ache

English: ache

A plant of the genus Apium, especially celery.


rue

English: rue

Scots: rew

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman rue, from Latin rūta, from Ancient Greek ῥυτή (rhutḗ).

(rare) meadow-rue (plants in the genus Thalictrum)


bran

English: bran

Yola: bran

From Old French bren, from Gaulish *brennos (“rotten”), from Proto-Celtic *bragnos (“foul, rotten”).


male

English: male

Scots: male

Borrowed from Old French masle, malle, from Late Latin masclus, from Latin masculus; compare femele and masculyn.

(rare) Manhood; the state of being male.


male

English: male

Scots: male

Used in extended reference to supposedly "male" gems, plants, or astrological portents.


male

Borrowed from Latin mālum, from Ancient Greek μῆλον (mêlon), of unknown origin.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual

(chiefly Late Middle English, uncommon) The appletree (Malus domestica) or its fruit.


acorn

English: acorn

Scots: aicorn

From Old English æcern, from Proto-West Germanic *akran, from Proto-Germanic *akraną.
The last element of this word is often remodelled on corn.


box

English: box

Inherited from Old English box, from Proto-West Germanic *buhs, from Latin buxus, possibly from Ancient Greek πύξος (púxos).

Buxus sempervirens
Buxus sempervirens#Translingual

A box tree (the tree Buxus sempervirens)


kernel

desctree

English: kernel
→ Japanese: カーネル (kāneru)

Scots: kirnel; churnel

From Old English cyrnel, from Proto-West Germanic *kurnil; equivalent to corn + -el (agentive suffix). Some forms are influenced by corn.

The seed, grain or stone of a fruit or nut.

(by extension) A granule; a small grain, flake, or ball.

(figurative) The fundamental, superior or essential part.

(anatomy) An organ responsible for production of substances.


appel

English: apple (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aipple

From Old English æppel, from Proto-West Germanic *applu, from Proto-Germanic *aplaz, from *h₂bl-, the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl.


prune

English: prune

Borrowed from Old French prune, from Vulgar Latin *prūna, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), προῦμνον (proûmnon). Doublet of plomme.

Prunus domestica
Prunus domestica#Translingual


mile

English: mile (obsolete)

From Old English mīl (“millet”) and Latin milium (“millet”).


almond

English: almond

Scots: almond

Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]

c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11

(please add an English translation of this quotation)

dorrẹ̅, dōrī adj. & n. […] cook. glazed with a yellow substance; pome(s ~, sopes ~. […] 1381 Pegge Cook. Recipes p. 114: For to make Soupys dorry. Nym onyons […] Nym wyn […] toste wyte bred and do yt in dischis, and god Almande mylk.

1962 (quoting 1381 text), Hans Kurath & Sherman M. Kuhn, eds., Middle English Dictionary, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-01044-8, page 1242


wort

English: wort

Fingallian: wolt

From Old English wyrt (“plant, herb”), from Proto-West Germanic *wurti, from Proto-Germanic *wrōts (oblique stem *wurt-), from Proto-Indo-European *wréh₂ds. Doublet of rote (“root”).

A plant (not including trees, shrubs, etc.):

A plant that harvested or grown; often as a herb or vegetable.


fan

English: fan, van

Scots: fan

From Old English fann, from Latin vannus. Forms in v- are due to a combination of Southern Middle English voicing of initial fricatives and influence from the ultimate Latin etymon.

A mechanism or device for removing chaff from grain (i.e. winnowing).


thorn

English: thorn

Scots: thorn; torn (Shetland)

Yola: thoornes, thorns, thurns

Inherited from Old English þorn, from Proto-West Germanic *þorn, from Proto-Germanic *þurnaz, from Proto-Indo-European *tr̥nós.

A thorn (spine on a plant with a sharp point)


flour

English: flower, flour

Scots: flouer, flour, floor

→ Middle Welsh: fflwr

Welsh: fflŵr

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman flur, from Latin flōrem, accusative of flōs. More at flower.

Success or achievement in a contest; victoriousness.

That which is unparalleled; the top or most superior.

An exemplar or example of a trait or behaviour.


table

English: table (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: tyeble

Scots: table

→ Welsh: tabl

From a combination of Old French table and Old English tabele, tabul, tablu, tabule, tabula, both from Latin tabula.

(biblical) The physical Ten Commandments handed down from heaven.


bord

English: board

Scots: buird, brod

Yola: borde


spinach

English: spinach

From Anglo-Norman spinache, from Old Occitan espinarc, from Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ), from Persian اسپناخ (espanâx).

derived

Arabic إِسْفَانَاخ (ʔisfānāḵ)

Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleracea#Translingual


malt

English: malt

Scots: maut

Yola: mault

From Old English mealt, from Proto-West Germanic *malt, from Proto-Germanic *maltą.

All þe wictalis owtane ſalt / Als quheyt and flour ⁊ meill ⁊ malt / In þe wyne sellar geꝛt he bꝛyng[…]

c. 1375, “Book V”, in Iohne Barbour, De geſtis bellis et uirtutibus domini Roberti de Brwyß […] (The Brus, Advocates MS. 19.2.2), Ouchtirmunſye: Iohannes Ramſay, published 1489, folio 17, verso, lines 408-410; republished at Edinburgh: National Library of Scotland, c. 2010:

All the food except for salt, / like wheat, flour, meal, and malt, / he went to put in the wine-cellar […]


corn

English: corn (see there for further descendants)

Scots: corn, curn

Yola: coorn, koorn

Inherited from Old English corn, from Proto-West Germanic *korn, from Proto-Germanic *kurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of greyn.

Any plant that bears grain, especially wheat.

þa ƿaſ coꝛn dære: ⁊ flec ⁊ cæſe ⁊ butere. foꝛ nan ƿæſ o þe land. Ƿreccemen ſturuen of hungær.

p. 1154, “AD 1137”, in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS. Laud Misc. 636, continuation), Peterborough, folio 89, verso; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 2018 February 8:

Grain was precious then, and meat, cheese, and butter, because there wasn't any in the country. Wretched men died from hunger.

whos wynewing cloþ is in his hond .· ⁊ he ſchal fulli clenſe his coꝛn flooꝛ / and he ſchal gadere his wheete in to his berne .· but þe chaf he ſchal bꝛenne wiþ fier þat mai not be quenchid

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 3:12, page 2r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

His winnowing fan is in his hand; he'll fully clean his threshing-floor, he'll gather up his wheat into his barn, and he'll burn the chaff with unquenchable fire.


bene

English: bean

Scots: bein, bene

desc

Yola: beanès, beanes, baanès, baanes, banès (plural)

From Old English bēan, from Proto-West Germanic *baunu, from Proto-Germanic *baunō. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English inflected forms.


stake

English: stake

Scots: stak, staik

→ Irish: staic

From Old English staca, from Proto-West Germanic *stakō, from Proto-Germanic *stakô.

A stake; wood put in the ground as a marker or support.


rye

English: rye

Scots: ry

Yola: ree

From Old English ryge, from Proto-West Germanic *rugi.

Secale cereale
Secale cereale#Translingual


pere

From Old French per and Anglo-Norman peir, from Latin pār.

The same; having no differences from something else.


yelm

English: yelm, yealm

Inherited from Old English ġilm, ġelm (“handful”), from Proto-West Germanic *galmi, possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“to flourish”).

der

(hapax) yelm, yealm (sheaf of straw for thatching)


col

English: cole, kale, kail

Scots: cale, caill, kail

Yola: kaayle, Coolpeach

→ Irish: cál

From Old English cāl, variant of cawel, borrowed from Latin caulis.


hemp

English: hemp

Scots: hemp, hempt

From Old English henep, hænep (“hemp”), from Proto-West Germanic *hanapi, from Proto-Germanic *hanapiz; cognate to Ancient Greek κάνναβις (kánnabis).

Cannabis sativa
Cannabis sativa#Translingual


wale

Borrowed from Old Norse *valu, earlier form of vǫl, variant of val, from Proto-Germanic *walą.

(negatively) impactful, grievous, melancholy


couple

English: couple

Scots: couple, kipple

Borrowed from Old French couple, from Latin cōpula.

A group of two (especially living beings; never three or more as in modern English):

A couple; two people joined in marriage.

A breeding pair; two animals to be bred with each other.

A unit of measure for (especially dried) fruits.

(architecture) One of two opposing roof beams (or the two as a pair)


caraway

English: caraway

Scots: carvy

From Medieval Latin carui, from Arabic كَرَاوِيَّا (karāwiyyā), via Aramaic from Ancient Greek καρώ (karṓ), κάρον (káron, “caraway”). Doublet of carvi.


fagot

English: faggot, fagot

Scots: faggot

Yola: fagoghes (plural)

Borrowed from Old French fagot; further etymology is disputed.


lek

English: leek
→ Maori: riki

Scots: leke, leik

Inherited from Old English lēac, lēc, from Proto-West Germanic *lauk, from Proto-Germanic *laukaz.

Allium sativum
Allium sativum#Translingual

A plant in the genus Allium (often used as vegetables):

Allium ampeloprasum
Allium ampeloprasum#Translingual


peche

English: peach

Scots: peach

/ˈpɛːt͡ʃ(ə)/

Borrowed from Middle French pesche, from Old French pesche, from Late Latin persica, for Classical mālum persicum (literally “Persian apple”).


mugwort

English: mugwort

Scots: muggart

⇒ Scots: muggins

From Old English mucgwyrt; possibly equivalent to mydge + wort.

Artemisia vulgaris
Artemisia vulgaris#Translingual


ew

English: yew

Scots: yew, ewe

Yola: yew

From Old English īw, ēow, from Proto-West Germanic *īhu.

Taxus baccata
Taxus baccata#Translingual


claret

Old French claret, from Medieval Latin claratum (vinum).


ote

English: oat

Scots: ait

Yola: oathès (plural)

From Old English āte (plural ātan), from Proto-West Germanic *aitā, from Proto-Germanic *aitǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eyd- (“to swell”). Related to Old Norse eitill (“lymph node”).


ey

English: ey (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English æġ, from Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Doublet of egge.

egg (especially of a chicken or other fowl)


neep

English: neep

Scots: neep

Yola: neape, neap, nape

→ Welsh: maip

desctree

⇒ Middle English: turnepe
English: turnip
Yola: dhernapès (plural)

From Old English nǣp, from Latin nāpus, from Ancient Greek νᾶπυ (nâpu).


wæstm

wæstmes (plural)
wæstm (accusative nominative singular)
wæstmes (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmæs (accusative nominative plural)
wæstmes (genitive singular)
wæstmæs (genitive singular)
wæstme (genitive plural)
wæstme (dative singular)
wæstmen (dative plural)

From Old English wæstm, from Proto-Germanic *wastmaz.

The crops produced by a plant; the result of a harvest.


sandal

English: sandal

Borrowed from Medieval Latin sandalum, from Byzantine Greek σάνδανον (sándanon), σάνταλον (sántalon), from Arabic صَنْدَل (ṣandal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (cndl /čandal/, “sandalwood”), from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”). Doublet of saundres.


potage

English: pottage; porridge

Scots: pottage; parritch

Yola: porachès (plural)

Borrowed from Old French potage; equivalent to pot + -age.

Greens or vegetables; plant matter as used in food.


burnet

English: burnet

Scots: burnet

Borrowed from Old French brunet, brunete (“brunette”).

Burnet (Sanguisorba spp.) or a similar plant.


corny

English: corny

Scots: cornie (obsolete, rare)

Yola: cornee, kurnee

Or els a draught of moyste corny ale

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Doctour of Physyckes Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

(rare) containing corn; tasting of malt, tasting well of malt, malty


gourde

English: gourd

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman gourde, gurde, from Latin cucurbita.


hawe

English: haw

Scots: haw

Yola: haeve

Inherited from Old English haga, from Proto-West Germanic *hagō, from Proto-Germanic *hagô.

A haw, hawthorn berry; the fruit of a hawthorn tree or shrub.


dele

And so they alle bare hym vnto the hermytage
and vnarmed hym
and layd hym in his bedde
& euer more his wound bledde pytously
but he stered no lymme of hym
Thenne the knyghte heremyte put a thynge in his nose and a lytel dele of water in his mouthe
And thenne sir launcelot waked of his swoune
and thenne the heremyte staunched his bledynge

1485, Sir Thomas Malory, “xvij”, in Le Morte Darthur, book XVIII:

Alternative form of del (“amount, part”)


herbe

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">yerb</i>

English: herb (dialectal yerb)

Scots: herb, yerb


salade

English: salad

Scots: sallet

Borrowed from Old French salade, from Italian salada, which some forms are directly from.

(Late Middle English, rare) salad (dish made of mixed vegetables)


mele

English: meal

Scots: meil, mele

Yola: mele, mell

From Old English melu, from Proto-West Germanic *melu, from Proto-Germanic *melwą.


cipres

English: cypress

Borrowed from Old French cipres, from Latin cupressus, from Ancient Greek κυπάρισσος (kupárissos).

Cupressus sempervirens
Cupressus sempervirens#Translingual

A cypress (the tree Cupressus sempervirens)


pese

pesen (plural)
peses (plural)
pisen (plural)

English: pease; pea

Scots: pease

Yola: piz

From Old English pise, piose, *peose, from Late Latin pisa, from Latin pisum, from Ancient Greek πίσον (píson), πῐ́σος (písos), πισός (pisós).

Pisum sativum
Pisum sativum#Translingual


spikenard

English: spikenard

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman spicanarde, from Medieval Latin spīca nardī.

Nardostachys jatamansi
Nardostachys jatamansi#Translingual

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.


cheri

English: cherry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: chirry, chery, cherrie, cherry

→ Middle Irish: silín, sirín

Irish: silín

Manx: shillish

Scottish Gaelic: sirist

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cheri, from Old Northern French cherise (“cherry”), from Vulgar Latin ceresia, a reinterpretation of the neuter plural of Late Latin ceresium, from Latin cerasium (cerasum, cerasus (“cherry tree”)), from Ancient Greek κεράσιον (kerásion, “cherry fruit”), from κερασός (kerasós, “bird cherry”), and ultimately possibly derived from a language of Asia Minor.
Displaced Old English ciris (also from Vulgar Latin ceresia), which died out after the Norman invasion and was replaced by the French-derived word.


sauge

English: sage

Scots: sage

Borrowed from Middle French sauge, from Old French salje, from Latin salvia.


ovet

English: ovest (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English ofett, from Proto-West Germanic *obaet; compare ete (“food”).

(rare, Kent or Early Middle English) fruit


tyme

English: time (see there for further descendants)

Scots: time, teime, tim

Yola: deemes (plural)

From Old English tīma, from Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô. Doublet of demon.

A reign; the duration of a ruler's office.

A lifetime; the duration of a person's life.

Part of a period of time (especially a season or yeartide).

A specific duration; a period of time:
Part of a process or event.

A brief or ephemeral point in time; an instance.

And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed bi hem and of hem”

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages 40–41:


anys

English: anise

Scots: anis (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French anis, from Latin anīsum, from Ancient Greek ἄνισον (ánison), from Egyptian jnst.


sorel

English: sorrel

Rumex acetosa
Rumex acetosa#Translingual

Oxalis acetosella
Oxalis acetosella#Translingual


sorel

English: sorel, sorrel

From Old French sorel; equivalent to sor (“sorrel”) + -el (diminutive suffix).


ramson

English: ramson, ramsons

The old plural of ramese (from Old English hramsa (“ramsons”)) taken as a singular.

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual


pome

English: pome

From Old French pome (“apple”), from Latin pomum.

meatballs, patties (named due to their round shape)


dile

English: dill

Inherited from Old English dile, from Proto-Germanic *deliz (“sow thistle”), an indigenous herb of uncertain origin; possibly Proto-Indo-European *dʰelh₁- (“sprout, bloom”) (Albanian dal, Middle Irish duille) or from a substrate.

der

Anethum graveolens
Anethum graveolens#Translingual


wolle

English: wool

desc

Scots: woll, wol, wow, wo, oull, owll, owl, oo

Yola: wul

Inherited from Old English wull, from Proto-West Germanic *wullu, from Proto-Germanic *wullō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wĺ̥h₁neh₂. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique cases.

⁊ þe heed of him ⁊ his heeris weren whiyt as whiyt wolle .· ⁊ as ſnow / ⁊ þe iȝen of him as flawme of fier .·

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:14, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And his head and his hairs were white, like white wool or snow, and his eyes were like fire's flame.

wool (coat of sheep), especially when used to make fabric

Shorn wool, especially stockpiled in bulk.


bete

desctree

English: beet
→ Chickasaw: (from the plural) biits
→ Hawaiian: piki
→ Maori: pīti

Despite the gap in attestation, apparently inherited from Old English bēte, from Proto-West Germanic *bētā, from Latin bēta, of unknown origin.

beet (plant of the genus Beta or its root or leaves)


matere

English: matter

Scots: matter, maitter

From Anglo-Norman matere, from Latin māteria.

One of a human body's liquids or fluids; a biofluid:

(rare) Partially digested food while sitting in the stomach.


mynte

English: mint

Scots: mint

→ Welsh: mint

From Old English minte, from Proto-West Germanic *mintā, from Latin menta, from or related to Ancient Greek μίνθη (mínthē), μίνθα (míntha).


fige

English: fig
Tok Pisin: fik
→ Chuukese: fik
→ Maori: piki

Scots: feg

→ Welsh: ffigys (from the plural form)

Borrowed from Old French figue, from Old Occitan figa, from Vulgar Latin *fīca, from Latin fīcus. Doublet of fyke.


caboche

English: cabbage
Sranan Tongo: kabisi
→ Abenaki: kabij
→ Swahili: kabichi
→ Yoruba: kábéèjì

Scots: cabbitch

Yola: gaubbach, gubbauch, gubbach

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman caboche; further origin is disputed.


herte

enm-noun

herte (plural hertes or herten or herte)

hertes (plural)
herten (plural)
herte (plural)

English: heart (see there for further descendants)

Scots: hert, hart, hairt

Yola: hearth, hart

Inherited from Old English heorte, from Proto-West Germanic *hertā, from Proto-Germanic *hertô, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱḗr.

One's memory or recall; one's ability to remember.

One's feelings, or beliefs; the heart viewed as a source of them:

One's (inherent or current) attitude or behaviour.


fruyt

desctree

English: fruit
Bislama: frut
Jamaican Creole: fruut
Tok Pisin: frut
→ Japanese: フルーツ (furūtsu)

Scots: fruit, frute

→ Cornish: frut

Borrowed from Old French fruit, from Latin fructus.


cedre

English: cedar

Scots: ceder, cedir, cedar

From Old French cedre, from Latin cedrus, from Ancient Greek κέδρος (kédros). Compare Old English ċeder, from the same Latin source.

Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) or a similar tree.


furment

From Middle French froment, fourment or its etymon Latin frūmentum.


cucumer

English: cucumber
Tok Pisin: kukamba
→ Cherokee: ᎦᎦᎹ (gagama)
→ Plains Cree: kohkompaninawak
→ Spanish: cacombra
→ Welsh: ciwcymbr
→ Zulu: îkhukhámba

Borrowed from Middle French coucombre and its etymon Latin cucumeris (through Old French cocombre).


fyke

English: fike

Inherited from Old English fīc, from Vulgar Latin *fīca, from Latin fīcus. Doublet of fige.


medler

English: medlar

Fingallian: meddar

From Old French medler, meslier; equivalent to medle + -er.

Crataegus germanica
Crataegus germanica#Translingual

Mespilus germanica
Mespilus germanica#Translingual

The common medlar (Crataegus germanica, syn. Mespilus germanica) or its fruit.


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.


fannen

fannen (infinitive)
to fannen (infinitive)
fanne (infinitive)
fanne (first-person present singular)
fanned (first-person past singular)
fannest (present second-person singular)
fannedest (past second-person singular)
fanneth (present singular third-person)
fanned (past singular third-person)
fanne (present singular subjunctive)
fanned (past singular subjunctive)
fanne (imperative present singular)
fannen (plural present)
fanne (plural present)
fanneden (past plural)
fannede (past plural)
fanneth (imperative plural present)
fanne (imperative plural present)
fannynge (participle present)
fannende (participle present)
fanned (participle past)
yfanned (participle past)

English: fan

Scots: fan

From Old English fannian, from Latin vannō; equivalent to fan + -en (infinitival suffix).

To process grain as to remove waste from usable product; to winnow.


wode

wode (infinitive)
to wode (infinitive)
wode (first-person present singular)
woded (first-person past singular)
wodest (present second-person singular)
wodedest (past second-person singular)
wodeth (present singular third-person)
woded (past singular third-person)
wode (present singular subjunctive)
woded (past singular subjunctive)
wode (imperative present singular)
woden (plural present)
wode (plural present)
wodeden (past plural)
wodede (past plural)
wodeth (imperative plural present)
wode (imperative plural present)
wodynge (participle present)
wodende (participle present)
woded (participle past)
ywoded (participle past)

From Old English wudu, from Proto-West Germanic *widu, from Proto-Germanic *widuz; see wood.

To take to the woods; hide oneself in the woods (also reflexive: ben woded).


gerner

English: garner

Scots: girnel, garnel

Borrowed from Old French gernier, grenier, from Latin grānārium; equivalent to greyn + -er.


firren

head

firren (plural and weak singular firrene)

firrene (plural)
firrene (singular weak)

Scots: firren


slo

English: sloe

Scots: slae

From Old English slā, slāh, from Proto-West Germanic *slaihā, from Proto-Germanic *slaihǭ.


coyn

English: coin, quoin, coign

→ Japanese: コイン (koin)

Scots: cuinyie, cunzie

Borrowed from Old French coin, from Latin cuneus.

Any kind of currency; a token bearing monetary value.

(rare) A stone placed in the corner of an arch; a quoin.


coyn

Scots: coyne (obsolete)

→ Irish: cainche

desctree

⇒ Middle English: quynce, quyns, qwince, quince, quence, qwyns, coynce
English: quince
→ Thai: ควินซ์ (kwíns)
→ Welsh: cwins
Scots: quince

Borrowed from Old French cooing, from Latin cotōneum.


crabbe

English: crab

Scots: crab, craib

Inherited from Old English crabba, from Proto-West Germanic *krabbō, from Proto-Germanic *krabbô.

A crayfish, lobster or similar crustacean.


crabbe

English: crab, scrab

Scots: scrab

Of Germanic origin, perhaps influenced by sense 1 or the adjective crabbed and altered from Scots and northern English scrab, of the same meaning, plausibly ultimately from North Germanic, cognate with Swedish dialect scrabba, krabbäpple.


lymon

English: lemon

Scots: leemon

From Old French lymon, from Arabic لَيْمُون (laymūn), from Persian لیمو (limu).


radiche

English: radish, raddish (obsolete)
→? Malay: rades
→ Maori: rātihi

Scots: raidish

→? Irish: raidis

From Old English redic, rædic, from Proto-West Germanic *rādik, borrowed from Latin rādīcem (“root of a plant; radish”); later influenced by Anglo-Norman radich, radice and Middle French radice.

der

Raphanus sativus
Raphanus sativus#Translingual


merche

English: march

Inherited from Old English mereċe, from Proto-West Germanic *marik.

Apium graveolens
Apium graveolens#Translingual

Wild celery or smallage (Apium graveolens).


plomme

English: plum (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ploom, ploum

From Old English plūme, plume (“plum”), from Proto-West Germanic *plūmā, from Latin prūnum, from Ancient Greek προῦνον (proûnon), προῦμνον (proûmnon). Doublet of prune.
For the phonological development, compare thoumbe.


affodill

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">affodill</i>

English: daffodil (obsolete affodill)

Scots: daffodil

Borrowed from Medieval Latin affodillus, from Latin asphodelus, from Ancient Greek ἀσφόδελος (asphódelos).


cammok

Peucedona, i. cammoc.

hog fennel, sulphurwort, Peucedanum officinale


sparre

English: spar

Scots: spar

From Middle Low German or Middle Dutch sparre, from Proto-West Germanic *sparrō, from Proto-Germanic *sparrô.


orenge

desctree

English: orange
→ Esperanto: oranĝo
→ Japanese: オレンジ (orenji)
→ Kashubian: orendż (Canada, United States)
→ Korean: 오렌지 (orenji)
→ Makah: ʔo·linčas
→ Malay: oren
→ Marshallese: oran

Scots: orange, oranger

From Old French orenge, from Old Occitan auranja, from Arabic نَارَنْج (nāranj).

(Late Middle English, rare) orange (A tree that bears oranges)


narde

English: nard, nardus

From Old French narde and Old English nard, both from Latin nardus, from Ancient Greek νάρδος (nárdos), from Phoenician [Term?], ultimately from Sanskrit नलद (nálada).

Nard (Nardostachys jatamansi) or a similar plant.


oten

English: oaten

Scots: aiten


berye

English: berry

Scots: berie, bery, berrie, berry

Yola: kraanberry

From Old English berġe, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją.


winberie

enm-noun

winberie (plural winberies or winberien)

desc

English: wineberry; whimberry, whinberry, wimberry, winberry, windberry

Inherited from Old English wīnberġe, from Proto-West Germanic *wīnabaʀi, from Proto-Germanic *wīnabasją; equivalent to win + berye.

A kind of berry (possibly the bilberry, like modern English whimberry).


pome garnate

enm-noun

pome garnate (plural pome garnates or pomes garnates)

pome garnates (plural)
pomes garnates (plural)

English: pomegranate

From Old French pomme grenate (“pomegranate”).


hasel

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">halse</i>

English: hazel (dialectal halse)

Scots: hazel

Yola: hawlse

The hazel tree, one of its branches, or its wood.


waynscot

English: wainscot

Borrowed from Middle Low German wagenschot.

bor+

A variety of foreign oak commonly utilised for furniture and furnishings.


chesteyne

English: chesten (obsolete)

⇒ English: chestnut

→ Middle Scots: chastnut (calque)

Scots: chestnut

desc

Middle Scots: chastan, chasten, chestane

From a combination of Old French chastaigne and Old English ċisten, both from Latin castanea, from Ancient Greek καστάνεια (kastáneia).

A chestnut tree (tree of the genus Castanea)


wermode

q

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormwode</i>

English: wormwood (< wormwode)

< <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">wormet</i>

Scots: wormit (< wormet)

→ Irish: mormónta

From Old English wermōd, wormōd, from Proto-West Germanic *warjamōdā. Some forms remodelled on the basis of worm + wode.

Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium#Translingual

wormwood (Artemisia absinthium or other related plants)

Something that induces bitterness or unlikeability.

And þe þꝛidde aungel trumpide .· ⁊ a greet ſterre bꝛennynge as a litil bꝛond felde fro heuene ⁊ it felde in to þe þꝛidde part of floodis .· ⁊ in to þe wellis of watris ⁊ þe name of þe ſterre is ſeid wermod ⁊ þe þꝛidde part of watris .· was maad in to wermod ⁊ manye men weren deed of þe watris .· for þo weren maad bittir

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 8:10-11, page 120r, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the third angel blew his trumpet, then a great star burning like a little torch fell from heaven; it fell upon a third of [the world's] rivers and water sources. The name of the star is Wormwood, and a third of the [world's] water was turned into wormwood; many people died from that water because it'd been made bitter.

(biblical) Wormwood (object in the Book of Revelation)


lentile

English: lentil

From Old French lentille, from Latin lenticula.

Lens culinaris
Lens culinaris#Translingual

The seed of the lentil (Lens culinaris) used as food.


tylle

English: till


tylle

English: till

Either from tillen or Anglo-Norman tylle.

(rare) A footlocker for the storage of armaments.


tylle

Alternative form of tillen (“to enthrall”)


tylle

Than the knyghtes parters of the lystis toke up Sir Madore and led hym tylle hys tente.

1470–1485 (date produced), Thomas Malory, “Capitulum vii”, in [Le Morte Darthur], book XVIII, [London: […] by William Caxton], published 31 July 1485, →OCLC; republished as H[einrich] Oskar Sommer, editor, Le Morte Darthur […], London: David Nutt, […], 1889, →OCLC:


walmore

From Old English wealhmore; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + more (“root”).


walnot

English: walnut

Scots: wanit, wanut

From Old English wealhhnutu, from Proto-Germanic *walhahnuts; equivalent to wale (“outsider”) + note (“nut”).


quynce

desctree

English: quince
→ Thai: ควินซ์ (kwíns)
→ Welsh: cwins

Scots: quince

From coyns (“quinces”); reanalysed as a singular.

Cydonia oblonga
Cydonia oblonga#Translingual


olyve

English: olive

Scots: olive

From Old French olive, from Latin olīva, from Etruscan 𐌄𐌋𐌄𐌉𐌅𐌀 (eleiva) or from Pre-Classical Ancient Greek *ἐλαίϝα (*elaíwa).

Olea europaea
Olea europaea#Translingual


houndesberye

enm-noun

houndesberye (plural howndysberes or hundesberien)

howndysberes (plural)
hundesberien (plural)

From Old English hundesberie; equivalent to hound + berye.

Solanum nigrum
Solanum nigrum#Translingual


appeltre

appeltre (plural appel tres or appultreen)

desc

English: apple-tree, apple tree, appletree

Scots: aipple-tree, aipple tree

Inherited from Old English æppeltrēow; equivalent to appel + tre.

Malus domestica
Malus domestica#Translingual


greyn

English: grain

Scots: grain

Yola: gryne

Borrowed from Old French grain, from Latin grānum, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵr̥h₂nóm. Doublet of corn.

A grain; a cereal seed (especially as food).

But first he cheweth greyn and lycorys / To smellen sweete, er he hadde kembd his heer.

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Knight's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 3690–3691:

Though first he chews spices and licorice, / To smell sweet before he'd combed his hair.

grains of paradise
grains of paradise#English

A small mote or speck, especially of valuable substances:

A spice or condiment (especially grains of paradise).

Grain (die made with crushed insects, or a similar long-lasting dye)


strawbery

enm-noun

strawbery (plural strawberyes or streberyen)

strawberyes (plural)
streberyen (plural)

English: strawberry (see there for further descendants)

Scots: strabery, strayberrie

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *strow-o-m
Proto-Germanic *strawą
Proto-West Germanic *strau
Old English strēaw
Proto-Germanic *bazją
Proto-West Germanic *baʀi
Old English berġe
Old English strēawberġe
Middle English strawbery
From Old English strēawberġe; equivalent to straw + berye.

etymon

A strawberry (fruit from plant of the genus Fragaria).

A strawberry (plant of the genus Fragaria).


wheten

English: wheaten

From Old English hwǣten; equivalent to whete + -en (“made of”).

wheaten (composed of or made out of wheat)


whete

English: wheat

Middle Scots: quhete

Scots: white, wheat, wheyt

Yola: whet

Inherited from Old English hwǣte, hwēte.

And thei crieden not to me in her herte, but ȝelliden in her beddis. Thei chewiden code on wheete, and wyn, and thei ȝeden awei fro me.

c. 1382–1395, John Wycliffe [et al.], edited by Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden, The Holy Bible, […], volume III, Oxford: At the University Press, published 1850, →OCLC, Hosea VII:14, page 678, column 1:

And they cried not to me from their hearts; but whined in their beds. They chewed cud on wheat, and wine, and they ran away from me.


asshe

enm-noun

asshe (plural asshen or asshes or asshe or asken)

asshen (plural)
asshes (plural)
asshe (plural)
asken (plural)

English: ash

Scots: ess, asch, ais, as, askis

Yola: ashen, oaskean (plural)

From Old English æsce, from Proto-West Germanic *askā, from Proto-Germanic *askǭ.

The remnants of a lifeform (generally after cremating)

The matter which one's physical form is made of; bodily matter.

(figuratively) Death, mortality; the end of one's life.

(Christianity) Ashes utilised in ceremonies to represent forgiveness.


asshe

English: ash

Scots: aish, esh

From Old English æsc, from Proto-West Germanic *ask, from Proto-Germanic *askaz.


synamome

desctree

English: cinnamon
→ Japanese: シナモン (shinamon)
→ Korean: 시나몬 (sinamon)
→ Maori: hinamona
→ Welsh: synamon

Scots: synomom (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French cinnamone, from Latin cinnamon, cinnamōmum, from Ancient Greek κίνναμον (kínnamon), κιννάμωμον (kinnámōmon), from Phoenician.

cinnamon (The bark of trees of certain species of the genus Cinnamomum)


garlek

English: garlic

Middle Scots: garlek, garleke, garlik

Scots: garlic

→ Irish: gairleog

Inherited from Old English gārlēac; equivalent to gor (“spear”) + lek (“leek”).


chibolle

English: cibol, chibol

Scots: sybol

Borrowed from Old Northern French chibole, from Latin cepulla.

Allium fistulosum
Allium fistulosum#Translingual


cyve

English: chive

Scots: sye, sythe

Borrowed from Old French cive and Anglo-Norman chive, from Latin cēpa.

Allium schoenoprasum
Allium schoenoprasum#Translingual


letuse

English: lettuce

Scots: lettuce, lattice

→ Welsh: letys

From the plural of Old French laitue, from Latin lactūca.

Lactuca sativa
Lactuca sativa#Translingual

lettuce (Lactuca sativa or a related plant)

The leaves of the lettuce used as vegetables.


letuse

English: lettice

From Anglo-Norman letuse; further etymology unknown.

The near-white winter hide or fur of the least weasel; lettice.


hacchynge

English: hatching


hacchen

hacchen (infinitive)
to hacchen (infinitive)
hacche (infinitive)
hacche (first-person present singular)
hacched (first-person past singular)
haughte (first-person past singular)
hacchest (present second-person singular)
hacchedest (past second-person singular)
haughtest (past second-person singular)
haccheth (present singular third-person)
hacched (past singular third-person)
haughte (past singular third-person)
hacche (present singular subjunctive)
hacched (past singular subjunctive)
haughte (past singular subjunctive)
hacche (imperative present singular)
hacchen (plural present)
hacche (plural present)
haccheden (past plural)
hacchede (past plural)
haughten (past plural)
haughte (past plural)
haccheth (imperative plural present)
hacche (imperative plural present)
hacchynge (participle present)
hacchende (participle present)
hacched (participle past)
haught (participle past)
yhacched (participle past)
yhaught (participle past)

English: hatch

From Old English hæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *hakjaną.


raysyn

English: raisin
→ Japanese: レーズン (rēzun)

Scots: raisin, reasin

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman reysin, from Late Latin racīmus, from Latin racēmus.


thele

English: theal (dialectal)

From Old English þel, from Proto-Germanic *þelą.


chervell

English: chervil

From Old English cerfelle, from Anglo-Norman chervele, from Latin chaerephylla, from Ancient Greek χαιρέφυλλον (khairéphullon).


otemele

English: oatmeal

Scots: aitmeal

oatmeal; meal made from oats or a dish made from it.


growte

English: grout

Scots: grute, gruit

Inherited from Old English grūt, from Proto-Germanic *grūtą, *grutą.


yarwe

English: yarrow; >? yarr

>? Scots: yarr

From Old English ġearwe, from Proto-West Germanic *garwā, perhaps derived from *garu (“prepared, ready (of food”)), as the plant was used medicinally for digestion.

Friedrich Kluge
John Francis Davis
Nicoline van der Sijs


chaf

English: chaff

Scots: caff

→ Irish: cabha

Inherited from Old English ċeaf, *cæf, from Proto-West Germanic *kaf

Chaff; the parts of harvested grain not usable as food, especially straw or husks.


junyper

English: juniper

Scots: jenepere

From Latin iūniperus; some forms are influenced by Old French geneivre.

Juniper (tree of the genus Juniperus) or a similar plant.


hirdel

English: hurdle

Yola: hardhel

From Old English hyrdel, from Proto-West Germanic *hurdil, from Proto-Germanic *hurdilaz.

A frame or netting of intertwined twigs:

Used as a sled (often to store those sentenced to death)


horehoune

English: horehound, hoarhound

→ Scots: horehound

Inherited from Old English hārhūne, hārehūne; equivalent to hor (“hoar”) and an unknown intermediate descendant of Proto-Germanic *hūnaz (later equated with hound).


firre

English: fir

Scots: fir

From Old English fyrh, furh, from Proto-West Germanic *furhu, from Proto-Germanic *furhō. Alternatively from Old Norse fýri, from the same Proto-Germanic source.


thamarynde

English: tamarind

From Old French tamarinde, from Medieval Latin tamarindus, from Arabic تَمْر هِنْدِيّ (tamr hindiyy, literally “Indian date”).

تَمْر هِنْدِيّ


open-ers

English: open-arse

From Old English openears; equivalent to open + ers.

But if I fare as dooth an Openers / That ilke fruyt is euer leng the wers / Til it be roten in Mullok or in stree [...].

c. 1390, Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘Reeve's Prologue’, Canterbury Tales (Ellesmere manuscript)

The fruit of the common medlar (Crataegus germanica, syn. Mespilus germanica)


medle

From Old French medle, mesle, from Latin mespilum, from Ancient Greek μέσπιλον (méspilon).


damasyn

English: damson, damascene

Borrowed from Latin prūnum damascenum (“plum of Damascus”).


fenkel

Scots: finkle

From Medieval Latin fēnuculum, from Latin faeniculum, Doublet of fenel.


fenell

English: fennel

Scots: fennel

From Old English fenol, finul, finuðl, finule, from Old French fenoil, from Late Latin fēnuculum, from Latin faeniculum, Doublet of fenkel.


horshelne

English: horseheal

From Old English horselene, from hors and elene. Some forms are influenced by helen (“to heal”).


elena campana

English: elecampane

Scots: alacampine

From a confusion of Latin enula campana and helenium.


horsmynte

English: horsemint

From Old English horsminte; equivalent to hors + mynte.

Mentha longifolia
Wikispecies:Mentha longifolia

horsemint (Mentha longifolia) or a similar wild mint.


enula

From enula, Medieval Latin variant of Latin inula; compare modern English inula.


persely

English: parsley

Scots: persel

→ Welsh: persli

From Old French peresil, from Latin petroselīnum, from Ancient Greek πετροσέλῑνον (petrosélīnon).

der

πετροσέλῑνον

Of many a pilgrim hastow Cristes curs,
For of thy persly yet they fare the wors,
That they han eten with thy stubbel-goos;

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Cook's Prologue, The Canterbury Tales, line 4349-4352

Of many a pilgrim hast thou Christ's curse,
For of thy parsley yet they fare the worse,
Which they have eaten with thy stubble-fed goose;
For in thy shop is many a fly loose.

Petroselinum crispum
Petroselinum crispum#Translingual

parsley (Petroselinum crispum) or a similar plant.


barly

English: barley

Scots: barlie

desc

Yola: baarich, barich, barach, barish, barlich

From Old English bærlīċ, equivalent to bere + -ly.


mapel

English: maple

From Old English *mapul, from Proto-West Germanic *mapul, from Proto-Germanic *mapulaz.


ramese

Scots: ramps, ramsh

From Old English hramsa, from Proto-West Germanic *hramusō, from Proto-Germanic *hramusō, from Proto-Indo-European *kermus-, *kremus-.

Allium ursinum
Allium ursinum#Translingual


sicamour

English: sycamore, sycomore

Scots: sycamore

Borrowed from Old French sicamor, from Latin sȳcomorus, from Ancient Greek σῡκόμορος (sūkómoros).

Ficus sycomorus
Ficus sycomorus#Translingual


saundres

English: sanders (obsolete)

Originally a plural; from Old French sandre, from Medieval Latin sandalum, from Byzantine Greek σάνδανον (sándanon), σάνταλον (sántalon), from Arabic صَنْدَل (ṣandal), from Middle Persian [script needed] (cndl /čandal/, “sandalwood”), from Sanskrit चन्दन (candana, “sandalwood”). Doublet of sandal.


karette

desctree

English: carrot
→ Fijian: kareti
→ Malay: karot
→ Tagalog: karot

Yola: correate, coureate

Borrowed from Middle French carotte, from Latin carōta, from Ancient Greek καρωτόν (karōtón).


colk

>? English: coke

Possibly from Old English *colc, from Proto-West Germanic *kolk (“hollow, depression”), from Proto-Germanic *kulukaz, *kelukaz, *kelukô, a diminutive of *kelǭ (“throat”).


bawme

English: balm

Scots: baum

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman, Middle French baume, from Old French basme, from Latin balsamum. Doublet of balsamum.

(rare) Lamp oil impregnated with balsam.


moleyne

English: mullein

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman moleine, of unclear origin.


loveache

English: lovage

→ Irish: luáiste

→ Korean: 러비지 (reobiji)

→ Middle Welsh: lwfaych

Welsh: lofatsh, lofaets, llwfach

A remodelling of Anglo-Norman luvasche (from Latin levisticum) as if love (“love”) + ache (“ache”) or -age (“-age”).

Levisticum officinale
Levisticum officinale#Translingual

Lovage (Levisticum officinale) or a similar plant.


schyd

English: shide (obsolete)

Middle Scots: schide, schyde

From Old English sċīd, from Proto-West Germanic *skīd, from Proto-Germanic *skīdą.


crappe

English: crap

Yola: crap

Borrowed from Middle French crape, from Old French crappe, crapin (“chaff”) (compare Medieval Latin crappa pl), from Old Dutch krappen.

James A. H. Murray
w:James Murray (lexicographer)

Oxford English Dictionary
w:Oxford English Dictionary

Clarendon Press
w:Oxford University Press


awne

English: awn; awns

Scots: yawin, yavin, yewn

From Old Norse ǫgn or Old English agnu, aeġne, both from Proto-Germanic *ahanō.


onyoun

desctree

English: onion
Bislama: anian
Tok Pisin: anian
→ Maori: aniana

Scots: ingan, ingin

→ Cornish: onyon

→? Welsh: wynwyn

Borrowed from Old French oignon, from Latin ūniōnem (“onion”); the variation in pronunciation reflects differing adaptations of Old French /uˈɲun/. Compare unioun.


scaloun

English: scallion

Scots: scallion

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman scalun, from Latin ascalōnia (cēpa) (literally “onion of Ascalon”).

der

Allium cepa var. aggregatum
Allium cepa var. aggregatum#English

Allium oschaninii
Allium oschaninii#Translingual

The shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum or Allium oschaninii)


yelke

desc

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">yelk</i>

English: yolk (obsolete yelk)

Fingallian: yolk

Scots: yolk

Inherited from Old English ġeolca, syncopic form of ġeoloca; compare yelow (“yellow”).