word

English: word

Scots: wird, wourd

From Old English word, from Proto-West Germanic *word, from Proto-Germanic *wurdą, from Proto-Indo-European *werdʰh₁om. Doublet of verbe.

IN þe bigynnyng was þe woꝛd .· ⁊ þe woꝛd was at god / ⁊ god was þe woꝛd

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:1, page 44r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was the Word.


patronage

English: patronage

From Old French patronage; equivalent to patroun + -age.

The privilege of being able to choose ecclesiastical appointees; advowson.


abbey

English: abbey

Scots: aibbey, aibey

Borrowed from Old French abaie, from Late Latin or Ecclesiastical Latin abbātia. Doublet of abbathie.


abstractly

English: abstractly

(rare) reclusively; while practising a monastic lifestyle.


alien

English: alien

Scots: alien, awlien

From Old French alien, aliene, from Latin aliēnus. Some forms (chiefly nominal) show assimilation to the suffix -ant.

One who is alien in some other way (e.g. religion, family)


alien

English: alien

Scots: alien, awlien

Religiously outside; heretical, erring; of false religion or morals.

(rare) Under the authority of other nation's religious institutions.


in

English: inn

Scots: inn

Any kind of accommodation; particularly:

A holiday home or guesthouse; a house set up as accommodation.

An inn or hostel; a building with multiple rooms to let.

For who so wolde senge a cattes skyn / Thanne wolde the cat wel dwellen in his In

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Tale of the Wẏf of Bathe”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 62, recto:

For if someone wants to singe a cat’s skin, the cat would rather stay in its house.

A home or house; habitation or housing one lives in.


in

English: in

Scots: in, i, i'

Yola: ing, in, yn, i, ee, eee

From Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.

in; with the following special senses:
wearing, having on, clad in


love

English: love

Scots: luve, lufe

Yola: loove

Inherited from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō.

(Christianity) The Holy Spirit (or less often, God generally).


abstract

English: abstract

Scots: abstract

Drawn away or out of; detached:
Excerpted; quoted from another text.

Out of one's mind or detached from reality; temporarily insane.

Having been (pulled or moved) above the ground.

Drawn away or out of; detached:
Barely comprehensible; hard to read.

Drawn away or out of; detached:
(grammar) Abstract (of a noun).

Drawn away or out of; detached:
Abstract (of a noun).


abstract

English: abstract

Norwegian Bokmål: abstrakt

Scots: abstract

(Late Middle English, rare) abstract, synopsis


pulpit

English: pulpit

Scots: poopit, poupit


trumpet

English: trumpet

Scots: trumpet

From Old French trompette; equivalent to trumpe + -et.


see

English: see

Borrowed from Old French sei, from Latin sedes.


skew

From Old French escu, from Latin scūtum.

A segment of carved stone to cover a gable with.


brother

enm-noun

brother (plural brether or brethren or brotheren or (rare) brothers, genitive brother or brothers)

brether (plural)
brethren (plural)
brotheren (plural)
brothers (plural rare)
brother (genitive)
brothers (genitive)

English: brother (see there for further descendants)

Scots: brither, bruther, broder, bruder

Yola: brover, brower

From Old English brōþor, from Proto-West Germanic *brōþer, from Proto-Germanic *brōþēr, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of frere.

Another member of a religious community or order (when one is a member)


child

child (plural children or childre or child or childres, dative childe)

children (plural)
childre (plural)
child (plural)
childres (plural)
childe (dative)

English: child

Scots: child; chield

From Old English ċild, from Proto-Germanic *kelþaz.

(Christianity) The Christ child; Jesus as a child.


male

English: male

Scots: male

Borrowed from Old French masle, malle, from Late Latin masclus, from Latin masculus; compare femele and masculyn.

(rare) Manhood; the state of being male.


kingdom

English: kingdom

Scots: kingdom

From Old English cyningdōm, from Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz. Equivalent to king + -dom.
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *kuningadōmaz
Proto-West Germanic *kuningadōm
Old English cyningdōm
Middle English kingdom

etymon

(Christianity) The dominion and authority of God

(astrology) The region where a planet's influence predominates


pen

English: pen

Scots: pen

From Old English penn, from Proto-Germanic *pennō, perhaps from the root of pinn (“peg, pin”).

An enclosed structure for securing animals.


god

desctree

English: God, od (archaic, regional, euphemistic), god (as proper noun, often derogatory or in philosophy), gawd, Gawd, g-d, G-d
→ Pohnpeian: Koht

Scots: God

Yola: Gud, God

From Old English god, from Proto-West Germanic *god, from Proto-Germanic *gudą.

⁊ leıtıs ⁊ voıces ⁊ þundꝛıngıs camen out of þe troone. ⁊ ſeuene lau[m]pıs bꝛe[n]nynge bıfoꝛe þe troone.· whıche ben þe ſeuene ſpırıtıs of god

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:5, page 118v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010

And lightning, sounds, and thunder came out of the throne, and seven lamps were burning in front of the throne, which are the seven spirits of God.

a. 1450, The Creation and the Fall of Lucifer in The York Plays, as recorded c. 1463–1477 in British Museum MS. Additional 35290

I am gracious and great, God without beginning, / I am the unmade maker—all might is in me, / I am life and the way to the attainment of salvation, / I am foremost and first—as I command, it shall be.

I am gracyus and grete, god withoutyn begynnyng, / I am maker vnmade, all mighte es in me, / I am lyfe and way vnto welth-wynnyng, / I am formaste and fyrste, als I byd sall it be.

God (the deity of Abrahamic religions, especially the Christian God, considered to be Jesus Christ)


gripe

English: grip (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French gripe, from Latin gryps, grȳphus, from Ancient Greek γρῡ́ψ (grū́ps).

A griffin (mythological beast; also in heraldry).


bal

English: ball

Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball

Yola: ball

Inherited from Old English *beall, from Proto-West Germanic *ballu, from Proto-Germanic *balluz.

A ball used in sports or other entertainment.


song

songes (plural)
song (accusative nominative singular)
songes (accusative nominative plural)
songes (genitive singular)
songe (genitive plural)
songes (genitive plural)
songe (dative singular)
songen (dative plural)

English: song

Scots: song, sang

Yola: zong

From Old English sang, song, from Proto-West Germanic *sangw, from Proto-Germanic *sangwaz.

Religious or spiritual chanting or hymns.

An exposition or story, especially a sung one.

A song supposed to have occult or magical power.

The practice or an instance of singing songs.

The sound produced by a bird (rarely other creatures)


cry

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: crie, cry

Borrowed from Old French cri, from crier; compare crien.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A call of distress or sorrow.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A plea for help or justice.


vers

English: verse

Scots: varse (obsolete)

From a combination of Old French vers and Old English fers, both from Latin versus.

A line or passage of a text or work:
A line in a poem; part of a stanza.

A Biblical verse, especially of a psalm.

A stanza; a group of lines equivalent to the prose paragraph.

Verse, poetry; the poetic form and art as a whole.


flesh

English: flesh

Scots: flesch

Yola: vleash, vlesh

Inherited from Old English flǣsċ, from Proto-West Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Germanic *flaiski, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁ḱ- (“to tear, peel off”).

der

(Christianity, theology) A communion wafer


hurt

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Welsh: hurt

Either borrowed from Old French hurt or a back-formation from hurten.

Injury, harm or damage; that which is detrimental:


light

English: light

Geordie English: leet

Scots: licht

Yola: lhygt

From Old English lēoht (“light, daylight; power of vision; luminary; world”), from Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from the root *lewk- (“light”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *lewk-der.
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English lēoht
Middle English light

etymon

(architecture) an opening in a wall allowing for the transmission of light; a window.


make

English: make (dialectal)

Scots: make, maik, mak

From Old English maca, ġemaca, from Proto-West Germanic *makō, *gamakō, from Proto-Germanic *makô. Compare macche (“bride, equal”).


make

English: make

Scots: mak


rode

English: rood

Scots: rude, ruid

English: Rhode, Rhodes

From Old English rōd, from Proto-West Germanic *rōdu, from Proto-Germanic *rōdō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

The cross on which Christ was crucified, and derived uses such as:

Christlike torment, suffering, or tribulation, as in "an oðer rode to berene" (another cross to bear)


rode

English: rud

Scots: rud, rudd

Pot marigold, calendula (Calendula officinalis)


cake

English: cake (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: kyek

Scots: cake, cyaak, kyaak

Yola: caake, kaake

From Old Norse kaka, from Proto-Germanic *kakǭ.

A cake (any sort of flat doughy food):
(Christianity, rare) A communion wafer.

A cake (any sort of flat doughy food):
A communion wafer.


ram

English: ram

Scots: ram

From Old English ramm, from Proto-Germanic *rammaz.


hospital

English: hospital (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hospital

Borrowed from Old French hospital, from Latin hospitālis, hospitāle. Doublet of hostel.

The Knights Hospitaller (a religious order)


bible

English: Bible

Scots: Bible

From Old French bible, from Medieval Latin biblia, from biblia), from Ancient Greek βιβλία (biblía).

The Bible (Christian holy book); a copy of the Bible.


Europe

English: Europe, Europa (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Europe

Learned borrowing from Latin Eurōpa, borrowed from Doric Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa).


Jew

Jewes (plural)
Jew (accusative nominative singular)
Jewes (accusative nominative plural)
Jewes (genitive singular)
Jewes (genitive plural)
Jewen (genitive plural)
Jewe (dative singular)
Jewen (dative plural)

desctree

English: Jew, Joo (usually derogatory)
Sranan Tongo: Dyu

Scots: Jew

From Old French juiu, from Latin iūdaeus, from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαῖος (Ioudaîos), from Hebrew יְהוּדִי (y'hudí); Doublet of Judew.


empire

English: empire

Scots: empire

Borrowed from Old French empire, empere, from Latin imperium, inperium (“command, control, dominion, sovereignty, a dominion, empire”), from imperare, inperare (“to command, order”), from in (“in, on”) + parare (“to make ready, order”). Doublet of emperie.

(rare, Christianity) God's kingdom in the heavens.


vessel

English: vessel

Scots: veshel

Yola: veseal

Borrowed from Old French vaissel, vessel, from Late Latin vāscellum.

A container or vessel; a box for storage:

Any object, especially a container, used in religious ceremonies or rituals.


seem

English: seam

Scots: seam

Inherited from Old English sēam (“seam”), from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz. The "nail" sense is a semantic loan from Old Norse saumr.


gain

English: gain (obsolete)

Scots: gain, gin

From Old English ġeġn, gæġn, from Proto-West Germanic *gagin, from Proto-Germanic *gagin; also influenced by Old Norse gegn, from the same Proto-Germanic form. Doublet of gayn (“direct, fast, good, helpful”).

doublet

(figurative) against, opposed to, counter to, opposing (usually used in religious and spiritual contexts)


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A pipe; a piece of tubing used as a channel (often for fluids):

A pipe (musical instrument) or a similar wind instrument.

(rare) A pipe as part of a musical instrument (e.g. bagpipes)


cornet

English: cornet

Borrowed from Old French cornet; equivalent to corne (“callus”) + -et.


game

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">gam</i>

English: game (see there for further descendants); (dialectal gam)

⇒ Fingallian: gamshoge

Scots: gemme, gem, gyem, game

Yola: gaame, gaume, gaaume

Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *gamaną
Proto-West Germanic *gaman
Old English gamen
Middle English game
From Old English gamen /gomen, from Proto-West Germanic *gaman, from Proto-Germanic *gamaną, of disputed origin.

etymon

Entertainment or an instance of it; that which is enjoyable:

A sport or other outdoor or physical activity.

A game; a codified (and often competitive) form of entertainment.

Sexual or romantic entertainment or activity (including intercourse in itself).

An amusing, joking, or humorous activity or event.


original

English: original

Scots: original, oreeginal

From Old French original, from Late Latin orīginālis; equivalent to origyne + -al.

(rare, religion) the making of the universe

(rare, law) a legal document beginning legal action


bath

English: bath

Scots: bath

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₁-
Proto-Germanic *baþą
Proto-West Germanic *baþ
Old English bæþ
Middle English bath
Inherited from Old English bæþ, from Proto-West Germanic *baþ, from Proto-Germanic *baþą.

A bath (body of liquid for bathing):
A spiritually cleansing bath.


elf

English: elf (see there for further descendants)

Scots: elf

Yola: elf

From Old English elf, Anglian form of ælf, from Proto-West Germanic *albi, from Proto-Germanic *albiz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰós (“white”).

Scho was so faire & so fresche · as faucon hire semed, / An elfe out of an-othire erde · or ellis an Aungell

c. 1450, Wars of Alexander, Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, passus 24, line 5258:

She was so fair and beautiful; her elegance seemed like / An elf out of another world, or else an angel.

he was takyn with an elfe / I saw it myself / when the clok stroke twelf / was he forshapyn

c. 1450, “The Second Shepherds' Play”, in The Towneley Plays, Corpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, line 616:

He was taken by an elf; I saw it myself. / When the clock struck twelve, he was transfigured.


flor

English: floor

desc

Scots: flure, fluir, flair, fleur, fleer

From Old English flōr, from Proto-West Germanic *flōru, *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

A flat area or platform (often for preparation)


appel

English: apple (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aipple

Old English æppel, from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz, from *h₂bl-, the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.

I prayed pieres to pulle adown an apple.

c. 1378, William Langland, Piers Plowman:

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual


stien

stien (infinitive)
to stien (infinitive)
stie (infinitive)
stie (first-person present singular)
stie (first-person past singular)
stied (first-person past singular)
stiest (present second-person singular)
stie (past second-person singular)
stiedest (past second-person singular)
stieth (present singular third-person)
stie (past singular third-person)
stied (past singular third-person)
stie (present singular subjunctive)
stie (past singular subjunctive)
stied (past singular subjunctive)
stie (imperative present singular)
stien (plural present)
stie (plural present)
stien (past plural)
stie (past plural)
stieden (past plural)
stiede (past plural)
stieth (imperative plural present)
stie (imperative plural present)
stiynge (participle present)
stiende (participle present)
stien (participle past)
stie (participle past)
stied (participle past)
ystien (participle past)
ystie (participle past)

English: sty (obsolete)

From Old English stīgan, from Proto-Germanic *stīganą, from Proto-Indo-European *stéygʰeti.

To travel vertically; to ascend or descend:

(religion) To enter heaven by ascension.


dam

(when preceding labials) Alternative form of dan


holy

head

holy (plural and weak singular holye, comparative holyere, superlative holyest)

holye (plural)
holye (singular weak)
holyere (comparative)
holyest (superlative)

English: holy

Scots: haly, halie

Yola: holly, holy

Inherited from Old English hāliġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hailag, from Proto-Germanic *hailagaz; equivalent to hool + -y.

Dedicated to or separated for a religious purpose; sacred, consecrated.


holy

English: holy

One who is sanctified or made holy; a saint, hallow


worldly

English: worldly

Scots: warldly, wardly

From Old English woruldlīċ, worldlīċ, weoroldlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *weraldilīk, from Proto-Germanic *weraldilīkaz; equivalent to world + -ly (adjectival suffix).

Of the material world:
Subject to death; mortal.

Mundane, secular; unrelated to religion:


supernatural

English: supernatural

Scots: supernatural

From Middle French supernaturel, from Latin supernātūrālis; equivalent to super- + natural.

(Late Middle English, religion) Deity-related; from God.


doom

English: doom

Middle Scots: dome, dume

Inherited from Old English dōm, from Proto-West Germanic *dōm, from Proto-Germanic *dōmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰóh₁mos.


college

English: college (see there for further descendants)

Scots: college

/kɔˈlɛːd͡ʒ(ə)/

Borrowed from Middle French college, from Old French college, from Latin collēgium.

A group of clergymen (usually dependent on public funds).

A group of teachers and students; a university or part of one.

A group of colleagues; a team or organisation.


requiem

English: requiem

Scots: requiem (obsolete)

From Latin requiem, the first word of the introit for the traditional requiem mass.

requiem (mass for commemoration of the dead)


mercurial

English: mercurial

Borrowed from Latin mercuriālis, Mercuriālis (“pertaining to the Roman god Mercury”).

The ſixte ſuende after this / By name Canis minor is. / The which ſterre is Mercuriall / By wey of kinde, and forth withall / As it is writen in the carte / Complexion he taketh of Marte.

c. 1386–1390, John Gower, “Book VII”, in Reinhold Pauli, editor, Confessio Amantis of John Gower: Edited and Collated with the Best Manuscripts, volume III, London: Bell and Daldy […], published 1857, →OCLC, page 130:

(astrology, astronomy) mercurial; pertaining to or under the influence of the planet Mercury


cross

English: cross
→ Japanese: クロス (kurosu)

Scots: cross, cros

From Old English cros, borrowed from Old Norse kross, borrowed from Old Irish cros, borrowed from Latin crux. Doublet of crouche and croys.

(figurative) The cross in Christian metaphor:

(biblical) Christianity; the Christian religion.

The cross in Christian metaphor:
Christianity; the Christian religion.


silence

English: silence

Scots: seelence

From Old French silence, from Latin silentium.

The following of a religious vow of silence.


parable

English: parable

Scots: parable

Yola: parboles (plural)

From Old French parable, parabole, from Late Latin parabola, from Ancient Greek παραβολή (parabolḗ).

A parable or narrative (usually teaching or illustrating a lesson)


violence

English: violence

From Old French violence, from Latin violentia.


hound

enm-noun

hound (plural houndes or (rare) hounden)

houndes (plural)
hounden (plural rare)
hound (accusative nominative singular)
houndes (accusative nominative plural)
houndes (genitive singular)
hounde (genitive plural)
hounde (dative singular)
hounden (dative plural)

English: hound

Northumbrian: hoond, hund

Scots: hoond, hund

A strong term of abuse, especially used against enemies of one's religion


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).

(rare) The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.

A horn (keratinous growth):
The metaphorical horn of a cuckold.


fo

English: foe

Scots: fae

From the oblique stem of Old English ġefāh; equivalent to y- + fo (adjective), ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *faih.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
An enemy of the true religion.

(Christianity) Satan; the enemy of mankind.

A foe, enemy or opponent:
Satan; the enemy of mankind.


pope

desctree

English: pope
Jamaican Creole: puop
Tok Pisin: pop
→ Hindi: पोप (pop)
→ Urdu: پوپ (pop)

Scots: pape, paipe, paip

From Old English pāpa, from Vulgar Latin papa.

The pope (Roman Catholic bishop of Rome).


lore

English: lore
→ Russian: лор (lor)
→ Ukrainian: лор (lor)

Scots: lare, lair

From Old English lār, from Proto-West Germanic *laiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *laizō
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases, while forms with /ɛː/ are influenced by leren (“to teach”).

Doctrine; a tenet or the tenets of a religion or science.


drake

English: drake

Inherited from Old English draca, from Proto-West Germanic *drakō, from Latin dracō, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of dragoun.


fawn

English: faun


table

English: table (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: tyeble

Scots: table

→ Welsh: tabl

From a combination of Old French table and Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, both from Latin tabula.

(biblical) The physical Ten Commandments handed down from heaven.

A level, floor or storey (of a building)

(rare, palmistry) A portion of the hand surrounded by palm lines.


Venus

English: Venus

The Roman goddess governing love and sexuality; Venus.


harpe

English: harp


top

English: top

→ French: top

→ German: Top

→ Vietnamese: tốp

Scots: tap

From Old English topp, toppa, from Proto-West Germanic *topp.

(rare) The tip or end of something; that which something terminates in.


spice

English: spice

Scots: spice

From Old French espice, (modern épice), an old borrowing from Late Latin speciēs.

A seeming or presence; the way something looks from the outside:

(Christianity) The communion wafer when transubstantiated.


placebo

English: placebo

Borrowed from Latin placēbo, the first-person singular future active indicative of placeō.

Þan were matynys & maſse & euen ſong, placebo & dirige & comendacion & matynes of oure lady ordeyned of ſynful men, to be ſongen wiþ heiȝe criynge to lette men fro þe ſentence & vnderſtondynge of þat þat was þus ſongen, & to maken men wery & vndiſpoſid to ſtudie goddis lawe for akyng of hedis[…]

a. 1380, John Wycliffe, Of feyned contemplatif lif, of ſong, of þe ordynal of ſalisbury, & of bodely almes & worldly byſyneſse of preſtis; hou bi þes foure þe fend lettiþ hem fro prechynge of þe gospel:

Then there were matins, mass, evensong, placebo, dirges, commendations, and matins of Our Lady, which originated from sinful men, to be sung with high-pitched shrieking to keep people from the meaning and understanding of that which was sung, as to make men weary and unsuited to study God's law because of headaches […]

(Christianity) The vespers sung in the office for the dead.


lady

enm-noun

lady (plural ladies, genitive ladies or lady)

ladies (plural)
ladies (genitive)
lady (genitive)

English: lady (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lady, leddy

Yola: laady

From Old English hlǣfdīġe, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + *dīġe (“maid”).


mode

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Old English mōd, from Proto-Germanic *mōdaz.

One's current mindset or feelings; mood:

Activity within one's mind or brain:
(rare) Part of one's thought process.

Activity within one's mind or brain:
Part of one's thought process.

(rare) One's actions as a whole; the way one behaves.


mode

English: mode, mood

(rare) Songs; pieces or sources of music.


worm

English: worm

Scots: worm, wirm

From Old English wyrm, from Proto-West Germanic *wurmi, from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis.

A dragon, drake, or wyrm (mythological fire-breathing winged lizard)

A beast that inhabits Hell; causing suffering to its inhabitants.


token

English: token

Scots: taiken

From Old English tācn, from Proto-Germanic *taikną (“sign, token, symbol”).


ymne

English: hymn

Scots: hime

Borrowed from Old French ymne, from Latin hymnus, from Ancient Greek ὕμνος (húmnos), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂em- (“sing”).


bok

English: book (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: buik, beuk

Scots: buik, beuk, buke, beuck

Yola: buke

From Old English bōc, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *bōk, from Proto-Germanic *bōks.

book (a written document composed of pages)


den

English: den

Scots: den

From Old English denn, from Proto-West Germanic *dani. Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives.

and iheſus ſeide to him / foxis han dennes ⁊ bꝛiddis of heuene han neeſtis.· but mannes ſone haþ not where he ſchal reſte his heed

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 8:20, page 3v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

But Jesus said to him, "Foxes have dens and the birds up above have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere he can rest his head."

A chamber of residence:
A den (animal lair)

A chamber of residence:
A refuge; a shelter.


den

English: dean

From Anglo-Norman deen and continental Old French deien, from Latin decānus.


instrument

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.


actual

English: actual

Scots: actual

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman actuel and Late Latin āctuālis; equivalent to act + -al.


bride

English: bride

Scots: bride

Yola: breede

Inherited from Old English brȳd, from Proto-West Germanic *brūdi, from Proto-Germanic *brūdiz (“bride, daughter-in-law”).


monk

English: monk

Scots: monk, munk, mounk

Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


trace

English: trace

Scots: trace

Yola: threesh, treesh

From Old French trace, from tracer, tracier.

Stepping or movement of feet, especially during dancing.


demon

English: demon

From Medieval Latin dēmōn, daemōn, from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn). Doublet of tyme (“time”).


bord

English: board

Scots: buird, brod

Yola: borde

A table (especially one used for craftsmanship).

(religion) An altar; a table used for religious purposes.


enemy

English: enemy

Scots: enemy

Borrowed from Old French enemi, anemi, from Latin inimīcus.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
(Christianity) The Devil; Satan.

An enemy, foe, or adversary:
The Devil; Satan.


steppe

English: step

Scots: step, stap, stop

From Old English stæpe, stepe, from Proto-West Germanic *stapi. The (historical) geminate is due to the influence of steppen.


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

From Anglo-Norman bastard; equivalent to bast (“illegitimacy”) + -ard.

(rare) a heretic or sinner; one separated from one's deity


hostel

English: hostel

Scots: hostel

→ Middle Cornish: ostel

Cornish: ostel

Borrowed from Old French hostel, ostel, from Latin hospitāle. Doublet of hospital.

Fun or diversion; entertaining activities.

A dwelling or house; a place of residence.


crucifix

English: crucifix

Borrowed from Old French crocefis, crucefix, itself borrowed from Latin crūcifixus.


Thomas

desctree

English: Thomas
→ Hawaiian: Kamaki
→ Maori: Tāmati
→ Scottish Gaelic: Tòmas

And here on þͤ othir ſyde folowyth the moſte pytevous tale of the morte Arthure ſaunz Gwerdon · Ꝑ le ſhyvalere ẜ Thomᷓs Malleorre knyȝt

1470–1483 (date produced), Thom̃s Malleorre [i.e., Thomas Malory], “[Launcelot and Guinevere]”, in Le Morte Darthur (British Library Additional Manuscript 59678), [England: s.n.], folio 449, recto, lines 18–21:

And here on the other side followeth the most piteous tale of the mort d’Arthur sans guerdon, par le chevalier Sir Thomas Malory, knight.


lord

From Old English hlāford, hlāfweard, in turn from hlāf (“bread, loaf”) + weard (“ward, guardian, keeper”).

c. 1400, Lay Folks Mass, Bk. App. iii. 125

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(Christianity) Lord: Jesus Christ, God the Son


pane

English: pane
→ Japanese: ペイン (pein)

Scots: pane, peen

→ Irish: pána

Borrowed from Old French pan, from Latin pannus.

A piece of high-quality textiles or animal hides, especially as part of a garment:

A garment or item of clothing; especially one made of fabric or fur.


stage

English: stage

From Old French estage, from ester (“to be standing, be located”).

A tier of a structure; a floor or storey:

The topmost story of a building; a rooftop.

A ledge or shelf (projecting storage platform)


Pluto

English: Pluto

From Latin Pluto, from Ancient Greek Πλούτων (Ploútōn).

(mythology) The Roman god governing the underworld; Pluto.


lover

English: louver, louvre, luffer

Middle Scots: lewar

Borrowed from Old French lovier, lover, from Medieval Latin *lōdārium (attested as lōvārium), extension of lōdium, of unclear origin.


grace

English: grace

Scots: grace

Yola: greash, graace

→ Welsh: gras

→ Cornish: gras

From Old French grace, from Latin grātia.

various (Christian) theological meanings, usually as an attribute of God:

the grace of God; divine aid or beneficence.

a gift or sign of God; a demonstration of divine power.

a prayer of thanks, especially one preceding a meal.


pax

English: pax

pax (tablet with carved religious image)


office

English: office

Scots: office, offish

From Old French office, from Latin officium, contracted form of opificium.

The state of being employed or having a work or job; employment:

Ecclesiastical or religious work; a church career.

(rare) Unskilled work; any work that is unimportant or base.

Þe holy bischop...
For him dede þe office;
In erþe he was sikerliche

A task, chore or assignment, especially one which is important or required; an obligation:

A religious ceremony or ritual; a task performed for religious reasons.

He song þulke masse ilome, for al-so heo bi-ginnez

Þe furste offiz is propre inov to þe stat þat he was Inne.

(Christianity) The beginning or the initial portion of the Eucharist.


cataract

English: cataract
→ Cebuano: katarak
→ Marshallese: kōtrāāk

Scots: cataract (rare, obsolete)

From Latin cataracta, from Ancient Greek καταρράκτης (katarrháktēs).

der

(Christianity) A gate guarding the entrance to Heaven.


gong

English: gang (see there for further descendants); gong, goung (obsolete)

Scots: gang, gaung, ging

Northeastern: dyang, gyang

Inherited from Old English gang, from Proto-West Germanic *gang, form Proto-Germanic *gangaz. Compare gangen.

(chiefly Northern, uncommon) A walk; a journey, especially by foot.

(Northern, rare) A gait; the way one walks.

(poetic, rare) A band or company of armed men.


chambre

English: chamber

desctree

Scots: chaumer
→ Scottish Gaelic: seòmar

Yola: chaamer

Borrowed from Old French chambre, from Latin camera, camara, from Ancient Greek κᾰμᾰ́ρᾱ (kămắrā).


manger

English: manger

Scots: manger

From Old French mangeoire, from manger (“to eat”).


monstre

English: monster

Scots: monster

Borrowed from Old French monstre, borrowed itself from Latin monstrum.

(rare) Fate, luck; fortuitousness (as an allegorical figure)


gate

English: gate, gait

Scots: gate

From Old Norse gata, from Proto-Germanic *gatwǭ.

The way which one acts; one's mode of behaviour:

A way or procedure for doing something; a method.

A moral or religious path; the course of one's life.

(Late Middle English) One's lifestyle or demeanour; the way one chooses to act.

(Late Middle English) Gait; the way one walks.


rote

English: rote

Scots: rote (rare, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French rote, from Latin chrotta, borrowed from a Germanic form such as Old High German hruoza, borrowed itself from a Celtic term deriving from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of crowde.

A musical instrument having strings and similar to a harp.


credence

English: credence

Borrowed from Old French credence, itself borrowed from Latin crēdentia. Doublet of creaunce.


Peter

English: Peter

Scots: Peter

Yola: Beedher, Peedher, Peether

From Old English Petrus, from Latin Petrus, from Ancient Greek Πέτρος (Pétros), from πέτρος (pétros, “stone, rock”).

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."


place

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">pleace</i>

English: place (dialectal pleace)

Pijin: ples

Tok Pisin: ples

Scots: place, pleece

From Old English plæċe and Old French place, both from Latin platea, from Ancient Greek πλατεῖα (plateîa).

A place, area or spot; a part of the Earth or universe:

(rare) A city square, market square, or courtyard.

A location or position in or on a larger space (occupied by something or someone):

(mathematics) The place of a digit in a number written with Arabic numerals.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

The usual location or place of something (e.g. an animal's dwelling).


story

English: story, storey

Borrowed from Old French estoree, past participle of estorer. Alternatively, the same word as storie.


henge

English: hinge

Scots: heenge

From Old English *henġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hangiju; compare hangen.


Adam

English: Adam

Scots: Adam

From Old English Adam, from Latin Ādāmus, Ādām, from Ancient Greek Ἀδάμ (Adám), Ἄδαμος (Ádamos), from Biblical Hebrew אָדָם (adam).


maker

English: maker

Scots: maker, macker, makar

→ English: makar

Yola: maakere, maakeare


nest

English: nest

Scots: nest

Yola: naesth

From Old English nest, from Proto-West Germanic *nest, from Proto-Germanic *nestą.


crane

English: crane (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cran, from Medieval Latin crānium.


fen

fennes (plural)
fen (accusative nominative singular)
fennes (accusative nominative plural)
fennes (genitive singular)
fenne (genitive plural)
fennes (genitive plural)
fenne (dative singular)
fennen (dative plural)

English: fen

Scots: fen

Yola: ven

From Old English fenn; from Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją. The "dung" sense is influenced by Old French fien.


James

desctree

⇒ English: James
⇒ English: Jim (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jimmy, Jimmie, Jimmi, Jimi (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jimbo (diminutive)
→ Hindi: जिम्बो (jimbo)
→ Hawaiian: Kimo
⇒ English: Jem (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jemmy (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jamie, Jamey (diminutive)
⇒ English: Jay (diminutive)
→ Chinese: → 詹姆斯 (Zhānmǔsī) (transliteration)
→ Cornish: Jammes, Jamma
→ Danish: James
→ Fijian: Semesa
→ Icelandic: James
→ Irish: Séamas, Séamus, Seumas
→ English: Seamus, Shamus
→ Manx: Jayms
→ Maori: Hemi
→ Samoan: Semisi
→ Scottish Gaelic: Seumas
→ English: Hamish
→ Swedish: James
→ Welsh: Siâms

⇒ Scots: Jeams

⇒ Scots: Jeamie, Jeemie, Jamie, Jaimie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jeamock (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jamesie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Jizer (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Peem, Pim (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Pimmie (diminutive)

⇒ Scots: Peemser (diminutive)

Yola: Jaames

From Old French James, from Vulgar Latin Iacomus, spoken and altered pronunciation of Latin Iacobus, from Ancient Greek Ἰάκωβος (Iákōbos), from Ἰακώβ (Iakṓb), from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ).

der

Hebrew יַעֲקֹב (Yaʿăqōḇ)

James (a male given name from Old French)


glove

English: glove

→ Zulu: igilavu

Scots: gluive, gluve

Inherited from Old English *glōfa (variant of glōf), from Proto-West Germanic *glōfō, from Proto-Germanic *galōfô; equivalent to y- + love (“palm”).

A glove or gauntlet in various symbolic uses:

Signifying assent, agreement, or the marital compact.

Signifying worthlessness or unimportance.


garbage

English: garbage

desc

Yola: graabache, graapish (influenced by garbage)


store

English: store

Scots: store

→ Welsh: stôr

From Anglo-Norman stor, estour, ultimately from Latin instaurare. Compare warnestore.


herne

English: hern, hirn

Scots: hirn

Inherited from Old English hyrne, from Proto-West Germanic *hurnijā, from Proto-Germanic *hurnijǭ.

(rare) The lowest or deepest part of something; especially Hell.


pere

English: peer

Scots: peer

From Old French per and Anglo-Norman peir, from Latin pār.

A member of the nobility or ruling class of a country or settlement.


blast

English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist

Scots: blast

From Old English blǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *blāst(i), from Proto-Germanic *blēstuz; equivalent to blasen + -th.

The blast produced by a musical instrument.

The sound produced by thunder or storms.


abece

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">absey</i>

English: ABC (obsolete absey)

Scots: ABC, aw-bay-say

From A + B + C, the first three letters of the Latin alphabet, standing for the whole alphabet.


yelm

English: yelm, yealm

Inherited from Old English ġielm (“handful”), from Proto-West Germanic *galmi, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish”).

der

(hapax) yelm, yealm (sheaf of straw for thatching)


glorious

head

glorious (comparative gloriousere, superlative gloriosest)

gloriousere (comparative)
gloriosest (superlative)

English: glorious

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman glorius, glorios, glorieus, from Latin glōriōsus; equivalent to glory + -ous.

Deserving religious recognition or commendation; godly.


peril

English: peril

Scots: peril

From Old French peril, from Latin perīculum.

Danger, risk, peril; something that is potentially harmful or risky:


bole

English: bull

Scots: bul, bull

From a mixture of Old English bula, *bulla, and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô.


cite

English: city (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ceety, ceetie


hod

English: hade, hede (obsolete)

Scots: hade (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English hād, from Proto-West Germanic *haidu, from Proto-Germanic *haiduz.

(Christianity) The Trinity; the three hypostases making up the Godhead.


brace

English: brace

Scots: brace

From Old French brace, from Latin bracchia, plural of bracchium.

Vambrace; armour which protects the arm.

A cord or brace for fastening or attaching things to something.

(rare) A support or buttress used in other applications.


fader

enm-noun

fader (plural faders or fadres, genitive fader or faders or fadres)

faders (plural)
fadres (plural)
fader (genitive)
faders (genitive)
fadres (genitive)

English: father

→ Marshallese: bata

Gullah: farruh

desc

Scots: faither, fader, faether, faider, father, fither

Yola: vather

Inherited from Old English fæder, from Proto-West Germanic *fader, from Proto-Germanic *fadēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr.

A spiritual superordinate, teacher, or leader:

One of the Church Fathers; an author of patristic writings.

God/Jesus as father (of Jesus, as inventor, or as leader).


couple

English: couple

Scots: couple, kipple

Borrowed from Old French couple, from Latin cōpula.

A group of two (especially living beings; never three or more as in modern English):

A couple; two people joined in marriage.

(architecture) One of two opposing roof beams (or the two as a pair)


court

English: court (see there for further descendants)

Scots: court, coort

Borrowed from Old French cort, curt, from Latin cōrs, contraction of cohors, cohortem.

A court of law; the body which administers justice:


sty

English: sty

Inherited from Old English stiġ, stī, from Proto-West Germanic *stij, from Proto-Germanic *stiją, related to *stīganą (“to climb, ascend”).


ordure

English: ordure

Borrowed from Middle French ordure and Anglo-Norman ordure, ordeur(e), ordor(e), ordour.

Of the hinder part of her buttockes it is ful horrible for to ſe, for certes in that parte of her body there as they purge her ſtynkynge ordure, that foul partie ſhew they to yͤ people proudly in diſpite of honeſtie, which honeſtie that Jeſu Christ and hys frendes obſerued to ſhewe in her life.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Parsons Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio cvi, verso, column 1:

Of the hinder part of her buttocks it is very horrible to see, as certainly in that part of her body there as they purge her stinking ordure, that foul part they show to the people proudly in spite of honesty, the honesty that Jesus Christ and his companions observed to show in her life.


larder

English: larder

Middle Scots: lairder

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman larder and continental Old French lardier, both from Latin lardārium. By surface analysis, lard + -er.

The place where such a stock is made and stored.


Lucifer

English: Lucifer

Scots: Lucifer

Satan; the Devil; the supreme Christian figure of evil.


rebel

English: rebel

Scots: rebel

Borrowed from Old French rebelle, from Latin rebellis.

A sinner (as one who rebels against a deity)


carpenter

English: carpenter

Scots: carpenter

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman carpenter (compare Old French charpentier), from Late Latin carpentārius.


dialog

English: dialog, dialogue

Borrowed from Old French dialogue, from Latin dialogus, from Ancient Greek διάλογος (diálogos).

A literary discussion or a work written as one.


helm

English: helm

Scots: helm

→ Welsh: helm

From Old English helm, from Proto-West Germanic *helm, from Proto-Germanic *helmaz.

(rare, biblical) The crown of thorns that Jesus wore.


perilous

head

perilous (plural and weak singular perilouse, superlative perilousest)

perilouse (plural)
perilouse (singular weak)
perilousest (superlative)

English: perilous, parlous

Scots: perilous (obsolete)

From Old French perilleus, from Latin perīculōsus; equivalent to peril + -ous.

Full of danger or peril; dangerous, harmful, periculous:

Fatal, mortal; potentially resulting in death.


sorcery

English: sorcery

Scots: sorcery

From Middle French sorcerie, from Old French sorcerie.


Elizabeth

English: Elizabeth

IN þe daies of eroude kyng of iudee · ẏ was a preſt ſacharie bi name : of þe ſorte of abia and his wijf was of þe douȝtris of aaron : ⁊ hir name was eliȝabeth /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Luke 1:5, page 27r, column 1, lines 1–4; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


cathedral

English: cathedral

Borrowed from Old French cathedral, from Latin cathedrālis.

cathedral (relating to the see of a bishop)


stable

English: stable

Scots: stable

→ Middle Irish: stábla

Irish: stábla

Scottish Gaelic: stàball

From Anglo-Norman stable, singular derived from the plural Latin stab(u)la (“dwellings, stables”).

The chambres and the stables weren wyde, / And wel we weren esed atte beste;

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, lines 28–29:

The rooms and stables spacious were and wide, / And well we there were eased, and of the best.


stable

enm-verb

stable (third-person singular simple present stableth, present participle stablende, stablynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stabled)

stableth (present singular third-person)
stablende (participle present)
stablynge (participle present)
stabled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

Alternative form of stablen (“to establish”)


officer

English: officer

Scots: offisher

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman officer, officier, from Latin officiārius; equivalent to office + -er.

(religion) A deputy or subordinate of the forces of good or evil.


wharf

English: wharf

Scots: wharf

Inherited from Old English hweorfan, from Proto-West Germanic *hwerban, from Proto-Germanic *hwerbaną.


bagpipe

English: bagpipe, bagpipes

Yola: big-peeps (misspelled)


cope

English: cope

Scots: caip, cape, cap

From earlier cape, from Latin cāpa; possibly through an Old English *cāpe.

A cape or cloak; a loose-fitting outer layer.

A cope; a clerical cape, especially that worn by monastics.


Marie

English: Marie, Mary

Yola: Maree

From Old French Marie, from Latin Maria, from Ancient Greek Μαρία (María), Μαριάμ (Mariám).

Whãne marıe þe modır of ıhũ was ſpouſıd to ıoſeph .· bıfoꝛe þeı camen togıdere . ſche was founden hauynge of þe hoolı gooſt ın þe wombe /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:18, page 1r, column 2, lines 11–7 from the bottom; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


outward

From Old English ūtweard; equivalent to out + -ward.


wer

English: wer, were

From Old English wer, from Proto-West Germanic *wer, from Proto-Germanic *weraz, from Proto-Indo-European *wiHrós; compare Old Norse verr, Latin vir, Old Prussian wijrs, Sanskrit वीर (vīra).


cubicle

English: cubicle

Learned borrowing from Latin cubiculum (“bedroom”).


stile

English: style, stile (obsolete) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: style

Borrowed from Medieval Latin stylus and Old French estile, style, from Latin stilus.


nocturne

English: nocturn

From Medieval Latin nocturna, noun use of the feminine form of Latin nocturnus (“nocturnal, of the night”), derived from nox (“night”).


corde

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

One of the strings of a string instrument.


tablet

English: tablet

Scots: taiblet

From Old French tablete; equivalent to table + -et.

A tablet, especially an easily carried one for writing on.

(biblical) The Ten Commandments in physical form handed down from heaven.

A level surface for painting or working upon.

(rare) A marble slab utilised as tiling.


vespers

English: vespers

From Old French vespres, from Ecclesiastical Latin vesperae (“vespers”); see English vespers.

(Christianity) The sixth of the seven canonical hours.

(Christianity) The liturgical service celebrated at this time.


fane

English: fane, vane

Scots: fane, faan, thane, phane

Inherited from Old English fana, from Proto-West Germanic *fanō, from Proto-Germanic *fanô; doublet of fanon.

A flag borne on sea-going vessels, especially a long triangular one.


paramour

English: paramour

Borrowed from Old French par amour (“for love's sake”); equivalent to par- + amour.

bor+

Sexual, romantic or (less often) spiritual passion.


dumb

English: dumb

Scots: dumb

(rare, figurative) Refusing to preach or evangelise.


theater

English: theater, theatre

Scots: theatre

/ˌtɛːˈaːtər/

From Old French theatre, from Latin theatrum, from Ancient Greek θέατρον (théatron).

A theatre open to the sky; an amphitheatre.


inward

English: inward

Scots: inward

From Old English inweard; equivalent to in + -ward.

inside, inward, in the interior; the following special senses exist:


Marte

(mythology) The Roman god governing war; Mars.


trave

English: trave

Borrowed from Middle French trave, from Latin trabem, from Proto-Indo-European *treb-.

A wooden cage for containing horses that are being shod.


Vesta

English: Vesta

(mythology) The Roman goddess of the hearth and home; Vesta.


Abraham

English: Abraham

desc

Scots: Abraham, Aubrahaum, Aubrahawm, Awbrahawm

The book of þe generacıoū of ıhū crıſt .· þe ſone of dauıd þe ſone of abꝛaham / abꝛaham bıgat yſaac / yſaac bıgat ıacob / ıacob bıgat ıudas ⁊ hıſe bꝛıþ̇en /

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 1:1–2, page 1r, column 2, lines 1–5; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:


moder

enm-noun

moder (plural modres or moders or moder or (Kent) modren, genitive modres or moders or moder)

modres (plural)
moders (plural)
moder (plural)
modren (Kent plural)
modres (genitive)
moders (genitive)
moder (genitive)

desctree

English: mother, mither (Scotland and Northern England)
Australian Kriol: motha
→ Japanese: マザー (mazā)
→ Korean: 마더 (madeo)

desc

Scots: mither, medder, midder, moder, moeder (Shetland), mideer, mother

Yola: moodher, moother, moothar

Inherited from Old English mōdor, from Proto-West Germanic *mōder, from Proto-Germanic *mōdēr, from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Compare moddrie.

A woman who heads a female monastic community; an abbess.


dirige

English: dirge

Scots: dirge

From Latin dirige, from the beginning of the first antiphon in matins for the dead, Dirige, Domine, deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam.

The portion of a Christian remembrance service beginning from the first antiphon in matins for the dead.


geomancy

1425 Mandev. (Eg) 115/9

At a syde of þe emperour table sittez many philosophers and grete clerkez of diuerse sciencez, sum of astronomy, sum of nigromancy, sum of geomancy, sum of pyromancy, sum of ydromancy.


John

English: John

Scots: John

Yola: Jone, Joan, Joane

From Anglo-Norman Johan, Jehan, and also Old English Iohannes, both from Latin Iōhannēs, Iōannēs, from Koine Greek Ἰωάννης (Iōánnēs), from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān).

der

Hebrew יוֹחָנָן (Yōḥānān)

John the Baptist or John the Apostle/John the Evangelist (biblical figures)


Mars

English: Mars


Muse

English: Muse, muse

Scots: Muse, muse

From Latin Mūsa, either directly or from Old French muse. Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μοῦσᾰ (Moûsă).


Pan

English: Pan

From Latin Pan, from Ancient Greek Πάν (Pán).


bern

English: barn

Scots: bern

Yola: barrn

From Old English bearn, contracted forms of Old English berern, bereærn (“barn, granary”). Equivalent to bere + -ern.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid


collegiate

English: collegiate

From Medieval Latin collēgiātus; equivalent to college + -at.

(rare) Collected; formed into a grouping or assembly.


dette

English: debt

Scots: det, debt

From Old French dete, from Latin dēbita, from the plural of dēbitum.

and þus ȝe ſchulen pꝛeie / Oure fadir þat art in heuenes .· halewid be þi name / þi kyngdom come to / be þi wille doon in erþe .· as in heuene / ȝyue to vs þis dai oure bꝛeed ouer oþir ſubſtaunce / and foꝛȝyue to vs oure dettis .· as we foꝛȝyuen to oure dettouris / and lede vs not in to temptacioun .· but delyuere vs fro yuele amen […]

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 6:9-14, page 3r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You should pray like this: "Our father that's in heaven, your name will be sanctified; / your Kingdom will come; your will will be done on Earth, like in heaven. / Give us our bread over other substances, / forgive us of our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us, / and don't bring us into temptation, but instead save us from evil. Amen."

(theology) Sin; acts which go against the dictates of a higher power.


mariage

English: marriage


bote

English: boot

→ English: bote (also from Old English bōt)

Scots: bute, buit

From Old English bōt, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtu, from Proto-Germanic *bōtō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

Help, advantage, benefit; that which is good, helpful, or relieving:

Saving or extrication from distress or danger; something or someone which provides it.

Salvation (release or rescue from eternal punishment), or one who acts as salvation

(rare) Recompense, amends or compensation; behaviour in return for one's wrongs.

(rare) An extra, augment, or addition; something to boot.


collegial

English: collegial

/kɔˌlɛːd͡ʒiˈaːl/

Borrowed from Middle French collégial; equivalent to college + -al.

(of a church) Ruled by a grouping of clergy; collegial.


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bet, past participle beten)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beten (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bet (first-person past singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bete (past second-person singular)
bet (past second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (past singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
beten (participle past)
bete (participle past)
bet (participle past)
ybeten (participle past)
ybete (participle past)

desctree

English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede

Scots: beat, beit

Inherited from Old English bēatan, from Proto-West Germanic *bautan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To bombard or strike with projectiles.

(of the weather) To violently or furiously assail.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To violently or furiously assail.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To bat (wings or eyes) up and down.


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bette, past participle bet)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bet (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
bete (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
betest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (present singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
bet (participle past)
ybet (participle past)

English: beet (dialectal, obsolete)

Scots: bete, beit, beet, beat

Inherited from Old English bētan, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtijan, from Proto-Germanic *bōtijaną; some forms are remodelled on bet (“better”).

To expiate; to make amends for a sin or wrong.


cenacle

English: cenacle

Borrowed from Old French cenacle, itself borrowed from Latin cēnāculum.

An upper level or dining room, especially the one where the Last Supper was hosted.


parlour

English: parlor, parlour

Scots: parlour

Borrowed from Old French parleor, parloir, parleoir, from Old French parler (“to speak”); equivalent to parlen + -our.

A room or opening for monastics to communicate with laypeople.


messen

messen (infinitive)
to messen (infinitive)
messe (infinitive)
messe (first-person present singular)
messed (first-person past singular)
messest (present second-person singular)
messedest (past second-person singular)
messeth (present singular third-person)
messed (past singular third-person)
messe (present singular subjunctive)
messed (past singular subjunctive)
messe (imperative present singular)
messen (plural present)
messe (plural present)
messeden (past plural)
messede (past plural)
messeth (imperative plural present)
messe (imperative plural present)
messynge (participle present)
messende (participle present)
messed (participle past)
ymessed (participle past)

English: mass (obsolete)

From a mixture of Old French messiier and Old English mæssian. Equivalent to messe (“mass”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To hold Mass (the service) or the Eucharist (the sacrament)


violently

English: violently

In a religiously dangerous or harmful way.


tither

English: tither


hord

English: hoard

Scots: huird, hurd, hurde

From Old English hord, from Proto-West Germanic *hoʀd, from Proto-Germanic *huzdą.

A location or room of hidden non-valuables.

A storehouse of (non-hidden) valuables or presents.

(figurative) A supply or stock of abstract valuables.

(rare) The act of putting away for safekeeping.


couche

English: couch

Scots: cooch, cootch

→ Welsh: cwtsh
→ English: cwtch

From Old French couche, from couchier (whence couchen).

(rare) A bedroom; the room where one sleeps in.


mantel

English: mantle, mantel

Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

From Anglo-Norman mantel and Old English mentel, both ultimately from Late Latin mantēllum, later form of Latin mantēle.

A mantle signifying clerical, judicial or royal office.

A mantle signifying a wed woman's vows of virginity.

(rare) A mantle (outer body wall of a mollusc).


celle

English: cell

Scots: cell

From Old English cell and Old French cele, selle, both from Latin cella, from Proto-Italic *kelnā; compare halle.

A private place, room, or building for habitation.

(figuratively) A place of entrapment or confinement.


crochet

English: crotchet

From Old French crochet; doublet of croket.


historie

desctree

English: history
Pitcairn-Norfolk: histrei

Scots: history

Borrowed from Old French historie, a form of estorie, estoire, from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía). Doublet of storie.

A (written) narrative, recounting, or chronicle; events in writing.

(rare) A history; a historical work or description of the past.

(rare) A portion of the Bible covering history.


gorgon

English: gorgon (obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin Gorgō, from Ancient Greek Γοργώ (Gorgṓ).


singen

singen (infinitive)
to singen (infinitive)
singe (infinitive)
singe (first-person present singular)
sang (first-person past singular)
singest (present second-person singular)
sunge (past second-person singular)
sange (past second-person singular)
sang (past second-person singular)
singeth (present singular third-person)
sang (past singular third-person)
singe (present singular subjunctive)
sunge (past singular subjunctive)
sange (past singular subjunctive)
singe (imperative present singular)
singen (plural present)
singe (plural present)
sungen (past plural)
sunge (past plural)
sangen (past plural)
sange (past plural)
singeth (imperative plural present)
singe (imperative plural present)
singynge (participle present)
singende (participle present)
sungen (participle past)
sunge (participle past)

English: sing

Scots: sing

Yola: zing

From Old English singan (“to sing”). Cognate with Middle Dutch singen, Middle High German singen, Old Swedish siunga, and Crimean Gothic singhen.

To sing (something); to produce (certain) noises with one's voice:

To cry in agony; to produce lamentations.

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom

To talk, recite, or declare (especially in a particular way or manner):

To recite a non-sung prayer or religious commendation.

To perform the Eucharist (in a given way).

(rare) To recite non-sung verse or poetry.

To make the sound of a musical instrument.


dweller

English: dweller

Yola: dwellerès, dwelleres (plural)


skyn

English: skin

Scots: skin

Yola: skien

From Old Norse skinn, from Proto-Germanic *skinþą.

(biblical) Part of the material composing a tent.


Neptunus

English: Neptune

(mythology) The Roman god governing the sea; Neptune.


binden

binden (infinitive)
to binden (infinitive)
binde (infinitive)
binde (first-person present singular)
band (first-person past singular)
bond (first-person past singular)
bound (first-person past singular)
bindest (present second-person singular)
bounde (past second-person singular)
bonde (past second-person singular)
band (past second-person singular)
bindeth (present singular third-person)
band (past singular third-person)
bond (past singular third-person)
bound (past singular third-person)
binde (present singular subjunctive)
bounde (past singular subjunctive)
bonde (past singular subjunctive)
binde (imperative present singular)
binden (plural present)
binde (plural present)
bounden (past plural)
bounde (past plural)
bonden (past plural)
bonde (past plural)
bindeth (imperative plural present)
binde (imperative plural present)
bindynge (participle present)
bindende (participle present)
bounden (participle past)
bounde (participle past)
ybounden (participle past)
ybounde (participle past)

English: bind

Scots: bind

From Old English bindan, from Proto-West Germanic *bindan, from Proto-Germanic *bindaną; equivalent to bynde + -en (infinitival suffix).

To take away one's agency; to enthrall:
To enslave, subordinate, or force.

To enter into a socially binding obligation or agreement:

To enter into a marital relationship; to marry.

To force or compel (to perform an action):

(rare, figurative) To end or finish; to wrap up (for the sense, compare Modern English wrap up)


revel

English: revel

Borrowed from Old French revel, from reveler.

Joyfulness, entertainment, celebration, revelling.


cours

English: course
→ Gulf Arabic: كورس (kōrs)

Scots: coorse

→ Welsh: cwrs

Borrowed from Old French cours, curs, from Latin cursus; compare Middle Dutch coers.


playing

English: playing

playing, having fun, entertainment, revelry.


halter

English: halter

Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Inherited from Old English hælftre, hælfter, from Proto-West Germanic *halftrijā.

(rare) A rope tied in a noose for hanging.

(rare) The binding contract of marriage.


doucet

English: doucet

From Old French doucet; equivalent to douce + -et.

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of musical instrument.


housel

English: housel (archaic)

Scots: hoozle, ouzle (obsolete)

From Old English hūsl, hūsel, hūsul, from Proto-West Germanic *hunsl, from Proto-Germanic *hunslą.

The bread and wine utilised at Holy Communion.

(rare) The partaking in or consumption of said bread and wine.

(rare) The ritual or ceremony of Holy Communion.

(rare) Participation or presence at Holy Communion.


offertory

But alderbest he sang an offertory: / For well he wiste, when that song was sung, / He muste preach […].

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


dower

English: dower

Scots: dower

Borrowed from Old French doeire, from Medieval Latin dōtārium; equivalent to dowen + -er. Doublet of dowarye.

(rare) A gift given by the bride's family to the groom or his relatives; dowry.

(rare, astrology) A portion of the world under the domination of a particular star sign.


credo

English: credo

Borrowed from Old French credo, from Latin crēdō (“I believe”) in the Nicene Creed or Apostle's Creed. Doublet of crede.


coucher

English: coucher

Scots: coocher

From Anglo-Norman; equivalent to couche + -er.

(rare) One who lies in bed (either due to necessity or laziness).


sauter

English: psalter

Borrowed from Old French sautier, saltier, from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion), replacing Old English psalter. Doublet of sauterie.

The Biblical book of Psalms; the section of the Bible containing psalms.

string instrument
string instrument#English

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


Michel

desc

English: Michael, Mitchell, Myall, Myell

Scots: Michael

From Old French Michel, Old English Michahel, and their source Latin Michaēl, Michahēl, from Biblical Hebrew מִיכָאֵל (mîḵāʾēl, literally “who is like God?”).

der

a male given name from Hebrew, equivalent to English Michael


suster

enm-noun

suster (plural sustren or sustres or (rare) suster, genitive sustres or suster)

sustren (plural)
sustres (plural)
suster (plural rare)
sustres (genitive)
suster (genitive)

desctree

English: sister
→ Gulf Arabic: سِسْتَر (sistar, “female nurse”)
→ Japanese: シスター (shisutā)
→ Korean: 시스터 (siseuteo)

Scots: sister, syster

Yola: zister

From Old English sweostor, swustor, sweoster, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *swester, from Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr. Some forms are influenced by Old Norse systir.

A sister or step-sister; a female sibling.


Diane

English: Diane

(mythology) The Roman goddess of the hunt; Diana.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens; the Moon.


chapitre

English: chapter; chapiter

Scots: chaipter

Borrowed from Old French chapitre, from Latin capitulum.

A chapterhouse; a building hosting such a group.

Such an assembly convoked to decide cases of canon law.


sauf

English: safe

Scots: safe, sauf

Borrowed from Old French sauf, from Latin salvus, from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós.

(religion) Undamned or saved; delivered from torment.


charmer

English: charmer

Scots: chairmer

From Old French charmier; equivalent to charmen + -er.

A mage or spellcaster; an individual who uses magic.


helle

English: hell, Hell

Scots: hell, Hell

From Old English hell, from Proto-West Germanic *hallju, from Proto-Germanic *haljō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


serge

English: cierge

Scots: serge, sarge (obsolete)

From Old French cierge, cerge, cirge, from Latin cereus (“waxy”).


ende

English: end

Scots: end, ende, hend

Yola: een, eene

From Old English ende, from Proto-West Germanic *andī, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíos. Cognate to Middle Dutch ende, einde.

ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

The end or finishing of a thing; the terminal point of something:

The end of something'e presence; disappearance.

And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 41:

The end of one's life; death or passing away.

(rare) One of the four cardinal directions.


Achab

English: Ahab, Achab

From Latin Achab, from Ancient Greek Ἀχαάβ (Akhaáb), from Hebrew אַחְאָב.

der

Hebrew אַחְאָב


spere

English: spear

Scots: spere, speir

Inherited from Old English spere, from Proto-West Germanic *speru, from Proto-Germanic *speru.


stede

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

Inherited from Old English stede, steode, styd, from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz.

more sche hath decerved to be ded / thanne evere dyde my modyr jn ony sted.

It..shul stand me in gret ste [read: sted] her if it mygth be do closly and suerly.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

A state of being; a circumstance, condition, or situation.


herbe

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yerb</i>

English: herb (dialectal yerb)

Scots: herb, yerb

A plant as used in alchemy, magic or medicine.


werde

English: werd, weard (obsolete)

Middle Scots: weird, werd

Scots: weird

→ English: weird

Inherited from Old English wyrd, weord, from Proto-West Germanic *wurdi, from Proto-Germanic *wurdiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

(Greek mythology) One of the three Fates.


graciously

English: graciously

(Late Middle English) With the kindness and mercy of God.


Juno

English: Juno

(Roman mythology) Juno (the queen of the Roman pantheon)


bede

English: bead (bede)

Scots: bead, bede, beid

From Old English ġebedu, plural of ġebed (“prayer”), from Proto-West Germanic *gabed; reinforced by Old English bedu (“request”).


ministre

desctree

English: minister
Pijin: minista
→ Hausa: ministà

Scots: meenister

Borrowed from Old French ministre, from Latin minister.

One who administrates or leads a religious order.

A civil servant or member of government; an administrative official.

(rare) A member of a non-Christian religion's clergy.


fullen

enm-verb

fullen (third-person singular simple present fulleth, present participle fullende, fullynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fulled)

fulleth (present singular third-person)
fullende (participle present)
fullynge (participle present)
fulled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fullen (infinitive)
to fullen (infinitive)
fulle (infinitive)
fulle (first-person present singular)
fulled (first-person past singular)
fullest (present second-person singular)
fulledest (past second-person singular)
fulleth (present singular third-person)
fulled (past singular third-person)
fulle (present singular subjunctive)
fulled (past singular subjunctive)
fulle (imperative present singular)
fullen (plural present)
fulle (plural present)
fulleden (past plural)
fullede (past plural)
fulleth (imperative plural present)
fulle (imperative plural present)
fullynge (participle present)
fullende (participle present)
fulled (participle past)
yfulled (participle past)

English: full (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English fullian, fulwian, from full- + *wīhan (later *wēon), from Proto-West Germanic *wīhijan.

To baptise or christen; to perform baptism.


muk

English: muck

Scots: muck

Borrowed from Old Norse myki, mykr, from Proto-Germanic *mukī, *mukaz. Alternatively, inherited from Old English *moc (in hlōsmoc (“pigsty dung”)); all from Proto-Indo-European *(s)mewg-, *mewk- (“slick, slippery”).


conjurer

English: conjurer, conjuror

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman conjurour; equivalent to conjuren + -er.


panne

desctree

English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン

Scots: pan

Inherited from Old English panne, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ, from Late Latin panna.

A pan, skillet, tin, or cookpot; any metal container used for cooking in.


crede

English: creed

Scots: creed

Inherited from Old English crēda, crēdo, from Latin crēdō (“I believe”) in the Nicene Creed or Apostle's Creed. Doublet of credo; compare credence, credible, and creditour.


richesse

desc

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">rich</i>

English: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich); richesse

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">rich</i>

Scots: riches (remodelled as a plural of rich)

remodelled as a plural of <i class="Latn mention" lang="yol">reeche</i>

Yola: reeches (remodelled as a plural of reeche)

Borrowed from Old French richesce, richesse, from riche (“rich”). Some forms are reinterpreted as the plural of riche (“rich”).

(in the plural, religion) (Earthly or heavenly) riches.

Wealth, lucre, valuables:
(Earthly or heavenly) riches.


hele

English: heal

Scots: heal, hele

Yola: heale, heall, heal, hele

From Old English hǣlu, hǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *hailī. Compare helen and hol (“whole”).

(Christianity) Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

That which heals or cures; healing:
Jesus Christ (as the Saviour)

Help or assistance; that which is beneficial:

(Christianity) Salvation, deliverance (from Hell)


thraldom

English: thraldom, thralldom

Scots: thirldom

From thral + -dom, possibly as a calque of Old Norse þrældómr.

(religion) Spiritual subjection or control.


Saturne

English: Saturn

Borrowed from Old French Saturne, from Latin Sāturnus.

(mythology) The Roman god governing agriculture and fertility; Saturn.


foten

enm-verb

foten (third-person singular simple present foteth, present participle fotende, fotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle foted)

foteth (present singular third-person)
fotende (participle present)
fotynge (participle present)
foted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
foten (infinitive)
to foten (infinitive)
fote (infinitive)
fote (first-person present singular)
foted (first-person past singular)
fotest (present second-person singular)
fotedest (past second-person singular)
foteth (present singular third-person)
foted (past singular third-person)
fote (present singular subjunctive)
foted (past singular subjunctive)
fote (imperative present singular)
foten (plural present)
fote (plural present)
foteden (past plural)
fotede (past plural)
foteth (imperative plural present)
fote (imperative plural present)
fotynge (participle present)
fotende (participle present)
foted (participle past)
yfoted (participle past)

English: foot

From fot (“foot”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To move with one's feet; to step.

(rare) To execute footwork; to step to music.


alienen

alienen (infinitive)
to alienen (infinitive)
aliene (infinitive)
aliene (first-person present singular)
aliened (first-person past singular)
alienest (present second-person singular)
alienedest (past second-person singular)
alieneth (present singular third-person)
aliened (past singular third-person)
aliene (present singular subjunctive)
aliened (past singular subjunctive)
aliene (imperative present singular)
alienen (plural present)
aliene (plural present)
alieneden (past plural)
alienede (past plural)
alieneth (imperative plural present)
aliene (imperative plural present)
alienynge (participle present)
alienende (participle present)
aliened (participle past)
yaliened (participle past)

English: alien, aliene

From Old French aliener, from Latin aliēnō.

(rare) To take away; to revoke, or split.


elven

English: elven, elfe (obsolete)

From Old English elfen, ælfen (“nymph, spirit, fairy”), feminine of elf, ælf (“elf”); by surface analysis, elf + en (feminine suffix). Compare Middle High German elbinne (“fairy, nymph”).

cog

Ofte in fourme of wommane In many derne weye grete compaygnie men i-seoth of heom boþe hoppie and pleiᵹe, þat Eluene beoth i-cleopede

(Oft in the form of women, in very stealthy ways, great numbers of men see fallen angels both happy and playful, that Elvene are embraced,)

& ofte in wimmen fourme hii comeþ to men al so, Þat men clupeþ eluene. —

1300, The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester:

(& oft in women form come hither to men, so that men lay with the elvene.)

A (especially female) elf, a fairy, nymph


conjuren

conjuren (infinitive)
to conjuren (infinitive)
conjure (infinitive)
conjure (first-person present singular)
conjured (first-person past singular)
conjurest (present second-person singular)
conjuredest (past second-person singular)
conjureth (present singular third-person)
conjured (past singular third-person)
conjure (present singular subjunctive)
conjured (past singular subjunctive)
conjure (imperative present singular)
conjuren (plural present)
conjure (plural present)
conjureden (past plural)
conjurede (past plural)
conjureth (imperative plural present)
conjure (imperative plural present)
conjurynge (participle present)
conjurende (participle present)
conjured (participle past)
yconjured (participle past)

English: conjure

Borrowed from Old French conjurer, from Latin coniūrō.

To conjure; to summon or practice summoning.


halle

Alternative form of hale (“hale (temporary structure for housing, entertaining, eating meals, etc.)”)


hurten

enm-verb

hurten (third-person singular simple present hurteth, present participle hurtynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative hurte, past participle hurt)

hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
hurt (participle past)
hurten (infinitive)
to hurten (infinitive)
hurte (infinitive)
hurte (first-person present singular)
hurte (first-person past singular)
hurted (first-person past singular)
hurtest (present second-person singular)
hurtest (past second-person singular)
hurtedest (past second-person singular)
hurteth (present singular third-person)
hurte (past singular third-person)
hurted (past singular third-person)
hurte (present singular subjunctive)
hurte (past singular subjunctive)
hurted (past singular subjunctive)
hurte (imperative present singular)
hurten (plural present)
hurte (plural present)
hurten (past plural)
hurte (past plural)
hurteden (past plural)
hurtede (past plural)
hurteth (imperative plural present)
hurte (imperative plural present)
hurtynge (participle present)
hurtende (participle present)
hurt (participle past)
hurted (participle past)
yhurt (participle past)

English: hurt

Scots: hurt

Usually taken to be an early borrowing from Old Northern French hurter, of disputed origin, but possibly instead from an Old English *hyrtan. In any case, equivalent to hurt + -en (infinitival suffix).

To injure; to cause harm or trouble for:


revelen

revelen (third-person singular simple present reveleth, present participle revelende, revelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reveled)

reveleth (present singular third-person)
revelende (participle present)
revelynge (participle present)
reveled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
revelen (infinitive)
to revelen (infinitive)
revele (infinitive)
revele (first-person present singular)
reveled (first-person past singular)
revelest (present second-person singular)
reveledest (past second-person singular)
reveleth (present singular third-person)
reveled (past singular third-person)
revele (present singular subjunctive)
reveled (past singular subjunctive)
revele (imperative present singular)
revelen (plural present)
revele (plural present)
reveleden (past plural)
revelede (past plural)
reveleth (imperative plural present)
revele (imperative plural present)
revelynge (participle present)
revelende (participle present)
reveled (participle past)
yreveled (participle past)

English: revel

Borrowed from Old French reveler (“to revel”), from Latin rebellō; equivalent to revel + -en (infinitival suffix). Doublet of rebellen.

bor+

To revel; to merry-make or entertain oneself.


revelen

English: reveal

Borrowed from Middle French révéler, from Old French reveler (“to reveal”), from Latin revelō.

To reveal religious matters; to make a revelation.


salven

salveen (infinitive)
to salveen (infinitive)
salvee (infinitive)
salvee (first-person present singular)
salveed (first-person past singular)
salveest (present second-person singular)
salveedest (past second-person singular)
salveeth (present singular third-person)
salveed (past singular third-person)
salvee (present singular subjunctive)
salveed (past singular subjunctive)
salvee (imperative present singular)
salveen (plural present)
salvee (plural present)
salveeden (past plural)
salveede (past plural)
salveeth (imperative plural present)
salvee (imperative plural present)
salveynge (participle present)
salveende (participle present)
salveed (participle past)
ysalveed (participle past)

English: salve

Inherited from Old English sealfian, from Proto-West Germanic *salbōn, from Proto-Germanic *salbōną; equivalent to salve + -en (infinitival suffix).

(religion) To deliver from evil or perdition.


sellen

enm-verb

sellen (third-person singular simple present selleth, present participle sellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative solde, past participle sold)

selleth (present singular third-person)
sellynge (participle present)
solde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sold (participle past)
sellen (infinitive)
to sellen (infinitive)
selle (infinitive)
selle (first-person present singular)
solde (first-person past singular)
selde (first-person past singular)
sellest (present second-person singular)
soldest (past second-person singular)
seldest (past second-person singular)
selleth (present singular third-person)
selth (present singular third-person)
solde (past singular third-person)
selde (past singular third-person)
selle (present singular subjunctive)
solde (past singular subjunctive)
selde (past singular subjunctive)
selle (imperative present singular)
sellen (plural present)
selle (plural present)
solden (past plural)
solde (past plural)
selden (past plural)
selde (past plural)
selleth (imperative plural present)
selle (imperative plural present)
sellynge (participle present)
sellende (participle present)
sold (participle past)
seld (participle past)
ysold (participle past)
yseld (participle past)

English: sell

→ Dutch: sellen

Scots: sell

Inherited from Old English sellan, from Proto-West Germanic *salljan, from Proto-Germanic *saljaną (“to give”).

(usually negative) To give up in exchange (outside of an explicit transaction).

(religion) To sell one's soul; to consign one's soul to Hell.


charme

English: charm

Scots: chairm

Borrowed from Old French charme, from Latin carmen.

A phrase believed to have magical efficacy; a charm.


geste

English: gest, jest

Scots: jeest

Borrowed from Middle French geste, from Old French geste, from Medieval Latin gesta.

An important or memorable action; an epic act.


geste

Alternative form of gesten (“to read poetry”)


gloriously

English: gloriously

In a glorious or wonderful way (especially in religious contexts)


Phebe

From Latin Phoebē, from Ancient Greek Φοίβη (Phoíbē).

(mythology) The Greek Titan and goddess of the Moon; Phoebe.


spile

From spilen. Alternatively from an Old English *spil, from Proto-West Germanic *spil.

(rare) amusement, entertainment, celebration


mansioun

English: mansion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mansion, mansiun, from Latin mansiō.

A place where one makes their home or dwells; a home:

A house, hostel, palace, etc; a purpose-built dwelling or habitation.

(figurative) The abode of a human behaviour.

(rare) A temporary waypoint on a journey.


savable

English: savable

Borrowed from Middle French sauvable, from Old French salvable, sauvable, from Medieval Latin salvābilis; equivalent to saven + -able.

(theology) Able to be delivered from perdition.


bref

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

Borrowed from Old French brief, and its feminine form brieve, from Latin brevis, form Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of mery.


storie

enm-noun

storie (plural stories or (rare, Early ME) storien)

stories (plural)
storien (Early-Middle-English plural rare)

desctree

English: story
Sranan Tongo: tori
Aukan: toli
→ Dutch: tori
→ Welsh: stori
→ Persian: استوری (estori)
→ Portuguese: estória

Scots: story

Borrowed from Old French estorie, estoire, from Latin historia, from Ancient Greek ἱστορία (historía). Doublet of historie.


sixte

English: sixth (confer obsolete sixt)

Scots: sixt, sext, saxt

From Old English sixta, from Proto-West Germanic *sehstō, from Proto-Germanic *sehstô.
Equivalent to six + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on; though this is rare in Middle English, unlike than in fifte. Forms with -st- are from the Old English variant sesta.

(rare) A musical sixth; a note a sixth away from another given note.


fanon

English: fanon

Borrowed from Old French fanon, from Medieval Latin fanō, from Frankish *fano, from Proto-Germanic *fanô. Doublet of fane (“flag, vane”).


collegian

English: collegian

/kɔˌlɛːd͡ʒiˈaːn/

From Medieval Latin collēgiānus; equivalent to college + -ien.

(rare) One who is part of a college (ecclesiastical or educational).


pryde

English: pride

Scots: pride

Inherited from Old English prȳde, prȳte; compare proud.


nonne

English: nun

Scots: nun

From Old English nunne, from Late Latin nonna.


messe

English: Mass, mass

Scots: mess

Yola: Messe

From a mixture of Anglo-Norman messe and Old English mæsse, both from Late Latin missa.

Mass (service where the Eucharist is performed)

The Eucharist; Holy Communion (sacrament involving bread and wine).

The act of going to Mass and participating.


quene

English: queen (see there for further descendants)

Scots: queen, wheen

Yola: queen

From Old English cwēn (“woman, wife, queen”) (the final schwa is by analogy with other Old English feminine nouns, such as Etymology 2), from Proto-West Germanic *kwāni, from Proto-Germanic *kwēniz, from a derivative of *gʷḗn (“woman, wife”). Cognates include:
* Ancient Greek γυνή (gunḗ), Greek γυναίκα (gynaíka)
* Old Prussian genna
* Persian زَن (zan)
* Sanskrit जनि (jani)
* Proto-Slavic *žena

(rare) A female follower of Christianity in heaven.


vertu

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertue</i>

English: virtue (obsolete vertue)

Scots: virtue

Yola: vartue

Borrowed from Old French and Anglo-Norman vertu, from Latin virtūtem, accusative of virtūs.

Power, competence, ability; ability to effect behaviour or action:

Astrological or occult power or influence.

Glory, honourableness, or knightliness; that expected by chivalry.


assise

English: assize

Scots: assize (now rare)

From Old French assises, from Latin assideō. Compare syse.


goot

English: goat (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gait, gayt

Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth


reredos

English: reredos

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reredos, areredos; equivalent to rere (“rear, following”) + Old French dos (“back”).

A reredos or retable; a panel at the back of an altar.

A dorsal; a hanging or tapestry at the back of an altar.

(rare) The back of a fireplace or hearth.


hakken

hakken (infinitive)
to hakken (infinitive)
hakke (infinitive)
hakke (first-person present singular)
hakked (first-person past singular)
hakkest (present second-person singular)
hakkedest (past second-person singular)
hakketh (present singular third-person)
hakked (past singular third-person)
hakke (present singular subjunctive)
hakked (past singular subjunctive)
hakke (imperative present singular)
hakken (plural present)
hakke (plural present)
hakkeden (past plural)
hakkede (past plural)
hakketh (imperative plural present)
hakke (imperative plural present)
hakkynge (participle present)
hakkende (participle present)
hakked (participle past)
yhakked (participle past)

English: hack

Scots: hack, hawk

Inherited from Old English *haccian, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkōn, from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną.


musicien

Borrowed from Middle French musicien; equivalent to musike + -ien.


apocalips

English: apocalypse, Apocalypse (spelling remodelled after Latin)

From Latin apocalypsis, from Ancient Greek ἀποκάλυψις (apokálupsis).

(rare) The biblical Apocalypse; the events of the book of Revelation.


hous

hous (plural)
houses (plural)
housen (plural)

English: house (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: hoose

Scots: hoose

Yola: heouse, houze, howze

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *(s)kewH-der.?
Proto-Germanic *hūsą
Proto-West Germanic *hūs
Old English hūs
Middle English hous
From Old English hūs, from Proto-West Germanic *hūs, from Proto-Germanic *hūsą.
Cognate with Dutch huis, German Low German Huus, German Haus, Danish hus, Faroese hús, Icelandic hús, Norwegian Bokmål hus, Norwegian Nynorsk hus, Swedish hus.

etymon

[…]if ony of þi puple Iſrael biſechiþ, and knowiþ his veniaunce and ſikenesse, and if he ſpꝛediþ abꝛood hiſe hondis in þis hows[…]

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “2 Paralipomenon 6:29”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

[…] If any of your people Israel prays, and knows their destruction and disease, and spreads his hands to this temple […]


Simeon

English: Simeon

Ones I rede that Simeon, / A qvile bifore that Crist was born, / Isaias boke he loket opon […] When Simeon segh þis ilk thing, / Merueilet wonderly he was, / And hopide hit hade ben fals wrytyng

a. 1500 [a. 1400?], Stanzaic Life of Christ; quoted in “In the Long Run: Practical Time in the Chester Plays”, in Matthew Sergi, Practical Cues and Social Spectacle in the Chester Plays, Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2020, →ISBN, page 174:


segen

enm-verb

segen (third-person singular simple present segeth, present participle segende, segynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle seged)

segeth (present singular third-person)
segende (participle present)
segynge (participle present)
seged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
segen (infinitive)
to segen (infinitive)
sege (infinitive)
sege (first-person present singular)
seged (first-person past singular)
segest (present second-person singular)
segedest (past second-person singular)
segeth (present singular third-person)
seged (past singular third-person)
sege (present singular subjunctive)
seged (past singular subjunctive)
sege (imperative present singular)
segen (plural present)
sege (plural present)
segeden (past plural)
segede (past plural)
segeth (imperative plural present)
sege (imperative plural present)
segynge (participle present)
segende (participle present)
seged (participle past)
yseged (participle past)

English: siege

Scots: siege

To siege; to assault or attack a walled settlement.


palmestrie

English: palmistry


chete

Inherited from Anglian Old English ċēte (West Saxon *ċīete, ċȳte).

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


unicorne

English: unicorn

Scots: unicorn

From Anglo-Norman unicorne, from Latin ūnicornis.

Any one-horned beast (e.g. a rhinoceros)

(figuratively) anger, rage, fury, especially that of God.


maligne

English: malign

Scots: maling (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French maligne, from Latin malignus.


loven

loven (third-person singular simple present loveth, present participle lovende, lovynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle loved)

loveth (present singular third-person)
lovende (participle present)
lovynge (participle present)
loved (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
loven (infinitive)
to loven (infinitive)
love (infinitive)
love (first-person present singular)
loved (first-person past singular)
lovest (present second-person singular)
lovedest (past second-person singular)
loveth (present singular third-person)
loved (past singular third-person)
love (present singular subjunctive)
loved (past singular subjunctive)
love (imperative present singular)
loven (plural present)
love (plural present)
loveden (past plural)
lovede (past plural)
loveth (imperative plural present)
love (imperative plural present)
lovynge (participle present)
lovende (participle present)
loved (participle past)
yloved (participle past)

English: love

Scots: luve

Inherited from Old English lufian, from Proto-West Germanic *lubōn; equivalent to love (“love”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To love; to have affection (for someone or something):


loven

English: lofe, loff, loave, love

Middle Scots: love

Scots: loave

Inherited from Old English lofian, from Proto-West Germanic *lobōn, from Proto-Germanic *lubōną; equivalent to lof (“praise”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

To praise, glorify; to give praise to:
To reverence or worship a deity.


wyn

English: wine (see there for further descendants)

Scots: wyne

From Old English wīn, from Proto-West Germanic *wīn, from Latin vīnum.

wine (in food, cooking, medicine, the Eucharist, etc.)


ciromanci

1440 Palmistry
This lytill tretis draw owt of the sciens of Ciromanci.


cyromancy

Thales Mylesyes..fyrst dyd wryte the syens off cyromancy in the langage of Parce.


mages

English: mage

From Latin magī (often assimilated to the native ME plural ending), plural of magus, from Ancient Greek μάγος (mágos).

Wizards, occult scholars; those with great esoteric skill.


sowel

English: sole (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English sāgol, sāgel, from Proto-West Germanic *saigul.

A stake with a sharp end (used for fence-building)


geomance

1392 Gower CA 6.1295-8

The craft which that Saturnus fond, To make prickes in the Sond, That Geomance cleped is, Fulofte he useth it amis; And of the flod his Ydromance, And of the fyr the Piromance, With questions echon of tho He tempteth ofte.


geomesie

Geometrie & geomesie [vrr. gemensye, gemessie, geemessye] is gynful of speche.


asker

English: asker

Scots: askar (obsolete)

One who prays towards or supplicates a divinity.


frere

English: friar

Scots: freer (archaic)

Borrowed from Old French frere, from Latin frater, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰréh₂tēr. Doublet of brother.

Right ſo as bees / out swarmen from an hyue / Out of the deueles ers / ther gonne dryue / Twenty thouſand freres / on a route / And thurgh oute helle / swarmeden aboute […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Somnours Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 79, recto:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout Hell they swarmed all about […]

friar (male member of a mendicant order)

(rare) monk (male member of a monastic order)


feith

English: faith

Scots: faith

Yola: faaighe, faighe, faigh, fythe

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman feid (early form of foi), from Latin fidem.


rubriche

English: rubric

Borrowed from Middle French rubrique, rubriche, rubrice, from borrowed itself from Latin rubrīca.


limbus

English: limbus

Scots: lymbus (obsolete)

(Late Middle English, rare) limbo (waiting place for souls)


soudan

English: soldan

Scots: sowdian

From Old French soudan, from Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān).

A sultan (especially one of the rulers of major Muslim states in the Middle Ages).


yok

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yock</i>

English: yoke (obsolete yock)

Middle Scots: ȝok, ȝoke, ȝock, ȝocke, yok, yoke

Scots: yoke, yock

Inherited from Old English ġeoc, from Proto-West Germanic *juk, *jok, from Proto-Germanic *juką, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
Forms with a long vowel are either leveled from inflected forms or influenced by the verb yoken, where open-syllable lengthening took place.

(figuratively) Regulation; limits or their imposition:

Regulation; limits or their imposition:
Marriage; the marital bond.


lilie

English: lily

Scots: lily

From Old English lilie, from Latin līlia, plural of līlium, from Ancient Greek λείριον (leírion), from Fayyumic Coptic ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ (hlēri) (compare Sahidic Coptic ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ (hrēre)), from Demotic (ḥrry, “flower”), from Egyptian ḥrrt (“flower”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egx-dem">ḥrry</i>

Lilium candidum, its flower, or a similar plant (often used medicinally)


hengel

Borrowed from Middle Low German or Middle Dutch hengel; compare henge.


castel

English: castle
→ Tongan: kāsolo

Scots: castle

→ Scottish Gaelic: caisteal

From late Old English castel, castell, borrowed from Latin castellum, diminutive of castrum. Reinforced by Anglo-Norman/Old Northern French castel, itself also from castellum.


soule

enm-noun

soule (plural soules or soulen or (early) soule)

soules (plural)
soulen (plural)
soule (plural)

English: soul (see there for further descendants)

Scots: saul

Inherited from Old English sāwol, sāwel, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwalu, from Proto-Germanic *saiwalō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.


organe

desctree

English: organ
→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)
→ Maori: ōkana
→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

Scots: organ

From Old French organe, orgene, from Latin organum (“implement; musical instrument”). Doublet of organum.

der

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

(music) A keyboard instrument that produces sound by air moved through pipes; an organ.

(music) A melody sung in counterpoint or descant; organum.


lawe

lawes (plural)
lawen (Early-Middle-English plural)

English: law

Scots: law

Yola: laas (plural)

From Old English lagu, in turn borrowed from Old Norse *lagu, a plural of lag.

The regulations followed by a job or group of people.

Morality, natural law (either instinctual or taught):

The Bible or one of the two books which it is composed of.

The Torah or the moral strictures contained within it.

One of the Ten Commandments or their totality.

A law or the totality of laws active in a community; the law.

The practicing of law; litigation, legal action, or part of it.

One's behaviour, acts, practices, or mode of living:

The method, technique, or way in which something is accomplished.

(rare) A trapping, ceremony, or ritual that forms part of a religion.


vertuous

head

vertuous (plural and weak singular vertuouse)

vertuouse (plural)
vertuouse (singular weak)

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">vertuous</i>

English: virtuous (obsolete vertuous)

Scots: virtuous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vertuous, vertous, from Latin virtuōsus; equivalent to vertu + -ous.

Useful against occult or malign forces; warding against sorcery.


dragoun

English: dragon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: draigon

Borrowed from Old French dragon, from Latin dracō, dracōnem, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of drake (“dragon”).

An dragon, drake, wyrm (mythological creature)

(biblical) A serpent or reptilian monster