Wales

English: Wales

Scots: Wales

From Old English Wēalas, plural of wealh; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -es.

Wales (constituent part of the United Kingdom)


Europe

English: Europe, Europa (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Europe

Learned borrowing from Latin Eurōpa, borrowed from Doric Greek Εὐρώπα (Eurṓpa).


Athens

English: Athens

From Old French Athenes, Atenes, from Latin Athēnae pl (acc. Athēnās), from Ancient Greek Ἀθῆναι pl (Athênai), the plural form of Ἀθήνη (Athḗnē, “Athena”), the goddess. More at Athena.

Þe grete worþi Dionisius, Whiche at Athens..Was called in scolis Aropagite [vr. the Ariapogite].


London

English: London

Norwegian Bokmål: London

Scots: Lunnon

From Old English Lunden, from Latin Londinium - see for details.


parlement

English: parliament, Parliament

Scots: parliament

desc

→ Old French: parlement (“legislative assembly, legislative body”) (semantic loan)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and continental Old French parlement; equivalent to parlen + -ment. Compare Medieval Latin parliamentum.

(specifically) The parliament of England.


Rome

English: Rome

Scots: Roum, Rome

From Old English Rōm, from Proto-West Germanic *Rūmu, from Proto-Germanic *Rūmō, from Latin Rōma.

ſe an ƿæſ ᵹehaten petruſ · he ƿæſ munec of clunni ·⁊ ƿeaſ boren of þa ricceſte men of rome · mid him helden ða of rome ·⁊ ſe duc of ſicilie ·

p. 1154, “AD 1129”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 87, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

One was called Peter; he was a monk from Cluny who was descended from Rome's most powerful men. The people of Rome and the duke of Sicily sided with him.

But now I am removed from the cyte of Rome almoſt .V.C.M. paas, I am wythoute defence dampned to pꝛoscrepcion and to deathe[…]

c. 1382 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “Boetius de consolatione Philosophie. The Fyrst Boke.”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxxv, recto, column 1:

But now I've been sent almost 500,000 paces from the city of Rome; I am without defence, sentenced to exile and death.

Ne never was ther king in Rome towne / Syns thilke day, ⁊ ſhe was holden there[…]

c. 1386–1388 (date written), Geffray Chaucer [i.e., Geoffrey Chaucer], “The Legende of Good Women: The Legende of Lucresse of Rome”, in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London: […] Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], published 1542, →OCLC, folio ccxxv, verso, column 2:

There was never a king in Rome after that day, and she was seen there […]

Rome (a city, the capital of the Papacy; ancient capital of the Roman Empire)


Egipt

desctree

English: Egypt, Ægypt (archaic), Ægipt, Aegipt, Egipt, Egipte (obsolete)
→ Burmese: အီဂျစ် (igyac)
→ Chinese: 埃及 (Āijí)
→ Korean: 애굽 (Aegup)
→ Vietnamese: Ai Cập
→ Cornish: Ejyp
→ Gujarati: ઇજિપ્ત (ijipt)
→ Hindi: इजिप्ट (ijipṭ), इजिप्त (ijipt)
→ Iban: Ejip
→ Japanese: エジプト (Ejiputo)
→ Kannada: ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್ (ījipṭ)
→ Korean: 이집트 (Ijipteu)
→ Malayalam: ഈജിപ്റ്റ് (ījipṟṟ)
→ Maori: Īhipa
→ Marathi: इजिप्त (ijipta)
→ Navajo: Ííjip
→ Nepali: इजिप्ट (ijipṭa)
→ Odia: ଇଜିପ୍ଟ (ijipṭa)
→ Paiwan: Idjiputu
→ Thai: อียิปต์ (ii-yìp)

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Inde

English: Inde

Borrowed from Old French Ynde, from Classical Persian هند.


Suffolk

English: Suffolk

From Old English Sūþfolc; equivalent to south + folk.


Englisch

English: English

Scots: Inglis

From Old English Englisc; equivalent to Engle + -isch.


Georgie

English: Georgie (obsolete)

/dʒɛːˈɔːrdʒiː(ə)/

From Middle French Georgie, from Medieval Latin Geōrgia, from Persian گرج (gorj) (with influence from (sanctus) Geōrgius (“Saint George”)), from Middle Persian 𐭥𐭫𐭥𐭰𐭠𐭭 pl (Wiruz-ān, “Iberians, Georgians”), of unknown origin.

der

And þere ben .ij. kyngdomes in þat contree. Þat on is the kyngdom of GEORGIE & þat oþer is the kyngdom of ABCAZ. And allweys in þat contree ben .ij. kynges & þei ben bothe criſtene

a. 1357, John Maundevylle, chapter XXIX, in [The Travels of Sir John Mandeville] (Cotton Titus C.16.); republished as Paul Hamelius, Mandeville's travels : the Cotton version, 1919, page 172:

The gentyl ladyes of the contre Arme them and ride vpon good horſes rennyng and ſwyfte / and fyghte aſprely in the companye of the knyghtes of Georgie ayenſt the ſaraſyns.

1481, Gossuin of Metz, “Here foloweth of the contrees and Royammes of ynde”, in William Caxton, transl., L'Image du Monde [The myrrour of the worlde], William Caxton:

Georgia (a medieval country in the South Caucasus, approximately coextensive with modern Georgia)


Normandie

English: Normandy

From Old English Normandiġ, borrowed from Old French Normendie, from normant, from a Germanic language; equivalent to Normand + -ie.

administrative region
administrative region

Normandy (an administrative region, historical province, and medieval kingdom in northwest France, on the English Channel)


Normand

English: Normand

From Old French Normant, from a Germanic language.


escheker

English: exchequer, Exchequer

/ɛsˌt͡ʃɛˈkeːr/

/ɛsˈt͡ʃɛkər/

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium. Doublet of cheker.

The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


Duch

English: Dutch

Scots: Dutch

PIE word
 *tewtéh₂
From Middle Dutch duutsch and Middle Low German dütsch, düdesch, in turn from Old Saxon thiudisk. Doublet of thedisch.

heigher Duche

louer Duche


Cipre

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia)


Norwey

From Old English Norþweg; influenced also by Old French Norvege and Medieval Latin Norvegia.


Engelond

English: England (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Ingland, England

Yola: Engelhoan

→ Latin: Angliterra (calque) (see there for further descendants)

desc

→ Middle High German: Engellant, Engelant, Engenlant (see there for further descendants)

→ Middle Welsh: Englont, Inglont

/ˈɛnɡəlɔːnd/

From Old English Engla land (“land of the Angles”) by haplology.

inh

late 14th c. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales. General Prologue: 15-16.

[…] and specıallẏ from euerẏ shire' ende / Of Engelond to Caunterburẏ theẏ wende / The holẏ blıſful martır foꝛ to seke / That hem hath holpen whan þᵗ theẏ weere seeke […]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

[…] and specially from every county's end / of England to Canterbury they went / to seek the holy blessed martyr / that had helped them when they were sick […]

A yeer and moore laﬅed this bliſful lyf, / Til that the knyght of which I ſpeke of thus, / That of Kayrrud was cleped Arveragus, / Shoop hym to goon and dwelle a yeer or twayne / In Engelond, that cleped was ek Britayne

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Ffrankeleẏns Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 155, recto:

A year and more lasted this blissful life, / Until the knight of whom I thus speak, / That was called Arveragus of Kayrrud, / Prepared himself to go and dwell a year or two / In England, which was also called Britain

The wᶜʰ blason I the foresayd Gwyon Kinge of Armes witnesse: not then borne of any other ꝑson whatsoever he bee wᵗʰin the Realme of England (otherwyse called the Ile of Great Brittaigne)

1461, John Wrexworth, Guyan King-of-Arms, Grant of Arms to William Swayne of Somerset (Add. MS. 14295, fo. 5b)


Germanie

English: Germany

Scots: Germany

From Old French Germanie and Old English Germania, both from Latin Germānia.

The portion of Europe occupied by those who speak Germanic languages.


Dauphin

English: dauphin, Dauphin

Borrowed from Middle French dauphin, from Old French dalphin, from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of delphyn, which some forms are influenced by.

(Late Middle English) The Dauphin (French crown prince)


Egyp

Agayne the sowtht to thir ar knyt All Egyp hale.

c. 1420, The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland:

(Early Scots) Egypt (a country and ancient kingdom in North Africa and Western Asia)


Rone

From Anglo-Norman Ron, from Latin Rotomagus. Frankish *Rodomo represents an early Old French form.


Parys

English: Paris

Scots: Paris, Pairis

Paris (the capital and largest city of modern France)


Norrene

From Old English Norren. Doublet of Norenissce.


Duchish

duchisshe speche


Temese

English: Thames

From Old English Temese, from Latin Tamesis, potentially from Proto-Celtic *tamesās.

The Thames (river in SE England, notably having London on its bank)


Walsch

English: Welsh, Walsh, Walshe

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh

From Old English wīelisċ, wēlisċ, from Proto-West Germanic *walhisk, from Proto-Germanic *walhiskaz; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + -isch. Some forms have been remodelled by analogy with other etymologically related words.

(Middle) Welsh (the Insular Celtic language spoken in Wales)

A kind of woollen cloth originating from Wales.


Walsch

English: Welsh

Scots: Welsche, Welch, Welsh


Ostrich

Borrowed from Old French Ostriche, from Old High German Ostarrîchi; equivalent to east + riche.


Venyse

English: Venice (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Venis, Venise, Veneis, Venice

Borrowed from Old French Venise, from Medieval Latin Venetia.

Venice (the capital city of Veneto, in modern Italy)

Venice (a metropolitan city of Veneto, in modern Italy)


Iseland

desctree

> English: Iceland (inherited)
→ Japanese: アイスランド (Aisurando)

Calque of Old Norse Ísland; equivalent to is + land.


Spayne

English: Spain (see there for further descendants)

Scots: Spaingie

From Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia, from Ancient Greek Ἱσπανία (Hispanía).

Spain; the Iberian Peninsula, especially Castile.


counte

English: county

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman counté, from Latin comitātus; equivalent to counte (“count”) + -te.

A traditional county or shire of England, Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.


marschal

English: marshal
→ Malay: marsyal

Scots: marshal

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareschal, from Medieval Latin mariscalcus, either from Frankish *marhaskalk or from Old High German marah-scalc (“horse-servant”), from Proto-West Germanic *marh + *skalk (whence Old Saxon maraskalk, marahscalc). Compare Middle English mere (“mare”) and schalk.

der

(rare) The chief minister of the English royal court.


Portesmuða

English: Portsmouth


Northfolk

English: Norfolk

From Old English Norþfolc; equivalent to north + folk.


Edynburgh

English: Edinburgh

From Old English *Edyn burg, from Old Welsh Eidyn + Old English burg (“stronghold”), calque of Old Welsh Din Eidyn. More at Eidyn and Etymology of Edinburgh.

af

Kyng Edward toke the Castell off Edynburgh, And ther Inne he ffonde the Regalles off Skotland, that ys to wytte his Crovne off Golde and his Septre.

The hongman..havyng in his handis a paire sharpe tangis, with the which he twitched and all to tare thare skynne and flessh..thus wer thay ladd, pynched and payned..thorowe oute Edynburgh.

Edinburgh (the capital city of Scotland).


Portyngale

English: Portingal, Portingale

From Middle French Portingal, which added an intrusive /n/ sound through the process of excrescence, from Latin Portucale.

He sowppes all þis seson with seuen knaue childre, Choppid in a chargour..With pekill & powdyre of precious spycez And pyment full plenteuous of Portyngale wynes.

He sips all this season with seven mischievous children, chopped in a charger, with a mix of precious spices and plenty of Portugual wines.


cheker

English: checker, chequer (checkers, chequers)

From Anglo-Norman escheker, from Medieval Latin scaccarium; equivalent to chek + -er. Doublet of escheker.

A chessboard (checkerboard):
A chess set; chess equipment.

A game played with a chessboard; chess, checkers.

(by extension) The Exchequer (English fiscal department)


Wyrcestreschire

From Old English Weogornaċeastresċīr, from Weogornaċeastre (“Worcester's”, literally “Fort of the Weogoran”) + sċīr (“office; district”).

Weogornaċeaster<alt:Weogornaċeastre><t:Worcester's><lit:Fort of the Weogoran>


Armorik

From Transalpine Gaulish *Aremorika (“(place) by the sea”), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (“in front of”) + *mori (“sea”).

der

In Armorik, that called is Britayne, / Ther was a knyght that loved and dide his payne.

1386, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Franklin's Tale”, in Canterbury Tales, Oxford, published 1988, page 178:


Britayne

English: Britain

From Anglo-Norman Britaine, Bretaine, Bretagne, variants of Old French Bretaigne, Bretannie via Medieval Latin Britānia, Bretannia from Latin Britannia; whence a doublet of Bretene via Old English Breoton, Breten.


Ermenie

I rede hou whilom that Pompeie,
To whom that Rome moste obeie,
A werre hadde in jeupartie
Ayein the king of Ermenie,

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


Capitolie

English: Capitol, capitol

From Anglo-Norman capitolie, Old French capitoile, from Latin Capitōlium.

The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus atop the Capitoline Hill in Ancient Rome

This Iulius, to the Capitolie wente / Upon a day, as he was wont to goon / And in the Capitolie, anon hym hente / This falſe Brutus, and hyse othere foon / And ﬆiked hym, with boydekyns anon / With many a wounde, and thus they lete hym lye / But neuere gronte he, at no ﬆroke but oon / Or elles at two, but if his ﬆorie lye

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 97, recto:

This Julius to the Capitol went / Upon one day, as he was accustomed to go / And in the Capitol at once seized him / This false Brutus and his other foes / And stuck him with daggers straightaway / With many a wound, and thus they let him lie / But never groaned he at no stroke but one / Or else at two, unless his history lies

The fortified citadel of Rome in the Capitoline area surrounding Jupiter's temple


Coloyne

desc

English: Cologne (pronunciation remodelled after modern French)

→? Welsh: Cwlen

→ Middle Welsh: Cwlwyn

Borrowed from Old French Coloigne, Cologne, from Latin Colōnia (Agrippīna). For the phonological development, see caroyne (“corpse, carrion”).

Cologne (a city in northwestern Germany)


Somersete

English: Somerset

→ Old French: Sumersete

From Old English Sumorsǣte; compare somer (“summer”).


Barrokschire

English: Berkshire

From Old English Bearrocsċīr, Berrocsċīr.

Berkshire (a county of southern England)


Wilteschire

English: Wiltshire; Wilsher, Wilshire, Willshire (surnames)

From Old English Wiltūnsċīr; compare Wilton.

Wiltshire (a county of southwestern England)


Dorsete

English: Dorset

→ Old French: Dorsete

From Old English Dorsǣte, Dornsǣte; compare Dorchestre.


Hampteschire

English: Hampshire; Hamptonshire (remodelled after Southhampton or Old English Hāmtūnsċir)

From late Old English Hamtesċīr, from earlier Hāmtūnsċīr; compare Hampton (“Southampton”).

Hampshire (a county of southern England)


Bedefordschire

English: Bedfordshire

From late Old English Bedanfordsċīr; equivalent to Bedeford (“Bedford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

af

Bedfordshire (a county of central England)


Oxenfordschire

English: Oxfordshire

From late Old English Oxnafordsċīr, Oxenafordsċīr; equivalent to Oxenford (“Oxford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Oxfordshire (a county of central England)


Lancastreschire

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">Lancastshire</i>

English: Lancashire (obsolete Lancastshire)

From Lancastre (“Lancaster”) + schire (“shire, county”); the county was formed after the Old English period.

af

Lancashire (a county of northwestern England)


Hertfordschire

English: Hertfordshire

From late Old English Heortfordsċīr; equivalent to Hertford (“Hertford”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Hertfordshire (a county of southeastern England)


Chestreschire

English: Cheshire

/ˈt͡ʃɛʃiːr(ə)/

From late Old English Ċeastersċīr; equivalent to Chestre (“Chester”) + schire (“shire, county”).

Cheshire (a county of northwestern England)