abay

English: abay

(rare) The state of being defenceless against one's enemies.


quarter

English: quarter

Scots: quarter, corter

Yola: curthere, cortere

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quarter, from Latin quartārius.

A quarter (fourth part of something):
A quarter of a whole chicken.

A quarter of the year; a three-month period.

A quarter of the night; a three-hour period.

A quarter of an hour; a 15-minute period.


trumpet

English: trumpet

Scots: trumpet

From Old French trompette; equivalent to trumpe + -et.


violet

English: violet

From Old French violette, from Latin viola.


pigment

English: pigment


saffron

English: saffron

Scots: sefron

c. 1200, borrowed from Old French safran, from Medieval Latin safranum, from Arabic زَعْفَرَان (zaʕfarān);
as a colour adjective from the late 14th century.


sol

From Latin sōl (“sun”), or perhaps from Old English sōl (“sun”), both of which hail from Proto-Indo-European *sóh₂wl̥.

The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun (the center of our solar system).


vert

English: vert

Borrowed from Old French vert, from Vulgar Latin virdis, syncopated from Classical Latin viridis.


vert

English: vert


song

songes (plural)
song (accusative nominative singular)
songes (accusative nominative plural)
songes (genitive singular)
songe (genitive plural)
songes (genitive plural)
songe (dative singular)
songen (dative plural)

English: song

Scots: song, sang

Yola: zong

From Old English sang, song, from Proto-West Germanic *sangw, from Proto-Germanic *sangwaz.

Religious or spiritual chanting or hymns.

An exposition or story, especially a sung one.

A song supposed to have occult or magical power.

The practice or an instance of singing songs.

The sound produced by a bird (rarely other creatures)


cry

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: crie, cry

Borrowed from Old French cri, from crier; compare crien.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A call of distress or sorrow.

A shout or yell; a loud vocalisation:
A plea for help or justice.

An announcement or report:
A call for people; a summons.


woke

head

woke (plural and weak singular woke, comparative wakker, superlative wakkest)

woke (plural)
woke (singular weak)
wakker (comparative)
wakkest (superlative)

Scots: wak, wake, waik (conflated with weyk)

Inherited from Old English wāc, from Proto-West Germanic *waikw, from Proto-Germanic *waikwaz. Doublet of weyk.

Physically weak or feeble; lacking strength or energy:

Weak or feeble due to illness, affliction or aging.

Lacking competency in combat or on the battlefield.

Helpless; lacking power, authority, or control.

(rare) Fruitless, barren (agriculturally unusable).


light

English: light

Geordie English: leet

Scots: licht

Yola: lhygt

From Old English lēoht (“light, daylight; power of vision; luminary; world”), from Proto-West Germanic *leuht, from Proto-Germanic *leuhtą (“light”), from Proto-Indo-European *lewktom, from the root *lewk- (“light”).
Etymology tree
Proto-Germanic *leuhtaz
Proto-West Germanic *leuht
Old English lēoht
Middle English light

etymon

The radiation which allows for vision by brightening objects and colours.

Illumination in general, or any source thereof.

(architecture) an opening in a wall allowing for the transmission of light; a window.


snow

English: snow

Scots: snaw

Yola: sneow, sneew, snowe, snow

From Old English snāw, from Proto-West Germanic *snaiw, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz.


stroke

English: stroke

Scots: strake, straik, strak

Yola: stroke

From Old English *strāc, from Proto-West Germanic *straik.

A loud sound caused by weather (e.g. heavy rain)


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A pipe; a piece of tubing used as a channel (often for fluids):

A pipe (musical instrument) or a similar wind instrument.

(rare) A pipe as part of a musical instrument (e.g. bagpipes)


cornet

English: cornet

Borrowed from Old French cornet; equivalent to corne (“callus”) + -et.


lune

English: Luna

From Old French lune (“moon”), from Latin lūna.

(astronomy, sometimes capitalised) The celestial body closest to the Earth, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system as well as the boundary between the Earth and the heavens.


sonne

English: sun

Scots: sun

Yola: zin

From Old English sunne, from Proto-West Germanic *sunnā, from Proto-Germanic *sunnǭ.

14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 7-8.
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne,

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun.


requiem

English: requiem

Scots: requiem (obsolete)

From Latin requiem, the first word of the introit for the traditional requiem mass.


silence

English: silence

Scots: seelence

From Old French silence, from Latin silentium.

And whanne he hadde opened þe ſeuenþe ſeel. a ſilence was maad in heuene as an half an our.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:1, page 120r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And when he had opened the seventh seal, silence occurred in heaven for half an hour.

Silence; the state of refraining or refusing to speak.

Quietness; a lack of sound or speaking (for a given area or time).


harpe

English: harp


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).


ymne

English: hymn

Scots: hime

Borrowed from Old French ymne, from Latin hymnus, from Ancient Greek ὕμνος (húmnos), from Proto-Indo-European *sh₂em- (“sing”).


mode

English: mood

Scots: mude, muid

From Old English mōd, from Proto-Germanic *mōdaz.

Activity within one's mind or brain:
(rare) Part of one's thought process.

Activity within one's mind or brain:
Part of one's thought process.

(rare) One's actions as a whole; the way one behaves.


mode

English: mode, mood

(rare) Songs; pieces or sources of music.


instrument

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.


sad

head

sad (plural and weak singular sadde, comparative saddere, superlative saddest)

sadde (plural)
sadde (singular weak)
saddere (comparative)
saddest (superlative)

English: sad

Scots: sad

From Old English sæd, from Proto-West Germanic *sad, from Proto-Germanic *sadaz, from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-.

firm, solid, hard: [from 14th c.]
secure (inspiring trust)

firm, solid, hard:
secure (inspiring trust)


reed

14th c., Chaucer, General Prologue
Boold was hir face, and fair, and reed of hewe.

Bold was her face, and fair, and red of hue.


vapour

English: vapour, vapor

Scots: vapour

Yola: vaaper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman vapour, from Latin vapor.

Fumes or vapour; a visible gaseous emission:


rote

English: rote

Scots: rote (rare, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French rote, from Latin chrotta, borrowed from a Germanic form such as Old High German hruoza, borrowed itself from a Celtic term deriving from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of crowde.

A musical instrument having strings and similar to a harp.


brand

English: brand

Scots: brand

Yola: broan, brone

From Old English brand, brond, from Proto-West Germanic *brand, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz.


blast

English: blast
→ Irish: bleaist

Scots: blast

From Old English blǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *blāst(i), from Proto-Germanic *blēstuz; equivalent to blasen + -th.

The blast produced by a musical instrument.

The sound produced by thunder or storms.


flax

English: flax

Inherited from Old English fleax, from Proto-West Germanic *flahs, from Proto-Germanic *flahsą, from Proto-Indo-European *plek-.


ere

English: ear
Tok Pisin: ia

Scots: ear

From Old English ēare, from Proto-West Germanic *auʀā, from Proto-Germanic *ausô, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ṓws.

The ear (organ that receives sound):
The auricle; the outside of the ear.

The ear canal; the inside channel of the ear.


bale

English: bale (archaic)

Scots: bale

Either from Old English bǣl, Old Norse bál, or a conflation of both; in any case, from Proto-Germanic *bēlą.


sanguine

English: sanguine

From Old French sanguin (and feminine sanguine), from Latin sanguineus.

Made of or created from blood (as a humour); bloody.


taper

English: taper

From Old English tapor, possibly from Latin papȳrus (if so, a doublet of papirus).


blase

English: blaze

desc

Scots: bleize, blase, blese, bleise, bleis, bleeze

Yola: blaze, bleaze, blease

From Old English blæse, blase, from Proto-West Germanic *blasā, from Proto-Germanic *blasǭ.

(rare) A lamp or beacon (fire used as lighting).


gul

⇒ Scots: golgrav

Yola: ghou

Borrowed from Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz.


soot

English: soot

Scots: suit, sute

Yola: zoot

Inherited from Old English sōt, from Proto-West Germanic *sōt, from Proto-Germanic *sōtą.


bagpipe

English: bagpipe, bagpipes

Yola: big-peeps (misspelled)


fagot

English: faggot, fagot

Scots: faggot

Yola: fagoghes (plural)

Borrowed from Old French fagot; further etymology is disputed.


rem

Inherited from Old English hrēam, from Proto-West Germanic *hraum, from Proto-Germanic *hraumaz.

(mainly Early ME) A shout or yell; a loud, aggressive, noise.

(Early Middle English) A moan; a call of sadness or sorrow.


bas

English: base, bass

Scots: base

Borrowed from Old French bas, from Late Latin bassus.

Low, short; lacking in height or altitude.

Poor, unlucky, common; of low rank or wealth.


corde

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

One of the strings of a string instrument.


dumb

English: dumb

Scots: dumb

Lacking or failing to display the faculty of voice:

(substantive) A mute; one who can't speak.


glede

English: glede, glead

Scots: gled, gleed

Inherited from Old English glida, from Proto-West Germanic *glidā, from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; related to gliden. Forms with /ɛ/ are possibly either from an Old English variant *gleoda or due to the influence of Old Norse gleða.


glede

English: glede, glead, gleed

Scots: gleed, gleid

Inherited from Old English glēd, from Proto-West Germanic *glōdi, from Proto-Germanic *glōdiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

"But of the fir and flaumbe funeral / In which my body brennen shal to glede,

c. 1380, Geoffrey Chaucer, “Troilus and Criseyde”, in B.A. Windeatt, editor, Troilus and Criseyde: "The Book of Troilus" by Geoffrey Chaucer, Taylor & Francis (Routledge), published 2016, page 462:


sooty

English: sooty

Scots: suitie, sitty, sittie


riche

head

riche (plural and weak singular riche, comparative richere, superlative richest)

riche (plural)
riche (singular weak)
richere (comparative)
richest (superlative)

English: rich

Scots: rich

Yola: reeche

From Old English rīċe (“mighty, rich”), from Proto-West Germanic *rīkī, from Proto-Germanic *rīkijaz (“powerful, rich”), from *rīks, an early borrowing from Proto-Celtic *rīxs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs.

inh

Intense; loud (in sound), deep (in colour)


swart

head

swart (plural and weak singular swarte, comparative swarter)

swarte (plural)
swarte (singular weak)
swarter (comparative)

English: swart, swarth

Scots: swart

From Old English sweart, from Proto-West Germanic *swart, from Proto-Germanic *swartaz; compare Middle Dutch swart, Middle Low German swart, Middle High German swarz.

Black-skinned, swarthy; having dark skin.

Black; swart.
(rare) Bruised, heavily wounded.


tinder

English: tinder

Scots: tunder, tundir

From Old English tynder, from Proto-Germanic *tundrą.


murmur

English: murmur

From Old French murmure, from Latin murmur.


dirige

English: dirge

Scots: dirge

From Latin dirige, from the beginning of the first antiphon in matins for the dead, Dirige, Domine, deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam.

The portion of a Christian remembrance service beginning from the first antiphon in matins for the dead.


Muse

English: Muse, muse

Scots: Muse, muse

From Latin Mūsa, either directly or from Old French muse. Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μοῦσᾰ (Moûsa).


inde

From Old French Inde (“India”), from Latin India, from Ancient Greek Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ (Indíā).


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bet, past participle beten)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bet (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
beten (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bet (first-person past singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bete (past second-person singular)
bet (past second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (past singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
beten (participle past)
bete (participle past)
bet (participle past)
ybeten (participle past)
ybete (participle past)

desctree

English: beat
→ Pennsylvania German: biede

Scots: beat, beit

Inherited from Old English bēatan, from Proto-West Germanic *bautan, from Proto-Germanic *bautaną, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰewd-.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To bombard or strike with projectiles.

To beat; to repeatedly strike or hit:
To bat (wings or eyes) up and down.


beten

enm-verb

beten (third-person singular simple present beteth, present participle betynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative bette, past participle bet)

beteth (present singular third-person)
betynge (participle present)
bette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
bet (participle past)
beten (infinitive)
to beten (infinitive)
bete (infinitive)
bete (first-person present singular)
bette (first-person past singular)
bete (first-person past singular)
betest (present second-person singular)
bettest (past second-person singular)
betest (past second-person singular)
beteth (present singular third-person)
bet (present singular third-person)
bette (past singular third-person)
bete (past singular third-person)
bete (present singular subjunctive)
bette (past singular subjunctive)
bete (past singular subjunctive)
bete (imperative present singular)
beten (plural present)
bete (plural present)
betten (past plural)
bette (past plural)
beten (past plural)
bete (past plural)
beteth (imperative plural present)
bete (imperative plural present)
betynge (participle present)
betende (participle present)
bet (participle past)
ybet (participle past)

English: beet (dialectal, obsolete)

Scots: bete, beit, beet, beat

Inherited from Old English bētan, from Proto-West Germanic *bōtijan, from Proto-Germanic *bōtijaną; some forms are remodelled on bet (“better”).

To expiate; to make amends for a sin or wrong.


skyr

English: skire (obsolete), sheer

Scots: skyre

From Old Norse skírr, from Proto-Germanic *skīriz. Doublet of schyre.

clear-coloured, pale, light, luminous, radiant


fyr

English: fire

→ Japanese: ファイヤー (faiyā)

Sranan Tongo: faya

Scots: fyre, feier

Yola: vire, vier

From Old English fȳr, from Proto-West Germanic *fuir, from Proto-Germanic *fōr.


crochet

English: crotchet

From Old French crochet; doublet of croket.


hos

English: hoarse

Scots: hairse, hairsh, haise

From Old English hās, *hārs, from Proto-Germanic *haisaz, *haisraz.

(rare) Unclear-sounding; hard to detect.


singen

singen (infinitive)
to singen (infinitive)
singe (infinitive)
singe (first-person present singular)
sang (first-person past singular)
singest (present second-person singular)
sunge (past second-person singular)
sange (past second-person singular)
sang (past second-person singular)
singeth (present singular third-person)
sang (past singular third-person)
singe (present singular subjunctive)
sunge (past singular subjunctive)
sange (past singular subjunctive)
singe (imperative present singular)
singen (plural present)
singe (plural present)
sungen (past plural)
sunge (past plural)
sangen (past plural)
sange (past plural)
singeth (imperative plural present)
singe (imperative plural present)
singynge (participle present)
singende (participle present)
sungen (participle past)
sunge (participle past)

English: sing

Scots: sing

Yola: zing

From Old English singan (“to sing”). Cognate with Middle Dutch singen, Middle High German singen, Old Swedish siunga, and Crimean Gothic singhen.

To sing (something); to produce (certain) noises with one's voice:

To cry in agony; to produce lamentations.

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom

To talk, recite, or declare (especially in a particular way or manner):

To perform the Eucharist (in a given way).

To make the sound of a musical instrument.


branden

branden (infinitive)
to branden (infinitive)
brande (infinitive)
brande (first-person present singular)
brante (first-person past singular)
branded (first-person past singular)
brandest (present second-person singular)
brantest (past second-person singular)
brandedest (past second-person singular)
brandeth (present singular third-person)
brante (past singular third-person)
branded (past singular third-person)
brande (present singular subjunctive)
brante (past singular subjunctive)
branded (past singular subjunctive)
brande (imperative present singular)
branden (plural present)
brande (plural present)
branten (past plural)
brante (past plural)
brandeden (past plural)
brandede (past plural)
brandeth (imperative plural present)
brande (imperative plural present)
brandynge (participle present)
brandende (participle present)
brant (participle past)
branded (participle past)
ybrant (participle past)
ybranded (participle past)

English: brand


doucet

English: doucet

From Old French doucet; equivalent to douce + -et.

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of musical instrument.


heten

heten (third-person singular simple present heteth, present participle hetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative hette, past participle het)

heteth (present singular third-person)
hetynge (participle present)
hette (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
het (participle past)
heten (infinitive)
to heten (infinitive)
hete (infinitive)
hete (first-person present singular)
hette (first-person past singular)
hetest (present second-person singular)
hettest (past second-person singular)
heteth (present singular third-person)
hette (past singular third-person)
hete (present singular subjunctive)
hette (past singular subjunctive)
hete (imperative present singular)
heten (plural present)
hete (plural present)
hetten (past plural)
hette (past plural)
heteth (imperative plural present)
hete (imperative plural present)
hetynge (participle present)
hetende (participle present)
het (participle past)
yhet (participle past)

English: heat

Scots: heat, haet, het

⇒ Scots: het

Inherited from Old English hǣtan, from Proto-West Germanic *haitijan, from Proto-Germanic *haitijaną; equivalent to hete (“heat”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


sauter

English: psalter

Borrowed from Old French sautier, saltier, from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion), replacing Old English psalter. Doublet of sauterie.

The Biblical book of Psalms; the section of the Bible containing psalms.

string instrument
string instrument#English

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


sor

English: sore (obsolete)

From Old French sor, from Frankish *saur, from Proto-Germanic *sauzaz. Doublet of sere (“dry”).

sorrel (red-brown; used to describe animals)


plunket

English: blunket (obsolete)

Potentially from Old Northern French blanket; though this etymology is disputed; more at English blunket.


auripigment

English: auripigment

orpiment (as used in alchemy and medicine)


blake

[1888] Whil heo weoren blake […] whil heo weoren ræde. [19890] Ænne stunde he wes blac […] while he wes reod.

1400, St. Alexius (Cott.), 236

1420, Anturs Arth. li: *: Thayre blees weren so blake. Alle blake was thayre blees.

The vynes blake awaie thowe take, eke greene And tender vynes kytte.

1530, Palsgr., 306: *: Blake, wan of colour.


frosty

English: frosty

Scots: frosty

From Old English forstiġ, from Proto-West Germanic *frostag, equivalent to frost + -y. Compare Old English fyrstiġ.


yel

English: yell

Scots: yell


muet

English: mute

Scots: mute

From Anglo-Norman muet; sometimes influenced by Latin mūtus.

(rare) Mute; unable to speak or incapable of speech.


blasen

blasen (infinitive)
to blasen (infinitive)
blase (infinitive)
blase (first-person present singular)
blased (first-person past singular)
blasest (present second-person singular)
blasedest (past second-person singular)
blaseth (present singular third-person)
blased (past singular third-person)
blase (present singular subjunctive)
blased (past singular subjunctive)
blase (imperative present singular)
blasen (plural present)
blase (plural present)
blaseden (past plural)
blasede (past plural)
blaseth (imperative plural present)
blase (imperative plural present)
blasynge (participle present)
blasende (participle present)
blased (participle past)
yblased (participle past)

English: blaze

Scots: bleize

To blaze; to be alight or flaming with intensity.


blasen

English: blaze

From Old English *blǣsan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāsan.


serge

English: cierge

Scots: serge, sarge (obsolete)

From Old French cierge, cerge, cirge, from Latin cereus (“waxy”).


candel

English: candle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: candil, candel, candle

Yola: condale, candale, condel

From Old English candel, from Latin candēla.


lanterne

desctree

English: lantern
→ Bengali: লন্ঠন (lonṭhon)
Hindi: लालटेन (lālṭen)
→ Irish: laindéar
→ Malay: lentera
Indonesian: lentera
→ Telugu: లాంతరు (lāntaru)

Scots: lantern

From Old French lanterne, from Latin lanterna, from Ancient Greek λαμπτήρ (lamptḗr).


lude

English: loude (obsolete)

Scots: lood, luid

From Old English hlȳd (“noise, sound, tumult, disturbance, dissension”), from Proto-Germanic *hlūdijō (“sound”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlew- (“to hear”). Influenced by Old Norse hljóð (from Proto-Germanic *hleuþą). The final vowel is generalised from Old English inflected forms.

der

Þa hunten wenden æfter mid muchelen heora lude. — Layamon's Brut

Þa luden heo iherden of þan Rom-leoden. — Layamon's Brut


remen

remen (infinitive)
to remen (infinitive)
reme (infinitive)
reme (first-person present singular)
remed (first-person past singular)
remest (present second-person singular)
remedest (past second-person singular)
remeth (present singular third-person)
remed (past singular third-person)
reme (present singular subjunctive)
remed (past singular subjunctive)
reme (imperative present singular)
remen (plural present)
reme (plural present)
remeden (past plural)
remede (past plural)
remeth (imperative plural present)
reme (imperative plural present)
remynge (participle present)
remende (participle present)
remed (participle past)
yremed (participle past)


geste

English: gest, jest

Scots: jeest

Borrowed from Middle French geste, from Old French geste, from Medieval Latin gesta.


bref

English: brief, breve

Scots: brief, brieve, breef, briefe

Borrowed from Old French brief, and its feminine form brieve, from Latin brevis, form Proto-Italic *breɣʷis, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of mery.


cresset

English: cresset

Borrowed from Old French crasset, cresset, possibly from a West Germanic language.


sixte

English: sixth (confer obsolete sixt)

Scots: sixt, sext, saxt

From Old English sixta, from Proto-West Germanic *sehstō, from Proto-Germanic *sehstô.
Equivalent to six + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on; though this is rare in Middle English, unlike than in fifte. Forms with -st- are from the Old English variant sesta.

(rare) A musical sixth; a note a sixth away from another given note.


sparke

enm-noun

sparke (plural sparkes or (early) sparken)

English: spark (see there for further descendants)

Scots: spark, sperk

From Old English spearca, from Proto-West Germanic *sparkō, perhaps from Proto-Germanic *sparkaz.


hakken

hakken (infinitive)
to hakken (infinitive)
hakke (infinitive)
hakke (first-person present singular)
hakked (first-person past singular)
hakkest (present second-person singular)
hakkedest (past second-person singular)
hakketh (present singular third-person)
hakked (past singular third-person)
hakke (present singular subjunctive)
hakked (past singular subjunctive)
hakke (imperative present singular)
hakken (plural present)
hakke (plural present)
hakkeden (past plural)
hakkede (past plural)
hakketh (imperative plural present)
hakke (imperative plural present)
hakkynge (participle present)
hakkende (participle present)
hakked (participle past)
yhakked (participle past)

English: hack

Scots: hack, hawk

Inherited from Old English *haccian, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkōn, from Proto-Germanic *hakkōną.


musicien

Borrowed from Middle French musicien; equivalent to musike + -ien.


derk

head

derk (plural and weak singular derke, comparative derker, superlative derkest)

derke (plural)
derke (singular weak)
derker (comparative)
derkest (superlative)

English: dark

Scots: derk

Yola: dhourk, durk

From Old English deorc, from Proto-West Germanic *derk; compare therk.


torche

English: torch

From Old French torche, from Vulgar Latin *torca.


lilie

English: lily

Scots: lily

From Old English lilie, from Latin līlia, plural of līlium, from Ancient Greek λείριον (leírion), from Fayyumic Coptic ϩⲗⲏⲣⲓ (hlēri) (compare Sahidic Coptic ϩⲣⲏⲣⲉ (hrēre)), from Demotic (ḥrry, “flower”), from Egyptian ḥrrt (“flower”).

der

<i class="Latn mention" lang="egx-dem">ḥrry</i>

A pure, good, and holy individual (e.g. Jesus, the Virgin Mary)


organe

desctree

English: organ
→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)
→ Maori: ōkana
→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

Scots: organ

From Old French organe, orgene, from Latin organum (“implement; musical instrument”). Doublet of organum.

der

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.

(music) A keyboard instrument that produces sound by air moved through pipes; an organ.

(music) A melody sung in counterpoint or descant; organum.


berken

berken (infinitive)
to berken (infinitive)
berke (infinitive)
berke (first-person present singular)
bark (first-person past singular)
berked (first-person past singular)
berkest (present second-person singular)
borke (past second-person singular)
bark (past second-person singular)
berkedest (past second-person singular)
berketh (present singular third-person)
bark (past singular third-person)
berked (past singular third-person)
berke (present singular subjunctive)
borke (past singular subjunctive)
berked (past singular subjunctive)
berke (imperative present singular)
berken (plural present)
berke (plural present)
borken (past plural)
borke (past plural)
berkeden (past plural)
berkede (past plural)
berketh (imperative plural present)
berke (imperative plural present)
berkynge (participle present)
berkende (participle present)
borken (participle past)
borke (participle past)
berked (participle past)

English: bark

Scots: berk, bark

From Old English beorcan, from Proto-West Germanic *berkan (“to bark”).

To grumble or whine; to utter complaints or insults.


noyse

English: noise

Scots: noise

Borrowed from Old French noise, from either Latin nausea or Latin noxia.

A sound (auditory sensation):
A noise (unpleasant sound)

A sound (auditory sensation):
A loud voice; a crying out.

A sound (auditory sensation):
The sound made by a certain animal.


fiele

Borrowed from Old French viele, from Latin vitula, with replacement of /v/ with /f/ on the analogy of fithele (either in Middle English or already in Anglo-Norman).

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


sorel

English: sorrel

Rumex acetosa
Rumex acetosa#Translingual

Oxalis acetosella
Oxalis acetosella#Translingual


sorel

English: sorel, sorrel

From Old French sorel; equivalent to sor (“sorrel”) + -el (diminutive suffix).


percher

English: percher


leme

English: leam

Scots: leim, leme

From Old English lēoma, from Proto-West Germanic *leuhmō.
Forms with /ɛː/ are unexpected; they may be due to the influence of beem and gleem.

Light, brightness, or an instance of it:

Firis with red lemes.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Tale of the Nonnes Preest”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(figuratively) Wisdom, revelation, or one who grants it.


gron

English: groan

Scots: grain, grane


fifte

English: fifth

Scots: fift, fyft

From Old English fīfta, from Proto-West Germanic *fimftō, from Proto-Germanic *fimftô. Equivalent to five + -the (ordinal suffix), which some forms are remodeled on.


fifte

English: fifth

Scots: fift, fyft

(rare) A fifth; something which is fifth.

(rare) A musical fifth or a note a fifth away from another given note.


salm

English: psalm

Scots: saum, sawm

→ Middle Welsh: salm

Welsh: salm

Inherited from Old English psealm, from Late Latin psalmus. Some forms are influenced by Old French salme, saume.


nyght

enm-noun

nyght (plural nyghtes or nyght or nyghte)

nyghtes (plural)
nyght (plural)
nyghte (plural)

English: night

Geordie English: neet

Scots: nicht, neicht

Yola: neeght, nieght, nyeght

From Old English niht, from Proto-West Germanic *naht, from Proto-Germanic *nahts, from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts.

And smale foweles maken melodye / That slepen al the nyght with open iye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto, lines 9-10:

And small birds make melodies, / sleeping all night with an open eye.


saphir

English: sapphire

Borrowed from Old French saphir, saffre, from Latin sapphir, sappir, sapphīrus, from Ancient Greek σάπφειρος (sáppheiros).


beken

English: beacon

Scots: beikin, bekin

Inherited from Old English bēacn, bēcn, from Proto-West Germanic *baukn, from Proto-Germanic *baukną.

(rare) The structure a beacon is placed on.


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

One of a human body's liquids or fluids; a biofluid:

(rare) Partially digested food while sitting in the stomach.

A pursuit, occurrence, condition, or event, especially when problematic:

(law) A lawsuit or litigation; legal action or activity.


stremen

stremen (infinitive)
to stremen (infinitive)
streme (infinitive)
streme (first-person present singular)
stremed (first-person past singular)
stremest (present second-person singular)
stremedest (past second-person singular)
stremeth (present singular third-person)
stremed (past singular third-person)
streme (present singular subjunctive)
stremed (past singular subjunctive)
streme (imperative present singular)
stremen (plural present)
streme (plural present)
stremeden (past plural)
stremede (past plural)
stremeth (imperative plural present)
streme (imperative plural present)
stremynge (participle present)
stremende (participle present)
stremed (participle past)
ystremed (participle past)

English: stream

Scots: stream

To shine; to stream out (of a light or glow)


synger

English: singer

Scots: singar

A singer (one who makes song of any gender)

A musician (one who plays a musical instrument)


mader

English: madder

desc

Scots: mather, mader, madder, malder, maider (obsolete)

→ Irish: madra, madar

From Old English mædere, mædre, from Proto-Germanic *madarǭ.

Rubia tinctorum
Rubia tinctorum#Translingual

Madder (Rubia tinctorum) or a similar plant.


weke

English: week

Scots: wouk

Yola: wick, wik

From Old English wiċe, wucu; from Proto-West Germanic *wikā, from Proto-Germanic *wikǭ.

week (any duration of (around) seven days)


morter

English: mortar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mortar

→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Borrowed from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium.

Grout or mortar (that which holds bricks together)

A bowl with fuel inside used for a light source.

Any kind of bowl, vessel, or indentation.

(rare) A bowl that wrongdoers are forced to carry.


schaft

English: shaft

Scots: schaft, shaft

Inherited from Old English sċeaft (“shaft”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaft, from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz.

inh+

A weapon's shaft; the body of a polearm.

A spear or similar weapon based around its shaft.

A missile, projectile, or the shaft of one.


tenour

English: tenor

Scots: tenor

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman tenour, from Latin tenor.

(music) The primary musical section (tending to be the tenor)

(music, rare) A pitch as a basis for finding out pitch difference.

(music, rare) Something's vocal or musical characteristics.


hewe

English: hue

Scots: hew, hu, hue

Inherited from Old English hīew, from Proto-West Germanic *hiwi, from Proto-Germanic *hiwją.
Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives, especially in the common combination of (red, grene, etc.) hewe.


crien

enm-verb

crien (third-person singular simple present crieth, present participle cryinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle cried)

crieth (present singular third-person)
cryinge (participle present)
cried (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
crien (infinitive)
to crien (infinitive)
crie (infinitive)
crie (first-person present singular)
cried (first-person past singular)
cride (first-person past singular)
criest (present second-person singular)
criedest (past second-person singular)
cridest (past second-person singular)
crieth (present singular third-person)
cried (past singular third-person)
cride (past singular third-person)
crie (present singular subjunctive)
cried (past singular subjunctive)
cride (past singular subjunctive)
crie (imperative present singular)
crien (plural present)
crie (plural present)
crieden (past plural)
criede (past plural)
criden (past plural)
cride (past plural)
crieth (imperative plural present)
crie (imperative plural present)
cryinge (participle present)
criende (participle present)
cried (participle past)
crid (participle past)

English: cry

Scots: cry

Yola: cry't (preterite)

Borrowed from Old French crier, from Vulgar Latin *crītāre; equivalent to cry + -en (infinitival suffix).

criþe

either reflects early Old French crider or a scribal error

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To weep or cry in sorrow.

(with preposition) To shout against; to verbally protest.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To shout against; to verbally protest.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To plead for help or justice.

To cry out; to shout or yell:
To pray for divine aid; to supplicate.

To announce or proclaim:
To order, charge, or direct.


voys

English: voice

Scots: voice, vice, vyce

Yola: vice

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman voiz, voys, veys, from Latin vōx, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs.

A sentence (especially a maxim or byword)

An utterance; the use of one's voice:
A prayer (entreaty to a deity).

A musical sound; a tune, note, or musical piece or a kind of one.

Intent, preference (What a person or people want):


derknesse

English: darkness

Scots: daurkness

From Old English deorcnes; equivalent to derk + -nesse.

[...] ‘Now, Cristes owene knightes leve and dere,
Caste alle awey the werkes of derknesse,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Second Nun's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 383-385

… ‘Now, Christ's own knights beloved and dear,
Cast away all the works of darkness,
And arm yourselves in armor of brightness.’

And armeth yow in armure of brightnesse.’


deyen

English: dye


loude

English: loud

Scots: loud, lood

Inherited from Old English hlūde, from Proto-West Germanic *hlūdō, from Proto-Germanic *hlūdô; compare loud.


bateren

bateren (third-person singular simple present batereth, present participle baterende, baterynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle batered)

batereth (present singular third-person)
baterende (participle present)
baterynge (participle present)
batered (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
bateren (infinitive)
to bateren (infinitive)
batere (first-person present singular)
batered (first-person past singular)
baterest (present second-person singular)
bateredest (past second-person singular)
batereth (present singular third-person)
batered (past singular third-person)
batere (present singular subjunctive)
batered (past singular subjunctive)
batere (imperative present singular)
bateren (plural present)
batere (plural present)
batereden (past plural)
baterede (past plural)
batereth (imperative plural present)
batere (imperative plural present)
baterynge (participle present)
baterende (participle present)
batered (participle past)
ybatered (participle past)

English: batter

Scots: batter

Borrowed from Old French batre (< Latin battere, earlier battuere), with the Old French infinitival ending retained as if baten (“to beat”) + -eren.

(rare, music) To resound; to produce vibrations.


pipen

pipen (infinitive)
to pipen (infinitive)
pipe (infinitive)
pipe (first-person present singular)
piped (first-person past singular)
pipest (present second-person singular)
pipedest (past second-person singular)
pipeth (present singular third-person)
piped (past singular third-person)
pipe (present singular subjunctive)
piped (past singular subjunctive)
pipe (imperative present singular)
pipen (plural present)
pipe (plural present)
pipeden (past plural)
pipede (past plural)
pipeth (imperative plural present)
pipe (imperative plural present)
pipynge (participle present)
pipende (participle present)
piped (participle past)
ypiped (participle past)

English: pipe

Scots: pipe

Inherited from Old English pīpian, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpan, from Proto-Germanic *pīpaną; equivalent to pipe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To use a pipe or similar musical instrument; to play music.

To make high-pitched noises or sound like a small animal.

To squeal; to talk with a high pitch or like a small animal.


ropen

ropen (infinitive)
to ropen (infinitive)
rope (infinitive)
rope (first-person present singular)
roped (first-person past singular)
ropest (present second-person singular)
ropedest (past second-person singular)
ropeth (present singular third-person)
roped (past singular third-person)
rope (present singular subjunctive)
roped (past singular subjunctive)
rope (imperative present singular)
ropen (plural present)
rope (plural present)
ropeden (past plural)
ropede (past plural)
ropeth (imperative plural present)
rope (imperative plural present)
ropynge (participle present)
ropende (participle present)
roped (participle past)

English: roop, roup

Scots: roup; croup

→ English: croup

→ Dutch: kroep

→ French: croup

From Old English hrōpan, from Proto-West Germanic *hrōpan, from Proto-Germanic *hrōpaną; equivalent to rop (“call”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Forms in /ɔu̯/ are influenced by Old Norse raupa.


musike

English: music (see there for further descendants)

Scots: muisic

Borrowed from Old French musique, from Latin mūsica; equivalent to Muse + -ik.


beme

→ English: beme

Inherited from Old English bēme, Anglian form of bīeme, bȳme (“trumpet; tablet, billet”), from Proto-West Germanic *baumijā; compare beem.


sanguinolent

English: sanguinolent

From Old French sanguinolent, borrowed itself from Latin sanguinolentus.

Blood-coloured; having the same colour of blood.


drem

English: dream

Scots: dreme

From Old English drēam, from Proto-West Germanic *draum, from Proto-Germanic *draumaz. Some senses are probably a semantic loan from Old Norse draumr, displacing sweven (from Old English swefn).


mery

head

mery (comparative meriere, superlative meriest)

meriere (comparative)
meriest (superlative)

English: merry

Scots: mirry, mery

Inherited from Old English meriġe, miriġe, myriġe, myreġe, myrġe, from Proto-West Germanic *murgī, from Proto-Germanic *murguz, from Proto-Indo-European *mréǵʰus. Doublet of bref.

Happy, joyful, pleased; in a good mood or state of mind:

Tending to be happy; jovial, merry, good-natured, blissful.

Creating or pertaining to happiness; nice, good, delightful.

(of a time or place) Happy, nice, good, bounteous.

(of speech or sound) Useful, entertaining, appealing.


whetten

enm-verb

whetten (third-person singular simple present whetteth, present participle whettende, whettynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle whetted)

whetteth (present singular third-person)
whettende (participle present)
whettynge (participle present)
whetted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
whetten (infinitive)
to whetten (infinitive)
whette (infinitive)
whette (first-person present singular)
whetted (first-person past singular)
whette (first-person past singular)
whettest (present second-person singular)
whettedest (past second-person singular)
whettest (past second-person singular)
whetteth (present singular third-person)
whetted (past singular third-person)
whette (past singular third-person)
whette (present singular subjunctive)
whetted (past singular subjunctive)
whette (past singular subjunctive)
whette (imperative present singular)
whetten (plural present)
whette (plural present)
whetteden (past plural)
whettede (past plural)
whetten (past plural)
whette (past plural)
whetteth (imperative plural present)
whette (imperative plural present)
whettynge (participle present)
whettende (participle present)
whetted (participle past)
whet (participle past)
ywhetted (participle past)
ywhet (participle past)

English: whet

Scots: what

Yola: what

Inherited from Old English hwettan, from Proto-West Germanic *hwattjan, from Proto-Germanic *hwatjaną.

(rare) To growl or groan; to make hostile noises.


clappe

English: clap

Scots: clap

A loud sound or commotion, especially consisting of speech.


gnast

English: gnast

From Old English *gnāst, from Proto-Germanic *gahnaistô.


chirm

English: chirm, churm; charm, jarm

Scots: chirm, churme

Inherited from Old English ċierm, from Proto-West Germanic *karmi, from Proto-Germanic *karmiz.

(rare) A chirp or tweet; an avian vocalisation.


dumben

dumben (infinitive)
to dumben (infinitive)
dumbe (infinitive)
dumbe (first-person present singular)
dumbed (first-person past singular)
dumbest (present second-person singular)
dumbedest (past second-person singular)
dumbeth (present singular third-person)
dumbed (past singular third-person)
dumbe (present singular subjunctive)
dumbed (past singular subjunctive)
dumbe (imperative present singular)
dumben (plural present)
dumbe (plural present)
dumbeden (past plural)
dumbede (past plural)
dumbeth (imperative plural present)
dumbe (imperative plural present)
dumbynge (participle present)
dumbende (participle present)
dumbed (participle past)
ydumbed (participle past)

English: dumb

From Old English dumbian, from Proto-West Germanic *dumbōn, from Proto-Germanic *dumbōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ- (“to whisk, smoke, darken, obscure”).


sauterie

English: psaltery

Borrowed from Old French sauterie, salterie, borrowed from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion). Doublet of sauter.

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


schinen

schinen (infinitive)
to schinen (infinitive)
schine (infinitive)
schine (first-person present singular)
schon (first-person past singular)
schined (first-person past singular)
schinest (present second-person singular)
schone (past second-person singular)
schine (past second-person singular)
schon (past second-person singular)
schinedest (past second-person singular)
schineth (present singular third-person)
schon (past singular third-person)
schined (past singular third-person)
schine (present singular subjunctive)
schone (past singular subjunctive)
schine (past singular subjunctive)
schined (past singular subjunctive)
schine (imperative present singular)
schinen (plural present)
schine (plural present)
schonen (past plural)
schone (past plural)
schinen (past plural)
schine (past plural)
schineden (past plural)
schinede (past plural)
schineth (imperative plural present)
schine (imperative plural present)
schinynge (participle present)
schinende (participle present)
schinen (participle past)
schined (participle past)
yschinen (participle past)
yschined (participle past)

English: shine

Scots: shine, shyne

From Old English scīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *skīnan, from Proto-Germanic *skīnaną.

To emit brightness and lightness; to shine:

To emit light naturally; to be bright (like a lamp)

To emit light inherently; to be light (like a sheet of paper)

To shimmer; to shine due to being glossy, smooth or viscous.

To be reflective or shine due to this reflectivity

To gleam; to shine due to expensive accoutrements.

To shine due to spiritual or mystic power; to shine with holy light.

To shine upon an area, resulting in it becoming lighter.


nyghtertale

English: nightertale

A calque of Old Norse náttarþel, as if nyght + -er + tale.

So hoote he loued / that by nyghtertale / He slepte namooꝛe / than dooth a nyghtyngale

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 3, recto, lines 96-97:

He loved so ardently / that at nighttime / He didn't sleep any more / than a nightingale does.


blowen

blowen (infinitive)
to blowen (infinitive)
blowe (infinitive)
blowe (first-person present singular)
blew (first-person past singular)
blowest (present second-person singular)
blewe (past second-person singular)
blew (past second-person singular)
bloweth (present singular third-person)
blew (past singular third-person)
blowe (present singular subjunctive)
blewe (past singular subjunctive)
blowe (imperative present singular)
blowen (plural present)
blowe (plural present)
blewen (past plural)
blewe (past plural)
bloweth (imperative plural present)
blowe (imperative plural present)
blowynge (participle present)
blowende (participle present)
blowen (participle past)
blowe (participle past)
yblowen (participle past)
yblowe (participle past)

English: blow

Geordie English: blaw

Scots: blaw

Yola: blay

Inherited from Old English blāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāan, from Proto-Germanic *blēaną.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To play a wind instrument (by blowing)

To blow (produce a current of air):
To strengthen a fire by blowing on it.

To blow (produce a current of air):
To gasp; to struggle to breathe.


yellen

enm-verb

yellen (third-person singular simple present yelleth, present participle yellende, yellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle yelled)

yelleth (present singular third-person)
yellende (participle present)
yellynge (participle present)
yelled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
yellen (infinitive)
to yellen (infinitive)
yelle (infinitive)
yelle (first-person present singular)
yal (first-person past singular)
yelled (first-person past singular)
yellest (present second-person singular)
yolle (past second-person singular)
yal (past second-person singular)
yelledest (past second-person singular)
yelleth (present singular third-person)
yal (past singular third-person)
yelled (past singular third-person)
yelle (present singular subjunctive)
yolle (past singular subjunctive)
yelled (past singular subjunctive)
yelle (imperative present singular)
yellen (plural present)
yelle (plural present)
yollen (past plural)
yolle (past plural)
yelleden (past plural)
yellede (past plural)
yelleth (imperative plural present)
yelle (imperative plural present)
yellynge (participle present)
yellende (participle present)
yollen (participle past)
yolle (participle past)
yelled (participle past)

English: yell

Scots: yell

From Old English ġiellan, from Proto-West Germanic *gellan, from Proto-Germanic *gellaną; a cognate of Middle Low German gellen, Middle Dutch gellen, and Middle High German gellen.

And thei crieden not to me in her herte, but ȝelliden in her beddis. Thei chewiden code on wheete, and wyn, and thei ȝeden awei fro me.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 7:14”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And they didn't cry to me from their hearts; instead they whined in their beds. They chewed wheat and wine like cud, then they ran away from me.

To yell or holler; to make a loud cry (also of animals).

To make a loud noise; to boom, reverbate or crash.


ssed

(Kent) shade (protection; darkness formed by blocking light)


songly

English: songly


funke

English: funk (obsolete)

From Old English *funca, from Proto-West Germanic *funkō, from Proto-Germanic *funkô.


clappen

clappen (infinitive)
to clappen (infinitive)
clappe (infinitive)
clappe (first-person present singular)
clapped (first-person past singular)
clappest (present second-person singular)
clappedest (past second-person singular)
clappeth (present singular third-person)
clapped (past singular third-person)
clappe (present singular subjunctive)
clapped (past singular subjunctive)
clappe (imperative present singular)
clappen (plural present)
clappe (plural present)
clappeden (past plural)
clappede (past plural)
clappeth (imperative plural present)
clappe (imperative plural present)
clappynge (participle present)
clappende (participle present)
clapped (participle past)

English: clap

Scots: clap

Yola: clappu

From Old English clæppan, from Proto-West Germanic *klappōn (with a change in verb class).

To clap; to strike two things against each other.


keye

English: key

Scots: key, kee, kye

From Old English cǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *kaiju; the final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

(music, rare) A musical sound; a note or tone.

In various extended senses:
A musical sound; a note or tone.


nihterne

From Old English nihterne. Equivalent to nyght + -erne.

(hapax, Early Middle English) Of or by the night.


nyȝtschade

English: nightshade

From Old English nihtsċada. Equivalent to nyght + schade.

nightshade (plant belonging to the genus Solanum)


fithelere

English: fiddler

Scots: fiddler

Yola: vidler

From Old English fiþelere; equivalent to fithele + -er.

A musician who plays a bowed string instrument; a viol player.


fithele

desctree

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feddle</i>

English: fiddle (dialectal feddle)
→ Swahili: fidla

Scots: fiddle

Yola: videl

→ Irish: fidil

→ Scottish Gaelic: fìdheall

From Old English *fiþele, from Proto-West Germanic *fiþulā; probably related to Latin vitula.

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


weyk

head

weyk (plural and weak singular weyke, comparative weyker, superlative weykest)

weyke (plural)
weyke (singular weak)
weyker (comparative)
weykest (superlative)

English: weak

Scots: waik, wake, wak (conflated with woke)

Borrowed from Old Norse veikr, from Proto-Germanic *waikwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to bend, wind”); forms with /ɛː/ are borrowed from Old Norse dialects which underwent East Nordic monophongisation. Doublet of woke; akin to Old English wīcan (“to yield”).

der

weak (feeble; lacking bodily strength, might, or energy):

Weak or feeble due to illness, affliction or aging.

Tired; weak or feeble due to overexertion (physical or not)

(of a body part) Vulnerable, inflexible, frail.

(rare) Lacking competency in combat or on the battlefield.


laumpe

desctree

English: lamp
Tok Pisin: lam
→ Korean: 램프 (raempeu)

Scots: lamp

From Old French lampe, from Latin lampas.


schyre

English: shire (obsolete, dialectal), sheer

Scots: schyre

From Old English sċīr (“bright”, adjective) and sċīre (adverb), from Proto-West Germanic *skīr, from Proto-Germanic *skīriz. Doublet of skyr.


clokken

clokken (infinitive)
to clokken (infinitive)
clokke (infinitive)
clokke (first-person present singular)
clokked (first-person past singular)
clokkest (present second-person singular)
clokkedest (past second-person singular)
clokketh (present singular third-person)
clokked (past singular third-person)
clokke (present singular subjunctive)
clokked (past singular subjunctive)
clokke (imperative present singular)
clokken (plural present)
clokke (plural present)
clokkeden (past plural)
clokkede (past plural)
clokketh (imperative plural present)
clokke (imperative plural present)
clokkynge (participle present)
clokkende (participle present)
clokked (participle past)
yclokked (participle past)

English: cluck, clock

Scots: clok, clock, cleck

From Old English cloccian, from Proto-Germanic *klukkwōną.


asshen

English: ashen

From asshe (“burnt matter”) + -en (“pertaining to”).


pleyer

English: player

Scots: player

From Old English pleġere; equivalent to pleyen (“to play”) + -er (“agentive suffix”).

One who provides entertainment (e.g. songs, dance, music):

A performer or participant in a play or stage show.


pleyen

pleyen (infinitive)
to pleyen (infinitive)
pleye (infinitive)
pleye (first-person present singular)
pleyed (first-person past singular)
pleyest (present second-person singular)
pleyedest (past second-person singular)
pleyeth (present singular third-person)
pleyed (past singular third-person)
pleye (present singular subjunctive)
pleyed (past singular subjunctive)
pleye (imperative present singular)
pleyen (plural present)
pleye (plural present)
pleyeden (past plural)
pleyede (past plural)
pleyeth (imperative plural present)
pleye (imperative plural present)
pleyynge (participle present)
pleyende (participle present)
pleyed (participle past)
ypleyed (participle past)

English: play, plaw

Scots: play

From a conflation of Old English pleġan and pleġian, from Proto-West Germanic *plehan and *plegōn. Equivalent to pleye + -en (infinitival suffix).

To play music; to sing and/or play an instrument.


pleye

English: play

Scots: play

Yola: pley

From Old English plæġ, plega, plæġa, from Proto-West Germanic *plegō.

Fun, entertainment, recreation:
Festiveness, cavorting, rowdiness.

An entertaining performance or activity:

A musical performance; the playing of music


daschen

daschen (infinitive)
to daschen (infinitive)
dasche (infinitive)
dasche (first-person present singular)
dasched (first-person past singular)
daschest (present second-person singular)
daschedest (past second-person singular)
dascheth (present singular third-person)
dasched (past singular third-person)
dasche (present singular subjunctive)
dasched (past singular subjunctive)
dasche (imperative present singular)
daschen (plural present)
dasche (plural present)
dascheden (past plural)
daschede (past plural)
dascheth (imperative plural present)
dasche (imperative plural present)
daschynge (participle present)
daschende (participle present)
dasched (participle past)
ydasched (participle past)

English: dash

Scots: dash

From the Old Danish ancestor of Danish daske. Equivalent to dasch + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To hit a percussion instrument as to play it.


crowen

crowen (infinitive)
to crowen (infinitive)
crowe (infinitive)
crowe (first-person present singular)
crew (first-person past singular)
crowest (present second-person singular)
crewe (past second-person singular)
crew (past second-person singular)
croweth (present singular third-person)
crew (past singular third-person)
crowe (present singular subjunctive)
crewe (past singular subjunctive)
crowe (imperative present singular)
crowen (plural present)
crowe (plural present)
crewen (past plural)
crewe (past plural)
croweth (imperative plural present)
crowe (imperative plural present)
crowynge (participle present)
crowende (participle present)
crowen (participle past)
crowe (participle past)
ycrowe (participle past)

English: crow

Scots: craw

From Old English crāwan, from Proto-West Germanic *krāan (“to crow, shout”).

inh

To make other noises typical of birds; to produce birdsong.


snowisshe

English: snowish


snow whit

English: snow-white

Scots: snaw-white

From Old English snāwhwīt, from Proto-Germanic *snaiwahwītaz; equivalent to snow + whit.


jargoun

English: jargon


Appolyn

From inflected forms of Latin Apollo, from Ancient Greek Ἀπόλλων (Apóllōn).

(Greek mythology, Roman mythology) In Greek and Roman mythology, the god governing the sun; Phoebus, Apollo.


Phebus

English: Phoebus

From Latin Phoebus, from Ancient Greek Φοῖβος (Phoîbos, “[the] Radiant [One]”).

der

(astronomy, sometimes uncapitalised) The brightest and warmest celestial body, considered to be a planet in the Ptolemic system; the Sun.


mewen

mewen (infinitive)
to mewen (infinitive)
mewe (infinitive)
mewe (first-person present singular)
mewed (first-person past singular)
mewest (present second-person singular)
mewedest (past second-person singular)
meweth (present singular third-person)
mewed (past singular third-person)
mewe (present singular subjunctive)
mewed (past singular subjunctive)
mewe (imperative present singular)
mewen (plural present)
mewe (plural present)
meweden (past plural)
mewede (past plural)
meweth (imperative plural present)
mewe (imperative plural present)
mewynge (participle present)
mewende (participle present)
mewed (participle past)
ymewed (participle past)

English: mew

Onomatopoeic. Phonetically similar to Catalan mèu (“meow”).


hevy

head

hevy (plural and weak singular hevye, comparative hevyere, superlative hevyest)

hevye (plural)
hevye (singular weak)
hevyere (comparative)
hevyest (superlative)

English: heavy

Scots: hivy

From Old English hefiġ, from Proto-Germanic *habīgaz, equivalent to heven + -y.

Lacking in vitality due to factors such as fatigue, age, disease or conscience.


bekenen

bekenen (infinitive)
to bekenen (infinitive)
bekene (infinitive)
bekene (first-person present singular)
bekened (first-person past singular)
bekenest (present second-person singular)
bekenedest (past second-person singular)
bekeneth (present singular third-person)
bekened (past singular third-person)
bekene (present singular subjunctive)
bekened (past singular subjunctive)
bekene (imperative present singular)
bekenen (plural present)
bekene (plural present)
bekeneden (past plural)
bekenede (past plural)
bekeneth (imperative plural present)
bekene (imperative plural present)
bekenynge (participle present)
bekenende (participle present)
bekened (participle past)
ybekened (participle past)

English: beckon; beck

Middle Scots: bekin

Inherited from Old English bēacnian and bīecnan. Equivalent to beken + -en (infinitival suffix). In some forms, the -n- of the stem has been reanalysed as a infinitival suffix.


chaundeler

English: chandler, candler

Scots: chandler

From Old French chandelier, from Latin candelārius; equivalent to candel + -er.


gleowinge

(rare) Singing; the performance of music.


glewen

glewen (infinitive)
to glewen (infinitive)
glewe (infinitive)
glewe (first-person present singular)
glewed (first-person past singular)
glewest (present second-person singular)
glewedest (past second-person singular)
gleweth (present singular third-person)
glewed (past singular third-person)
glewe (present singular subjunctive)
glewed (past singular subjunctive)
glewe (imperative present singular)
glewen (plural present)
glewe (plural present)
gleweden (past plural)
glewede (past plural)
gleweth (imperative plural present)
glewe (imperative plural present)
glewynge (participle present)
glewende (participle present)
glewed (participle past)
yglewed (participle past)

From Old English glīwian, from Proto-Germanic *glīwwōną.

To play music or songs; to please with music.


glewen

English: glue

To connect together; to unify, link, or shut; to cause two things to come connected.


glowen

glowen (infinitive)
to glowen (infinitive)
glowe (infinitive)
glowe (first-person present singular)
glowed (first-person past singular)
glew (first-person past singular)
glowest (present second-person singular)
glowedest (past second-person singular)
glewe (past second-person singular)
glew (past second-person singular)
gloweth (present singular third-person)
glowed (past singular third-person)
glew (past singular third-person)
glowe (present singular subjunctive)
glowed (past singular subjunctive)
glewe (past singular subjunctive)
glowe (imperative present singular)
glowen (plural present)
glowe (plural present)
gloweden (past plural)
glowede (past plural)
glewen (past plural)
glewe (past plural)
gloweth (imperative plural present)
glowe (imperative plural present)
glowynge (participle present)
glowende (participle present)
glowed (participle past)
glowen (participle past)
glowe (participle past)
yglowed (participle past)
yglowen (participle past)

English: glow

Scots: glow

From Old English glōwan, from Proto-Germanic *glōaną.

To emit brightness or colour without warmth; to have variegation.

(Christianity, rare) To be in pain or agony from the fires of Hell.


blowere

English: blower

Scots: blawer

From Old English blāwere; equivalent to blowen (“to blow”) + -er.

(rare) A tool or instrument used by blowing.


blowynge

English: blowing

Scots: blawin

Inherited from Old English blāwung; equivalent to blowen (“to blow”) + -ing.

Breathing, respiration (the movement of air in and out of the mouth).


asshy

English: ashy

Scots: essy


asshe

enm-noun

asshe (plural asshen or asshes or asshe or asken)

asshen (plural)
asshes (plural)
asshe (plural)
asken (plural)

English: ash

Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis

Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)

From Old English æsce, from Proto-West Germanic *askā, from Proto-Germanic *askǭ.

ashes (the powdery matter produced by a fire, often used in medicine and cooking)

The matter which one's physical form is made of; bodily matter.

(figuratively) Death, mortality; the end of one's life.

(Christianity) Ashes utilised in ceremonies to represent forgiveness.


asshe

English: ash

Scots: aish, esh

From Old English æsc, from Proto-West Germanic *ask, from Proto-Germanic *askaz.


hevynesse

English: heaviness

From Old English hefiġnes; equivalent to (and influenced by) hevy + -nesse.

A lack of vitality due to factors such as fatigue, age, disease or conscience.


rerynge

English: rearing

(rare) Breeding; raising of beast or fowl.

(rare) The lifting of one's vocal sound.

(rare) Jumping; upwards moving or movement.

(rare, Late Middle English) Raising of armies, bands or troops.


rerd

English: reard

Scots: reird, rerde, rerd

From Old English reord, from Proto-Germanic *razdō.


reysen

enm-verb

reysen (third-person singular simple present reyseth, present participle reysende, reysynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle reysed)

reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysende (participle present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
reysen (infinitive)
to reysen (infinitive)
reyse (infinitive)
reyse (first-person present singular)
reysed (first-person past singular)
reysest (present second-person singular)
reysedest (past second-person singular)
reyseth (present singular third-person)
reysed (past singular third-person)
reyse (present singular subjunctive)
reysed (past singular subjunctive)
reyse (imperative present singular)
reysen (plural present)
reyse (plural present)
reyseden (past plural)
reysede (past plural)
reyseth (imperative plural present)
reyse (imperative plural present)
reysynge (participle present)
reysende (participle present)
reysed (participle past)
yreysed (participle past)

English: raise

Scots: rais, rase, raise

Borrowed from Old Norse reisa, from Proto-Germanic *raisijaną, *raizijaną. Doublet of reren.


sterneleme

enm-noun

sterneleme (plural sternelemen or sternelemes)

sternelemen (plural)
sternelemes (plural)


berkyng

English: barking


chymeney

English: chimney

Scots: chimley, chimlie

Yola: gimlie

→ Welsh: simnai

Borrowed from Old French chimenee~cheminee, from Late Latin camīnāta. Forms starting with k- are from Old Northern French; forms ending in -th are from early Old French *cheminethe.

bor+

Þerfor þei ſchulen be as a morewtid cloude and as þe deew of morewtid, þat paſſiþ forþ as duſt rauyſchide bi whirlewynd fro þe corn floor and as ſmoke of a chymenei

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Osee 13:3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

And so they will be like the morning cloud, and the dew of the morning which dissipates, as dust lifted by whirlwind from the corn floor, and like the smoke of a chimney.

A chimney; a ventilation chamber for smoke.

A device for heating; a stove or furnace.

(rare, figurative) Something which heats or forges.

(rare, figurative) Any ventilation chamber.


fumerelle

→ English: femerell, fumerell (historical)

A femerell; a vent for smoke to escape out of.


fumygacioun

English: fumigation

Borrowed from Old French fumigation, from Late Latin fumigatio.

The burning of odorous substances for medicinal or religious reasons.


crowde

q

remodelled after Welsh <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">crwth</i>

English: crwth, crowd, cruth, crowth, crouth (remodelled after Welsh crwth)

Scots: croude (obsolete)

Borrowed from a Celtic language; ultimately from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”).

A crwth, crowd or a similar musical instrument.


oyle

English: oil

Scots: ile, uilie, ulie

From Anglo-Norman olie and Old French oile, from Latin oleum, from Ancient Greek ἔλαιον (élaion). Compare olyve.

Convincing or favourable words (compare Modern English butter up)


þestri

From Old English þēostrig; equivalent to þester + -y.


þesternesse

From Old English þēosterness; equivalent to þester + -nesse.

The state or quality of being dark; lack of light or brightness.

A location that is dark; especially used of Hell.

Immorality, paganism, iniquity; bad religious behaviour (from a Christian viewpoint).


þestren

þestren (infinitive)
to þestren (infinitive)
þestre (infinitive)
þestre (first-person present singular)
þestred (first-person past singular)
þestrest (present second-person singular)
þestredest (past second-person singular)
þestreth (present singular third-person)
þestred (past singular third-person)
þestre (present singular subjunctive)
þestred (past singular subjunctive)
þestre (imperative present singular)
þestren (plural present)
þestre (plural present)
þestreden (past plural)
þestrede (past plural)
þestreth (imperative plural present)
þestre (imperative plural present)
þestrynge (participle present)
þestrende (participle present)
þestred (participle past)
yþestred (participle past)

Inherited from Old English þēostrian and þȳstrian, from Proto-West Germanic *þeustrōn (“to make dark”) and *þīustrijēn (“to be dark”).

inh

To become dark or black; to lose its lightness.


þester

Dark, gloomy; not providing or giving off much light or brightness.


forneys

English: furnace

Scots: furnace

Borrowed from Old French fornais, from Latin fornāx.

Fires used to inflict punishment or retribution upon someone.


whynen

whynen (infinitive)
to whynen (infinitive)
whyne (infinitive)
whyne (first-person present singular)
whyned (first-person past singular)
whynest (present second-person singular)
whynedest (past second-person singular)
whyneth (present singular third-person)
whyned (past singular third-person)
whyne (present singular subjunctive)
whyned (past singular subjunctive)
whyne (imperative present singular)
whynen (plural present)
whyne (plural present)
whyneden (past plural)
whynede (past plural)
whyneth (imperative plural present)
whyne (imperative plural present)
whynynge (participle present)
whynende (participle present)
whyned (participle past)
ywhyned (participle past)

English: whine

Inherited from Old English hwīnan, from Proto-West Germanic *hwīnan, from Proto-Germanic *hwīnaną.

To cry out in distress or sadness; to make sad sounds.

To make or imitate the sounds of animals.


yellynge

English: yelling

Yelling, hollering; the making of a loud, chaotic noise.


ȝelpen

ȝelpen (infinitive)
to ȝelpen (infinitive)
ȝelpe (infinitive)
ȝelpe (first-person present singular)
ȝalp (first-person past singular)
ȝelped (first-person past singular)
ȝelpest (present second-person singular)
ȝolpe (past second-person singular)
ȝalp (past second-person singular)
ȝelpedest (past second-person singular)
ȝelpeth (present singular third-person)
ȝalp (past singular third-person)
ȝelped (past singular third-person)
ȝelpe (present singular subjunctive)
ȝolpe (past singular subjunctive)
ȝelped (past singular subjunctive)
ȝelpe (imperative present singular)
ȝelpen (plural present)
ȝelpe (plural present)
ȝolpen (past plural)
ȝolpe (past plural)
ȝelpeden (past plural)
ȝelpede (past plural)
ȝelpeth (imperative plural present)
ȝelpe (imperative plural present)
ȝelpynge (participle present)
ȝelpende (participle present)
ȝolpen (participle past)
ȝolpe (participle past)
ȝelped (participle past)
iȝolpe (participle past)

English: yelp

From Old English ġielpan, from Proto-Germanic *gelpaną.

To yell or holler; to speak loudly with the intention of being heard.


blasten

blasten (infinitive)
to blasten (infinitive)
blaste (infinitive)
blaste (first-person present singular)
blasted (first-person past singular)
blaste (first-person past singular)
blastest (present second-person singular)
blastedest (past second-person singular)
blastest (past second-person singular)
blasteth (present singular third-person)
blasted (past singular third-person)
blaste (past singular third-person)
blaste (present singular subjunctive)
blasted (past singular subjunctive)
blaste (past singular subjunctive)
blaste (imperative present singular)
blasten (plural present)
blaste (plural present)
blasteden (past plural)
blastede (past plural)
blasten (past plural)
blaste (past plural)
blasteth (imperative plural present)
blaste (imperative plural present)
blastynge (participle present)
blastende (participle present)
blasted (participle past)
yblasted (participle past)

English: blast

Scots: blast

Inherited from Old English blǣstan, from Proto-West Germanic *blāstijan, from Proto-Germanic *blēstijaną; equivalent to blast + -en (infinitival suffix).

Toke his blake trumpe faste / And gan to puffen and to blaste.

14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The House of Fame:


cokkou

English: cuckoo

Scots: cuckoo

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

Cuculus canorus
Cuculus canorus#Translingual


thonder clappe

English: thunderclap


clappynge

English: clapping

A loud noise, especially as made by clapping or talking.


thonder

English: thunder

Scots: thuner, thunder, thundir

Yola: dhunder, dunder

Inherited from Old English þunor, from Proto-West Germanic *þunr.
The varieties with -d- are from the oblique stem of þunor, þunr-, which experienced a sound change -nr- → -ndr-; this was leveled into all forms of the word (compare gandre).

Thunder (loud noise created during a thunderstorm).


quantite

English: quantity

Borrowed from Old French quantité, from Latin quantitās.

Number, quantity or amount (either discrete or continuous):

Degree, extent; the relative amount or significance of something.


strem

English: stream

Scots: stream, strem, streme, streym

Yola: streem

Inherited from Old English strēam, from Proto-West Germanic *straum, from Proto-Germanic *straumaz.

A beam; a jet of light (usually from the sky)


hornepipe

English: hornpipe

From horn + pipe (referring to its material of composition).


flawmy

English: flamy


flawme

English: flame

Scots: flam

Borrowed from Old French flame, from Latin flamma, from Proto-Italic *flagmā. Some forms influenced by Old French flambe, flamble, from Latin flammula.

Fire (in the abstract or an instantiation)


flawmen

flawmen (infinitive)
to flawmen (infinitive)
flawme (infinitive)
flawme (first-person present singular)
flawmed (first-person past singular)
flawmest (present second-person singular)
flawmedest (past second-person singular)
flawmeth (present singular third-person)
flawmed (past singular third-person)
flawme (present singular subjunctive)
flawmed (past singular subjunctive)
flawme (imperative present singular)
flawmen (plural present)
flawme (plural present)
flawmeden (past plural)
flawmede (past plural)
flawmeth (imperative plural present)
flawme (imperative plural present)
flawmynge (participle present)
flawmende (participle present)
flawmed (participle past)
yflawmed (participle past)

English: flame

Scots: flam

Borrowed from Old French flamber, flammer; equivalent to flawme + -en (infinitival suffix).

To produce or release flames; to flame or be alight.

To produce or release bright light; to glimmer or sheen.

To stoke or incite feelings or beliefs; to motivate.

(rare) To emit, release, or produce sparkling or embers.

(rare, theology) To release light or brightness onto someone.


sevenyght

English: sevennight, sennight


wyspe

English: wisp

Scots: wisp, wusp

Perhaps related to whisk (“bunch of twigs, hair”). Cognate to Dutch wisp, dialectal Danish visp, Swedish visp, Norwegian Bokmål visp, etc.

A package, stick or pile of straw, a wisp:

(rare) Such a bundle lighted afire and used as a light source.


dosk

English: dusk

Scots: dosk (obsolete)

From Old English dox, *dux, *deox, from Proto-Germanic *duskaz.

Dusky; not brightly or lightly-coloured.


fewell

English: fuel

Borrowed from Old French feuaille, fouaille.


trumpen

trumpen (infinitive)
to trumpen (infinitive)
trumpe (infinitive)
trumpe (first-person present singular)
trumped (first-person past singular)
trumpest (present second-person singular)
trumpedest (past second-person singular)
trumpeth (present singular third-person)
trumped (past singular third-person)
trumpe (present singular subjunctive)
trumped (past singular subjunctive)
trumpe (imperative present singular)
trumpen (plural present)
trumpe (plural present)
trumpeden (past plural)
trumpede (past plural)
trumpeth (imperative plural present)
trumpe (imperative plural present)
trumpynge (participle present)
trumpende (participle present)
trumped (participle past)
ytrumped (participle past)

English: trump

From Old French trumper; equivalent to trumpe + -en (infinitival suffix).


groyn

English: groyne, groin

Scots: grone (possibly)

Yola: gring

Borrowed from Old French groign (French groin), from Late Latin grunium, grunia. The variation in pronunciation probably reflects variation in Old French and in methods of adapting Old French phonemes.


gronynge

English: groaning

From Old English grānung; equivalent to gronen + -ing.


groynen

groynen (infinitive)
to groynen (infinitive)
groyne (infinitive)
groyne (first-person present singular)
groyned (first-person past singular)
groynest (present second-person singular)
groynedest (past second-person singular)
groyneth (present singular third-person)
groyned (past singular third-person)
groyne (present singular subjunctive)
groyned (past singular subjunctive)
groyne (imperative present singular)
groynen (plural present)
groyne (plural present)
groyneden (past plural)
groynede (past plural)
groyneth (imperative plural present)
groyne (imperative plural present)
groynynge (participle present)
groynende (participle present)
groyned (participle past)
ygroyned (participle past)

English: groin

Scots: groin

From a mixture of Old French groignier, grougnier (from Latin grunniō) and Old English grunnian (from Proto-Germanic *grunnōną). Equivalent to groyn + -en (infinitival suffix).

To mumble, growl or babble (often in complaint).

(of animals) To make a gnarling or groaning sound.


gronen

gronen (infinitive)
to gronen (infinitive)
grone (infinitive)
grone (first-person present singular)
groned (first-person past singular)
gronest (present second-person singular)
gronedest (past second-person singular)
groneth (present singular third-person)
groned (past singular third-person)
grone (present singular subjunctive)
groned (past singular subjunctive)
grone (imperative present singular)
gronen (plural present)
grone (plural present)
groneden (past plural)
gronede (past plural)
groneth (imperative plural present)
grone (imperative plural present)
gronynge (participle present)
gronende (participle present)
groned (participle past)
ygroned (participle past)

English: groan

Scots: grane, grain

Inherited from Old English grānian, from Proto-West Germanic *grainōn, from Proto-Germanic *grainōną, a derivative of *grīnaną (which didn't leave any descendants in Middle English).

gloss

To groan; to make a groaning or moaning sound:

To groan as an animal; to make beastly calls.

To mumble, especially to protest (compare modern English moan in semantics).

(rare) To pass away; to suffer from death.


gruntynge

English: grunting

A grunt or groan as or like an animal; the making of beastly calls.

(rare) Any loud, disturbing, or annoying noise.

(rare) A moan; the making groaning or moaning sound.


grunten

enm-verb

grunten (third-person singular simple present grunteth, present participle gruntynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative grunte, past participle grunt)

grunteth (present singular third-person)
gruntynge (participle present)
grunte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
grunt (participle past)
grunten (infinitive)
to grunten (infinitive)
grunte (infinitive)
grunte (first-person present singular)
grunte (first-person past singular)
grunted (first-person past singular)
gruntest (present second-person singular)
gruntest (past second-person singular)
gruntedest (past second-person singular)
grunteth (present singular third-person)
grunte (past singular third-person)
grunted (past singular third-person)
grunte (present singular subjunctive)
grunte (past singular subjunctive)
grunted (past singular subjunctive)
grunte (imperative present singular)
grunten (plural present)
grunte (plural present)
grunten (past plural)
grunte (past plural)
grunteden (past plural)
gruntede (past plural)
grunteth (imperative plural present)
grunte (imperative plural present)
gruntynge (participle present)
gruntende (participle present)
grunt (participle past)
grunted (participle past)

English: grunt

Scots: grunt

Inherited from Old English grunnettan, from Proto-West Germanic *grunnattjan, from Proto-Germanic *grunnatjaną. Equivalent to groynen + -ten.

To grunt or groan as or like an animal; to make beastly calls.

To moan; to make a groaning or moaning sound.


herth

English: hearth

Scots: harth, hairth

Inherited from Old English heorþ, from Proto-West Germanic *herþ.

A hearth; a place where a fire is lighted.


trompour

From Old French trompeor, trompour; equivalent to trumpe + -our; some forms instead reflect trumpe + -er.

A trumpeter; a player of brass instruments.


trumpe

English: trump

Scots: trump

From Old French trompe, from Frankish *trumpa, *trumba, from an imitative Germanic word.

onomatopoeic

imitative

A trumpet, horn, or similar musical instrument.

One who uses or plays such an instrument.


coroune

English: crown (see there for further descendants)

Scots: croun, croon

→ Welsh: coron

From Anglo-Norman coroune, curune, corone, from Latin corōna, from Ancient Greek κορώνη (korṓnē).


hosely

English: hoarsely

Scots: hairsely

In an unclear-sounding or hard to detect way.


hosnesse

English: hoarseness

From Old English hāsnes; equivalent to hos + -nesse.


flaught

English: flaught

Scots: flaucht

From either Old English *fleaht or Old Norse *flahtr (for later fláttr), from Proto-Germanic *flahtuz, from *flahaną (“to flay”).


anteme

English: anthem
→ Welsh: anthem

Scots: anthem

From Old English antefn, antefen and Old French antiene, anteine, anteivne, both from Ecclesiastical Latin *antephōna, from Latin antiphōna, from Ancient Greek ἀντίφωνα (antíphōna).

(rare) A non-religious musical work or piece.


dombenesse

English: dumbness

From Old English dumbnes; equivalent to dumb + -nesse.

Silence; not speaking in a given situation.


swei

From Old English swēg, from Proto-West Germanic *swōgi, from Proto-Germanic *swōgiz (“sound, noise”), related to Proto-Germanic *swōganą from Proto-Indo-European *(s)weh₂gʰ-. Cognate with Old Norse sœgr (“tumult, noise”) and Latin vāgītus.
Replaced by swough, swouȝ > sough from the verb swoȝen. More at sough, swoon.

On þisse deie, þet is, pentecostes, and wittesunnedeie on ure speche, com ferliche muchel swei of heofne and fulde al þa upfleunge mid fure.

On this day, that is of Pentecost, and Whitsunday in our speech, came suddenly much sound from heaven and filled all the upper levels with fury

Þurh þæs deofles lore, þeo þe likede wel... he swefede þe mid þen sweiȝe; swote þu sleptest longe on þine bedde...

Through the devil's instruction, the one who liked thee well, he lulled thee to sleep with his music, when sweetly thou slept long in thine bed

Ȝif þar sy sweȝ oþþer sar innan þan heafedan... Nim tweȝen styccan fulle

If there be ringing or sore in the head... Take two doses fully


syngeresse

English: singeress (obsolete)


syngster

English: singster (archaic)


syngyng

English: singing

Scots: singin

The performance of the sacrament of Mass.

(rare) The sound of wine undergoing fermentation.


lilie flour

English: lily flower


chauntynge

English: chanting


chaunten

chaunten (infinitive)
to chaunten (infinitive)
chaunte (infinitive)
chaunte (first-person present singular)
chaunted (first-person past singular)
chauntest (present second-person singular)
chauntedest (past second-person singular)
chaunteth (present singular third-person)
chaunted (past singular third-person)
chaunte (present singular subjunctive)
chaunted (past singular subjunctive)
chaunte (imperative present singular)
chaunten (plural present)
chaunte (plural present)
chaunteden (past plural)
chauntede (past plural)
chaunteth (imperative plural present)
chaunte (imperative plural present)
chauntynge (participle present)
chauntende (participle present)
chaunted (participle past)
ychaunted (participle past)

English: chant

Scots: chant

From Old French chanter; from Latin cantāre.

To chant (to sing, especially in plainchant)


chauntour

English: chanter, chaunter

From Old French chanteor, from Latin cantor; equivalent to chaunten + -our.


chaunteresse

English: chantress

From Old French chanteresse; equivalent to chauntour + -esse.

A woman who participates or heads a choir.


dremen

enm-verb

dremen (third-person singular simple present dremeth, present participle dremynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative dremte, past participle dremt)

dremeth (present singular third-person)
dremynge (participle present)
dremte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
dremt (participle past)
dremen (infinitive)
to dremen (infinitive)
dreme (infinitive)
dreme (first-person present singular)
drempte (first-person past singular)
dremed (first-person past singular)
dremest (present second-person singular)
dremptest (past second-person singular)
dremedest (past second-person singular)
dremeth (present singular third-person)
drempte (past singular third-person)
dremed (past singular third-person)
dreme (present singular subjunctive)
drempte (past singular subjunctive)
dremed (past singular subjunctive)
dreme (imperative present singular)
dremen (plural present)
dreme (plural present)
drempten (past plural)
drempte (past plural)
dremeden (past plural)
dremede (past plural)
dremeth (imperative plural present)
dreme (imperative plural present)
dremynge (participle present)
dremende (participle present)
drempt (participle past)
dremed (participle past)
ydrempt (participle past)
ydremed (participle past)

English: dream

From Old English drēman, Anglian form of drīeman, from Proto-West Germanic *draumijan, from Proto-Germanic *draumijaną; equivalent to drem + -en (infinitival suffix). Forms with /ɛː/ are influenced by the noun.

(rare) To reverberate (of musical instruments)


bleten

bleten (infinitive)
to bleten (infinitive)
blete (infinitive)
blete (first-person present singular)
bleted (first-person past singular)
bletest (present second-person singular)
bletedest (past second-person singular)
bleteth (present singular third-person)
bleted (past singular third-person)
blete (present singular subjunctive)
bleted (past singular subjunctive)
blete (imperative present singular)
bleten (plural present)
blete (plural present)
bleteden (past plural)
bletede (past plural)
bleteth (imperative plural present)
blete (imperative plural present)
bletynge (participle present)
bletende (participle present)
bleted (participle past)
ybleted (participle past)

English: bleat

Scots: blete, bleit, blate, blait

⇒ Scots: blaitand (present participle)

→ English: blatant

From Old English blǣtan, from Proto-West Germanic *blātijan, from Proto-Germanic *blētijaną.


orpyment

English: orpiment

From Old French orpiment, from Latin auripigmentum.

orpiment (as used in alchemy and medicine)


jacynct

English: jacinth

Scots: jacinct (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French jacinte, from Medieval Latin jacintus, jacinthus, from Latin hyacinthus, from Ancient Greek ὑάκινθος (huákinthos).


fyr-brand

English: firebrand


dynne

English: din, dun

Scots: dyn, din

From Old English dyne, from Proto-West Germanic *duni, from Proto-Germanic *duniz, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰwen-.


dynnen

dynnen (infinitive)
to dynnen (infinitive)
dynne (infinitive)
dynne (first-person present singular)
dynned (first-person past singular)
dynnest (present second-person singular)
dynnedest (past second-person singular)
dynneth (present singular third-person)
dynned (past singular third-person)
dynne (present singular subjunctive)
dynned (past singular subjunctive)
dynne (imperative present singular)
dynnen (plural present)
dynne (plural present)
dynneden (past plural)
dynnede (past plural)
dynneth (imperative plural present)
dynne (imperative plural present)
dynnynge (participle present)
dynnende (participle present)
dynned (participle past)

English: dun, din

Scots: dyn, din

From Old English dynian, dynnan, from Proto-West Germanic *dunnjan, from Proto-Germanic *dunjaną.


sparkel

English: sparkle


sparklen

sparklen (infinitive)
to sparklen (infinitive)
sparkle (infinitive)
sparkle (first-person present singular)
sparkled (first-person past singular)
sparklest (present second-person singular)
sparkledest (past second-person singular)
sparkleth (present singular third-person)
sparkled (past singular third-person)
sparkle (present singular subjunctive)
sparkled (past singular subjunctive)
sparkle (imperative present singular)
sparklen (plural present)
sparkle (plural present)
sparkleden (past plural)
sparklede (past plural)
sparkleth (imperative plural present)
sparkle (imperative plural present)
sparklynge (participle present)
sparklende (participle present)
sparkled (participle past)

English: sparkle

From sparkel + -en (infinitival suffix).


noysen

noysen (infinitive)
to noysen (infinitive)
noyse (infinitive)
noyse (first-person present singular)
noysed (first-person past singular)
noysest (present second-person singular)
noysedest (past second-person singular)
noyseth (present singular third-person)
noysed (past singular third-person)
noyse (present singular subjunctive)
noysed (past singular subjunctive)
noyse (imperative present singular)
noysen (plural present)
noyse (plural present)
noyseden (past plural)
noysede (past plural)
noyseth (imperative plural present)
noyse (imperative plural present)
noysynge (participle present)
noysende (participle present)
noysed (participle past)
ynoysed (participle past)

English: noise

Scots: noise

Either from noyse + -en (infinitival suffix) or borrowed from Old French noisier.


aundire

English: andiron

Borrowed from Old French andier, from Gaulish anderon (“heifer”); some forms are influenced by iren (“iron”).


basyn

English: basin

Scots: bashin

→ Irish: báisín

Borrowed from Old French bacin, from Vulgar Latin *baccinum.

A basin (large bowl):
(rare) A basin-shaped gong.

A basin (large bowl):
A basin-shaped gong.


nyghtly

English: nightly

Scots: nichtly

From Old English nihtlīċ. Equivalent to nyght + -ly (adjectival suffix); the adverb is from the adjective.


fyry

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">firy</i>

English: fiery (obsolete firy)

Scots: firy


therk

English: thark (dialectal, obsolete)

and he aȝen wiþ ſtrong bataile / ſo betwene hem leſte þat fiȝt / Til it waſ þe þerke niȝt

c. 1300, Sir Beues of Hamtoun (Auchinleck Manuscript), folio 190, verso, column 2, lines 2612–2615:

Then he [went] again with a strong force; / the fight between them lasted / until the night grew dark.


mecche

English: match (see there for further descendants)

Scots: match

Borrowed from Old French mesche, from Vulgar Latin micca, probably from Latin myxa, itself from Ancient Greek μύξα (múxa).


roundell

And songen all the roundell lustely

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(music) roundel: a roundelay or rondelay


burdoun

English: burden, bourdon

→ Irish: burdún

Borrowed from Old French bordon, from Medieval Latin burdō, burdōnem (“drone”).

der

(music) An undersong or accompaniment (typically low in pitch).


sonnebeem

English: sunbeam

Scots: sunbeam

Inherited from Old English sunnebēam, sunnbēam; equivalent to and often remodelled on sonne + beem.


bemere

Inherited from Old English bȳmere, bēmere, equivalent to bemen (“to trumpet”) + -er.


bemen

bemen (infinitive)
to bemen (infinitive)
beme (infinitive)
beme (first-person present singular)
bemed (first-person past singular)
bemest (present second-person singular)
bemedest (past second-person singular)
bemeth (present singular third-person)
bemed (past singular third-person)
beme (present singular subjunctive)
bemed (past singular subjunctive)
beme (imperative present singular)
bemen (plural present)
beme (plural present)
bemeden (past plural)
bemede (past plural)
bemeth (imperative plural present)
beme (imperative plural present)
bemynge (participle present)
bemende (participle present)
bemed (participle past)
ybemed (participle past)

>? English: beam

(Late Middle English, rare) To illuminate; to make bright.


dremynge

English: dreaming

Inherited from Old English drēaming; equivalent to dremen + -ing.

Dreaming; the condition of having a dream.


spryngen

enm-verb

spryngen (third-person singular simple present spryngeth, present participle spryngynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative sprang, past participle sprongen)

spryngeth (present singular third-person)
spryngynge (participle present)
sprang (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
sprongen (participle past)
spryngen (infinitive)
to spryngen (infinitive)
sprynge (infinitive)
sprynge (first-person present singular)
sprang (first-person past singular)
spryngest (present second-person singular)
sprange (past second-person singular)
sprang (past second-person singular)
spryngeth (present singular third-person)
sprang (past singular third-person)
sprynge (present singular subjunctive)
sprange (past singular subjunctive)
sprynge (imperative present singular)
spryngen (plural present)
sprynge (plural present)
sprangen (past plural)
sprange (past plural)
spryngeth (imperative plural present)
sprynge (imperative plural present)
spryngynge (participle present)
spryngende (participle present)
sprongen (participle past)
spronge (participle past)
ysprongen (participle past)
yspronge (participle past)

English: spring; sprink

Scots: spring

Inherited from Old English springan, from Proto-West Germanic *springan, from Proto-Germanic *springaną; equivalent to spryng + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare sprengen.

To issue or gush (water from a water source)

(of plants) To grow, sprout, or bear fruit or flowers.

To move with great speed or energy; to dash:


lovynge

English: loving

Scots: luvin

Inherited from Old English lufung; equivalent to loven (“to love”) + -ing.

(Christianity) Devotion to or adoration of God.

A feeling of love or care:
Devotion to or adoration of God.


lovynge

Middle Scots: loving

Inherited from Old English lofung; equivalent to loven (“to praise”) + -ing.

Praise, commendation; the act or practice of glorifying:

Words for reverencing a deity; a hymn or prayer.


chirmen

chirmen (third-person singular simple present chirmeth, present participle chirmende, chirmynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chirmed)

chirmeth (present singular third-person)
chirmende (participle present)
chirmynge (participle present)
chirmed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chirmen (infinitive)
to chirmen (infinitive)
chirme (infinitive)
chirme (first-person present singular)
chirmed (first-person past singular)
chirmest (present second-person singular)
chirmedest (past second-person singular)
chirmeth (present singular third-person)
chirmed (past singular third-person)
chirme (present singular subjunctive)
chirmed (past singular subjunctive)
chirme (imperative present singular)
chirmen (plural present)
chirme (plural present)
chirmeden (past plural)
chirmede (past plural)
chirmeth (imperative plural present)
chirme (imperative plural present)
chirmynge (participle present)
chirmende (participle present)
chirmed (participle past)
ychirmed (participle past)

English: chirm

Scots: chirm, churm

Inherited from Old English ċirman, from Proto-West Germanic *karmijan; equivalent to chirm + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To chirp or twitter; to make bird noise.


hevenely

English: heavenly

Scots: heivenly

Inherited from Old English heofonlīċ; equivalent to hevene + -ly (adjectival suffix). The adverb is from the adjective; compare Old English heofonlīċe.

(specifically) Sky-coloured; clear blue, azure.


fithelen

fithelen (third-person singular simple present fitheleth, present participle fithelende, fithelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fitheled)

fitheleth (present singular third-person)
fithelende (participle present)
fithelynge (participle present)
fitheled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fithelen (infinitive)
to fithelen (infinitive)
fithele (first-person present singular)
fitheled (first-person past singular)
fithelest (present second-person singular)
fitheledest (past second-person singular)
fitheleth (present singular third-person)
fitheled (past singular third-person)
fithele (present singular subjunctive)
fitheled (past singular subjunctive)
fithele (imperative present singular)
fithelen (plural present)
fithele (plural present)
fitheleden (past plural)
fithelede (past plural)
fitheleth (imperative plural present)
fithele (imperative plural present)
fithelynge (participle present)
fithelende (participle present)
fitheled (participle past)
yfitheled (participle past)

English: fiddle

From fithele (“viol”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


brayen

enm-verb

brayen (third-person singular simple present brayeth, present participle brayinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle brayed)

brayeth (present singular third-person)
brayinge (participle present)
brayed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
brayen (infinitive)
to brayen (infinitive)
braye (infinitive)
braye (first-person present singular)
brayed (first-person past singular)
brayest (present second-person singular)
brayedest (past second-person singular)
brayeth (present singular third-person)
brayed (past singular third-person)
braye (present singular subjunctive)
brayed (past singular subjunctive)
braye (imperative present singular)
brayen (plural present)
braye (plural present)
brayeden (past plural)
brayede (past plural)
brayeth (imperative plural present)
braye (imperative plural present)
brayinge (participle present)
brayende (participle present)
brayed (participle past)
ybrayed (participle past)

English: bray

Middle Scots: bray

Borrowed from Old French braire (“to cry”), from Vulgar Latin *bragiāre, from Gaulish, from Proto-Celtic *bragyeti (“to fart”).


brayen

English: bray

Scots: brie

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman breier, possibly from Frankish *brekan, from Proto-Germanic *brekaną; thus a doublet of breken.


atenden

enm-verb

atenden (third-person singular simple present atendeth, present participle atendende, atendynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle atended)

atendeth (present singular third-person)
atendende (participle present)
atendynge (participle present)
atended (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

PIE word
 *úd
From Old English ātendan (“to set on fire, kindle, inflame; to perplex; to trouble”), a variant of earlier ontendan (“to set on fire, set fire to, kindle, inflame; to perplex; to trouble”), from ā- (prefix meaning ‘away; from; off; out’), on- (prefix meaning ‘at; on’) + tendan (“to kindle”) (from Proto-Germanic *tandijaną (“to light on fire, kindle”), the causative form of *tinnaną (“to burn”); ultimate etymology uncertain, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂w- (“to burn; to kindle”)).


gyngle

And whan he rood, men myghte his brydel heere
Gynglen in a whistlynge wynd als cleere

[1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D) (in Middle English), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio iv, recto:

And when he rode, you could hear his bridle
jingle in a whistling wind as clearly


reynbowe

English: rainbow

Scots: rainbow

From Old English reġnboga, from Proto-West Germanic *regnabogō, from Proto-Germanic *regnabugô; equivalent to reyn (“rain”) + bowe (“bow”).

rainbow (multicoloured arch created by the reflection of rain)