world

English: world

Scots: warld

Inherited from Old English woruld, worold, from Proto-West Germanic *weraldi, from Proto-Germanic *weraldiz.

He was in þe woꝛld · ⁊ þe woꝛld was maad bi him .· ⁊ þe woꝛld knew him not

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 1:10, page 44r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

He was in the world and the world was made by him, but the world didn't know him.


Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

From Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -es.

Wales (constituent part of the United Kingdom)


ground

ground (accusative nominative singular)
groundes (accusative nominative plural)
grounde (genitive singular)
grounde (genitive plural)
groundes (genitive plural)
groundes (dative singular)
grounden (dative plural)

English: ground

→ Fiji Hindi: garaund

→ Maltese: grawnd

Geordie English: grund, groond

Scots: grund, groond, greund

Yola: greoune, greoun, greound

From Old English grund, from Proto-Germanic *grunduz.


see

English: sea

Scots: se, see, sey, seye, sie

Yola: zea, zee

Inherited from Old English sǣ, from Proto-West Germanic *saiwi, from Proto-Germanic *saiwiz.


comb

English: comb

Scots: camb, came, kame, kaim, kem

Yola: cowm, khime

From Old English camb, comb, from Proto-West Germanic *kamb, from Proto-Germanic *kambaz.

A honeycomb (hexagonal structure of bees)


cloud

English: cloud

Scots: clud, clood

From Old English clūd, from Proto-West Germanic *klūt, from Proto-Germanic *klūtaz.

A cloud (mass of water vapour) or similar.


Europe

English: Europe, Europa (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Europe

Learned borrowing from Latin Eurōpa, borrowed from Doric Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa).


seem

English: seam

Scots: seam

Inherited from Old English sēam (“seam”), from Proto-West Germanic *saum, from Proto-Germanic *saumaz. The "nail" sense is a semantic loan from Old Norse saumr.

inh+

A furrow or trench; a depression in the ground.


flor

English: floor

desc

Scots: flure, fluir, flair, fleur, fleer

From Old English flōr, from Proto-West Germanic *flōru, *flōr, from Proto-Germanic *flōraz, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₂ros.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.

A flat area or platform (often for preparation)

The surface of the earth, especially when flat; a plain.


Athens

English: Athens

From Old French Athenes, Atenes, from Latin Athēnae pl (acc. Athēnās), from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι pl (Athênai), the plural form of Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athena”), the goddess. More at Athena.

Þe grete worþi Dionisius, Whiche at Athens..Was called in scolis Aropagite [vr. the Ariapogite].


London

English: London

Norwegian Bokmål: London

Scots: Lunnon

From Old English Lunden, from Latin Londinium - see for details.


parlement

English: parliament, Parliament

Scots: parliament

→ Old French: parlement (“legislative assembly, legislative body”) (semantic loan)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French parlement; equivalent to parlen + -ment. Compare Medieval Latin parliamentum.

(specifically) The parliament of England.


worldly

English: worldly

Scots: warldly, wardly

From Old English woruldlīċ, worldlīċ, weoroldlīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *weraldilīk, from Proto-Germanic *weraldilīkaz; equivalent to world + -ly (adjectival suffix).

Mundane, secular; unrelated to religion:


Rome

English: Rome

Scots: Roum, Rome

From Old English Rōm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō, from Latin Rōma.

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.

But now I am removed from the cyte of Rome almoſt .V.C.M. paas, I am wythoute defence dampned to pꝛoscrepcion and to deathe[…]

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie. The Fyrst Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxxv, recto, column 1:

But now I've been sent almost 500,000 paces from the city of Rome; I am without defence, sentenced to exile and death.

Ne never was ther king in Rome towne / Syns thilke day, ⁊ ſhe was holden there[…]

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Legende of Lucresse of Rome”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxv, verso, column 2:

There was never a king in Rome after that day, and she was seen there […]

Rome (a city, the capital of the Papacy; ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


Egipt

desctree

English: Egypt, Ægypt (archaic), Ægipt, Aegipt, Egipt, Egipte (obsolete)
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


den

English: den

Scots: den

From Old English denn, from Proto-West Germanic *dani. Forms with a final vowel are probably generalised datives.


vale

English: vale

Scots: vale

Borrowed from Old French val, from Latin vallis. Compare valey.


dale

dales (plural)
dale (accusative nominative singular)
dales (accusative nominative plural)
dale (genitive singular)
dales (genitive plural)
dale (dative singular)
dalen (dative plural)

English: dale

Scots: dale, daal

From Old English dæl, from Proto-West Germanic *dal.


rote

English: root
→ Irish: rúta

Scots: ruit, rute

From Late Old English rōt, rōte, from Old Norse rót, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts, from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of wort (“plant”). See more at English root.

foꝛ þe roote of alle yuelis is coueitiſe / whiche ſummen coueitynge .· erriden fro þe feiþ. / ⁊ biſettiden hem wiþ manye ſoꝛewis

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Tymothe ·i· 6:10, page 84r; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the root of all wrongs is covetousness, which some yearned for and strayed from the faith; they've unleashed many sorrows upon themselves.

Something which generates, creates, or emanates something:

The origin of an abstract quality; that which something originally came from.

A wellspring or exemplar of an abstract quality that which something comes from.


cave

English: cave

Scots: cave

Borrowed from Old French cave, from Latin cava.


fen

fennes (plural)
fen (accusative nominative singular)
fennes (accusative nominative plural)
fennes (genitive singular)
fenne (genitive plural)
fennes (genitive plural)
fenne (dative singular)
fennen (dative plural)

English: fen

Scots: fen

Yola: ven

From Old English fenn; from Proto-West Germanic *fani, from Proto-Germanic *fanją. The "dung" sense is influenced by Old French fien.


clot

English: clot

From Old English clot, clott, from Proto-West Germanic *klott; compare clod.


mire

English: mire (“swamp”)

Scots: mire

Borrowed from Old Norse mýrr, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *miuzijō.

(figuratively) Iniquity, sinfulness; immoral behaviour.


wold

English: wold, weald, wald

Scots: wald

From Old English weald, wald (“high land covered with wood, woods, forest”), from Proto-West Germanic *walþu, from Proto-Germanic *walþuz.

Ȝif æi mon hine mihte ifinden uppe þissere wælden, ...


brace

English: brace

Scots: brace

From Old French brace, from Latin bracchia, plural of bracchium.

Vambrace; armour which protects the arm.

A cord or brace for fastening or attaching things to something.

(rare) A support or buttress used in other applications.

(rare) A peninsula; a cape or slice of land jutting into the sea.


heed

English: head, heed, hed (obsolete), 'ead (UK, eye dialect)
→ Japanese: ヘッド (heddo)
Sranan Tongo: ede
Aukan: ede
Saramaccan: hédi

Geordie English: heed

Scots: heid

Yola: heade, haade, hade

From Old English hēafod, from Proto-West Germanic *haubud, from Proto-Germanic *haubudą (“head”).


Inde

English: Inde

Borrowed from Old French Ynde, from Classical Persian هند.


mount

English: mount

Scots: munt

From Old English munt and Anglo-Norman mount, both from Latin mōns.

A mountain; a mount or peak, especially the Alps.


flod

English: flood

Scots: fluid, flude

Inherited from Old English flōd, from Proto-Germanic *flōduz.

A waterbody or water in general (opposed to land):

A river; a waterbody that moves in one direction.

A lake or ocean; a large open body of water.

The movement of the sea (e.g. tide or flow)

(figurative) Something that flows or issues in abundance.


Kent

English: Kent

Inherited from Old English Cent, from Latin Cantium or its Brythonic source.


Suffolk

English: Suffolk

From Old English Sūþfolc; equivalent to south + folk.


Englisch

English: English

Scots: Inglis

From Old English Englisc; equivalent to Engle + -isch.


ey

English: ey (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English æġ, from Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Doublet of egge.

egg (especially of a chicken or other fowl)


ey

English: ay

Scots: ay, ae

Derived from Latin ei and Old French ahi, äi.

An exclamation of surprise, challenge, or inquiry.


ey

To have no ey for nought.

Exhorting thy people to have a special ey, That thee to praise they never cease.


dene

English: dene, dean, Deane

desc

conflated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">den</i>

Scots: den (conflated with den)

From Old English dene; possibly originally the same word as den (“den”).


cours

desctree

English: course
→ Gulf Arabic: كورس (kōrs)

Scots: coorse

→ Welsh: cwrs

Borrowed from Old French cours, curs, from Latin cursus; compare Middle Dutch coers.

A series of occurrences; a course of time:

Customary behaviour or nature; custom:
A course of a meal.

Customary behaviour or nature; custom:
Human behaviour; deportment.


cours

English: coarse

Scots: coorse

Ordinary, coarse; of inferior grade or quality.


Georgie

English: Georgie (obsolete)

/dʒɛːˈɔːrdʒiː(ə)/

From Middle French Georgie, from Medieval Latin Geōrgia, from Persian گرج (gorj) (with influence from (sanctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”)), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (Wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”), of unknown origin.

der

And þere ben .ij. kyngdomes in þat contree. Þat on is the kyngdom of GEORGIE & þat oþer is the kyngdom of ABCAZ. And allweys in þat contree ben .ij. kynges & þei ben bothe criſtene

a. 1357, John Maundevylle, chapter XXIX, in [The Travels of Sir John Mandeville] (Cotton Titus C.16.); republished as Paul Hamelius, Mandeville's travels : the Cotton version, 1919, page 172:

The gentyl ladyes of the contre Arme them and ride vpon good horſes rennyng and ſwyfte / and fyghte aſprely in the companye of the knyghtes of Georgie ayenſt the ſaraſyns.

1481, Gossuin of Metz, “Here foloweth of the contrees and Royammes of ynde”, in William Caxton, transl., L'Image du Monde [The myrrour of the worlde], William Caxton:

Georgia (a medieval country in the South Caucasus, approximately coextensive with modern Georgia)


hough

English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how

Scots: heuch

From Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).


molde

English: mold, mould, mool

Scots: muild, moud

From Old English molde, from Proto-West Germanic *moldu, from Proto-Germanic *muldō.

dirt (loose soil):
ground (surface of the Earth)


Normandie

English: Normandy

From Old English Normandiġ, borrowed from Old French Normendie, from normant, from a Germanic language; equivalent to Normand + -ie.

administrative region
administrative region

Normandy (an administrative region, historical province, and medieval kingdom in northwest France, on the English Channel)


delle

English: dell

Scots: dell

From Old English dell, from Proto-Germanic *daljō.


poudre

English: powder (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pouder, pouther

→ Welsh: powdr, powdwr, pwdr

From Old French poudre, ultimately from Latin pulvis.

Earth, dirt; the particles that compose soil.


caverne

English: cavern

Scots: cavern

Borrowed from Middle French caverne, from Old French caverne, from Latin caverna.


stak

English: stack

Scots: stack

Irish: staca, stáca

From Old Norse stakkr, from Proto-Germanic *stakkaz.


clough

English: clough

Geordie English: cleugh

Scots: cleuch

From Old English *clōh, from Proto-West Germanic *klą̄h, from Proto-Germanic *klanhaz, *klanhō, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to form into a ball”).


wath

English: wath (obsolete)

Scots: wath (rare)

From Old Norse vað and Old English wæd, both from Proto-Germanic *wadą, from Proto-Indo-European *wadʰom.

(rare) A ford; a crossing through a stream.


fenny

English: fenny

Yola: venie

From Old English fenniġ; equivalent to fen + -y.


hyl

Probably from Old English *hygel (“hillock”), from or related to Proto-West Germanic *haug (“mound”). Compare German Hügel.


Normand

English: Normand

From Old French Normant, from a Germanic language.


clift

English: cleft

Scots: clift

Inherited from Old English ġeclyft, from Proto-Germanic *kluftiz; equivalent to cleven + -th.

A slash wound; an injury from an instance of slicing, cleaving, rupturing or cutting.


sych

English: sitch, sike

Scots: sike, syke

Inherited from Old English sīċ, from Proto-West Germanic *sīk, from Proto-Germanic *sīką.


feeld

English: field

Scots: feld, feild


occean

English: ocean

Scots: ocean

From Old French occean, from Latin Ōceanus, from Ancient Greek Ὠκεανός (Ōkeanós).

A large sea believed to encircle the world's land.


escheker

English: exchequer, Exchequer

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛˈkeːr/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛkər/

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium. Doublet of cheker.

The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


hil

English: hill

Scots: hill, hull

Yola: hele, hile, hill

From Old English hyll, from Proto-Germanic *hulliz (“hill”).


Duch

English: Dutch

Scots: Dutch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
From Middle Dutch duutsch and Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch, in turn from Old Saxon thiudisk. Doublet of thedisch.

heigher Duche

louer Duche


bergh

English: barrow, bergh

Scots: burrae

From Old English beorg, from Proto-West Germanic *berg, from Proto-Germanic *bergaz (“mountain”).


pyke

English: pike, peak; pick (in part)

Scots: pike, pick

Yola: pick

From Old English pīc, from Proto-West Germanic *pīk, from Proto-Germanic *pīkaz.

A point or end of something in general; especially the end of a shoe.

A number of other tools noted for their pointiness.

A pike (fish with a barbed mouth (Esox lucius))


Cipre

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


Norwey

From Old English Norþweg; influenced also by Old French Norvege and Medieval Latin Norvegia.


erthe

English: earth, Earth

q

influenced by <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">erd</i>

Scots: erd (influenced by erd)

Yola: erth, eart, eard, eorth, eord

From Old English eorþe, from Proto-West Germanic *erþu, from Proto-Germanic *erþō.

And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge[…]"

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 40:


Engelond

English: England (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Ingland, England

Yola: Engelhoan

→ Latin: Angliterra (calque) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Middle High German: Engellant, Engelant, Engenlant (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Welsh: Englont, Inglont

/ˈɛnɡəlɔːnd/

From Old English Engla land (“land of the Angles”) by haplology.

inh

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.

[…] and specıallẏ from euerẏ shire' ende / Of Engelond to Caunterburẏ theẏ wende / The holẏ blıſful martır foꝛ to seke / That hem hath holpen whan þᵗ theẏ weere seeke […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

[…] and specially from every county's end / of England to Canterbury they went / to seek the holy blessed martyr / that had helped them when they were sick […]

A yeer and moore laﬅed this bliſful lyf, / Til that the knyght of which I ſpeke of thus, / That of Kayrrud was cleped Arveragus, / Shoop hym to goon and dwelle a yeer or twayne / In Engelond, that cleped was ek Britayne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ffrankeleẏns Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 155, recto:

A year and more lasted this blissful life, / Until the knight of whom I thus speak, / That was called Arveragus of Kayrrud, / Prepared himself to go and dwell a year or two / In England, which was also called Britain

The wᶜʰ blason I the foresayd Gwyon Kinge of Armes witnesse: not then borne of any other ꝑson whatsoever he bee wᵗʰin the Realme of England (otherwyse called the Ile of Great Brittaigne)

1461, John Wrexworth, Guyan King-of-Arms, Grant of Arms to William Swayne of Somerset (Add. MS. 14295, fo. 5b)


Germanie

English: Germany

Scots: Germany

From Old French Germanie and Old English Germania, both from Latin Germānia.

The portion of Europe occupied by those who speak Germanic languages.


depe

English: deep

(rare) The sea floor; the part of the ground that is submersed.


Dauphin

English: dauphin, Dauphin

Borrowed from Middle French dauphin, from Old French dalphin, from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of delphyn, which some forms are influenced by.

(Late Middle English) The Dauphin (French crown prince)


Egyp

Agayne the sowtht to thir ar knyt All Egyp hale.

c. 1420, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland:

(Early Scots) Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


valey

English: valley

Scots: vailey

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman valey, from Latin vallis. Compare vale.


Rone

From Anglo-Norman Ron, from Latin Rotomagus. Frankish *Rodomo represents an early Old French form.


Parys

English: Paris

Scots: Paris, Pairis

Paris (the capital and largest city of modern France)


Norrene

From Old English Norren. Doublet of Norenissce.


Duchish

duchisshe speche


Temese

English: Thames

From Old English Temese, from Latin Tamesis, potentially from Proto-Celtic *tamesās.

The Thames (river in SE England, notably having London on its bank)


schelfe

English: shelf

Scots: shelf

Probably from Old English scylfe, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH-.

(rare) A sloping area covered with grass.


Walsch

English: Welsh, Walsh, Walshe

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh

From Old English wīelisċ, wēlisċ, from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -isch. Some forms have been remodelled by analogy with other etymologically related words.

(Middle) Welsh (the Insular Celtic language spoken in Wales)

A kind of woollen cloth originating from Wales.


Walsch

English: Welsh

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh


depnesse

English: deepness

Scots: deepness

From Old English dēopnes; equivalent to depe + -nesse.

A location or locale of depth; especially the sea floor.

depth; deepness (the amount by which something is below the surface)

depth; deepness (the amount by which something reaches below the surface)

depth (the third dimension, after height and width)

(rare) Sagacity; sagaciousness; the quality of being wise.

(rare, Early Middle English) Direness; the quality of being of serious import


Ostrich

Borrowed from Old French Ostriche, from Old High German Ostarrîchi; equivalent to east + riche.


Venyse

English: Venice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Venis, Venise, Veneis, Venice

Borrowed from Old French Venise, from Medieval Latin Venetia.

Venice (the capital city of Veneto, in modern Italy)

Venice (a metropolitan city of Veneto, in modern Italy)


Iseland

desctree

> English: Iceland (inherited)
→ Japanese: アイスランド (Aisurando)

Calque of Old Norse Ísland; equivalent to is + land.


Spayne

English: Spain (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Spaingie

From Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia, from Ancient Greek Ἱσπανία (Hispanía).

Spain; the Iberian Peninsula, especially Castile.


Spynx

English: Sphinx, sphinx

From Latin Sphinx, from Ancient Greek Σφίγξ (Sphínx).


schuldre

enm-noun

schuldre (plural schuldres or schuldren)

English: shoulder

desc

Middle Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder

Scots: shouder, shooder, shouther, shoother, shidder

Yola: shuller

From Old English sċuldra, sċuldor, from Proto-West Germanic *skuldru.

The shoulder (as a joint or bodily region):

(figurative) One's strength or carrying capacity.


browe

English: brow

Geordie English: broo

Scots: broo

Inherited from Old English brū, from Proto-West Germanic *brūu, from Proto-Germanic *brūwō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms.

The eyebrow (line of hair above the eyes)

The brow (part of the head the eyebrows are situated on)


grayn

English: grain

Scots: grain, grane, grayne, graine

Borrowed from Old Norse grein, from Proto-Germanic *grainiz.


clyf

English: cliff

Scots: cliff (possibly from English)

Inherited from Old English clif, from Proto-Germanic *klibą; some forms are taken from the oblique stem.

A cliff; a heavily sloped hillside or mountainside.


mountayne

English: mountain

Scots: muntain

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman muntaigne, muntaine, from Early Medieval Latin montānia.


botme

desctree

English: bottom, botton (dialectal)
→ Dutch: bottom
→ French: bottom

desc

Scots: boddem, boddum, boddam, boddom, bottome

Yola: bothom

From Old English botm, bodan, from Proto-Germanic *butmaz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰudʰmḗn.

The lowest section of something; the bottom, especially of water:

The bottom portion of a ship's hull, or the line of wood running along it.


dalke

English: dalk, delk

From Old English *daluc, from Proto-West Germanic *daluk, from Proto-Germanic *dalukaz.


warþe

English: warth

From Old English waroþ, from Proto-Germanic *waruþaz, *waruþą.


Rede See

English: Red Sea

From Old English Rēad Sǣ; equivalent to red + see.

the Red Sea (especially in a biblical context)


counte

English: county

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman counté, from Latin comitātus; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -te.

A traditional county or shire of England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.


brewe

English: bree (dialectal)

Scots: brew, bree

From Old English brǣw, brēaw, brēġ, from Proto-Germanic *brēwō (besides *brūwō → Middle English browe).


chyne

English: chine (chink)

Scots: chin, chun

From Old English ċine, ċinu, from Proto-West Germanic *kinu, from Proto-Germanic *kinō. Forms with /iː/ are influenced by chynen.

(pathology) opening (of an injury or wound)


strem

English: stream

Scots: stream, strem, streme, streym

Yola: streem

Inherited from Old English strēam, from Proto-West Germanic *straum, from Proto-Germanic *straumaz.

A waterbody; a region of the world containing water:

A stream or river (flowing path of water)

The movement of water; flowing or tides.

A sea; a large, continuous body of water.

(rare) The maritime possessions of a nation.

(rare) An emission or issuing; something that comes out.


marschal

English: marshal
→ Malay: marsyal

Scots: marshal

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareschal, from Medieval Latin mariscalcus, either from Frankish *marhaskalk or from Old High German marah-scalc (“horse-servant”), from Proto-West Germanic *marh + *skalk (whence Old Saxon maraskalk, marahscalc). Compare Middle English mere (“mare”) and schalk.

der

(rare) The chief minister of the English royal court.


brinke

English: brink

Scots: brink

From Old Norse *brenka, *brinka and Middle Low German brink, both from Proto-Germanic *brinkaz (“hill, edge (of land)”).

The coastline or shoreline; the place where land meets sea.

The edge of any other body of water (e.g. a river, a pit full of water).

The edge of life; the state of being on the brink of death.


Portesmuða

English: Portsmouth


Northfolk

English: Norfolk

From Old English Norþfolc; equivalent to north + folk.


Edynburgh

English: Edinburgh

From Old English *Edyn burg, from Old Welsh Eidyn + Old English burg (“stronghold”), calque of Old Welsh Din Eidyn. More at Eidyn and Etymology of Edinburgh.

af

Kyng Edward toke the Castell off Edynburgh, And ther Inne he ffonde the Regalles off Skotland, that ys to wytte his Crovne off Golde and his Septre.

The hongman..havyng in his handis a paire sharpe tangis, with the which he twitched and all to tare thare skynne and flessh..thus wer thay ladd, pynched and payned..thorowe oute Edynburgh.

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland).


Portyngale

English: Portingal, Portingale

From Middle French Portingal, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of excrescence, from Latin Portucale.

He sowppes all þis seson with seuen knaue childre, Choppid in a chargour..With pekill & powdyre of precious spycez And pyment full plenteuous of Portyngale wynes.

He sips all this season with seven mischievous children, chopped in a charger, with a mix of precious spices and plenty of Portugual wines.


cheker

English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium; equivalent to chek + -er. Doublet of escheker.

A chessboard (checkerboard):
A chess set; chess equipment.

A game played with a chessboard; chess, checkers.

(by extension) The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


erthely

English: earthly

Scots: erdly (obsolete)

From Old English eorþlīċ; equivalent to erthe (“earth”) + -ly (adjectival suffix), which some forms are remodelled on.


merssh

English: marsh, merse

Scots: mersk, merse

From Old English merisċ, mersċ, in turn from Proto-West Germanic *marisk; equivalent to mere (“sea”) + -yssh. Doublet of mareys.

A region of marshland or damp meadowland.


mareys

English: marish

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareis, mereis or Middle French mares, marest, both from Late Latin mariscus, from Proto-West Germanic *marisk; forms ending in /iʃ/ may represent the influence of the suffix -yssh, though it reflects a regular tendency in the borrowing of Anglo-Norman and Middle French. Doublet of merssh.


Wyrcestreschire

English: Worcestershire

From Old English Weogornaċeastresċīr, from Weogornaċeastre (“Worcester's”, literally “Fort of the Weogoran”) + sċīr (“office; district”).

Weogornaċeaster<alt:Weogornaċeastre><t:Worcester's><lit:Fort of the Weogoran>


Armorik

From Transalpine Gaulish *Aremorika (“(place) by the sea”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”) + *mori (“sea”).

der

In Armorik, that called is Britayne, / Ther was a knyght that loved and dide his payne.

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Franklin's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales, Oxford, published 1988, page 178:


Britayne

English: Britain

From Anglo-Norman Britaine, Bretaine, Bretagne, variants of Old French Bretaigne, Bretannie via Medieval Latin Britānia, Bretannia from Latin Britannia; whence a doublet of Bretene via Old English Breoton, Breten.


worlderiche

Inherited from Old English weoruldrīċe; equivalent to world + -riche. The medial vowel (perhaps reflecting Old English *weorulderīċe) is either epenthetic or (more likely) reflects Old English oblique weorolde.


Ermenie

I rede hou whilom that Pompeie,
To whom that Rome moste obeie,
A werre hadde in jeupartie
Ayein the king of Ermenie,

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


occean Atlantyke

English: Atlantic Ocean

The begynnenge of the grete see is in the weste, at the pyllers of Hercules, where the occean Atlantyke [translating oceanus Atlanticus] brekenge vp to londes makethe the see Gaditan.

?a. 1475 (?a. 1425), Ranulph Higden, edited by Churchill Babington, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; Together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century, volume I, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, published 1865, page 53:


occean of Athlant

Thanne þe grete see of myddel erþe bygynneþ in þe west at Hercules pilers; þere þe see of occean of Athlant [translating oceanus Atlanticus] brekeþ out, and makeþ the see Gaditan.

(a. 1387), Ranulph Higden, edited by Churchill Babington, Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis; Together with the English Translations of John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century, volume I, London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green, page 53:


hirste

desc

mostly in placenames; obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">hirst</i>

English: hurst (mostly in placenames; obsolete hirst)

Scots: hirst, hist

From the oblique forms of Old English hyrst, from Proto-West Germanic *hursti.


Capitolie

English: Capitol, capitol

From Anglo-Norman capitolie, Old French capitoile, from Latin Capitōlium.

The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus atop the Capitoline Hill in Ancient Rome

This Iulius, to the Capitolie wente / Upon a day, as he was wont to goon / And in the Capitolie, anon hym hente / This falſe Brutus, and hyse othere foon / And ﬆiked hym, with boydekyns anon / With many a wounde, and thus they lete hym lye / But neuere gronte he, at no ﬆroke but oon / Or elles at two, but if his ﬆorie lye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 97, recto:

This Julius to the Capitol went / Upon one day, as he was accustomed to go / And in the Capitol at once seized him / This false Brutus and his other foes / And stuck him with daggers straightaway / With many a wound, and thus they let him lie / But never groaned he at no stroke but one / Or else at two, unless his history lies

The fortified citadel of Rome in the Capitoline area surrounding Jupiter's temple


Coloyne

English: Cologne (pronunciation remodelled after modern French)

→? Welsh: Cwlen

→ Middle Welsh: Cwlwyn

Borrowed from Old French Coloigne, Cologne, from Latin Colōnia (Agrippīna). For the phonological development, see caroyne (“corpse, carrion”).

Cologne (a city in northwestern Germany)


Somersete

English: Somerset

→ Old French: Sumersete

From Old English Sumorsǣte; compare somer (“summer”).


Dorsete

English: Dorset

→ Old French: Dorsete

From Old English Dorsǣte, Dornsǣte; compare Dorchestre.


Barrokschire

English: Berkshire

From Old English Bearrocsċīr, Berrocsċīr.

Berkshire (a county of southern England)


Wilteschire

English: Wiltshire; Wilsher, Wilshire, Willshire (surnames)

→ Old Italian: Gildisire

From Old English Wiltūnsċīr; compare Wilton.

Wiltshire (a county of southwestern England)


Hampteschire

English: Hampshire; Hamptonshire (remodelled after Southhampton or Old English Hāmtūnsċir)

→ Old French: Hamtesire

From late Old English Hamtesċīr, from earlier Hāmtūnsċīr; compare Hampton (“Southampton”).

Hampshire (a county of southern England)


Oxenfordschire

English: Oxfordshire

From late Old English Oxnafordsċīr, Oxenafordsċīr; equivalent to Oxenford (“Oxford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

af

Oxfordshire (a county of central England)


Lancastreschire

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">Lancastshire</i>

English: Lancashire (obsolete Lancastshire)

From Lancastre (“Lancaster”) + schire (“shire, county”); the county was formed after the Old English period.

af

Lancashire (a county of northwestern England)


Bedefordschire

English: Bedfordshire

From late Old English Bedanfordsċīr; equivalent to Bedeford (“Bedford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Bedfordshire (a county of central England)


Hertfordschire

English: Hertfordshire

From late Old English Heortfordsċīr; equivalent to Hertford (“Hertford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Hertfordshire (a county of southeastern England)


Chestreschire

English: Cheshire

→ Old French: Cestresire

/ˈt͡ʃɛʃiːr(ə)/

From late Old English Ċeastersċīr; equivalent to Chestre (“Chester”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Cheshire (a county of northwestern England)


Lincolneschire

English: Lincolnshire

From late Old English Lindcolnesċīr. By surface analysis, Lincolne (“Lincoln”) + schire (“shire, county”).

surf

Lincolnshire (a county of eastern England)


Derbyschire

English: Derbyshire

From late Old English Dēorbȳsċīr; equivalent to Derby (“Derby”) + schire (“shire, county”).

af

Derbyshire (a county of central England)


Ledes

English: Leeds

→ Medieval Latin: Ledesia

→ Old Italian: Ledesia

From Old English Loidis, from Latin *Lādēnsēs.


Staffordschire

English: Staffordshire

From late Old English Stæffordsċīr; equivalent to Stafford (“Stafford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Staffordshire (a county of western England)


Herefordschire

English: Herefordshire

From late Old English Herefordsċīr; equivalent to Hereford (“Hereford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Herefordshire (a county of western England)


Cornwayle

English: Cornwall

Inherited from Old English Cornwēalas; forms with /æi̯/ are influenced by Old French Cornoaille, from Medieval Latin Cornugallia.

Cornwall (a county in southwestern England)