inc

From Old English inc, dative form of ġit, from Proto-Germanic *inkwiz, dative form of *jut. Initial /j/ is due to the influence of ȝit.

Second-person dual accusative pronoun: you twain, the two of you.


here

English: her (obsolete)

Yola: aar, 'ar

From Old English heora, hira, genitive of hīe (“they”).

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


his

head

his (nominative masculine pronoun he, nominative neuter pronoun hit)

he (masculine nominative pronoun)
hit (neuter nominative pronoun)

English: his

Scots: his

Yola: his, hys, hays

From Old English his, from Proto-Germanic *hes (“of this”), genitive of Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this”).

Third-person singular masculine possessive determiner: his, of him.

Third-person singular neuter possessive determiner: its, of it.

And Claudas his knyghts brake theire spearis

Used in place of the possessive suffix -es to denote possession by an antecedent noun.


mi

English: my

Geordie English: my, maw

Scots: my, ma, me

Yola: mee

An apocopic form of min, myn, from Old English mīn (“my, mine”), from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my, mine”, pron.).

inh

And he ſeide to hem þat ſelden culueris / take ȝe awei from hennes þeſe þingis .· ⁊ nyle ȝe make þe hous of my fadir an hows of marchaundiſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:16, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he said to those who sold doves: "Take those things out of here; you won't make my father's house a place of business!"

First-person singular genitive determiner: my.


him

English: him

Yola: him, ham, em

From Old English him. Originally a dative form; gradually displaced accusative hine.

Third-person singular masculine pronoun indicating a grammatical object: him.

Stille þou be peter. Wel i þe icnowe. / þou wolt fur ſake me þrien . ar þe coc him crowe.

c. 1275, Judas (Roud 2964, Child Ballad 23, Trinity College MS. B.14.39), folio 34, recto, lines 36-37; republished at Cambridge: Wren Digital Library (Trinity College), 2019 May 29:

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows (himself)."

Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object: it.

(impersonal) Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object one, you.


us

English: us

Scots: us, hus

Yola: ouse, ouz, uz

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé
Proto-Germanic *uns
Old English ūs
Middle English us
From Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), from Proto-Indo-European *ne-, *nō-, *n-ge-, *n-sme- (“us”).

inh

First-person plural accusative pronoun: us.


man

From Old English man, reduced form of mann; see Etymology 1 above.

Typically singular, indefinite pronoun: one, you (indefinite).


he

head

he (accusative him or hine, genitive his or hisen, possessive determiner his)

him (accusative)
hine (accusative)
his (genitive)
hisen (genitive)
his (determiner possessive)

English: he

Scots: he

Yola: hea, he, hey, hay

From Old English hē, from Proto-West Germanic *hiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *hiz (“this, this one”).

14th century, Chaucer, General Prologue

Benynge he was, and wonder diligent
Kind he was, and very diligent

Third-person singular masculine pronoun: he

(impersonal) Third-person singular impersonal pronoun: one; you


he

he (accusative hem or he, genitive heres or heren, possessive determiner here)

hem (accusative)
he (accusative)
heres (genitive)
heren (genitive)
here (determiner possessive)

Yola: hi, h'

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.

Third-person plural nominative pronoun: they

Third-person plural accusative pronoun: them


that

English: that

Scots: that

Yola: at, et, thet, that, th', y'at

From Old English þæt, þat, þet (“the, that”), from Proto-Germanic *þat.


that

English: that

Scots: that


that

English: that

Scots: that


that

English: that

Scots: that


we

we (accusative us, we, genitive oure, possessive determiner oures)

us (accusative)
we (accusative)
oure (genitive)
oures (determiner possessive)

desctree

English: we
Jamaican Creole: wi
Sranan Tongo: wi

Scots: we, oo

Yola: wough, wu, wee, we, w'

from Old English wē (“we”), from Proto-West Germanic *wiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *wīz, *wiz (“we”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéy (“we (plural)”). Compare wit (first person dual pronoun).

inh

First-person plural accusative pronoun: us


me

English: me

Scots: me

Yola: mee, me

From Old English mē, from Proto-Indo-European. More at English me.


ye

From Old English ġē, from Proto-West Germanic *jiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́ (with the nominative ending added). Compare the second-person dual pronoun ȝit.

1511, Promptorium Parvulorum (de Worde), sig. M.iiiᵛ/2

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

Address a single person by the use of the pronoun ye instead of thou.


what

Yola: fad

From Old English hwæt, from Proto-West Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Germanic *hwat, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷód.

And as for on C good knyghtes I haue my self / but I fawte / l / for so many haue ben slayne in my dayes / and so Ladegreans delyuerd his doughter Gweneuer vnto Merlyn / and the table round with the C knyghtes / and so they rode fresshly with grete royalte / what by water and what by land / tyl that they came nyghe vnto london

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “primum”, in Le Morte Darthur, book III:

Used to introduce each of two coordinate phrases or concepts; both...and...


hit

head

hit (accusative hit, genitive hit, his, possessive determiner hit, his)

hit (accusative)
hit (genitive)
his (genitive)
hit (determiner possessive)
his (determiner possessive)

English: it

Scots: hid

Yola: it, yt

From Old English hit, from Proto-West Germanic *hit, from Proto-Germanic *hit (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”).

Third-person singular neuter pronoun: it

Sometimes used in reference to a child or man: he, she

Third-person singular neuter accusative pronoun: it

Third-person singular neuter genitive pronoun: its

Hit bi fel in þat foreſt · þere faſt by ſide / þer woned a wel old cherl · þat was a couherde

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 4, recto, lines 3-4; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 6:

It so happened that right there in that forest / there was a very old peasant; a cowherd.

(impersonal, placeholder) Third-person singular impersonal placeholder pronoun: it


hit

Third-person singular neuter possessive determiner: it


yon

English: yon

desc

⇒ English: thon (under the influence of this, that)

Scots: yon, thon

Inherited from Old English ġeon, from Proto-West Germanic *jain, from Proto-Germanic *jainaz.

(somewhat uncommon) that (over there), yon


yon

English: yon

Scots: yon, thon

(rare) afterwards, next (chronologically)


yon

English: yon

Scots: yon, thon


hem

English: 'em, hem

Fingallian: a'me

Yola: aam

From Old English heom, from Proto-Germanic *himaz, masculine and neuter dative plural of *hiz. Compare þem.


wit

head

wit (accusative unk, genitive unker, possessive determiner unker)

unk (accusative)
unker (genitive)
unker (determiner possessive)

From Old English wit (“we two”), from Proto-West Germanic *wit, from Proto-Germanic *wet. Compare the first-person plural pronoun we.

(Early Middle English) First-person dual pronoun: we twain, the two of us.


som

From Old English sum, from Proto-West Germanic *sum, from Proto-Germanic *sumaz.


som

English: some

Scots: sum, some

Yola: zim, zum


þe

English: thee

Yola: thee

From Old English þē (“you, thee”), accusative and dative form of þū.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan

Second-person singular pronoun indicating a grammatical object: thee, you.


hire

English: her

Scots: her

Yola: her

From Old English hire (“her”), from Proto-West Germanic *heʀā, *hiʀā, from Proto-Germanic *hezōz, genitive feminine singular of *hiz (“this”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here; this”).

Here begynnyt the wyf of bathe hir tale.

1430, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale.”, in Canterbury Tales:

Used in place of the possessive suffix -es to denote possession by an antecedent noun.


oo

A rendering of Ancient Greek ὦ (ô, interjection).


min

English: mine (pronoun)

Scots: mine (pronoun)

From Old English mīn (“my, mine”), from Proto-Germanic *mīnaz (“my, mine”, pron.) (genitive of *ek (“I”)), from Proto-Indo-European *méynos (“my; mine”).

inh

First-person singular possessive pronoun: mine, of me


I

head

I (accusative me, genitive min, genitive determiner mi, min)

me (accusative)
min (genitive)
mi (determiner genitive)
min (determiner genitive)

English: I, ik (obsolete), ich (obsolete)

Geordie English: aw

Scots: A, I, ik (rare)

Yola: ich

From Old English iċ, from Proto-West Germanic *ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, Proto-Germanic *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. More at English I.
The loss of /t͡ʃ/ at first occurs in unstressed positions when the following word begins with a consonant. The pronunciation /iː/ results from restressing the unstressed pronunciation.

"Quiet now, Peter. I know you well; / You'll forsake me three times when the cock crows."

If ȝe hadden be of þe woꝛld .· þe woꝛld ſchulde loue þat þing þat was his / but foꝛ ȝe ben not of þe woꝛld · but I chees ȝou fro þe woꝛld .· þerfoꝛ þe woꝛld hatiþ ȝou

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 15:19, page 51v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

If you had been of the world, the world would love that which is its [own]; so the world hates you, because you aren't of the world. Instead I picked you from the world.

I (first-person singular subject pronoun)


þeir

English: their

Scots: thair

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


oon

English: one, an, a, yan (dialectal)

Geordie English: yen

Scots: ane, wan, yin, ae

Yola: oan, own, ane

From Old English ān, from Proto-West Germanic *ain, from Proto-Germanic *ainaz, from Proto-Indo-European *óynos. Compare an, oo.


yow

English: you

Scots: you

From Old English ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz. Initial /j/ is by analogy with ye.

certes lord / so wel vs liketh yow / And al youre werk / and euere han doon / þat we / Ne koude nat vs self deuysen how / We myghte lyuen / in moore felicitee [...].

c. 1395, Geoffrey Chaucer, "The Clerk's Tale", Canterbury Tales, Ellesmere manuscript (c. 1410)

Second-person plural object pronoun: you (plural).

(formal) second-person singular object pronoun: you (singular).


hine

From Old English hine. Originally an accusative form; gradually displaced by dative him.

Third-person singular masculine pronoun indicating a grammatical object: him.

Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object: it.

Third-person singular neuter pronoun indicating a grammatical object one, you.


þin

English: thine (determiner)

Second-person singular genitive determiner: thine, your.


þin

English: thine (pronoun)

Second-person singular possessive pronoun: thine, yours.


sche

sche (accusative hire, genitive hire, possessive determiner hires, hiren)

hire (accusative)
hire (genitive)
hires (determiner possessive)
hiren (determiner possessive)

English: she

Scots: scho, shu

Yola: shoo, shea, shu

Most likely from Old English hēo, hīo (“she”), from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō f (“this, this one”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱe-, *ḱey- (“this, here”), but see she for more. Compare heo.

der

Third-person singular feminine pronoun: she


whan

From Old English hwone (accusative singular of hwā) and hwon (instrumental of hwā; instrumental of hwæt).

inh

accusative singular of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ang">hwā</i>


oure

From Old English ūre, from Proto-West Germanic *unsar, from Proto-Germanic *unseraz. Compare Middle Dutch onse and Middle High German unser.

my, mine (This is equivalent to Modern English "royal we", but is also used informally).


hires

English: hers

Scots: hirris, hiris

Third-person singular feminine possessive pronoun: hers


heo

head

heo (accusative his, heo, genitive hire, possessive determiner hires)

his (accusative)
heo (accusative)
hire (genitive)
hires (determiner possessive)

From Old English hēo, hīe. Probably a doublet of sche; see that entry for more.

Third-person singular feminine nominative pronoun: she

Third-person singular feminine accusative pronoun: her


heren

From here, with influence from min and þin. Compare þeiren.


hoken

hoken (infinitive)
to hoken (infinitive)
hoke (infinitive)
hoke (first-person present singular)
hoked (first-person past singular)
hokest (present second-person singular)
hokedest (past second-person singular)
hoketh (present singular third-person)
hoked (past singular third-person)
hoke (present singular subjunctive)
hoked (past singular subjunctive)
hoke (imperative present singular)
hoken (plural present)
hoke (plural present)
hokeden (past plural)
hokede (past plural)
hoketh (imperative plural present)
hoke (imperative plural present)
hokynge (participle present)
hokende (participle present)
hoked (participle past)
yhoked (participle past)

English: hook

Yola: huck, huch


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)

Inherited from Old English fela, felu, from Proto-West Germanic *felu, from Proto-Germanic *felu.

James off Dowglas þat wes ſyne / Þ[at] yheyt þan wes bot litill off my[ch]t / And oþir fele folk foꝛſye in fy[ch]t […]

c. 1375, “Book II”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 5, verso, lines 240-242; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

James of Douglas was next; / [he] was then only weak in power / and many other people, mighty in war […]

Many, much; an indefinite large number of or quantity.


fele

English: fele (obsolete)

Middle Scots: fele (poetic)


fele

English: feel

Scots: feel

A back-formation from felen (“to feel”).


ech

English: each

Scots: ilk, elk

Yola: earch

From Old English ǣlċ, a contraction of ǣġhwylċ (compare ewilch). For the loss of /l/, compare which, swich.


fewe

fewe (comparative fewere, superlative fewest)

fewere (comparative)
fewest (superlative)

English: few

Scots: feu, fyow

Yola: vew, vewe

(when accompanying plural nouns) few, little, not many


fewe

English: few

Scots: feu, fyow


þou

þou (accusative þe, genitive þin, possessive determiner þi, þin)

þe (accusative)
þin (genitive)
þi (determiner possessive)
þin (determiner possessive)

desc

English: thou, tha (Yorkshire, Lancashire), thow, thu, du (Scotland)

Scots: thou, du, thoo

Yola: thou, th'

From Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

thou (second-person singular pronoun); you


heres

English: hers (obsolete)


hwat

(chiefly in Early Middle English) Alternative spelling of what


unk

From Old English unc, accusative and dative form of wit, from Proto-Germanic *unk (accusative of *wet) and *unkiz (dative/instrumental of *wet).

First-person dual accusative pronoun: us twain, the two of us.


þei

head

þei (accusative þem, genitive þeires, þeiren, possessive determiner þeir)

þem (accusative)
þeires (genitive)
þeiren (genitive)
þeir (determiner possessive)

English: they

Scots: thay

Yola: thaaye, thaay, thaye, thye, a

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *tóy
Proto-Germanic *þai
Proto-Norse *ᚦᚨᛁᛉ (*þaiʀ)
Old Norse þeirbor.
Middle English þei
Borrowed from Old Norse þeir.

etymon

but algate alyſaundꝛine · atte wille hem ſerued / þat non knew here · cunseile but þei þre one

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 25, recto, lines 1414-1415; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 52:

But Alexandrine would always help them whenever they wanted, so nobody would know their secret except for the three of them.

þan haſtely hiȝed eche wiȝt · on hoꝛſe ⁊ on fote / huntyng wiȝt houndes · alle heie wodes / til þei neyȝyed ſo neiȝh · to nymphe þe ſoþe

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 36, recto, lines 2177-2179; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 74:

Then each man went quickly, hunting with hounds amongst tall trees, on horse and on foot, until he came close enough to notice the truth.

(rare) Third-person singular pronoun: they


bothe

desctree

English: booth
→ Bengali: বুথ (buth)
→ Scottish Gaelic: bùth
→ Welsh: bwth

Scots: buith, buth

A shack or cabin; any makeshift habitation.


hwo

(Early Middle English) Alternative form of who (“who”, nominative)


nothyng

nothyng (accusative nominative singular)
nothyngs (accusative nominative plural)
nothynges (accusative nominative plural)
nothynges (genitive singular)
nothynge (genitive plural)
nothynge (dative singular)
nothyngen (dative plural)

English: nothing

Yola: nodhing

From Old English nāþing, equivalent to no + thyng.


youren

English: yourn, your'n

From your, with influence from min and þin.

(formal) Second-person singular possessive pronoun: yours, of you (singular).


þi

English: thy

Yola: thee, th'

An apocopic form of þin, þine, thyn, from Old English þīn, from Proto-West Germanic *þīn, from Proto-Germanic *þīnaz.

second-person singular possessive determiner: thy, your


oures

English: ours

First-person plural possessive pronoun: ours, of us.


youres

English: yours

I schall mvltyplye ȝowrys botherys sede As thyke as sterrys be in the skye.

Used determinatively with a plural referent: your.


ȝit

head

ȝit (accusative inc, genitive inker, possessive determiner inker)

inc (accusative)
inker (genitive)
inker (determiner possessive)

From Old English ġit, ġyt (“you twain”), from Proto-West Germanic *jit, from Proto-Germanic *jut. Compare the second-person plural pronoun ye.

(Early Middle English) Second-person dual pronoun: you twain, the two of you.


þem

English: them, thame

Scots: thaim, them

From Old Norse þeim. Compare hem (“them”).


þeires

English: theirs

Third-person plural possessive pronoun: theirs, of them


ouren

English: ourn, our'n

From oure, with influence from min and þin.


hisen

English: hisn, his'n

From his, with influence from min and þin.

Third-person singular masculine possessive pronoun: his, of him.


þeiren

English: theirn, their'n

From þeir, with influence from min and þin. Compare heren.


hiren

English: hern, her'n

From hire, with influence from min and þin.

Third-person singular feminine possessive pronoun: hers.