English: governor (see there for further descendants)

Scots: governour

Yola: governere

Borrowed from Old French gouvreneur, governeor, from Latin gubernātor; equivalent to governen + -our.

Someone who protects, safeguards, or acts as a guardian (used of God or people).

(rare) God as the judger of fate and decider of destiny.


tofall

(architecture) A small structure, e.g. a shed, that is annexed to the wall of a larger one, having its roof formed in a single slope with the top resting against the wall.


bateren

bateren (third-person singular simple present batereth, present participle baterende, baterynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle batered)

batereth (present singular third-person)
baterende (participle present)
baterynge (participle present)
batered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bateren (infinitive)
to bateren (infinitive)
batere (first-person present singular)
batered (first-person past singular)
baterest (present second-person singular)
bateredest (past second-person singular)
batereth (present singular third-person)
batered (past singular third-person)
batere (present singular subjunctive)
batered (past singular subjunctive)
batere (imperative present singular)
bateren (plural present)
batere (plural present)
batereden (past plural)
baterede (past plural)
batereth (imperative plural present)
batere (imperative plural present)
baterynge (participle present)
baterende (participle present)
batered (participle past)
ybatered (participle past)

English: batter

Scots: batter

Borrowed from Old French batre (< Latin battere, earlier battuere), with the Old French infinitival ending retained as if baten (“to beat”) + -eren.

(rare, music) To resound; to produce vibrations.


pipen

pipen (infinitive)
to pipen (infinitive)
pipe (infinitive)
pipe (first-person present singular)
piped (first-person past singular)
pipest (present second-person singular)
pipedest (past second-person singular)
pipeth (present singular third-person)
piped (past singular third-person)
pipe (present singular subjunctive)
piped (past singular subjunctive)
pipe (imperative present singular)
pipen (plural present)
pipe (plural present)
pipeden (past plural)
pipede (past plural)
pipeth (imperative plural present)
pipe (imperative plural present)
pipynge (participle present)
pipende (participle present)
piped (participle past)
ypiped (participle past)

English: pipe

Scots: pipe

Inherited from Old English pīpian, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpan, from Proto-Germanic *pīpaną; equivalent to pipe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To use a pipe or similar musical instrument; to play music.

To make high-pitched noises or sound like a small animal.

To squeal; to talk with a high pitch or like a small animal.


rebellen

rebellen (infinitive)
to rebellen (infinitive)
rebelle (infinitive)
rebelle (first-person present singular)
rebelled (first-person past singular)
rebellest (present second-person singular)
rebelledest (past second-person singular)
rebelleth (present singular third-person)
rebelled (past singular third-person)
rebelle (present singular subjunctive)
rebelled (past singular subjunctive)
rebelle (imperative present singular)
rebellen (plural present)
rebelle (plural present)
rebelleden (past plural)
rebellede (past plural)
rebelleth (imperative plural present)
rebelle (imperative plural present)
rebellynge (participle present)
rebellende (participle present)
rebelled (participle past)
yrebelled (participle past)

English: rebel

Scots: rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebeller, in turn borrowed from Latin rebellō. Doublet of revelen (“to revel”); equivalent to rebel + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To rebel against divine authority.


questor

English: quaestor, questor

(rare, historical) quaestor (ancient Roman official)


musike

English: music (see there for further descendants)

Scots: muisic

Borrowed from Old French musique, from Latin mūsica; equivalent to Muse + -ik.


grece

English: grease

Scots: gree (a back-formation)

From Anglo-Norman grece, from Vulgar Latin *crassia.

Processed and melted animal fat used in cooking or anointing; grease.


cloistre

English: cloister

Scots: closter (< closter)

From Old French cloistre, from Medieval Latin claustrum.

A monastery or cloister; a place where a monastic lifestyle is practiced.

A cloister (roofed path, especially at a monastic complex)

That which is cloistered; a confined location.

(figurative, rare) The uterus as a protective location.


beme

→ English: beme

Inherited from Old English bēme, Anglian form of bīeme, bȳme (“trumpet; tablet, billet”), from Proto-West Germanic *baumijā; compare beem.


housen

housen (third-person singular simple present houseth, present participle housende, housynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle housed)

houseth (present singular third-person)
housende (participle present)
housynge (participle present)
housed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
housen (infinitive)
to housen (infinitive)
house (infinitive)
house (first-person present singular)
housed (first-person past singular)
housest (present second-person singular)
housedest (past second-person singular)
houseth (present singular third-person)
housed (past singular third-person)
house (present singular subjunctive)
housed (past singular subjunctive)
house (imperative present singular)
housen (plural present)
house (plural present)
houseden (past plural)
housede (past plural)
houseth (imperative plural present)
house (imperative plural present)
housynge (participle present)
housende (participle present)
housed (participle past)
yhoused (participle past)

English: house

Scots: house, hoose

Inherited from Old English hūsian, from Proto-West Germanic *hūsōn, from Proto-Germanic *hūsōną; equivalent to hous + -en (infinitival suffix).

To accommodate or lodge; to have as a guest:

To give out accommodations (to someone).

To shelter or reside (in a house or building)

To build, construct (houses or buildings).

To set up or arrange accommodation (in a building)


nappen

nappen (infinitive)
to nappen (infinitive)
nappe (infinitive)
nappe (first-person present singular)
napped (first-person past singular)
nappest (present second-person singular)
nappedest (past second-person singular)
nappeth (present singular third-person)
napped (past singular third-person)
nappe (present singular subjunctive)
napped (past singular subjunctive)
nappe (imperative present singular)
nappen (plural present)
nappe (plural present)
nappeden (past plural)
nappede (past plural)
nappeth (imperative plural present)
nappe (imperative plural present)
nappynge (participle present)
nappende (participle present)
napped (participle past)
ynapped (participle past)

English: nap

Scots: nap

Inherited from Old English hnappian, from Proto-West Germanic *hnappōn, of unknown origin.

(rare, Christianity) To be uninformed or unprepared for Hell.


trippen

trippen (infinitive)
to trippen (infinitive)
trippe (infinitive)
trippe (first-person present singular)
tripped (first-person past singular)
trippest (present second-person singular)
trippedest (past second-person singular)
trippeth (present singular third-person)
tripped (past singular third-person)
trippe (present singular subjunctive)
tripped (past singular subjunctive)
trippe (imperative present singular)
trippen (plural present)
trippe (plural present)
trippeden (past plural)
trippede (past plural)
trippeth (imperative plural present)
trippe (imperative plural present)
trippynge (participle present)
trippende (participle present)
tripped (participle past)
ytripped (participle past)

English: trip

Scots: trip

Probably from Old French triper; equivalent to trip (“that which causes a misstep”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To walk rhythmically or acrobatically, to dance.


nimphe

English: nymph

From Old French nimphe, from Latin nympha, from Ancient Greek νύμφη (númphē).


prophete

English: prophet

Tok Pisin: profet

Scots: prophet

From Latin prophēta, from Ancient Greek προφήτης (prophḗtēs); reinforced by Anglo-Norman prophete.

One of the portions of the Old Testament which covers the prophets.


axen

axen (infinitive)
to axen (infinitive)
axe (infinitive)
axe (first-person present singular)
axed (first-person past singular)
axte (first-person past singular)
axest (present second-person singular)
axedest (past second-person singular)
axtest (past second-person singular)
axeth (present singular third-person)
axed (past singular third-person)
axte (past singular third-person)
axe (present singular subjunctive)
axed (past singular subjunctive)
axte (past singular subjunctive)
axe (imperative present singular)
axen (plural present)
axe (plural present)
axeden (past plural)
axede (past plural)
axten (past plural)
axte (past plural)
axeth (imperative plural present)
axe (imperative plural present)
axynge (participle present)
axende (participle present)
axed (participle past)
axt (participle past)

English: ask (dialectal ax, axe, aks)

Scots: ask, as, ax

Yola: ishe

From Old English ācsian, āxian, metathetic forms of āscian, from Proto-West Germanic *aiskōn.

(intransitive, transitive, ditransitive) To ask, enquire or question:

To pray for something; to supplicate a divinity.


ston

enm-noun

ston (plural stones or ston or (early, rare) stonen)

stones (plural)
ston (plural)
stonen (plural rare)

English: stone (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: styen

Scots: stane

Yola: sthoan

→ Anglo-Norman: ston

Inherited from Old English stān, from Proto-West Germanic *stain, from Proto-Germanic *stainaz.

A stone, boulder, or pebble:
A pebble used in a slingshot.


spillen

spillen (infinitive)
to spillen (infinitive)
spille (infinitive)
spille (first-person present singular)
spilled (first-person past singular)
spillest (present second-person singular)
spilledest (past second-person singular)
spilleth (present singular third-person)
spilled (past singular third-person)
spille (present singular subjunctive)
spilled (past singular subjunctive)
spille (imperative present singular)
spillen (plural present)
spille (plural present)
spilleden (past plural)
spillede (past plural)
spilleth (imperative plural present)
spille (imperative plural present)
spillynge (participle present)
spillende (participle present)
spilled (participle past)
yspilled (participle past)

English: spill

Scots: spill

From Old English spillan, from Proto-West Germanic *spilþijan.

(Christianity) to punish by sending to Hell


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Yola: baam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.


covent

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">covent</i>

English: convent; coven (obsolete covent)

Middle Scots: covent, convent

Borrowed from Old French covent, from Latin conventus.

A congregation or meeting; an assembled group of people.

A group or order of (male or female) monastics; a convent.

A monastery; a building housing such a group.


bouk

English: bouk (obsolete)

Scots: bouk, bowk, buik

From Old English būc, from Proto-West Germanic *būk, from Proto-Germanic *būkaz.


welthe

English: wealth

Scots: walth

Either inherited from Old English *welþ, weleþu (from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu) or formed anew from wele (“wealth”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix) on the model of helthe.

af

Wealth, prosperity, plentifulness; a state of flourishing:

(religion) Spiritual flourishing or prosperity; salvation or reward.


synne

English: sin

Scots: sin

Inherited from Old English synn, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju (“concern”), from Proto-Germanic *sunjō, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es-.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

A sin; a religiously immoral action:
(specifically) Lewdness, promiscuity.

A sin; a religiously immoral action:
Lewdness, promiscuity.

A certain (specified) kind or class of sin.


drem

English: dream

Scots: dreme

From Old English drēam, from Proto-West Germanic *draum, from Proto-Germanic *draumaz. Some senses are probably a semantic loan from Old Norse draumr, displacing sweven (from Old English swefn).


yvel

head

yvel (plural and weak singular yvele, comparative worse, superlative worst)

yvele (plural)
yvele (singular weak)
worse (comparative)
worst (superlative)

English: evil

Scots: evil

From Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, of disputed further etymology.

Causing harm; injurious, damaging:
Causing trouble; tendentious, irascible


Sathan

English: Satan

Scots: Sautan

From Old English Satan, from Latin Satan, from Ancient Greek Σατάν (Satán), from Hebrew שָׂטָן (Sātān).


kinedom

English: kindom (Yorkshire, obsolete)

Middle Scots: kindom

From Old English cynedōm; equivalent to kine- (“royal”) + -dom (abstract nominal suffix).


kineriche

enm-noun

kineriche (plural kineriches or (early) kinerichen)

Middle Scots: kinrik

Scots: kinrick

Inherited from Old English cynerīċe (“a kingdom”), from Proto-West Germanic *kunirīkī; equivalent to kine- + -riche and cognate with Old High German chuneriche, Middle Dutch conrike. See also kingriche.

inh+

(figurative) The Kingdom of God; the divine kingdom.


alliaunce

English: alliance

Scots: alliance

Borrowed from Old French aliance; equivalent to allien + -aunce.

One's relations via marriage; one's stepfamily.


balaunce

English: balance

Scots: ballance

From Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia.

(astrology, astronomy) Libra (constellation; member of the Zodiac)


braunche

English: branch

Scots: branch, brainch

Borrowed from Old French branche, brance, from Late Latin branca.


governaunce

English: governance

Middle Scots: governance

Borrowed from Old French gouvernance, governance; equivalent to governen + -aunce.

(medicine, alchemy) A course of action; a set of directives.


femele

English: female

Scots: female

Borrowed from Old French femele, from Latin fēmella. Some forms are influenced by male (“male”).

Used in extended reference to supposedly "female" gems, trees, plants, or astrological portents.


norice

desc

English: nurse (obsolete norice, nourice, nourse)

Scots: nourice, nuirice

Borrowed from Old French norrice, from Late Latin nūtrīcia, ultimately from Latin nūtrīx.

A person (usually a woman) employed to take care of one's children; a nanny.

(rare, Christianity) Mary as the guardian of Jesus.


kempe

English: kemp (obsolete)

Scots: kemp (obsolete)

From Old English cempa, from Proto-West Germanic *kampijō; doublet of champioun.

A spiritual soldier; a fighter of malice.


murage

English: murage

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Middle French murage (compare Medieval Latin mūrāgium). Equivalent to muren + -age.

A tax for the maintenance of town walls; murage.


brigge

English: bridge

Geordie English: brig

Scots: brig

Yola: burge

Inherited from Old English brycġ. The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

A bridge (structure that crosses river or a divide)


servaunt

enm-noun

servaunt (plural servauntes or servauns)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">sarvant</i>

English: servant (dialectal sarvant)

Scots: servant, sairvant, servan

From Old French servent, servant, originally the present participle of servir; equivalent to serven + -ant. Doublet of serjaunt.

[…]Is verray god / this is al our sentence / That hath so good a seruant / hym to serue / This with o voys / we trowen thogh we sterue

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Nonne”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 171, recto, lines 418-420:

[…] is true God (this all of us believe) / who has such a good follower to serve Him. / This we believe without exception, even if we die.

⁊ folkis ben wrooþ · ⁊ þi wraþþe cam · ⁊ tyme of deed men to be demed · ⁊ to ȝelde meede to þi ſeruauntis ⁊ pꝛophetis ⁊ halowis ⁊ dꝛedynge þi name · to ſmale ⁊ to grete / ⁊ to diſtrie hem þat coꝛrumpiden þe erþe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 11:18, page 121r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the nations were furious; then your fury came. It is time for the dead to be judged, to give rewards to your servants, prophets, saints, and those who fear your name, both small and large, and to destroy those who destroyed the Earth.

(religion) A follower of a deity or religious concept.


tyraunt

English: tyrant

Scots: tirran, tarran

From Old French tirant, tyrant, tiran, from Latin tyrannus, from Ancient Greek τύραννος (túrannos).

One who suppresses or oppresses the followers of a creed.


werre

English: war

Scots: wer, weir, war

From Old English werre, wyrre, borrowed from Old Northern French werre, from Medieval Latin werra, borrowed from Frankish *werru (“confusion; quarrel”).

(religion) A moral conflict or struggle.

Non-military conflict or strife:
A moral conflict or struggle.


creatour

English: creator

Scots: creator

From Old French creator, creatour, creatur, from Latin creātor; equivalent to createn + -our.

The Christian God as a creator and maker (of the world).


loresman

English: loresman

From lores (“pieces of knowledge”) + man (“man, person”).

af

(rare) instructor, tutor, teacher; especially a religious one.


gerner

English: garner

Scots: girnel, garnel

Borrowed from Old French gernier, grenier, from Latin grānārium; equivalent to greyn + -er.

Wel koude he keepe / a Gerner and a Bynne / Ther was noon Auditour / koude on hym wynne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 9, verso:

He could keep a granary and a grain-bin well, / and there was no auditor who could best him.

A granary; a building for storing grain.


chaunterie

English: chantry

From Old French chaunterie; equivalent to chaunten + -erie.

[...] Fro þe kyng watʒ cummen with knyʒtes in to þe halle,
Þe chauntre of þe chapel cheued to an ende; [...]

c. 14th century, Gawain Poet, part I, stanza 4, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, line 62-63

… For the king was come with knights into the hall,
And chanting in the chapel had chimed to an end; …

(rare) The chanting which occurs during Mass.


atazir

From Old French [Term?], from Arabic التأثير (at-taʔṯīr, “influence”).

O Mars, o atazir, as in this cas!

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Man of Law’s Tale, lines 304-305

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(astrology, rare) The influence of a celestial body on other such bodies or on the fortunes of people.


glasynge

English: glazing


payen

English: payen (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman paien, paen, from Latin pāgānus.

[...] With alle the rytes of his payen wyse.

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2370

… With all the rites of his pagan manner (of worship).


relik

English: relic

Borrowed from Old French relique, from Latin reliquiae.


enchauntour

English: enchanter

Scots: enchanter

From Old French enchanteor, from Latin incantātor; equivalent to enchaunten + -our.

But lat us go now to thilke horrible sweryng of adjuracioun and conjuracioun, as doon thise false enchauntours or nigromanciens in bacyns ful of water, or in a bright swerd, in a cercle, or in a fir, or in a shulderboon of a sheep.

14ᵗʰ C., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson's Tale, section 38, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Parson%27s_Prologue_and_Tale


abominacioun

English: abomination

Scots: abhomination

From Middle French abomination, from Late Latin abōminātiōnem, accusative of abōminātiō. Some forms are influenced by a purported but false relationship with Latin hominem.

(biblical) Idols; pagan religious material


aungel

English: angel (see there for further descendants)

Scots: angel, aungel

From Anglo-Norman angle, from Latin angelus, from Ancient Greek ἄγγελος (ángelos).

A fallen angel; an angel turned to the forces of evil.


Iudas

English: Judas, Jude


Merlyn

English: Merlin

From Medieval Latin Merlinus and Old French Merlin. Forms ending in -ion, -yon are hypercorrections due to the change of merlioun to merlyn.


Dauid

English: David

From Old English Dauid, from Latin David, from Koine Greek Δαυίδ (Dauíd), from Biblical Hebrew דּוד (Dāwîḏ).


cleve

English: cleve

Inherited from Old English clēofa, from Proto-Germanic *klebô.


walkirie

From Old English wælcyrġe, from Proto-Germanic *walakuzjǭ.


reve

English: reeve

From Old English rēfa, ġerēfa, from Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō. Doublet of greyve.

(Christianity) A subordinate or deputy of God.


tolsey

English: tolsey


basilicok

From Old French basilicoc, extension of basilique.

14th c., Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, The Parson’s Tale

The first finger [of the devil’s hand] is the foolish looking of the foolish woman and of the foolish man; that slays just as the basilisk slays folk by the venom of his sight, for the covetousness of the eyes follows the covetousness of the heart.

The first fingre is the foole loking of the foole woman and of the foole man, that sleth right as the basilicok sleth folk by venime of his sight: for the coveitise of the eyen foloweth the coveitise of the herte.


paynym

English: paynim

From Old French paienime, from Latin pāgānismus.


mawmet

English: mammet

Scots: maument (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman maumet, mauhoumet, mahumet; deriving from Andalusian Arabic مَحُمَّدْ (maḥummad), ultimately derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد (muḥammad). Doublet of Macomet and Mahown.

mi litle ſones kepe ȝe ȝou fro mawmetis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon ·i· 5:21, page 115v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

My little children, keep yourselves from idols.


bothe

desctree

English: booth
→ Bengali: বুথ (buth)
→ Scottish Gaelic: bùth
→ Welsh: bwth

Scots: buith, buth

A shack or cabin; any makeshift habitation.


legement

English: ledgment, ledgement


reule

English: rule

Scots: rule, reule

>? Yola: zwae

From Old French reule, from Latin rēgula.


wyf

wyfes (plural)
wyves (plural)
wyve (plural)

English: wife (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wife

From Old English wīf, from Proto-West Germanic *wīb, from Proto-Germanic *wībą, of uncertain origin.


tablement

English: tablement

From Anglo-Norman tablement; equivalent to table + -ment.


savacioun

English: salvation

Scots: salvation

Borrowed from Old French salvacion, sauvacion, from Late Latin salvātiō, salvātiōnem; equivalent to saven + -acioun.

Foꝛ God ſo wyſely be my ſaluation / I loued neuer by no dyſcretion / But euer folowed myne appetite

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Prologue”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxxix, verso, column 1, lines 621-623:

Because God will be my salvation, / I never loved with any discretion, / but always obeyed my appetites.

Religious salvation; deliverance from eternal doom.

(medicine, rare) Medical remediation; the restoration of health.


chesible

English: chasuble (remodelled on Latin)

Borrowed from Old French chesible, from Late Latin casubla, casubula.


mynchen

English: minchen, minch

From Old English myneċenu; equivalent to monk + -en (feminine suffix).

(Christianity) A woman who is a member of a monastic order and who lives in a cloister; a nun.


umshaden

(Christianity, of the Holy Spirit) to overshadow or descend upon (the Virgin Mary)


patene

English: patten

Scots: patene, patin

From Old French patene, from Medieval Latin patena, variant of patina, from Ancient Greek πατάνη (patánē).


nauger

English: auger

From Old English nafugār, from Proto-West Germanic *nabugaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *nabōgaizaz; equivalent to nave (“hub of a wheel”) + gor (“spear”).
Cognate with Old Saxon navugēr, Old High German nabagēr, Old Norse nafarr. Forms without initial n- are due to reanalysis of a nauger as an auger.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


sauterie

English: psaltery

Borrowed from Old French sauterie, salterie, borrowed from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion). Doublet of sauter.

string instrument
string instrument#English

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


faie

English: fey, fae, fay

Borrowed from Middle French feie, fee, from Old French fae, from Vulgar Latin Fāta.

Magical, enchanted, or otherworldly; fey or fae.


serviable

Borrowed from Middle French serviable; equivalent to serven + -able.


schiten

enm-verb

schiten (third-person singular simple present schiteth, present participle schitynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schoot, past participle schiten)

schiteth (present singular third-person)
schitynge (participle present)
schoot (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schiten (participle past)
schiten (infinitive)
to schiten (infinitive)
schite (infinitive)
schite (first-person present singular)
schoot (first-person past singular)
schitest (present second-person singular)
schite (past second-person singular)
schote (past second-person singular)
schoot (past second-person singular)
schiteth (present singular third-person)
schit (present singular third-person)
schoot (past singular third-person)
schite (present singular subjunctive)
schite (past singular subjunctive)
schote (past singular subjunctive)
schite (imperative present singular)
schiten (plural present)
schite (plural present)
schiten (past plural)
schite (past plural)
schoten (past plural)
schote (past plural)
schiteth (imperative plural present)
schite (imperative plural present)
schitynge (participle present)
schitende (participle present)
schiten (participle past)
schite (participle past)
yschiten (participle past)
yschite (participle past)

English: shit, shite

Scots: shit

Inherited from Old English sċītan, from Proto-West Germanic *skītan, from Proto-Germanic *skītaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skéydt; equivalent to schite (“diarrhoea”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


chaunge

English: change

Scots: cheenge, chinge, cheynge

/ˈt͡ʃɔnd͡ʒ(ə)/

/ˈt͡ʃɔːnd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Old French change, chaunge, from Latin cambium, from Gaulish cambion (“change”).

Fluctuation, inconstancy; the state of being variable.

Exchange (giving in compensation for something received):

Moneychanging; the exchange of currency.


drit

English: dirt

Yola: dhurth

From Old Norse drit (“excrement”), from Proto-Germanic *dritą, *dritō (“excrement”).


husbonde

desctree

English: husband
⇒ Chinese: 黑漆板凳 (hēiqī bǎndèng) (obsolete)
→ Japanese: ハズバンド (hazubando)
⇒ English: husbando

Scots: husband

→ Welsh: hwsmon

Inherited from Old English hūsbonda; equivalent to hous + bonde.

A farmer or villein; one who tends to the soil.


blowen

blowen (infinitive)
to blowen (infinitive)
blowe (infinitive)
blowe (first-person present singular)
blew (first-person past singular)
blowest (present second-person singular)
blewe (past second-person singular)
blew (past second-person singular)
bloweth (present singular third-person)
blew (past singular third-person)
blowe (present singular subjunctive)
blewe (past singular subjunctive)
blowe (imperative present singular)
blowen (plural present)
blowe (plural present)
blewen (past plural)
blewe (past plural)
bloweth (imperative plural present)
blowe (imperative plural present)
blowynge (participle present)
blowende (participle present)
blowen (participle past)
blowe (participle past)
yblowen (participle past)
yblowe (participle past)

English: blow

Geordie English: blaw

Scots: blaw

Yola: blay

Inherited from Old English blāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To play a wind instrument (by blowing)

To blow (produce a current of air):
To strengthen a fire by blowing on it.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To gasp; to struggle to breathe.


Joves

English: Jove

The Roman god governing the sky; Jove, Jupiter.


Zephirus

English: Zephyrus

From Latin zephyrus (“Zephyrus; the west wind”), from Ancient Greek Ζέφυρος (Zéphuros).

bor

Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue

Zephyrus, the Ancient Greek god of the west wind.


felaweshipe

English: fellowship

Equivalent to felawe + -schipe; either a new ME formation or adapted from Old Norse félagskapr, félagsskapr.

Partnership or companionship; having company:

Religious or heavenly fellowship, connection, or partnership.

A military, trade or religious organisation or association.

A religious or heavenly community of believers.


helthe

English: health

Scots: helth, halth

Inherited from Old English hǣlþ, from Proto-West Germanic *hailiþu, from Proto-Germanic *hailiþō (“wholeness; health”), equivalent to hole (“whole”) + -the (abstract nominal suffix).


purgatorie

English: Purgatory

Borrowed from Old French purgatore, purgatoire, from Medieval Latin purgātōrium; equivalent to purgen + -atorie.

St Patrick's Purgatory (cave in Ireland)


planete

(Christianity, hapax) The outermost garment worn by clergy celebrating the Eucharist; a chasuble.


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒂗𒈗𒋀 (bēl-šarra-uṣṣur, literally “May Bel protect the king”).

der

בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְשַׁאצַּר (bēlšaṣṣar)

(biblical, historical) Balthazar, a Babylonian king mentioned in the Book of Daniel.


Balthasar

From Latin Baltassar, from Ancient Greek Βαλτασαρ (Baltasar), from Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar), from Akkadian 𒊩𒆪𒈗𒋀 (beltu-šar-uṣur).

בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר

Hebrew בֵּלְטְשַׁאצַּר (bēletešaṣṣar)

(biblical) Belteshazzar, the Babylonian name of the biblical prophet Daniel.


obumbren

enm-verb

obumbren (third-person singular simple present obumbreth, present participle obumbrende, obumbrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle obumbred)

obumbreth (present singular third-person)
obumbrende (participle present)
obumbrynge (participle present)
obumbred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
obumbren (infinitive)
to obumbren (infinitive)
obumbre (infinitive)
obumbre (first-person present singular)
obumbred (first-person past singular)
obumbrest (present second-person singular)
obumbredest (past second-person singular)
obumbreth (present singular third-person)
obumbred (past singular third-person)
obumbre (present singular subjunctive)
obumbred (past singular subjunctive)
obumbre (imperative present singular)
obumbren (plural present)
obumbre (plural present)
obumbreden (past plural)
obumbrede (past plural)
obumbreth (imperative plural present)
obumbre (imperative plural present)
obumbrynge (participle present)
obumbrende (participle present)
obumbred (participle past)
yobumbred (participle past)

From Old French obumbrer (“to overshadow”), from Latin obumbrō (“to overshadow”).

Chaucer
Or half the blisse who coude wryte or tel
Whan the holy goost to thee was obumbred

(Christianity, in passive, to be obumbred to) to be caused to overshadow (a reference to the causative role played by the Holy Spirit in the Virgin Mary's conception of Christ)


chirche

English: church

Geordie English: chorch, kirk

Scots: kirk

Yola: chourch

/ˈt͡ʃɛrt͡ʃ(ə)/

From Old English ċiriċe, from Proto-West Germanic *kirikā, borrowed from Ancient Greek κυριακόν (kuriakón).

Foꝛ ouer ſithon ne · foꝛ baren. hi nouther circe ne cyrceiard. oc namen al þe god ð þar inne ƿaſ. ⁊ brenden ſythen þe cyrce ⁊ al te gædere.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Because after a while, they spared neither churches or churchyards, but stole all the valuables within them before burning the church and everything in it.

Roman Catholic Church
Roman Catholic Church


halpeni

English: halfpenny, ha'penny

Scots: halfpenny

Yola: haapney

From Late Old English halpenige, equivalent to half + peny (“penny”).

halpenis

Plural; without loss of final vowel, whence modern halfpennies

halpens

Plural; with loss of final vowel, whence modern halfpence

(biblical, Goddes halpenī) a coin from biblical times, a small foreign coin


Launcelot

English: Lancelot

Than cam In ẜ Aſcamour and ẜ Grūmor ⁊ Grūmorſon ẜ Croſſeleme ẜ Seuerauſe le brewſe that was called a paſſynge ſtronge knyght for as the booke ſeyth the chyff lady of the lady off the lake feſted ẜ Launcelot and ẜ Seu[er]auſe le brewſe And whan ſhe had feſted them both at ſundry tymes ſhe þ[ra]yde hem to gyff her a done

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 446, verso, lines 1–6:

Then came in Sir Astamor, and Sir Gromere, Grummor’s son, Sir Crosselm, Sir Servause le Breuse, that was called a passing strong knight, for as the book saith, the chief Lady of the Lake feasted Sir Launcelot and Servause le Breuse, and when she had feasted them both at sundry times she prayed them to give her a boon.


Newgate

English: Newgate


Uther

English: Uther

ye ſeyde kyng Arthure I love Gwenyvere the kyngꝭ doughtir of lodegrean of þᵉ londe of Camelerde the whyche holdyth In his houſe the table rounde that ye tolde me he had hit of my fadir Vther · And this dameſell is the moſte valyaunte and fayryſt that I know lyvyng, or yet that eu[er] I coude fynde

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[The Tale of King Arthur]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 35, recto, lines 11–16:


purgen

purgen (infinitive)
to purgen (infinitive)
purge (infinitive)
purge (first-person present singular)
purged (first-person past singular)
purgest (present second-person singular)
purgedest (past second-person singular)
purgeth (present singular third-person)
purged (past singular third-person)
purge (present singular subjunctive)
purged (past singular subjunctive)
purge (imperative present singular)
purgen (plural present)
purge (plural present)
purgeden (past plural)
purgede (past plural)
purgeth (imperative plural present)
purge (imperative plural present)
purgynge (participle present)
purgende (participle present)
purged (participle past)
ypurged (participle past)

English: purge

Scots: purge

Borrowed from Old French purgier, from Latin pūrgō.

To cleanse or purify; to remove impurities:

To free from sin; to spiritually purify.

(medicine) To purge or cleanse the body.


werren

werren (third-person singular simple present werreth, present participle werrende, werrynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle werred)

werreth (present singular third-person)
werrende (participle present)
werrynge (participle present)
werred (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
werren (infinitive)
to werren (infinitive)
werre (infinitive)
werre (first-person present singular)
werred (first-person past singular)
werrest (present second-person singular)
werredest (past second-person singular)
werreth (present singular third-person)
werred (past singular third-person)
werre (present singular subjunctive)
werred (past singular subjunctive)
werre (imperative present singular)
werren (plural present)
werre (plural present)
werreden (past plural)
werrede (past plural)
werreth (imperative plural present)
werre (imperative plural present)
werrynge (participle present)
werrende (participle present)
werred (participle past)
ywerred (participle past)

English: war

Scots: war, weir

From Old French guerrier, guerrer, from Frankish *werran. Equivalent to werre (“war”) + -en (infinitival suffix); influenced and reinforced by that noun.

af

To attack a religion (or its people) or a value; to enter into religious or moral conflict.


Furie

English: Fury

Borrowed from Latin Furia; compare furie.


warenne

English: warren

From Anglo-Norman warenne, variant of garenne, of disputed origin.

warren (breeding zone for small animals, especially rabbits).


translacioun

English: translation

From Anglo-Norman translacioun, from Latin trānslātiō; equivalent to translaten + -ioun.

(rare) A total modification or alteration in appearance.


cheyne

English: chain

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">chainzie</i>

Scots: cheen, chyne (obsolete chainzie)

Borrowed from Old French chaiene, from Latin catēna.

(figurative) A marital or romantic union; something that links two together.


degre

English: degree

Scots: degree

Borrowed from Old French degré, degréz (hence the variant degrece); equivalent to de- + gre.

The state, quality, or status of something; something's current characteristics:

A distinguishing quantity; degree, amount, or extent:

(medicine) A degree of severity of medical conditions.

The state of one's behaviour; one's way, bearing, or method.


Jhesus

Jhesu (genitive)
Jhesus (nominative singular)
Jhesu (accusative singular)
Jhesum (accusative singular)
Jhesuses (genitive singular)
Jhesuse (genitive singular)
Jhesu (dative singular)
Jhesum (dative singular)

English: Jesus

Scots: Jesus


prophecie

English: prophecy

Scots: prophecy

Borrowed from Old French prophetie, from Latin prophētīa, from Ancient Greek προφητεία (prophēteía).

The prophecies within the Old Testament or the part of Mass containing it.


delite

English: delight (influenced by light)

Scots: delicht, delite (influenced by licht)

Yola: deligkt (influenced by lhygt)

From Old French delit, from the verb deliter.

A behaviour that induces delightfulness; a delight or pleasure:

Something done as fun, recreation, or entertainment.


chambre forene

In to a chambre forene þe gadelyng gan wende.

1297, Robert of Gloucester, Chronicle, page 310:

(euphemistic) A "room outdoors", an outhouse: an outbuilding used as a lavatory.


lewed

head

lewed (comparative lewder, superlative lewedeste)

lewder (comparative)
lewedeste (superlative)

English: lewd

desc

Scots: lewde, lowde, leude, leud, leaud, lawid, lawit, layit, lawd, lewd

From Old English lǣwede. According to the OED, of uncertain origin, but probably from Vulgar Latin *laigo-, from Late Latin laicus (“of the people”) + Old English -ede.
Otherwise, formally resembling a derivative of the past participle of Old English lǣwan (“to reveal, betray”) in the sense of "exposed as being unlearned" or "easily betrayed, clueless", from Proto-West Germanic *lāwijan (“to betray”), influenced in meaning by Latin laicus. If so, related to Middle English lewe (“treacherous”), belewen (“to hand over, betray”).

der

Unrelated to the church; non-priestly; lay.


songly

English: songly


thost

English: thost

From Old English þost, from Proto-Germanic *þustaz.

fecal matter; dung or feces, especially that of animals


galder

Inherited from Old English galdor, from Proto-West Germanic *galdr.


mylne

desctree

English: mill
Sranan Tongo: miri
→ Hindi: मिल (mil)

Scots: mill, mull

Yola: mile

From Old English mylen, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu.

A mill; a grinding apparatus or a building housing one:


potestat

English: potestate (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French potestat, from Latin potestās, potestātem. Doublet of pouste.


crisme

English: chrism, chrisom

From Late Old English crisma, from Medieval Latin crisma, from Ecclesiastical Latin chrisma, from Ancient Greek χρῖσμα (khrîsma). Doublet of creme.


Kinges

Use as a proper noun of the plural of king.

(biblical, usually in full as book of Kinges vel sim.) [Book of] Kings (each of 1 Kings, 2 Kings, 3 Kings, and 4 Kings)


Ioseph

English: Joseph

Yola: Josef

Whãne marıe þe modır of ıhũ was ſpouſıd to ıoſeph .· bıfoꝛe þeı camen togıdere . ſche was founden hauynge of þe hoolı gooſt ın þe wombe /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:18, page 1r, column 2, lines 11–7 from the bottom; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


Iacob

⇒ English: Jacob

⇒ English: Jakob, Jaycob, Jaykob

⇒ English: Jake, Jack, Jay (diminutive)

⇒ English: Jeb (diminutive)

⇒ English: Coby, Koby, Kobe (diminutive)

desc

→ Hawaiian: Iakobo, Iakoba, Iakopo, Iakopa

→ Maori: Hakopa

From Old English Iācōb, from Ancient Greek Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Biblical Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (yaʿaqóv, “he will/shall heel”).

der

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:1–2, page 1r, column 2, lines 1–5; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


heggen

enm-verb

heggen (third-person singular simple present heggeth, present participle heggende, heggynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hegged)

heggeth (present singular third-person)
heggende (participle present)
heggynge (participle present)
hegged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
heggen (infinitive)
to heggen (infinitive)
hegge (infinitive)
hegge (first-person present singular)
hegged (first-person past singular)
heggest (present second-person singular)
heggedest (past second-person singular)
heggeth (present singular third-person)
hegged (past singular third-person)
hegge (present singular subjunctive)
hegged (past singular subjunctive)
hegge (imperative present singular)
heggen (plural present)
hegge (plural present)
heggeden (past plural)
heggede (past plural)
heggeth (imperative plural present)
hegge (imperative plural present)
heggynge (participle present)
heggende (participle present)
hegged (participle past)
yhegged (participle past)

English: hedge

From hegge (“hedge”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


bourding

(rare) Humour, japing; humorous entertainment.


sege

English: siege

Scots: siege

Borrowed from Old French sege, siege, from Vulgar Latin *sēdicum, from sēdēs.

A siege; an attack or assault on a walled city:

(by extension) A latrine or privy; a hole or container for disposing feces.


mewe

English: mew (archaic)

i

Scots: maw (through confluence with Old Norse form)

→ Old French: maoe, mave, mauve

French: mauve

Old French: moette

French: mouette

From Old English mǣw, from Proto-West Germanic *maiwī, from Proto-Germanic *maiwaz.

(rare) seagull, gull (member of the family Laridae)


mewe

English: mew (mostly obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

A cage used for allowing birds to shed their feathers.

A cage or compartment used for preparing animals to be used as meat.

Any place where one is locked up or secured; a cage or cell.


synful

head

synful (plural and weak singular synfulle)

synfulle (plural)
synfulle (singular weak)

English: sinful

Scots: sinfu

Inherited from Old English synful; equivalent to and sometimes remodelled after synne + -ful, though the disyllabic form remains predominant.


roum

English: room

→ Scottish Gaelic: rùm

→ Fiji Hindi: rum

Scots: rowm, roum

Etymology tree
Proto-West Germanic *rūm
Old English rūm
Middle English roum
Inherited from Old English rūm, from Proto-West Germanic *rūm, from Proto-Germanic *rūmą.


keye

English: key

Scots: key, kee, kye

From Old English cǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *kaiju; the final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

(architecture) A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

In various extended senses:
A protrusion at the apex of a vault.

(music, rare) A musical sound; a note or tone.

In various extended senses:
A musical sound; a note or tone.

Control, safety, or that which ensures it.


schepherde

enm-noun

schepherde (plural schepherdes or (rare) schepherden)

schepherdes (plural)
schepherden (plural rare)

English: shepherd

Scots: shepherd

From Old English sċēaphierde, from Proto-West Germanic *skāpahirdī; equivalent to schep (“sheep”) + herde (“herder”).

(figuratively) A spiritual leader or guide.


Pendragon

c. 1215, Layamon, Brut, lines 1516-1517

He was there at Easter with his noble army; / Happy was the town of London for Uther Pendragon.

He wes þere an Æstre mid aðele his uolke; / bliðe wes þe Lundenes tun for Vthere Pendragun.

(Arthurian legend) Epithet of Uther, the father of King Arthur.


doughter

doughter (plural doughters or doughtren or deghter or (rare) doughter or (rare) deghteres or (rare) dehtren, genitive doughter or doughters)

doughters (plural)
doughtren (plural)
deghter (plural)
doughter (plural rare)
deghteres (plural rare)
dehtren (plural rare)
doughter (genitive)
doughters (genitive)

desctree

English: daughter
Australian Kriol: doda

desc

Scots: dochter, daiter (rare, Orkney), daowter, dowter, dather (obsolete), dauchter, dother, douchter

Yola: doughtere, daughtere

From Old English dohtor, from Proto-West Germanic *dohter.

dostyr

influenced by late Old French, where s before a consonant represented /x/

One of one's female inheritors (also used metaphorically in religion)

A religious woman, especially one who has given herself to the monastic lifestyle.


bochous

From Old English bōchus; equivalent to bok + hous.


nacioun

English: nation

Scots: nation

Borrowed from Old French nacion, from Latin nātiō, nātiōnem.


dauncen

enm-verb

dauncen (third-person singular simple present daunceth, present participle dauncende, dauncynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle daunced)

daunceth (present singular third-person)
dauncende (participle present)
dauncynge (participle present)
daunced (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
dauncen (infinitive)
to dauncen (infinitive)
daunce (infinitive)
daunce (first-person present singular)
daunced (first-person past singular)
dauncest (present second-person singular)
dauncedest (past second-person singular)
daunceth (present singular third-person)
daunced (past singular third-person)
daunce (present singular subjunctive)
daunced (past singular subjunctive)
daunce (imperative present singular)
dauncen (plural present)
daunce (plural present)
daunceden (past plural)
dauncede (past plural)
daunceth (imperative plural present)
daunce (imperative plural present)
dauncynge (participle present)
dauncende (participle present)
daunced (participle past)
ydaunced (participle past)

English: dance (see there for further descendants)

Yola: dansth (preterite)

From Anglo-Norman dauncer. Also synchronically derivable from daunce (noun) + -en (verbal suffix).


bischop

English: bishop (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bishop

From Old English bisċop, from Latin episcopus.

A high priest or other ranking non-Christian religious official.


erchebischop

English: archbishop

Scots: archebischop

Inherited from Old English ærċebisċop, from Late Latin archiepiscopus.

archbishop (clergy member that heads an archdiocese)


bischophod

English: bishophood

Scots: bischophad

From Old English bisċophād; equivalent to bischop + -hod.

bishophood; the status and office of a bishop.


gostly

English: ghostly; ghastly (by conflation)

Scots: gaistly, ghaistly

From Old English gāstlīċ (“spiritual, holy, clerical (not lay), ghastly, ghostly, spectral”). Equivalent to gost + -ly (adjectival suffix).

inh

Relating to or belonging to the spirit; spiritual.

Having intense religious faith; devout, pious.

Ghostly, ghastly; related to or like ghosts.


gostly

English: ghostly

Scots: gaistly, ghaistly

From Old English gāstlīċe, gǣstlīċe. Equivalent to gost + -ly (adverbial suffix).


poperiche

English: poperiche (obsolete)


popehode

English: popehood

papacy; the position and office of the pope


popedome

English: popedom

Scots: papedom

From Old English pāpdōm. Equivalent to pope + -dom.


feendly

English: fiendly

from Old English fēondliċ (“hostile”), corresponding to feend + -ly.

(religion) Under the possession of a demon


presthode

English: priesthood

Scots: presthade

From Old English prēosthād; equivalent to prest (“priest”) + -hod.


kychyn

English: kitchen (see there for further descendants)

desc

Scots: kitchen, kitchin, ketchin, keetchen

→ Middle Irish: cisten

Irish: cistin

Manx: kishteen, kishtyn

Scottish Gaelic: cidsin

From Old English cyċene, from Proto-West Germanic *kukinā, from Late Latin cocīna, from earlier coquīna.


lyoun

English: lion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lion

Yola: leeoon, leioon

From Old French leon, leun, liun, from Latin leōnem, accusative of leō, from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).

Leo (the constellation or astrological sign)


fithele

desctree

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feddle</i>

English: fiddle (dialectal feddle)
→ Swahili: fidla

Scots: fiddle

Yola: videl

→ Irish: fidil

→ Scottish Gaelic: fìdheall

From Old English *fiþele, from Proto-West Germanic *fiþulā; probably related to Latin vitula.

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


fithelere

English: fiddler

Scots: fiddler

Yola: vidler

From Old English fiþelere; equivalent to fithele + -er.

A musician who plays a bowed string instrument; a viol player.


behofþe

(religion) Worship, glory (with reference to God)


salthous

English: salthouse

From Old English sealthūs; equivalent to salt + hous.


brymston

English: brimstone

Scots: brunstane

→ Middle Welsh: brwnstan

Welsh: brwmstan

Inherited from Old English brynstān; equivalent to brende (past participle of brennen) + ston.

af

past participle of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">brennen</i>

(Christianity) The burning sulphur of Hell.


wicche

enm-noun

wicche (plural wicches or (early) wicchen)

English: witch

Scots: wich, wech, witch

From the merger (due to regular sound change) of Old English wiċċe and wicca, from Proto-West Germanic *wikkō.


wicchen

wicchen (infinitive)
to wicchen (infinitive)
wicche (infinitive)
wicche (first-person present singular)
wicched (first-person past singular)
wicchest (present second-person singular)
wicchedest (past second-person singular)
wiccheth (present singular third-person)
wicched (past singular third-person)
wicche (present singular subjunctive)
wicched (past singular subjunctive)
wicche (imperative present singular)
wicchen (plural present)
wicche (plural present)
wiccheden (past plural)
wicchede (past plural)
wiccheth (imperative plural present)
wicche (imperative plural present)
wicchynge (participle present)
wicchende (participle present)
wicched (participle past)
ywicched (participle past)

English: witch

From Old English wiccian; equivalent to wicche + -en (infinitival suffix).


wicchecraft

English: witchcraft

From Old English wiccecræft; equivalent to wicche + -craft.

And in þat ilond is sortilege and wicchecraft [translating superstitiones, atque præstigia] i-vsed. For wommen þere selliþ schipmen wynde, as it were i-closed vnder þre knottes of þrede, so þat þe more wynd he wol haue, he wil vnknette þe mo knottes.

1387, chapter XLIV, in John Trevisa, transl., Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis:


sorcerere

English: sorcerer


sorceresse

English: sorceress

From Anglo-Norman sorceresse, equivalent to sorcerere + -esse.


halyday

English: holiday

Scots: haliday

Yola: hollydie, holy die

From Old English hāliġdæġ; equivalent to holy + day.

A religious holiday or celebration (especially a Christian one)


armurie

English: armory, armoury

From Old French armoierie; equivalent to armure + -ie.


elvyssh

English: elvish

From Old English ielfisċ. Equivalent to elf + -yssh.


waynscot

English: wainscot

Borrowed from Middle Low German wagenschot.

bor+

A variety of foreign oak commonly utilised for furniture and furnishings.


gestning

English: gestning, gestening (obsolete)

Equivalent to the present participle of gestenen; see there for more information.


Cristemasse

English: Christmas (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Christenmas

From Old English Cristes mæsse; equivalent to Criste + messe.


Antecrist

English: Antichrist

Scots: Antichrist

From Middle French antecrist, antichrist, from Medieval Latin Antichristus, from Ancient Greek Ἀντίχριστος (Antíkhristos). Compare Old English Antecrist.


Cristien

English: Christian

Scots: Christian

Borrowed from Old French chrestien, from Latin Christiānus, from Ancient Greek Χριστιανός (Khristianós); equivalent to Crist + -ien. Compare Cristen.

Christian; of those who believe in Christ.


Cristen

From Old English cristen, from Latin Christiānus, from Ancient Greek Χριστιανός (Khristianós). Compare Cristien.

(rare) The whole of Christianity; the Christian peoples of the world.


Cristendom

English: Christendom

Scots: Christendom

From Old English crīstendōm; equivalent to Cristen + -dom.

Christian belief; faith in Jesus Christ.

Christianity; the practice of believing in Christ.

The customs and habits of Christians and Christianity.


Cristenhode

English: Christianhood

The condition of believing in Christianity; Christian belief.


Messyas

English: Messiah, messiah, Messias

Scots: Messiah

From Latin Messias, from Ancient Greek Μεσσίας (Messías), from Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā), from Biblical Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (māšîaḥ).

Aramaic משיחא (məšīḥā)


Nowel

English: Noel, noel

From Middle French noel or Anglo-Norman noel, from Latin nātālis [diēs Dominī] (“birthday of the Lord”).


larðewe

English: lorthew (obsolete)

/ˈlaːrðøːwə/

From Old English lārþēow; equivalent to lore (“knowledge”) + thew (“thrall”).

(mainly Early ME) A tutor or mentor; a guide; usually used to refer to religious instructors.


larspel

English: lorespell (obsolete)

From Old English lārspel; equivalent to lore (“knowledge”) + spel (“tale, quip”).

af

(mainly Early ME) doctrine, teachings, orthodoxy


lorþein

/ˈlɔːrðɛi̯n/

From lore (“knowledge”) + theyn (“noble, man”).

(Early Middle English, rare) An educator or instructor, especially a religious one.


hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

From Old English hǣþen, from Proto-Germanic *haiþinaz; possibly equivalent to heeth + -en (pertaining to).

heathen, pagan; of those who are not Christian


hethen

English: heathen

Scots: haithen

heathen, pagan; those who are not Christian


hethen

English: hethen (obsolete)

away, far off, not around (referring to location)


haithen-hede

/ˈhɛːðənhɛːd/

/ˈhɛːðənhɔːd/

(rare) The nations of the world which follow paganism.


hæðene-scipe

English: heathenship

From Old English hǣþenscipe; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -scipe.


hæthendom

q

English: heathendom (potentially borrowed or a new formation)

/ˈhɛːðəndɔm/

From Old English hǣþendōm; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -dom.


hethenli

English: heathenly

/ˈhɛːðənliː/

(biblical) In the manner of the Gentiles.


hethenesse

English: heathenesse

From Old English hǣþenes, hǣþennes; equivalent to hethen (“heathen”) + -nesse, but vowel reduction shows that by the Late ME period it was no longer analysed as such.

heathenry, paganism; belief in a pagan religion.


bapteme

desc

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">baptisme</i>

English: baptism (< baptisme)

Scots: bapteesm (< baptisme)

Borrowed from Old French bapteme, baptesme, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptisma, Ancient Greek βάπτισμα (báptisma, “dipping, baptism”), from βαπτίζω (baptízō, “I dip in liquid”).

der

(figurative) Belief in the tenets of Christianity.

(biblical) The water that came from Jesus after being stabbed during his crucifixion.


baptisen

baptisen (infinitive)
to baptisen (infinitive)
baptise (infinitive)
baptise (first-person present singular)
baptised (first-person past singular)
baptisest (present second-person singular)
baptisedest (past second-person singular)
baptiseth (present singular third-person)
baptised (past singular third-person)
baptise (present singular subjunctive)
baptised (past singular subjunctive)
baptise (imperative present singular)
baptisen (plural present)
baptise (plural present)
baptiseden (past plural)
baptisede (past plural)
baptiseth (imperative plural present)
baptise (imperative plural present)
baptisynge (participle present)
baptisende (participle present)
baptised (participle past)
ybaptised (participle past)

English: baptize, baptise

Scots: bapteese

Borrowed from Old French baptiser, batisier, from Ecclesiastical Latin, Late Latin baptizare, from Ancient Greek βαπτίζω (baptízō, “to immerse, plunge, baptize”).


baptisynge

English: baptising

The practice of baptism (Christian sacrament involving dipping or sprinkling with water)


cristenen

cristenen (infinitive)
to cristenen (infinitive)
cristene (infinitive)
cristene (first-person present singular)
cristened (first-person past singular)
cristenest (present second-person singular)
cristenedest (past second-person singular)
cristeneth (present singular third-person)
cristened (past singular third-person)
cristene (present singular subjunctive)
cristened (past singular subjunctive)
cristene (imperative present singular)
cristenen (plural present)
cristene (plural present)
cristeneden (past plural)
cristenede (past plural)
cristeneth (imperative plural present)
cristene (imperative plural present)
cristenynge (participle present)
cristenende (participle present)
cristened (participle past)
ycristened (participle past)

English: christen

Scots: kirsten

From Old English crīstnian; equivalent to Christen + -enen.

To make Christian; win over to Christianity.


cristenynge

English: christening

Scots: kirstenin

Inherited from Old English cristnung; equivalent to Christen + -ing.


cristened

From the past participle of Old English cristenen.

(rare) Christians (followers of Christianity)


shryven

shryven (infinitive)
to shryven (infinitive)
shryve (infinitive)
shryve (first-person present singular)
shrof (first-person past singular)
shryvest (present second-person singular)
shrove (past second-person singular)
shryve (past second-person singular)
shreve (past second-person singular)
shrof (past second-person singular)
shryveth (present singular third-person)
shrof (past singular third-person)
shryve (present singular subjunctive)
shrove (past singular subjunctive)
shryve (past singular subjunctive)
shreve (past singular subjunctive)
shryve (imperative present singular)
shryven (plural present)
shryve (plural present)
shroven (past plural)
shrove (past plural)
shryven (past plural)
shryve (past plural)
shreven (past plural)
shreve (past plural)
shryveth (imperative plural present)
shryve (imperative plural present)
shryvynge (participle present)
shryvende (participle present)
shryven (participle past)
shryve (participle past)
shreven (participle past)
shreve (participle past)

English: shrive

Scots: schrive

From Old English sċrīfan, from Proto-West Germanic *skrīban.

(usually in translation) To give thanks to God.


auctorite

English: authority

Scots: authority, authoritie

Borrowed from Old French auctorité, from Latin auctōritātem, accusative of auctōritās; equivalent to auctour + -ite.

The state of being recognized and regarded as useful; worthiness.


universite

English: university

Scots: university, universitie

From Anglo-Norman université, from Latin ūniversitātem, accusative of ūniversitās; equivalent to universe + -ite.

A university or college (a facility offering tertiary education and higher learning).


schiren

schiren (infinitive)
to schiren (infinitive)
schire (infinitive)
schire (first-person present singular)
schired (first-person past singular)
schirest (present second-person singular)
schiredest (past second-person singular)
schireth (present singular third-person)
schired (past singular third-person)
schire (present singular subjunctive)
schired (past singular subjunctive)
schire (imperative present singular)
schiren (plural present)
schire (plural present)
schireden (past plural)
schirede (past plural)
schireth (imperative plural present)
schire (imperative plural present)
schirynge (participle present)
schirende (participle present)
schired (participle past)
yschired (participle past)

English: shire (obsolete)

From Old English sċīran, from Proto-Germanic *skīrijaną. Doublet of skyren.


skyren

skyren (infinitive)
to skyren (infinitive)
skyre (infinitive)
skyre (first-person present singular)
skyred (first-person past singular)
skyrest (present second-person singular)
skyredest (past second-person singular)
skyreth (present singular third-person)
skyred (past singular third-person)
skyre (present singular subjunctive)
skyred (past singular subjunctive)
skyre (imperative present singular)
skyren (plural present)
skyre (plural present)
skyreden (past plural)
skyrede (past plural)
skyreth (imperative plural present)
skyre (imperative plural present)
skyrynge (participle present)
skyrende (participle present)
skyred (participle past)
yskyred (participle past)

English: skire (obsolete)

From Old Norse skíra, from Proto-Germanic *skīrijaną. Doublet of schiren.

(rare) To undergo spiritual purification.


Schyre Thursday

English: Sheer Thursday (dated, with shire replaced by sheer)

Scots: Skyre Thuirsday (with schyre replaced by skyre)

The celebrations that occur at Maundy Thursday.


wermode

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormwode</i>

English: wormwood (< wormwode)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormet</i>

Scots: wormit (< wormet)

→ Irish: mormónta

→ Middle Welsh: wermot
Welsh: wermod

From Old English wermōd, wormōd, from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā. Some forms remodelled on the basis of worm + wode.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.

(biblical) Wormwood (object in the Book of Revelation)


Paske day

Scots: Pace Day


tolboth

English: tollbooth

Scots: towebuith

A tollhouse or tollbooth; a facility that tolls or fees are paid at.


berien

berien (infinitive)
to berien (infinitive)
berie (infinitive)
berie (first-person present singular)
beried (first-person past singular)
beriest (present second-person singular)
beriedest (past second-person singular)
berieth (present singular third-person)
beried (past singular third-person)
berie (present singular subjunctive)
beried (past singular subjunctive)
berie (imperative present singular)
berien (plural present)
berie (plural present)
berieden (past plural)
beriede (past plural)
berieth (imperative plural present)
berie (imperative plural present)
beriynge (participle present)
beriende (participle present)
beried (participle past)
yberied (participle past)

English: bury

Scots: buiry

From Old English byrġan, byriġan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną. Doublet of bargaynen.

(rare) To practice the ceremony associated with burial.