mase

ᠮᠠᠰᡝ ᠮᠠᠰᡝ#Manchu


eigen

ᡝᡳᡤᡝᠨ ᡝᡳᡤᡝᠨ#Manchu


ilha

ᡳᠯᡥᠠ ᡳᠯᡥᠠ#Manchu


aika

ᠠᡳᡴᠠ ᠠᡳᡴᠠ#Manchu


coro

ᠴᠣᡵᠣ ᠴᠣᡵᠣ#Manchu


erin

ᡝᡵᡳᠨ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ#Manchu


gala

ᡤᠠᠯᠠ ᡤᠠᠯᠠ#Manchu


waka

ᠸᠠᡴᠠ ᠸᠠᡴᠠ#Manchu


coco

ᠴᠣᠴᠣ ᠴᠣᠴᠣ#Manchu


mulan

ᠮᡠᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᠯᠠᠨ#Manchu


basa

ᠪᠠᠰᠠ ᠪᠠᠰᠠ#Manchu


haha

ᡥᠠᡥᠠ ᡥᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu


hasi

ᡥᠠᠰᡳ ᡥᠠᠰᡳ#Manchu


taka

ᡨᠠᡴᠠ ᡨᠠᡴᠠ#Manchu


ihan

ᡳᡥᠠᠨ ᡳᡥᠠᠨ#Manchu


naya

ᠨᠠᠶᠠ ᠨᠠᠶᠠ#Manchu


dorgi

ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ#Manchu


amasi

ᠠᠮᠠᠰᡳ ᠠᠮᠠᠰᡳ#Manchu


sain

ᠰᠠᡳᠨ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ#Manchu


hehe

ᡥᡝᡥᡝ ᡥᡝᡥᡝ#Manchu


sike

ᠰᡳᡴᡝ ᠰᡳᡴᡝ#Manchu


hamu

ᡥᠠᠮᡠ ᡥᠠᠮᡠ#Manchu


yali

ᠶᠠᠯᡳ ᠶᠠᠯᡳ#Manchu


tere

ᡨᡝᡵᡝ ᡨᡝᡵᡝ#Manchu


namu

ᠨᠠᠮᡠ ᠨᠠᠮᡠ#Manchu


susu

ᠰᡠᠰᡠ ᠰᡠᠰᡠ#Manchu


fili

ᡶᡳᠯᡳ ᡶᡳᠯᡳ#Manchu


muke

ᠮᡠᡴᡝ ᠮᡠᡴᡝ#Manchu


mudan

ᠮᡠᡩᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡩᠠᠨ#Manchu


nadan

ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ#Manchu


naca

ᠨᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠠᠴᠠ#Manchu


arki

ᠠᡵᡴᡳ ᠠᡵᡴᡳ#Manchu


oros

ᠣᡵᠣᠰ ᠣᡵᠣᠰ#Manchu


ainu

ᠠᡳᠨᡠ ᠠᡳᠨᡠ#Manchu


alin

ᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ#Manchu


yasa

ᠶᠠᠰᠠ ᠶᠠᠰᠠ#Manchu


fefe

ᡶᡝᡶᡝ ᡶᡝᡶᡝ#Manchu


hoki

ᡥᠣᡴᡳ ᡥᠣᡴᡳ#Manchu


tana

ᡨᠠᠨᠠ ᡨᠠᠨᠠ#Manchu


duka

ᡩᡠᡴᠠ ᡩᡠᡴᠠ#Manchu


namun

ᠨᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᠨᠠᠮᡠᠨ#Manchu


baita

ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ#Manchu


buda

ᠪᡠᡩᠠ ᠪᡠᡩᠠ#Manchu


mayan

ᠮᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


uksin

ᡠᡴᠰᡳᠨ ᡠᡴᠰᡳᠨ#Manchu


tumin

ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ#Manchu


manju

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ#Manchu


amaka

ᠠᠮᠠᡴᠠ ᠠᠮᠠᡴᠠ#Manchu


ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ

From Jurchen 阿捏 (aniya /a-nie/), from Proto-Tungusic *aniganī. Compare Evenki анӈани (anŋaņi).

ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ
ᡩᠠᡵᡳ

ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ
ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ


elden

ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠨ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠨ#Manchu


amba

ᠠᠮᠪᠠ ᠠᠮᠪᠠ#Manchu


falan

ᡶᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᡶᠠᠯᠠᠨ#Manchu


ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ

desc

→ Chagatai: مَانْجُو

→ Chagatai: مَانْجُو

Uyghur: مانجۇ (manju)

zh-l

滿洲／满洲 (Mǎnzhōu)

滿珠／满珠 (Mǎnzhū)

→ Chinese: 滿洲／满洲 (Mǎnzhōu), 滿珠／满珠 (Mǎnzhū)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ (manǰu)

Mongolian: ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ (manǰu), манж (manž)

→ Tuvan: манчы (mançı)

→ Daur: manj

→ Solon: manji

Unknown.
A native Tungusic origin is proposed by Benzing and Hölzl and others, see Proto-Tungusic *Maŋgu (“Amur”) entry for more.
According to official histories from the Qing dynasty, Nurhaci, a military leader of the Jurchens of Northeast China and founder of what became the Qing dynasty, named his tribe after Sanskrit मञ्जुश्री (mañjuśrī, “Manjushri”) as the Manchus. The name is from मञ्जु (mañju, “gentle”) + श्री (śrī, “glory”). Also compare Chinese 文殊 (Wénshū, “Manjushri”).
Some other theories exist; see 满族 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ᶻʰ


ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᡳᠨᠵᡝᡴᡠ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᠮᡠᠰᡝᡳ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠠᡳᡴᠠ
ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠨᡳᠣ᠉

musei niyamangga gisun aika nikan gisun nio.

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠪᡝ
ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ
ᠠᠮᡨᠠᠩᡤᠠ᠉

manju gisun be tacirengge umesi amtangga.


ᠮᡠᡴᡝ

→ Korean: 우케 (uke)

From Jurchen 木克 (mu-ke /muke/), from a diminutive form of Proto-Tungusic *mū, which often compared with Mongolian мөрөн (mörön, “river”), Korean 물 (mul, “water”), Goguryeo 買 (*me, “river; water”) and Japanese 水 (mizu, “water”). Cognate with Bala 木克, Evenki мӯ (mū), Even мӯ (mū), Oroqen mu꞉, Negidal мӯ, Oroch мӯ, Orok мӯ (mū).


ulden

ᡠᠯᡩᡝᠨ ᡠᠯᡩᡝᠨ#Manchu


juwan

ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ#Manchu


morin

ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ#Manchu


okto

ᠣᡴᡨᠣ ᠣᡴᡨᠣ#Manchu


yaya

ᠶᠠᠶᠠ ᠶᠠᠶᠠ#Manchu


jase

ᠵᠠᠰᡝ ᠵᠠᠰᡝ#Manchu


amala

ᠠᠮᠠᠯᠠ ᠠᠮᠠᠯᠠ#Manchu


ᠪᡳ

From Jurchen *bi, which came from Proto-Tungusic *bi, whence Evenki би (bi), Even би (ʙi), Negidal би, Oroch би, Nanai ми (mi), Orok би (bi), Ulch би, and Udihe би (bi).
Compare also Mongolian би (bi), from Proto-Mongolic *bi and Proto-Turkic *ben (“I”).

ᠪᡳ
ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ᠉

(first-person singular, nominative case) I


ᠰᡳ

From Jurchen ši, from Proto-Tungusic *si (“you, thou”). Compare also Evenki си (si), Even хи (hi) and Udihe си.

(second-person singular, nominative case) you


ᡳ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as i.


ᡳ

(third-person singular, nominative case) he; she; it


ᡳ

genitive case
Appendix:Glossary#genitive case

instrumental case
Appendix:Glossary#instrumental case

Particle used to form the genitive case and the instrumental case.


ᠮᡠᠰᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *münti. Cognate with Bala 木色 (muse).

(first-person plural, nominative case, inclusive) we


ᠰᡠᠸᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *süe, compare Nanai суэ (sue).

(second-person plural, nominative case) you


ᠴᡝ

Inherited from Proto-Tungusic *ti (“they”).

inh+

(third-person plural, nominative case) they


ᠠᡤᠠ

ᠠᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ ᠠᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


mederi

ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ#Manchu


beging

ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ#Manchu


noor

ᠨᠣᠣᡵ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ#Manchu


bayan

ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


ᡝᠮᡠ

From Jurchen әmu, from Proto-Tungusic *ume-/*emu-. Cognate with Evenki умӯн (umūn), Even өмэн (ömən) and Even умэн (umən) (Ola Dialect in Magadan), Solon emung.


ᡳᠯᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xilaga (“flower”), itself derived from *xila- (“to blossom”).


ᠵᡠᠸᡝ

From Jurchen dʒo (Jurchen script: )
, from Proto-Tungusic *ʒȫr, cognate with Ulch дюэл, Solon juur, Even дӫ̄р (ʒȫr), Evenki дю̄р (ʒūr).


ᡳᠯᠠᠨ

From Jurchen ilan, from Proto-Tungusic *ilan. Cognate with Even и̇ла̇н (i̇lȧn), Evenki илан (ilan), Oroqen ɪlan, Negidal илан, Solon ilang, Nanai илан (ilan) (ilan) and Ulch и̇ла (ịla) etc.


ᡩᡠᡳᠨ

From Jurchen duwin (Jurchen script: ), from Proto-Tungusic *dügin. Cognate with Evenki дыгин (digin), Even дигэн (ʒigən), Nanai дуин (duin), Negidal диғин (diɣin), Solon diḡing.


ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ

From Jurchen ʃundʒa, from Proto-Tungusic *tuńga. Cognate with Nanai тойңга, Oroch туӈа (tuŋa), Udihe туӈа (tuŋa), Even ту̇нӈа̇н (tu̇nŋȧn), Evenki тунӈа (tunŋa), Oroqen tʊŋŋa, Solon tonga etc.

cog

Nanai тойңга

Even ту̇нӈа̇н (tu̇nŋȧn)


ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ńuŋun. Compare Jurchen niŋgu (Jurchen script: ). Cognate with Nanai нюңгун, Udihe њуӈу (ńuŋu), Even нюӈэн (ņuŋən), Evenki нюӈун (ņuŋun), Oroqen ɲuŋun, Solon ningung etc.

Nanai нюңгун

Even нюӈэн (ņuŋən)

ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠ


ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ

From Jurchen nadan, from Proto-Tungusic *nadan.


ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ

head

ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ • (jakūn)

From Proto-Tungusic *ʒapkun. Compare Jurchen d͡ʒɑkun (Jurchen script: ).
Cognate with Nanai дякпон (ʒakpon), Udihe ʒакпу (ʒakpu), Negidal ӡапкун (ӡapkun), Oroqen dʒapkʊn, Evenki дяпкун (ʒapkun)and Even дяпкан (ʒapkan) etc.


ᡠᠶᡠᠨ

From Jurchen ujewun, from Proto-Tungusic *xüjegün. Cognate with Nanai хуюн (hujun), Even уюн (ujun), Evenki егин (jegin), Oroqen yəyin, Negidal ийэғин (ijəɣin) and Solon yeging etc.


ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ

From Jurchen dʒua, from Proto-Tungusic *ʒuban. Cognate with Nanai дёан (ʒoan), Evenki дян (ʒan), Even мян (mẹn), Oroqen dʒa꞉n, Negidal ӡāн (ʒān) and Solon jaang etc.


ᠣᡵᡳᠨ

From Jurchen orin, from Proto-Tungusic *xorin.


ᡤᡡᠰᡳᠨ

ᡤᡡᠰᡳᠨ • (gūsin)

From Jurchen gushin. Akin to Mongolian гуч (guč).


ᡤᡡᠰᡳᠨ

ᡤᡡᠰᡳᠨ • (gūsin)

the thirtieth day of a month of the Chinese lunar calendar


ᡩᡝᡥᡳ

From Jurchen tehi, from Proto-Tungusic *deki.


ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨᠵᡠ

ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨᠵᡠ • (jakūnju)

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡳ
ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ᠈
ᡠᠵᡠᡳ
ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ
manju-i yargiyan kooli, ujui debtelin
滿洲實錄第一卷

ᡨᡝᡵᡝ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᡳ
ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠ
ᡩᡝ᠈
ᡨᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᡤᡝᠪᡠᠩᡤᡝ
ᠣᠮᠣ
ᠪᡳ᠈
ᡧᡠᡵᡩᡝᠮᡝ
ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨᠵᡠ
ᠪᠠ᠉

tere alin-i ninggu de, tamun-i gebungge omo bi, šurdeme jakūnju ba.

At the top of the mountain is a pond called Tamun, (its) circumference is 80 miles.


ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ

ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ • (tanggū)

From Jurchen tangu, from Proto-Tungusic *taŋgu. Compare also Nanai танго (taŋo).


ᠮᡳᠩᡤᠠᠨ

From Jurchen mingan, cognate with Nanai минган (miŋan), Udihe миӈга (miŋga), Oroch миӈга (miŋga), Ulch миӈга (miŋga), Orok миӈга (minga), Solon miŋga and Negidal ме̄ӈган.

cog

Negidal ме̄ӈган


girin

ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ#Manchu


suran

ᠰᡠᡵᠠᠨ ᠰᡠᡵᠠᠨ#Manchu


talman

ᡨᠠᠯᠮᠠᠨ ᡨᠠᠯᠮᠠᠨ#Manchu


ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xōsikta, compare Jurchen oʃïxa, cognate with Evenki осикта (osikta), Oroqen ɔʃɪkta.


ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ

ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ#Manchu


ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ

head

ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ • (šolontu)

šolontu (romanization)
ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ (alternative)


ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ

ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ • (šolontu)


darun

ᡩᠠᡵᡠᠨ ᡩᠠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


ᡧᡠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *sige, compare Evenki сигӯн (sigūn) and Nanai сиун (siun).


ᡧᡠᠨ

Emperor Shun, legendary ruler of ancient China


ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ

From Jurchen muri, 木力 (mu-li /muri/), from Proto-Tungusic *murin. Cognate with Oroqen mʊrɪn, Evenki мурин (murin), Even мурон (muron) and Solon moring. Also connected with the Korean ᄆᆞᆯ (“horse”).

ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ
ᠶᠠᠯᡠᠮᠪᡳ

ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ
ᡝᡵᡳᠨ

(astrology) seventh earthly branch: horse in the Chinese zodiac, 5th solar month


ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ

horse, the seventh of the twelve earthly branches


ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

From Jurchen *bira, from Proto-Tungusic *bira (“river”); cognate with Even бира (ʙira), Evenki бира (bira).

ᠴᡳᠩ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

the Qinghe River (a river located in Beijing, which is a tributary of the Wenyu River.)


ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡴᡡ

ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡴᡡ • (tacikū)

From ᡨᠠᠴᡳ᠊ (taci-, “to study”) + ᠊ᡴᡡ (-kū).


ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ

The etymology is "conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include:
* Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”).
* Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”).
* Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢 /汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals.
* Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of "servant", the meaning of which transferred to "Han Chinese" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says:
*: "Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?"

unk

"conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation"


ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ

→ Chinese: 尼堪 (Níkān) (transliteration)


sogi

ᠰᠣᡤᡳ ᠰᠣᡤᡳ#Manchu


arfa

ᠠᡵᡶᠠ ᠠᡵᡶᠠ#Manchu


jeje

ᠵᡝᠵᡝ ᠵᡝᠵᡝ#Manchu


weihe

ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ#Manchu


biya

ᠪᡳᠶᠠ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ#Manchu


nure

ᠨᡠᡵᡝ ᠨᡠᡵᡝ#Manchu


gurun

ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


tugi

ᡨᡠᡤᡳ ᡨᡠᡤᡳ#Manchu


juwe

ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ᠵᡠᠸᡝ#Manchu


ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ (dulimbai, “middle”) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”). Calque of Chinese 中國 /中国 (Zhōngguó, “Middle Kingdom”).


wargi

ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ#Manchu


uyan

ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


hise

ᡥᡳᠰᡝ ᡥᡳᠰᡝ#Manchu


mafa

ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᠮᠠᡶᠠ#Manchu


weile

ᠸᡝᡳᠯᡝ ᠸᡝᡳᠯᡝ#Manchu


ulin

ᡠᠯᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᡳᠨ#Manchu


gege

ᡤᡝᡤᡝ ᡤᡝᡤᡝ#Manchu


ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ

head

ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ • (jimbi) (imperative ᠵᡳᠣ or ᠵᡠ, future ᠵᡳᡩᡝᡵᡝ)

jimbi (romanization)
ᠵᡳᠣ (imperative)
ᠵᡠ (imperative)
ᠵᡳᡩᡝᡵᡝ (future)

滿洲實錄第一卷 /满洲实录第一卷
ᠪᡝᠶᡝ
ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡠᡴᡝᠨ
ᠣᡥᠣ
ᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ᠈
ᠵᡳᠣ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᡶᡳ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉
beye weihuken oho manggi, jio seme hendufi genehe.
"Come when your body becomes lighter." After saying this, they went away.


ᠵᡳᠣ

ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠸᡝᠰᡳᠮᠪᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *ugi-, compare Evenki угиривми (ugiriwmi).

滿洲實錄 第一卷
ᡝᠮᡝ
ᡠᡨᡥᠠᡳ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᡩᡝ
ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ᠉
eme uthai abka de wesike.
(His) mother then ascended into heaven.

清文啟蒙 第二卷
ᠠᡤᡝ
ᠰᡳ
ᠠᡨᠠᠩᡤᡳ
ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝᠩᡤᡝ᠈
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᡠᡵᡤᡠᠨ
ᡴᠠᡳ᠉
age si atanggi wesikengge, amba urgun kai.
When was it that you got a promotion? It's a great joy for you!


ᡴᡠᡧᡠᠨ

ᡴᡠᡧᡠᠨ • (kušun)

滿洲實錄第一卷
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠪᡝᠶᡝ
ᡴᡠᡧᡠᠨ
ᠣᡥᠣᠪᡳ᠉
mini beye kušun ohobi.
My body has become heavy.


ᡶᠠᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡶᠠᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ • (facuhūn)

滿洲實錄 第一卷
ᡝᠮᡝ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ᠈
ᠵᡠᡳ
ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡝ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᡶᠠᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠪᡝ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠮᡝ
ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᡴᡳᠨᡳ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠᠪᡳ᠉
eme hendume, jui simbe abka facuhūn gurun be dasame banjikini seme banjibuhabi.
Mother said, "Children, you are created by God to rule over (those) nations that are in chaos."


ᡝᠯᠪᡝᠮᠪᡳ

御製增訂清文鑑
ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ
ᡩᡝᠨ
ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡝᠯᠪᡝᡥᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᠪᡝ᠈
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
umesi den tumen jaka be elbehengge be, abka sembi.
Something that is very high and covering everything that exists, is called sky.


ᠠᠯᡤᡳᠨ

清文啟蒙第二卷
ᠠᡤᡝ ᡳ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᠠᠯᡤᡳᠨ
ᠪᡝ
ᡩᠣᠨᠵᡳᡶᡳ
ᡤᠣᡳᡩᠠᡥᠠ᠉
age-i amba algin be donjifi goidaha.
I have heard of your great name for a long time.


ᡶᡝᠯᡳᠶᡝᠮᠪᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *peli-, compare Nanai пулси- (pulsi-).

清文啟蒙 第二卷
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠪᠣᠣᡩᡝ
ᠮᠠᠵᡳᡤᡝ
ᡶᡝᠯᡳᠶᡝᡵᡝᠣ᠉
mini boode majige feliyereo.
Please visit my home for a little while.


ᡝᡳᠮᡝᠮᠪᡳ

清文啟蒙第二卷
...
ᡩᠠᠮᡠ
ᠶᠠᠪᡠᡥᠠᡳ
ᠠᡤᡝ
ᡩᡝ
ᡝᡳᠮᡝᠪᡠᡵᡝ
ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠪᡳᡴᠠᡳ᠉
... damu yabuhai age de eimebure inenggi bikai.
... but if I go there, it will be a tiring moment for you!

I hope you won't be tired of my visiting!


ᠠᡨᠠᠩᡤᡳ

清文啟蒙 第二卷
ᠠᡤᡝ
ᠰᡳ
ᠠᡨᠠᠩᡤᡳ
ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ᠉
age si atanggi jimbi.


ᠴᠠᠩᡤᡳ

清文啟蒙第一卷
ᠪᡳ
ᡩᠠᠮᡠ
ᠰᡳᠨᡳ
ᠠᠩᡤᠠᡳ
ᠴᠠᠩᡤᡳ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ
ᠰᡝᡥᡝᠪᡝ
ᡩᠣᠨᠵᡳᡵᡝ
ᡩᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠ᠈
ᠰᡳ
ᡝᠮᡤᡝᡵᡳ
ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡵᡝ
ᠪᡝ
ᠣᡵᠣᠨ
ᠰᠠᠪᡠᡥᠠᡴᡡ᠉
bi damu sini anggai canggi genembi sehebe donjire dabala, si emgeri yargiyan-i genere be oron sabuhakū.
I have only been hearing from your mouth saying, "I will surely go," but I have yet to see you really go.


ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ

清文啟蒙第二卷
ᡝᡵᡝ
ᡤᡝᠰᡝ
ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ
ᠠᡴᡡ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᡤᡝᠯᡳ
ᠪᡳᠨᡳ᠉
ere gese kooli akū baita geli bini.
Does such an unreasonable matter ever exist?

滿洲實錄第一卷
ᠮᡠᠰᡝ
ᠯᡳᠩᡩᠠᠨ
ᠣᡴᡨᠣ
ᠵᡝᡴᡝᠪᡳᡥᡝ᠈
ᠪᡠᠴᡝᡵᡝ
ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ
ᠠᡴᡡ᠉
muse lingdan okto jekebihe, bucere kooli akū.
We have already taken elixir, so there is no reason that you shall die.


ᠵᡳᡩᡝᡵᡝ

ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠠᠪᡴᠠ

Inherited from Jurchen *abxa (Jurchen script: , Image: ).

御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 天部 天文類 第一
ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ
ᡩᡝᠨ
ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡝᠯᠪᡝᡥᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᠪᡝ᠈
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
umesi den tumen jaka be elbehengge be, abka sembi.
Something that is very high and covering everything that exists, is called sky.

滿洲實錄 第一卷
ᡝᠮᡝ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ᠈
ᠵᡠᡳ
ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡝ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᡶᠠᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠪᡝ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠮᡝ
ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᡴᡳᠨᡳ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠪᡠᡥᠠᠪᡳ᠉
eme hendume, jui simbe abka facuhūn gurun be dasame banjikini seme banjibuhabi.
Mother said: "Children, you are created by God to rule over (those) nations that are in chaos."


ᠠᡳᠨᡠ

清文啟蒙 第二卷
ᠠᡤᡝ
ᠠᡳᠨᡠ
ᡠᡨᡨᡠ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉ ― age ainu uttu gisurembi. ― Why do you say this, brother?


ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠪᠰᡳ

ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠪᠰᡳ • (gūwabsi)

ᡤᡡᠸᠠ (gūwa, “other, else”) + -ᠪᠰᡳ (-bsi)

com

清文啟蒙
ᠰᡳᠨᡳ
ᠪᠣᠣᡳ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡝ
ᠪᠣᠣᡩᡝ
ᠠᡴᡡ᠈
ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠪᠰᡳ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ
ᠰᡝᡥᡝ᠉
sini booi niyalma simbe boode akū, gūwabsi genehe sehe.
Your family said you were not at home and that you had gone elsewhere.


ᡥᡝᡧᡠ ᡥᠠᡧᡠ

head

ᡥᡝᡧᡠ
ᡥᠠᡧᡠ • (hešu hašu)

清文啟蒙第二卷
ᠸᡝ
ᠶᠠ
ᡩᡝ
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᡥᡝᡧᡠ
ᡥᠠᡧᡠ ᡳ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᠠᡴᡡ
ᠨᡳ᠉
we ya de emu hešu hašu-i baita akū ni.
Who doesn't have some chores to deal with?


ᠠᠯᡳᠨ

滿洲實錄 第一卷
ᡨᡝᡵᡝ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ
ᠴᡳ
ᡨᡠᠴᡳᡴᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᠶᠠᠯᡠ᠈
ᡥᡡᠨᡨᡠᠩ᠈
ᠠᡳᡥᡠ
ᠰᡝᡵᡝ
ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩ
tere alin ci tucikengge yalu, hūntung, aihu sere ilan giyang
Coming out of that mountain are three rivers: Yalu, Hūntung, and Aihu.


ᠪᡝᠶᡝ

From Jurchen *bəje, from Proto-Tungusic *beje. Compare Nanai бэе (beje).


ᡤᡝᡤᡝ

→ Chinese: 格格

(Qing dynasty) daughter of the emperor, prince or king

(Qing dynasty) concubine of a member in the imperial clan


ᡠᠵᡠ

From Jurchen 兀住 (/uǰu/), commonly derived from Proto-Tungusic *irgä (“brain”), but vowels do not match this reconstruction.
Compare Evenki иргэ (irgə, “brain, mind”).


ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ

From Mongolic *tümen, from Proto-Turkic *tümen of uncertain origin.
Compare Jurchen tumən (Jurchen script: ), Mongolian түмэн (tümen), Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰢𐰤 (tümen).


simen

ᠰᡳᠮᡝᠨ ᠰᡳᠮᡝᠨ#Manchu


ᠮᡝᡳᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *müikī, compare Nanai муйки (mujki).


ᠮᡝᡳᡥᡝ

snake, the sixth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ

ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ
ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ
ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ • (dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun)

dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun (romanization)

(historical) Imperial Household Department; an institution of the Qing dynasty that managed the internal affairs of the Qing imperial family.

en-ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ_ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ_ᠪᡝ_ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ_ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ_ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ-mnc-name-4WCsgslN


ᡝᡵᡳᡴᡠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xeri- (“to sweep”). See Manchu ᡝᡵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (erimbi).


ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ

harbin (romanization)
ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ (alternative historical)

→ English: Harbin

→ Chinese: 哈爾濱 /哈尔滨 (Hā'ěrbīn)

The Official Guidebook of China, Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press, 1982, →ISBN, page 186: “Harbin used to be a fishing village and its name, in Manchu dialect, means drying fishnets. Unlike most of China, it has a very short history. Harbin was incorporated as a town in 1898.”

Harbin (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

From Jurchen  (*guru-un). Compare Mongolian гүрэн (güren, “state”).

ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ


ᠸᠠᠩ

→ Chagatai: وانک (wān͜k)

Uyghur: ۋاڭ (wang)


ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ

→ Chinese: 諾顏 /诺颜, 诺颜 (nuòyán)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠨ (noyan), from Middle Mongol [Term?].


ᡝᡵᠴᡳᠰ

→ Chinese: 額爾齊斯 /额尔齐斯 (É'ěrqísī)

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠰ (erčis), from Written Oirat ᡄᠷᡔᡅᠰ (ercis).

Irtysh (a river in China, Kazakhstan and Russia)


ᠯᠠᠮᠠ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠯᠠᠮᠠ (lama), from Classical Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).


aniya

ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ#Manchu


ᠰᡝᠪᡩᡝᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *semtu (“rust”). Cognate with Evenki сэмту (səmtu), Oroch сэмту (səmtu), Udihe сэмту (səmtu), Orok сэпту (səmtu), Nanai сэптучэ (səptučə), Ulch сэптучэ (səptučə).

cog

Ulch сэптучэ (səptučə)


ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *ximansa (“snow”). Compare Jurchen 亦忙吉 (yi-mang-ji /imanggi/), Evenki иманна (imanna), Nanai симана (simana).


ᠸᡝᡥᡝ

From Jurchen wehe, from Proto-Tungusic *xure (“mountain”). Cognate with Evenki урэ (urə).
Alternatively, it may be derived from a Chukotko-Kamchatkan language, cf. Chukchi выквын (wəkwən, “stone”), from Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan *ɣəv(ɣəv) (“stone”).


ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (indahūn)

From Jurchen 因荅忽 (indahun /in-da-hun/), from Proto-Tungusic *ŋindakun. Cognate with Nanai инда (inda), Orok ӈинда (ŋịnda), Ulch и̇ӈда (ịŋda).

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡳ
ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ᠈
ᡠᠵᡠᡳ
ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ
manju-i yargiyan kooli, ujui debtelin
滿洲實錄第一卷

ᡨᠠᡳᡯᡠ
ᠰᡠᡵᡝ
ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝᡳ
ᠪᠣᠣᡳ
ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡᡥᠠ
ᡤᡝᠪᡠᠩᡤᡝ
ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ
ᠪᠣᠣᡳ
ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳᠴᡳ
ᡤᡝᡵ
ᠰᡝᡶᡳ
ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡝ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠈
ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᠴᡳ
ᡤᡝᡵ
ᠰᡝᡶᡳ
ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡝ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉

taidzu sure beilei booi tanggūha gebungge indahūn booi wargici ger sefi dergi de genembi, dergi ci ger sefi wargi de genembi.


ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (indahūn)

dog, the eleventh of the twelve earthly branches


ᠨᠠᡳᡥᡡᠮᠪᡳ

ᠨᠠᡳᡥᡡᠮᠪᡳ • (naihūmbi)

From Mongolian ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠬᠤ (nayiɣuqu, “to shake, sway, hang over”).


ᡥᠠᠰᠠᡴ

zh-l

哈萨克 (Hāsàkè)

→ Chinese: 哈薩克 /哈萨克, 哈萨克 (Hāsàkè)

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠰᠠᡎ (xasag), from Kipchak [Term?].

bor+

滿文老檔
...ᠪᡳ
ᡥᠠᠰᠠᡴ ᡳ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᡠᠯᡥᡳᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠈
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᡥᠠᠰᠠᡴ
ᡠᡨᡥᠠᡳ
ᠮᡳᠮᠪᡝ
ᠵᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠ᠉
...bi hasak-i gisun ulhirakū, emu hasak uthai mimbe jafaha.
...I do not understand the Kazakh language, and a Kazakh captured me immediately.


ᠪᡝᠵᡳᠩ

Borrowed from Middle Mongol ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing).

ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ#Manchu

Alternative form of ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging, “Beijing, Peking”)


ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ

From Jurchen  (*jɑbumɑi). Compare also Mongolian явах (javax), ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠬᠤ (yabuqu); Classical Mongolian ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠮᠤᠢ (yabumui); etc.


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ

monggo (romanization)
ᠮᠣᠩᡤᡡ (alternative)

Inherited from Jurchen  (*moŋgu), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠬᠣᠯ (mongqol).

ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ

ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠪᠣᠣ

(collective, demonym) the Mongols
(attributively) Mongol, Mongolian

(collective, demonym) the Mongols
(singulatively) a Mongol


ᡡᠯᡝᡨ

head

ᡡᠯᡝᡨ • (ūlet)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠥᠭᠡᠯᠡᠳ (ögeled).

ᠠᡳᠮᠠᠨ ᠠᡳᠮᠠᠨ#Manchu

(⁓ ᠠᡳᠮᠠᠨ) Eleuths (Dzungars in Xinjiang or Khoshuts in Qinghai; also used to collectively call the Oirat people)

ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ#Manchu


ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ

kasigar (romanization)
ᡥᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡵ (alternative)

zh-l

喀什噶爾／喀什噶尔 (Kāshígá'ěr)

→ Chinese: 喀什噶爾／喀什噶尔 (Kāshígá'ěr)

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠱᡅᡎᠠᠷ (xašiɣar), from Classical Persian کاشغر (Kāšğar).


ᡥᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡵ

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠱᡍᠠᠷ (xašxar). Compare Classical Mongolian ᠬᠠᠱᠢᠬᠠᠷ (qašiqar).

ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ#Manchu


sabu

ᠰᠠᠪᡠ ᠰᠠᠪᡠ#Manchu


ᡨᡠᠪᡝᡨ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ (Töbed).


ᡝᡩᡠᠨ

Xibe: ᡝᡩᡠᠨ (edun)

From Proto-Tungusic *xedün. Cognate with Even эдэн (ədən), Evenki эдын (ədin), Negidal [script needed] (ədin), Nanai хэдун (xədun), Ulch хэду (xədu), Orok хэду(н) (hədu(n)), Oroch эди(н), Udihe эди (ədu), Jurchen edun, e -du etc.

滿洲實錄 卷一

ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ
ᡝᡩᡠᠨ
ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ᠉

The wind is strong in Changbai Mountains.


ᡨᡠᡤᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *tuge. Cognate with Even төгэчин (tögəcin), Evenki тӯксу (tūksu), Nanai тэвэксэ (təvəksə), Orok тэвэксэ (təvəskə), Oroch токсо (tokso), Udihe [script needed] (tokɵ) etc.

cog

Orok тэвэксэ (təvəskə)


ᠪᠠᡳᡥᠠᠯ

Baihal (romanization)
ᠪᠠᡳᡤᠠᠯ (alternative)

→ Chinese: 栢海兒 /栢海儿 (Bǎihǎi'ér)

Baikal (a lake in Russia), the deepest lake in the world.


ᡤᡠᠩᡥᡝᡬᠣ

Borrowed from Chinese 共和國 /共和国 (gònghéguó).


ᠰᡝᠯᡝᠩᡤᡝ

From ᠰᡝᠯᡝ (sele, “iron”, noun) + ᠊ᠩᡤᡝ (-ngge, denominal adjective-forming suffix).


ᠰᡝᠯᡝᠩᡤᡝ

desc

→ Chinese: 色楞額 /色楞额, 色楞格 (Sèlénggé) (via Mandarin)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ (Selengge).

bor+

ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᠰᡝᠯᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu

(~ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ) Selenga (a river in Mongolia and Russia, flows into Baikal Lake)


ᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ

→ Chinese: 鄂爾渾 /鄂尔浑, 鄂尔浑 (È’ěrhún)


ᡴᡡᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ

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ᡴᡡᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ • (kūrambi)


ᠯᠣᡥᠣ

# From Jurchen, from Proto-Tungusic *loxa.
# Presumably cognate with Evenki лукучнӯн (lukuçnūn, “sword”, North Baikal), also found in other Tungusic languages of the south, but these may be Manchu loans. Compare Nanai лохон (loxon), Negidal лохон (loxon), Udihe ло̄ (lō).


ᡳᠰᡠᠰ ᡥᡝᡵᡳᠰᡨᠣᠰ

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^ᡳᠰᡠᠰ ^ᡥᡝᡵᡳᠰᡨᠣᠰ

Borrowed from Russian Іису́съ Хрісто́съ (Iisús Xristós).

bor

Іису́съ Хрісто́съ


ᡳᠰᡠᠰ

Borrowed from Russian Іису́съ (Iisús), from Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs).


ᠵᠠᡵᡥᡡ

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ᠵᠠᡵᡥᡡ • (jarhū)

jarhū (romanization)
ᠵᠠᡵᡥᠣ (alternative)
ᠵᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ (alternative)

From Jurchen [Term?] from Proto-Tungusic *ʒargul. Compare Evenki дяргул (ʒargul, “dhole”), Oroch [script needed] (ǯalguri, “dhole”).


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᡡ

From Jurchen  (*moŋgu), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠤᠯ (mongɣul).

ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ#Manchu

Alternative form of ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ (monggo, “Mongols; Mongol”)


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᡡ

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ᠮᠣᠩᡤᡡ • (monggū)

ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ#Manchu


ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ

→ Tibetan: ཨམ་བན་ (am ban)

→ Chinese: 昂邦 (ángbāng)

→ Mongolian: Амбан (Amban)

→ Uyghur: ئامبان (amban)

(historical) amban (a Qing dynasty official who acted as a provincial governor)


ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ

ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ • (beile) (plural ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ
ᠰᡝ or ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ)

beile (romanization)
ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ ᠰᡝ (plural)
ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ (plural)

zh-l

貝勒／贝勒 (bèilè)

→ Chinese: 貝勒／贝勒 (bèilè)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡ (beyile)

Mongolian: ᠪᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡ (beyile), бэйл (bejl)

→ Tuvan: бээли (beeli)

(historical) ruler of a Jurchen (also Urut of the Khorchin-Mongols) tribe during Ming dynasty

ᡩᠣᡵᠣᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ
ᡩᠣᡵᠣᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ#Manchu

ᡩᠣᡵᠣᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ
ᡩᠣᡵᠣᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ#Manchu

short for ᡩᠣᡵᠣᡳ
ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ (doroi beile): Prince of the Third Rank (one of the Qing dynasty royal and noble ranks)


ᠪᠠᡨᡠᡵᡠ

desc

→ Chinese: 巴圖魯 /巴图鲁 (bātúlǔ) (via Mandarin)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ (baɣatur /baːtur/) with epithetic ᠊ᡠ (-u) avoiding atypical final *᠊ᡵ (*-r), from Middle Mongol [Term?].

bor+

An official title of the Qing dynasty, awarded to commanders and soldiers who fought bravely on the battlefield.


ᡤᡡᠰᠠ

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ᡤᡡᠰᠠ • (gūsa)

→ Mandarin: 固山 (gùshān)

(historical) banner (type of administrative and military division during the Qing dynasty)


ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ

→ Chinese: 甲喇

From Proto-Tungusic *ʒalan, compare Nanai дялан (ʒalan).

military unit consisting of 15 companies (4,500 men)


ᠨᡳᡵᡠ

→ Mandarin: 牛彔 (niúlù)

desctree

→ Mongolian: ᠰᠤᠮᠤ (sumu) (calque)
→ Buryat: сомон (somon)
→ Russian: сомон (somon)
→ English: somon
→ English: sum
→ Mandarin: 蘇木 /苏木 (sūmù)
→ English: sumu
→ Tuvan: сумон (sumon)
→ Russian: сумон (sumon)
→ English: sumon

From Proto-Tungusic *ńuru, compare Evenki нюр (ņur).

(historical) basic unit of a Banner army


ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ

→ Chinese: 章京 (zhāngjīng)

Borrowed from Chinese 將軍 /将军 (jiāngjūn, “general”).

(historical) lieutenant-general; a military officer position in the Qing dynasty


(full stop/period); marks the end of a sentence.


(linguistics) Used at the start or end of an isolated lexeme to denote that it is orthographically attached to a stem.


ᠠ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as a.


ᠠ

the tooth-like stroke (for example, ᠠᡴᠠ) of some Manchu letters

yang, a principle in Chinese and related East Asian philosophies associated with bright, hot, masculine, etc. elements of the natural world.


ᠣ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as o.


ᠨ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as n.


ᠩ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as ng.


ᠪ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as b.


ᠯ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as l.


ᠰ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as s.


ᠴ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as c, q or ch.


ᠵ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as j or zh.


ᠶ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as y.


ᠸ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as w.


ᡝ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as e.


ᡝ

yin, a principle in Chinese and related East Asian philosophies associated with dark, cool, female, etc. elements of the natural world


ᡟ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as y or yʻ.


ᡠ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as u.


ᡡ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as ū, v or uu.


ᡤ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as g.


ᡥ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as h.


ᡦ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as p.


ᡧ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as š, x or sh.


ᡨ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as t.


ᡩ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as d.


ᡬ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as g’ or gg.


ᡭ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as h' or hh.


ᡮ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as ts' or c.


ᡯ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as dz or z.


ᡰ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as ž, r' or rr.


ᡱ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as c῾, q or ch.


ᡲ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as j or zh.


ᡴ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as k.


ᡵ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as r.


ᡶ

A letter of the Manchu alphabet, transcribed as f.


ᡥᡠᡥᡠᠨ

From Middle Mongol ᠬᠥᠬᠦᠨ (kökün), whence Mongolian хөх (xöx).


ᠪᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *buga; compare Bala 巴 (ba), Even буг (ʙug), Nanai боа (boa, “place”).


ᠪᡳᠶᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *biaga. Cognate with Evenki бега (bega), Nanai биа (bia), Oroqen bɛ꞉.


ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ

ayalambi (romanization)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (future indicative sentence-final)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ (future indicative progressive sentence-final)
ᠪᡳ (future indicative progressive sentence-final)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠᠪᡳ (future indicative perfect sentence-final)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠ (indicative past sentence-final)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝ (indicative past progressive sentence-final)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝᠪᡳ (indicative past perfect sentence-final)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ (future indicative sentence-final)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠣ (affirmative interrogative non-past)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡᠨ (interrogative negative non-past perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠᠣ (affirmative interrogative past)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡᠨ (interrogative negative past perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠ (affirmative imperative)
ᡠᠮᡝ (imperative negative perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ (imperative negative perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡴᡳ (affirmative desiderative)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡴᡳ (desiderative emphatic perfect)
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ (desiderative emphatic perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡴᡳᠨᡳ (affirmative interrogative optative)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡴᡳ (affirmative interrogative optative)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠᠣ (emphatic interrogative optative perfect polite)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠴᡳᠨᠠ (emphatic interrogative optative perfect polite)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ (converb infinitive perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ (converb infinitive progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡶᡳ (converb gerund past perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡶᡳ (converb gerund past progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠴᡳ (conditional converb perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠴᡳ (conditional converb progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠᡳ (converb durative perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠᡳ (converb durative progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡨᠠᠯᠠ (converb perfect terminative)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡨᠠᠯᠠ (converb progressive terminative)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡨᠠᡳ (converb instrumental perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡨᠠᡳ (converb instrumental progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠᠯᠠ (converb perfect preparative)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᠠᠯᠠ (converb preparative progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠴᡳᠪᡝ (concessive converb perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᠴᡳᠪᡝ (concessive converb progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ (adverbial converb perfect)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ (adverbial converb progressive)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ (non-past participle)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠ (participle past)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ (negative non-past participle)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ (negative participle past)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠᠩᡤᡝ (non-past noun-from-verb participle)
ᠠᠶᠠᠯᠠᡥᠠᠩᡤᡝ (noun-from-verb participle past)

From ᠠᠶᠠ᠊ (aya-, “wax”) + ᠊ᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (-lambi).

(medicine) to form a vesicle (during smallpox or after vaccination)


ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ

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ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ • (gašan)

Borrowed from Middle Mongol [Term?]. Compare Mongolian гацаан (gacaan, oblique of гацаа (gacaa, “village”)).

ncog

oblique of <i class="Cyrl mention" lang="mn">гацаа</i> (gacaa, “village”)

ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᡩᠠ
ᡨᡠᠰᠣᡴᡠᡵᡩᡝᠩᡤᡳ

1775, 『カラフトナヨロ惣乙名文書』第二文書 北海道大学付属図書館蔵 乾隆四十年三月二十日 [Karafuto Nayoro Documents, No.2 Document (in Manchu language)]:

ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᡶᡝ
ᡤᡠᠴᡠ
ᠪᡳᡶᡳ᠈
ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᡝᠮᡤᡳ
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉

1848, Pu Songling, translated by Jakdan, Sonjofi ubaliyambuha liyoo zhai zhi i bithe [Selected Short Stories by Liao Zhai in translation]:

An old friend of mine lives in a village together with the adults.

mini emu fe gucu bifi, amban-i emgi emu gašan de tembi.


ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ

From Mongolian ᠬᠣᠲᠠᠨ (qotan). Compare Nanai хотон (hoton), etc.


ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᡳ ᡥᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ

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ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᡳ ᡥᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ

ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᡳ ᡥᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ • (be-lii-hi-tiyan-de)

Ultimately from Latin praesidēns, likely via French président.

Diplomatic Credential Presented by the Great Qing Empire to the Great French Empire (1905)
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ
ᡤᡳᠩᡤᡠᠯᡝᠮᡝ
ᡶᠣᠨᠵᡳᠮᡝ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᡶᠠ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᡳ ᡥᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡩᡝ
ᡩᡝ
ᠰᠠᡳᠨ᠈
[…]
amba Daicing Gurun-i amba Hūwangdi gingguleme fonjime amba Fa Gurun-i amba be-lii-hi-tiyan-de de sain, […]
The great emperor of the great Qing Empire respectfully greets the great president of great France, […]


ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ

gisurecembi (romanization)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (future indicative sentence-final)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠮᡝ (future indicative progressive sentence-final)
ᠪᡳ (future indicative progressive sentence-final)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ (future indicative perfect sentence-final)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᡝ (indicative past sentence-final)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝ (indicative past progressive sentence-final)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝᠪᡳ (indicative past perfect sentence-final)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᡝ (future indicative sentence-final)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠣ (affirmative interrogative non-past)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᠠᡴᡡᠨ (interrogative negative non-past perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᡝᠣ (affirmative interrogative past)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᠠᡴᡡᠨ (interrogative negative past perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝ (affirmative imperative)
ᡠᠮᡝ (imperative negative perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᡝ (imperative negative perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡴᡳ (affirmative desiderative)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡴᡳ (desiderative emphatic perfect)
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ (desiderative emphatic perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡴᡳᠨᡳ (affirmative interrogative optative)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡴᡳ (affirmative interrogative optative)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᡝᠣ (emphatic interrogative optative perfect polite)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠴᡳᠨᠠ (emphatic interrogative optative perfect polite)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠮᡝ (converb infinitive perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠮᡝ (converb infinitive progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡶᡳ (converb gerund past perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡶᡳ (converb gerund past progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠴᡳ (conditional converb perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠴᡳ (conditional converb progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᡝᡳ (converb durative perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᡝᡳ (converb durative progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡨᡝᠯᡝ (converb perfect terminative)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡨᡝᠯᡝ (converb progressive terminative)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡨᡝᡳ (converb instrumental perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡨᡝᡳ (converb instrumental progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠩᡤᡝᠯᡝ (converb perfect preparative)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠩᡤᡝᠯᡝ (converb preparative progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠴᡳᠪᡝ (concessive converb perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᠴᡳᠪᡝ (concessive converb progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᡝᠯᠠᠮᡝ (adverbial converb perfect)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᡝᠯᠠᠮᡝ (adverbial converb progressive)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᡝ (non-past participle)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᡝ (participle past)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᠠᡴᡡ (negative non-past participle)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᠠᡴᡡ (negative participle past)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ (non-past noun-from-verb participle)
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠴᡝᡥᡝᠩᡤᡝ (noun-from-verb participle past)

From ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝ᠊ (gisure-, “to speak; to say; to talk”) + ᠊ᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (-cembi).

affix

(transitive) to speak to each other; to say to each other; to talk (of or about) to each other


ᠪᠠᡨᡠᡵᡠ

Borrowed from Middle Mongol ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ (baɣatur). Doublet of ᠪᠠᡨᡠᡵ (batur).

an official title of the Qing dynasty, awarded to commanders and soldiers who fought bravely on the battlefield


ᠪᠠᡨᡠᡵᡠ

zh-l

巴圖魯／巴图鲁 (bātúlǔ)

→ Chinese: 巴圖魯／巴图鲁 (bātúlǔ)


ᡨᡝᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠᡨ

特楞古特 (Tèlénggǔtè)

→ Chinese: 特楞古特 (Tèlénggǔtè)

Borrowed from Written Oirat [Term?] or Classical Mongolian ᠲᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠦᠳ (telenggüd).


ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ

Either inherited from Jurchen  (*guru-un bo-go), or a direct calque of Chinese 國家 /国家 (guójiā). Compare also the Classical Mongolian equivalent ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
ᠭᠡᠷ (ulus ger).


ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ

zh-l

貝子／贝子 (bèizi)

→ Chinese: 貝子／贝子 (bèizi)

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠡᠶᠢᠰᠡ (beyise)

Mongolian: ᠪᠡᠶᠢᠰᠡ (beyise), бэйс (bejs)

→ Tuvan: бээзи (beezi)

From Jurchen  (*bə[g]i-sə, plural of  (*bə{g}i-in, “{government} official”)).

inh

plural of <i class="None mention" lang="juc"></i> (*bə{g}i-in, “{government} official”)

ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ
ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ#Manchu

ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ
ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ#Manchu

short for ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ
ᠪᡝᡳᠰᡝ (gūsai beise): Prince of the Fourth Rank (one of the Qing dynasty royal and noble ranks)

ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ ᠪᡝᡳᠯᡝ#Manchu


ᠪᡠᡵᠠᡨ

→ Chinese: 布喇忒 (Bùlātè)

A phonetic variant of Classical Mongolian ᠪᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠳ (buriyad). Probably borrowed from (or influenced by) Middle Russian братъ m sg (brat, used in 17th–18th centuries).

bor

ᠣᠯᡳᠶᠣᠣᡥᠠᠨ
ᠵᡠᠪᡴᡳ᠈
ᠪᠠᡳᡥᠠᠯ
ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ ᡳ
ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᠠᠮᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᡩᡝᠪᡳ᠈
ᠣᠨᠴᠣ
ᡳᠴᡳ
ᠰᡠᠰᠠᡳ
ᠪᠠ
ᡶᡠᠨᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠈
ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡳᠴᡳ
ᠵᡠᠸᡝ
ᡨᠠᠩᡤᡡ
ᠪᠠ
ᡶᡠᠨᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠈
ᠵᡠᠪᡴᡳ
ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᠨᡩᡝ
ᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠᠮᡝ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ
ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ᠈
ᡳᠰᡳ᠈
ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ᠈
ᠪᡠᡵᡤᠠ
ᠪᡳ᠈
ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠩᡤᠠ
ᡤᡠᡵᡤᡠ
ᠪᡳ᠈
ᡝᡩᡝ
ᠪᡠᡵᠠᡨ
ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠰᡠᠰᠠᡳ
ᡶᡠᠨᠴᡝᡵᡝ
ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣᠨ᠈
ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠪᠣᠣ
ᠴᠠᠮᡝ
ᡨᡝᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠈
ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ᠈
ᡳᡥᠠᠨ᠈
ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨ
ᡠᠵᡳᡥᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠈

1723, Tulišen, ᠯᠠᡴᠴᠠᡥᠠ
ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡨᠠᡴᡡᡵᠠᡥᠠ
ᠪᠠᠪᡝ
ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [lakcaha jecen de takūraha babe ejehe bithe, Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars] (overall work in Manchu and Literary Chinese):

The ‘islet’ of Olkhon is located inside Lake Baikal, northeast (from its western shore). It’s more than fifty lis wide and more than two hundred lis long. There’s a hill on the islet, where has been covered by larches, elms, and willows. There are various kinds of beasts. More than fifty Buryat Mongol families live there in gers they have been pitched, they raise horses, cattle, and sheep.

ᠪᡠᡵᡳᠶᠠᡨ ᠪᡠᡵᡳᠶᠠᡨ#Manchu

alternative form of ᠪᡠᡵᡳᠶᠠᡨ (buriyat, “Buryat”)


ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ

beging (romanization)
ᠪᡝᠵᡳᠩ (alternative)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

Provinces – ᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᠠᠨᡥᡡᡳ · ᡶᡠᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ · ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ · ᡤᠠᠨᠰᡠ · ᡤᡠᡳᠵᡝᠣ · ᡥᠣᠨᠠᠨ · ᡥᡡᠪᡝ · ᡥᠣᠪᡝ · ᡥᠠᡳᠨᠠᠨ · ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨᡠᠯᠠ · ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ · ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡠ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᠯᡳᠶᠣᡠᠨᡳᠩ · ᡥᡠᡥᡠᠨᠣᠣᡵ · ᠰᠶᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ · ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ · ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ · ᠶᡡᠨᠨᠠᠨ · ᠵᡝᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩ

Autonomous regions – ᠪᡝᠶᡝᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ · ᠨᡳᠩᡥᡳᠠ · ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳᡩᡯᠠᠩ · ᡳᠴᡝᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

Municipalities – ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ · ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨ · ᡧᠠᠩᡥᠠᡳ · ᠴᡠᠩᡴᡳᠩ


ᠠᡳ᠇ᡠᡥᠠᠨ

zh-l

愛烏罕／爱乌罕 (Àiwūhǎn)

→ Chinese: 愛烏罕／爱乌罕 (Àiwūhǎn)

Afghanistan (a landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


ᠪᡝ

tlb

(first-person plural exclusive nominative)

From Proto-Tungusic *buu, compare Evenki бу (bu), Nanai буэ (bue).


ᠪᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *-ba. Compare with Jurchen harmonic variations of [script needed] (*bə), [script needed] (*bɑ), and [script needed] (*bo). Cognate with Udihe [script needed] (-wə), Oroch [script needed] (-wa); Nanai [script needed] (-wa), Ulch [script needed] (-wa), Orok [script needed] (-wa); Solon [script needed] (-wə), Evenki -вэ (-wə) / -ва (-wa) / -во (-wo), Negidal [script needed] (-wa), Even [script needed] (-w); etc.

Forming the accusative case of the definite state, as the object in phrase ‘drinking the water’ (rather than ‘drinking water’)


ᠪᡝ

(literary) Used at the end of a sentence indicating affirmation, equivalent of Chinese 也 (yě).


ᠪᡝ

crossbar yoking shafts of a carriage (equivalent of Chinese 輗 /𫐐 (ní))


ᠪᡝ

ᠪᡝ ᡳ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ

ᠪᡝ ᡳ
ᡥᡝᡥᡝ


ᠵᡝᠶᡝᠯᡝᠮᠪᡳ

From ᠵᡝᠶᡝ᠊ (jeye-, “blade”) + ᠊ᠯᡝᠮᠪᡳ (-lembi); calque of Chinese 刃 (rèn).

affix

(transitive) to kill, especially with a bladed weapon or tool, a sword or a knife


ᡩᠠ

→ Classical Mongolian: ᠳᠠ (da)

Mongolian:

Mongolian script: ᠳᠠ (da)

Cyrillic script: даа (daa)

→ Tuvan: даа (daa)

→ Daur: daa

From Jurchen (*da), from Proto-Tungusic *daga (“root”).

ᡤᠠᡧᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᡩᠠ
ᡨᡠᠰᠣᡴᡠᡵᡩᡝᠩᡤᡳ


ᡩᠠ

ᡩᠠᠮᠪᡳ ᡩᠠᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ

Calque of Chinese 字典 (zìdiǎn, literally “standard of [Chinese] characters”).

cal

ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ#Manchu

Only used in ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ
ᡴᠣᠣᠯᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ (hergen kooli bithe, “dictionary”).


ᠮᡳᠨ

(dialectal) I (first-person singular pronoun)


ᡴᠠᡳᠯᠠᡵ

zh-l

開拉哩／开拉哩 (Kāilālī)

凱喇爾／凯喇尔 (Kǎilā’ěr)

→ Chinese: 開拉哩／开拉哩 (Kāilālī), 凱喇爾／凯喇尔 (Kǎilā’ěr)

Borrowed from Middle Mongol ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ (qayilar).


ᡤᡝᠪᡠ

From Jurchen  (*ɡəbu), from Proto-Tungusic *gerbǖ.


ᠮᡝᡳᡵᡝᠨ

→ Mongolian: ᠮᠡᠶᠢᠷᠡᠨ (meyiren)

→ Tuvan: мээрең (meereñ)

From Proto-Tungusic *muire, compare Evenki мӣрэ (mīrə), Even мирэ (mirə), Oroch мие, Oroqen mi꞉rə, Udihe мё ("neck"), Solon mīri, Solon mīrə(borrowed to miir), Nanai нгуйрэ (ŋujre), Nanai муйрэ (mujre), Orok мујрэ and Jurchen muire.

滿文老檔
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠮᡝᡳᡵᡝᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᠰᡳᡵᡩᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᡶᡝᠶᡝ
ᠪᡳ᠉
mini meiren de emu sirdan-i feye bi.
There is an arrow wound on my shoulder.

ᠮᡝᡳᡵᡝᠨ ᡳ
ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ

ᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ
ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᠠ᠈
ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡥᠠᠯᠠ
ᠮᡝᡳᡵᡝᠨ ᡳ
ᠵᠠᠩᡤᡳᠨ
ᠰᡝᡳ
ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈

1775, 『カラフトナヨロ惣乙名文書』第二文書 北海道大学付属図書館蔵 乾隆四十年三月二十日 [Karafuto Nayoro Documents, No.2 Document]:

Let the Deputy lieutenant-general of Ningguta and the Deputy lieutenant-general of Ilan Hala send this document at their government offices.

erebe ningguta, ilan hala meiren-i janggin sei yamun de bithe yabubufi,


ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨ

# From Jurchen [Term?] (“xoni”), from Proto-Tungusic. Cognate with Nanai хонин (honin).
# Compare also Proto-Mongolic *konïn, compare Mongolian хонь (xonʹ).
# The latter is from Proto-Turkic *kōń, compare Turkish koyun.


ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨ

goat, the eighth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡤᡝᠯᡳ

Compare Jurchen gәli (Jurchen script: , Image: ) etc.

ᡴᡳᠩ
ᠸᡝᠨ
ᠴᡳ
ᠮᡝᠩ ᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᡳ
ᡧᡠᡨᡠᠴᡳᠨ

ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡨᡝᠪᡠᡵᠠᡴᡡᠴᡳ
ᠣᠮᠪᡳᠣ᠈
ᡴᡳᠴᡝᡵᠠᡴᡡᠴᡳ
ᡤᡝᠯᡳ
ᠣᠮᠪᡳᠣ᠉

gūnin de teburakūci ombio, kicerakūci geli ombio.

Is it reasonable to study without attention? Or is it OK to study without diligence?


ᠵᡠᠸᠠᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *ʒuga. Cognate with Jurchen dʒua etc. Compare Evenki дюгани (ʒugaņi), Nanai дёа (ʒoa).

滿洲實錄 第一卷
ᠵᡠᠸᠠᡵᡳ
ᡝᡵᡳᠨ
ᠣᡥᠣ
ᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ᠈
ᡧᡠᡵᡩᡝᠮᡝ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ ᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡤᡠ
ᡤᡝᠮᡠ
ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡶᡳ
ᠪᡳᠮᠪᡳ᠉
juwari erin oho manggi, šurdeme alin-i gurgu gemu šanggiyan alin de genefi bimbi.
After entering the summer, the beasts that lived around the mountains come to Changbai Mountain to rest.


ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠨ

ᠯᡳᠣ
ᡴᡳᠣ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠸᠠᠩ
ᠨᡳ
ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠨ

The seal of the King of The Ryukyu Kingdom


ᡥᡡᡵᡳ

head

ᡥᡡᡵᡳ • (hūri)

From Proto-Tungusic [Term?]. Cognate with Jurchen xuri etc.


ᡩᡠᡩᡠ

From Jurchen  (*dudu), from Chinese 都督 (dūdu).


ᠰᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *sarme > *sarïmïkta, cognate with Evenki саримикта (sarimikta), Even харамта (haramta), Orok серемӯкта (seremükta), Orok сӣрмӯкта (sïrmükta), Orok сӣрӯмӯкта (sïrümükta), Ulch [script needed] (sarumta), Udihe [script needed] (saamikta) etc.

cog

Orok сӣрӯмӯкта (sïrümükta)


nemu

ᠨᡝᠮᡠ ᠨᡝᠮᡠ#Manchu


ᡴᡠᠰᡠᡤᡝᠯ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠪᠰᠦᠭᠥᠯ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köbsügöl naɣur).

bor

ᠬᠥᠪᠰᠦᠭᠥᠯ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ

Khövsgöl Nuur (a lake in Khövsgöl, Mongolia), the largest freshwater lake in Mongolia.


ᡤᠠᠰᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *gase; compare Bala 嘎萨 (gasa) and Nanai гаса (gasa).


ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ńoŋa, compare Nanai нёнгиан (njoŋian).


ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ

heavenly stem: one of the ten terms used in East Asian cultures


ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ

Akin to Manchu ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (niowanggiyan).


ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

head

ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ • (šanggiyan)

From Proto-Tungusic *šāka, compare Nanai чагдьан (čagʒan).


ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ • (šanggiyan)

From Proto-Tungusic *saŋńan, compare Evenki саңнян, Even ханин (haņin), Nanai сангнян (saŋnjan).

cog

Evenki саңнян

ᠵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡨᡠᠴᡳᡵᡝ
ᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠪᡝ᠈
ᡥᡡᠯᠠᠨ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉

jun-i šanggiyan tucire sangga be, hūlan sembi.

The hole where smoke comes out from the pole is called hūlan.


ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

head

ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ • (šanggiyan)

cog

Evenki саңнян

庚, the seventh of the ten heavenly stems


ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (šahūn)


ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (šahūn)


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Jurchen 撒哈良 (sa-ha-liang /saxalian/, “black”), from Proto-Tungusic *sakalīn (“black”). Compare also Evenki сакарӣн (sakarīn), Oroch сакаи (sakai), Ulch сахари (saxari), Orok сагари (sagari), сāри (sāri) and Nanai сахарин (saxarĩ).


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ:


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ

(historical) a Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (sahahūn)


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (sahahūn)


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (sahahūn)


ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ

ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ • (šanyan)


ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ

ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ • (šanyan)


ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ

ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ • (šanyan)


ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡯᠠᠩ

ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ (wargi, “western”) + ᡯᠠᠩ (dzang). Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan དབུས་གཙང (dbus gtsang).

psm

(historical) Tibet, a region of the Qing dynasty

Tibet (a geographic region in Central Asia, the homeland of the Tibetan people)


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ (sahaliyan, “black”) + ᡠᠯᠠ (ula, “river”), literally “black river”.

com

Amur River, Heilong Jiang (a major river in the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China)

Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)


ᡠᠯᠠ

→ Chinese: 烏拉 /乌拉


ᡠᠯᠠ

(historical) a tribe of Haixi Jurchens people


ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ

A widespread Inner Asian Wanderwort; compare Mongolian хот (xot, “town”) and Ainu コタン (kotan, “village”).


ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu

Synonym of ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ (abkai cikten): the ten heavenly stems


ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ

Borrowed from Mandarin 臺灣 /台湾 (Táiwān), from Literary Chinese 臺灣, from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., from possibly Siraya.

Taiwan (a partly-recognized country in East Asia consisting of a main island and 167 smaller islands)

Taiwan (an island between the Taiwan Strait and Philippine Sea in East Asia)


ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ

Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)


ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ

zh-l

廣西／广西 (Guǎngxī)

(historical) Guangxi (a former province of China, during the Qing dynasty)

Guangxi (a Zhuang autonomous region of China)


ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ

head

ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ • (šandung)

Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ

Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)


ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ

ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ • (šansi)


ᡶᡠᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ

From Middle Mongol ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠷ (sudur), compare судар (sudar, “scripture, codex, history”).


ᡥᠠᠯᡥᡡᠨ ᠮᡠᠴᡝᠨ

ᡥᠠᠯᡥᡡᠨ
ᠮᡠᠴᡝᠨ • (halhūn mucen)


ᡥᠠᠯᡥᡡᠨ

ᡥᠠᠯᡥᡡᠨ • (halhūn)

Compare Mongolian халуун (xaluun, “hot”).


kakiri

ᡴᠠᡴᡳᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡴᡳᡵᡳ#Manchu


abka

ᠠᠪᡴᠠ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ#Manchu


abkai cikten

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu


juwan cikten

ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ
ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ
ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu

Romanization of ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ
ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ (juwan cikten)


Dulimbai gurun

ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

Romanization of ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (dulimbai gurun)


dulimbai gurun

ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


anju

ᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠠᠨᠵᡠ#Manchu


ᠴᠣᠴᠣ

[t͡ʃʰɔ.t͡ʃʰɔ]

Connected with the Korean 좆 (jot, “penis”).


suduri

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ#Manchu


ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ

The lack of palatalization from ti- to či indicates that it was likely borrowed from Khitan 𘭃𘱚 (*? g) than Mongolic proper which was in turn borrowed from Old Turkic 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏 (bitig). Ultimately from Middle Chinese 筆 (pit, “writing brush”).


bithe

ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ#Manchu


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠵᡳᠶᠣᠣ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠵᡳᠶᠣᠣ • (hūwajiyoo)

Sichuan pepper; prickly ash (species in the genus Zanthoxylum)


hūwajiyoo

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠵᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠵᡳᠶᠣᠣ#Manchu


fuseri

ᡶᡠᠰᡝᡵᡳ ᡶᡠᠰᡝᡵᡳ#Manchu


ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ (suduri, “history”) + ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ (bithe, “book”)


suduri bithe

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ#Manchu

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ
ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ#Manchu


niowanggiyan

ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


niohon

ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ#Manchu


fulgiyan

ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


fulahūn

ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ#Manchu


suwayan

ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


sohon

ᠰᠣᡥᠣᠨ ᠰᠣᡥᠣᠨ#Manchu


šanyan

ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


šanggiyan

ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


šahūn

ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ#Manchu


sahaliyan

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


sahahūn

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ#Manchu


ᠨᡳᠶᡝᠩᠨᡳᠶᡝᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *ńeŋńe, compare Evenki неӈненӣ (ņeŋņeņī), Nanai неӈне (njeŋnje).

cog

Evenki неӈненӣ (ņeŋņeņī)


niyengniyeri

ᠨᡳᠶᡝᠩᠨᡳᠶᡝᡵᡳ ᠨᡳᠶᡝᠩᠨᡳᠶᡝᡵᡳ#Manchu


ᠪᠣᠯᠣᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *bola, compare Evenki болони (boloņi), Nanai боло (bolo).


ᡨᡠᠸᡝᡵᡳ

From Jurchen tuweri, Proto-Tungusic *töge, compare Evenki тугэни (tugəņi), Nanai туэ (tue).


tuweri

ᡨᡠᠸᡝᡵᡳ ᡨᡠᠸᡝᡵᡳ#Manchu


bolori

ᠪᠣᠯᠣᡵᡳ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᡵᡳ#Manchu


duin erin

ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ
ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ#Manchu

ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ
ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ#Manchu


ᠠᠮᠠ

→ Chinese: 阿瑪／阿玛 (àma)

From Proto-Tungusic *amin, compare Evenki ама (ama), Nanai ама (ama).


ᡴᡠᠩᡯᡳ

Confucius, an influential Chinese philosopher who lived 551 B.C.E. – 479 B.C.E..


kungdzi

ᡴᡠᠩᡯᡳ ᡴᡠᠩᡯᡳ#Manchu


daicing gurun

ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


ᠣᡵᠣᠰ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (orus), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus), from Kipchak [script needed] (orus), from Old East Slavic Русь f (Rusĭ), from Proto-Finnic *roocci.


ᠣᡵᠣᠰ

→ Mandarin: 俄羅斯 /俄罗斯 (Éluósī)

→ Japanese: 俄羅斯(オロス) (Orosu), 俄羅斯(オロシャ) (Orosha) (dated, rare)

→ Korean: 아라사(俄羅斯) (Arasa) (obsolete)

→ Vietnamese: Nga La Tư (俄羅斯) (obsolete)

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


nimaha

ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu


ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ (suduri, “history”) + ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ (dangse, “record”)


suduri dangse

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ
ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ#Manchu

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ
ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ#Manchu


dangse

ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ#Manchu


ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ (suduri, “history”) + ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ (ejebun, “records”). Calque of Chinese 史記 /史记 (Shǐjì).

Records of the Grand Historian (a Chinese history book written by Han dynasty scholar Sima Qian)


suduri ejebun

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ
ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ
ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ#Manchu


ejebun

ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ#Manchu


ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ ᠪᠣᠣ

archive; place for storing earlier materials


dangse boo

ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ ᠪᠣᠣ
ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ ᠪᠣᠣ#Manchu

ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ ᠪᠣᠣ
ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡝ ᠪᠣᠣ#Manchu


ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ

ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ (inenggi, “day”) + ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ (ejebun, “notes”)


inenggi ejebun

ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ
ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ
ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ#Manchu


ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *ineŋī; compare Bala 依能吉 (yinengji), Nanai ини (ini), Oroqen inəŋ.


inenggi

ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu


ᡥᡝᡥᡝ

ᠪᠣᠣᡳ
ᡩᠣᠯᠣ
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᡥᡝᡥᡝ
ᠵᡳᠩ
ᡥᡳᠶᠠᠩ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
ᡴᠠᡳᠴᠠᠮᡝ
ᡩᠠᠩᠰᡳᠮᡝ
ᠪᡳ᠉

1802, Yihing, 庸言知旨/An i gisun de amtan be sara bithe:

There is a woman shouting rebukes inside the house.

booi dolo emu hehe jing hiyang seme kaicame dangsime bi.


ᡥᠠᠮᡠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xamū- (“to defecate”), compare Nanai амон (amon).


ᠰᡳᡴᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *sike.
Compare Proto-Turkic *sīk (“urine”).


ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ

# Akin to Nanai кэксэ (kekse), Even кэркэ (kərkə), etc.
# Likely cognate to Nivkh кʼыск (kʼəsk).
# Further afield, perhaps cognate to Proto-Algonquian *ka·šake·nsa (“cat”) (cf. Ojibwe gaazhagens).


kesike

ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ ᡴᡝᠰᡳᡴᡝ#Manchu


ᠰᡝᡶᡠ

Borrowed from Chinese 師傅 /师傅 (“teacher; master”).


sefu

ᠰᡝᡶᡠ ᠰᡝᡶᡠ#Manchu


šabi

ᡧᠠᠪᡳ ᡧᠠᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ

(used after the dative case or participle) like, as, seems as if


adali

ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ#Manchu


ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᡳ

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ (abkai, “of heaven”) + ᠵᡠᡳ (jui, “child”). Calque of Chinese 天子 (tiānzǐ).


abkai jui

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᡳ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᡳ#Manchu

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᡳ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᡳ#Manchu


biyangga efen

ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ#Manchu


ᡳᠴᡝ

ᡳᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ ᡳᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


yafahan cooha

ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ
ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ#Manchu

ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ
ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ#Manchu


ninggiya efen

ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ
ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ
ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠ ᡝᡶᡝᠨ#Manchu


nimeku

ᠨᡳᠮᡝᡴᡠ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᡴᡠ#Manchu


ᠠᠮᡳᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᠠᠮᡳᡥᡡᠨ • (amihūn)


amihūn

ᠠᠮᡳᡥᡡᠨ ᠠᠮᡳᡥᡡᠨ#Manchu


menggun

ᠮᡝᠩᡤᡠᠨ ᠮᡝᠩᡤᡠᠨ#Manchu


amaga enen

ᠠᠮᠠᡤᠠ ᡝᠨᡝᠨ
ᠠᠮᠠᡤᠠ ᡝᠨᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᠠᠮᠠᡤᠠ ᡝᠨᡝᠨ
ᠠᠮᠠᡤᠠ ᡝᠨᡝᠨ#Manchu


enenggi

ᡝᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡝᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu


ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *tima (“morning”), compare Evenki тыматиэ (timatiə), Even тимана (timana).


cimari

ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu


ᠴᠣᡵᠣ

ᠴᠣᡵᠣ
ᠮᡝᠨᡳ
ᠵᡠᠸᡝ
ᠨᠣᡶᡳ
ᡝᡵᡩᡝ
ᠵᡳᡶᡳ᠈
ᠠᡤᡝ
ᡩᡝ
ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠯᠠᠮᡝ
ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠵᡳᠯᠠᡴᡳ᠉

1708, Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng, translated by unknown, ᡤᡳᠨ
ᡦᡳᠩ
ᠮᡝᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [gin ping mei bithe, The Plum in the Golden Vase]:

We two will come here early the day after tomorrow, and help brother hold the event.


ere cimari

ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ
ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu

ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ
ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu


ᡝᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ

ᡝᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ
ᠰᡳᠨᡳ
ᠠᡥᡡᠨ
ᡠᡨᡥᠠᡳ
ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉

ecimari sini ahūn uthai minde henduhebi.

Your brother already told me this morning.

ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ
ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu

ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ
ᡝᡵᡝ ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu

Clipping of ᡝᡵᡝ
ᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ (ere cimari, “this morning”).


ecimari

ᡝᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ ᡝᠴᡳᠮᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu


mucu

ᠮᡠᠴᡠ ᠮᡠᠴᡠ#Manchu


kuburhen

ᡴᡠᠪᡠᡵᡥᡝᠨ ᡴᡠᠪᡠᡵᡥᡝᠨ#Manchu


daicing

ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ#Manchu


daiming

ᡩᠠᡳᡳᠮᡳᠩ ᡩᠠᡳᡳᠮᡳᠩ#Manchu


ming gurun

ᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


daiming gurun

ᡩᠠᡳᡳᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᠠᡳᡳᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᡩᠠᡳᡳᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᠠᡳᡳᠮᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


ᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ

(historical) Annam, the former name of Vietnam (a country in Asia)


an nan

ᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ
ᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ#Manchu

ᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ
ᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ#Manchu


yafahan uksin

ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᡠᡴᠰᡳᠨ
ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᡠᡴᠰᡳᠨ#Manchu

ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᡠᡴᠰᡳᠨ
ᠶᠠᡶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᡠᡴᠰᡳᠨ#Manchu


ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ

Perhaps from Mongolian ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠨ (daiičin, “warrior”). Alternatively, from Chinese 大清 (Dàqīng).


ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *sēkse. Cognate with Evenki сэ̄ксэ (sə̄ksə) and Oroqen ʃə꞉kʃə.


senggi

ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu


ᠣᡴᡨᠣ

Inherited from Proto-Tungusic *okta (“medicine, powder”). Cognate with Nanai окто (okto), Ulch окто.


yuwei kin

ᠶᡠᠸᡝᡳ ᡴᡳᠨ
ᠶᡠᠸᡝᡳ ᡴᡳᠨ#Manchu

ᠶᡠᠸᡝᡳ ᡴᡳᠨ
ᠶᡠᠸᡝᡳ ᡴᡳᠨ#Manchu


fituhan

ᡶᡳᡨᡠᡥᠠᠨ ᡶᡳᡨᡠᡥᠠᠨ#Manchu


gaha oton

ᡤᠠᡥᠠ ᠣᡨᠣᠨ
ᡤᠠᡥᠠ ᠣᡨᠣᠨ#Manchu

ᡤᠠᡥᠠ ᠣᡨᠣᠨ
ᡤᠠᡥᠠ ᠣᡨᠣᠨ#Manchu


ᡩᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

From ᡩᡝ (de) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”). Calque of Chinese 德國 /德国 (Déguó).

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


de gurun

ᡩᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᡩᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᡩᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


ᡧᠣᠪᡳᠨ

head

ᡧᠣᠪᡳᠨ • (šobin)

shaobing (baked, layered flatbread with or without sesame on top)


šobin

xobin (alternative)
shobin (alternative)

ᡧᠣᠪᡳᠨ ᡧᠣᠪᡳᠨ#Manchu


ᠶᠠᠰᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *iāsa, compare Evenki эса (əsa), Nanai насал (nasal).


ᠠᡵᡴᡳ

→ Nivkh: арак (arak)

From Proto-Tungusic *arakïï (“alcohol”). Compare Evenki аракӣ (arakī), Negidal ajaxïï, Ulch арақи̇ (araqï), Orok арақи̇ (araqï), Nanai арақи̇ (araqï). Also akin to Mongolian архи (arxi). Ultimate origin is from Arabic عَرَقْ (ʕaraq, “alcohol”).


yoho

ᠶᠣᡥᠣ ᠶᠣᡥᠣ#Manchu


ᡧᠣᡥᠣ

ᡧᠣᡥᠣ • (šoho)


šoho

ᡧᠣᡥᠣ ᡧᠣᡥᠣ#Manchu


baniha

ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ#Manchu


ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ

ᠪᡝ
ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ • (be liyan tacihiyan)

From Chinese 白蓮 /白莲 (báilián) and ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (tacihiyan, “religion; sect”).


be liyan tacihiyan

ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu

Romanization of ᠪᡝ
ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ

Romanization of ᠪᡝ
ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ


ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ

ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ (lamai, “of lama”) + ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (tacihiyan, “religion”); literally "The Religion of Lama".


lamai tacihiyan

ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu

ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu

Romanization of ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ
ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ


puseli

ᡦᡠᠰᡝᠯᡳ ᡦᡠᠰᡝᠯᡳ#Manchu


cai puseli

ᠴᠠᡳ ᡦᡠᠰᡝᠯᡳ
ᠴᠠᡳ ᡦᡠᠰᡝᠯᡳ#Manchu

ᠴᠠᡳ ᡦᡠᠰᡝᠯᡳ
ᠴᠠᡳ ᡦᡠᠰᡝᠯᡳ#Manchu


lamun

ᠯᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᠯᠠᠮᡠᠨ#Manchu


ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *pula, compare Evenki хулама (hulama).

ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ:


ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (fulahūn)

From Proto-Tungusic *pula, compare Manchu ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (fulgiyan).


ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (fulahūn)


ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (fulahūn)


ᠵᡳᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *ǯiaka, compare Evenki дяка (ʒaka), Nanai диха (ʒiha).


jiha

ᠵᡳᡥᠠ ᠵᡳᡥᠠ#Manchu


ᠨᡳᠣᡥᡝ

Cognate with Evenki некэ (ņekə, “sable”).


niohe

ᠨᡳᠣᡥᡝ ᠨᡳᠣᡥᡝ#Manchu


ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠨ

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


tiyan jin

ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠨ
ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠨ#Manchu

ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠨ
ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠨ#Manchu


giyai

ᡤᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡤᡳᠶᠠᡳ#Manchu


ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *miaban (“heart”). Possibly influenced by Korean.
Compare the first syllable of Middle Korean 념통 (nyemthwong, “heart”) (whence Korean 염통 (yeomtong)).


niyaman

ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ#Manchu


ceng du

ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩᡠ
ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩᡠ#Manchu

ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩᡠ
ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩᡠ#Manchu


ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩᡠ

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᡠᡩᠠ

ᡠᠶᠠᠨ (uyan, “dilute”) + ᠪᡠᡩᠠ (buda, “rice”)

com

congee; a type of thick rice porridge or soup


uyan buda

ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᡠᡩᠠ
ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᡠᡩᠠ#Manchu

ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᡠᡩᠠ
ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᡠᡩᠠ#Manchu


ᠯᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᠯᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ • (larhūn)


larhūn

ᠯᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ ᠯᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ#Manchu


ᡤᡠᠩᠵᡠ

princess (daughter of the emperor or king)


gungju

ᡤᡠᠩᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᠩᠵᡠ#Manchu


ᡥᡡᡧᠠᠵᡠ

ᡥᡡᡧᠠᠵᡠ • (hūšaju)


hūšaju

ᡥᡡᡧᠠᠵᡠ ᡥᡡᡧᠠᠵᡠ#Manchu


ᠨᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *nīkǖ, compare Evenki ники (ņiki), Even нэкичэн (nəkicən), Nanai ниэчэн (niečen).


niyehe

ᠨᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ ᠨᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ#Manchu


ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ

lio kio (romanization)
ᠯᡳᠣᡴᡳᠣ (alternative)

(historical) A kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879.


lio kio

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu


ᠯᡳᠣᡴᡳᠣ

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu

Alternative form of ᠯᡳᠣ
ᡴᡳᠣ (lio kio, “Ryukyu”)


ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠶᡝᠣ

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu


lio kiyeo

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠶᡝᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠶᡝᠣ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠶᡝᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠶᡝᠣ#Manchu


liokio

ᠯᡳᠣᡴᡳᠣ ᠯᡳᠣᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ • (hūwang ho bira)

From Chinese 黃河 /黄河 (Huáng Hé) and ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (bira, “river”).

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


hūwang ho bira

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡠᠯᠠ (ula, “river”). Calque of Chinese 長江 /长江 (Cháng Jiāng, “Yangtze”, literally “long river”).

cal

Yangtze; Chang Jiang (the longest river in China)


golmin ula

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ
ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ#Manchu

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ
ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ#Manchu


ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

(historical) Ryukyu, a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879.


lio kio gurun

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


furgisu

ᡶᡠᡵᡤᡳᠰᡠ ᡶᡠᡵᡤᡳᠰᡠ#Manchu


suwanda

ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠨᡩᠠ ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠨᡩᠠ#Manchu


nimenggi

ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu


ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ

head

ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ • (malanggū)


malanggū

ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ#Manchu


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ • (sahaliyan malanggū)


sahaliyan malanggū

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ
ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ#Manchu

Romanization of ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ


sahaliyan malanggv

sahaliyan malanggū
sahaliyan malanggū#Manchu

Alternative spelling of sahaliyan malanggū


malanggū nimenggi

ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu

ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu

Romanization of ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ
ᠨᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ


malanggv nimenggi

malanggū nimenggi
malanggū nimenggi#Manchu

Alternative spelling of malanggū nimenggi


ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠮᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ
ᠮᡳᠰᡠᠨ • (malanggū misun)


malanggū misun

ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠮᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠮᡳᠰᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠮᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠮᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ ᠮᡳᠰᡠᠨ#Manchu


sunja hacin i jeku

ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᡳ ᠵᡝᡴᡠ
ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᡳ ᠵᡝᡴᡠ#Manchu

Romanization of ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ
ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᡳ
ᠵᡝᡴᡠ

Romanization of ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ
ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ ᡳ
ᠵᡝᡴᡠ


jeku

ᠵᡝᡴᡠ ᠵᡝᡴᡠ#Manchu


talkiyan

ᡨᠠᠯᡴᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡨᠠᠯᡴᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


ᠪᠣᡩᠣᡴᡡ

ᠪᠣᡩᠣᡴᡡ • (bodokū)


bodokū

ᠪᠣᡩᠣᡴᡡ ᠪᠣᡩᠣᡴᡡ#Manchu


ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ

ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ
ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ • (jakūn biyai tofohon)

(literally) 15th day of the 8th month (in any calendar)

en-ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ_ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ_ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ-mnc-noun-ssjuDxfo

en-ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ_ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ_ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ-mnc-noun-ltfxpmd6


jakūn biyai tofohon

ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ
ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ#Manchu

Romanization of ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ
ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ

Romanization of ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ
ᡨᠣᡶᠣᡥᠣᠨ


jakvn biyai tofohon

jakūn biyai tofohon
jakūn biyai tofohon#Manchu

Alternative spelling of jakūn biyai tofohon


biyangga inenggi

ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu

ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu


jilan muke

ᠵᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡴᡝ
ᠵᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡴᡝ#Manchu

ᠵᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡴᡝ
ᠵᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᡴᡝ#Manchu


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ • (hūwai ho bira)


hūwai ho bira

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu


ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ

the Yangtze, Yellow River, Huai River and Ji River


duin bilten

ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ
ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ
ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ#Manchu


uyan lala

ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠯᠠᠯᠠ
ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠯᠠᠯᠠ#Manchu

ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠯᠠᠯᠠ
ᡠᠶᠠᠨ ᠯᠠᠯᠠ#Manchu


ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᠪᡠᡥᡡ

ᠪᠣᠣᡳ
ᠪᡠᡥᡡ • (booi buhū)

ᠪᠣᠣᡳ (booi, “of the house”) + ᠪᡠᡥᡡ (buhū, “deer”), literally “the house deer”.


booi buhū

ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᠪᡠᡥᡡ
ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᠪᡠᡥᡡ#Manchu

ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᠪᡠᡥᡡ
ᠪᠣᠣᡳ ᠪᡠᡥᡡ#Manchu


ᠪᡠᡥᡡ

head

ᠪᡠᡥᡡ • (buhū)

Compare Mongolian ᠪᠣᠭᠣ (boɣo) / буга (buga, “deer”).


buhū

ᠪᡠᡥᡡ ᠪᡠᡥᡡ#Manchu


gisun

ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ#Manchu


manju gisun

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ#Manchu


ama eme

ᠠᠮᠠ ᡝᠮᡝ
ᠠᠮᠠ ᡝᠮᡝ#Manchu

ᠠᠮᠠ ᡝᠮᡝ
ᠠᠮᠠ ᡝᠮᡝ#Manchu


aja jeje

ᠠᠵᠠ ᠵᡝᠵᡝ
ᠠᠵᠠ ᠵᡝᠵᡝ#Manchu

ᠠᠵᠠ ᠵᡝᠵᡝ
ᠠᠵᠠ ᠵᡝᠵᡝ#Manchu


ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ᠮᠠᡶᠠ (mafa, “ancestor”) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”)


mafa gurun

ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu

ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ#Manchu


pi jio

ᡦᡳ ᠵᡳᠣ
ᡦᡳ ᠵᡳᠣ#Manchu

ᡦᡳ ᠵᡳᠣ
ᡦᡳ ᠵᡳᠣ#Manchu


ᠪᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ

ᠪᠣᠣ (boo, “house”) + ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ (nimaha, “fish”).


boo nimaha

ᠪᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ
ᠪᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu

ᠪᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ
ᠪᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu


ᡠᠶᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ

Double Ninth Festival
Double Ninth Festival

Double Ninth Festival, a traditional Chinese holiday


uyungge inenggi

ᡠᠶᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᡠᠶᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu

ᡠᠶᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᡠᠶᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu


muyari

ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu


ᠮᠠᠰᡝ ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ

ᠮᠠᠰᡝ (mase, “pockmark”) + ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ (muyari, “longan”), literally “longan with pockmark”.

Litchi chinensis
Litchi chinensis#Translingual


mase muyari

ᠮᠠᠰᡝ ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ
ᠮᠠᠰᡝ ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu

ᠮᠠᠰᡝ ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ
ᠮᠠᠰᡝ ᠮᡠᠶᠠᡵᡳ#Manchu


ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ

honey (sweet fluid produced from plant nectar by bees)


hibsu

ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ#Manchu


ᡝᠵᡝᠨ

# Akin to Mongolian эзэн (ezen). Compare also Nanai эден (eʒen).
# See also Proto-Tungusic *eǯe, compare Evenki эды (ədi, “husband”).


ejen

ᡝᠵᡝᠨ ᡝᠵᡝᠨ#Manchu


ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ ᡝᠵᡝᠨ

ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ (hibsu, “honey”) + ᡝᠵᡝᠨ (ejen, “master”), literally “the master of honey”.


hibsu ejen

ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ ᡝᠵᡝᠨ#Manchu

ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ ᡝᠵᡝᠨ
ᡥᡳᠪᠰᡠ ᡝᠵᡝᠨ#Manchu


ᠨᡳᠣᠩᠨᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *ńuŋńakī, compare Evenki нюӈняки (ņuŋņaki).


niongniyaha

ᠨᡳᠣᠩᠨᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ ᠨᡳᠣᠩᠨᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu


ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ (irgen, “common people”) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country; state”). Calque of Chinese 民國 /民国 (mínguó).


ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ

→ Chinese: 愛新覺羅 /爱新觉罗 (Àixīnjuéluó)

From ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) + ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (gioro).

(historical) Aisin Gioro; the Manchu family which established and ruled China's Qing dynasty.


ᠮᠣᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *mō, compare Evenki мо (mo).


ᠰᠣᡤᡳ

From Jurchen [script needed] (*sogi), from Proto-Tungusic *solgi, cognate to Oroch соггиха (soggixa).
Korean 푸성귀 (puseonggwi), Jeju 송키 (songki) are borrowings from Jurchen into Korean.


ᡴᠠᡨᡠᡵᡳ

Compare Korean 게 (ge), Japanese 蟹 (kani).


ᠪᠣᠰᠣ

→ Nanai: босо (boso)

→ Nivkh: пос (pos, “tissue, cotton”)

Borrowed from Mongolian бөс (bös), from Middle Mongol ᠪᠥᠰ (bös), from a Turkic language. The ultimate origin is Arabic بَزّ (bazz). Compare also other cognates in Tungusic, such as Jurchen 博素 (paw-su /bosu/), 卜素 (pu-su /busu/), Negidal [script needed] (bosụ), Orok бусу (busu) and Ulch büsü.


ᠪᠣᠰᠣ

ᠠᠨᡨᡠ

antonym(s) of “north slope of a mountain”


ᠵᠣᠣ

all right (used to express exasperation or frustration)


ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *uligan, compare Nanai олгиан (olgian), Orok орге (orge), Oroqen ʊlgɛn.


ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

pig, the twelfth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡳᡥᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ïkan (“bull”). Cognate with Nanai ихан (ihan), Negidal ихан (ïxan), Oroch иха (ixa).

ᡳᡥᠠᠨ
ᠠᡩᡠᠨ

bovine, e.g. cow, bull, ox, buffalo, bison, yak

ᡳᡥᠠᠨ
ᡝᡵᡳᠨ

(astrology) second earthly branch: ox in the Chinese zodiac, 12th solar month


ᡳᡥᠠᠨ

ox; cow, the second of the twelve earthly branches


ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *muduri, compare Nanai мудур (mudur).


ᠯᡝᡶᡠ

→ Korean: 너페 (neope)


ᠴᠣᡴᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *tiaku (“hen”), in turn from Proto-Turkic *tiakïgu (“hen, fowl”)


ᠴᠣᡴᠣ

rooster; chicken, the tenth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡤᡡᠯᠮᠠᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᡤᡡᠯᠮᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (gūlmahūn)


ᡤᡡᠯᠮᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡤᡡᠯᠮᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (gūlmahūn)

rabbit, the forth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡨᠠᠰᡥᠠ

tiger, the third of the twelve earthly branches


ᠠᡵᠰᠠᠯᠠᠨ

# From a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian арслан (arslan).
# The Mongolic term derives from Turkic *arsïlan, compare Turkish aslan.


ᠰᠣᠯᡥᠣ

From Jurchen solgor (“Goryeo”) (also borrowed as Mongolian Солго (Solgo, “Korea”)). Compare Middle Mongol 莎郎合思 (Солонгос, “Goryeo”) (whence Mongolian ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ (solungɣus) / Солонгос (Solongos, “Korea”)), Old Turkic 𐰲𐰇𐰞𐰍𐰞 (čölgl, “Silla”), Chinese 新羅 (MC sin la, “Silla”), Japanese 新羅(しらき) (shiraki, “Silla”).


ᠠᡥᡡᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *akun, compare Evenki акин (akin), Even акан (akan), Nanai ага (aga).

a respectful term used to address someone who is older but in the same generation as the speaker


ᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (ahūn)

ᡯᠶ
ᠯᡠᠩ
ᠵᠣᠣᡶᠠᠨ
ᠴᡳ
ᡩᡠᡳᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠ
ᠠᡥᡡᠨ᠉

1650, Luo Guanzhong, translated by Kicungge, Fan Wencheng, and Garin et al., ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [ilan gurun-i bithe, Romance of the Three Kingdoms]:

Zilong is four months older than Zhao Fan.


ᡧᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *sian, compare Evenki се̄н (sēn) and Nanai сиан (sian).

ᡧᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᡩᠠ

ᡧᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᠰᡠᡳᡥᡝ

flash pan (a small receptacle for priming powder, found next to the touch hole on muzzle-loading guns)


ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *opore, compare Nanai опоро (oporo).


ᠠᠩᡤᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *amŋa. Cognate with Evenki амӈа (amŋa), Nanai ангма (aŋma).


ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xilŋü. Cognate with Evenki инни (inņi), Nanai сиӈму (siŋmu).


ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *xǖkte. Cognate with Evenki ӣктэ (īktə).


ᡤᠠᠯᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *ŋāla. Cognate with Evenki ӈалэ (ŋalə), Even ӈа̄л (ŋāl), Nanai нгала (ŋala).


ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *begde, compare Even бөдэл (ʙödəl), Nanai бэгди (begʒi).

cog

Even бөдэл (ʙödəl)


ᠠᠪᡩᠠᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xabdansa, compare Evenki авданна (awdanna).


ᡤᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *gara, cognate with Evenki гара (gara), Even гар (gar), Nanai гара (gara) etc.


ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *ńārabī, from *ńārī; compare Bala 纳莫 (namo), Kyakala 纳莫 (namo), Even няри (ņari), Nanai най (nai).


ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ

Compound of ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ (sargan, “wife”) + ᠵᡠᡳ (jui, “child”), probably a calque of Chinese 女子 (nǚzǐ) or Chinese 女兒 /女儿 (nǚ'ér).

com

ᠠᠮᠠᠯᠠ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᡤᠠᡳᡶᡳ
ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
ᠵᡠᡳ
ᠸᠠᡴᠠ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
ᡥᠣᡴᠣᡶᡳ᠈
ᡩᠠᠨᠴᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡠᠩᡤᡳᡥᡝᠪᡳ᠉

Later on, she was married to a certain man. Then she was repudiated and sent back to her parents' home, because people said she is not a virgin.


ᠣᠮᠣᠯᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *ome, compare Evenki омолги (omolgi).


ᡝᡵᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *eri; compare Bala 俄勒 (ele) and Evenki эр (ər).

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᡥᠠᡥᠠ
ᠣᠴᡳ
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠠᠮᠠ᠉

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᠣᠴᡳ
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ᠉


ᡝᡵᡝ

ᡝᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳ ᡝᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠣᠴᡳ

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᡥᠠᡥᠠ
ᠣᠴᡳ
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠠᠮᠠ᠉


ᠣᠴᡳ

conjunction used to indicate a condition; used at the end of the protasis


ᠮᡳᠨᡳ

Genitive case of ᠪᡳ (bi). Cognate with Evenki минни (minņi).
Often compared to Mongolian миний (minii), Old Turkic 𐰢𐰤𐰭 (mn²ŋ, “my”), 𐰋𐰤𐰭 (b²n²ŋ, “my”).

(first-person singular, genitive case) my


ᠠᡴᡡ

From Proto-Tungusic * ā-, compare Evenki ачин (açin), Even ач (ac), Nanai ана (ana).

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
ᠠᡴᡡ᠉

清文啟蒙
ᠸᡝ
ᠶᠠ
ᡩᡝ
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᡥᡝᡧᡠ
ᡥᠠᡧᡠ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᠠᡴᡡ
ᠨᡳ᠉
we ya de emu hešu hašu baita akū ni.

Is there anybody who has no trifling duties?

not; there is not; there are not; does not have; do not have


ᠠᠮᠪᠠ

ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᠶᡝᠯᡠ

The Art of War
ᠰᡠᠨ
ᡯᠶ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᡝ᠈
ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ
ᠰᡝᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ᠈
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ᠉
sun dzy hendume, cooha serengge, gurun-i amba baita.

Sun Tzu said: "Military is an important matter of the State."

ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᠠᠮᠪᠠ
ᠵᡠᡳ


ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᠸᡝ

ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ (juwan, “ten”) + ᠵᡠᠸᡝ (juwe, “two”)


ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ

head

ᠵᡠᠸᠠᠨ
ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ • (juwan jakūn)


ᡝᡳᡥᡝᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *eyiken, compare Nanai эйхэ (ejhe).


ᡨᡝᡵᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *tari; compare Bala 特勒 (tele), Evenki тар (tar), Even тарак (tarak), Nanai тэй (tej).

ᡨᡝᡵᡝ
ᡥᡝᡥᡝ
ᠣᠴᡳ
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᡝᠮᡝ᠉


ᡨᡝᡵᡝ

ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳ ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu

ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳ ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *giramsa, compare Evenki гирамна (giramna), Oroqen gɪramna.


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *mońŋan, compare Evenki моңон, Nanai монгон (moŋon).
Perhaps can be comparable to Proto-Turkic *bōń (“neck”), whence Turkish boyun.


ᠰᡳᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ

→ Korean: 송쿠 (songku)

From Proto-Tungusic *siŋere, ultimately from Proto-Uralic *šiŋere, compare Evenki сиңэрэкэн, Nanai сиӈэрэ (siŋere).

cog

Evenki сиңэрэкэн


ᠰᡳᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ

Evenki сиңэрэкэн

rat, the first of the twelve earthly branches


ᠪᠣᠨᡳᠣ

ᠪᠣᠨᡳᠣ
ᡝᡵᡳᠨ

(astrology) ninth earthly branch: monkey of the Chinese zodiac, 7th month of the Chinese calendar


ᠪᠣᠨᡳᠣ

monkey, the ninth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡤᡝᡶᡝᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *gepe-kte. Cognate with Udihe гэптэ (gəptə).


ᡩᡝᡵᡥᡠᠸᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *dile, compare Even диликан (ʒilikan), Nanai дилуэктэ (žiluekte).


ᡤᠠᠯᠮᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ŋalman, compare Nanai гармакта (garmakta).


ᠨᠠᠮᡠ

From Proto-Tungusic *laamu. Cognate with Evenki ламу (lamu), Even ла̄му (lāmu), Nanai намо (namo).


ᡤᡳᠶᠠᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᡤᡳᠶᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (giyahūn)

From Proto-Tungusic *giākun, compare Even гякан (gẹkan), Nanai гихон (gihon).


ᡶᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡶᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (fahūn)

From Proto-Tungusic *pākun, compare Evenki хакин (hakin).


ᡩᡝᠯᡳᡥᡠᠨ

From Proto-Mongolic *delixün, compare Mongolian дэлүү (delüü).


ᡠᡶᡠᡥᡠ

Perhaps related to Proto-Turkic *öpke (“lung”).


ᠪᠣᠰᡥᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *bosakta, compare Evenki босокто (bosokto).


ᠰᡠᡴᡡ

ᠰᡠᡴᡡ • (sukū)


ᠰᡳᠯᡥᡳ

# From Proto-Tungusic *sīlse, compare Nanai силтэ (silte).
# Maybe the Tungusic term is related to Korean 쓸개 (sseulgae) or Mongolian цөс (cös) which is inherited from Proto-Mongolic *sölsün (“gall”).


ᡶᡝᡥᡳ

# From Proto-Tungusic *pēyke.
# The Tungusic term might be akin to Proto-Mongolic *hekin (“brain, head, beginning”), compare Mongolian эх (ex, “beginning”), and also akin to Proto-Turkic *beyŋi (“brain”), compare Turkish beyin.


ᡧᡝᠩᡤᡳᠨ

head

ᡧᡝᠩᡤᡳᠨ • (šenggin)


ᡝᠪᠴᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *xebte, compare Nanai хэучилэ (heučile).


ᠴᡝᠵᡝᠨ

[t͡ʃʰə.t͡ʃən]

Connected with the Middle Korean 졎〮 (cyéc, “breast”).


ᡥᡝᡶᡝᠯᡳ

# From Proto-Tungusic *kebel, from Jurchen [script needed] (*hefuli).
# Ultimately from a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian хэвэл (xevel). Cognates are widespread in Inner Asia, being also found in the Northern Tungusic languages of Siberia and in Ket. Pyongan Korean 허북 (heobuk, “belly”), Korean 허벅지 (heobeokji, “thigh”) are most likely borrowed from Tungusic.


ᠰᠠᠪᡴᠠ

Mongolian: савх (savx)

→ Nivkh: чафӄ (ț’afq)

→ Ainu: サㇵカ (sahka)

Inherited from Proto-Tungusic *sarpukī (“chopstick”).


ᡩᠠᠪᠴᡳᡴᡡ

head

ᡩᠠᠪᠴᡳᡴᡡ • (dabcikū)


ᠰᡝᠯᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *sele, compare Evenki сэлэ (sələ), Nanai сэлэ (sele).


ᡨᡝᡳᡧᡠᠨ

ᡨᡝᡳᡧᡠᠨ • (teišun)


ᡨᠣᡥᠣᠯᠣᠨ

From Proto-Mongolic, compare Mongolian тугалга (tugalga).


ᡨᠣᡥᠣᠯᠣᠨ ᠮᡠᡴᡝ

ᡨᠣᡥᠣᠯᠣᠨ (toholon, “tin”) + ᠮᡠᡴᡝ (muke, “water”).


ᡬᠠᠨ

Borrowed from Mandarin 鋼 /钢 (gāng, “steel”).


ᡨᡠᠸᠠ

# From Proto-Tungusic *toga, compare Evenki того (togo), Nanai тава (tawa).
# Perhaps related to Proto-Mongolic *togaxan, Mongolian тогоо (togoo, “cauldron”).


ᡨᡠᠸᠠ

ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠮᠪᡳ ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠵᡠᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *ʒuke, compare Evenki дюкэ (ʒukə).


ᡩᡝᡵᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *dēre, compare Evenki дэрэ (dərə).


ᠰᡝᠨᠴᡝᡥᡝ

[sən.t͡ʃʰə.χə]


ᡠᠨᠴᡝᡥᡝᠨ

From *ucege < *urcege, from Proto-Tungusic *xürgü. Cognate with Evenki ирги (irgi).


ᡶᡝᠮᡝᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *pemun. Cognate with Evenki хэмун (həmun) and Nanai пэмун (pəmun) etc.


ᡠᠮᡥᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *umu-kan, from *umu (“nest”). Compare Evenki умукта (umukta).


ᡤᡠᠶᡝ

a piece of iron at the end of a sword's handle


ᡳᡴᡡᡵᠰᡠᠨ

head

ᡳᡴᡡᡵᠰᡠᠨ • (ikūrsun)


ᡥᡳᡨᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡥᡳᡨᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (hitahūn)


ᠪᡳᠯᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *bilga, compare Even билга (ʙilga).

(figurative) strategically important place


ᠮᠠᡶᠠ

paternal grandfather
paternal grandfather


ᠶᡝᠶᡝ

From Mandarin 爺爺 /爷爷 (yéye, “paternal grandfather”).


ᠮᠠᠮᠠ

paternal grandmother
paternal grandmother


ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ

zh-l

額娘／额娘 (éniáng)

→ Chinese: 額娘／额娘 (éniáng)

From Proto-Tungusic *eńin, compare Evenki энин (əņin).


ᠠᠮᡠ

paternal aunt (wife of father's elder brother)


ᠠᠮᡠ

From Proto-Tungusic *ā- (“to sleep”), compare Evenki ами (ami, “sleep”).


ᡝᠴᡳᡴᡝ

paternal uncle (father's younger brother)


ᠣᡴᡝ

paternal aunt (wife of father's younger brother)


ᠠᡤᡝ

(honorific, used to address males of the same seniority) mister; sir; gentleman

(women's speech) dear, darling, sweetheart (term used by a woman to address her lover)


ᡝᡶᡠ

→ Chinese: 額駙 /额驸 (éfù)

brother-in-law (husband of elder sister)


ᡤᠣᡵᠣ ᠮᠠᡶᠠ

maternal grandfather
maternal grandfather


ᡤᠣᡵᠣ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ

maternal grandmother
maternal grandmother


ᡠᠩᡤᡠ ᠮᠠᡶᠠ

paternal grandfather
paternal grandfather#English

great-grandfather (paternal grandfather's father)


ᡠᠩᡤᡠ ᠮᠠᠮᠠ

great-grandmother (paternal grandfather's mother)


ᡠᠩᡤᡠ

ᡠᠩᡤᡠ
ᠮᠠᡶᠠ

Describes relationship that is three generations away


ᡩᡝᡥᡝᠮᠠ

maternal uncle (husband of mother's younger sister)


ᠮᡝᠶᡝ

brother-in-law (younger sister's husband)

brother-in-law (wife's younger sister's husband)


ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ

Shenyang (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


ᡶᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ

head

ᡶᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ • (falanggū)

From Proto-Tungusic *palŋa, compare Evenki ханңга, Nanai пайнга (paynga).

cog

Evenki ханңга


ᡶᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *page, compare Nanai пава (pawa).


ᡠᠴᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *örke. Cognate with Evenki уркэ (urkə).


ᡥᠠᠨ

Compare Mongolian ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ (qaɣan, “emperor; khan”).


ᠨᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *nā, compare Nanai на (na). Connected with the Middle Korean 나랗〮 (nàláh, “country”).


ᡤᠣᠯᠣ

Connected with the Middle Korean ᄀᆞᄅᆞᆷ〮 (kòlóm, “river”).


ᠮᡠᠯᡠ

ridge; a narrow raised band on a surface


ᠵᡠᡤᡡᠨ

head

ᠵᡠᡤᡡᠨ • (jugūn)


ᡧᡝᡵᡳ

ᡧᡝᡵᡳ • (šeri)


ᡧᡠᡧᡠ

ᡧᡠᡧᡠ • (šušu)

Borrowed from Mandarin 蜀黍 (shǔshǔ, “sorghum”).


ᡧᡠᡧᡠ

ᡧᡠᡧᡠ • (šušu)


ᡝᡵᡩᡝ

From a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian эрт (ert).


ᠮᡳᠰᡠᠨ

Likely a direct loan from Old Korean. Compare Middle Korean 며주〮 (myècwú, “block of fermented beans”) (whence Korean 메주 (meju)). Compare also Japanese 味噌 (miso, “miso”).


ᠵᡠᡧᡠᠨ

head

ᠵᡠᡧᡠᠨ • (jušun)


ᠪᡝᠯᡝ

Connected with the Middle Korean 보리 (pwoli, “barley”).


ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ

From Classical Mongolian ᠳᠠᠪᠤᠰᠤ (dabusu).


ᡧᠠᡨᠠᠨ

ᡧᠠᡨᠠᠨ • (šatan)


ᡩᠠᡵᠠᠮᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *darama, compare Even дарам (daram), Nanai дарама (darama).


ᡠᡶᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *upe, compare Nanai опа (opa).


ᠣᡵᡥᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *orākta (“dry grass”), compare Evenki орокто (orokto) and Even орат (orat).


ᡶᡝᡵᡥᡝ

# From Proto-Tungusic *pere.
# Likely akin to Proto-Mongolic *herekei, compare Mongolian эрхий (erxii).


ᠠᠰᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xasakī, compare Evenki асаки (asaki), Nanai хасар (hasar).


ᡶᡳ

From Chinese 筆 /笔 (bǐ, “writing brush”).


ᠨᡝᡴᠴᡠ

maternal aunt (wife of mother's brother)


ᡥᡡᠸᠠ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠ • (hūwa)


ᠵᠠᡴᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *ǯiaka, compare Nanai дяка (ʒaka).


ᠵᠠᡴᠠ

ᡶᡠ
ᡩᡝ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠ
ᠪᡳ᠉


ᠵᠠᡴᠠ

ᡥᡡᡩᠠᡳ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᡩᠠᠯᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡨᠠᡶᠠᠮᡝ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠ᠈
ᡝᠮᡠ
ᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡨᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᠰᠠᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈
ᡨᡠᠸᠠᠮᡝ
ᠰᡝᠰᡠᠯᠠᡥᠠᡳ
ᠪᡳ᠉

1848, Pu Songling, translated by Jakdan, 擇飜聊齋志異/Sonjofi ubaliyambuha liyoo jai jy i bithe [Selected Short Stories by Liao Zhai in translation]:

When the businessman went ashore (lit, "at the time he went ashore"), he saw a young man. Seeing that, he was startled.

hūdai niyalma dalan de tafame jaka, emu asihata be sabufi, tuwame sesulahai bi.

(after the infinitive) Used to indicate an event, case, occasion, moment, or a specific period in time.


ᠵᠠᡴᡩᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ǯagde, compare Evenki дягда (ʒagda).


ᡧᠠᡥᡡᡵᡠᠨ

ᡧᠠᡥᡡᡵᡠᠨ • (šahūrun)


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ŋōlimi, from *ŋōli. Cognate with Evenki ӈоним (ŋoņim), Orok ŋonimi, Nanai оними (onimi).


ᠰᠠᡳᡴᠠᠨ

From Middle Mongol [script needed] (sayiqan, diminutive of [script needed] (sayin)).

der

diminutive of <small>[script needed]</small> (sayin)

ᠰᠠᡳᡴᠠᠨ
ᡥᡝᡥᡝ


ᠴᡳᡵᡴᡠ

cirku (romanization)
ᠴᡳᡵᡠᡴᡠ (alternative)


ᡶᡝᡳᠰᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *pejte, compare Nanai пэйдэ (pejde).


ᡥᠠᡩᡠᡶᡠᠨ

Seems to be akin to Proto-Mongolic *kaduxur, compare Mongolian хадуур (xaduur).


ᠪᠣᠴᠣ

Borrowed from some variety of Old Korean; compare Middle Korean 빛 (pich, “light; color”), whence Korean 빛 (bit).


ᡨᠣᡵᠣ

From Mongolian тоор (toor), which is ultimately from Mandarin 桃兒 /桃儿 (táor).


ᡥᡡᠴᡳᠨ

head

ᡥᡡᠴᡳᠨ • (hūcin)

well (a shaft sunk into the ground to obtain water)


ᡠᠯᡥᡡᠮᠠ

ᡠᠯᡥᡡᠮᠠ • (ulhūma)


ᡤᡳᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *gibe, compare Evenki гивчэн (giwçən), Nanai гиу (giu).


ᡥᠣᠣᡧᠠᠨ

ᡥᠣᠣᡧᠠᠨ • (hoošan)


ᠪᡝᡥᡝ

Perhaps cognate to Middle Chinese 墨 (MC mok).


ᡥᡡᡩᡠᠨ

ᡥᡡᡩᡠᠨ • (hūdun)

From Proto-Mongolic *kurdun, compare Mongolian хурдан (xurdan).


ᡨᠣᡥᠣᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *toxe, compare Nanai тохон (tohon).


ᠰᠠᡳᠨ

From Middle Mongol [script needed] (sayin, “good; nice; satisfactory”).

der

ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
ᡤᡠᠴᡠ

ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
ᡨᠣᡩᠣᠯᠣ

ᠰᠠᡳᠨ
ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ


ᡤᠣᡵᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *gora, compare Even гор (gor), Evenki горо (goro).


ᡨᠠᠯᠮᠠᠨ

Akin to Evenki тамнакса (tamnaksa), Nanai тамна (tamna).


ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *sagdV, compare Evenki сагды (sagdi).

ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ

ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ
ᠠᡤᡠ


ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ

A Manchu nobility clan during Qing Dynasty.


ᠠᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *xa- (“interrogative stem”). Cognate with Orok xai (“what”).
Compared to Proto-Turkic *ka- (“interrogative stem”), Proto-Mongolic *ka- (“interrogative stem”), Kazakh қай (qai, “which”), Yakut хайа (qaya, “what”). See also Mongolian хаана (xaana, “where”), Kazakh қайда (qaida, “where”), Kazakh қашан (qaşan, “when”).


ᠸᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *ŋüi, compare Evenki ңи, Nanai уй (uj).


ᠰᡳᠨᡳ

(second-person singular, genitive case) your


ᠵᡝ

→ Chinese: 嗻 (zhē), 喳 (zhā)


ᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *maŋga, compare Evenki маңа, Even маӈ (maŋ), Nanai манга (maŋa).


ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝᠰᡳ

→ Chinese: 筆帖式 /笔帖式 (bǐtièshì)

ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ᠊ (bithe-, “text; book”) + ᠊ᠰᡳ (-si). Probably a phono-semantic matching of Mongolian ᠪᠠᠭᠰᠢ (baɣsi, “master, trainer, teacher”)

psm

(historical) scribe during the Qing Dynasty


ᠰᠠᠴᡳᠮᠠ

Chinese: 沙琪瑪 /沙琪玛 (shāqímǎ)

Rice Krispie square
Rice Krispie square#English

sachima (a type of Chinese pastry similar in structure to a Rice Krispie square)


ᡴᠠᡵᠠ

Borrowed from Mongolic. Compare Mongolian хар (xar, “black”).


ᠵᠠᠮᡠ

ᠵᠠᠮᡠ:


ᡧᡝᠶᡝᠨ

head

ᡧᡝᠶᡝᠨ • (šeyen)


ᡴᠣᠩᡤᠣᡵᠣ

[qʰɔŋ.ŋɔ.rɔ]


ᡧᠠᠪᡠᡵᡠ

ᡧᠠᠪᡠᡵᡠ • (šaburu)


ᡨᡝᠮᡝᠨ

From Proto-Mongolic *temexen, compare Mongolian тэмээ (temee).
Further compare Evenki тэвен (təwen), Nanai тэмэн (temen).


ᡩᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ

Akin or from Proto-Mongolic *dorugun, compare Mongolian дорго (dorgo).


ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠨ

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ
ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠨ
ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠨ
ᡧᡝᡥᡠᠨ᠉


ᠮᠣᡵᠣ

ᠮᠣᡵᠣᠮᠪᡳ ᠮᠣᡵᠣᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠠᠨᠠᡴᡡ

ᠠᠨᠠᡴᡡ • (anakū)

ᠠᠨᠠ᠊ (ana-, “to push”) + ᠊ᡴᡡ (-kū). Cognate with Nanai анако (anako).

key (object designed to open and close locks)

ᠠᠨᠠᡴᡡ
ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ


ᡥᡡᠨᡨᠠᡥᠠᠨ

ᡥᡡᠨᡨᠠᡥᠠᠨ • (hūntahan)


ᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ

ᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ • (langgū)


ᡧᡠᠯᡥᡝ

ᡧᡠᠯᡥᡝ • (šulhe)

zh-l

舒蘭／舒兰 (Shūlán)

→ Chinese: 舒蘭／舒兰 (Shūlán)


ᠠᠯᡳᡴᡡ

head

ᠠᠯᡳᡴᡡ • (alikū)


ᠸᠠᡳᡩᠠᡴᡡ

ᠸᠠᡳᡩᠠᡴᡡ • (waidakū)


ᠴᡳᠪᡳᠨ

Borrowed from some variety of Old Korean; compare Middle Korean 져비 (cyepi, “swallow”), whence Korean 제비 (jebi).


ᡨᠠᡳᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Chinese 太監 /太监 (tàijiàn, “eunuch”).


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ • (hūwangdi)


ᠣᠯᠪᠣ

makwa, a type of clothing popular during the Qing Dynasty


ᡥᡡᠰᡳᡥᠠᠨ

ᡥᡡᠰᡳᡥᠠᠨ • (hūsihan)


ᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *eri- (“to breathe”).

ᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ
ᡤᠠᡳᠮᠪᡳ

(Chinese philosophy) energy of primal chaos


ᠣᠶᠣ

roof or ceiling (of a house, yurt, carriage, etc)


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᠪᠣᠣ

→ Chinese: 蒙古包 (měnggǔbāo)

ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ (monggo, “Mongol; Mongolian”) + ᠪᠣᠣ (boo, “house”)

com

yurt (large, round tent with vertical walls and conical roof, common in the steppes of Central Asia)


ᡶᡠᠯᡥᡡ

head

ᡶᡠᠯᡥᡡ • (fulhū)


ᠰᡝᠵᡝᠨ

Ultimately borrowed from Proto-Mongolic *tergen (“cart”), compare Buryat тэргэн (tergen).


ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ

ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ
ᠪᡠᠯᡝᡴᡠ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ


ᠰᡠᡥᡝ

From a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian сүх (süx).


ᠠᠰᡠ

ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠᡳ
ᠠᠰᡠ


ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ

ᡥᡡᠯᡥᠠᡳ
ᠴᠣᠣᡥᠠ


ᡩᠠᡳᡶᡠ

Borrowed from Mandarin 大夫 (dàifu, “doctor”).


ᠵᡳᠯᡤᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *dilgan, compare Evenki дылган (dilgan), Nanai дилган (ʒilgan).


ᡤᡠ

Connected with the Middle Korean 구슬〮 (kwùsúl, “gem”).


ᡥᠠᠰᡥᡡ

ᡥᠠᠰᡥᡡ • (hashū)


ᠠᠮᠪᡠᠮᠠ

maternal uncle (husband of mother's elder sister)


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ • (hūwangheo)


ᠨᡝᠴᡝ

sister-in-law (wife of wife's elder brother)


ᠨᡝᠶᡝ

sister-in-law (wife of wife's younger brother)


ᠪᠠᡧᠠ

ᠪᠠᡧᠠ • (baša)


ᡩᠠᠨᠴᠠᠨ

ᡩᠠᠨᠴᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᠪᡝᡩᡝᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳ

to return to a married woman's parents' home (for a visit)


ᠪᡝᡵᡥᡠ

sister-in-law (husband's younger sister)


ᡤᡠᡶᡠ

paternal uncle (husband of father's elder sister)


ᠠᡥᡡᠩᡤᠠ ᠵᡠᡳ

ᠠᡥᡡᠩᡤᠠ
ᠵᡠᡳ • (ahūngga jui)


ᡩᠠᠪᡴᡡᡵᡳ ᠣᠮᠣᠯᠣ

ᡩᠠᠪᡴᡡᡵᡳ
ᠣᠮᠣᠯᠣ • (dabkūri omolo)


ᠣᠮᠣᠯᠣ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ

ᠣᠮᠣᠯᠣ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ

ᠣᠮᠣᠯᠣ (omolo, “grandson”) + ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ
ᠵᡠᡳ (sargan jui, “daughter”).


ᠰᠣᠨᠴᠣᡥᠣ

[sɔn.t͡ʃʰɔ.χɔ]


ᠵᠠᠯᠠᡥᡳ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ

head

ᠵᠠᠯᠠᡥᡳ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ


ᡳᠨᠠ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ

ᡳᠨᠠ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠵᡠᡳ


ᡤᡝ

brother-in-law (husband's elder brother)


ᠵᠠᠯᠠᡥᡳ ᡠᡵᡠᠨ

fraternal nephew's wife (brother's son's wife)


ᠨᠠᠮᡠ ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

ᠨᠠᠮᡠ (namu, “ocean”) + ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (ulgiyan, “pig”).


ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ

title; rank (of an official or nobility)


ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ

ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ (nikan, “Chinese; Han Chinese”) + ᡥᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ (hergen, “script; writing”)


ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ (nikan, “Chinese; Han Chinese”) + ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ (gisun, “language”)


ᡠᠯᠮᡝ ᡥᡡᠯᡥᠠᡨᡠ

head

ᡠᠯᠮᡝ
ᡥᡡᠯᡥᠠᡨᡠ • (ulme hūlhatu)

ᡠᠯᠮᡝ (ulme, “needle”) + ᡥᡡᠯᡥᠠᡨᡠ (hūlhatu, “habitual robber”).


ᡠᠯᠮᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *xülme, compare Evenki инмэ (inmə), Nanai хурмэ (hurme).


ᡥᡝᠶᡝ

rheum; sleep (substance in eyes after waking)


ᠶᠠᠰᠠᡳ ᠮᡠᡴᡝ

ᠶᠠᠰᠠᡳ (yasai, genitive of ᠶᠠᠰᠠ (yasa, “eye”)) + ᠮᡠᡴᡝ (muke, “water”).


ᡶᡠᠯᡝᠩᡤᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *pulńe, compare Even хултэн (hultən), Nanai пунэктэн (punekten).


ᠶᠠᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *xial-, compare Evenki элла (əlla), Nanai сиалта (sialta).


ᡠᠰᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *üse, compare Nanai усэ (use).


ᡥᠣᠮᡳᠨ

Likely borrowed from Middle Korean 호ᄆᆡ (hwomoy, “hoe”), whence Korean 호미 (homi).


ᠶᠠᡶᠠᠨ

ᠰᠣᡤᡳ
ᠶᠠᡶᠠᠨ


ᡶᠣᠯᡥᠣ

folho (romanization)
ᡶᠣᠯᡤᠣ (alternative)

# From Proto-Tungusic *palụka, compare Evenki халка (halka), Nanai палоа (paloa).
# From Proto-Mongolic *haluka or its ancestor, possibly of Indo-European origin. Compare Mongolian алх (alx, “hammer”), Kazakh балға (balğa, “hammer”), Sanskrit परशु (paraśu, “axe”), Ancient Greek πέλεκυς (pélekus, “axe”), Russian палка (palka, “stick”).


ᠶᠠᡨᡠᡥᠠᠨ

Compare Mongolian ятга (jatga, “yatga”).


ᡶᡳᠴᠠᡴᡡ

head

ᡶᡳᠴᠠᡴᡡ • (ficakū)

xiao (a vertical, notched, end-blown bamboo flute)


ᠪᡳᠯᡝᡵᡳ

zh-l

篳篥／筚篥 (bìlì)

suona (traditional Chinese woodwind instrument)


ᡨᡝᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ

sanxian (a three-stringed fretless Chinese instrument)


ᡥᡝᡨᡠ ᡶᡳᠴᠠᡴᡡ

head

ᡥᡝᡨᡠ
ᡶᡳᠴᠠᡴᡡ • (hetu ficakū)

dizi (a transverse flute with a buzzing membrane)


ᡴᡠᠮᡠᠨ

Inherited from Proto-Tungusic *kumun (“music”). Somehow akin to Proto-Turkic *kopuŕ, *komuŕ (“a musical instrunment, a kind of lute”), Proto-Mongolic *kuxur (“music”). There is a chance that word is a borrowing from Proto-Turkic.


ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ ᡶᡳᠯᠠ

yunluo (a set of tuned flat gongs in a frame, played with a stick)


ᡨᠣᡴᠰᡳᡨᡠ

wooden fish (a wooden percussion instrument)


ᠵᡠᠸᡝᡵᡤᡝ

a plucked string instrument with two strings


ᠣᠩᡤᠣᠴᠣᠨ

[ɔŋ.ŋɔ.t͡ʃʰɔn]


ᠰᠠᠮᠠᠨ

zh-l

薩滿／萨满 (sàmǎn)

→ Chinese: 薩滿／萨满 (sàmǎn)

From Proto-Tungusic *samān (“shaman”), compare Evenki саман (saman) and Nanai сама̄н (samān) etc.


ᡨᠠᡨᡠᡥᠠᠨ

sihu (a bowed string instrument with two pairs of strings)


ᠪᠠᡴᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡳᠴᠠᡴᡡ

head

ᠪᠠᡴᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡶᡳᠴᠠᡴᡡ • (baksangga ficakū)

sheng (a Chinese mouth-blown free-reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes)


ᠴᠠᡵᡴᡳ

Manchu clapper (a percussion instrument made from several pieces of wood)


ᡧᡝᡨᡠᡥᡝᠨ

ᡧᡝᡨᡠᡥᡝᠨ • (šetuhen)

se, an ancient Chinese plucked string instrument


ᡩᡝᠩᠵᠠᠨ

From Mandarin 燈盞 /灯盏 (dēngzhǎn, “lamp”).


ᡝᠯᠪᡝᠨ

grass (used to make thatch); cogon grass


ᡶᠠᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *pańan, compare Evenki ханян (haņan).


ᡶᡝᠶᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *pube, compare Evenki хуги (hugi).


ᡶᡝᠶᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *puje, compare Evenki хуе (huje), Nanai пуе (puye).

ᠰᡳᡵᡩᠠᠨ ᡳ
ᡶᡝᠶᡝ


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡧᠠᠨ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡧᠠᠨ • (hūwašan)

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡧᠠ᠊ (hūwaša-, “to make progress”) + ᠊ᠨ (-n), literally “the one who makes progress (in ascetic practices)”


ᡥᡠᠸᡝᡧᡝᠨ

head

ᡥᡠᠸᡝᡧᡝᠨ • (huwešen)


ᡶᡠᠴᡳᡥᡳ

From Jurchen  (*fut͡ʃiçi), from Proto-Koreanic *Pwutukye; see there for more.


ᠨᠣᠮᡠᠨ

From Mongolic, compare Mongolian ном (nom).


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ • (golmin šanyan alin)

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ (šanyan, “white”) + ᠠᠯᡳᠨ (alin, “mountain”)


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ

head

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ • (golmin šanggiyan alin)

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (šanggiyan, “white”) + ᠠᠯᡳᠨ (alin, “mountain”)

compound

en-ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ_ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ_ᠠᠯᡳᠨ-mnc-name-2DcIwHQc


ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᠠ

ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᡝ ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᡝ#Manchu

Alternative spelling of ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᡝ (ninggute)


ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᠠ

zh-l

寧古塔／宁古塔 (Nínggǔtǎ)

→ Chinese: 寧古塔／宁古塔 (Nínggǔtǎ)

→ English: Ningguta

→ Russian: Нингута (Ninguta)

desc

Нюлгуцкой город

→ Russian: Нюлгуцкой город (Njulguckoj gorod)

(historical) Ningguta, a region of the Qing dynasty


ᡥᠠᠯᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *kala, probably borrowed from pre-proto-Amuric *kalaŋ.

ᡥᠠᠯᠠ
ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ


ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ

ᡤᡝᠪᡠ (gebu, “given name”) + ᡥᠠᠯᠠ (hala, “family name”).


ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ ᡠᠯᠠ

Compare semantically ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (sunggari bira, “Milky Way”). Both ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (bira) and ᡠᠯᠠ (ula) mean river.

Songhua River, a river in northeast China


ᠣᠮᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *āme, compare Evenki амут (amut).


ᠪᡳᡵᡤᠠᠨ

By surface analysis, ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (bira, “river”) + ᠊ᡤᠠᠨ (-gan, diminutive suffix).


ᠵᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡡᠨ

head

ᠵᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡡᠨ • (jiyanggiyūn)

Borrowed from Chinese 將軍 /将军 (jiāngjūn, “general”).


ᡴᠠᠨᡩᠠᡥᠠᠨ

desc

→ Mandarin: 堪達罕 /堪达罕 (kāndáhǎn), 犴 (hān)

From Proto-Mongolic *kandaxai, compare Mongolian хандгай (xandgaj).


ᠰᡝ

ᡩᠠᠮᡠ
ᠮᡳᠨᡳ
ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ
ᡝᠮᡝ
ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨᠵᡠ
ᠰᡝ
ᠣᡥᠣ᠈
ᡝᡵᡧᡝᡵᡝ
ᡠᡳᠯᡝᡵᡝ
ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ
ᠠᡴᡡ᠉

But my old mother is 70 years old, there is no one taking care of her.

damu mini sakda eme nadanju se oho, eršere uilere niyalma akū.


ᠰᡝ

ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠵᡳᡵᠠᠮᡳᠨ

thick (relatively great in extent from one surface to the opposite in its smallest solid dimension)


ᡠᠵᡝᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *xörgän, compare Evenki ургэ (urgə), Nanai хуйгэ (hujge).


ᡨᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ

head

ᡨᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ • (tarhūn)


ᠨᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ

ᠨᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ • (narhūn)

thin; slender (having a cross section that is small in all directions)


ᠨᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ ᡩᡠᡥᠠ

ᠨᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ
ᡩᡠᡥᠠ • (narhūn duha)


ᡩᡝᡨᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *dekte, compare Evenki дэктэннэ (dəktənnə), Nanai дэктэчэ (dekteče).


ᡨᡠᡵᠠᡴᡡ

ᡨᡠᡵᠠᡴᡡ • (turakū)


ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ

ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ • (mukūn)


ᡶᡠᠯᡝᡥᡝ

From *pule, from Proto-Koreanic *pulɨkuj, whence also Middle Korean 불휘〮 (pwùlhwúy, “root”) > Modern Standard Central Korean 뿌리 (ppuri, “root”), also Pyongan Korean 뿌레기 (ppuregi, “root”). Not attested in other Tungusic languages, including Jurchen. The native Tungusic equivalent is ᡩᠠ (da).


ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ

ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ
ᠠᠮᡨᠠᠨ

ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ
ᠯᠠᠮᡠᠨ

ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ
ᡧᡠᡧᡠ


ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ

ᡠᠪᠠᠴᡳ
ᡝᡵᠴᡳᠰ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡩᡝᡵᡳ
ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᠵᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᠪᠠᡵᡠ
ᡨᠣᠪᠣᠯ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡩᡝ
ᡩᠣᠰᡳᡶᡳ᠈
ᠮᡠᡴᡝᡳ
ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ
ᡠᠶᡠᠨ
ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠶᠠᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈
ᠣᡵᡳᠨ
ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠠᡥᠠ᠉

1723, Tulišen, 異域錄 [Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars]:

From the Irtysh to the southwest, went along the Tobol River, after nine days, (we) arrived at Tyumen on the 23th day.

ubaci ercis bira deri wargi julergi baru tobol bira de dosifi, mukei wesihun uyun inenggi yabufi, orin ilan de tumin de isinaha.

Tyumen (a city, the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, Russia)


ᡧᡠᠮᡳᠨ

ᡧᡠᠮᡳᠨ • (šumin)

Unknown. According to Benzing might be from earlier suŋmin, which is ultimately from Proto-Tungusic *suŋta (“deep”).


ᠵᠠᠨᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ

ᠵᠠᠨᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨ • (jancuhūn)


ᡤᠣᠰᡳᡥᠣᠨ

gosihon (romanization)
ᡤᠣᠰᡳᡥᡡᠨ (alternative)

From Proto-Tungusic *goša, compare Even гот (got), Nanai гочиси (gočisi).


ᠵᡠᡧᡠᡥᡠᠨ

ᠵᡠᡧᡠᡥᡠᠨ • (jušuhun)


ᡥᠠᡨᡠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡥᠠᡨᡠᡥᡡᠨ • (hatuhūn)


ᠸᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᠸᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (wahūn)


ᠴᠠᠨᠠᠩᡤᡳ

day before yesterday
day before yesterday


ᡳᠴᡝ ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

[i.t͡ʃʰə.t͡ʃə.t͡ʃʰən]

ᡳᠴᡝ (ice, “new”) + ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ (jecen, “border; frontier”), literally “new frontier”. Compare semantically Chinese 新疆 (Xīnjiāng).

com

(historical) Xinjiang (a former province of China)

Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

[t͡ʃə.t͡ʃʰən]


ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

[t͡ʃə.t͡ʃʰən]

Jecen (a Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty)


ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ

ᠪᠠᡳᡥᠠᠯ
ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ


ᠸᠠ

ᠸᠠᠮᠪᡳ ᠸᠠᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᠠᠮᡨᠠᠨ

From a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian амт (amt).


ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠨ

From *iman, from Mongolic. Compare Mongolian ямаа (jamaa), Kalmyk ямаан (yamaan), Daur ima, Dongxiang iman.


ᠰᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *silekse, compare Even хилэс (hiləs), Nanai силэмсэ (silemse).


ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳᡴᡡ

head

ᠪᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳᡴᡡ • (biyangsikū)


ᡧᡝᡧᡝᡵᡳ ᡠᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ

ᡧᡝᡧᡝᡵᡳ
ᡠᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ • (šešeri umiyaha)


ᠰᡝᡴᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *segepke, compare Even хэгэп (həgəp), Nanai сэпэ (sepe).


ᠣᠮᡧᠣᠨ

ᠣᠮᡧᠣᠨ • (omšon)

ᠣᠮᡧᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ
ᠣᠮᡧᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ#Manchu

ᠣᠮᡧᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ
ᠣᠮᡧᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ#Manchu

eleven (used only in ᠣᠮᡧᠣᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠ (omšon biya, “eleventh month of the Chinese calendar”))


ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ

ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ
ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ#Manchu

ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ
ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ#Manchu

twelve (used only in ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠ (jorgon biya, “the twelfth month of the Chinese calendar”))


ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ

the twelfth month of the Chinese calendar


ᠨᡳᠣᠯᡥᡠᠨ

the sixteenth day of the first month of the Chinese calendar


ᠰᡳᡥᠠᡴᡡ

ᠰᡳᡥᠠᡴᡡ • (sihakū)

a vertical bamboo wind instrument with nine holes (similar to guan)


ᡠᠶᠠᡧᠠᠨ

ᡠᠶᠠᡧᠠᠨ • (uyašan)


ᠰᡠᠪᡝ

Maybe from Proto-Tungusic *sume, compare Even хум (hum).


ᡥᠠᡵᡩᠠᡴᡡ

ᡥᠠᡵᡩᠠᡴᡡ • (hardakū)


ᡝᡵᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *xerekī, compare Even эрики (əriki), Nanai хэрэ (here).


ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᠰᡳᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ

ᠠᠰᡥᠠᠩᡤᠠ (ashangga, “winged”) + ᠰᡳᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ (singgeri, “mouse”).


ᡧᠣᡵᡥᠣ

head

ᡧᠣᡵᡥᠣ • (šorho)


ᠴᡝᠴᡳᡴᡝ

[t͡ʃʰə.t͡ɕʰi.kʰə]


ᠰᡳᡧᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ

ᠰᡳᡧᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ • (sišargan)


ᡶᠠᠵᡠᡴᡡ

ᡶᠠᠵᡠᡴᡡ • (fajukū)

ᡶᠠᠵᠠ᠊ (faja-, “to defecate”) + ᠊ᡴᡡ (-kū)


ᡳᠮᠠᡥᡡ

head

ᡳᠮᠠᡥᡡ • (imahū)


ᡶᡠᠰᡥᡝᡴᡠ

Derived nominalization from Manchu fushe- ("to fan") (see ᡶᡠᠰᡥᡝᠮᠪᡳ (fushembi, “to fan”)), with instrumental suffix -ku.


ᡥᡳᠶᡝᠰᡝ

From Mandarin 蠍子 /蝎子 (xiēzi, “scorpion”).


ᠠᡩᡠ

ᡝᡨᡠᡴᡠ ᠠᡩᡠ
ᡝᡨᡠᡴᡠ ᠠᡩᡠ#Manchu

ᡝᡨᡠᡴᡠ ᠠᡩᡠ
ᡝᡨᡠᡴᡠ ᠠᡩᡠ#Manchu

clothing (used in ᡝᡨᡠᡴᡠ
ᠠᡩᡠ (etuku adu, “clothing”))


ᡶᠣᠨ

Ultimately borrowed from Proto-Mongolic *hon (“[the duration of a] year”).


ᠵᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ

Laba Festival (a traditional Chinese holiday celebrated on the eighth day of the twelfth month of the Chinese calendar)


ᡠᡳᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *xüj(k)e, compare Evenki ие (ije), Nanai хуе (huje).


ᠣᡵᠣᠨ ᠪᡠᡥᡡ

head

ᠣᡵᠣᠨ
ᠪᡠᡥᡡ • (oron buhū)

ᠣᡵᠣᠨ (oron) is from Proto-Tungusic *oran.


ᡥᡠᡵᡝᠨ

hole near the kitchen range for placing a lamp


ᡝᠨᡳᡥᡝᠨ

enihen (romanization)
ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝᠨ (alternative)


ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝᠨ

ᡝᠨᡳᡥᡝᠨ ᡝᠨᡳᡥᡝᠨ#Manchu

Alternative form of ᡝᠨᡳᡥᡝᠨ (enihen, “female dog”)


ᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᡩᡝᠩᠵᠠᠨ

Compound of ᠠᠶᠠᠨ (ayan, “wax”) + ᡩᡝᠩᠵᠠᠨ (dengjan, “lamp”), literally “wax lamp”.


ᡧᠠᠨᠴᡳᠨ

head

ᡧᠠᠨᠴᡳᠨ • (šancin)

fortress on a mountain; small town on a mountain


ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ

Borrowed from some variety of Old Korean; compare Middle Korean 가지 (kaci, “kind”), whence Korean 가지 (gaji).
This root is also found in other Tungusic languages, e.g. Solon, Oroch, Udehe, Ulcha, Orok, Nanai, but inner-Tungusic correspondences indicate that in all these languages it is a loan from Manchu. It is not attested in Ewen, Arman and Evenki, which had no or rather limited contact with Jurchen and/or Manchu.

Lantern Festival; the fifteenth day of the first month of the Chinese calendar

ᡥᠠᠴᡳᠨ
ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ


ᡝᡶᡝᠨ

bread; pastry; steamed bun; breadlike product made from flour


ᡤᡡᠩᡴᠠᠨ

ᡤᡡᠩᡴᠠᠨ • (gūngkan)


ᠪᡳᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠ

Chinese water chestnut
Chinese water chestnut


ᡧᡝᡧᡝᠮᡦᡝ

ᡧᡝᡧᡝᠮᡦᡝ • (šešempe)

[ʃə.ʃəm.pʰə]


ᠰᠠᡵᠠ

iron ornament fixed to a quiver or bow case


ᠰᠠᡵᠠ

ᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ ᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu

ᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ ᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᡴᡠᡴᡠ

From Proto-Tungusic *kuka. Compare Mongolian хөх (xöx), Kyrgyz көк (kök).


ᠠᠮᡳᠯᠠ ᠴᠣᡴᠣ

ᠠᠮᡳᠯᠠ (amila, “male”) + ᠴᠣᡴᠣ (coko, “chicken”).


ᡝᠮᡳᠯᡝ ᠴᠣᡴᠣ

ᡝᠮᡳᠯᡝ (emile, “female”) + ᠴᠣᡴᠣ (coko, “chicken”).


ᡠᠨᡳᠶᡝᠨ

female (of certain animals like sheep or rhinoceros)


ᠠᠵᡳᡵᡤᠠᠨ

(of certain animals, e.g. dogs and horses) male


ᡥᡡᡵᡥᠠᠨ

head

ᡥᡡᡵᡥᠠᠨ • (hūrhan)


ᡶᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ

ᡶᠠᡵᡥᡡᠨ • (farhūn)


ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ŋēre (“light”), compare Evenki ңэри (“light”).

ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠ


ᠠᡵᠠ

the humming sound when someone cannot tolerate the pain


ᠠᡵᠠ

ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ ᠠᡵᠠᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu


ᡤᠠᡵᡠᡩᠠᡳ

Ultimately from Sanskrit गरुड (garuḍa) via Mongolic.


ᡤᡝᡵᡠᡩᡝᡳ

Ablauted from ᡤᠠᡵᡠᡩᠠᡳ (garudai) for feminine semantics.


ᠣᡵᡥᠣᡩᠠ

Compound of ᠣᡵᡥᠣ (orho, “grass”) + ᡩᠠ (da, “root”).


ᠪᡳᠶᠣᠣ ᡠᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ

ᠪᡳᠶᠣᠣ (biyoo, “silkworm”) + ᡠᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ (umiyaha, “worm”)


ᠵᠠᠨᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨᠵᡝ

head

ᠵᠠᠨᠴᡠᡥᡡᠨᠵᡝ • (jancuhūnje)


ᠮᡝᡵᡝ

Compare Kalmyk меерә (meerä). Also connected with the Korean 밀 (mil, “wheat”).


ᠠᡵᡶᠠ

From Proto-Turkic *arpa. Disputedly from a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian арвай (arvaj).


ᡶᠠᡨᠠᠨ

Connected with the Middle Korean 바다ᇰ〮 (pàtáng, “bottom”).
From Proto-Tungusic *pata.


ᡥᠠᡳᠯᡠᠨ

Akin to or from Proto-Mongolic *kalixun, compare Mongolian халиу (xaliu).


ᠴᡳᡵᡴᡠ ᡥᡝᠩᡴᡝ

ᠴᡳᡵᡴᡠ (cirku, “pillow”) + ᡥᡝᠩᡴᡝ (hengke, “melon”).


ᠪᠠᡵᠠᠮᡳᡩᠠ

From Tibetan པ་ར་མི་ཏ (pa ra mi ta), from Sanskrit पारमिता (perfection, paramita).


ᡧᠠᡴᡧᠠᡥᠠ

head

ᡧᠠᡴᡧᠠᡥᠠ • (šakšaha)

the gill (a breathing organ of fish and other aquatic animals)


ᡧᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ

ᡧᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ • (šusiha)


ᡶᡠᡶᡠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *pūpūn (“saw”), compare Evenki хувун (huwun), Nanai попон (popon).


ᡶᠣᠰᠣᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *pōse, compare Nanai посин (posin).


ᡤᡳᡩᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *gịda (“spear, lance”). Compare also Evenki гида (gida).
Possibly related to Proto-Mongolic *ǰïda, whence Mongolian жад (žad), Daur jad and Dongxiang zhida.


ᡤᡡᠯᡥᠠ

ᡤᡡᠯᡥᠠ • (gūlha)

Probably a Wanderwort connected with Proto-Mongolic *gutu-l, Korean 구두 (gudu, “shoes, boots”), Japanese 靴 (kutsu, “footwear, boots”).


ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠨ

ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠨ • (gūnin)


ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠩ

palace (the place where the emperor lives)


ᡤᡠᠩ

Borrowed from Mandarin 公 (gōng, “duke”).


ᡤᡠᠩ

Borrowed from Mandarin 宮 /宫 (gōng, “palace”).


ᡤᡠᠩ

Borrowed from Mandarin 功 (gōng, “merit”).


ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠨ

→ Chinese: 索倫 /索伦 (Suǒlún)

Solon (a subgroup of the Evenki people of northeastern Asia)


ᠮᡝᡳᡥᡝᡨᡠ

Monopterus albus
Monopterus albus#Translingual


ᡩᠠᠮᠪᠠᡤᡠ

Compare Persian تنباکو (tanbâku), Hindi तम्बाकू (tambākū), all ultimately from Spanish tabaco.


ᡥᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠ

Akin to or from Proto-Mongolic *kadaxar, compare Mongolian хазаар (xazaar).


ᠠᡳᡥᡡ

ᠠᡳᡥᡡ • (aihū)


ᡥᠠᡵᠰᠠ

yellow-throated marten
yellow-throated marten

Martes flavigula
Martes flavigula#Translingual

yellow-throated marten; Martes flavigula


ᡤᡡᠴᠠ

ᡤᡡᠴᠠ • (gūca)


ᡴᡡᠴᠠ

ᡴᡡᠴᠠ • (kūca)


ᡶᡠᠯᡥᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *pule, compare Evenki хула (hula), Nanai поло (polo).


ᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᡡ

ᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᡡ • (miyahū)

Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus)


ᠶᠠᠮᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ

ᠶᠠᠮᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ • (yamjishūn)


ᡶᡠ

outside wall; wall surrounding a courtyard


ᡶᠠᠵᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *parge. Akin to Mongolian аргал (argal).


ᡴᡠᡵᡠᠮᡝ

coat or garment worn over the outside of one's other garments


ᠴᡠᠰᡝ ᠮᠣᠣ

ᠴᡠᠰᡝ (cuse, “bamboo”) + ᠮᠣᠣ (moo, “wood; tree”)


ᡧᡠ ᡳᠯᡥᠠ

head

ᡧᡠ
ᡳᠯᡥᠠ • (šu ilha)


ᠰᡳᠯᡝ

# From Proto-Tungusic *šole, compare Nanai чолон (čōlon).
# The Tungusic term is from Proto-Mongolic *silö (“meat broth, soup”), compare Mongolian шөл (šöl).
# The Mongolic term probably derives from or otherwise related with Proto-Turkic *söl (“juice”), compare Kazakh сөл (söl).


ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡠ

Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


ᡷᠶᠯᡳ

(historical) Zhili (a province in northern China; modern Hebei)


ᡥᡡᠪᡝ

head

ᡥᡡᠪᡝ • (hūbe)


ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ

ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ • (hūnan)

Hunan (a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting)


ᡶᡳᠣᡥᠠ

Probably onomatopoeic, but compare Nivkh пʼеӄ (pʼeq, “hen”), Middle Korean 비〮육 (pí.ywùk, “chick”) and Japanese 雛(ひよこ) (hiyoko, “chick”).


ᡥᡠᡥᡠ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ

Compound of ᡥᡠᡥᡠ (huhu, “blue”) + ᠨᠣᠣᡵ (noor, “lake”). From Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, literally “blue sea”).

der

Qinghai (a province in northwestern China)

Qinghai, Qinghai Lake (a large lake in Qinghai province, the largest in China)


ᠵᡠᠨ ᡤᠠᡵ

desc

→ Chinese: 準噶爾 /准噶尔 (Zhǔnɡá’ěr) (transcription)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ
ᠭᠠᠷ (ǰegün ɣar, literally “the left wing”).


ᠴᠠᡥᠠᡵ

desc

→ Chinese: 察哈爾 /察哈尔 (Cháhā'ěr) (Mandarin transcription)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ (čaqar).

bor+

(demonym) Chakhars (central Mongol tribe)


ᡴᠠᠯᡴᠠ

From Classical Mongolian ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ (qalk-a, “shield; Khalka”).


ᠨᡳᠪᠴᡠ

zh-l

尼布楚 (Níbùchǔ)

→ Chinese: 尼布楚 (Níbùchǔ)

Kūkejintai, A Dagur Story
ᠨᡳᠪᠴᡠ
ᠣᠴᡳ
ᠠᡳᡥᠣᡳ  ᡳ
ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᠠᠮᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡳ
ᠵᡠᠸᡝ
ᠮᡳᠩᡤᠠᠨ
ᠪᠠ
ᡶᡠᠨᠴᡝᠮᡝ
ᠶᠠᡴᠰᠠ
ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡳ
ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ
ᡤᡝᠮᡠ
ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ ᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡠᠮᡝ
ᠪᡳ᠉
-nibcu oci aihoi--i wargi amargi-i juwe minggan ba funceme yaksa hecen-i adali gemu sahaliyan ula-i bitume bi.
Nibcu is over 2,000 li northwest of Aigun and borders the Amur River like the city of Yaksa.

ᠨᡳᠪᠴᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠪᠴᠣᠣ#Manchu

alternative form of ᠨᡳᠪᠴᠣᠣ (nibcoo, “Nercha; Nerchinsk”)


ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ

→ Chinese: 烏魯木齊 /乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí)

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

bor+

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ᡳᠯᡳ

ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳ ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳ#Manchu

imperative of ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳ (ilimbi, “to stand”)


ᡳᠯᡳ

→ Chinese: 伊犁 (Yīlí)


ᠠᡳᡥᠠ ᡧᡠᡧᡠ

head

ᠠᡳᡥᠠ
ᡧᡠᡧᡠ • (aiha šušu)


ᠰᡳᠯᡠᠨ

Maybe from a Mongolic language, compare Mongolian шилүүс (šilüüs).


ᠠᡩᡠᠨ

ᡳᡥᠠᠨ
ᠠᡩᡠᠨ

ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨ
ᠠᡩᡠᠨ


ᡝᠯᠪᡳᡥᡝ

Nyctereutes procyonoides
Nyctereutes procyonoides#Translingual


ᡴᡠᠪᡠᠨ

From Mongolic, compare Mongolian хөвөн (xövön).


ᡨᠠᡵᠪᠠᡥᡳ

Ultimately borrowed from Proto-Mongolic *tarbagan. Cognate with Mongolian тарвага (tarvaga).


ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ

→ Nanai: айсин (ajsin)

Possibly the continuation of a dialectal form whose original pronunciation could have been *[añcün]. Cognate with Jurchen antʃu-un (“gold”), whence Manchu ᠠᠨᠴᡠᠨ (ancun, “earring”). Compare Proto-Turkic *altun (“gold”), Mongolian ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ (altan, “gold”).


ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *ili-, compare Evenki илми (ilmi).


ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ

御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 天部 天文類 第一
ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡝᠯᠪᡝᡥᡝ
ᠪᡝ
ᠵᠣᡵᡳᠮᡝ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝᡩᡝ᠈
ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
tumen jaka be elbehe be jorime gisurembihede, dergi abka sembi.
The word that refers to something that covers everything is called heaven.


ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ

ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ (niohon, “(light) green”) + ᠠᠪᡴᠠ (abka, “sky”). Semantically, compare Chinese 青天 (qīngtiān, “blue sky”) and 蒼天／苍天 (cāngtiān, “blue sky”).

com

御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 天部 天文類 第一
ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ
ᠪᠣᠴᠣ
ᠪᡝ
ᠵᠣᡵᡳᠮᡝ
ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝᡩᡝ᠈
ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
abkai boco be jorime gisurembihede, niohon abka sembi.

The word that refers to the color of the sky, is called blue sky.


ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᠠᠪᡴᠠ

御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 天部 天文類 第一
ᡨᡠᡤᡳ
ᠰᡠᡴᡩᡠᠨ
ᠠᡴᡡ
ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ
ᠪᠣᠯᡤᠣ
ᡤᡝᡨᡠᡴᡝᠨ
ᠪᡝ᠈
ᡤᡝᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ
ᠠᠪᡴᠠ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
tugi sukdun akū umesi bolgo getuken be, genggiyen abka sembi.
The sky, which is very clear without clouds, is called clear sky.


ᡠᠯᡩᡝᠨ

御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 天部 天文類 第一
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ
ᠵᠠᡴᠠᡵᠠᡵᠠ
ᠣᠩᡤᠣᠯᠣ
ᡨᡠᠴᡳᡵᡝ
ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠨ
ᠪᡝ᠈
ᡠᠯᡩᡝᠨ
ᠰᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
alin jakarara onggolo tucire elden be, ulden sabumbi sembi.
The light that appears before the daybreak is called dawn.


ᡤᡝᡵᠰᡳ ᡶᡝᡵᠰᡳ

御製增訂清文鑑 卷一 天部 天文類 第一
ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠮᡝ
ᡥᠠᠮᡳᡴᠠ
ᠪᡝ᠈
ᡤᡝᡵᠰᡳ
ᡶᡝᡵᠰᡳ
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉
gereme hamika be, gersi fersi sembi.
When it's going to be clear, it's called dawn.


ᡤᡝᡢᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ

head

ᡤᡝᡢᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ • (geᡢgiyen)

From Proto-Tungusic *geŋg'e, compare Nanai нгэгден (ŋegʒen).


ᠮᡳᠶᠣᠣᠴᠠᠨ

→ Nanai: миоча̄н (miočān)

Borrowed from Mandarin 鳥槍 /鸟枪 (niǎoqiāng).


ᡥᠠᠮᡳ

Hami (a region in eastern Xinjiang, China)


ᡨᡠᡵᡶᠠᠨ

Turfan (a region in eastern Xinjiang, China)


ᠠᡴᠰᡠ

zh-l

阿克蘇／阿克苏 (Ākèsū)

→ Chinese: 阿克蘇／阿克苏 (Ākèsū)

From Middle Mongol ᠠᠭᠰᠤ (aɣsu), from Chagatai آقسُو (Āqsū), اکسو (Aksū). Compare Uyghur ئاقسۇ (aqsu), Written Oirat ᠠᡎᠰᡇ, Tibetan ཨག་སུ (ag su).


ᠣᡴᡨᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *okta (“medicine”). Cognate with Ulch окто (okto).


ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ

head

ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ • (jušen)

(historical) the Jurchen (Nüzhen or Nuchen) people


ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

Tumen (a river forming part of the border between Jilin, China and North Korea, and the border between Rasŏn, North Korea and Khasansky district, Primorsky Krai, Russia)


ᡨᠣᠯᡤᡳᠨ

# From Proto-Tungusic *tolkin, compare Evenki толкин (tolkin).
# Sometimes seen as related to Mongolian төлгө (tölgö, “mantic, voodooism”), or Turkish düş (“dream”), Bashkir төш (töş) and Chuvash тӗлӗк (tĕlĕk).


ᠮᡝᠨᡨᡠ

Borrowed from Chinese 饅頭 /馒头 (“steamed bun”).

Chinese steamed bun (without filling); mantou


ᠸᠠᡴᡧᠠᠨ

head

ᠸᠠᡴᡧᠠᠨ • (wakšan)

wakšan (romanization)
ᠸᠠᡴᡮᠠᠨ (alternative)


ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ

elm (a tree of the genus Ulmus of the family Ulmaceae)

ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᠪᡝ
ᠰᠠᠪᡠᡶᡳ
ᠪᡠᠵᠠᠨ
ᠪᡝ
ᠰᠠᠪᡠᡵᠠᡴᡡ


hailan

ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ#Manchu


tolgin

ᡨᠣᠯᡤᡳᠨ ᡨᠣᠯᡤᡳᠨ#Manchu


ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ

zh-l

海蘭泡／海兰泡 (Hǎilánpāo)

→ Chinese: 海蘭泡／海兰泡 (Hǎilánpāo)

ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ (hailan, “elm tree”) + ᠪᠣᠣ (boo, “house”)

com

Blagoveshchensk (a city, the administrative center of Amur Oblast in Siberia, Russia)


ᠪᡠᠯᠠ ᠰᠣᡤᡳ

ᠪᡠᠯᠠ (bula, “thorn”) + ᠰᠣᡤᡳ (sogi, “vegetable”)

Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleracea#Translingual


ᠪᡠᠯᡠᡴᠠᠨ ᡧᡝᡵᡳ

head

ᠪᡠᠯᡠᡴᠠᠨ
ᡧᡝᡵᡳ • (bulukan šeri)

ᠪᡠᠯᡠᡴᠠᠨ (bulukan, “warm”) + ᡧᡝᡵᡳ (šeri, “spring; fountain”)


sakda

ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ#Manchu


tasha

ᡨᠠᠰᡥᠠ ᡨᠠᠰᡥᠠ#Manchu


ᡶᡳᠯᡳ

ᡶᡳᠯᡳ
ᠨᠠ

ᡶᡳᠯᡳ
ᡶᡳᡴᡨᡠ
ᠠᡴᡡ


nimalan

ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠯᠠᠨ#Manchu


ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ

Borrowed from Chinese 衙門 /衙门 (“office; bureau”).


ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

ᡝᡵᡝ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᠶᠠᡵᡤᡳᠶᡡᠨ᠉


ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠨᡳ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ (erdeni, “precious, gem, jewel”).

bor+

The title granted to the 5th Panchen Lama by the Qing dynasty in 1713, which is inherited by successive Panchen Lamas since then.


ᡯᠠᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ

Borrowed from Mandarin 載湉／载湉 (Zǎi Tián).

zh-l

載湉／载湉 (Zǎi Tián)

Personal name of the Guangxu Emperor, the tenth Emperor of the Qing dynasty.


ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ

→ Chinese: 吉林 (Jílín)

→ English: Kirin

Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ (hecen, “city wall”), calque of Chinese 長城 /长城 (Chángchéng).


ᠮᠠᠪᡠ

rag; wiping cloth; dusting cloth; cleaning cloth


ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠮᠪᡳ

tamambi (romanization)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠮᠪᡳ (future indicative sentence-final)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠮᡝ (future indicative progressive sentence-final)
ᠪᡳ (future indicative progressive sentence-final)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠᠪᡳ (future indicative perfect sentence-final)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠ (indicative past sentence-final)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝ (indicative past progressive sentence-final)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠮᠪᡳᡥᡝᠪᡳ (indicative past perfect sentence-final)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠ (future indicative sentence-final)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠣ (affirmative interrogative non-past)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡᠨ (interrogative negative non-past perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠᠣ (affirmative interrogative past)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡᠨ (interrogative negative past perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠ (affirmative imperative)
ᡠᠮᡝ (imperative negative perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠ (imperative negative perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡴᡳ (affirmative desiderative)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡴᡳ (desiderative emphatic perfect)
ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ (desiderative emphatic perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡴᡳᠨᡳ (affirmative interrogative optative)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡴᡳ (affirmative interrogative optative)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠᠣ (emphatic interrogative optative perfect polite)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠴᡳᠨᠠ (emphatic interrogative optative perfect polite)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠮᡝ (converb infinitive perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠮᡝ (converb infinitive progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡶᡳ (converb gerund past perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡶᡳ (converb gerund past progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠴᡳ (conditional converb perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠴᡳ (conditional converb progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠᡳ (converb durative perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠᡳ (converb durative progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡨᠠᠯᠠ (converb perfect terminative)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡨᠠᠯᠠ (converb progressive terminative)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡨᠠᡳ (converb instrumental perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡨᠠᡳ (converb instrumental progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠᠯᠠ (converb perfect preparative)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠩᡤᠠᠯᠠ (converb preparative progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠴᡳᠪᡝ (concessive converb perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᠴᡳᠪᡝ (concessive converb progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ (adverbial converb perfect)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠᠯᠠᠮᡝ (adverbial converb progressive)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠ (non-past participle)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠ (participle past)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ (negative non-past participle)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠᡴᡡ (negative participle past)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡵᠠᠩᡤᡝ (non-past noun-from-verb participle)
ᡨᠠᠮᠠᡥᠠᠩᡤᡝ (noun-from-verb participle past)


niyalma

ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ#Manchu


nikan

ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ#Manchu


nicuhe

ᠨᡳᠴᡠᡥᡝ ᠨᡳᠴᡠᡥᡝ#Manchu


saksaha

ᠰᠠᡴᠰᠠᡥᠠ ᠰᠠᡴᠰᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu


bolosu

ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠰᡠ ᠪᠣᠯᠣᠰᡠ#Manchu


suiha

ᠰᡠᡳᡥᠠ ᠰᡠᡳᡥᠠ#Manchu


etuku

ᡝᡨᡠᡴᡠ ᡝᡨᡠᡴᡠ#Manchu


abdaha

ᠠᠪᡩᠠᡥᠠ ᠠᠪᡩᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu


tubihe

ᡨᡠᠪᡳᡥᡝ ᡨᡠᠪᡳᡥᡝ#Manchu


taigiyan

ᡨᠠᡳᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡨᠠᡳᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ#Manchu


niyahan

ᠨᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠᠨ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠᠨ#Manchu


umiyaha

ᡠᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ ᡠᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ#Manchu


akjan

ᠠᡴᠵᠠᠨ ᠠᡴᠵᠠᠨ#Manchu


dogon

ᡩᠣᡤᠣᠨ ᡩᠣᡤᠣᠨ#Manchu


hailan boo

ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ
ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ#Manchu

ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ
ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ#Manchu


folho

ᡶᠣᠯᡥᠣ ᡶᠣᠯᡥᠣ#Manchu


yamjishūn

ᠶᠠᠮᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᠶᠠᠮᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ#Manchu


yekserhen

ᠶᡝᡴᠰᡝᡵᡥᡝᠨ ᠶᡝᡴᠰᡝᡵᡥᡝᠨ#Manchu