storm

stormes (plural)
storme (alternative)
strom (alternative)
starme (alternative)
storem (alternative)

desctree

English: storm
→ Esperanto: ŝtormo
→ Irish: stoirm
→ Scottish Gaelic: stoirm

Scots: storm

Yola: stharm, starm

(rare) Any intense event, happening, or force.


box

English: box

From Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, borrowed from Latin buxus.

etymon

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual


violence

English: violence

From Old French violence, from Latin violentia.

violens (alternative)
vyolence (alternative)
vyolens (alternative)
vyalens (alternative)
wiolence (alternative)
violense (alternative)

Violence (harmful manual force) or an example of it.


chest

chestes (plural)
cheste (alternative)
cheeste (alternative)
cheaste (alternative)
chyaste (alternative)
chast (alternative)

English: chest

From Old English ċeast, ceas (“quarrel, strife”).

And þe Erldome of enuye · and wratthe togideres / With þe chastelet of chest · and chateryng oute of resoun.

c. 1385, William Langland, Piers Plowman, section II:


buffet

buffettes (plural)
boffat (alternative)
boffet (alternative)
bofett (alternative)

English: buffet

Scots: buffet

Borrowed from Old French bufet, buffet, diminutive of buffe.

A buffet (strike or blow, especially with one's hand).


buffet

desctree

English: buffet, beaufet (archaic) (remodelled after modern French)
→ Japanese: ビュッフェ (byuffe)
→ Korean: 뷔페 (bwipe)

⇒ Scots: buffet stule

Borrowed from Middle French bufet (“side table”), from Old French bufet, of unknown origin.

bor+

bofet (alternative)
buffett (alternative)
buffit (alternative)

primus tortor. we shall teche hym, I wote / a new play of yoyll,
And hold hym full hote / frawrord, a stoyll
Go fetch vs!
ffroward. We, dote! / now els were it doyll
And vnneth;
ffor the wo that he shall dre
let hym knele on his kne.
Secundus tortor. And so shall he for me;
Go fetch vs a light buffit.

15th c., “Coliphizacio [The Buffeting]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 239:

First torturer: We shall teach him, I say, a new Christmas-time game, and treat him very hotly—Froward, go fetch us a stool!
Froward: Whoa! Fool! We wouldn't want this to be painful and difficult. For the sake of the pain that he shall dread, let him kneel.
Second torturer: And he shall [dread it] on my account. Go fetch us a light stool.


glove

gloves (plural)
gloven (plural)
glofe (alternative)
gloove (alternative)
glufe (alternative Northern)
gluve (alternative Northern)
glwfe (alternative Northern)

English: glove

→ Zulu: igilavu

Scots: gluive, gluve

Inherited from Old English *glōfa (variant of glōf), from Proto-West Germanic *glōfō, from Proto-Germanic *galōfô; equivalent to y- + love (“palm”).

A glove or gauntlet in various symbolic uses:


violent

head

violent (plural and weak singular violente)

violente (plural)
violente (singular weak)
vyolent (alternative)
wyolent (alternative)
vilent (alternative)

English: violent

From Old French violent, from Latin violentus.

Tending to cause injuries; likely to cause violence.


riot

riotes (plural)
riaut (alternative)
riote (alternative)
ryot (alternative)
ryote (alternative)
ryat (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryaute (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryette (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryott (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryotte (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryout (alternative Late-Middle-English)

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riot, riote, of unknown origin.

A riot or uprising; a disturbance of the peace.

Riotousness, disturbance; lack of peaceableness.

Debauched living; dissipation or decadence:

Venus loveth riot and dispense

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Wyfe of Bathes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

Excessive and wild feasting or festivity; revelry.

(hunting) A situation where a hound is misled by scents other than the quarry.


larder

English: larder

Middle Scots: lairder

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman larder and continental Old French lardier, both from Latin lardārium. By surface analysis, lard + -er.

laardere (alternative)
lardere (alternative)
lardre (alternative)
lardure (alternative)
lardyr (alternative)
lardyre (alternative)


mynt

myntes (plural)
menet (alternative)
munet (alternative)
mynte (alternative)
myntte (alternative)

English: mint

From Old English mynet, from Proto-West Germanic *munit, from Latin monēta; doublet of moneye.


mynt

myntes (plural)
munt (alternative)
mint (alternative)
minte (alternative)

English: mint (dialectal)

Scots: mint


violently

English: violently

violenleche (alternative)
violentlich (alternative)
violentliche (alternative)
violentli (alternative)
violentely (alternative)
vyolently (alternative)
vyolentlye (alternative)


fusen

enm-verb

fūsen (third-person singular simple present fūseth, present participle fūsende, fūsynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fūsed)

fūsen (canonical)
fūseth (present singular third-person)
fūsende (participle present)
fūsynge (participle present)
fūsed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fusen (infinitive)
to fusen (infinitive)
fuse (infinitive)
fuse (first-person present singular)
fused (first-person past singular)
fusest (present second-person singular)
fusedest (past second-person singular)
fuseth (present singular third-person)
fused (past singular third-person)
fuse (present singular subjunctive)
fused (past singular subjunctive)
fuse (imperative present singular)
fusen (plural present)
fuse (plural present)
fuseden (past plural)
fusede (past plural)
fuseth (imperative plural present)
fuse (imperative plural present)
fusynge (participle present)
fusende (participle present)
fused (participle past)
yfused (participle past)
fesen (alternative)

desc

English: fease, feese, feeze, pheeze, faze

Scots: faize

From Old English fȳsan (“to send forth, impel, stimulate: drive away, put to flight, banish; hasten, prepare oneself”), from Proto-Germanic *funsijaną. Reinforced by Old English gefȳsan (“to make ready, cause to hasten, make eager”).

inh

He lette þider fusen al þat he hafde ihalden, þat corn of þissen londe. — Layamon's Brut, 1275

To send or bring speedily; to hasten; to launch, to hurl a weapon; to proceed

Oþer þu heom fusen, oþer þu heom feolle. — Layamon's Brut, 1275

To put to flight; pursue, to banish, to rush or charge at


haten

enm-verb

haten (third-person singular simple present hateth, present participle hatynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hatedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

hateth (present singular third-person)
hatynge (participle present)
haten (infinitive)
to haten (infinitive)
hate (infinitive)
hate (first-person present singular)
hated (first-person past singular)
hatest (present second-person singular)
hatedest (past second-person singular)
hateth (present singular third-person)
hated (past singular third-person)
hate (present singular subjunctive)
hated (past singular subjunctive)
hate (imperative present singular)
haten (plural present)
hate (plural present)
hateden (past plural)
hatede (past plural)
hateth (imperative plural present)
hate (imperative plural present)
hatynge (participle present)
hatende (participle present)
hated (participle past)
yhated (participle past)
haate (alternative)
hate (alternative)
hatye (alternative)
hatyn (alternative)
hatenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hatien (alternative Early-Middle-English)
hatiȝen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
heatien (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: hate

Scots: hate

Inherited from Old English hatian, from Proto-West Germanic *hatēn, from Proto-Germanic *hatāną; equivalent to hate + -en (infinitival suffix).

To feel negative emotions towards (something):

To feel dislike or hatred towards (someone).

To hate (someone); to permanently dislike someone.

To view (someone) as beneath oneself; to feel contemptuous towards someone.

To perform negative acts towards (something):

To refuse or avoid (something); to shun, to scorn.

To ruin; to cause the destruction (of something).

(rare) To be inherently opposed to something.


reif

reves (plural)
reaf (alternative)
ræf (alternative)
ref (alternative)
reve (alternative)
raf (alternative)
ræve (alternative)
rave (alternative)
reafe (alternative)

English: reif, reaf, rief

Scots: reif, rief, reiff, refe, ref

From Old English rēaf, from Proto-West Germanic *raub, from Proto-Germanic *raubaz, *raubą, *raubō. Doublet of robe.

(rare) destructiveness; the quality of being damaging.


riotous

head

riotous (plural and weak singular riotouse)

riotouse (plural)
riotouse (singular weak)
ryetous (alternative)
reyetous (alternative)
riatous (alternative Late-Middle-English)
riottes (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryoteux (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryotous (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryoutis (alternative Late-Middle-English)

English: riotous

Middle Scots: riotous

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman riotous; equivalent to rioten + -ous.


toiling

English: toiling

toilinge (alternative)
toylinge (alternative)
tolyynge (alternative)

(rare) A fight; strife (deadly discord between two parties)

(rare) The manufacture of leather using a person's teeth to draw on it.

(rare, law) The initiation of a lawsuit.


baten

enm-verb

baten (third-person singular simple present bateth, present participle batende, batynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle bated)

bateth (present singular third-person)
batende (participle present)
batynge (participle present)
bated (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
baten (infinitive)
to baten (infinitive)
bate (infinitive)
bate (first-person present singular)
bated (first-person past singular)
batest (present second-person singular)
batedest (past second-person singular)
bateth (present singular third-person)
bated (past singular third-person)
bate (present singular subjunctive)
bated (past singular subjunctive)
bate (imperative present singular)
baten (plural present)
bate (plural present)
bateden (past plural)
batede (past plural)
bateth (imperative plural present)
bate (imperative plural present)
batynge (participle present)
batende (participle present)
bated (participle past)
ybated (participle past)
bate (alternative)
battyn (alternative)
batyn (alternative)

English: bat; bate

Scots: bat, batt

Borrowed from Old French batre, from Latin battere, for earlier battuere; doublet of bateren.

To batter; to forcefully or repetitively beat or whack.

To fight or strive; to be in conflict with.

(rare, of an animal) To flap one's limbs.


baten

bateth (present singular third-person)
batende (participle present)
batynge (participle present)
bated (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
baten (infinitive)
to baten (infinitive)
bate (infinitive)
bate (first-person present singular)
bated (first-person past singular)
batest (present second-person singular)
batedest (past second-person singular)
bateth (present singular third-person)
bated (past singular third-person)
bate (present singular subjunctive)
bated (past singular subjunctive)
bate (imperative present singular)
baten (plural present)
bate (plural present)
bateden (past plural)
batede (past plural)
bateth (imperative plural present)
bate (imperative plural present)
batynge (participle present)
batende (participle present)
bated (participle past)
ybated (participle past)
batyn (alternative)

English: bate; bat

To dwindle or stop; to no longer occur (as much)

To halt or slow; to cause to lessen or abate.

To reassure or hearten; to free of worry.

(rare) To eliminate a collective irrational emotion.

(in negations) To eliminate a positive attitude.


dingen

dingen (infinitive)
to dingen (infinitive)
dinge (infinitive)
dinge (first-person present singular)
dang (first-person past singular)
dingest (present second-person singular)
donge (past second-person singular)
dange (past second-person singular)
dang (past second-person singular)
dingeth (present singular third-person)
dang (past singular third-person)
dinge (present singular subjunctive)
donge (past singular subjunctive)
dange (past singular subjunctive)
dinge (imperative present singular)
dingen (plural present)
dinge (plural present)
dongen (past plural)
donge (past plural)
dangen (past plural)
dange (past plural)
dingeth (imperative plural present)
dinge (imperative plural present)
dingynge (participle present)
dingende (participle present)
dongen (participle past)
donge (participle past)
ding (alternative)
dyngen (alternative)

English: ding

Scots: ding

From Old English *dingan, from Proto-West Germanic *dingwan, from Proto-Germanic *dingwaną.

To violently hit, strike or attack someone.

To attain victory over someone or something.


sute

sutes (plural)
sewte (alternative)
sywete (alternative)
suite (alternative)
suyt (alternative)
sewt (alternative)
sywte (alternative)
sywyte (alternative)
swte (alternative)
seute (alternative)
sewht (alternative)
soyte (alternative)
sut (alternative)
suet (alternative)

English: suit

Scots: suit, soot

→ Welsh: siwt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman suite, from Vulgar Latin *sequita, from Latin sequor.

A group or collection; multiple things treated as one:

An array or line of things; multiple things lined up.

The undertaking of an attempt; attempting, trying, actioning:

(rare) Romancing, courting; entering into love.


teren

teren (third-person singular simple present tereth, present participle terynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative tar, past participle torn)

tereth (present singular third-person)
terynge (participle present)
tar (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
torn (participle past)
teren (infinitive)
to teren (infinitive)
tere (infinitive)
tere (first-person present singular)
ter (first-person past singular)
tor (first-person past singular)
torest (present second-person singular)
tare (past second-person singular)
tore (past second-person singular)
ter (past second-person singular)
tor (past second-person singular)
toreth (present singular third-person)
ter (past singular third-person)
tor (past singular third-person)
tere (present singular subjunctive)
tare (past singular subjunctive)
tore (past singular subjunctive)
tere (imperative present singular)
teren (plural present)
tere (plural present)
taren (past plural)
tare (past plural)
toren (past plural)
tore (past plural)
tereth (imperative plural present)
tere (imperative plural present)
terynge (participle present)
terende (participle present)
teren (participle past)
tere (participle past)
yteren (participle past)
ytere (participle past)
teer (alternative)
teere (alternative)
tere (alternative)
tern (alternative)
teryn (alternative)
teer (alternative)

English: tear

Scots: tere, teir, tair

Inherited from Old English teran, from Proto-West Germanic *teran, from Proto-Germanic *teraną.

To tear; to split apart or off (often by ripping):

To tear off a body part (often by hand).

To pull out hair (or another body part).


schaken

schaken (third-person singular simple present schaketh, present participle schakynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative schok, past participle schaken)

schaketh (present singular third-person)
schakynge (participle present)
schok (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
schaken (participle past)
schaken (infinitive)
to schaken (infinitive)
schake (infinitive)
schake (first-person present singular)
schok (first-person past singular)
schakest (present second-person singular)
schoke (past second-person singular)
schok (past second-person singular)
schaketh (present singular third-person)
schok (past singular third-person)
schake (present singular subjunctive)
schoke (past singular subjunctive)
schake (imperative present singular)
schaken (plural present)
schake (plural present)
schoken (past plural)
schoke (past plural)
schaketh (imperative plural present)
schake (imperative plural present)
schakynge (participle present)
schakende (participle present)
schaken (participle past)
schake (participle past)
yschake (participle past)
schac (alternative)
schake (alternative)
schakyn (alternative)
shake (alternative)
shaken (alternative)
ssake (alternative Kent)
scheken (alternative West-Midlands)
sheke (alternative West-Midlands)

English: shake

Middle Scots: schake, schaik, schack

Scots: shak, shake

Inherited from Old English sċacan, sċeacan, from Proto-West Germanic *skakan, from Proto-Germanic *skakaną.

To cause to shake:
To remove by shaking; to shake off.

(figuratively) To rid, cleanse or remove.

To cause to shake:
To rid, cleanse or remove.


quellen

quellen (third-person singular simple present quelleth, present participle quellende, quellynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle quelled)

quelleth (present singular third-person)
quellende (participle present)
quellynge (participle present)
quelled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
quellen (infinitive)
to quellen (infinitive)
quelle (infinitive)
quelle (first-person present singular)
quelled (first-person past singular)
quelde (first-person past singular)
quellest (present second-person singular)
quelledest (past second-person singular)
queldest (past second-person singular)
quelleth (present singular third-person)
quelled (past singular third-person)
quelde (past singular third-person)
quelle (present singular subjunctive)
quelled (past singular subjunctive)
quelde (past singular subjunctive)
quelle (imperative present singular)
quellen (plural present)
quelle (plural present)
quelleden (past plural)
quellede (past plural)
quelden (past plural)
quelde (past plural)
quelleth (imperative plural present)
quelle (imperative plural present)
quellynge (participle present)
quellende (participle present)
quelled (participle past)
queld (participle past)
yquelled (participle past)
yqueld (participle past)
cwellen (alternative)
quell (alternative)
quelle (alternative)
qwell (alternative)
qwelle (alternative)
cwellenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: quell

Scots: quell, quel

From Old English cwellan, from Proto-West Germanic *kwalljan, from Proto-Germanic *kwaljaną.

To kill or slay; to inflict death upon someone.

To quell or suppress; to end afflictions or threats.


reven

reven (third-person singular simple present reveth, present participle revynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative refte, past participle reft)

reveth (present singular third-person)
revynge (participle present)
refte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
reft (participle past)
reven (infinitive)
to reven (infinitive)
reve (infinitive)
reve (first-person present singular)
reved (first-person past singular)
refte (first-person past singular)
revest (present second-person singular)
revedest (past second-person singular)
reftest (past second-person singular)
reveth (present singular third-person)
reved (past singular third-person)
refte (past singular third-person)
reve (present singular subjunctive)
reved (past singular subjunctive)
refte (past singular subjunctive)
reve (imperative present singular)
reven (plural present)
reve (plural present)
reveden (past plural)
revede (past plural)
reften (past plural)
refte (past plural)
reveth (imperative plural present)
reve (imperative plural present)
revynge (participle present)
revende (participle present)
reved (participle past)
reft (participle past)
yreved (participle past)
yreft (participle past)
rayve (alternative)
ref (alternative)
refe (alternative)
reffe (alternative)
reve (alternative)
revyn (alternative)
reeve (alternative)
ræven (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reave (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reaven (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reavie (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reavin (alternative Early-Middle-English)
reawen (alternative Early-Middle-English)
ræfenn (alternative Ormulum)

English: reave (archaic)

Scots: reve, refe, reif

Inherited from Old English rēafian, from Proto-West Germanic *raubōn, from Proto-Germanic *raubōną. Doublet of robben.

Of Hercules the souereyn conqueror / Syngen hise werkes laude and heigh renoun / For in his tyme of strengthe he was the flour / He slowe and rafte the skyn fro the leoun

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Monkes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 90, verso:

Sing about the works and high fame of Hercules the renowned conqueror, for in his prime he was the most excellent: He slew and took the lion's skin

To grab, take, or confiscate with force or violence.


schoven

schoven (infinitive)
to schoven (infinitive)
schove (infinitive)
schove (first-person present singular)
schef (first-person past singular)
schof (first-person past singular)
schoved (first-person past singular)
schovest (present second-person singular)
schove (past second-person singular)
schef (past second-person singular)
schof (past second-person singular)
schovedest (past second-person singular)
schoveth (present singular third-person)
schef (past singular third-person)
schof (past singular third-person)
schoved (past singular third-person)
schove (present singular subjunctive)
schove (past singular subjunctive)
schoved (past singular subjunctive)
schove (imperative present singular)
schoven (plural present)
schove (plural present)
schoven (past plural)
schove (past plural)
schoveden (past plural)
schovede (past plural)
schoveth (imperative plural present)
schove (imperative plural present)
schovynge (participle present)
schovende (participle present)
schoven (participle past)
schove (participle past)
schoved (participle past)
yschoven (participle past)
yschove (participle past)
yschoved (participle past)
shoven (alternative)
schouven (alternative)
scheven (alternative)
scheve (alternative)
schovyn (alternative)
showve (alternative)
scheove (alternative)
schwve (alternative)
schowve (alternative)
schouve (alternative)
schove (alternative)
scuven (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: shove

Scots: shuve

From Old English sċūfan, sċēofan (the latter is the ancestor of the variant scheven) from Proto-Germanic *skeubaną, *skūbaną.

To shove; to move (often forcibly) by direct physical force:

To shove to the ground; to knock down or over.

To stab or impale; to move a weapon into something.

To force from something; to remove forcibly or unwillingly:


sparren

sparen (infinitive)
to sparen (infinitive)
spare (infinitive)
spare (first-person present singular)
spared (first-person past singular)
sparde (first-person past singular)
sparest (present second-person singular)
sparedest (past second-person singular)
spardest (past second-person singular)
spareth (present singular third-person)
spared (past singular third-person)
sparde (past singular third-person)
spare (present singular subjunctive)
spared (past singular subjunctive)
sparde (past singular subjunctive)
spare (imperative present singular)
sparen (plural present)
spare (plural present)
spareden (past plural)
sparede (past plural)
sparden (past plural)
sparde (past plural)
spareth (imperative plural present)
spare (imperative plural present)
sparynge (participle present)
sparende (participle present)
spared (participle past)
spard (participle past)
spar (alternative)
sparre (alternative)
spare (alternative)
sper (alternative)
spere (alternative)
speryn (alternative)

English: spar

Scots: spar

From Middle Dutch and Middle Low German sperren, alongside Old English gesparrian; ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *sparrijan, from Proto-Germanic *sparrijaną.

To close (to make closed):
To lock; to bolt up.

To close (to make closed):
To buckle; to clasp up.

To close (to make closed):
To block; to seal up.

To hide or secrete; to store away:
To confine; to imprison.

To hide or secrete; to store away:
To exclude; to expel.


sparren

sparen (infinitive)
to sparen (infinitive)
spare (infinitive)
spare (first-person present singular)
spared (first-person past singular)
sparde (first-person past singular)
sparest (present second-person singular)
sparedest (past second-person singular)
spardest (past second-person singular)
spareth (present singular third-person)
spared (past singular third-person)
sparde (past singular third-person)
spare (present singular subjunctive)
spared (past singular subjunctive)
sparde (past singular subjunctive)
spare (imperative present singular)
sparen (plural present)
spare (plural present)
spareden (past plural)
sparede (past plural)
sparden (past plural)
sparde (past plural)
spareth (imperative plural present)
spare (imperative plural present)
sparynge (participle present)
sparende (participle present)
spared (participle past)
spard (participle past)
sperren (alternative)

English: spar

From Old English sperran, spirran, spyrran, of unknown ultimate origin, perhaps related to Old Norse sperrask (“to kick out”). Or, a romance borrowing, from Middle French esparer (“to kick”), from old Italian sparare (“to fling”).


stangen

stangen (infinitive)
to stangen (infinitive)
stange (infinitive)
stange (first-person present singular)
stanged (first-person past singular)
stangest (present second-person singular)
stangedest (past second-person singular)
stangeth (present singular third-person)
stanged (past singular third-person)
stange (present singular subjunctive)
stanged (past singular subjunctive)
stange (imperative present singular)
stangen (plural present)
stange (plural present)
stangeden (past plural)
stangede (past plural)
stangeth (imperative plural present)
stange (imperative plural present)
stangynge (participle present)
stangende (participle present)
stanged (participle past)
ystanged (participle past)
stang (alternative)

English: stang

Scots: stang, staang

Borrowed from Old Norse stanga; equivalent to stang (“pole”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(of animals) To bite; to attack with the jaw.

(rare, figurative) To ensnare or seduce.


knappen

knappen (infinitive)
to knappen (infinitive)
knappe (infinitive)
knappe (first-person present singular)
knapped (first-person past singular)
knappest (present second-person singular)
knappedest (past second-person singular)
knappeth (present singular third-person)
knapped (past singular third-person)
knappe (present singular subjunctive)
knapped (past singular subjunctive)
knappe (imperative present singular)
knappen (plural present)
knappe (plural present)
knappeden (past plural)
knappede (past plural)
knappeth (imperative plural present)
knappe (imperative plural present)
knappynge (participle present)
knappende (participle present)
knapped (participle past)
yknapped (participle past)

English: knap

From knappe (“strike”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

(transitive, rare) To hit; land a blow at.


fers

ferse (plural)
ferse (singular weak)
feers (alternative)
ferce (alternative)
ferse (alternative)
fiers (alternative)
fierse (alternative)
firs (alternative)
frese (alternative)
fuerse (alternative)
fyers (alternative)
fyerse (alternative)

English: fierce

Yola: fearse

Borrowed from Old French fers, fiers, nominative of fer, fier, from Latin ferus.


fers

→ English: fers, ferz

Borrowed from Old French fierce, from Medieval Latin ferzia, from Persian فرزین (farzin).


smerten

smerten (infinitive)
to smerten (infinitive)
smerte (infinitive)
smerte (first-person present singular)
smart (first-person past singular)
smertest (present second-person singular)
smorte (past second-person singular)
smart (past second-person singular)
smerteth (present singular third-person)
smart (past singular third-person)
smerte (present singular subjunctive)
smorte (past singular subjunctive)
smerte (imperative present singular)
smerten (plural present)
smerte (plural present)
smorten (past plural)
smorte (past plural)
smerteth (imperative plural present)
smerte (imperative plural present)
smertynge (participle present)
smertende (participle present)
smorten (participle past)
smorte (participle past)
smart (alternative)
smarten (alternative)
smeorten (alternative)
smerte (alternative)

English: smart

Scots: smert

From Old English *smeortan, from Proto-West Germanic *smertan, from Proto-Germanic *smertaną.


chalenge

chalenges (plural)
caleng (alternative)
chalange (alternative)
chalaunge (alternative)
chalence (alternative)
chaleng (alternative)
kalange (alternative)
kalleng (alternative)

English: challenge

Scots: challenge

Borrowed from Old French chalenge, chalange, chalonge, from Latin calumnia, from Proto-Italic *kalwomniā.

A slanderous or defamatory claim or allegation.

A claim; the assertion of a privilege or right.

(rare) A summons for a duel, especially for a trial by combat.

(rare) The challenging or countering of an assertion.


wasten

enm-verb

wasten (third-person singular simple present wasteth, present participle wastende, wastynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle wasted)

wasteth (present singular third-person)
wastende (participle present)
wastynge (participle present)
wasted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
wasten (infinitive)
to wasten (infinitive)
waste (infinitive)
waste (first-person present singular)
wasted (first-person past singular)
wastest (present second-person singular)
wastedest (past second-person singular)
wasteth (present singular third-person)
wasted (past singular third-person)
waste (present singular subjunctive)
wasted (past singular subjunctive)
waste (imperative present singular)
wasten (plural present)
waste (plural present)
wasteden (past plural)
wastede (past plural)
wasteth (imperative plural present)
waste (imperative plural present)
wastynge (participle present)
wastende (participle present)
wasted (participle past)
waaste (alternative)
waasten (alternative)
waaston (alternative)
waastye (alternative)
waist (alternative)
wast (alternative)
waste (alternative)
wasti (alternative)
wayst (alternative)

English: waste

Scots: waste

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman waster (Parisien guaster), from Latin vāstō, with influence from Frankish *wōstijan; equivalent to wast (“desolate”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare westen (“to devastate”).

af

To destroy; to utterly consume or eliminate:

(figuratively, religion) To eliminate sin.

To kill or murder; to cause someone's death.

(figurative, rare) To violate or interrupt.


felawe

felawes (plural)
fela (alternative)
felage (alternative)
felaghe (alternative)
felaȝe (alternative)
felaw (alternative)
felawȝe (alternative)
fele (alternative)
felle (alternative)
fellowe (alternative)
felow (alternative)
felowe (alternative)
ffelawe (alternative)
ffelow (alternative)
velaghe (alternative)
velaȝe (alternative)

English: fellow, fella, feller

Scots: falow, fallow, follow

Yola: vellas (plural)

Inherited from Old English fēolaga, from Old Norse félagi; compare fe and lawe.

(rare) That which acts as an intermediary force or agent.


fighten

enm-verb

fighten (third-person singular simple present fighteth, present participle fightende, first-/third-person singular past indicative faught, past participle foughten)

fighteth (present singular third-person)
fightende (participle present)
faught (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
foughten (participle past)
fehten (alternative)
feghten (alternative)
feighten (alternative)
fihhtenn (alternative)
fiȝten (alternative)

English: fight

Scots: fecht, ficht

From Old English feohtan, from Proto-West Germanic *fehtan, from Proto-Germanic *fehtaną.

The title of the hundrid and eiȝtthe ſalm. To victorye, the ſalm of Dauid. / God, holde thou not ſtille my preiſyng; for the mouth of the ſynner, and the mouth of the gileful man is openyd on me. / Thei ſpaken ayens me with a gileful tunge, and thei cumpassiden me with wordis of hatrede; and fouȝten ayens me with out cauſe.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalms 108:1-3”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

The title of the one hundred and eighth psalm: "To Victory; the Psalm of David". / God; don't hold still my praising, as the mouths of the sinners and the mouths of the guilty have opened against me. / They spoke against me with a guilty tongue, they acted against me with words of hatred, and they fought against me without justification.


spayen

head

spayen (third person present spaieth, present participle spaiende, simple past spaiede, past participle spaied or yspaied)

spaieth (present third-person)
spaiende (participle present)
spaiede (past)
spaied (participle past)
yspaied (participle past)
spaien (alternative)
spay (alternative)

English: spay

From the Anglo-Norman espeier, equivalent to the Old French espeer (“to cut with a sword”), from Old French espee (“sword”), whence the Modern French épée.

cog

1406–13: Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, The Master of Game (Digby manuscript 182), prologue⁽¹⁾ and chapter xxxiii⁽²⁾
⁽¹⁾ And after whann the hert is spaied and dede he vndothe hym.
⁽²⁾ Þen shulde who so be moste maister þere byd somme of þe hunters go spay hym euen behynde þe shulder forwarde to þe herte.

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

(transitive) to stab or kill, especially to kill (a deer) with a sword or other such stabbing or cutting weapon

1406–13: Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York, The Master of Game (Digby manuscript 182), chapter xi
And bycause þei shuld not lese her tyme, men make hem yspayed, saue þose men will kepe open to bere whelpes.


mynten

mynten (infinitive)
to mynten (infinitive)
mynte (infinitive)
mynte (first-person present singular)
mynte (first-person past singular)
mynted (first-person past singular)
myntest (present second-person singular)
myntest (past second-person singular)
myntedest (past second-person singular)
mynteth (present singular third-person)
mynte (past singular third-person)
mynted (past singular third-person)
mynte (present singular subjunctive)
mynte (past singular subjunctive)
mynted (past singular subjunctive)
mynte (imperative present singular)
mynten (plural present)
mynte (plural present)
mynten (past plural)
mynte (past plural)
mynteden (past plural)
myntede (past plural)
mynteth (imperative plural present)
mynte (imperative plural present)
myntynge (participle present)
myntende (participle present)
mynt (participle past)
mynted (participle past)
ymynt (participle past)
ymynted (participle past)
minten (alternative)
munten (alternative)

English: mint (dialectal)

Scots: mint

From Old English myntan, from Proto-West Germanic *muntijan.

(rare) to draw attention to; to point out.


attry

attrie (plural)
attrie (singular weak)
attery (alternative)
attri (alternative)
attriȝ (alternative Ormulum)

English: attery, attry

Scots: attery, attry, attrie, atry

From Old English ǣttriġ, ǣtriġ; equivalent to atter (“poison”) + -y.

Poisonous, toxic; containing poison or venom.

(figurative) Malign, harmful; causing damage.


hatel

English: hattle, hettle

Scots: hettle

Inherited from Old English hatol, hetol, from Proto-West Germanic *hatul; equivalent to hate + -el (adjectival suffix).

heatel (alternative)
hetel (alternative)


riotour

riotours (plural)
reatour (alternative)
riatoure (alternative)
rietoure (alternative)
ryetour (alternative)
ryotour (alternative)
riator (alternative Late-Middle-English)
riatour (alternative Late-Middle-English)
rioter (alternative Late-Middle-English)
riottour (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryatour (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryotter (alternative Late-Middle-English)
ryouter (alternative Late-Middle-English)

English: rioter, riotor

Borrowed from Old French rioteor; equivalent to rioten + -our.


batayle

batayles (plural)
batel (alternative)
bataylle (alternative)
bataille (alternative)
bataile (alternative)
bataill (alternative)
batail (alternative)
batell (alternative)
batayll (alternative)
bateil (alternative)
baitale (alternative)

English: battle

Scots: battle

Borrowed from Old French bataille, from Late Latin battālia.

An extended fight, war or armed contest; battling or warring.

A battle; a match between two rival armed forces.

Thenne kyng Arthur made redy his hooſt in x batails and Nero was redy in the felde afore the caſtel Tarabil with a grete hooſt / & he had x batails with many mo peple than Arthur had [...]

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum x”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book II, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC, leaf 43, verso; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC, page 86, lines 28–31:

Then King Arthur made ready his host in 10 battles and Nero was ready in the field before the castle Tarabil with a great host / and he had 10 battles with many more people than Arthur had …

A company or band of soldiers; a portion of one's fighting force.

A fight or dispute between ideas or religious forces:

(rare) One's striving to eliminate or expunge malicious forces.

(rare) A strike or blow from malicious forces.


schour

schoures (plural)
schoure (alternative)
schowre (alternative)
schoure (alternative)
shour (alternative)
shoure (alternative)
shower (alternative)
showre (alternative)
scur (alternative Early-Middle-English)
shur (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: shower

Scots: shour, shouer, shoor, shooer

Inherited from Old English sċūr, from Proto-West Germanic *skūru, from Proto-Germanic *skūrō.

Whan that Auerill wᵗ his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour[…]

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:

When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]

Rainfall, precipitation (falling waterdrops)


drepen

drepen (infinitive)
to drepen (infinitive)
drepe (infinitive)
drepe (first-person present singular)
drap (first-person past singular)
dreped (first-person past singular)
drepest (present second-person singular)
drape (past second-person singular)
drap (past second-person singular)
drepedest (past second-person singular)
drepeth (present singular third-person)
drap (past singular third-person)
dreped (past singular third-person)
drepe (present singular subjunctive)
drape (past singular subjunctive)
dreped (past singular subjunctive)
drepe (imperative present singular)
drepen (plural present)
drepe (plural present)
drapen (past plural)
drape (past plural)
drepeden (past plural)
drepede (past plural)
drepeth (imperative plural present)
drepe (imperative plural present)
drepynge (participle present)
drepende (participle present)
dropen (participle past)
drope (participle past)
dreped (participle past)
drepe (alternative)
drep (alternative)

>? English: drib, drub

>? Scots: drib, drub

From Old English drepan, from Proto-West Germanic *drepan, from Proto-Germanic *drepaną.

Mani þusen hi drapen mid hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Many thousands they overcame with hunger.


drepen

drepen (infinitive)
to drepen (infinitive)
drepe (infinitive)
drepe (first-person present singular)
dreped (first-person past singular)
drepest (present second-person singular)
drepedest (past second-person singular)
drepeth (present singular third-person)
dreped (past singular third-person)
drepe (present singular subjunctive)
dreped (past singular subjunctive)
drepe (imperative present singular)
drepen (plural present)
drepe (plural present)
drepeden (past plural)
drepede (past plural)
drepeth (imperative plural present)
drepe (imperative plural present)
drepynge (participle present)
drepende (participle present)
dreped (participle past)
ydreped (participle past)
drepe (alternative)

Scots: dreep
→ English: dreep

From Old English drēopan, from Proto-West Germanic *dreupan, from Proto-Germanic *dreupaną. Doublet of droupen.


goren

goren (infinitive)
to goren (infinitive)
gore (infinitive)
gore (first-person present singular)
gored (first-person past singular)
gorest (present second-person singular)
goredest (past second-person singular)
goreth (present singular third-person)
gored (past singular third-person)
gore (present singular subjunctive)
gored (past singular subjunctive)
gore (imperative present singular)
goren (plural present)
gore (plural present)
goreden (past plural)
gorede (past plural)
goreth (imperative plural present)
gore (imperative plural present)
gorynge (participle present)
gorende (participle present)
gored (participle past)
ygored (participle past)
gorren (alternative)
gor (alternative)

English: gore

From gor (“weapon”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

(Late Middle English) to gore; to puncture


assaile

asayle (alternative)
assayle (alternative)


buffeten

enm-verb

buffeten (third-person singular simple present buffeteth, present participle buffetende, buffetynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle buffeted)

buffeteth (present singular third-person)
buffetende (participle present)
buffetynge (participle present)
buffeted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
buffeten (infinitive)
to buffeten (infinitive)
buffete (infinitive)
buffete (first-person present singular)
buffeted (first-person past singular)
buffete (first-person past singular)
buffetest (present second-person singular)
buffetedest (past second-person singular)
buffetest (past second-person singular)
buffeteth (present singular third-person)
buffeted (past singular third-person)
buffete (past singular third-person)
buffete (present singular subjunctive)
buffeted (past singular subjunctive)
buffete (past singular subjunctive)
buffete (imperative present singular)
buffeten (plural present)
buffete (plural present)
buffeteden (past plural)
buffetede (past plural)
buffeten (past plural)
buffete (past plural)
buffeteth (imperative plural present)
buffete (imperative plural present)
buffetynge (participle present)
buffetende (participle present)
buffeted (participle past)
buffet (participle past)
ybuffeted (participle past)
ybuffet (participle past)
buffete (alternative)

English: buffet

Borrowed from Old French buffeter, from buffet; equivalent to buffet (“blow, strike”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


toyle

English: toil

Scots: tuilyie

A fight; strife (deadly discord between two parties)


knokken

enm-verb

knokken (third-person singular simple present knokketh, present participle knokkynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle knokkedaccel-form=1//3|s|past|ind)

knokketh (present singular third-person)
knokkynge (participle present)
knokken (infinitive)
to knokken (infinitive)
knokke (infinitive)
knokke (first-person present singular)
knokked (first-person past singular)
knokkest (present second-person singular)
knokkedest (past second-person singular)
knokketh (present singular third-person)
knokked (past singular third-person)
knokke (present singular subjunctive)
knokked (past singular subjunctive)
knokke (imperative present singular)
knokken (plural present)
knokke (plural present)
knokkeden (past plural)
knokkede (past plural)
knokketh (imperative plural present)
knokke (imperative plural present)
knokkynge (participle present)
knokkende (participle present)
knokked (participle past)
yknokked (participle past)
cnoken (alternative)
knocke (alternative)
knok (alternative)
knoke (alternative)
knokke (alternative)
knokkyn (alternative)

English: knock

→ Dutch: knokken; nokken

Scots: knock, tnock, knack

Yola: knockt (preterite)

From Old English cnocian, from Proto-West Germanic *knokōn, from Proto-Germanic *knukōną. Forms with a short vowel are possibly due to trisyllabic shortening.


bresten

bresten (infinitive)
to bresten (infinitive)
breste (infinitive)
breste (first-person present singular)
brast (first-person past singular)
brost (first-person past singular)
brestest (present second-person singular)
broste (past second-person singular)
braste (past second-person singular)
brast (past second-person singular)
brost (past second-person singular)
bresteth (present singular third-person)
brast (past singular third-person)
brost (past singular third-person)
breste (present singular subjunctive)
broste (past singular subjunctive)
braste (past singular subjunctive)
breste (imperative present singular)
bresten (plural present)
breste (plural present)
brosten (past plural)
broste (past plural)
brasten (past plural)
braste (past plural)
bresteth (imperative plural present)
breste (imperative plural present)
brestynge (participle present)
brestende (participle present)
brosten (participle past)
broste (participle past)
bresten (participle past)
breste (participle past)
bersten (alternative)
birsten (alternative)
braste (alternative)
breste (alternative)
brestyn (alternative)
brist (alternative)
briste (alternative)
bruste (alternative)
bursten (alternative)
buste (alternative)

English: burst, bust

Scots: brist, bryst

From Old English berstan, from Proto-West Germanic *brestan, from Proto-Germanic *brestaną; many forms are influenced by Old Norse bresta.

To burst (break from internal pressure):

To break, shatter (become broken):
To break, smash (cause to break)

To defeat or vanquish; to shatter (an enemy)

To be intensely afflicted with a feeling.


mowen

mowen (third-person singular simple present moweth, present participle mowende, mowynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle mowed)

moweth (present singular third-person)
mowende (participle present)
mowynge (participle present)
mowed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
mowen (infinitive)
to mowen (infinitive)
mowe (infinitive)
mowe (first-person present singular)
mowed (first-person past singular)
mowest (present second-person singular)
mowedest (past second-person singular)
moweth (present singular third-person)
mowed (past singular third-person)
mowe (present singular subjunctive)
mowed (past singular subjunctive)
mowe (imperative present singular)
mowen (plural present)
mowe (plural present)
moweden (past plural)
mowede (past plural)
moweth (imperative plural present)
mowe (imperative plural present)
mowynge (participle present)
mowende (participle present)
mowed (participle past)
mowe (alternative)
mowyn (alternative)

English: mow

Middle Scots: mow

>? Scots: mow (“to copulate”)

From mowe (“wry expression; taunt”) + -en (verb-forming suffix).


toilen

toilen (infinitive)
to toilen (infinitive)
toile (infinitive)
toile (first-person present singular)
toiled (first-person past singular)
toilest (present second-person singular)
toiledest (past second-person singular)
toileth (present singular third-person)
toiled (past singular third-person)
toile (present singular subjunctive)
toiled (past singular subjunctive)
toile (imperative present singular)
toilen (plural present)
toile (plural present)
toileden (past plural)
toilede (past plural)
toileth (imperative plural present)
toile (imperative plural present)
toilynge (participle present)
toilende (participle present)
toiled (participle past)
ytoiled (participle past)
toylen (alternative)
toile (alternative)
tull (alternative)
toille (alternative)
tolyon (alternative)
tolyn (alternative)
tolyyn (alternative)
tulyn (alternative)

English: toil

Scots: toil, tulyie, tulȝe

Most likely from Anglo-Norman toilier, but possibly from Middle Dutch tuylen. Compare tilyen.

To fight, war, attack; to participate in a conflict.

To enter into a legal case; to debate or promote a view.

To toil, exert oneself; to perform agricultural work.

To drag, draw; to forcibly move towards oneself.

(cooking) To combine the components of a meal.

(rare) To promote anguish or distraughtness; to taunt or bully.


spurnen

spurnen (infinitive)
to spurnen (infinitive)
spurne (infinitive)
spurne (first-person present singular)
spurned (first-person past singular)
spurnest (present second-person singular)
spurnedest (past second-person singular)
spurneth (present singular third-person)
spurned (past singular third-person)
spurne (present singular subjunctive)
spurned (past singular subjunctive)
spurne (imperative present singular)
spurnen (plural present)
spurne (plural present)
spurneden (past plural)
spurnede (past plural)
spurneth (imperative plural present)
spurne (imperative plural present)
spurnynge (participle present)
spurnende (participle present)
spurned (participle past)
yspurned (participle past)
sporne (alternative)
spornen (alternative)
spournen (alternative)
spurn (alternative)
spurne (alternative)
spyrnen (alternative)

English: spurn

Scots: spurn

Inherited from Old English spornan, spurnan, from Proto-West Germanic *spurnan, from Proto-Germanic *spurnaną; equivalent to spurn (“stumbling”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

The myller spurnde on a stone. / And downe he fyl backwarde upon his wyfe

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Reues Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

To fall over, to misstep; to bump into something.

(rare) To scorn; to hold in low regard or standing.

(rare) To make a mistake or error; to mischoose.


herien

herien (infinitive)
to herien (infinitive)
herie (infinitive)
herie (first-person present singular)
heried (first-person past singular)
heriest (present second-person singular)
heriedest (past second-person singular)
herieth (present singular third-person)
heried (past singular third-person)
herie (present singular subjunctive)
heried (past singular subjunctive)
herie (imperative present singular)
herien (plural present)
herie (plural present)
herieden (past plural)
heriede (past plural)
herieth (imperative plural present)
herie (imperative plural present)
heriynge (participle present)
heriende (participle present)
heried (participle past)
yheried (participle past)
harien (alternative)
haryen (alternative)
herȝien (alternative)
herȝen (alternative)
herwen (alternative)
harwen (alternative)
harowen (alternative)

English: harry, harrow

Scots: herry, hery, hary

From Old English herġian, from Proto-West Germanic *harjōn, from Proto-Germanic *harjōną. Equivalent to here (“army”) + -en (infinitival suffix).


schak

English: shake; shack

schakke (alternative)
shak (alternative)
shake (alternative)

A sudden forwards motion; a charge or thrust.


assailen

assailen (infinitive)
to assailen (infinitive)
assaile (infinitive)
assaile (first-person present singular)
assailed (first-person past singular)
assailest (present second-person singular)
assailedest (past second-person singular)
assaileth (present singular third-person)
assailed (past singular third-person)
assaile (present singular subjunctive)
assailed (past singular subjunctive)
assaile (imperative present singular)
assailen (plural present)
assaile (plural present)
assaileden (past plural)
assailede (past plural)
assaileth (imperative plural present)
assaile (imperative plural present)
assailynge (participle present)
assailende (participle present)
assailed (participle past)
yassailed (participle past)
assaillen (alternative)
assaille (alternative)
assaylle (alternative)
asailen (alternative)
assaile (alternative)
assayle (alternative)
saile (alternative)
sayll (alternative)
saylen (alternative)
sailen (alternative)
saillen (alternative)
sayle (alternative)
seællen (alternative)
a-sayle (alternative)

English: assail

Scots: assail, assailzie

From Old French assaillir, assalir, from Late Latin assalīre; equivalent to assaile + -en (infinitival suffix).

To begin or launch an assault or military operation.

To bother, hurt, or injure (used often of malign forces)

To lure or draw into sin, perfidy, or iniquity.

To insult; to launch into a tirade or rant against.

To try or undertake (an endeavour or behaviour)

(rare) To have intercourse; to mate (used of animals).

(rare) To assay; to investigate something.


myschevous

English: mischievous

Scots: mischievous

Possibly borrowed from Anglo-Norman meschevous; however possibly formed from myschef + -ous; in that case, the Anglo-Norman form would be a borrowing from Middle English.

mischevous (alternative)
meschevous (alternative)
myschefous (alternative)
myschevouse (alternative)
myschevos (alternative)
myschevus (alternative)
myschievouse (alternative)

Sorrowful, distraught; experiencing hardship or penury.

Morally wrong; iniquitous, malicious, unfair.


myscheven

myscheven (infinitive)
to myscheven (infinitive)
myscheve (infinitive)
myscheve (first-person present singular)
myscheved (first-person past singular)
myschevest (present second-person singular)
myschevedest (past second-person singular)
myscheveth (present singular third-person)
myscheved (past singular third-person)
myscheve (present singular subjunctive)
myscheved (past singular subjunctive)
myscheve (imperative present singular)
myscheven (plural present)
myscheve (plural present)
myscheveden (past plural)
myschevede (past plural)
myscheveth (imperative plural present)
myscheve (imperative plural present)
myschevynge (participle present)
myschevende (participle present)
myscheved (participle past)
ymyscheved (participle past)
mescheven (alternative)
meschieven (alternative)
myschefe (alternative)
myscheve (alternative)
mischeve (alternative)
mescheve (alternative)

English: mischieve (obsolete)

Scots: mischieve

Borrowed from Old French meschever; equivalent to myschef + -en (infinitival suffix).

To hurt, endanger, or injure someone (physically or otherwise)

To destruct or vanquish; to afflict sorrow on someone.

To end or finish negatively; to be ruined or ended.

(rare) To decline; to become sick or ill.

(rare) To make a mistake; to make a bad decision.


threschen

threschen (infinitive)
to threschen (infinitive)
thresche (infinitive)
thresche (first-person present singular)
thrasch (first-person past singular)
thresched (first-person past singular)
threschest (present second-person singular)
throsche (past second-person singular)
thrasch (past second-person singular)
threschedest (past second-person singular)
threscheth (present singular third-person)
thrasch (past singular third-person)
thresched (past singular third-person)
thresche (present singular subjunctive)
throsche (past singular subjunctive)
thresched (past singular subjunctive)
thresche (imperative present singular)
threschen (plural present)
thresche (plural present)
throschen (past plural)
throsche (past plural)
threscheden (past plural)
threschede (past plural)
threscheth (imperative plural present)
thresche (imperative plural present)
threschynge (participle present)
threschende (participle present)
throschen (participle past)
throsche (participle past)
thresched (participle past)
ythroschen (participle past)
ythrosche (participle past)
thrasshen (alternative)
thresche (alternative)
threshen (alternative)
thresshen (alternative)
threschyn (alternative)
tressyn (alternative)
þresshe (alternative)
þreisshe (alternative)

English: thresh, thrash

Scots: thresch, thrash

Inherited from Old English þrescan, þrexan, from Proto-West Germanic *þreskan, from Proto-Germanic *þreskaną.

To thresh; to separate grain from the chaff.

To thrash, whack or beat; to attack with a blunt weapon.


schovynge

English: shoving

schowynge (alternative)
shuffyng (alternative)
schowfynge (alternative)
schowvinge (alternative)
shovyng (alternative)
schoweyng (alternative)
showvyng (alternative)

Shoving; movement using direct physical force.


chalengen

enm-verb

chalengen (third-person singular simple present chalengeth, present participle chalengende, chalengynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle chalenged)

chalengeth (present singular third-person)
chalengende (participle present)
chalengynge (participle present)
chalenged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
chalengen (infinitive)
to chalengen (infinitive)
chalenge (infinitive)
chalenge (first-person present singular)
chalenged (first-person past singular)
chalengest (present second-person singular)
chalengedest (past second-person singular)
chalengeth (present singular third-person)
chalenged (past singular third-person)
chalenge (present singular subjunctive)
chalenged (past singular subjunctive)
chalenge (imperative present singular)
chalengen (plural present)
chalenge (plural present)
chalengeden (past plural)
chalengede (past plural)
chalengeth (imperative plural present)
chalenge (imperative plural present)
chalengynge (participle present)
chalengende (participle present)
chalenged (participle past)
ychalenged (participle past)
calange (alternative)
calangy (alternative)
calenge (alternative)
calengen (alternative)
chalange (alternative)
chalengyn (alternative)
challengen (alternative)
kalange (alternative)

English: challenge

Scots: challenge

Borrowed from Old French chalengier, chalongier, chalenger, from Latin calumnior; equivalent to chalenge + -en (infinitival suffix).

To counter, oppose, argue, or be against (something or someone):

To insult, criticise, or reprehend (something or someone).

To claim a possession, right, or privilege:

To appropriate or expropriate; to take wrongfully or forcibly.

(rare) To forcibly request or order; to make a demand.

To search or look for something; to seek out.


poynen

poynen (third-person singular simple present poyneth, present participle poynende, poynynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle poyned)

poyneth (present singular third-person)
poynende (participle present)
poynynge (participle present)
poyned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
poynen (infinitive)
to poynen (infinitive)
poyne (infinitive)
poyne (first-person present singular)
poyned (first-person past singular)
poynest (present second-person singular)
poynedest (past second-person singular)
poyneth (present singular third-person)
poyned (past singular third-person)
poyne (present singular subjunctive)
poyned (past singular subjunctive)
poyne (imperative present singular)
poynen (plural present)
poyne (plural present)
poyneden (past plural)
poynede (past plural)
poyneth (imperative plural present)
poyne (imperative plural present)
poynynge (participle present)
poynende (participle present)
poyned (participle past)
ypoyned (participle past)
poygnen (alternative)
poyne (alternative)

From Old French poindre, from Latin pungō, from Proto-Italic *pungō.

To hassle or harass; to cause annoyance.


clouten

clouten (infinitive)
to clouten (infinitive)
cloute (infinitive)
cloute (first-person present singular)
clouted (first-person past singular)
cloutest (present second-person singular)
cloutedest (past second-person singular)
clouteth (present singular third-person)
clouted (past singular third-person)
cloute (present singular subjunctive)
clouted (past singular subjunctive)
cloute (imperative present singular)
clouten (plural present)
cloute (plural present)
clouteden (past plural)
cloutede (past plural)
clouteth (imperative plural present)
cloute (imperative plural present)
cloutynge (participle present)
cloutende (participle present)
clouted (participle past)
yclouted (participle past)
cloute (alternative)
clout (alternative)
clowten (alternative)
clowte (alternative)

English: clout

Scots: clout, cloot


launcen

launcen (infinitive)
to launcen (infinitive)
launce (infinitive)
launce (first-person present singular)
launced (first-person past singular)
launcest (present second-person singular)
launcedest (past second-person singular)
launceth (present singular third-person)
launced (past singular third-person)
launce (present singular subjunctive)
launced (past singular subjunctive)
launce (imperative present singular)
launcen (plural present)
launce (plural present)
launceden (past plural)
launcede (past plural)
launceth (imperative plural present)
launce (imperative plural present)
launcynge (participle present)
launcende (participle present)
launced (participle past)
ylaunced (participle past)
lance (alternative)
launce (alternative)
launsen (alternative)
lawncyn (alternative)

English: lance

Scots: lance

From Old French lancier, from Late Latin lanceō. Doublet of launchen and equivalent to launce + -en (infinitival suffix).

(of plants, rare) To grow; to spring up.


launchen

launchen (infinitive)
to launchen (infinitive)
launche (infinitive)
launche (first-person present singular)
launched (first-person past singular)
launchest (present second-person singular)
launchedest (past second-person singular)
launcheth (present singular third-person)
launched (past singular third-person)
launche (present singular subjunctive)
launched (past singular subjunctive)
launche (imperative present singular)
launchen (plural present)
launche (plural present)
launcheden (past plural)
launchede (past plural)
launcheth (imperative plural present)
launche (imperative plural present)
launchynge (participle present)
launchende (participle present)
launched (participle past)
ylaunched (participle past)
launche (alternative)
lawnch (alternative)
lawnchyn (alternative)

English: launch

Scots: lench

From Old Northern French lanchier, from Late Latin lanceō. Doublet of launcen.


tithen

tithen (infinitive)
to tithen (infinitive)
tithe (infinitive)
tithe (first-person present singular)
tithed (first-person past singular)
tithest (present second-person singular)
tithedest (past second-person singular)
titheth (present singular third-person)
tithed (past singular third-person)
tithe (present singular subjunctive)
tithed (past singular subjunctive)
tithe (imperative present singular)
tithen (plural present)
tithe (plural present)
titheden (past plural)
tithede (past plural)
titheth (imperative plural present)
tithe (imperative plural present)
tithynge (participle present)
tithende (participle present)
tithed (participle past)
ytithed (participle past)
teþen (alternative)
teythe (alternative)
tiþe (alternative)
tiþen (alternative)
tythe (alternative)
tythen (alternative)
tyþin (alternative)
teðien (alternative)
teoheðien (alternative)
teouðen (alternative)
teþegen (alternative)
tiheðen (alternative)

English: tithe

From Old English tēoþian, teogoþian; equivalent to tithe + -en (infinitival suffix).


fersnesse

English: fierceness

feersnes (alternative)
feersnesse (alternative)
feresnesse (alternative)
fersenesse (alternative)
fersnes (alternative)
ffersnesse (alternative)
fiersnesse (alternative)
fuersnes (alternative)
fursnes (alternative)


fersly

English: fiercely

From fers (“fierce”) + -ly (adverbial suffix).

af

feersli (alternative)
feersly (alternative)
feirsly (alternative)
ferselich (alternative)
fersely (alternative)
fersli (alternative)
fersliche (alternative)
ferslych (alternative)
fiersly (alternative)
fuersly (alternative)
furcely (alternative)


swyngen

swyngen (infinitive)
to swyngen (infinitive)
swynge (infinitive)
swynge (first-person present singular)
swang (first-person past singular)
swong (first-person past singular)
swyngest (present second-person singular)
swonge (past second-person singular)
swang (past second-person singular)
swong (past second-person singular)
swyngeth (present singular third-person)
swang (past singular third-person)
swong (past singular third-person)
swynge (present singular subjunctive)
swonge (past singular subjunctive)
swynge (imperative present singular)
swyngen (plural present)
swynge (plural present)
swongen (past plural)
swonge (past plural)
swyngeth (imperative plural present)
swynge (imperative plural present)
swyngynge (participle present)
swyngende (participle present)
swongen (participle past)
swonge (participle past)
yswongen (participle past)
yswonge (participle past)
swingen (alternative)
swyng (alternative)
swynge (alternative)
swyngge (alternative)
swyngyn (alternative)
squynge (alternative Northern)
suing (alternative Northern)
swingan (alternative Early-Middle-English)
swingæn (alternative Early-Middle-English)
swinꟑenn (alternative Early-Middle-English)

English: swing

→ Dutch: swingen

→ Norman: souîndgi

Scots: swing, sweeng

Inherited from Old English swingan, from Proto-West Germanic *swingan, from Proto-Germanic *swinganą.

Jhesu, that wes milde ant fre, wes with spere y-stonge; He was nailed to the tre, with scourges y-swongen.

a. 1327, “Specimens of Lyric Poetry”, in Council of the Percy Society, volume XXVIII, published 1841, page 84:

To strike or land a blow:
To flog, beat, or scourge.

To strike or land a blow:
To chastise; to injure as punishment.

(cooking) To beat or whip (eggs or milk)


swengen

enm-verb

swengen (third-person singular simple present swengeth, present participle swengende, swengynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle swenged)

swengeth (present singular third-person)
swengende (participle present)
swengynge (participle present)
swenged (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
swengen (infinitive)
to swengen (infinitive)
swenge (infinitive)
swenge (first-person present singular)
sweynde (first-person past singular)
swenged (first-person past singular)
swengest (present second-person singular)
sweyndest (past second-person singular)
swengedest (past second-person singular)
swengeth (present singular third-person)
sweynde (past singular third-person)
swenged (past singular third-person)
swenge (present singular subjunctive)
sweynde (past singular subjunctive)
swenged (past singular subjunctive)
swenge (imperative present singular)
swengen (plural present)
swenge (plural present)
sweynden (past plural)
sweynde (past plural)
swengeden (past plural)
swengede (past plural)
swengeth (imperative plural present)
swenge (imperative plural present)
swengynge (participle present)
swengende (participle present)
sweynd (participle past)
swenged (participle past)
ysweynd (participle past)
yswenged (participle past)
swengyn (alternative)
suenge (alternative Northern)

English: swinge

Scots: swinge, sweenge, swunge

Yola: swinged (preterite)

From Old English swenġan, from Proto-West Germanic *swangijan (“to cause to swing”). Equivalent to sweng + -en (infinitival suffix). Compare swyngen.


sweng

>? English: swinge

From Old English swenġ, from Proto-West Germanic *swangwi.


macchen

macchen (infinitive)
to macchen (infinitive)
macche (infinitive)
macche (first-person present singular)
macched (first-person past singular)
macchest (present second-person singular)
macchedest (past second-person singular)
maccheth (present singular third-person)
macched (past singular third-person)
macche (present singular subjunctive)
macched (past singular subjunctive)
macche (imperative present singular)
macchen (plural present)
macche (plural present)
maccheden (past plural)
macchede (past plural)
maccheth (imperative plural present)
macche (imperative plural present)
macchynge (participle present)
macchende (participle present)
macched (participle past)
ymacched (participle past)
macche (alternative)
mach (alternative)
machen (alternative)
mech (alternative)

English: match


stichen

enm-verb

stichen (third-person singular simple present sticheth, present participle stichende, stichynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle stiched)

sticheth (present singular third-person)
stichende (participle present)
stichynge (participle present)
stiched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
stichen (infinitive)
to stichen (infinitive)
stiche (infinitive)
stiche (first-person present singular)
stiched (first-person past singular)
stichest (present second-person singular)
stichedest (past second-person singular)
sticheth (present singular third-person)
stiched (past singular third-person)
stiche (present singular subjunctive)
stiched (past singular subjunctive)
stiche (imperative present singular)
stichen (plural present)
stiche (plural present)
sticheden (past plural)
stichede (past plural)
sticheth (imperative plural present)
stiche (imperative plural present)
stichynge (participle present)
stichende (participle present)
stiched (participle past)
ystiched (participle past)
sticchen (alternative)
stychyn (alternative)

English: stitch

Scots: steek

Inherited from Old English stiċċian (weak class 2), alteration of earlier *stiċċan (weak class 1), from Proto-West Germanic *stikkjan, from Proto-Germanic *stikjaną; equivalent to and remodelled after stiche + -en (infinitival suffix).


hurtelen

hurtelen (third-person singular simple present hurteleth, present participle hurtelende, hurtelynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hurteled)

hurteleth (present singular third-person)
hurtelende (participle present)
hurtelynge (participle present)
hurteled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hurtelen (infinitive)
to hurtelen (infinitive)
hurtele (infinitive)
hurtele (first-person present singular)
hurteled (first-person past singular)
hurtelest (present second-person singular)
hurteledest (past second-person singular)
hurteleth (present singular third-person)
hurteled (past singular third-person)
hurtele (present singular subjunctive)
hurteled (past singular subjunctive)
hurtele (imperative present singular)
hurtelen (plural present)
hurtele (plural present)
hurteleden (past plural)
hurtelede (past plural)
hurteleth (imperative plural present)
hurtele (imperative plural present)
hurtelynge (participle present)
hurtelende (participle present)
hurteled (participle past)
yhurteled (participle past)
hurcle (alternative)
hurkle (alternative)
hurtel (alternative)
hurtelyn (alternative)
hurtle (alternative)
hurtlen (alternative)

English: hurtle

From hurten + -elen; compare hurlen. For forms with /k/, compare dialectal modern English turkle (“turtle”).

O fyrſt mouyng cruel firmament / Wyth thy diurnal ſwegh, that croudeſt aye / And hurtleſte al fro Eſt to Occident / That naturally wolde holde another way

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Man of Lawes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xxi, recto:

O first moving cruel firmament / With thy diurnal sway that crowdest aye [always] / And hurtles all from East to Occident / That naturally would hold another way

To trip or fall over; to make a misstep.

To smash or fall together; to undergo collision.

To throw or shove; to apply force to:
To charge or run towards; to come at.

To clash or fight; to enter into combat with.

To strike or knock down; to cause to fall.

He foineth on his foe with a trunchoun, / And he him hurtleth with his horse adown.

[1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight’s Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; Charles Cowden Clarke, editor, The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer. […], 2nd edition, volume I, Edinburgh: James Nichol; London: James Nisbet & Co.; Dublin: W. Robertson, 1860, →OCLC, page 81, lines 2617–2618:

He foineth [thrust] on his foe with a truncheon, / And he him hurtleth with his horse adown.


hurlen

hurlen (third-person singular simple present hurleth, present participle hurlende, hurlynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle hurled)

hurleth (present singular third-person)
hurlende (participle present)
hurlynge (participle present)
hurled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
hurlen (infinitive)
to hurlen (infinitive)
hurle (infinitive)
hurle (first-person present singular)
hurled (first-person past singular)
hurlest (present second-person singular)
hurledest (past second-person singular)
hurleth (present singular third-person)
hurled (past singular third-person)
hurle (present singular subjunctive)
hurled (past singular subjunctive)
hurle (imperative present singular)
hurlen (plural present)
hurle (plural present)
hurleden (past plural)
hurlede (past plural)
hurleth (imperative plural present)
hurle (imperative plural present)
hurlynge (participle present)
hurlende (participle present)
hurled (participle past)
yhurled (participle past)
horlen (alternative)
hurl (alternative)
hurle (alternative)
hurlyn (alternative)

English: hurl

Scots: hurl


rioten

rioten (third-person singular simple present rioteth, present participle riotende, riotynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle rioted)

rioteth (present singular third-person)
riotende (participle present)
riotynge (participle present)
rioted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
rioten (infinitive)
to rioten (infinitive)
riote (infinitive)
riote (first-person present singular)
rioted (first-person past singular)
riotest (present second-person singular)
riotedest (past second-person singular)
rioteth (present singular third-person)
rioted (past singular third-person)
riote (present singular subjunctive)
rioted (past singular subjunctive)
riote (imperative present singular)
rioten (plural present)
riote (plural present)
rioteden (past plural)
riotede (past plural)
rioteth (imperative plural present)
riote (imperative plural present)
riotynge (participle present)
riotende (participle present)
rioted (participle past)
riot (alternative)
riote (alternative)
ryot (alternative)
ryotte (alternative)

English: riot

Scots: royet, royt

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rioter; equivalent to riot + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To live without restraint; to behave in a riotous way.


eschewen

eschewen (third-person singular simple present escheweth, present participle eschewende, eschewynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle eschewed)

escheweth (present singular third-person)
eschewende (participle present)
eschewynge (participle present)
eschewed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
eschewen (infinitive)
to eschewen (infinitive)
eschewe (infinitive)
eschewe (first-person present singular)
eschewed (first-person past singular)
eschewest (present second-person singular)
eschewedest (past second-person singular)
escheweth (present singular third-person)
eschewed (past singular third-person)
eschewe (present singular subjunctive)
eschewed (past singular subjunctive)
eschewe (imperative present singular)
eschewen (plural present)
eschewe (plural present)
escheweden (past plural)
eschewede (past plural)
escheweth (imperative plural present)
eschewe (imperative plural present)
eschewynge (participle present)
eschewende (participle present)
eschewed (participle past)
yeschewed (participle past)
echue (alternative)
eþchewe (alternative)
escheewe (alternative)
escheu (alternative)
eschew (alternative)
eschewe (alternative)
eschu (alternative)
eschue (alternative)
eschuen (alternative)
eschuie (alternative)
eschuwe (alternative)
eschywe (alternative)
esshew (alternative)
exchewe (alternative)

English: eschew

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman eschiver, from Frankish *skiuhijan; a doublet of skewen (“to run diagonally”). Compare enchewen and, more distantly, schey.

To avoid or eschew (a behaviour, person, place, or situation)

To escape or avoid attack, peril or harm.

(rare) To attempt to escape peril or harm.

(rare) To recommend or encourage a situation.


assailynge

assailynges (plural)
asayling (alternative)
asaylyng (alternative)
assailing (alternative)
assailinge (alternative)
assailyng (alternative)
assaylinge (alternative)
assaylyng (alternative)
a-saylynge (alternative)
sailyng (alternative)
sayllyng (alternative)
saylyng (alternative)
seylinge (alternative)

The tempting, assault or luring of malign forces.

(rare) Insults, harsh words, verbal assault.

(rare) Assailing, striking; entering into combat.


pynden

pynden (third-person singular simple present pyndeth, present participle pyndynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative pynde, past participle pynd)

pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pyndynge (participle present)
pynde (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
pynd (participle past)
pynden (infinitive)
to pynden (infinitive)
pynde (infinitive)
pynde (first-person present singular)
pynde (first-person past singular)
pynded (first-person past singular)
pyndest (present second-person singular)
pyndest (past second-person singular)
pyndedest (past second-person singular)
pyndeth (present singular third-person)
pynde (past singular third-person)
pynded (past singular third-person)
pynde (present singular subjunctive)
pynde (past singular subjunctive)
pynded (past singular subjunctive)
pynde (imperative present singular)
pynden (plural present)
pynde (plural present)
pynden (past plural)
pynde (past plural)
pyndeden (past plural)
pyndede (past plural)
pyndeth (imperative plural present)
pynde (imperative plural present)
pyndynge (participle present)
pyndende (participle present)
pynd (participle past)
pynded (participle past)
ypynd (participle past)
ypynded (participle past)
pende (alternative)
peynde (alternative)
poyne (alternative)
puinde (alternative)
pynde (alternative)

English: pind (dialectal)

Middle Scots: poynd, puynd

Scots: pund, puind, poind, pynd, pind

→ English: poind

Inherited from Old English *pyndan (and derived ġepyndan), from Proto-West Germanic *pundijan; compare pound.

To enclose or confine; to set up boundaries:

(of animals) To shut up in a pound; to impound.

(figuratively, rare) To check or restrain oneself.


swippen

swippen (third-person singular simple present swippeth, present participle swippynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative swipte, past participle swipt)

swippeth (present singular third-person)
swippynge (participle present)
swipte (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
swipt (participle past)
swippen (infinitive)
to swippen (infinitive)
swippe (infinitive)
swippe (first-person present singular)
swipte (first-person past singular)
swippest (present second-person singular)
swiptest (past second-person singular)
swippeth (present singular third-person)
swipte (past singular third-person)
swippe (present singular subjunctive)
swipte (past singular subjunctive)
swippe (imperative present singular)
swippen (plural present)
swippe (plural present)
swipten (past plural)
swipte (past plural)
swippeth (imperative plural present)
swippe (imperative plural present)
swippynge (participle present)
swippende (participle present)
swipt (participle past)
yswipt (participle past)
swype (alternative)

English: swip

>? English: swipe

Scots: soop

Inherited from Old English swipian, from Proto-West Germanic *swippjan; compare swepen and swopen.

(with preposition) To strike, hit or attack.

(transitive, religion) To move with haste; to speed.


maym

maymes (plural)
mahame (alternative)
maim (alternative)
mayehem (alternative)
mayme (alternative)
mayn (alternative)
mayne (alternative)

English: mayhem; (obsolete) maim

Middle Scots: menȝe, manȝe

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mahaim, alteration of Old French mahaing, mehaing after Frankish *hammjan (“to restrict”). Forms with /n/ continue the unaltered Old French form.


maymen

maymen (third-person singular simple present maymeth, present participle maymende, maymynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle maymed)

maymeth (present singular third-person)
maymende (participle present)
maymynge (participle present)
maymed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
maymen (infinitive)
to maymen (infinitive)
mayme (infinitive)
mayme (first-person present singular)
maymed (first-person past singular)
maymest (present second-person singular)
maymedest (past second-person singular)
maymeth (present singular third-person)
maymed (past singular third-person)
mayme (present singular subjunctive)
maymed (past singular subjunctive)
mayme (imperative present singular)
maymen (plural present)
mayme (plural present)
maymeden (past plural)
maymede (past plural)
maymeth (imperative plural present)
mayme (imperative plural present)
maymynge (participle present)
maymende (participle present)
maymed (participle past)
ymaymed (participle past)
mahaymen (alternative)
maheyme (alternative)
mayme (alternative)
mayn (alternative)
mayne (alternative)
maynyn (alternative)
maynhe (alternative Northern)

English: maim

Middle Scots: mainȝie, menȝe

Scots: meingyie (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mahaimer, alteration of Old French mahaignier, mehaignier after Frankish *hammjan (“to restrict”); thus equivalent to maym (“injury”) + -en (infinitival suffix). Forms with /n/, /ɳ/ continue the unaltered Old French form.

af

To maim; to physically injure as to impair.


thirlen

enm-verb

thirlen (third-person singular simple present thirleth, present participle thirlende, thirlynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle thirled)

thirleth (present singular third-person)
thirlende (participle present)
thirlynge (participle present)
thirled (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
thirlen (infinitive)
to thirlen (infinitive)
thirle (infinitive)
thirle (first-person present singular)
thirled (first-person past singular)
thirlest (present second-person singular)
thirledest (past second-person singular)
thirleth (present singular third-person)
thirled (past singular third-person)
thirle (present singular subjunctive)
thirled (past singular subjunctive)
thirle (imperative present singular)
thirlen (plural present)
thirle (plural present)
thirleden (past plural)
thirlede (past plural)
thirleth (imperative plural present)
thirle (imperative plural present)
thirlynge (participle present)
thirlende (participle present)
thirled (participle past)
ythirled (participle past)
thirl (alternative)
thrill (alternative)
thrillen (alternative)
thrylle (alternative)
þerle (alternative)
þerlyn (alternative)
þirlen (alternative)
þirllen (alternative)
þrille (alternative)
þurle (alternative)
þurlin (alternative)

English: thirl; thrill

Scots: thirl

From Old English þȳrlian; equivalent to thirl (“hole”) + -en (infinitival suffix).

af

To make a hole, opening, or passage; to bore:

To enter, move or travel into:
To diffuse; to spread throughout.

(rare, anatomy) To occupy or extend into.

To enter, move or travel into:
To occupy or extend into.


schakynge

schakynges (plural)
chakynge (alternative)
schakinge (alternative)
schakyng (alternative)
shaking (alternative)
shakinge (alternative)
shakyng (alternative)

English: shaking

Scots: shakin, shakkin