cat

English: cat

Scots: cat

Yola: kaudès, kaudes, kauddès (plural)

From Old English catt (“male cat”), catte (“female cat”), this is in turn from Proto-Germanic *kattuz.


wolf

head

wolf (plural wolves, diminutive wolfy, wolfie)

wolves (plural)
wolfy (diminutive)
wolfie (diminutive)

desctree

English: wolf, wolve (rare)
→ Ido: volfo (also from German)

Scots: wolf, woulf, wouff

From Old English wulf, from Proto-West Germanic *wulf, from Proto-Germanic *wulfaz, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos.


cod

English: cod

Scots: cod

From Old English codd (“bag, pouch”), from Proto-West Germanic *koddō, from Proto-Germanic *kuddô, from Proto-Indo-European *gewt- (“pouch, sack”), from *gew- (“to bend, bow, arch, vault, curve”). The "pillow" sense is from Old Danish kodde or Old Norse koddi, from the same Proto-Germanic source.

der

A seedpod; a plant's natural casing for its seeds.


animal

English: animal

Related to the soul or spirit of a living being (i.e. sentience or sapience)


el

English: eel

Scots: eel

Yola: eale

From Old English ǣl, from Proto-West Germanic *āl, from Proto-Germanic *ēlaz.


ostrich

English: ostrich

Scots: ostriche (obsolete)

→ Welsh: estrys

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman ostrige and continental Old French ostruce, from Vulgar Latin *austrūthiō.

Struthio camelus
Struthio camelus#Translingual

(rare, heraldry) A heraldic image of an ostrich.


elk

desctree

English: elk
→ German: Elk (obsolete)
→ Korean: 엘크 (elkeu)
→ Malayalam: എൽക്ക് (elkkŭ)
→ Welsh: elc

Apparently from Old English eolh, though it is not found before 1475 and the phonetic development is unexpected, though compare dialectal English fleck (“flea”).

(Late Middle English, rare) elk, moose (Alces alces)


snake

enm-noun

snake (plural snakes or snaken or snake)

snakes (plural)
snaken (plural)
snake (plural)

English: snake (see there for further descendants)

Scots: snake

From Old English snaca, from Proto-West Germanic *snakō.


bee

English: bee

Fingallian: bee

Scots: bee, be, beye, bie, bea

Yola: been (plural)

From Old English bēo, from Proto-West Germanic *biju, from Proto-Germanic *bijō.

Right so as bees out swarmen from an hyve, / Out of the develes ers ther gonne dryve / Twenty thousand freres on a route / And thurghout helle swarmed al aboute...

a. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, lines 1693–1696:

Just like bees swarm from a hive / Out of the devil's arse there were driven / Twenty thousand friars on a rout / And throughout hell they swarmed all about...


gripe

English: grip

→ Dutch: grip

Scots: grip, grup

Yola: grip

Inherited from Old English gripe, from Proto-West Germanic *gripi, from Proto-Germanic *gripiz.

Gripping or grabbing; taking with the hand.


gripe

English: grip (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French gripe, from Latin gryps, grȳphus, from Ancient Greek γρῡ́ψ (grū́ps).

A vulture (compare modern English griffon vulture).


bef

English: beef (see there for further descendants)

Scots: beef

From Anglo-Norman beof, Old French buef; ultimately from Latin bovem, accusative of bōs. Doublet of cou.


swan

English: swan

Scots: swan

From Old English swan, from Proto-West Germanic *swan, from Proto-Germanic *swanaz.


smelt

English: smelt

Scots: smelt

From Old English smelt, smylt, from Proto-West Germanic *smelt, from Proto-Germanic *smeltaz.


heron

English: heron, hern

Scots: hern

From Anglo-Norman heiron, from Medieval Latin hairō, *haigrō, from Frankish/Proto-West Germanic *hraigrō, from Proto-Germanic *haigrô, from earlier *hraigrô via dissimilation.

Ardea cinerea
Ardea cinerea#Translingual

the grey heron (Ardea cinerea), or (rarely) a representation of it used in heraldry


base

English: base

Scots: base

Borrowed from Old French base, from Latin basis, from Ancient Greek βᾰ́σῐς (bắsĭs), from Proto-Indo-European *gʷémtis.

The foundation, base, or bottom of a column, statue, or vase.

(rare) Padding inserted below a horse's bridle.

(rare, alchemy) The mix of metals used as a base for alchemical operations.


stork

English: stork

Scots: stork

From Old English storc, from Proto-Germanic *sturkaz, from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥ǵos.


jay

English: jay

Scots: jay

From Old French jai, from Frankish *gāhi or Late Latin gaius. Doublet of gay.


camel

English: camel

Scots: camel

From Old Northern French camel, cameil, from Latin camēlus. Some forms are from or influenced by Old French chamel, chamoil.


hare

English: hare

Scots: hare, hair

Yola: haar

From Old English hara; some forms have the vowel of Old Norse heri.

A hare or its meat (lagomorph of the genus Lepus)


lynx

English: lynx

Scots: lynx (obsolete)

Borrowed from Latin lynx, from Ancient Greek λύγξ (lúnx).


fox

English: fox

Scots: fox

Yola: voxe, vox

From Old English fox, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhs, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz.


ram

English: ram

Scots: ram

From Old English ramm, from Proto-Germanic *rammaz.


colt

English: colt

Scots: colt, cout, cowt

Yola: caule, caul, cawl, kawle

From Old English colt, from Proto-Germanic *kultaz.


calf

calf (plural calver(e) or calveren or calves)

calver (plural)
calveren (plural)
calves (plural)

English: calf

Scots: cauf, cawf, caff, calf

Yola: callef, calef, calluf

From Anglian Old English calf, cælf (West Saxon ċealf), Proto-West Germanic *kalb, from Proto-Germanic *kalbaz.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:7, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And the first beast [was] like a lion; and the second beast [was] like a calf; and the third beast had a face like a human; and the fourth beast [was] like an eagle flying.

A representation of a calf; something that looks like a calf.


ewe

English: ewe

Scots: yowe, yhow

Yola: yowe

Inherited from Old English eowu, from Proto-West Germanic *awi, from Proto-Germanic *awiz.

University of Michigan
w:University of Michigan


udder

English: udder

Scots: udder, uther, ether

From Old English ūder, from Proto-Germanic *ūdarą, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ówHdʰr̥.


dame

English: dame; dam

Scots: dame, deem; dam

From Old French dame, from Latin domina.

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
abbess (governor of a nunnery)

(rare) A female anchorite (with servants)

lady (high-ranking or noble woman):
A female anchorite (with servants)

A mother (of humans, animals, or plants)


po

English: pea, po (archaic)

Inherited from Old English pāwa, pēa, from Proto-Germanic *pāwô, from Latin pāvō. Influenced by the first element of Old Norse páfugl.


hound

hound (plural houndes or (rare) hounden)

houndes (plural)
hounden (plural rare)
hound (accusative nominative singular)
houndes (accusative nominative plural)
houndes (genitive singular)
hounde (genitive plural)
hounde (dative singular)
hounden (dative plural)

English: hound

Northumbrian: hoond, hund

Scots: hoond, hund

Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus familiaris#Translingual

dog, hound (The canid Canis lupus familiaris)

A pet dog; a dog kept for companionship.

(specifically) A male or fully-grown dog.


plover

English: plover

Scots: pliver, plivver

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman plover, plovier, from Medieval Latin plovarius, pluviārius.

plover (bird of the family Charadriidae)


mule

English: mule

Scots: mule

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mule, from Latin mūla, feminine of mūlus; reinforced by native Old English mūl, from the same Latin source.


horn

English: horn

Scots: horn

Yola: hoorn

From Old English horn, from Proto-West Germanic *horn, from Proto-Germanic *hurną, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥h₂nós (with change in gender).


antelope

desctree

English: antelope
→ Irish: antalóp
→ Manx: antelope

Scots: antelope

From Old French antelop, from Medieval Latin antilops, from Byzantine Greek ἀνθόλοψ (anthólops).


ape

English: ape

Scots: ape, aip

From Old English apa, from Proto-West Germanic *apō, from Proto-Germanic *apô.


wont

English: want (dialectal)

Scots: want

From Old English wand, wond, from Proto-Germanic *wanduz.


mane

(Northern) Alternative form of monen (“to lament”)


drake

English: drake

Scots: drake

Inherited from Old English draca, aphetic form of *andraca, from Proto-West Germanic *anadrekō; compare ende (“duck”).


drake

English: drake

Inherited from Old English draca, from Proto-West Germanic *drakō, from Latin dracō, from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn). Doublet of dragoun.


wasp

English: wasp, waps
Sranan Tongo: waswasi (reduplicated)

Scots: wasp, wesp

From Old English wæps, wæsp, from Proto-West Germanic *wapsu, from Proto-Germanic *wapsō, from Proto-Indo-European *wobʰséh₂.


hen

enm-noun

hen (plural hennes or hennen, genitive hennes or henne)

hennes (plural)
hennen (plural)
hennes (genitive)
henne (genitive)

English: hen

Scots: hen

Yola: hen, hin

From Old English henn, from Proto-West Germanic *hannju, from Proto-Germanic *hanjō.


worm

English: worm

Scots: worm, wirm

From Old English wyrm, from Proto-West Germanic *wurmi, from Proto-Germanic *wurmiz, from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥mis.

A worm or similar small wormlike animal that lives in the ground; especially in the following special senses:

A wormish insect that damages plants or plant-based material (e.g. a termite).

A wormish insect that damages human remains.

A parasitic worm; especially one living in the stomach.

A beast that inhabits Hell; causing suffering to its inhabitants.


lamb

lamb (plural lambren or lamber or lambes)

lambren (plural)
lamber (plural)
lambes (plural)

English: lamb

Scots: lam, lamb

Yola: lhawm, lowem

From Old English lamb, from Proto-West Germanic *lamb, from Proto-Germanic *lambaz.


gris

English: grice (dialectal)

Scots: grice

Borrowed from Old Norse gríss, potentially from or related to Proto-Germanic *grīsaz (“grey”).


whale

English: whale

Scots: whaul

Inherited from Old English hwæl, from Proto-West Germanic *hwal, from Proto-Germanic *hwalaz.


steer

Alternative form of stere (“rudder, control”)


muscle

English: mussel

Scots: mushle

→ Welsh: misgl

From Old English muscelle, from Late Latin mūscula (“mussel”). Reinforced by Old French mosle.


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

From Anglo-Norman bastard; equivalent to bast (“illegitimacy”) + -ard.

a kind of fortified wine, often with spices added


bastard

English: bastard

Scots: bastart, bastert

coming not from wedlock, coming from bastardy; illegitimate

(rare) made using or incorporating fortified wine


gnat

English: gnat

Scots: gnat

From Old English gnætt, from Proto-Germanic *gnattaz.


creature

English: creature; critter; craytur

Scots: creature, crayter

From Old French criature, creature, from Latin creātūra; equivalent to createn + -ure.

(rare) The whole world, the totality of existence.


bere

English: bear (see there for further descendants)

Scots: beir

From Old English bera, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô.


whelp

English: whelp

Scots: whalp, whaulp

From Old English hwelp, from Proto-West Germanic *hwelp, from Proto-Germanic *hwelpaz.

A whelp (the young of other animals, especially canids and felids)


forage

English: forage

Borrowed from Old French fourage; the first element is cognate to fodder.


cou

English: cow (see there for further descendants)

Geordie English: coo

Scots: coo, coe, cou

Yola: keow

Inherited from Old English cū, from Proto-West Germanic *kō (“cow”).


crane

English: crane (see there for further descendants)

Scots: cran

⇒ Yola: kraanberry, kraaneberry

Inherited from Old English cran, *crana.


pork

English: pork

Scots: pork, porc, porck

From Old French porc, from Latin porcus. Compare farowen.


tame

(Northern) Alternative form of tome (“freetime”)


store

English: store

Scots: store

→ Welsh: stôr

From Anglo-Norman stor, estour, ultimately from Latin instaurare. Compare warnestore.


bever

English: beaver

Scots: bever, baiver

→ Irish: béabhar

Inherited from Old English befer, from Proto-West Germanic *bebru, from Proto-Germanic *bebruz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰébʰrus.


musket

English: musket

Borrowed from Old Northern French mousket, borrowed itself from Italian moschetto.


panel

English: panel, pannel

Scots: panel

From Old French panel, from pan, from Latin pannus; equivalent to pane + -el (diminutive suffix).

(rare) A pane or slab of a transparent material.


bor

English: boar

Scots: bair

Yola: boar

From Old English bār, from Proto-West Germanic *bair.

(rare, heraldic) A heraldic image of a boar.


bole

English: bull

Scots: bul, bull

From a mixture of Old English bula, *bulla, and Old Norse boli, both from Proto-Germanic *bulô.


culver

English: culver

From Old English culufre, culfre, culfer, borrowed from Vulgar Latin *columbra, from Latin columbula.

And he ſeide to hem þat ſelden culueris / take ȝe awei from hennes þeſe þingis .· ⁊ nyle ȝe make þe hous of my fadir an hows of marchaundiſe

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Joon 2:16, page 45r, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And he said to those who sold doves: "Take those things out of here; you won't make my father's house a place of business!"


curlew

English: curlew


mire

English: mire (“swamp”)

Scots: mire

Borrowed from Old Norse mýrr, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *miuzijō.

(figuratively) Iniquity, sinfulness; immoral behaviour.


tercel

desc

English: tiercel, tercel, terzel, tassel, tassell, tarcel, tarsel, tarsell, tyercel, tyercle

→ Old Norse: tersél

Borrowed from Old French tercel, terçuel, from Medieval Latin tertiolus.


brace

English: brace

Scots: brace

From Old French brace, from Latin bracchia, plural of bracchium.

(rare) A kind of riding equipment or horse tack.


hake

English: hake


lard

English: lard

Scots: lair, laird (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French lard, from Latin lāridum, lārdum.


dogge

English: dog (see there for further descendants)

Scots: dug

Yola: dug

From Old English dogga, variant of docga, of unknown origin. See dog for more.

(derogatory) a worthless or detestable person; wretch


tusk

English: tusk

Scots: tusk

From Old English tūx, from earlier tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusshe.


halibut

halibutt (canonical)
halibuttes (plural)
halibutt (accusative nominative singular)
hallibutes (accusative nominative plural)
hallibuttes (genitive singular)
hallibute (genitive plural)
hallibutte (dative singular)
hallibutten (dative plural)

English: halibut, hallibut, holibut, halibutt, holibutt

Scots: halibutte, halybutt

From hali + butt, as the fish was often traditionally consumed on holy days.


officer

English: officer

Scots: offisher

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman officer, officier, from Latin officiārius; equivalent to office + -er.

A hireling or subordinate; one employed to serve, especially at an estate.

An official or officeholder; the holder of a prominent office or position.

A municipal, local or societal official or officeholder.

A religious or ecclesiastical official or officeholder.

(religion) A deputy or subordinate of the forces of good or evil.

(rare) One who supervises or organises jousting.


sward

English: sward

Scots: swaird

From Old English sweard, from Proto-Germanic *swarduz; compare Old Norse svǫrðr.

Swarde or sworde of flesche (swad or swarde, s.) Coriana.

[c. 1440, Galfrido Grammatico [i.e., Geoffrey the Grammarian], “Swarde”, in edited by Albert Way, Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum, dictionarius Anglo–Latinus princeps, […] [Storehouse for Children or Clerics, the First English–Latin Dictionary, […]] (Camden Society; LXXXIX), London: […] Societatis Camdenensis [Camden Society], published 1865, →OCLC, page 482, column 1:

Sward: The rind of bacon or pork; also, the outer covering or skin of something.


ro

English: roo

Scots: ro, ruve

From Old English rō, rōw, from Proto-West Germanic *rōu (“calm, rest”).


glede

English: glede, glead

Scots: gled, gleed

Inherited from Old English glida, from Proto-West Germanic *glidā, from Proto-Germanic *glidǭ; related to gliden. Forms with /ɛ/ are possibly either from an Old English variant *gleoda or due to the influence of Old Norse gleða.


lax

English: lax

Scots: lax

From Old English leax, from Proto-West Germanic *lahs, from Proto-Germanic *lahsaz.


trave

English: trave

Borrowed from Middle French trave, from Latin trabem, from Proto-Indo-European *treb-.

A wooden cage for containing horses that are being shod.


hog

English: hog

Scots: hog, hogue

Yola: hog

Inherited from Old English hogg, hocg; further etymology is disputed.

A pig or swine, especially one that is castrated and male.


bestial

English: bestial

From Old French bestial, from Late Latin bēstiālis.


spore

English: spur

Scots: spur

Yola: spourr

From Old English spora, spura, from Proto-West Germanic *spurō, from Proto-Germanic *spurô.


tamen

enm-verb

tamen (third-person singular simple present tameth, present participle tamende, tamynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle tamed)

tameth (present singular third-person)
tamende (participle present)
tamynge (participle present)
tamed (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)

English: tame

Scots: tame

Shortening of attamen (“to cut, pierce”) or entamen (“to injure”), both from Old French.


ey

English: ey (obsolete)

Inherited from Old English æġ, from Proto-West Germanic *aij, from Proto-Germanic *ajją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ōwyóm (“egg”). Doublet of egge.

egg (especially of a chicken or other fowl)


ey

English: ay

Scots: ay, ae

Derived from Latin ei and Old French ahi, äi.

An exclamation of surprise, challenge, or inquiry.


ey

To have no ey for nought.

Exhorting thy people to have a special ey, That thee to praise they never cease.


hors

hors (plural)
horsen (plural)
horses (plural)

English: horse; hoss (see there for further descendants)

Scots: horse, hors

From Old English hors, from Proto-West Germanic *hross, from Proto-Germanic *hrussą (“horse”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“run”).

(rare) A means of transport (like a horse)


olifant

desc

English: oliphant, olifant, olyfaunte, olyphant, oliphaunt

→ Cornish: olifans

musical instrument made of elephant tusks

musical instrument resembling elephant tusks


gurnard

English: gurnard, gurnet

Scots: girnot

From Old French gournart; equivalent to groynen + -ard.


mantel

English: mantle, mantel

Scots: mantle, mantel; manteel

From Anglo-Norman mantel and Old English mentel, both ultimately from Late Latin mantēllum, later form of Latin mantēle.


feþer

English: feather

Scots: fedder

Yola: vethers (plural)

From Old English feþer, from Proto-West Germanic *feþru, from Proto-Germanic *feþrō, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-.


bak

English: back

Scots: back, bak, bake

From Old English bæc, from Proto-West Germanic *bak, from Proto-Germanic *baką.

The back, hind, or rear of a being's body:

(figurative) What a person or creature carries or takes with themself/itself.


halter

English: halter

Scots: helter, heltir, hilter

Inherited from Old English hælftre, hælfter, from Proto-West Germanic *halftrijā.

(rare) A rope tied in a noose for hanging.


penne

English: pen

Scots: pen

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman penne f, from Old French penne f, from Latin penna f, from Proto-Italic *petnā, from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥. Compare feþer.

A quill; the rachis (stem) of a feather.


hert

English: hart

Scots: hert


veel

English: veal

Scots: veal, veall, vale

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman veel, from Latin vitellus.

The ydolatiers of the golden veel.


hough

English: heugh; hoe, hogh, hough, how

Scots: heuch

From Old English hōh (“promontory”), related to hōn (“to hang”). Reinforced by unrelated Old Norse haugr (“hill, mound”).


hame

English: hame, heam

From Old English hama, homa, from Proto-West Germanic *hamō, from Proto-Germanic *hamô (“cover, skin”).


hame

(Northern) Alternative form of hom (“home”)


lusk

English: los, loz

From Old English lox, from Proto-West Germanic *luhs.


pissemyre

English: pismire

Scots: pismire, pishmire

He is as angry as a pissemyre, / Þogh þat he have al þat he kan desire […]

c. 1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Summoner's Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales:

He is as angry as an ant / Though he has all that he could ever desire […]


rother

English: rudder, rother

Scots: rudder, ruther, ruder

An oar; a long stick used for a boat's propulsion.

(rare) One who steers a boat (i.e. using a rudder)


rother

English: rother


sor

English: sore (obsolete)

From Old French sor, from Frankish *saur, from Proto-Germanic *sauzaz. Doublet of sere (“dry”).


horned

English: horned

Scots: hornit, hornt

⇒ Yola: hoornta, hornta

Possessing horns or a similar projection; horned or horn-bearing.

(rare) Having headwear and hair done with projections like horns.

(rare, of the moon) In its crescent phase; waxing or waning.

(rare) Hornen; crafted or manufactured from horn.


oxe

oxen (plural)
oxe (accusative nominative singular)
oxen (accusative nominative plural)
oxes (genitive singular)
oxen (genitive plural)
oxene (genitive plural)
oxe (dative singular)
oxen (dative plural)

English: ox (see there for further descendants)

Scots: ox

From Old English oxa, from Proto-West Germanic *ohsō, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn.


palfrey

English: palfrey

From Anglo-Norman palefrei (“steed”), from Old French palefroi, from Late Latin paraverēdus (“post horse, spare horse”), from Ancient Greek παρά (pará) + Latin verēdus (“post horse”), from Gaulish *werēdos (“horse”), from Proto-Celtic *uɸoreidos (“horse”).


ende

English: end

Scots: end, ende, hend

Yola: een, eene

From Old English ende, from Proto-West Germanic *andī, from Proto-Germanic *andijaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂entíos. Cognate to Middle Dutch ende, einde.

ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.

The end or finishing of a thing; the terminal point of something:

The end of something'e presence; disappearance.

And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.

1407, The Testimony of William Thorpe, page 41:

The end of one's life; death or passing away.

(rare) One of the four cardinal directions.


ende

Scots: ennet, annet, annot

English: ende, annet, annot

From Old English ened, enid, æned, from Proto-West Germanic *anad, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts. Compare drake (“drake (male duck)”).

A duck (usually referring to the female)


bridel

English: bridle

Scots: bridle

Inherited from Old English brīdel, from Proto-West Germanic *brigdil, from Proto-Germanic *brigdilaz; equivalent to breiden + -el (agentive suffix).

Nile ye be maad as an hors and mule; to whiche is noon vndurstondyng. Lord, constreyne thou the chekis of hem with a bernacle and bridil; that neiȝen not to thee.

a. 1382, John Wycliffe, “Psalm 32:9”, in Wycliffe's Bible:

Don't behave like a horse or mule, who don't understand anything. Lord, you constrain the cheeks of them with a bit and a bridle, or they won't go to you.

A bridle, reins, or bit; equipment for directing a horse.

(figurative) Supervision, monitoring, constraint, direction.

(figurative) Something that constrains or directs; a guideline.


stede

English: stead

Scots: steid, sted

Inherited from Old English stede, steode, styd, from Proto-West Germanic *stadi, from Proto-Germanic *stadiz.

more sche hath decerved to be ded / thanne evere dyde my modyr jn ony sted.

It..shul stand me in gret ste [read: sted] her if it mygth be do closly and suerly.

A place, station, or position; an appropriate or designated spot:

A state of being; a circumstance, condition, or situation.


jument

English: jument

From Anglo-Norman jument or directly from Latin iūmentum.


carpe

English: carp

Scots: cairp

Borrowed from Old French carpe, from Late Latin carpa, from Gothic *𐌺𐌰𐍂𐍀𐌰 (*karpa).


molle

English: mole

From Proto-Germanic *mulaz, *mulhaz (which is perhaps related to *muldō (“loose earth, soil”)), either through an unattested Old English *mol or as a borrowing from Middle Dutch mol, molle.


cote

English: coot

Scots: cuit

Unknown; probably related to Dutch koet.


kide

English: kid

Scots: kid

From Old Norse kið, from Proto-Germanic *kidją.


courser

English: courser

Scots: couser, cusser, cuisser

→ Middle Welsh: cwrser

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cursier, corser, from Medieval Latin cursārius; equivalent to cours + -er.


tercelet

English: tercelet

Borrowed from Old French tercelet; equivalent to tercel + -et.

Tho dwelte a tercelet / me faſte by /That semed welle / of alle gentilleſſe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Squiers Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 135, recto:

There flew a tercelet close by me / which seemed full of graciousness.


balene

From Latin balaena, from Ancient Greek φάλαινα (phálaina), probably cognate with Old English hwæl.


pye

English: pie ⇒ magpie, piebald, pied

Scots: pie ⇒ pyat
→ Scottish Gaelic: pitheid

Yola: pee

→ Welsh: pi, pia ⇒ piod

From Old French pie, from Latin pīca (“magpie”).


goos

English: goose

Scots: guse

From Old English gōs, from Proto-West Germanic *gans, from Proto-Germanic *gans; compare gandre.

The meat or corpse of a goose; a dead goose.


pryde

English: pride

Scots: pride

Inherited from Old English prȳde, prȳte; compare proud.

Pride (the state of being proud):
Arrogance, self-aggrandisement.

Pride (the state of being proud):
Pompousness; excessive display.

Pride (the state of being proud):
(rare) That which one is proud of.

Pride (the state of being proud):
That which one is proud of.


bakke

English: bat

Scots: bat

Probably a corruption of Old Swedish nattbakka, likely related to Old English nihtwacu (“night watch”), from niht + wacu, replacing Old English hrēremūs (see reremouse), perhaps later rhymed with rat or cat, two other animals with good night vision.


coni

English: cony, coney, cunny, connie

Scots: kinnen, kyunnen, connie

→ Middle Welsh: cwning

Welsh: cwning, cwnig

From Old French conis, accusative plural of conil, connil, from Latin cuniculus.


balke

English: balk

Scots: bauk

Yola: balke

From Old English balca. Cognate with Old High German balko, German Balken (“beam”), Italian balcone (“balcony”).


nagge

English: nag


goot

English: goat (see there for further descendants)

Scots: gait, gayt

Yola: geearth, geearte, gurth


oure

From Old English ūre, from Proto-West Germanic *unsar, from Proto-Germanic *unseraz. Compare Middle Dutch onse and Middle High German unser.

Hit tidde after on a time · as tellus our bokes / as þis bold barn his beſtes · blybeliche keped[…]

c. 1335-1361, William of Palerne (MS. King's College 13), folio 6, recto, lines 198-199; republished as W. W. Skeat, editor, The Romance of William of Palerne, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., 1867, →OCLC, page 12:

Afterwards, as our books record, it happened one day that / while this brave child was peacefully looking after his animals […]

First-person plural genitive determiner: our

my, mine (This is equivalent to Modern English "royal we", but is also used informally).


oure

English: our

Geordie English: wor

Scots: oor, wir

Yola: oor, our, ure, oore, oure, owre

First-person plural possessive pronoun: ours, of us


erwigge

English: earwig


osel

English: oozel, ousel, ouzel (dialectal)

Scots: osil

Inherited from Old English ōsle, from Proto-West Germanic *amslā.


unicorne

English: unicorn

Scots: unicorn

From Anglo-Norman unicorne, from Latin ūnicornis.

Any one-horned beast (e.g. a rhinoceros)


flye

English: fly

Scots: flee, fle, flei

From Old English flēoge, flīeġe, from Proto-West Germanic *fleugā, from Proto-Germanic *fleugǭ.


loppe

English: lop (dialectal)

Inherited from Old English loppe, lobbe, from a conflation of Proto-Germanic *lubbō, *lubbǭ and Proto-Germanic *luppǭ.


loppe

English: lop


perche

English: perch

Borrowed from Old French perche, from Latin perca, from Ancient Greek πέρκη (pérkē).


brid

briddes (plural)
brid (accusative nominative singular)
briddes (accusative nominative plural)
briddes (genitive singular)
briddes (genitive plural)
bridde (dative singular)
bridde (dative plural)

English: bird

Scots: bird

Yola: burdès (plural)

From Old English bridd, of disputed origin.

An oþer parable iheſus puttide foꝛþ to hem. / ⁊ ſeide / þe kyngdom of heuenes is lijk to a coꝛn of ſeneuey · which a man took ⁊ ſewe in his feeld · / which is þe leeſt of alle ſeedis / but whanne it haþ woxen .· it is the mooſt of alle woꝛtis · ⁊ is maad a tre / ſo þe bꝛiddis of þe eir comen ⁊ dwellen in þe bowis þerof.

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 13:31-32, page 6v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

Jesus put another parable forwards to them, saying: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a mustard seed that a person took and sowed in their field; / it is the smallest of all seeds, but when it has grown, it is the largest of all plants; it becomes a tree, so the birds of the air come and nest in its branches."


aske

English: ask, askard

Scots: ask, esk, awsk

From earlier *athske, from Old English *āþesce, metathetic form of āþexe.


welk

English: whelk, welk, whilk, wilk

Scots: wulk, wilk, welk

→ Old French: welke

From Old English weoloc, wiloc, wioloc, weluc, from Proto-West Germanic *weluk.


schep

English: sheep (see there for further descendants)

Scots: sheep

Yola: zheep, sheep

From Old English sċēap, sċēp, from Proto-West Germanic *skāp, from Proto-Germanic *skēpą, of unknown origin.


sorel

English: sorel (obsolete)

From Old French sorel; equivalent to sor (“sorrel”) + -el (diminutive suffix).


croupe

English: croup, croupe

Middle Scots: crouppe (hapax)

Borrowed from Old French crope, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz. Doublet of croppe.

(rare) Armour covering a horse's rear; a croupiere.


mous

English: mouse (see there for further descendants), moose (Northumbrian); muss

Scots: moose

From Old English mūs, from Proto-West Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Germanic *mūs, from Proto-Indo-European *múh₂s.


horsman

English: horseman

(rare) One who is in change of horses; a groom.


panter

English: panther

From Old French pantere, from Latin panthera, from Ancient Greek πάνθηρ (pánthēr).


frounce

English: frounce

Borrowed from Middle French fronce, from Old French fronce.

A wrinkle, fold, or pleat (in fabric, hair, or porcelain).

A disease involving mouth sores in birds of prey.

(figuratively) A grimace; a scornful look.


aspide

Borrowed from Old French aspide, from Latin aspis, aspidis (“asp, viper; shield”). Doublet of aspe (“asp”).


fixen

English: vixen

From Old English fyxe, from Proto-West Germanic *fuhsini, from Proto-Germanic *fuhsinī. The -en suffix suggests that the feminine suffix was later added, or that the word actually comes from Old English *fyxen (akin to German Füchsin). In either case, equivalent to fox + -en (feminine suffix).


locuste

English: locust

Ultimately from Latin locusta, either directly or from Anglo-Norman or Middle French locuste.


curre

English: cur

Scots: cur

From either Middle Low German or North Germanic, from Old Norse kurr (“grumbling”).


tusky

English: tusky


cloke

English: clutch, clutches (in part)

Scots: cleuk, cluke, cluik

Unknown; forms with /tʃ/ are probably influenced by clicchen, which this noun may ultimately be related to.


pigge

English: pig (see there for further descendants)

Scots: pig

Yola: piggès

Inherited from Old English *picga; further etymology is disputed.


ern

English: erne

Scots: earn, ern, erne


riden

riden (infinitive)
to riden (infinitive)
ride (infinitive)
ride (first-person present singular)
rod (first-person past singular)
ridest (present second-person singular)
rode (past second-person singular)
ride (past second-person singular)
rede (past second-person singular)
rod (past second-person singular)
rideth (present singular third-person)
rod (past singular third-person)
ride (present singular subjunctive)
rode (past singular subjunctive)
ride (past singular subjunctive)
rede (past singular subjunctive)
ride (imperative present singular)
riden (plural present)
ride (plural present)
roden (past plural)
rode (past plural)
riden (past plural)
ride (past plural)
reden (past plural)
rede (past plural)
rideth (imperative plural present)
ride (imperative plural present)
ridynge (participle present)
ridende (participle present)
riden (participle past)
yriden (participle past)
ride (participle past)
yride (participle past)
reden (participle past)
yreden (participle past)
rede (participle past)
yrede (participle past)

English: ride

Scots: ride, ryde

From Old English rīdan, from Proto-West Germanic *rīdan, from Proto-Germanic *rīdaną.
Cognates include Middle Dutch riden, Middle Low German riden, and Old Swedish rīþa.

To use a vehicle or transport method other than a mount:

To ride in a wheeled vehicle or a palanquin.

To voyage or travel by water; to be on a vessel.


poleyn

English: pullen (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French polain (modern French poulain), from Late Latin pullāmen.


douve

English: dove

Scots: doo, dow

lo I ſende ȝou as ſcheep in þe myddil of wolues / þerfoꝛ be ȝe ſliȝ as ſerpentis .· and ſymple as dowues

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Matheu 10:16, page 4v, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

So I'm sending you out like sheep in amongst wolves, so be shrewd like snakes and harmless like doves.


winge

English: wing

Scots: weeng

Yola: wing

From Old Norse vængr, from Proto-Germanic *wēngijaz.

⁊ þe foure beeſtis hadden euery of hem ſixe wyngis / ⁊ al aboute and wiþ inne þei weren ful of iȝen / ⁊ þei hadden not reſte · dai ⁊ nyȝt, ſeiynge · hooli · hooli · hooli .· þe loꝛd god almyȝti / þat was ⁊ þat is .· ⁊ þat is to comynge

c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Apocalips 4:8, page 118v, column 2; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:

And all of the four beasts had six wings, and they were covered with eyes across all their body; and they didn't rest, day or night, in saying: "Holy, holy, holy, the almighty Lord God, who was, who is, and who will come".

A wing (arm enabling flight; used in cooking and medicine).

(figurative) A method or means of flight.

(figurative) A shelter or refuge (as a bird guards its young)

(rare, Late Middle English) A portion; a section.


oule

English: owl

Scots: oul, ool

Inherited from Old English ūle, from Proto-Germanic *uwwalǭ.

(derogatory) An insult, especially applied to the Devil.


haras

English: haras, harras

Scots: haryage

From Old French haraz, itself possibly from Old Norse.

stud farm (establishment for breeding horses)


amblen

amblen (infinitive)
to amblen (infinitive)
amble (infinitive)
amble (first-person present singular)
ambled (first-person past singular)
amblest (present second-person singular)
ambledest (past second-person singular)
ambleth (present singular third-person)
ambled (past singular third-person)
amble (present singular subjunctive)
ambled (past singular subjunctive)
amble (imperative present singular)
amblen (plural present)
amble (plural present)
ambleden (past plural)
amblede (past plural)
ambleth (imperative plural present)
amble (imperative plural present)
amblynge (participle present)
amblende (participle present)
ambled (participle past)
yambled (participle past)

English: amble

From Old French ambler, from Latin ambulō.


egle

English: eagle (see there for further descendants)

Scots: aigle

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman egle, from Old French aigle, from Latin aquila. Displaced native ern.


caboche

desctree

English: cabbage
Sranan Tongo: kabisi
→ Abenaki: kabij
→ Swahili: kabichi
→ Yoruba: kábéèjì

Scots: cabbitch

Yola: gaubbach, gubbach, gubbauch

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman caboche; further origin is disputed.


herde

English: herd

Scots: herd, hird

From Old English hierde, from Proto-West Germanic *hirdī, from Proto-Germanic *hirdijaz.


tem

English: team (see there for further descendants)

Scots: team

Inherited from Old English tēam, from Proto-West Germanic *taum, from Proto-Germanic *taumaz.

A group of livestock used to pull an agricultural instrument

descendants, children; also extended to the following:

(law) The descendants of one's subordinates.

(rare) The ability to procreate or give birth.


drope

English: drop

Scots: drap

From Old English dropa, from Proto-West Germanic *dropō, from Proto-Germanic *drupô.

A shower or gush; a falling agglomeration of droplets.

(medicine) A disease having speckles or spots as a symptom.


doke

English: duck

Scots: duik, deuk, dook

Yola: duucks (plural)


bukke

English: buck

Scots: buk, buke, buik

Yola: buch

From Old English bucca, from Proto-West Germanic *bukkō, from Proto-Germanic *bukkô.


erve

English: erf

Scots: arff, airf

From Old English yrfe, ierfe, from Proto-West Germanic *arbī, from Proto-Germanic *arbiją, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-.


sowe

English: sow

Scots: sou

From Old English sūgu, sū, from Proto-West Germanic *sugu. Compare swyn. Use as a term for a siege engine is a semantic loan from Medieval Latin sūs.

A siege engine used to protect assailants.


sowe

Alternative form of sowen (“to torment”)


hauk

English: hawk
Sranan Tongo: aka

Scots: hawk


mounture

English: mounture

Borrowed from Old French mounteure; equivalent to mounten + -ure.

(rare) A podium or support for mounting.


fle

flen (plural)
flees (plural)
fleghes (plural)

q

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">fleck</i>

English: flea (dialectal fleck)

Scots: flech, flaich, fle, flae

Yola: fleen (plural)

Inherited from Old English flēa, a form of flēah (→ the alternative form fleigh), from Proto-West Germanic *flauh, from Proto-Germanic *flauhaz.


pecok

desctree

English: peacock
→ Hawaiian: pīkake
→ English: pikake
→ Maori: pīkake

Scots: pacok, pecok

From pe, po (“peacock”) + cok (“cock, rooster”), from Old English pāwa, pēa (“peafowl”), from Latin pāvō (“peacock”), of unknown origin; perhaps related to Tamil தோகை (tōkai, “peacock feather”), or imitative (compare Latin paupulō (“to call as a peacock”).


oystre

English: oyster

Scots: oyster, eyster

From three separate sources: Old English oster, Anglo-Norman oistre, and Latin ostrea, which the other two are ultimately from. The Latin is from Ancient Greek ὄστρεον (óstreon).


fowel

English: fowl

Scots: foul, fule

Yola: fowlès (plural)

From Old English fugol, from Proto-West Germanic *fugl, from Proto-Germanic *fuglaz.


partrich

enm-noun

partrich (plural partriches or partrich)

English: partridge

Scots: paitrick, pairtrick

→ Irish: patraisc

→ Manx: patrag

→ Scottish Gaelic: peurtag

→ Welsh: petris

Borrowed from Old French perdriz, from Latin perdīx, perdīcem (“partridge”), from Ancient Greek πέρδιξ (pérdix, “partridge”).
Forms with /k/ are by analogy with other words that vary between /t͡ʃ/ and /k/.

der

Perdix perdix
Perdix perdix#Translingual


beeste

English: beast

desc

Scots: beast, baste, baist, baest, beist, best

Yola: beast

From Old French beste, from Latin bestia.

An animal or creature (life in the kingdom Animalia, sometimes including mankind):

A creature used as livestock; a domesticated animal.

⁊ þe firſte beeſte .· liyk a lioun / ⁊ þe ſecounde beeſte .· lijk a calf / ⁊ þe þꝛidde beeſte .· hauynge a face as of a man / ⁊ þe fourþe beeſte .· liyk an egle fleynge

A beast; a powerful fantastic or mythological creature.


coler

English: collar

Scots: collar

→ Middle Irish: coilér

Irish: coiléar

Scottish Gaelic: coilear

→ Welsh: coler

From Old French coler, from Latin collāre.

A piece of clothing or jewelry for around the neck:

A neckband or collar (part of a garment around the neck)

A chain made of gold links used as a necklace indicating status.

Armour or protective gear for the neck area.

A collar or loop around the neck of an animal (horse, dog, or cat).

(rare) A shackle or restraint used around the neck for captives.


coler

English: choler

From Old French colere, from Latin cholera (which some forms are directly from).

medicinal humors: humour: coler · flewme · malencolie · sanguine [edit]

Yellow bile as one of the four cardinal humours believed to influence health and mood.


roget

English: rochet

Scots: lachet

From Middle French rouget, from Old French rouget, roget.


ratte

English: rat

From Old English ræt (possibly alongside a collateral form *ratta), from Proto-West Germanic *ratt, *ratō, from Proto-Germanic *rattaz.


pulle

Borrowed from Old French pol, pul, poul, from Latin pullus; related to Middle English fole (“foal”).

(rare) The immature offspring of any animal.


evete

English: eft

Yola: eft

From Old English efete, efeta; further etymology is unknown.


orf

English: orf

From Old English orf, from Proto-West Germanic *arbī.


frie

English: fry

Scots: fry

* Traditionally seen as from Old Norse frjó (“seed”), from Proto-Germanic *fraiwą, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)per-.
* Alternatively from Old French *frie, collateral form of froi (“spawn”), from froier, freier (“to spawn”), from Latin fricō (“to rub”).

Deus. Noe, to the and to thi fry / My blyssyng graunt I; / Ye shall wax and multiply, / And fill the erth agane

15th c., “Processus Noe cum filiis [Noah and the Ark]”, in Wakefield Mystery Plays; Re-edited in George England, Alfred W. Pollard, editors, The Towneley Plays (Early English Text Society Extra Series; LXXI), London: […] Oxford University Press, 1897, →OCLC, page 28, lines 177–180:

God. Noah, I grant my blessing to you and to your offspring. You will grow and multiply and fill the earth again

(rare, Late Middle English) offspring, children


destrer

Old French destrier, from Latin dextrārius, from dexter (“right-hand”) (where the squire led his master's horse).

By him baiteth his dextrer.

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Ryme of Syr Thopas”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:


goke

English: gowk, gawk

Scots: gowk, gouk

Borrowed from Old Norse gaukr, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz. Doublet of ȝek.


beem

English: beam

→ German: beamen

→ Japanese: ビーム

→ Dutch: beamen

Scots: beam

Yola: baam

Inherited from Old English bēam, from Proto-West Germanic *baum, from Proto-Germanic *baumaz.


rache

English: rache, rach, ratch

Scots: rache, rach, ratch

From Old English ræċċ, from Proto-West Germanic *brakko, from Proto-Germanic *brak (“dog that hunts by scent”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰreh₂g- (“to smell”).


samoun

desctree

English: salmon
→ Burmese: ဆယ်လမွန် (hcaila.mwan)
→ Hebrew: סַלְמוֹן (sálmon)
→ Hindi: सामन (sāman)
→ Japanese: サーモン (sāmon)

Scots: saumon, sawmon

Yola: zamoon

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman saumon, from Latin salmōnem, accusative of salmō.


pulet

English: pullet, poult

Scots: pout

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman pullet, and Old French poulet; equivalent to pulle + -et.


souke

English: suck

Scots: souk

Breastfeeding or milking; the extraction of milk.


bace

English: bass, barse

Inherited from Old English bærs, from Proto-West Germanic *bars, from Proto-Germanic *barsaz.


kyte

English: kite

Scots: kyt, kyte

→ Welsh: cud

Inherited from Old English cȳta, from Proto-West Germanic *kūtijō, from Proto-Germanic *kūts.


nadder

English: adder, edder (by rebracketing)

Scots: edder

O · seruant traẏtour / falſe homlẏ hewe / Lẏk to the neddre in boſom / Sly vntrewe

1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “The Marchantes Tale”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 144, verso, lines 25–26:


pomel

English: pommel

Yola: pomeale, pomell

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Knight's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 2689

[...] He pighte him on the pomel of his heed, [...]
… He hit himself on the top of his head, …


werre

English: war

Scots: wer, weir, war

From Old English werre, wyrre, borrowed from Old Northern French werre, from Medieval Latin werra, borrowed from Frankish *werru (“confusion; quarrel”).

(uncommon) Minor armed unrest or attacks.

Non-military conflict or strife:
Minor armed unrest or attacks.


pyke

English: pike, peak; pick (in part)

Scots: pike, pick

Yola: pick

From Old English pīc, from Proto-West Germanic *pīk, from Proto-Germanic *pīkaz.

A point or end of something in general; especially the end of a shoe.

A number of other tools noted for their pointiness.

A pike (fish with a barbed mouth (Esox lucius))


oter

English: otter

Scots: otter

From Old English otor, from Proto-West Germanic *otr.


sanguisuge

English: sanguisuge (obsolete)


tharm

English: tharm

Scots: thairm, tharm

From Old English þearm.
Cognate to Old Frisian therm, Middle Low German darm, Middle Dutch darm, daerm, derm, Middle High German darm, Old Swedish tharmber, and Ancient Greek τόρμος (tórmos).

(rare) A parasitic worm living in the intestines.


crevis

English: crevis; crayfish, crawfish (influenced by fish)

From Old French crevice, from Frankish *krebitja, diminutive of Frankish *krebit (“crab”), from Proto-Germanic *krabitaz.


crabbe

English: crab, scrab

Scots: scrab

Of Germanic origin, perhaps influenced by sense 1 or the adjective crabbed and altered from Scots and northern English scrab, of the same meaning, plausibly ultimately from North Germanic, cognate with Swedish dialect scrabba, krabbäpple.


ryder

English: rider

From Old English rīdere, from riden + -er.

A rider or equestrian; one who rides a horse.

A horseman or mounted combatant; a knight.


flathe

English: flathe, flath

Inherited from Old English *flaþa, from Proto-West Germanic *flaþō. Doublet of flathon and flaun.


ospray

English: osprey


aspe

English: asp (aspen)

Scots: esp

Inherited from Old English æspe, from Proto-West Germanic *aspu, from Proto-Germanic *aspō.


aspe

English: asp

Scots: aisp

Borrowed from Old French aspe, from Latin aspis. Doublet of aspide, from Latin oblique forms.


companye

English: company
→ Hindi: कंपनी (kampnī)
→ Hokkien: 公班衙 (kong-pan-gêe / kong-pan-gê)
→ Malay: kompeni
→ Scottish Gaelic: companaidh
→ Swahili: kampuni

Scots: company

Welsh: cwmni

A company, band, small group, or team of people; mainly in the following senses:

An informal group of people; especially guests or visitors.

Accompaniment, company, companionship; having companions.

Linkedness, connection, similarity, likeness.


croppe

English: crop

desc

Scots: crap, crop, croip, cropt, croup, croop

From Old English cropp, croppa, from Proto-West Germanic *kropp, from Proto-Germanic *kruppaz (“body; lump; bunch; crop”). Doublet of croupe.

inh

(rare, figuratively) The head or end of something.


tenche

English: tench

From Old French tenche, from Late Latin tinca.

The tench (Tinca tinca) or a similar fish.


tode

English: toad

Scots: tade, taid, taed, ted

From Old English *tāde, a shortening of tādie, tādiġe, of uncertain origin. Compared to Old Norse and modern Danish tudse (“toad”), but OED rejects this because the zero grade of ai is i, not u. Possibly from a common Proto-Germanic word *tod (“small”), compared to Proto-Germanic *tūdrijaz (“small, frail”) (modern English tidbit) or *taltōną (“to sway, dangle, hesitate”) (modern English toddle), referring to its short steps.

cog

(rare, alchemy) The remnants of an element used in alchemical transmutation.


sadelen

sadelen (infinitive)
to sadelen (infinitive)
sadele (infinitive)
sadele (first-person present singular)
sadeled (first-person past singular)
sadelest (present second-person singular)
sadeledest (past second-person singular)
sadeleth (present singular third-person)
sadeled (past singular third-person)
sadele (present singular subjunctive)
sadeled (past singular subjunctive)
sadele (imperative present singular)
sadelen (plural present)
sadele (plural present)
sadeleden (past plural)
sadelede (past plural)
sadeleth (imperative plural present)
sadele (imperative plural present)
sadelynge (participle present)
sadelende (participle present)
sadeled (participle past)
ysadeled (participle past)

desctree

English: saddle
→ Japanese: サドル (sadoru)

Scots: saidle

From Old English sadolian, from Proto-Germanic *sadulōną.


swyn

English: swine

Scots: swine

Inherited from Old English swīn, from Proto-West Germanic *swīn, from Proto-Germanic *swīną.


noctiluca

noctilūca (canonical)
noctilucae (plural)

From Medieval Latin noctilūca (“something which shines by night”).


ratoun

English: ratton (dialectal)

Scots: ratton

From Anglo-Norman ratoun; equivalent to ratte + -oun.

Wiþ þat ran þere a route · of ratones at ones / And smale mys with hem · mo þen a þousande

c. 1390, William Langland, Piers Plowman, Prologue:

With that a rout of rats ran at once, / and small mice with them; more than a thousand.


horsen

English: horsen


lous

English: louse

Scots: louse, loose

A person or thing worthy of contempt or ostracism.


wesele

English: weasal

Middle Scots: quhasill, wasyll, wasyll

desc

associated with <i class="Latn mention" lang="sco">whaisle</i> "to wheeze"

Scots: whaisel, whaizle, wheesel, weasel (associated with whaisle "to wheeze")

Inherited from Old English weosule; from Proto-West Germanic *wisulā.

A meal made of a pig or capon stuffed with pork mince.


mewe

English: mew (mostly obsolete)

From Anglo-Norman mue; reinforced by Middle French mue.

A cage used for allowing birds to shed their feathers.

A cage or compartment used for preparing animals to be used as meat.


badde

head

badde (plural and weak singular badde, comparative badder, superlative baddest)

badde (plural)
badde (singular weak)
badder (comparative)
baddest (superlative)

English: bad

Scots: bad

Unknown. Conventionally compared to Old English bæddel. See English bad for more.

inadequate, unsatisfactory, worthless; inadequately provided, bad off


freten

enm-verb

freten (third-person singular simple present freteth, present participle fretynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative frat, past participle freten)

freteth (present singular third-person)
fretynge (participle present)
frat (first-person indicative past singular third-person)
freten (participle past)
freten (infinitive)
to freten (infinitive)
frete (infinitive)
frete (first-person present singular)
frat (first-person past singular)
fret (first-person past singular)
frette (first-person past singular)
freted (first-person past singular)
fretest (present second-person singular)
frete (past second-person singular)
frat (past second-person singular)
fret (past second-person singular)
frettest (past second-person singular)
fretedest (past second-person singular)
freteth (present singular third-person)
fret (present singular third-person)
frat (past singular third-person)
fret (past singular third-person)
frette (past singular third-person)
freted (past singular third-person)
frete (present singular subjunctive)
frete (past singular subjunctive)
frette (past singular subjunctive)
freted (past singular subjunctive)
frete (imperative present singular)
freten (plural present)
frete (plural present)
freten (past plural)
frete (past plural)
fretten (past plural)
frette (past plural)
freteden (past plural)
fretede (past plural)
freteth (imperative plural present)
frete (imperative plural present)
fretynge (participle present)
fretende (participle present)
freten (participle past)
yfreten (participle past)
frete (participle past)
yfrete (participle past)
fret (participle past)
yfret (participle past)
freted (participle past)
yfreted (participle past)

English: fret

Scots: frete, freet

Inherited from Old English fretan, from Proto-West Germanic *fraetan, from Proto-Germanic *fraetaną; equivalent to fret (“eating away”) + -en (infinitival suffix).
Some senses are possibly influenced by an Old French *freiter.

af

To wear or abrade; to rub or chafe at:
To corrode; to eat or wear away.


fisch

English: fish (see there for further descendants)

Scots: fish, fysch, fisch

Yola: wish

From Old English fisċ; in turn from Proto-West Germanic *fisk, from Proto-Germanic *fiskaz.


dorry

English: dory

From Old French doree; past participle of dorer (“to gild”), from Latin deauratus.


sturgiun

English: sturgeon

From Old French estorjoun; in turn from Frankish *sturjō, from Proto-Germanic *sturjô.

A dish made of veal made to resemble sturgeon.


dokeling

English: duckling


kitoun

English: kitten; kit

Probably from an unattested Anglo-Norman *kitoun, *ketun, corresponding to Old French chitoun, cheton, chaton (“kitten”); see English kitten for more.


kiteling

English: kitling (obsolete)

Scots: kitlin

From Old Norse ketlingr; equivalent to cat + -ling.


cok

English: cock

Scots: cock, cok

Yola: cuck

From Old English coc, cocc, from Proto-West Germanic *kokk.


cok

English: cock

From Old French coque; see cog (sense 2).


cokke

English: cock

From Old English -cocc, from Old Norse kǫkkr, from Proto-Germanic *kukkaz.


lyoun

English: lion (see there for further descendants)

Scots: lion

Yola: leeoon, leioon

From Old French leon, leun, liun, from Latin leōnem, accusative of leō, from Ancient Greek λέων (léōn).

Leo (the constellation or astrological sign)


frogge

English: frog, frock (dialectal) (see there for further descendants)

Scots: frog, froig

→ Welsh: broga

From Old English frocga, from Proto-West Germanic *froggō.

a frog or toad (member of the order Anura)


barow

English: barrow

Inherited from Old English bearg, bearug, from Proto-West Germanic *barug, from Proto-Germanic *barugaz.


pikerel

English: pickerel

Scots: pickerel


acquerne

>? English: con, conn

>? Scots: con

From Old English ācweorna, āc-wern, āqueorna (“squirrel”), from Proto-West Germanic *aikwernō (“squirrel”).
Displaced by the French borrowing squirel around the 13th century. The word is cognate with Danish egern, Middle Dutch êncoren (modern Dutch eekhoorn, eikhoren, inkhoren), Norwegian ekorn, Old High German eichhorn, eihhorno (modern German Eichhorn), Low German êker-ken, Old Norse íkorni, Old Saxon ēkhorn.


tothe

English: tooth

Scots: tuth, tuith


garsavese

From gras and a descendant of Old English æfesen.

A charge for the renting of land for raising pigs on.


grashope

English: grasshop (obsolete)


gressehopper

English: grasshopper

From grashope, remodelled with the addition of the suffix -er.


newte

English: newt

From a reinterpretation of an ewte, a form of evete.

(Late Middle English) A newt or a reptile that resembles one.


lesarde

English: lizard (← lizard)

Scots: lesart (obsolete)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman lusard, from Latin lacertus; some forms are remodelled on the Latin etymon.

A lizard used as an alchemical ingredient.

A reptile, especially a lizard.
A snakelike creature; a wyrm.

(rare, heraldry) A depiction of a lizard on a coat of arms.


olfent

From Old English olfend, from Proto-Germanic *ulbanduz, from Latin elephantus.
Doublet of elefant.


quayle

English: quail

Scots: quail

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman quaille, from Frankish *kwakla. Of uncertain ultimate origin; see Latin quaccola and Frankish *hwahtlā.


fynch

English: finch

Scots: finch

From Old English finċ, from Proto-Germanic *finkiz.


larke

English: lark, laverock, lavrock

Scots: lark, lork, laveirk, laverok

Yola: lereke, lerock

From Old English lāwerce, from Proto-Germanic *laiwarikǭ.

Alauda arvensis
Alauda arvensis#Translingual


hound fysch

A small shark notable for rough skin and sometimes used for culinary purposes.


bicche

desctree

English: bitch
→ Dutch: bitch
→? German: Betze, Bätze, Petze
→ French: bitch

Scots: bitch

From Old English biċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *bikkjā, from Proto-Germanic *bikjǭ (compare Norwegian bikkja (“dog”), Old Danish bikke), from *bikjaną (“to thrust, attack”) (compare Old Norse bikkja (“plunge into water”), Dutch bikken (“to hack”)). More at bicker.


nyghtyngale

English: nightingale

Scots: nichtingale

From earlier nyghtgale, niȝtegale; perhaps influenced by nyghten.

Luscinia megarhynchos
Luscinia megarhynchos#Translingual


nyghtgale

English: nightgale (obsolete)

Scots: nychtgale

From Old English nihtegale, from Proto-West Germanic *nahtigalā.


squirel

English: squirrel

Scots: squirrel

From Anglo-Norman esquirel, from Old French esquireul, from Vulgar Latin *scūriolus, a diminutive of Latin sciurus. Attested as a surname from the end of the 12th century and as the name of an animal from the early 14th century.

A squirrel (rodent of the family Sciuridae)


gyser

English: gizzard

Borrowed from Middle French gésier, guysier, from Old French gesier, from Latin gigēria.

(Late Middle English) A gizzard or liver; an organ for processing waste.


gyserne

English: gizzern

Scots: gizzern


wevel

English: weevil

Scots: wavel

Inherited from Old English wifel, from Proto-West Germanic *wibil, from Proto-Germanic *wibilaz.


spynner

English: spinner

A spinner; a person (normally a woman) who spins fibre as a job.


spynnere

English: spinner


spiþre

English: spider

Scots: spider

Inherited from Old English spīþra, from Proto-West Germanic *spinþrijō.


schuldre

enm-noun

schuldre (plural schuldres or schuldren)

English: shoulder

desc

Middle Scots: schulder, schoulder, schouldir, schuder

Scots: shouder, shooder, shouther, shoother, shidder

Yola: shuller

From Old English sċuldra, sċuldor, from Proto-West Germanic *skuldru.

The shoulder (as a joint or bodily region):

(figurative) One's strength or carrying capacity.


bourden

bourden (infinitive)
to bourden (infinitive)
bourde (infinitive)
bourde (first-person present singular)
bourded (first-person past singular)
bourdest (present second-person singular)
bourdedest (past second-person singular)
bourdeth (present singular third-person)
bourded (past singular third-person)
bourde (present singular subjunctive)
bourded (past singular subjunctive)
bourde (imperative present singular)
bourden (plural present)
bourde (plural present)
bourdeden (past plural)
bourdede (past plural)
bourdeth (imperative plural present)
bourde (imperative plural present)
bourdynge (participle present)
bourdende (participle present)
bourded (participle past)
ybourded (participle past)

English: bourd (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French bourder, from bourde (“blunder”).

To jape; to make fun of or practice humour.


bourden

English: burt (obsolete)

To engage in jousts or spar; to conflict.


glouworm

English: glowworm, glow-worm


heronsewe

English: heronsew, hernshaw

Scots: heronshew, hernshaw

From Old French haironcel, diminutive of heiron.

I wol nat tellen / of hir strange sewes / Ne of hir swannes / nor of hire heronsewes […].

1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Squyers Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC:

The young of the grey heron (Ardea cinerea)


loppestere

English: lobster

Scots: lapster, labster

Yola: labstaar

From Old English loppestre; equivalent to loppe + -estere.


bayten

bayten (infinitive)
to bayten (infinitive)
bayte (infinitive)
bayte (first-person present singular)
bayted (first-person past singular)
baytest (present second-person singular)
baytedest (past second-person singular)
bayteth (present singular third-person)
bayted (past singular third-person)
bayte (present singular subjunctive)
bayted (past singular subjunctive)
bayte (imperative present singular)
bayten (plural present)
bayte (plural present)
bayteden (past plural)
baytede (past plural)
bayteth (imperative plural present)
bayte (imperative plural present)
baytynge (participle present)
baytende (participle present)
bayted (participle past)
ybayted (participle past)

English: bait

Scots: bait

From Old Norse beita, from Proto-Germanic *baitijaną; equivalent to bayte + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare, figurative) To metaphorically nourish oneself; to visually stimulate oneself.


capoun

English: capon

Scots: capon (obsolete)

From a combination of Old Northern French capon and Old English capūn, both from Latin capo (Vulgar Latin *cappo).


tronchoun

English: truncheon

From Old French tronchon, from Late Latin *troncionem.


tuskyd

English: tusked

Scots: tuskit (obsolete)


tusshe

English: tush

From Old English tūsc, from Proto-Germanic *tunþskaz. Compare tusk.


garfysche

English: garfish

Scots: gairfish

(hapax, Late Middle English) garfish, gar


gerth

English: girth

Scots: girth, gir, gird

Borrowed from Old Norse gjorð, from Proto-Germanic *gerdō. Forms with /a/ are a regular phonetic development, while forms with /i/ or /u/ are from the influence of girdel, gurdel.


ermyne

English: ermine

Scots: ermine

Borrowed from Old French ermine, ermin; further etymology is disputed.

(heraldry) Heraldic ermine; white with black spots.


scherling

English: shearling

(rare) shearling (A once-shorn sheep or its skin).


scherer

English: shearer

Scots: shearer

/ˈʃɛːrər(ə)/

(rare) A harvester; a person who reaps crops.


scherynge

English: shearing

Scots: shearin

Sheep-shearing; the trimming of sheep's wool.


hacchen

hacchen (infinitive)
to hacchen (infinitive)
hacche (infinitive)
hacche (first-person present singular)
hacched (first-person past singular)
haughte (first-person past singular)
hacchest (present second-person singular)
hacchedest (past second-person singular)
haughtest (past second-person singular)
haccheth (present singular third-person)
hacched (past singular third-person)
haughte (past singular third-person)
hacche (present singular subjunctive)
hacched (past singular subjunctive)
haughte (past singular subjunctive)
hacche (imperative present singular)
hacchen (plural present)
hacche (plural present)
haccheden (past plural)
hacchede (past plural)
haughten (past plural)
haughte (past plural)
haccheth (imperative plural present)
hacche (imperative plural present)
hacchynge (participle present)
hacchende (participle present)
hacched (participle past)
haught (participle past)
yhacched (participle past)
yhaught (participle past)

English: hatch

From Old English hæċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *hakkjan, from Proto-Germanic *hakjaną.


hacchynge

English: hatching


hakeney

English: hackney

Probably from the borough of Hackney; see English hackney for more.

A breed of small horse for riding upon (frequently hired out); a hackney.


hakle

English: hackle

Scots: heckle

Inherited from Old English hacele, from Proto-West Germanic *hakul, *hakil, from Proto-Germanic *hakulaz; equivalent to hakken + -el (agentive suffix).


journe

English: journey

Scots: jurney

Borrowed from Old French jornee, from Vulgar Latin *diurnāta.

The happenings or accomplishments of a day:

A day of fighting, tilting, or jousting.


jorneyen

jorneyen (infinitive)
to jorneyen (infinitive)
jorneye (infinitive)
jorneye (first-person present singular)
jorneyed (first-person past singular)
jorneyest (present second-person singular)
jorneyedest (past second-person singular)
jorneyeth (present singular third-person)
jorneyed (past singular third-person)
jorneye (present singular subjunctive)
jorneyed (past singular subjunctive)
jorneye (imperative present singular)
jorneyen (plural present)
jorneye (plural present)
jorneyeden (past plural)
jorneyede (past plural)
jorneyeth (imperative plural present)
jorneye (imperative plural present)
jorneyynge (participle present)
jorneyende (participle present)
jorneyed (participle past)
yjorneyed (participle past)

English: journey

Scots: jurney

From Old French jornoiier; equivalent to journe + -en (infinitival).

(Late Middle English) To make a round as a judge of a circuit court


rydyng

English: riding

Scots: ridin

Riding; travel by horse:
Ceremonial riding at an event.

(Late Middle English) An equestrian activity.

Riding; travel by horse:
An equestrian activity.

For whan ther any ryding was in Chepe,

late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Cook's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 4377-4378

For when there was any procession in Cheapside,
Out of the shop thither would he leap.


bullok

English: bullock

Scots: bullok

Inherited from Old English bulluc, from Proto-West Germanic *bulluk; equivalent to bole + -ok.


mounten

mounten (infinitive)
to mounten (infinitive)
mounte (infinitive)
mounte (first-person present singular)
mounted (first-person past singular)
mountest (present second-person singular)
mountedest (past second-person singular)
mounteth (present singular third-person)
mounted (past singular third-person)
mounte (present singular subjunctive)
mounted (past singular subjunctive)
mounte (imperative present singular)
mounten (plural present)
mounte (plural present)
mounteden (past plural)
mountede (past plural)
mounteth (imperative plural present)
mounte (imperative plural present)
mountynge (participle present)
mountende (participle present)
mounted (participle past)
ymounted (participle past)

English: mount

Scots: munt

From Anglo-Norman munter, from Vulgar Latin *montāre; equivalent to mount + -en (infinitival suffix).

To go, travel or rise upwards; to begin ascension.

To climb atop a mount; to bestride or begin to ride.

(rare) To raise or elevate; to lift up or advocate

(rare) To thrive; to grow or become greater in number.

(rare, Late Middle English) To amount to; to be of a certain value.


reremous

English: reremouse

From Old English hrēremūs, hrērmūs; equivalent to reren (“to rile”) + mous.


tayl

English: tail

Scots: tail, tale

Yola: tyel, taal

From Old English tæġl, from Proto-West Germanic *tagl, form Proto-Germanic *taglą, *taglaz.

(euphemistic) One's genitalia or nether regions.


tayled

English: tailed

Scots: tailt

(rare) Having a part which drags on the floor.


berkere

English: barker

(rare) One who makes fun of someone else.


kokerel

English: cockerel


nayl

English: nail

Scots: nail, nale

Yola: niel

(rare) An ocular malady present in humans and animals.


snayle

English: snail

Scots: snail

Inherited from Old English sneġel, from Proto-Germanic *snagilaz, *snigilaz.

A turtle or other similar shelled animal.

(rare, Late Middle English) A kind of contraption used for both offence and defence during a siege.

(rare) A diseased mass of protruding fleshiness.


mydge

English: midge

Scots: mige, midge

From Old English mycg, mygg, from Proto-Germanic *mugjō.


ampte

English: ant, emmet

Scots: emmot, emott, imat

⇒ Yola: emothee

From Old English ǣmete, from Proto-West Germanic *āmaitijā.


faucoun

English: falcon

Scots: faucon

Borrowed from Old French faucon, falcon, from Latin falcōnem, accusative singular of falcō.

Falco peregrinus
Falco peregrinus#Translingual

A peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) or any other bird of prey used in falconry.


goshauk

English: goshawk

Scots: gosshawk

Inherited from Old English gōshafoc. Equivalent to goos + hauk.


gandre

English: gander

Scots: ganare, ganer, ganner

From Old English gandra, from earlier ganra.


boterflye

enm-noun

boterflye (plural boterflyes or boterflien)

English: butterfly

Scots: butterflee

From Old English butorflēoge, buttorflēoge, buterflēoge; equivalent to buter + flye.

butterfly (insect of the order Lepidoptera)


auntelere

English: antler

From Old French antoillier, possibly from an unattested Latin *anteocularis (“before the eye”).


ȝek

Inherited from Old English ġēac, from Proto-West Germanic *gauk, from Proto-Germanic *gaukaz. Doublet of goke.


cokkou

English: cuckoo

Scots: cuckoo

Lhude sing cuccu / Groweþ sed / and bloweþ med

a. 1250, unknown, “Sumer is icumen in”^(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sumer_is_icumen_in_(MS_Harley_978)):

Sing loudly, cuckoo! / seed grows / and fields bloom

Cuculus canorus
Cuculus canorus#Translingual


thrusche

English: thrush

Yola: drush, drish

From Old English þrysċe, from Proto-West Germanic *þruskijā.

A thrush (bird of the genus Turdus) or its meat.


wrenne

English: wren

Scots: wran

Inherited from Old English wrenna, from Proto-Germanic *wrandijô.


sparwe

English: sparrow

→ Manx: sparroo

Scots: sparrowe, sparow

Yola: sparrowe


swalwe

English: swallow

Scots: swalla, swallae

A swallow (bird in the genus Hirundo) or a swift.

The meat of such birds (also used in pharmaceuticals)


bridlen

bridlen (infinitive)
to bridlen (infinitive)
bridle (infinitive)
bridle (first-person present singular)
bridled (first-person past singular)
bridlest (present second-person singular)
bridledest (past second-person singular)
bridleth (present singular third-person)
bridled (past singular third-person)
bridle (present singular subjunctive)
bridled (past singular subjunctive)
bridle (imperative present singular)
bridlen (plural present)
bridle (plural present)
bridleden (past plural)
bridlede (past plural)
bridleth (imperative plural present)
bridle (imperative plural present)
bridlynge (participle present)
bridlende (participle present)
bridled (participle past)
ybridled (participle past)

English: bridle

From Old English brīdlian, brīdelian; equivalent to bridel + -en (infinitival suffix).

(rare) To ornament or adorn; to place bodily decorations.


feldefare

desc

dialectal <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">feltyfare</i>

English: fieldfare (dialectal feltyfare)

Scots: feltiflyer (reinterpreted)

Inherited from Old English feldefare; equivalent to feeld + fare. The form with /ɛ/ is the regular product of trisyllabic shortening, while that with /eː/ is due to the analogy of the simplex feeld.

Turdus pilaris
Turdus pilaris#Translingual


stynge

English: sting

Scots: sting

Inherited from Old English sting, stincg, from Proto-Germanic *stungiz.

A sting; the pain caused by a stinger or any analogous pain.


hony

English: honey (see there for further descendants)

Scots: honey, hony, huny, hinny

Yola: henee, honi

From Old English huniġ, from Proto-West Germanic *hunag, from Proto-Germanic *hunagą, dissimilated variant of *hunangą, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥h₂ónks.


honysoke

English: honeysuck (archaic)

desctree

⇒ Middle English: honysokel, honysoukel, honisokel, honysocle, hunisuccle, hony-sokkle, honysokkil, honysikil, hony-sokle, honysokyl, honysoucle, honysukkle
English: honeysuckle
Scots: hinnysickle

From Old English huniġsūce, huniġsūge; equivalent to hony + souke.

Honeysuckle (plant of the genus Lonicera) or a similar plant.


honysokel

English: honeysuckle

Scots: hinnysickle

Clover (plant of the genus Trifolium) or a similar plant.


hony comb

English: honeycomb

Scots: hinnie-kaim

From Old English huniġcamb; equivalent to hony + comb.


sadel-bowe

desc

English: saddle bow, saddle-bow, saddlebow

From Old English sadolboga, sadulboga; equivalent to sadel + bowe.


sadelere

English: saddler


wrot

From Old English wrōt, a shortening of earlier *wrōtl, from Proto-West Germanic *wrōtil, equivalent to wroten + -el (agentive suffix).

A snout or trunk; an extending nose of an animal.


griffoun

English: griffin, griffon, gryphon

→ Welsh: griffon

From Old French griffon, diminutive of gripe (“griffin”).

A bird of prey, especially a vulture (see modern English griffon vulture)


overriden

overriden (infinitive)
to overriden (infinitive)
override (infinitive)
override (first-person present singular)
overrod (first-person past singular)
overridest (present second-person singular)
overrode (past second-person singular)
override (past second-person singular)
overrod (past second-person singular)
overrideth (present singular third-person)
overrod (past singular third-person)
override (present singular subjunctive)
overrode (past singular subjunctive)
override (past singular subjunctive)
override (imperative present singular)
overriden (plural present)
override (plural present)
overroden (past plural)
overrode (past plural)
overriden (past plural)
override (past plural)
overrideth (imperative plural present)
override (imperative plural present)
overridynge (participle present)
overridende (participle present)
overriden (participle past)
override (participle past)

English: override

From Old English oferrīdan; equivalent to over- + riden.

(rare) To come upon without warning; to beset.


clawen

clawen (infinitive)
to clawen (infinitive)
clawe (infinitive)
clawe (first-person present singular)
clawed (first-person past singular)
clew (first-person past singular)
clawest (present second-person singular)
clawedest (past second-person singular)
clewe (past second-person singular)
clew (past second-person singular)
claweth (present singular third-person)
clawed (past singular third-person)
clew (past singular third-person)
clawe (present singular subjunctive)
clawed (past singular subjunctive)
clewe (past singular subjunctive)
clawe (imperative present singular)
clawen (plural present)
clawe (plural present)
claweden (past plural)
clawede (past plural)
clewen (past plural)
clewe (past plural)
claweth (imperative plural present)
clawe (imperative plural present)
clawynge (participle present)
clawende (participle present)
clawed (participle past)
clawen (participle past)
clawe (participle past)
yclawed (participle past)
yclawen (participle past)

English: claw

Scots: claw

From Old English clawan, clāwan, *clēn, clawian, from Proto-Germanic *klawjaną; equivalent to clawe + -en (infinitival suffix).

To scratch at with the claws; to claw or make lacerations.


clawe

English: claw

Scots: claw, clau

From Old English clawu, from Proto-Germanic *klawō. Doublet of cle.

A claw; a horny nail on the feet of certain animals.

A hoof; a horny toe on the feet of equids.


cle

English: cley (dialectal)

From Old English clēa, from Proto-Germanic *klawō. Doublet of clawe.


clawynge

English: clawing


marschal

English: marshal
→ Malay: marsyal

Scots: marshal

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mareschal, from Medieval Latin mariscalcus, either from Frankish *marhaskalk or from Old High German marah-scalc (“horse-servant”), from Proto-West Germanic *marh + *skalk (whence Old Saxon maraskalk, marahscalc). Compare Middle English mere (“mare”) and schalk.

der

A stablemaster (one who supervises horses).

A marshal (supreme commander of an armed force).

A supervisor of the Marshalsea Court (alongside the king's steward).

A supervisor of the procedure or ceremonies.

(rare) The chief minister of the English royal court.


chafur

English: chafer

From Old English ċeafor, from Proto-West Germanic *kefrō.
The presence of medial /f/ instead of expected /v/ in variant forms is unexpected.


thornbak

English: thornback

The stickleback (member of the family Gasterosteidae).


pullayle

Borrowed from Old French polaille, poulaille.


pulter

English: poulter, poulterer

Borrowed from Old French pouletier; equivalent to pulet + -er.

A poulterer; a retailer of poultry or fowl.


pultrie

English: poultry

Scots: pootry, poutrie

Yola: pultry

Borrowed from Old French pouleterie; equivalent to pulet + -erie or pulter + -ie.

Poultry (chickens, geese, or similar birds kept for their products)


groyn

English: groyne, groin

Scots: grone (possibly)

Yola: gring

Borrowed from Old French groign (French groin), from Late Latin grunium, grunia. The variation in pronunciation probably reflects variation in Old French and in methods of adapting Old French phonemes.


roobukke

English: roebuck

Scots: raebuck

Yola: robunkshough (nasal)


snowte

English: snout

Scots: snout, snoot

→ English: snoot

From Middle Dutch snute or Middle Low German snute; both ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *snūt.

The facial features or appearance of a person; how one's face looks.


flowndre

English: flounder

Scots: flunner, flunder

From Anglo-Norman floundre, from Old Norse flyðra, from Proto-Germanic *flunþrijǭ.

Platichthys flesus
Platichthys flesus#Translingual

flounder (Platichthys flesus or a similar fish)


bacoun

English: bacon (see there for further descendants)

Scots: bawcon

→ Welsh: bacwn

Yola: bawkoon, bawcoon, bacoon, bakoon

From Anglo-Norman bacon, bacun, from Frankish *bakō, from Proto-Germanic *bakô. Compare bak.

Cured meat from the back and sides of a pig; bacon.


flicche

English: flitch

Scots: fleech

Inherited from Old English fliċċe, from Proto-West Germanic *flikkī, from Proto-Germanic *flikkiją. Forms with hard k(k)/c(k) likely rather from Old Norse flikki.

The flank or side of an animal, especially one of a pig which has been made into bacon; a flitch.


mastyf

English: mastiff

→ Welsh: mastiff

Scots: mastiff

From Old French mastin (modern French mâtin), from Vulgar Latin *mansuetinus (“tamed (animal)”), from Latin mansuetus (“tamed”). The final -f is due to influence from Old French mestif; some forms have totally assimilated to that word.


frossh

English: frosh, frosk

From Old English frosc and Old Norse froskr, both from Proto-Germanic *fruskaz. The soft /ʃ/ of some forms is ultimately from the Old English gen.-dat. sg. frosċe(s); it is unknown whether this had already begun to spread to other cases within the Old English period or if it happened in early Middle English, when the collapse of the case system would have encouraged leveling within paradigms.

A frog or toad (member of the order Anura)


fesaunt

desctree

English: pheasant
→ Welsh: ffesant
→ Cornish: fesont

Scots: pheasant

Borrowed from Old French fesan, from Latin phāsiānus, from Ancient Greek φᾱσιανός (phāsianós).


scorpioun

English: scorpion

Borrowed from Old French scorpion, from Latin scorpiō, from Ancient Greek σκορπῐ́ος (skorpĭ́os); reinforced by existing Old English sċorpio, from the same Latin source.

Someone who practices deception or lewdness.


daunten

enm-verb

daunten (third-person singular simple present daunteth, present participle dauntende, dauntynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle daunted)

daunteth (present singular third-person)
dauntende (participle present)
dauntynge (participle present)
daunted (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
daunten (infinitive)
to daunten (infinitive)
daunte (infinitive)
daunte (first-person present singular)
daunted (first-person past singular)
dauntest (present second-person singular)
dauntedest (past second-person singular)
daunteth (present singular third-person)
daunted (past singular third-person)
daunte (present singular subjunctive)
daunted (past singular subjunctive)
daunte (imperative present singular)
daunten (plural present)
daunte (plural present)
daunteden (past plural)
dauntede (past plural)
daunteth (imperative plural present)
daunte (imperative plural present)
dauntynge (participle present)
dauntende (participle present)
daunted (participle past)
ydaunted (participle past)

English: daunt

Scots: daunt

Borrowed from Old French danter, donter, from Latin domitō.

To domesticate or exert command over animals.


eyrer

English: eyrer

Uncertain. Perhaps from ey, eyer (“egg(s)”). Or “eyre” to ride circuit.


stagge

English: stag

Scots: steg, staig

Yola: staag

From Old English stagga, stacga (“a stag”), from Proto-Germanic *staggijô, *staggijaz (“male, male deer, porcupine”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *stegʰ-, *stengʰ-. Some forms influenced by the cognate Old Norse steggi, steggr.


tygre

English: tiger (see there for further descendants)

Scots: teeger

From Anglo-Norman tigre and Old English tigras (pl.), from Latin tigris, from Ancient Greek τίγρις (tígris), from an Iranian language.

Panthera tigris
Panthera tigris#Translingual


drane

English: drone

Scots: dron

From the oblique cases of Old English drān, dran, from Proto-West Germanic *drānu, from Proto-Germanic *drēnuz.


horsbak

English: horseback

(with on, upon, etc.) horseback (a horse's back)


horsscho

English: horseshoe


hors her

English: horsehair


horstaile

English: horsetail


horscomb

desc

English: horse-comb, horsecomb, horse comb

From Old English horscamb; equivalent to hors + comb.

curry comb, horse-comb (comb for brushing horses)


paunche

English: paunch

Scots: painch

From Old French pance, from Latin panticem, accusative of pantex. Doublet of paunce.


pawe

English: paw

Scots: paw

Borrowed from Old French po(w)e. First documented in the early 14th century.
/au̯/ may be either dialectal or due to influence from clawe. Cf. jowe~jaue.


pown

English: pawn

Scots: poun

From Anglo-Norman poun, paun, from Late Latin pedōnem.


foun

English: fawn

Borrowed from Old French faon, foon, feun, from Vulgar Latin *fētōnem, from Latin fētus (“offspring, progeny”).


fawnen

enm-verb

fawnen (third-person singular simple present fawneth, present participle fawnende, fawnynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fawned)

fawneth (present singular third-person)
fawnende (participle present)
fawnynge (participle present)
fawned (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
fawnen (infinitive)
to fawnen (infinitive)
fawne (infinitive)
fawne (first-person present singular)
fawned (first-person past singular)
fawnest (present second-person singular)
fawnedest (past second-person singular)
fawneth (present singular third-person)
fawned (past singular third-person)
fawne (present singular subjunctive)
fawned (past singular subjunctive)
fawne (imperative present singular)
fawnen (plural present)
fawne (plural present)
fawneden (past plural)
fawnede (past plural)
fawneth (imperative plural present)
fawne (imperative plural present)
fawnynge (participle present)
fawnende (participle present)
fawned (participle past)
yfawned (participle past)

English: fawn

From Old English fagnian, fæġnian, from Proto-West Germanic *faganōn, from Proto-Germanic *faganōną.

To fawn; to seek favour through flattery.


fawnynge

English: fawning

The seeking of favour by way of flattery; flattering, fawning.


yrchoun

English: urchin

Scots: hurcheon

From Old Northern French irechon, herichun, from Vulgar Latin *ērīciōnem.

before 1400, The Romaunt of the Rose, translated from French, partially by Geoffrey Chaucer

[…] Like sharp urchouns his here was growe, / His eyes rede as the fire-glow; […]

hedgehog (mammal of the family Erinaceidae or similar animal)


tichen

English: tick, titch

Yola: titch, thick, tick

From Old English tiċċen (“goatling”) from Proto-West Germanic *tikkīn; equivalent to tik- + -chen from Old English -ċen, double diminutive suffix from Proto-Germanic *-ukaz + *-īną.


medewax

Either mede (“mead (beverage)”) or mede (“meadow”) + wax (“wax”).


baleyne

English: baleen


humbul-be

English: bumblebee

Scots: bumbee

Yola: bumble-bee

Compound of humble (“to hum, drone”) + be (“bee”). Compare Middle Dutch hommel, hummel (“bumblebee”).


amblere

English: ambler


beestly

English: beastly

physical; non-spiritual (of faculties, knowledge, etc.)

(rare) animal (of or pertaining to animals)

(rare) beastly, depraved (lacking human sensibility)


bestaile

Middle Scots: bestiall

→ English: bestial

From Old French bestaille, from Late Latin bēstiālia, from bēstiālis (“bestial”).


cowschote

English: cushat, quist, queest

Scots: cushat

From Old English cūsċeote, as if from cū + sċeote, though this would be semantically dubious.


pygeoun

English: pigeon

Scots: pigeon

Borrowed from Middle French pigeon, from Old French pyjon, from Latin pīpiōnem, accusative of pīpiō.

A dove or pigeon (especially if young or when cooked).


sparhauk

English: sparhawk; sparrowhawk

desc

Scots: sparhalk, sparhauke, sperhawke, sperhalk

→ Scottish Gaelic: speireag

From Old English spearhafoc, from Proto-West Germanic *sparwahabuk, from Proto-Germanic *sparwahabukaz; equivalent to sparwe + hauk.


sperver

English: sparver (obsolete)

From Old French esprevier, from Old Dutch *sparwari (“sparrow-hawk”, literally “sparrow-eagle”).


moldewarpe

desc

English: mouldwarp, modiwarp, molewarp, moldwarp, modiwort, moldiwarp, moudiwarp, moudiwart, moudiewarp, mowdiwart, mowdiwort

Scots: malwart

From Old English *moldeweorpe, from Proto-Germanic *muldawurpiz (“earth-thrower, mole”). Compare werpen.


hiene

⇒ English: hyena

Borrowed from Old French hiene, from Medieval Latin hyēna, from Latin hyaena, from Ancient Greek ὕαινα (húaina). Some forms are rebuilt on the Latin etymon.


taloun

English: talon

Borrowed from Old French talon (“heel, spur”), from Medieval Latin tālōnem, from Vulgar Latin *tālōnis, from Latin tālus.


menowe

English: minnow, minny, minnie

Scots: mennon, minnon

From earlier *minwe, *menwe, from the oblique forms of Old English *mynu, from Proto-West Germanic *muniwu.


menuse

From Middle French menuise, from Latin minūtia. Compare mynute.


pellican

English: pelican

Scots: pelican

From Old English pellican, from Latin pellicanus, variant of pelecānus, from Ancient Greek πελεκάν (pelekán).


arsoun

English: arson (obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French arçon, from Vulgar Latin *arciō.


troute

English: trout

Scots: trout, troot

From Old English truht and Old French truite, both from Late Latin tructa, possibly from Ancient Greek τρώκτης (trṓktēs).


damey

Probably from Anglo-Norman damehe (“flock”), from dame (“lady”, compare Middle English dame).


stirop

English: stirrup

Scots: stirrup, strip, strup

From Old English stiġrāp, stīrāp; equivalent to stien + rop (“rope”).


wasshere

English: washer


mavys

English: mavis

Scots: mavis

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman mauvis, possibly from a Medieval Latin *malvitius.


goslyng

English: gosling, gesling

Yola: gozleen

From Old Norse gæsling, géslingr; equivalent to goos + -ling. Some forms are altered due to the influence of goos.


chyvachie

English: chevauchee (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Old French chevauchie, chevauchée, from Medieval Latin caballicāta.

A band of mounted warriors; a cavalcade.


chivaler

English: chevalier (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman chevaler and Middle French chevalier, from Late Latin caballārius.

(Late Middle English) knight (noble equestrian soldier)


chivalerie

English: chivalry (remodelled after modern French)

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman and Old French chevalerie; equivalent to chivaler + -ie.

The state of being a knight; knighthood.


brunswyn

From broun (“brown, dark”) + swyn (“pig”).

(Late Middle English, hapax) porpoise (cetacean of family Phocoenidae)


porpeys

English: porpoise

Scots: porpoise

Borrowed from Old French porpeis, from Vulgar Latin *porcopiscis; compare pork.


mereswyn

English: mereswine

Scots: mereswine

Inherited from Old English mereswīn, from Proto-West Germanic *mariswīn, from Proto-Germanic *mariswīną; equivalent to mere (“lake, sea”) + swyn (“pig”).

dolphin (cetacean of family Delphinidae)


delphyn

English: dolphin

Scots: dowphin

→ Welsh: dolffin

Borrowed from Latin delphīnus, from Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphís); doublet of Dauphin.
Forms with -o- are probably influenced by the pronunciation of Middle French dauphin (approximately /dɔˈfĩː/).

(Late Middle English, rare) dolphin (cetacean of family Delphinidae)


malard

English: mallard

Borrowed from Old French mallart, probably from masle (“male”) + -art, in which case equivalent to male (“male”) + -ard. Alternatively, the Old French term may be from Old High German Madelhart.

Anas platyrhynchos
Anas platyrhynchos#Translingual

A mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), especially the male.


soundre

English: sounder

Borrowed from Old Northern French sondre, from a Germanic language (compare Old English sunor).

bor+

(Late Middle English) sounder (herd of boars)


playce

q

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="en">plaise</i>

English: plaice (obsolete plaise)

>? Scots: plash

Borrowed from Old French plaiz, plaise, from Late Latin platessa.

Pleuronectes platessa
Pleuronectes platessa#Translingual

The European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) or a similar flatfish.


dauntynge

English: daunting

Scots: dauntin

Domestication or control (of animals or emotions)


heyfre

English: heifer (obsolete dialectal hefker, hekfer)

Scots: heifer

Yola: hiver

Inherited from Old English hēahfore, hēahfru, of disputed etymology; see that entry for discussion.
Notes on phonological development
Forms with /ɛː/ continue Late Old English hēafru, which develops from a syncopated hēahfru with simplification of the resulting consonant cluster /xfr/. In these forms, the first-syllable vowel /æ͜ɑː/ retained its length, regularly developing to /ɛː/ because the medial cluster /fr/ was identified as the onset of the second syllable (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑː.fre/). Forms with /ɛ/ and /a/ come in part from forms where the cluster was split between the two syllables, resulting in regular shortening of the initial-syllable vowel (i.e. /ˈxæ͜ɑf.re/), but as we will see, they also continue Old English trisyllabic hēahfore.
In trisyllabic forms of this word (hē̆ahfore, hē̆hfore), the first-syllabic vowel was regularly shortened due to trisyllabic shortening; the remaining forms with /ɛ/, /a/ develop when /x/ was lost before it could cause the diphthongisation ("breaking") of the preceding vowel, while those with /æi̯/ are the result of this breaking. In forms with /kf/, /x/ was subject to fortition instead of being lost (pace Liberman; compare sixt (“(thou) seest”), sikth (“(he) sees”)); forms with /fk/ are further developments of these forms due to metathesis.


vermyn

English: vermin, varmint

Scots: vermin, vermil

Borrowed from Old French vermin, vermine, from Vulgar Latin *verminum.

(collective) Dangerous or foul animals; beasts or pests.

(collective) Pestilent or odious insects or other invertebrates.

(hunting, often collective) Worthless or unwanted quarry.


ryngbon

English: ringbone

Middle Scots: ringbane

From ryng (“ring”) + bon (“bone”). Old English hringbān is probably unrelated, as it means "eye socket" and there is a long gap in attestation.


liggere

English: ledger, ligger

From liggen, leggen (variant of leyen "to lie") + -er.

af

variant of <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">leyen</i> "to lie"

A support, base, or foundation:
A particular sort of saddletree.


merlioun

desc

English: merlin, marlin, marlion, marlyon, merline, merlion, merlon

Scots: maalin (Shetland)

→ Dutch: merlijn

From earlier *emerlioun, emerlyoun, borrowed from Old French esmerillon, diminutive of esmeril, from Frankish *smiril, from Proto-Germanic *smirilaz.
The borrowing of monosyllabic Old French /ʎun/ as disyllabic /liˈuːn/ and the tendency for it to reduce to /lin/ rather than /ljun/ is probably to avoid the creation of a cluster /rlj/, though influence from lioun (“lion”) is also possible.

Falco columbarius
Falco columbarius#Translingual


ricchen

enm-verb

ricchen (third-person singular simple present riccheth, present participle ricchende, ricchynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle ricched)

riccheth (present singular third-person)
ricchende (participle present)
ricchynge (participle present)
ricched (first-person indicative participle past singular third-person)
ricchen (infinitive)
to ricchen (infinitive)
ricche (first-person present singular)
ricched (first-person past singular)
ricchest (present second-person singular)
ricchedest (past second-person singular)
riccheth (present singular third-person)
ricched (past singular third-person)
ricche (present singular subjunctive)
ricched (past singular subjunctive)
ricche (imperative present singular)
ricchen (plural present)
ricche (plural present)
riccheden (past plural)
ricchede (past plural)
riccheth (imperative plural present)
ricche (imperative plural present)
ricchynge (participle present)
ricchende (participle present)
ricched (participle past)
yricched (participle past)

Apparently inherited from Old English *ryċċan, from Proto-West Germanic *rukkijan, from Proto-Germanic *rukkijaną. Compare rokken.


yelte

English: yelt

From Old English ġilte, *ġielte, from Proto-West Germanic *galtijā, from *galtō + *-jā, from Proto-Germanic *galtô (whence Old Norse gylta, gyltr (“young sow”)), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel- (“to cut”).


arayne

desc

English: arran, arrand (dialectal, obsolete)

Borrowed from Old French araigne, aragne, iraigne, from Latin arānea, related to or derived from Ancient Greek ἀράχνη (arákhnē).


schereman

English: shearman


yelke

obsolete <i class="Latn mention" lang="enm">yelk</i>

English: yolk (obsolete yelk)

Fingallian: yolk

Scots: yolk

Inherited from Old English ġeolca, syncopic form of ġeoloca; compare yelow (“yellow”).


cropoun

English: croupon

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cropoun (“buttocks”) (continental Old French crepon); equivalent to croupe + -oun.

bor+

A croupiere (armour covering a horse's hindquarters)


croper

English: crupper

Borrowed from Anglo-Norman cruper (“croupiere”); equivalent to croupe + -er.