cod

English: cod

Scots: cod

From Old English codd (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-West Germanic *koddō, from Proto-Germanic *kuddô, from Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”). The "pillow" sense is from Old Danish kodde or Old Norse koddi, from the same Proto-Germanic source.

der

(rare) A sack or pouch; a case for items.


cane

English: cane

Scots: cane

From Old French cane, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).

bamboo, sugar cane, flax, or a similar simple-stemmed plant

the stem or stalk of such a plant, often used to write with

(rare) a metal implement used for surgery

(rare) a bodily passage or tube, such as the trachea


trumpet

English: trumpet

Scots: trumpet

From Old French trompette; equivalent to trumpe + -et.


ostrich

English: ostrich

Scots: ostriche (obsolete)

→ Welsh: estrys

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ostrige and continental Old French ostruce, from Vulgar Latin *austrūthiō.


bombard

English: bombard

Scots: bombard


square

English: square

Scots: square

From Old French esquarre, esquerre (modern French équerre), from Vulgar Latin *exquadra, from Latin ex- + quadro, from quadrus.

A square (tool used to ensure a right angle)


bal

English: ball

Scots: baw, ba, baa, ball

Yola: ball

Inherited from Old English *beall, from Proto-West Germanic *ballu, from Proto-Germanic *balluz.

(rare, vulgar) One's testes (compare to the much more frequent Modern English sense)


male

English: mail

Scots: mail

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French male, from Frankish *malhu, from Proto-Germanic *malhō.


dart

English: dart

→ Dutch: dart

→ German: Dart

Scots: dart, dairt; dard

From Old French dart, dard, from Medieval Latin dardus, from Frankish *darōþu, from Proto-Germanic *darōþuz.

A hand-thrown spear or missile; a javelin.


tak

English: tack

Scots: taik

From Old Northern French taque, ultimately of Germanic origin, probably from Frankish *takkō, from Proto-Germanic *takkô (“spike, thorn, prickle”).


bat

English: bat, batt

Scots: bat

Yola: bath, bat

→ Irish: bata

→ Scottish Gaelic: bata

From Old English batt, from Celtic; influenced by Old French batte.

A mace, bat, or morningstar (blunt weapon)


basket

English: basket

Scots: basket

Yola: baskaate, baskeat

From Anglo-Norman bascat, possibly from Late Latin bascauda.

(rare) The amount that fits in a basket.


blade

English: blade

Scots: blad, blade, blaud, blaid

From Old English blæd, from Proto-West Germanic *blad, from Proto-Germanic *bladą, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰl̥h₃otom.

Any sharp-bladed slashing or stabbing weapon.


sword

enm-noun

sword (plural swordes or (early) sweorden)

English: sword

Scots: swerd, sword

From Old English sword, a Mercian form of sweord (which some forms are directly from), from Proto-West Germanic *swerd, from Proto-Germanic *swerdą.

Nile ȝe deme þat I cam to ſende pees in to erþe / I cam not to ſende pees .· but swerd

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:34, page 4v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Don't feel that I came to bring peace to Earth. I didn't come to bring peace, but a sword.


vessel

English: vessel

Scots: veshel

Yola: veseal

Borrowed from Old French vaissel, vessel, from Late Latin vāscellum.

A container or vessel; a box for storage:

A vessel; any open container used in the kitchen:

(by extension) A decorative container; a vase used for adornment.

(by extension) A piece of cookware; a container used for cooking.

Any object, especially a container, used in religious ceremonies or rituals.

(alchemy) Alchemical equipment, ware, or tools.

Blood vessels; the tubes that blood travels in.


box

English: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, borrowed from Latin buxus.

etymon

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual


box

English: box (see there for further descendants)

Scots: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhsā, borrowed from Late Latin buxis, borrowed from Ancient Greek πυξίς (puxís), from πῠ́ξος (púxos) + -ις (-is).


maser

English: mazer

Scots: maser

From Old English *maser, *mæser, from Proto-Germanic *masuraz; reinforced by Anglo-Norman mazer.

Acer campestre
Acer campestre#Translingual


instrumental

English: instrumental

From Medieval Latin instrumentalis; equivalent to instrument + -al.

Resembling an instrument in role; instrumental (serving as a means)

Resembling an instrument in use (i.e. being used as a tool)

Resembling a (specific kind of) instrument in appearance.


ore

English: oar

Scots: air

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“oar”), from Proto-West Germanic *airu, from Proto-Germanic *airō.


ore

From the oblique forms of Old English ār (“honour”), from Proto-West Germanic *aiʀu, from Proto-Germanic *aizō.

grace, favour (positivity towards someone)::

permission, approval (to engage in a behaviour)

mercy, clemency (remission of punishment)


ore

English: ore

Scots: ure, uir

From both Old English ōra (“ore, unwrought metal”) and Old English ār (“brass”).


pipe

English: pipe (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pipe

Yola: peeps (plural)

Inherited from Old English pīpe, from Proto-West Germanic *pīpā; reinforced by Vulgar Latin *pīpa; some senses are from Old French pipe.

A pipe; a piece of tubing used as a channel (often for fluids):

A pipe (musical instrument) or a similar wind instrument.

(rare) A pipe as part of a musical instrument (e.g. bagpipes)

A barrel or tub; a container or vessel for the storage of bulk goods, especially wine.


cornet

English: cornet

Borrowed from Old French cornet; equivalent to corne (“callus”) + -et.


launce

English: lance, launce

Scots: lance

From Old French lance, from Latin lancea.


spade

English: spade

Scots: spade, spaid

Yola: spaade


tool

English: tool

Scots: tuil

From Old English tōl, from Proto-Germanic *tōlą.

(rare) A device used for torturing or interrogration.


pot

English: pot

Scots: pott, pat

From Old English pott and Old French pot, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *puttaz, from Proto-Indo-European *budnós.

A pot; a circular receptacle or vessel:
A cookpot (a pot used for cooking in)

A pot used for storing substances (especially food or water)

A pot used for ladling or serving liquids; a beaker.

A measurement for the quantity of liquids.

A pot of a certain material or manufacture:


ax

English: axe, ax

Scots: aix

From Old English æx, æcs, from Proto-West Germanic *akusi.


ax

From Old English eax, from Proto-Germanic *ahsu.


hamer

English: hammer

Fiji Hindi: haamaa

desc

Scots: hamer, hammer, hemer, hemmer, haimmer

From Old English hamor, from Proto-Germanic *hamaraz; from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱmoros.

A hammer (tool for pressing nails inwards).


harpe

English: harp


naked

English: naked

Scots: nakit

From Old English nacod, from Proto-Germanic *nakwadaz. Compare naken.

Of a melee weapon; lacking a hilt or sheath; openly carried or readied.

(often with an item specified) Having none of something; bare of a thing or quality:

Having no armour or weapons; unequipped for battle.

Unvegetated; lacking plant growth or ground cover.


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).


canon

English: cannon

From Middle French canon, from Italian cannone, from Latin canna, from Ancient Greek κάννα (kánna, “reed”), from Akkadian 𒄀 (qanû, “reed”), from Sumerian 𒄀𒈾 (gi.na).


lid

English: lid

Scots: lid

From Old English hlid, from Proto-Germanic *hlidą.

A lid; a piece of material used to cover a container.


instrument

English: instrument

Borrowed from Old French instrument, from Latin instrūmentum (“tool, device”).

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.


muscle

English: muscle

From Middle French muscle, from Latin mūsculus (“muscle”).


nap

English: nap (now dialectal)

Scots: nap

From Old English hnæpp, from Proto-West Germanic *hnapp, from Proto-Germanic *hnappaz.


quiver

English: quiver

From Anglo-Norman quivre, from Old Dutch cocare; perhaps ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür or Hunnic. Doublet of coker.


quiver

English: quiver

From Old English *cwifer, probably related to cwic (“alive”).


rote

English: rote

Scots: rote (rare, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French rote, from Latin chrotta, borrowed from a Germanic form such as Old High German hruoza, borrowed itself from a Celtic term deriving from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of crowde.

A musical instrument having strings and similar to a harp.


brand

English: brand

Scots: brand

Yola: broan, brone

From Old English brand, brond, from Proto-West Germanic *brand, from Proto-Germanic *brandaz.


mace

English: mace

Scots: mace

From Old French mace, from Vulgar Latin *mattia, *mattea, probably from Latin mateola (“hoe”).


sax

English: sax; zax

Scots: saks; sax (verb) (through confluence with Norse form)

From Old English seax, from Proto-West Germanic *sahs, from Proto-Germanic *sahsą.


dint

English: dent, dint, dunt

Scots: dunt, dont, dynt, dint, dent

From Old English dynt, from Proto-West Germanic *dunti, from Proto-Germanic *duntiz.

Forþy I ſay þe, as ſoþe as ȝe in ſadel ſitte, / Com ȝe þere, ȝe be kylled, may þe knyȝt rede, / Trawe ȝe me þat trwely, þaȝ ȝe had twenty lyues / to ſpende. / He hatz wonyd here ful ȝore / On bent much baret bende / Aȝayn his dyntez ſore / Ȝe may not yow defende

a. 1375, Gawain Poet, Sir Gawayn and þe Grene Knyȝt, page 118r, lines 2110–2117:

So I say to you, as sure as you sit in your saddle: / If you come there, you'll be killed if he wills, / trust me about that truly, like you had twenty lives / to spend. / He has lived here a long time; / when he pulls his bow, much conflict begins. / Against his powerful blows, / you won't be able to defend yourself.

The landing of a weapon; a blow or stroke.

(by extension) Warfare, battle; the use of weaponry.

The strike, landing or force of a tool or other item hitting something.

The striking or noise of thunder; a thunderclap.

(rare) A strike with one's limbs or body.

(rare) An injury resulting from a weapon's impact.


ewer

English: ewer

Borrowed from Old French ewer, from Latin aquārium.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


penner

English: penner

Borrowed from Latin pennārium; equivalent to penne + -er.


flask

desctree

English: flask
→ Irish: fleasc
→ Welsh: fflasg

Scots: flask, flas

From Anglo-Norman flascon, from Frankish *flaskā, from Proto-Germanic *flaskǭ. Reinforced by existing Old English flasce, from the same source.

A container for the storage of garments.


bagpipe

English: bagpipe, bagpipes

Yola: big-peeps (misspelled)


corde

English: cord; chord (influenced by Latin spelling)

Scots: cord

From Old French corde, from Latin chorda, from Ancient Greek χορδή (khordḗ).

One of the strings of a string instrument.


glas

English: glass (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gless, glass

Inherited from Old English glæs, from Proto-West Germanic *glas, from Proto-Germanic *glasą.

A box, receptacle, or vessel made of glass.


receptacle

English: receptacle

From Middle French receptacle and Anglo-Norman receptacle, from Latin receptāculum.


egged

English: edged

From Old English ecged; equivalent to egge (“edge”) + -ed.

(in compounds) Having an edge of a certain type.


potent

English: potent

(chiefly Late Middle English) staff, crutch


schip

schipes (plural)
schippes (plural)
schip (accusative nominative singular)
schipes (accusative nominative plural)
schippes (accusative nominative plural)
schipes (genitive singular)
schippes (genitive singular)
schipe (genitive plural)
schipes (genitive plural)
schippes (genitive plural)
schipe (dative singular)
schipen (dative plural)
schipes (dative plural)
schippes (dative plural)

English: ship

Scots: ship

Yola: zhip

Inherited from Old English scip, from Proto-West Germanic *skip, from Proto-Germanic *skipą.

(figuratively) A person or organisation providing "passage" through a situation.


jubbe

English: jubbe

With hym broghte he a jubbe of malvesye.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Shypmans Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

With him he brought a tank of malvoisie.


ligature

English: ligature

Borrowed from Middle French ligature, itself borrowed from Late Latin ligātūra. Doublet of lyoure.


gode

English: goad

Fingallian: godeen

Scots: gad, gade, gaid

From the inflected forms of Old English gād, from Proto-West Germanic *gaidu, from Proto-Germanic *gaidō.


saucer

English: saucer

Scots: saucer

From Old French saussier (and feminine saussiere); equivalent to sauce + -er.

A small receptacle or bowl for storing sauce in.


hache

Borrowed from Old French hache, from Frankish *happjā, from Proto-Germanic *hapjǭ.


hache

Borrowed from Old French haschiee, hachïe.


delen

delen (infinitive)
to delen (infinitive)
dele (infinitive)
dele (first-person present singular)
delte (first-person past singular)
delde (first-person past singular)
deled (first-person past singular)
delest (present second-person singular)
deltest (past second-person singular)
deldest (past second-person singular)
deledest (past second-person singular)
deleth (present singular third-person)
delte (past singular third-person)
delde (past singular third-person)
deled (past singular third-person)
dele (present singular subjunctive)
delte (past singular subjunctive)
delde (past singular subjunctive)
deled (past singular subjunctive)
dele (imperative present singular)
delen (plural present)
dele (plural present)
delten (past plural)
delte (past plural)
delden (past plural)
delde (past plural)
deleden (past plural)
delede (past plural)
deleth (imperative plural present)
dele (imperative plural present)
delynge (participle present)
delende (participle present)
delt (participle past)
deld (participle past)
deled (participle past)
ydelt (participle past)
ydeld (participle past)

English: deal

Scots: dele, deil

Yola: ee-delt (ppl.)

From Old English dǣlan, from Proto-Germanic *dailijaną; equivalent to del + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To assign individuals into lots or divisions.


doucet

English: doucet

From Old French doucet; equivalent to douce + -et.

(rare, Late Middle English) A sort of musical instrument.


helve

English: helve

Scots: helf

From Old English hielfe, from Proto-West Germanic *halbī.


skene

English: skean, skene, skeyn

Borrowed from Middle Irish scian, from Old Irish scían, from Proto-Celtic *skiyenā; compare Middle Welsh ysgien. This word was borrowed late enough for the orthographic final vowel to be illusory.

(Late Middle English, rare) skean (kind of dagger)


quern

English: quern, kern, curn, quirn

Scots: querne, quern, queirn, queern

Yola: querne

From Old English cweorn, from Proto-Germanic *kwernō, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂wō (“heavy stone”), from *gʷréh₂us (“heavy”).

inh

A quern or quirn; a device for grinding grains.


sauter

English: psalter

Borrowed from Old French sautier, saltier, from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion), replacing Old English psalter. Doublet of sauterie.

string instrument
string instrument#English

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


baston

English: baston

Scots: baston

A staff, or baton; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object.

Commuting or ending of one's imprisonment by a warden.


pak

English: pack

Scots: pak, pack

→ Irish: paca

From Old English *pæcca and/or Middle Dutch pak, packe (from Old Dutch *pakko); both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *pakkō, from Proto-Germanic *pakkô.


gare

Alternative form of gore (“patch (of land, fabric), clothes”)


broche

English: broach, brooch

desc

Scots: broach, brutch, bruch, broche, brotch

Borrowed from Old French broche, from Vulgar Latin *brocca, from Latin broccus.

A spear or pike; a weapon for impalement.


sive

English: sieve

Scots: sieve, siffe, syffe, sif, syf

sieve, riddle, sile (a device for sifting)


ketel

English: kettle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: kettle, kittle

From Old English ċietel, ċetel and possibly reinforced by cognate Old Norse ketill, both from Proto-Germanic *katilaz, from Late Latin catīllus.


spere

English: spear

Scots: spere, speir

Inherited from Old English spere, from Proto-West Germanic *speru, from Proto-Germanic *speru.

A spearman; a soldier who wields a spear.


spere

English: sphere

Scots: sphere, spere

Borrowed from Old French sphere, from Latin sphaera, from Ancient Greek σφαῖρα (sphaîra).

(astronomy) The supposed outer sphere of the cosmos, the primum mobile.


stede

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

Inherited from Old English stede, steode, styd, from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz.

more sche hath decerved to be ded / thanne evere dyde my modyr jn ony sted.

It..shul stand me in gret ste [read: sted] her if it mygth be do closly and suerly.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

A state of being; a circumstance, condition, or situation.


poudre

English: powder (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pouder, pouther

→ Welsh: powdr, powdwr, pwdr

From Old French poudre, ultimately from Latin pulvis.

powder (a collection of particles):
(rare) Gunpowder; black powder.

powder (a collection of particles):
Gunpowder; black powder.


graal

English: grail

Borrowed from Old French graal, greal, from Medieval Latin gradālis (“dish”), of unknown origin.


tombe

desctree

English: tomb
→ Irish: tuama
→ Maori: toma

Middle Scots: tumb, towm

From Anglo-Norman tumbe, toumbe, Old French tombe, from Late Latin tumba, from Ancient Greek τύμβος (túmbos, “funeral mound”).


potager

English: pottager, potager; pottinger; porringer

Scots: pottinger

Borrowed from Middle French potager; equivalent to potage + -er.

A dish for soups and puddings; a porringer.


panne

desctree

English: pan
→? Irish: panna
→ Japanese: パン

Scots: pan

Inherited from Old English panne, from Proto-Germanic *pannǭ, from Late Latin panna.

A pan, skillet, tin, or cookpot; any metal container used for cooking in.


sak

English: sack
→ Japanese: サック (sakku)

Scots: seck

Inherited from Old English sacc, sæcc, from Proto-West Germanic *sakku, from Proto-Germanic *sakkuz, from Latin saccus, from Ancient Greek σάκκος (sákkos), from a Semitic language.

A sack (large coarse bag):
A wallet or moneybag.


potful

English: potful

Scots: patfu


canne

English: can

Scots: can

→ Scottish Gaelic: cana

Yola: cooan, koan, kon

From Old English canne, from Proto-West Germanic *kannā, from Proto-Germanic *kannǭ.

A pitcher or cup; a container for liquid.


cresset

English: cresset

Borrowed from Old French crasset, cresset, possibly from a West Germanic language.


sarsen

sarsen (infinitive)
to sarsen (infinitive)
sarse (infinitive)
sarse (first-person present singular)
sarsed (first-person past singular)
sarsest (present second-person singular)
sarsedest (past second-person singular)
sarseth (present singular third-person)
sarsed (past singular third-person)
sarse (present singular subjunctive)
sarsed (past singular subjunctive)
sarse (imperative present singular)
sarsen (plural present)
sarse (plural present)
sarseden (past plural)
sarsede (past plural)
sarseth (imperative plural present)
sarse (imperative plural present)
sarsynge (participle present)
sarsende (participle present)
sarsed (participle past)
ysarsed (participle past)

English: searce, sarse

Scots: search

From sars (“sieve”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


pakken

enm-verb

pakken (third-person singular simple present pakketh, present participle pakkende, pakkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle pakked)

pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakkende (participle present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakked (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
pakken (infinitive)
to pakken (infinitive)
pakke (infinitive)
pakke (first-person present singular)
pakked (first-person past singular)
pakkest (present second-person singular)
pakkedest (past second-person singular)
pakketh (present singular third-person)
pakked (past singular third-person)
pakke (present singular subjunctive)
pakked (past singular subjunctive)
pakke (imperative present singular)
pakken (plural present)
pakke (plural present)
pakkeden (past plural)
pakkede (past plural)
pakketh (imperative plural present)
pakke (imperative plural present)
pakkynge (participle present)
pakkende (participle present)
pakked (participle past)
ypakked (participle past)

English: pack

Scots: pack

→⇒ Medieval Latin: paccāgium

To pack; to put into a pack or container.


bagge

English: bag

Scots: bag

→ Medieval Latin: baga

Borrowed from Old Norse baggi; compare Old French bague.

A fabric container; a bag, sack, pouch, purse, or wallet.

A bagpipe; a musical instrument consisting of a bag and a pipe.


stere

English: steer

Scots: steer

From the oblique ō-stem forms of Old English stēor (“rudder, control”), from Proto-West Germanic *stiurī, from Proto-Germanic *stiuriją.


brom

English: broom

Scots: brume, bruim

Inherited from Old English brōm, from Proto-West Germanic *brām, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrem-.


culter

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">culter</i>

English: colter, coulter (obsolete culter)

Scots: couter, cooter

Inherited from Old English culter, from Latin culter, of unclear origin. Forms with final /ə/ may be due to influence from Old French coutre or due to an Old English ō-stem by-form.


cappe

English: cap

Scots: kep

From Old English cæppe, from Proto-West Germanic *kappā, from Late Latin cappa.

(medicine, rare) A bandage or other covering to protect a wound.


sowel

English: sole (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English sāgol, sāgel, from Proto-West Germanic *saigul.

A stake with a sharp end (used for fence-building)


gunner

English: gunner

Scots: gunner

→ Medieval Latin: gunnārius

From gunne + -er; compare Medieval Latin gunnārius.

An operator of a cannon; an artilleryman.


compas

English: compass

Borrowed from Old French compas, from Medieval Latin compassus.

Guile, craft or an instance of it; the use of skill or sleight-of hand.

A compass (device or tool for drawing or demarcating a circle)


compas

English: compass (obsolete as an adverb)

Having a specified circle-shaped course or perimeter.


crucche

English: crutch

Scots: crutch

From Old English cryċċ (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-West Germanic *krukkju, from Proto-Germanic *krukjō (“crutch, staff”), from Proto-Indo-European *grewg- (“wrinkle, bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, bend”).
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

der

c. 1215 Layamon's Brut, l.9722

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

he wænde mid his crucche; us a-dun þrucche.

he caste awei his crucche


cofre

English: coffer

Scots: coffer

Yola: koaver

Borrowed from Old French cofre, coffre, from Latin cophinus, from Ancient Greek κόφινος (kóphinos). Doublet of coffyn.


organe

desctree

English: organ
→ Korean: 오르간 (oreugan)
→ Maori: ōkana
→ Vietnamese: oóc-gan

Scots: organ

From Old French organe, orgene, from Latin organum (“implement; musical instrument”). Doublet of organum.

der

A device used to produce music; a musical instrument.


spone

English: spoon

Geordie English: spuin, speun

desc

Scots: spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune

Yola: spone

From Old English spōn, from Proto-West Germanic *spānu, form Proto-Germanic *spēnuz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

A spoon or scoop; especially a spoon used as a measure.


stithy

English: stithy

Scots: studdy, stiddy

Either borrowed from Old Norse steðja, oblique singular of steði, or a remodelling of stith on the analogy of smythy. Doublet of stith.


fiele

Borrowed from Old French viele, from Latin vitula, with replacement of /v/ with /f/ on the analogy of fithele (either in Middle English or already in Anglo-Norman).

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


fiole

English: vial, phial

→ Welsh: ffiol

From Old French fiole, from Late Latin fiola, from Latin phiala, from Ancient Greek φιάλη (phiálē).

A receptacle, vial, or bottle or diminutive size.


coker

English: cocker, cogger

From Old English cocer, cocur, from Proto-Germanic *kukur-; perhaps ultimately from Proto-Mongolic *kökexür or Hunnic. Doublet of quiver.

(rare) A quiver (a receptacle for arrows)


brandire

English: brander, brandiron (obsolete)

Scots: brander

Yola: brandeyrons, brand-eyrons (plural)

From Old English brandīren, brandīsen; equivalent to brand + iren.


trone

English: tron, trone

Scots: tron, trone

From Anglo-Norman trone, tron, from Late Latin trona, from Latin trutina (“balance”).

A set of scales or balance; a machine used to weigh.


armure

English: armor, armour, armure

Scots: armour

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman armure, armeüre, from Latin armātūra.


scheef

English: sheaf

Scots: sheaf

Yola: shives (plural)

A group of arrows or the container they belong in.

(rare) A bunch of any other kind of agricultural produce.

(rare) A bunch of any other small, long item.


walet

English: wallet

Scots: wallet

A bag or knapsack (usually one used for the holding of essentials)


hameren

hameren (infinitive)
to hameren (infinitive)
hamere (infinitive)
hamere (first-person present singular)
hamered (first-person past singular)
hamerest (present second-person singular)
hameredest (past second-person singular)
hamereth (present singular third-person)
hamered (past singular third-person)
hamere (present singular subjunctive)
hamered (past singular subjunctive)
hamere (imperative present singular)
hameren (plural present)
hamere (plural present)
hamereden (past plural)
hamerede (past plural)
hamereth (imperative plural present)
hamere (imperative plural present)
hamerynge (participle present)
hamerende (participle present)
hamered (participle past)
yhamered (participle past)

English: hammer

Scots: haimmer

(rare) To hammer (swing a hammer; nail something)


staf

enm-noun

staf (plural staves or staven or staffes)

staves (plural)
staven (plural)
staffes (plural)

English: staff, stave

Scots: staf, staff

Yola: stheeves (plural)

From Old English stæf, from Proto-West Germanic *stab.

A staff, rod or pole; a relatively long, narrow, and thin object:

A staff used to support one's movement; a crutch.

A blunt or poled weapon; a club or mace.


forke

English: fork (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fork

Yola: vork

From Old English force, from Proto-West Germanic *furkō, from Latin furca; also influenced by Anglo-Norman forque and Old French forche, both from the same Latin word.

A fork or graip (implement used for digging).

(rare, Late Middle English) A fork (piece of cutlery).


lome

English: loom

Scots: luim

From Old English lōma, of unknown origin.

A loom; a frame used for weaving or other weaving implement.

A container or box where fluid is stored.

(rare) An instrument of war; an armament.


fleme

English: fleam

Borrowed from Old French flieme, from Vulgar Latin *fletoma, from Late Latin phlebotomus, from Ancient Greek φλεβότομος (phlebótomos), φλεβοτόμον (phlebotómon).

(Late Middle English, rare) A lancet or fleam.


stikke

English: stick

Scots: stick, stikk

Inherited from Old English sticca, from Proto-West Germanic *stikkō, from Proto-Germanic *stikkô, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)teyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”).


tonge

English: tong (tongs); tang

Scots: tang, taing

From Old English tang, tange, from Proto-West Germanic *tangu, from Proto-Germanic *tangō. Reinforced by Old Norse tangi.

A pair of tongs:
(surgery) A forceps (surgical tongs)

A pair of tongs:
A forceps (surgical tongs)

A pair of tongs:
A device for extinguishing candles.


flasket

English: flasket (dated)

From Old French flaschet; equivalent to flask + -et.


morter

English: mortar (see there for further descendants)

Scots: mortar

→ Welsh: morter, mortar

Borrowed from Old French mortier, from Latin mortārium.

Grout or mortar (that which holds bricks together)


flo

English: flo

From Old English flā, from flān reanalysed as a plural, from Proto-West Germanic *flain, from Proto-Germanic *flainaz. Compare flon.

An arrow, especially one used with a long bow (projectile weapon emitted from a bow)


schere

English: shear

Scots: shear

Yola: sheare

Inherited from Old English scēar; compare scheren. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.

(often in the plural) shears (a pair of linked blades)


hakke

English: hack

Scots: hack, haik


gunne

English: gun

→ Volapük: gün

Scots: gun

Yola: gooun

→ Middle Irish: gunna

Irish: gunna

Manx: gunn

From Lady Gunilda; a name for a crossbow. More at English gun.

A trebuchet or similar kind of pellet-firing siege engine.

A cannon or other large firearm; a piece of artillery.

A portable handheld firearm; a gun (i.e. a hand cannon).


egge

English: edge

Scots: edge

Inherited from Old English eċġ, with final vowel levelled in from the oblique cases.

An edge of a blade or instrument; the sharp or effective side of something.

A bladed weapon; a knife, sword, or similar weapon.

The edge or rim of an object, plot of land, or physical feature; the exterior border of something.

The side of a troop or military formation.


sowe

English: sow

Scots: sou

From Old English sūgu, sū, from Proto-West Germanic *sugu. Compare swyn. Use as a term for a siege engine is a semantic loan from Medieval Latin sūs.

A siege engine used to protect assailants.


gravere

English: graver

From Old English grafere, græfere; equivalent to graven + -er.


schaft

English: shaft

Scots: schaft, shaft

Inherited from Old English sċeaft (“shaft”), from Proto-West Germanic *skaft, from Proto-Germanic *skaftaz.

inh+

A missile, projectile, or the shaft of one.

The handle or pole of a bladed tool or implement.


drawen

enm-verb

drawen (third-person singular simple present draweth, present participle drawinge, first-/third-person singular past indicative drogh or drew, past participle drawen)

draweth (present singular third-person)
drawinge (participle present)
drogh (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drew (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
drawen (participle past)
drawen (infinitive)
to drawen (infinitive)
drawe (infinitive)
drawe (first-person present singular)
drogh (first-person past singular)
drew (first-person past singular)
drawest (present second-person singular)
drowe (past second-person singular)
drewe (past second-person singular)
drogh (past second-person singular)
drew (past second-person singular)
draweth (present singular third-person)
drogh (past singular third-person)
drew (past singular third-person)
drawe (present singular subjunctive)
drowe (past singular subjunctive)
drewe (past singular subjunctive)
drawe (imperative present singular)
drawen (plural present)
drawe (plural present)
drowen (past plural)
drowe (past plural)
drewen (past plural)
drewe (past plural)
draweth (imperative plural present)
drawe (imperative plural present)
drawynge (participle present)
drawende (participle present)
drawen (participle past)
drawe (participle past)
ydrawen (participle past)
ydrawe (participle past)

English: draw

Scots: draw

Yola: dra

From Old English dragan, from Proto-West Germanic *dragan. Many senses are calqued from Latin trahere.

To draw, push, or impel towards (oneself); to attract:


volvelle

English: volvelle

Borrowed from Medieval Latin volvella, variant of volvellum, from volvō + -ellum.

A moving part of an astronomical instrument.


schave

English: shave

From Old English sceafa, from Proto-Germanic *skabô.

A tool used for filing, shaving, or abrasion.


beme

→ English: beme

Inherited from Old English bēme, Anglian form of bīeme, bȳme (“trumpet; tablet, billet”), from Proto-West Germanic *baumijā; compare beem.


lavour

English: laver

From Old French laveoir, from Late Latin lavātōrium. Doublet of lavatorie.

A basin or sink for washing one's hands in.


alabastre

English: alabaster

Scots: alabaster

From Old French alabastre, from Latin alabaster, from Ancient Greek ἀλάβαστρος (alábastros), from earlier ἀλάβαστος (alábastos).


sarse

English: searce, sarse

Scots: search

Probably borrowed from Anglo-Norman cerche, *cerce, from Late Latin *circa; see searce for more.


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.


sachel

English: satchel

From Old French sachel, from Late Latin saccellum (“money bag, purse”), a diminutive of Latin sacculus, itself a diminutive of saccus (“bag”).


jonk

English: junk

Borrowed from Middle French jonc (“rush”), from Old French jonc, from Latin iuncus, from Proto-Italic *joinikos.


meche

/ˈmɛːt͡ʃ(ə)/

From Old English mǣċe, mēċe, from Proto-West Germanic *mākī, from Proto-Germanic *mēkijaz.


balaunce

English: balance

Scots: ballance

From Old French balance, from Late Latin *bilancia.


arow

English: arrow

Scots: aerrow, arrae, arow, arowe

From Old English ārwe, earh, from Proto-West Germanic *arhu, from Proto-Germanic *arhwō.

An arrow (projectile weapon emitted from a bow)


kempe

English: kemp (obsolete)

Scots: kemp (obsolete)

From Old English cempa, from Proto-West Germanic *kampijō; doublet of champioun.

(rare) A winner; one who succeeds in a competition.


kempe

Unknown; potentially related to Middle Dutch kindekijn.


launcet

English: lancet

Borrowed from Old French lancete; equivalent to lance + -et.


pyke

English: pike, peak; pick (in part)

Scots: pike, pick

Yola: pick

From Old English pīc, from Proto-West Germanic *pīk, from Proto-Germanic *pīkaz.

A number of other tools noted for their pointiness.


trogh

English: trough

Scots: troch, trouch

From Old English troh, trog, from Proto-West Germanic *trog, from Proto-Germanic *trugaz.


costrel

English: costrel

→ Middle Welsh: costrel

Welsh: costrel

Borrowed from Old French costerel, modification of costeret.

Any small container or means of storage for liquids; a costrel.


reule

English: rule

Scots: rule, reule

>? Yola: zwae

From Old French reule, from Latin rēgula.


pestel

English: pestle

Borrowed from Old French pestel, from Latin pistillum.

A pestle (tool for crushing or pounding)


nauger

English: auger

From Old English nafugār, from Proto-West Germanic *nabugaiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *nabōgaizaz; equivalent to nave (“hub of a wheel”) + gor (“spear”).
Cognate with Old Saxon navugēr, Old High German nabagēr, Old Norse nafarr. Forms without initial n- are due to reanalysis of a nauger as an auger.


sauterie

English: psaltery

Borrowed from Old French sauterie, salterie, borrowed from Late Latin psaltērium, from Ancient Greek ψαλτήριον (psaltḗrion). Doublet of sauter.

A psaltery (lute-like string instrument)


stith

English: stith (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old Norse steði, *steð; the vocalism in /i/ may be due to influence from smyth and smythy. Doublet of stithy.


temse

English: temse, tems, tempse

Scots: teemse

Inherited from Old English *temes, from Proto-West Germanic *tamisu, of unclear origin.


hoggeshed

English: hogshead

→ Old French: hoggeshed


perre

English: perry

Scots: peerie

From Old French peré, perey (modern French poiré), from Vulgar Latin *piratum; related to pere (“pear”).


dinten

dumben (infinitive)
to dumben (infinitive)
dumbe (infinitive)
dumbe (first-person present singular)
dumbed (first-person past singular)
dumbest (present second-person singular)
dumbedest (past second-person singular)
dumbeth (present singular third-person)
dumbed (past singular third-person)
dumbe (present singular subjunctive)
dumbed (past singular subjunctive)
dumbe (imperative present singular)
dumben (plural present)
dumbe (plural present)
dumbeden (past plural)
dumbede (past plural)
dumbeth (imperative plural present)
dumbe (imperative plural present)
dumbynge (participle present)
dumbende (participle present)
dumbed (participle past)
ydumbed (participle past)

English: dint, dent, dunt

Scots: dint, dunt


coffyn

English: coffin

Scots: coffin

From Old Northern French cofin, from Latin cophinus, from Ancient Greek κόφινος (kóphinos). Doublet of cofre.


trenchour

English: trencher

→ Welsh: trensiwr

Yola: trenshoorès (plural)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman trenchour; equivalent to trenchen + -our.


bowe

English: bow

Scots: bow

→ Middle Welsh: bwa

Welsh: bwa

From Old English boga, from Proto-West Germanic *bogō, in turn from Proto-Germanic *bugô.


slyngen

slyngen (infinitive)
to slyngen (infinitive)
slynge (infinitive)
slynge (first-person present singular)
slang (first-person past singular)
slyngest (present second-person singular)
slunge (past second-person singular)
slang (past second-person singular)
slyngeth (present singular third-person)
slang (past singular third-person)
slynge (present singular subjunctive)
slunge (past singular subjunctive)
slynge (imperative present singular)
slyngen (plural present)
slynge (plural present)
slungen (past plural)
slunge (past plural)
slange (past plural)
slyngeth (imperative plural present)
slynge (imperative plural present)
slyngynge (participle present)
slyngende (participle present)
slungen (participle past)
slunge (participle past)
yslunge (participle past)

English: sling

Scots: sling, slung

Borrowed from Old Norse slyngja, slyngva, from Proto-Germanic *slingwaną.

To use a weapon (especially a sling) to hurl a projectile.


slynge

English: sling

Scots: sling, slung

Possibly from Middle Low German slenge or a back-formation from slyngen.

A sling (strap used to sling projectiles)


mylne

desctree

English: mill
Sranan Tongo: miri
→ Hindi: मिल (mil)

Scots: mill, mull

Yola: mile

From Old English mylen, from Proto-West Germanic *mulīnu.

A mill; a grinding apparatus or a building housing one:

(rare) A fulling mill (device for fulling)


slegge

English: sledge

Scots: sleg

Inherited from Old English sleċġ, from Proto-Germanic *slagjǭ. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


hachet

English: hatchet

Yola: hatcheat

Borrowed from Old French hachete; equivalent to hache (“war-axe”) + -et.


brandreth

English: brandreth

From Old English brandrād (from Proto-West Germanic [Term?]) and Old Norse brandreið, both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *brandaraidō. Equivalent to brand + rode (“ride”).


sparthe

English: sparth

He hath a sparth of twenti pound of wight.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knyghtes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


keye

English: key

Scots: key, kee, kye

From Old English cǣġ, from Proto-West Germanic *kaiju; the final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.


reuler

English: ruler

Scots: reular


fithele

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feddle</i>

English: fiddle (dialectal feddle)
→ Swahili: fidla

Scots: fiddle

Yola: videl

→ Irish: fidil

→ Scottish Gaelic: fìdheall

From Old English *fiþele, from Proto-West Germanic *fiþulā; probably related to Latin vitula.

A string instrument played with a bow; a viol.


flynt ston

English: flintstone

Scots: flynt-stane

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones.

A flintstone; a piece of flint used as a firestarter.


flynt

English: flint

Scots: flint

→ Welsh: fflint

From Old English flint, from Proto-Germanic *flintaz.

Any of a group of (mostly igneous) solid stones, especially flint.


armurie

English: armory, armoury

From Old French armoierie; equivalent to armure + -ie.


Carlele axe

A sort of axe associated with the city of Carlisle.


penne knyfe

English: penknife

From penne + knyf; as these were commonly used for cutting the nib of a quill.


coteler

English: cutler

Scots: cuitlar (obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman cuteler, from Old French coutelier.


knyf

English: knife

Sranan Tongo: nefi

Korean: 나이프 (naipeu)

Portuguese: naifa

Samoan: naifi

Japanese: ナイフ

Scots: knyfe, knife

Yola: kunnife

French: canif

From Old English cnīf, from Old Norse knífr, from Proto-Germanic *knībaz.

A knife as a tool or instrument; the following special senses exist:


pichfork

English: pitchfork

From picchen (for which see pitch) + forke.

A pitchfork (implement used for lifting).


cheste

English: chest

Scots: kist

From Old English ċest, ċist, from Proto-West Germanic *kistu, from Latin cista, from Ancient Greek κίστη (kístē). The final vowel is from the Old English oblique cases.

A large container; a chest or footlocker.

A safe, strongbox; a secure chest for treasured items and possessions.

A coffin or casket (a box where the remains of the dead are stored)

(rare) A basket or bowl; a container without a top side.


tylle

English: till

Either from tillen or Anglo-Norman tylle.

(rare) A footlocker for the storage of armaments.


tylle

Alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


tylle

Than the knyghtes parters of the lystis toke up Sir Madore and led hym tylle hys tente.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum vii”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


clubbe

English: club

From Old Norse klubba, klumba, from Proto-Germanic *klumpô. Doublet of clompe.


flon

English: flone

Scots: flane, flain

From Old English flān, from Proto-West Germanic *flain, from Proto-Germanic *flainaz. Compare flo.

An arrow, especially one used with a long bow (projectile weapon emitted from a bow)


barwe

English: barrow

→ Zulu: ibhala

Scots: barrae, barrow, barow

Inherited from Old English bearwa, from Proto-West Germanic *barwijā, from Proto-Germanic *barwijǭ.

(rare) The amount that can be contained in a handbarrow.


harneys

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman harneis, from Old Norse *hernest. See Old French hernois.

Gear, tools, implements:
Weaponry; implements for fighting.

Gear, tools, implements:
A full set or suit of armour.

Gear, tools, implements:
Horse tack, especially for a warhorse.

Supplies, equipment:
Household goods and items.


harneysen

harneysen (infinitive)
to harneysen (infinitive)
harneyse (infinitive)
harneyse (first-person present singular)
harneysed (first-person past singular)
harneysest (present second-person singular)
harneysedest (past second-person singular)
harneyseth (present singular third-person)
harneysed (past singular third-person)
harneyse (present singular subjunctive)
harneysed (past singular subjunctive)
harneyse (imperative present singular)
harneysen (plural present)
harneyse (plural present)
harneyseden (past plural)
harneysede (past plural)
harneyseth (imperative plural present)
harneyse (imperative plural present)
harneysynge (participle present)
harneysende (participle present)
harneysed (participle past)
yharneysed (participle past)

English: harness

Scots: harnish, herness

From Anglo-Norman harneschier; equivalent to harneys (“gear, equipment”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Some forms are remodelled on harneys.

af

(rare, Late Middle English) To wear clothing or garments.


scho

English: shoe

Scots: shae

Yola: shoone (plural)

From Old English sċō-, oblique stem of sċōh, from Proto-West Germanic *skōh, form Proto-Germanic *skōhaz.

A piece of metal fortifying the edge of a wooden spade.


bladyn

bladyn (infinitive)
to bladyn (infinitive)
blade (infinitive)
blade (first-person present singular)
bladed (first-person past singular)
bladest (present second-person singular)
bladedest (past second-person singular)
bladeth (present singular third-person)
bladed (past singular third-person)
blade (present singular subjunctive)
bladed (past singular subjunctive)
blade (imperative present singular)
bladen (plural present)
blade (plural present)
bladeden (past plural)
bladede (past plural)
bladeth (imperative plural present)
blade (imperative plural present)
bladynge (participle present)
bladende (participle present)
bladed (participle past)
ybladed (participle past)


serchour

English: searcher

Scots: saircher

/ˈsɛːrt͡ʃər/

Borrowed from Old French cercheor; equivalent to serchen + -our.

A searcher; an investigator or scrutiniser.

One who performs checkups or quality control:

A person employed by a guild to ensure adherence to guild guidelines.

A person who levies duties and examines the quality of trade goods.

(rare) An investigator of watches or postings.

A medical implement used to extract or examine.


chyrne

English: churn, kern

Scots: kirn, kern, kurn, curn

Inherited from Old English ċiern, from Proto-West Germanic *kirnijā, Proto-Germanic *kirnijǭ, extension of *kernǭ. Forms with /k/ are from or influenced by the related Old Norse kirna.


blowere

English: blower

Scots: blawer

From Old English blāwere; equivalent to blowen (“to blow”) + -er.


scherd

English: shard, sherd

Scots: shaird

desc

Yola: sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde

From Old English sċeard, from Proto-West Germanic *skard, from Proto-Germanic *skardą. Doublet of scarth.

A container made of clay or similar material.


tronchoun

English: truncheon

From Old French tronchon, from Late Latin *troncionem.


vesselment

From Anglo-Norman vesselment; equivalent to vessel + -ment.

(rare) Boxes and containers used for religious reasons.


gunnepoudre

English: gunpowder

Scots: gunpoother


ȝerde

English: yard, yerd

Scots: yaird, yeard, yird

Inherited from Old English ġerd, from Proto-West Germanic *gaʀdi, from Proto-Germanic *gazdijō. related to Polish żerdź from Proto-Slavic *žьrdь ("perch, pole, ricker").

A bar or rod; a long, skinny piece of material:

A crutch or staff; a bar used to support something.

A bar used to stop a joint from moving; a splint.

A rod used to represent legitimacy, right, and might.

A yard (unit of length consisting of three feet, often used for fabric)


chalis

English: chalice

Scots: chalice

Borrowed from Old French chalice, calice, borrowed itself from Latin calix, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux). Doublet of calch, which is an older form inherited from Proto-West Germanic *kalik, ultimately from the same source.

A cup, chalice or glass; a container for drinking out of.

A chalice for wine used for the Eucharist.


egge tool

A tool with a sharp edge; an edged tool.


hakkere

English: hacker

(rare) A lopper; a tool for cutting wood.


stafslynge

English: staff sling

A staff sling; a sling mounted on a pole.

(rare, Late Middle English) A slinger armed with a staff sling.


slyngynge

The process of slinging projectiles using a sling.


nayl

English: nail

Scots: nail, nale

Yola: niel

(figurative) A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

A nail (metal fastening pin):
A bothersome predicament or annoyance.

(figurative) A decisive point in a debate or disagreement.

The nayl ydryven in the shode anyght; / The colde deeth, with mouth gapyng upright...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 2007–2008:

The nail driven in the head's crown at night; / The cold death, with mouth gaping upright...


snayle

English: snail

Scots: snail

Inherited from Old English sneġel, from Proto-Germanic *snagilaz, *snigilaz.

(rare, Late Middle English) A kind of contraption used for both offence and defence during a siege.

(rare) A diseased mass of protruding fleshiness.


pyssepotte

English: pisspot, piss pot

Scots: pish-pot

(rare, Late Middle English, vulgar) pisspot


pot stik

A stick for stirring liquids used in cooking.


poteller

A pottle (a small container holding a half-gallon)


potell

English: pottle

Scots: pottle

Borrowed from Old French potel; equivalent to pot + -el (diminutive suffix).

A pottle (a unit of volume equalling a half-gallon)


crowde

q

remodelled after Welsh <i class="Latn mention" lang="cy">crwth</i>

English: crwth, crowd, cruth, crowth, crouth (remodelled after Welsh crwth)

Scots: croude (obsolete)

Borrowed from a Celtic language; ultimately from Proto-Celtic *kruttos; compare Welsh crwth. A doublet of rote (“rote (musical instrument)”).

A crwth, crowd or a similar musical instrument.


forneys

English: furnace

Scots: furnace

Borrowed from Old French fornais, from Latin fornāx.

A stove or oven; a device for cooking upon or in.

A furnace (especially when used for glassworking or metalworking).

Fires used to inflict punishment or retribution upon someone.

(rare) A device for boiling non-fermented liquor.


payle

English: pail

Yola: pyle

From either Old English pæġel, from Proto-West Germanic *pagil; or from Old French paielle, from Latin patella; or a conflation of both.

A pail or bucket; a roughly cylindrical container.


schovel

English: shovel (dialectal shoul, shool)

→ Fiji Hindi: sabbal

→ Marshallese: jabōļ

Scots: shuffle, schule, shule, shuil

Yola: shule

Inherited from Old English sċofl, *sċufl, from Proto-Germanic *skuflō. Akin to schoven.

A shovel or spade; a scooped tool with a handle.


hornepipe

English: hornpipe

From horn + pipe (referring to its material of composition).


lavatorie

English: lavatory

From Late Latin lavātōrium; equivalent to laven + -atorie. Doublet of lavour.

A receptacle to hold water used for religious purposes.


governail

English: governail (archaic)

Middle Scots: governall

Borrowed from Middle French governail, from Old French governail, governaille, from Latin gubernāculum.

Guardianship or oversight; one's role as a caretaker or guardian.

The duration an office is held for; reign, tenure.

(rare) Destiny; a preordained result or fate.

A rudder or oar (paddle for steering a vessel)

(rare, medicine) A restorative course of action.

(rare, figurative) A guardian or overseer; one who directs.


brochen

brochen (infinitive)
to brochen (infinitive)
broche (infinitive)
broche (first-person present singular)
broched (first-person past singular)
brochest (present second-person singular)
brochedest (past second-person singular)
brocheth (present singular third-person)
broched (past singular third-person)
broche (present singular subjunctive)
broched (past singular subjunctive)
broche (imperative present singular)
brochen (plural present)
broche (plural present)
brocheden (past plural)
brochede (past plural)
brocheth (imperative plural present)
broche (imperative plural present)
brochynge (participle present)
brochende (participle present)
broched (participle past)
ybroched (participle past)

English: broach

Scots: broach

/ˈbrɔːt͡ʃən/

From Old French brochier; equivalent to broche + -en (infinitival suffix).


trumpe

English: trump

Scots: trump

From Old French trompe, from Frankish *trumpa, *trumba, from an imitative Germanic word.

onomatopoeic

imitative

A trumpet, horn, or similar musical instrument.

One who uses or plays such an instrument.


sisours

English: scissors

Scots: scissors, shissors, chizors

From Old French cisoires, from Vulgar Latin *cīsōria.


scorpioun

English: scorpion

Borrowed from Old French scorpion, from Latin scorpiō, from Ancient Greek σκορπῐ́ος (skorpíos); reinforced by existing Old English sċorpio, from the same Latin source.

Someone who practices deception or lewdness.


tronke

English: trunk

Scots: trunk

From Old French tronc, from Latin truncus.

A container which fish are put in; a fishtank.


spere-hed

English: spearhead

(rare) A kind of plant in the genus Ranunculus.


ynkhorn

English: inkhorn

A small portable container, often made of horn, used to carry ink.


spere schaft

English: spearshaft


hilte

English: hilt

Scots: hilt

From Old English hilt, from Proto-Germanic *heltą (“handle, hilt”).


dubler

English: doubler (dialectal)

From Old French doblier, from Latin duplārium; compare double.


pautener

English: pawtener

From Middle French pautonniere (“purse”); ultimately akin to Etymology 1.


harwe

English: harrow

Scots: harra

Yola: harroue

Either from an Old English *hearwa or borrowed from Old Norse harfr/herfi.


launcegay

English: lancegay (obsolete)

From Old French lancegaye, from lance (“lance”) + zagaye (“assagai”).

Sire Thopas / wolde out ride / He worth / vpon his steede gray / And in his hand a launcegay / A long swerd / by his side [...].

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, Sir Thopas (Ellesmere ms)


busshel

English: bushel

Scots: bushel

ne me tendiþ not a lanterne / ⁊ puttiþ it vndur a buſſhel [translating mōdius] · but on a candilſtike· that it ȝyue liȝt to alle þat ben in þe hous

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 5:15, page 1v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You don't light a lamp and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick, so it gives light to everybody who's at home.


culveryne

English: culverin

(Late Middle English, rare) culverin (cannon)


schethe

English: sheath

Scots: sheath

Yola: shaadh

From Old English sċēaþ, from Proto-West Germanic *skaiþiju, from Proto-Germanic *skaiþiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.


schethe

English: sheth, sheath

Unknown, but possibly related to or identical to Etymology 1. Compare Old English sċēaþa, Middle Dutch schêde (“nail”).

(rare) sheth (bar connecting the ploughshare to a plough's beam)


calch

From Old English cælċ, syncopic form of caliċ, ċeliċ, from Proto-West Germanic *kalik, from Latin calix, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux). Doublet of chalis.

(Early Middle English, rare) A chalice for wine used at the Eucharist.


fleyl

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">frail</i>

English: flail (dialectal frail)

Scots: flail

Yola: vleal

From Old English *flegel, fligel, from Proto-West Germanic *flagil, probably from Latin flagellum. Possibly a doublet of frayel.

(rare) A rotating bar used to secure a gate.


wynde

English: wind

From Old English *winde; compare wynden (“to wind”).


crouche

English: crouch (obsolete)

From Old English crūċ, from Latin crucem. Doublet of cross and croys.
The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

sign of the cross
sign of the cross#English

A representation of a cross (e.g. a crucifix, the sign of the cross)


colk

>? English: coke

Possibly from Old English *colc, from Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, depression”), from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz, *kelukaz, *kelukô, a diminutive of *kelǭ (“throat”).


gridil

English: griddle

Scots: girdle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gredil, from Latin crātīcula; possibly a doublet of crele. Compare gredire.


gredire

English: gridiron

Possibly a modification of gridil (“gridiron, griddle”) after iren; compare aundire.

A gridiron; an iron grate used for cooking or torture.


crele

English: creel

Unknown. Possibly borrowed from an Old French *creille (compare attested greille), from Latin crātīcula. In that case, a doublet of gridil.


Seint Graal

English: Sangrail

Borrowed from Old French saint graal, saint greal (“Holy Grail”); equivalent to seint + graal.


crismatorie

English: chrismatory

From Medieval Latin chrismatōrium; equivalent to crisme + -atorie.


basyn

English: basin

Scots: bashin

→ Irish: báisín

Borrowed from Old French bacin, from Vulgar Latin *baccinum.

A basin (large bowl):
A washbasin; a sink.

A basin (large bowl):
(rare) A basin-shaped gong.

A basin (large bowl):
A basin-shaped gong.


stirop

English: stirrup

Scots: stirrup, strip, strup

From Old English stiġrāp, stīrāp; equivalent to stien + rop (“rope”).


mattok

English: mattock

Yola: mattoke


flyngen

flyngen (infinitive)
to flyngen (infinitive)
flynge (infinitive)
flynge (first-person present singular)
flang (first-person past singular)
flyngest (present second-person singular)
flunge (past second-person singular)
flange (past second-person singular)
flang (past second-person singular)
flyngeth (present singular third-person)
flang (past singular third-person)
flynge (present singular subjunctive)
flunge (past singular subjunctive)
flange (past singular subjunctive)
flynge (imperative present singular)
flyngen (plural present)
flynge (plural present)
flungen (past plural)
flunge (past plural)
flangen (past plural)
flange (past plural)
flyngeth (imperative plural present)
flynge (imperative plural present)
flyngynge (participle present)
flyngende (participle present)
flungen (participle past)
flunge (participle past)

English: fling

Scots: fling

Borrowed from Old Norse flengja, from Proto-Germanic *flangijaną. Strong past forms are after the model of dingen, swyngen, and similar verbs.

To fly (move speedily, especially through air).


chaufour

English: chafer

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chaufour, from Latin calefactōrium; equivalent to chaufen + -our.


sclise

English: slice

Scots: sclice

Borrowed from Old French esclice, from esclicier.


maunde

English: maundy (Maundy Thursday)

Borrowed from Old French mande, from Latin mandātum.

A washing of feet (by Christ or at Maundy Thursday).


maunde

English: maund

Borrowed from Old French mande, from Middle Dutch mande, from Old Dutch manda, from Proto-West Germanic *mandu.


costret

Borrowed from Old French costeret, ultimately from a suffixed form of Latin costa.


gunneston

English: gunstone (obsolete)

Scots: gunstane (obsolete)

(Late Middle English) A cannonball; a missile used by a cannon.


anvelt

English: anvil

Inherited from Old English anfealt, anfilte, from Proto-West Germanic *anafalt, *anafaltī; some forms are apparently modified on the analogy of other words, such as feeld (“field”) or felde, past of fellen (“to fell”).


teye

English: tye

Inherited from Old English tēag (“chest, enclosure”), of unclear origin; but possibly ultimately a semantic development of Etymology 1. A connection to Old Norse teigr (“plot of land”) is semantically attractive, though phonologically difficult.


besme

English: besom

Scots: besom, bisom

Inherited from Old English besma, from Proto-West Germanic *besmō.


gleyve

English: glaive

Scots: glaive

Borrowed from Old French glaive, from Late Latin glā̆vus, of unclear origin.

A glaive or bill; a polearm with a blade attached to the side.


caudroun

desc

English: cauldron (obsolete caldron, caudron); chaldron

Scots: caudron, cauthron

Borrowed from Old Northern French cauderon (Parisien chauderon), ultimately from Late Latin caldāria (“cooking-pot”).


frayel

English: frail

Scots: frail

Borrowed from Old French frael, fraiel, of unknown origin; possibly a dissimilatory variant of flael, flaiel (“flail”); if so, a doublet of fleyl.

A rushen basket for picking dried fruit; a frail.


flecche

Either borrowed from Anglo-Norman fleche or a back-formation from fleccher.


fleccher

English: fletcher

Borrowed from Old French flechier; equivalent to flecche + -er.

(chiefly Late Middle English) A fletcher; an arrowmaker.


whelbarwe

English: wheelbarrow

desc

Scots: whirlbarrae (with replacement of first element)

From whel (“wheel”) + barwe (“handbarrow”).


calketrappe

enm-noun

calketrappe (plural calketrappes or calketrappen)

calketrappes (plural)
calketrappen (plural)

English: caltrop, caltrap (archaic)

Inherited from Old English *calcatræppe (attested as coltetræppe), variant of calcatrippe (“caltrop”), from Medieval Latin calcatrappa, calcatrippa.