ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ

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ᡧᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ • (šolontu)

šolontu (romanization)
ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠨᡨᡠ (alternative)


ᡧᡠᠨ

Emperor Shun, legendary ruler of ancient China


ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ

From Jurchen muri, 木力 (mu-li /muri/), from Proto-Tungusic *murin. Cognate with Oroqen mʊrɪn, Evenki мурин (murin), Even мурон (muron) and Solon moring. Also connected with the Korean ᄆᆞᆯ (“horse”).

horse, the seventh of the twelve earthly branches


ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ

→ Chinese: 尼堪 (Níkān) (transliteration)

The etymology is "conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include:
* Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”).
* Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”).
* Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢 /汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals.
* Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of "servant", the meaning of which transferred to "Han Chinese" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says:
*: "Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?"

unk

"conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation"


ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ (dulimbai, “middle”) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”). Calque of Chinese 中國 /中国 (Zhōngguó, “Middle Kingdom”).


ᠮᡝᡳᡥᡝ

From Proto-Tungusic *müikī, compare Nanai муйки (mujki).

snake, the sixth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ

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ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ
ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ
ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ
ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ • (dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun)

dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun (romanization)

(historical) Imperial Household Department; an institution of the Qing dynasty that managed the internal affairs of the Qing imperial family.

en-ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳ_ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ_ᠪᡝ_ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ_ᡴᠠᡩᠠᠯᠠᡵᠠ_ᠶᠠᠮᡠᠨ-mnc-name-4WCsgslN


ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ

harbin (romanization)
ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ (alternative historical)

→ English: Harbin

→ Chinese: 哈爾濱 /哈尔滨 (Hā'ěrbīn)

The Official Guidebook of China, Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press, 1982, →ISBN, page 186: “Harbin used to be a fishing village and its name, in Manchu dialect, means drying fishnets. Unlike most of China, it has a very short history. Harbin was incorporated as a town in 1898.”

Harbin (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


ᠸᠠᠩ

→ Chagatai: وانک (wān͜k)

Uyghur: ۋاڭ (wang)


ᡝᡵᠴᡳᠰ

→ Chinese: 額爾齊斯 /额尔齐斯 (É'ěrqísī)

Borrowed from Mongolian ᠡᠷᠴᠢᠰ (erčis), from Written Oirat ᡄᠷᡔᡅᠰ (ercis).

Irtysh (a river in China, Kazakhstan and Russia)


ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (indahūn)

From Jurchen 因荅忽 (indahun /in-da-hun/), from Proto-Tungusic *ŋindakun. Cognate with Nanai инда (inda), Orok ӈинда (ŋịnda), Ulch и̇ӈда (ịŋda).

dog, the eleventh of the twelve earthly branches


ᠪᡝᠵᡳᠩ

Borrowed from Middle Mongol ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing).

ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ#Manchu

alternative form of ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging, “Beijing, Peking”)


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ

Inherited from Jurchen  (*moŋgu), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠬᠣᠯ (mongqol).


ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ

kasigar (romanization)
ᡥᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡵ (alternative)

zh-l

喀什噶爾／喀什噶尔 (Kāshígá'ěr)

→ Chinese: 喀什噶爾／喀什噶尔 (Kāshígá'ěr)

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠱᡅᡎᠠᠷ (xašiɣar), from Classical Persian کاشغر (Kāšġar).


ᡥᠠᠰᡳᡥᠠᡵ

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡍᠠᠱᡍᠠᠷ (xašxar). Compare Classical Mongolian ᠬᠠᠱᠢᠬᠠᠷ (qašiqar).

ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ ᡴᠠᠰᡳᡤᠠᡵ#Manchu


ᡨᡠᠪᡝᡨ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ (Töbed).


ᠪᠠᡳᡥᠠᠯ

Baihal (romanization)
ᠪᠠᡳᡤᠠᠯ (alternative)

→ Chinese: 栢海兒 /栢海儿 (Bǎihǎi'ér)

Baikal (a lake in Russia), the deepest lake in the world.


ᠰᡝᠯᡝᠩᡤᡝ

desc

→ Chinese: 色楞額 /色楞额, 色楞格 (Sèlénggé) (via Mandarin)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠩᠭᠡ (Selengge).

bor+

ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᠰᡝᠯᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ#Manchu

(~ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ) Selenga (a river in Mongolia and Russia, flows into Baikal Lake)


ᠣᡵᡤᠣᠨ

→ Chinese: 鄂爾渾 /鄂尔浑, 鄂尔浑 (È’ěrhún)


ᡳᠰᡠᠰ ᡥᡝᡵᡳᠰᡨᠣᠰ

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^ᡳᠰᡠᠰ ^ᡥᡝᡵᡳᠰᡨᠣᠰ

Borrowed from Russian Іису́съ Хрісто́съ (Iisús Xristós).

bor

Іису́съ Хрісто́съ


ᡳᠰᡠᠰ

Borrowed from Russian Іису́съ (Iisús), from Ancient Greek Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs).


ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ

beging (romanization)
ᠪᡝᠵᡳᠩ (alternative)

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

Provinces – ᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᠠᠨᡥᡡᡳ · ᡶᡠᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ · ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ · ᡤᠠᠨᠰᡠ · ᡤᡠᡳᠵᡝᠣ · ᡥᠣᠨᠠᠨ · ᡥᡡᠪᡝ · ᡥᠣᠪᡝ · ᡥᠠᡳᠨᠠᠨ · ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨᡠᠯᠠ · ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ · ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡠ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᠯᡳᠶᠣᡠᠨᡳᠩ · ᡥᡠᡥᡠᠨᠣᠣᡵ · ᠰᠶᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ · ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ · ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ · ᠶᡡᠨᠨᠠᠨ · ᠵᡝᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩ

Autonomous regions – ᠪᡝᠶᡝᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ · ᠨᡳᠩᡥᡳᠠ · ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳᡩᡯᠠᠩ · ᡳᠴᡝᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

Municipalities – ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ · ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨ · ᡧᠠᠩᡥᠠᡳ · ᠴᡠᠩᡴᡳᠩ


ᠠᡳ᠇ᡠᡥᠠᠨ

zh-l

愛烏罕／爱乌罕 (Àiwūhǎn)

→ Chinese: 愛烏罕／爱乌罕 (Àiwūhǎn)

Afghanistan (a landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


ᡴᠠᡳᠯᠠᡵ

開拉哩／开拉哩 (Kāilālī)

凱喇爾／凯喇尔 (Kǎilā’ěr)

→ Chinese: 開拉哩／开拉哩 (Kāilālī), 凱喇爾／凯喇尔 (Kǎilā’ěr)

Borrowed from Middle Mongol ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ (qayilar).


ᡥᠣᠨᡳᠨ

# From Jurchen [Term?] (“xoni”), from Proto-Tungusic. Cognate with Nanai хонин (honin).
# Compare also Proto-Mongolic *konïn, compare Mongolian хонь (xonʹ).
# The latter is from Proto-Turkic *kōń, compare Turkish koyun.

goat, the eighth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡴᡠᠰᡠᡤᡝᠯ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠪᠰᠦᠭᠥᠯ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köbsügöl naɣur).

bor

ᠬᠥᠪᠰᠦᠭᠥᠯ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ

Khövsgöl Nuur (a lake in Khövsgöl, Mongolia), the largest freshwater lake in Mongolia.


ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ńoŋa, compare Nanai нёнгиан (njoŋian).


ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠴᡳᡴᡨᡝᠨ

heavenly stem: one of the ten terms used in East Asian cultures


ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ

Akin to Manchu ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (niowanggiyan).


ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

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ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ • (šanggiyan)

From Proto-Tungusic *saŋńan, compare Evenki саңнян, Even ханин (haņin), Nanai сангнян (saŋnjan).

cog

Evenki саңнян

庚, the seventh of the ten heavenly stems


ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ

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ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (šahūn)


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Jurchen 撒哈良 (sa-ha-liang /saxalian/, “black”), from Proto-Tungusic *sakalīn (“black”). Compare also Evenki сакарӣн (sakarīn), Oroch сакаи (sakai), Ulch сахари (saxari), Orok сагари (sagari), сāри (sāri) and Nanai сахарин (saxarĩ).

inh

(historical) a Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ

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ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (sahahūn)


ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ

ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ • (šanyan)


ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡯᠠᠩ

ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ (wargi, “western”) + ᡯᠠᠩ (dzang). Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan དབུས་གཙང (dbus gtsang).

psm

(historical) Tibet, a region of the Qing dynasty

Tibet (a geographic region in Central Asia, the homeland of the Tibetan people)


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ (sahaliyan, “black”) + ᡠᠯᠠ (ula, “river”), literally “black river”.

com

Amur River, Heilong Jiang (a major river in the Far East of Russia and Northeastern China)

Heilongjiang (a province in northeastern China)


ᡠᠯᠠ

(historical) a tribe of Haixi Jurchens people


ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ

Borrowed from Mandarin 臺灣 /台湾 (Táiwān), from Literary Chinese 臺灣, from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., from possibly Siraya.

Taiwan (a partly-recognized country in East Asia consisting of a main island and 167 smaller islands)

Taiwan (an island between the Taiwan Strait and Philippine Sea in East Asia)


ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ

Guangdong (a populous province of China, located on the southern coast)


ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ

zh-l

廣西／广西 (Guǎngxī)

(historical) Guangxi (a former province of China, during the Qing dynasty)

Guangxi (a Zhuang autonomous region of China)


ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ

head

ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ • (šandung)

Shandong (a coastal province in eastern China)


ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ

Shanxi (a province in the northern part of China)


ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ

ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ • (šansi)


ᡶᡠᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China#English

Fujian (a province of the People's Republic of China (mainland China), located on the southeastern coast)


ᡴᡠᠩᡯᡳ

Confucius, an influential Chinese philosopher who lived 551 B.C.E. – 479 B.C.E.


ᠣᡵᠣᠰ

→ Mandarin: 俄羅斯 /俄罗斯 (Éluósī)

→ Japanese: 俄羅斯(オロス) (Orosu), 俄羅斯(オロシャ) (Orosha) (dated, rare)

→ Korean: 아라사(俄羅斯) (Arasa) (obsolete)

→ Vietnamese: Nga La Tư (俄羅斯) (obsolete)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (orus), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus), from Kipchak [script needed] (orus), from Old East Slavic Русь f (Rusĭ), from Proto-Finnic *roocci.

bor+

Russia (a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ

ᠰᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ (suduri, “history”) + ᡝᠵᡝᠪᡠᠨ (ejebun, “records”). Calque of Chinese 史記 /史记 (Shǐjì).

com

Records of the Grand Historian (a Chinese history book written by Han dynasty scholar Sima Qian)


ᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ

(historical) Annam, the former name of Vietnam (a country in Asia)


ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ

Perhaps from Mongolian ᠳᠠᠢᠢᠴᠢᠨ (daiičin, “warrior”). Alternatively, from Chinese 大清 (Dàqīng).


ᡩᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

From ᡩᡝ (de) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”). Calque of Chinese 德國 /德国 (Déguó).

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ᠪᡝ ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ

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ᠪᡝ
ᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ • (be liyan tacihiyan)

From Chinese 白蓮 /白莲 (báilián) and ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (tacihiyan, “religion; sect”).


ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ

ᠯᠠᠮᠠᡳ (lamai, “of lama”) + ᡨᠠᠴᡳᡥᡳᠶᠠᠨ (tacihiyan, “religion”); literally "The Religion of Lama".


ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *pula, compare Evenki хулама (hulama).


ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ

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ᡶᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (fulahūn)

From Proto-Tungusic *pula, compare Manchu ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (fulgiyan).


ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠨ

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩᡠ

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ

lio kio (romanization)
ᠯᡳᠣᡴᡳᠣ (alternative)

(historical) A kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879.


ᠯᡳᠣᡴᡳᠣ

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu

alternative form of ᠯᡳᠣ
ᡴᡳᠣ (lio kio, “Ryukyu”)


ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠶᡝᠣ

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu

ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ
ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ#Manchu


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ • (hūwang ho bira)

From Chinese 黃河 /黄河 (Huáng Hé) and ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (bira, “river”).

Yellow River, Huang He (a major river in northern China, passing through Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong provinces as well as Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions)


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡠᠯᠠ (ula, “river”). Calque of Chinese 長江 /长江 (Cháng Jiāng, “Yangtze”, literally “long river”).

cal

Yangtze; Chang Jiang (the longest river in China)


ᠯᡳᠣ ᡴᡳᠣ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

(historical) Ryukyu, a kingdom in the Ryukyu Islands from 1429 to 1879.


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ ᡥᠣ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

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ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳ
ᡥᠣ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ • (hūwai ho bira)


ᡩᡠᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᠯᡨᡝᠨ

the Yangtze, Yellow River, Huai River and Ji River


ᡠᠶᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ

Double Ninth Festival
Double Ninth Festival

Double Ninth Festival, a traditional Chinese holiday


ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ

→ Chinese: 愛新覺羅 /爱新觉罗 (Àixīnjuéluó)

From ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) + ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (gioro).

(historical) Aisin Gioro; the Manchu family which established and ruled China's Qing dynasty.


ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *uligan, compare Nanai олгиан (olgian), Orok орге (orge), Oroqen ʊlgɛn.

pig, the twelfth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡳᡥᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ïkan (“bull”). Cognate with Nanai ихан (ihan), Negidal ихан (ïxan), Oroch иха (ixa).

ox; cow, the second of the twelve earthly branches


ᠴᠣᡴᠣ

From Proto-Tungusic *tiaku (“hen”), in turn from Proto-Turkic *tiakïgu (“hen, fowl”)

rooster; chicken, the tenth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡤᡡᠯᠮᠠᡥᡡᠨ

ᡤᡡᠯᠮᠠᡥᡡᠨ • (gūlmahūn)

rabbit, the forth of the twelve earthly branches


ᡨᠠᠰᡥᠠ

tiger, the third of the twelve earthly branches


ᠰᠣᠯᡥᠣ

From Jurchen solgor (“Goryeo”) (also borrowed as Mongolian Солго (Solgo, “Korea”)). Compare Middle Mongol 莎郎合思 (Солонгос, “Goryeo”) (whence Mongolian ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ (solungɣus) / Солонгос (Solongos, “Korea”)), Old Turkic 𐰲𐰇𐰞𐰍𐰞 (čölgl, “Silla”), Chinese 新羅 (MC sin la, “Silla”), Japanese 新羅(しらき) (shiraki, “Silla”).


ᠰᡳᠩᡤᡝᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *siŋere, ultimately from Proto-Uralic *šiŋere, compare Evenki сиңэрэкэн, Nanai сиӈэрэ (siŋere).

cog

Evenki сиңэрэкэн

rat, the first of the twelve earthly branches


ᠪᠣᠨᡳᠣ

monkey, the ninth of the twelve earthly branches


ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ

Shenyang (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


ᠵᠠᡴᡩᠠᠨ

From Proto-Tungusic *ǯagde, compare Evenki дягда (ʒagda).


ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ

From Proto-Tungusic *sagdV, compare Evenki сагды (sagdi).

A Manchu nobility clan during Qing Dynasty.


ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ (nikan, “Chinese; Han Chinese”) + ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ (gisun, “language”)


ᡶᡠᠴᡳᡥᡳ

From Jurchen  (*fut͡ʃiçi), from Proto-Koreanic *Pwutukye; see there for more.


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ

head

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ • (golmin šanyan alin)

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ (šanyan, “white”) + ᠠᠯᡳᠨ (alin, “mountain”)


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠠᠯᡳᠨ

head

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ
ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᠠᠯᡳᠨ • (golmin šanggiyan alin)

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (šanggiyan, “white”) + ᠠᠯᡳᠨ (alin, “mountain”)

compound

en-ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ_ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ_ᠠᠯᡳᠨ-mnc-name-2DcIwHQc


ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡠᡨᠠ

zh-l

寧古塔／宁古塔 (Nínggǔtǎ)

→ Chinese: 寧古塔／宁古塔 (Nínggǔtǎ)

→ English: Ningguta

→ Russian: Нингута (Ninguta)

desc

Нюлгуцкой город

→ Russian: Нюлгуцкой город (Njulguckoj gorod)

(historical) Ningguta, a region of the Qing dynasty


ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ ᡠᠯᠠ

Compare semantically ᠰᡠᠩᡤᠠᡵᡳ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (sunggari bira, “Milky Way”). Both ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (bira) and ᡠᠯᠠ (ula) mean river.

Songhua River, a river in northeast China


ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ

ᡠᠪᠠᠴᡳ
ᡝᡵᠴᡳᠰ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡩᡝᡵᡳ
ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᠵᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᠪᠠᡵᡠ
ᡨᠣᠪᠣᠯ
ᠪᡳᡵᠠ
ᡩᡝ
ᡩᠣᠰᡳᡶᡳ᠈
ᠮᡠᡴᡝᡳ
ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ
ᡠᠶᡠᠨ
ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠶᠠᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈
ᠣᡵᡳᠨ
ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡨᡠᠮᡳᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠠᡥᠠ᠉

1723, Tulišen, 異域錄 [Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars]:

From the Irtysh to the southwest, went along the Tobol River, after nine days, (we) arrived at Tyumen on the 23th day.

ubaci ercis bira deri wargi julergi baru tobol bira de dosifi, mukei wesihun uyun inenggi yabufi, orin ilan de tumin de isinaha.

Tyumen (a city, the administrative center of Tyumen Oblast, Russia)


ᡳᠴᡝ ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

[i.t͡ʃʰə.t͡ʃə.t͡ʃʰən]

ᡳᠴᡝ (ice, “new”) + ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ (jecen, “border; frontier”), literally “new frontier”. Compare semantically Chinese 新疆 (Xīnjiāng).

com

(historical) Xinjiang (a former province of China)

Xinjiang (a Uyghur autonomous region of China, located in the sparsely populated northwest)


ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

[t͡ʃə.t͡ʃʰən]

Jecen (a Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty)


ᠰᠣᠯᠣᠨ

→ Chinese: 索倫 /索伦 (Suǒlún)

Solon (a subgroup of the Evenki people of northeastern Asia)


ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡠ

Jiangsu (a province of China, northeast of the mouth of the Yangtze River)


ᡷᠶᠯᡳ

(historical) Zhili (a province in northern China; modern Hebei)


ᡥᡡᠪᡝ

head

ᡥᡡᠪᡝ • (hūbe)


ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ

ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ • (hūnan)

Hunan (a province of China, located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and south of Lake Dongting)


ᡥᡠᡥᡠ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ

Compound of ᡥᡠᡥᡠ (huhu, “blue”) + ᠨᠣᠣᡵ (noor, “lake”). From Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, literally “blue sea”).

der

Qinghai (a province in northwestern China)

Qinghai, Qinghai Lake (a large lake in Qinghai province, the largest in China)


ᡴᠠᠯᡴᠠ

From Classical Mongolian ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ (qalk-a, “shield; Khalka”).


ᠨᡳᠪᠴᡠ

zh-l

尼布楚 (Níbùchǔ)

→ Chinese: 尼布楚 (Níbùchǔ)

Kūkejintai, A Dagur Story
ᠨᡳᠪᠴᡠ
ᠣᠴᡳ
ᠠᡳᡥᠣᡳ  ᡳ
ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ
ᠠᠮᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡳ
ᠵᡠᠸᡝ
ᠮᡳᠩᡤᠠᠨ
ᠪᠠ
ᡶᡠᠨᠴᡝᠮᡝ
ᠶᠠᡴᠰᠠ
ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ ᡳ
ᠠᡩᠠᠯᡳ
ᡤᡝᠮᡠ
ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ
ᡠᠯᠠ ᡳ
ᠪᡳᡨᡠᠮᡝ
ᠪᡳ᠉
-nibcu oci aihoi--i wargi amargi-i juwe minggan ba funceme yaksa hecen-i adali gemu sahaliyan ula-i bitume bi.
Nibcu is over 2,000 li northwest of Aigun and borders the Amur River like the city of Yaksa.

ᠨᡳᠪᠴᠣᠣ ᠨᡳᠪᠴᠣᠣ#Manchu

alternative form of ᠨᡳᠪᠴᠣᠣ (nibcoo, “Nercha; Nerchinsk”)


ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ

→ Chinese: 烏魯木齊 /乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí)

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

bor+

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ᡳᠯᡳ

→ Chinese: 伊犁 (Yīlí)


ᡥᠠᠮᡳ

Hami (a region in eastern Xinjiang, China)


ᡨᡠᡵᡶᠠᠨ

Turfan (a region in eastern Xinjiang, China)


ᠠᡴᠰᡠ

zh-l

阿克蘇／阿克苏 (Ākèsū)

→ Chinese: 阿克蘇／阿克苏 (Ākèsū)

From Middle Mongol ᠠᠭᠰᠤ (aɣsu), from Chagatai آقسُو (Āqsū), اکسو (Aksū). Compare Uyghur ئاقسۇ (aqsu), Written Oirat ᠠᡎᠰᡇ, Tibetan ཨག་སུ (ag su).


ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ

head

ᠵᡠᡧᡝᠨ • (jušen)

(historical) the Jurchen (Nüzhen or Nuchen) people


ᡨᡠᠮᡝᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

Tumen (a river forming part of the border between Jilin, China and North Korea, and the border between Rasŏn, North Korea and Khasansky district, Primorsky Krai, Russia)


ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠣ

zh-l

海蘭泡／海兰泡 (Hǎilánpāo)

→ Chinese: 海蘭泡／海兰泡 (Hǎilánpāo)

ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ (hailan, “elm tree”) + ᠪᠣᠣ (boo, “house”)

com

Blagoveshchensk (a city, the administrative center of Amur Oblast in Siberia, Russia)


ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠨᡳ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ (erdeni, “precious, gem, jewel”).

bor+

The title granted to the 5th Panchen Lama by the Qing dynasty in 1713, which is inherited by successive Panchen Lamas since then.


ᡯᠠᡳ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ

Borrowed from Mandarin 載湉／载湉 (Zǎi Tián).

zh-l

載湉／载湉 (Zǎi Tián)

Personal name of the Guangxu Emperor, the tenth Emperor of the Qing dynasty.


ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ

→ Chinese: 吉林 (Jílín)

→ English: Kirin

Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ

ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin, “long”) + ᡥᡝᠴᡝᠨ (hecen, “city wall”), calque of Chinese 長城 /长城 (Chángchéng).


ᠵᠠᠩ ᡤᡳᠶᠠ ᡴᡝᠣ

Zhangjiakou (a city in the Hebei autonomous region, China)


ᡝᡵᡴᡠ

→ Chinese: 厄爾庫城 /厄尔库城 (È’ěrkù Chéng)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠡᠷᠬᠦᠦ (Erküü).

ᡝᡵᡴᡝᠣ ᡝᡵᡴᡝᠣ#Manchu

alternative form of ᡝᡵᡴᡝᠣ (erkeo, “Irkutsk”)


ᡝᡵᡴᡠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ

desc

→ Chinese: 厄爾口城 /厄尔口城

→ Chinese: 厄爾口城 /厄尔口城

ᡝᡵᡴᡠ (erku, “Irkutsk”) + ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ (hoton, “city”)

com

Irkutsk (a city, the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia)


ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ

halbin (romanization)
ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ (alternative)
neologism (alternative)

(historical) Harbin (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


ᡶᠣᠯᡤᡝ

Volga (a major river in Russia, the longest river in Europe)


ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡳᡵᠰᡴᡠ

Borrowed from Russian Симби́рск (Simbírsk).

ᡤᡡᠰᡳᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᠵᡠᡵᠠᡴᠠ᠈
ᠵᡠᡤᡡᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ
ᠶᠠᠪᡠᡶᡳ᠈
ᡳᠴᡝ
ᡳᠯᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡳᡵᠰᡴᡠ
ᡩᡝ
ᡳᠰᡳᠨᠠᡥᠠ᠉

(We) set out on the 30th day (of October), spent three days on the road. On the 3rd day (of November), (we) arrived at Simbirsk.

gūsin de juraka, jugūn de ilan inenggi yabufi, ice ilan de simbirsku de isinaha.

(historical) Simbirsk (a city, the administrative center of Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia; modern Ulyanovsk)


ᠴᡳᠴᡳᡥᠠᡵ

zh-l

齊齊哈爾／齐齐哈尔 (Qíqíhā'ěr)

→ Chinese: 齊齊哈爾／齐齐哈尔 (Qíqíhā'ěr)

→ English: Qiqihar

Qiqihar (a prefecture-level city of Heilongjiang, China)


ᠸᠠᠨᠯᡳ

Wanli; era name of Emperor Shenzong of Ming (1573—1620)


ᠸᠠᠨᠯᡳ ᡥᠠᠨ

ᠸᠠᠨᠯᡳ (wanli, “Wanli era”) + ᡥᠠᠨ (han, “khan; emperor”)

com

滿文老檔
ᠨᠠᡩᠠᠨ
ᠪᡳᠶᠠᡳ
ᠣᡵᡳᠨ
ᠵᡠᠸᡝᡩᡝ
ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨᡳ
ᠸᠠᠨᠯᡳ
ᡥᠠᠨ
ᠪᡠᠴᡝᡥᡝ᠉
nadan biyai orin juwede nikan guruni wanli han bucehe.
On July 22, Emperor Wanli of China died.

Emperor Shenzong of Ming (reign 1572–1620), the 14th Emperor of the Ming dynasty


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ (monggo, “Mongol; Mongolian”) + ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ (gisun, “language”)


ᠪᡳᡵᡝᡤᡝᠨ

(historical) Willow Palisade (a system of ditches and embankments planted with willows intended to restrict movement into Manchuria, built by the Qing dynasty during the later 17th century)


ᠵᠣᠣ ᠮᠣᡩᠣ

→ Chinese: 昭莫多

From Classical Mongolian ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨᠮᠣᠳᠤ (ǰaɣunmodu).

bor

Zuunmod (a city, the administrative center of Töv Province, Mongolia)


ᠴᠠᠪᠴᠠᠯ

Qapqal (an autonomous county of Ili prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ᡥᡝᡵᡳᠰᡨᠣᠰ

Borrowed from Russian Христо́с (Xristós).

ᡨᡠᡨᡨᡠ
ᠣᡶᡳ᠈
ᠠᡳᡴᠠ
ᠰᡠᠸᡝᠨᡩᡝ
ᡥᡝᡵᡳᠰᡨᠣᠰ
ᠪᡳᡤᠠᠨ
ᡩᡝ
ᠪᡳ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈
ᠰᡠᠸᡝ
ᡠᠮᡝ
ᡨᡠᠴᡳᡵᡝ᠈
ᡨᡝᡵᡝ
ᠪᠣᠣ
ᡩᠣᠯᠣ
ᠪᡳ
ᠰᡝᠮᡝ
ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᡵᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᠪᡳᠴᡳ᠈
ᡠᠮᡝ
ᠠᡴᡩᠠᡵᠠ᠉

1835, S. V. Lipovtsov, transl., Musei ejen isus heristos i tutabuha ice hese [The New Testament of Our Lord Jesus Christ]:

Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he (Christ) is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not.

tuttu ofi, aika suwende heristos bigan de bi seme hendurengge bici, suwe ume tucire, tere boo dolo bi seme hendurengge bici, ume akdara.

(Christianity) Christ (a title given to Jesus of Nazareth)


ᠠᠨ ᡥᡡᡳ

head

ᠠᠨ
ᡥᡡᡳ • (an hūi)


ᡰᡳᠪᡝᠨ

ᡰᡳᠪᡝᠨ • (žiben)

Japan (a country and archipelago of East Asia)


ᠮᠣᠰᠺᠣᠸᠠ

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


ᡩᡠᡵᡤᡳᠶᠠ

Venus, the second planet in the Solar System


ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ

ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) + ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ (usiha, “star”). Calque of Chinese 金星 (Jīnxīng).


ᠪᠠᡨᠠᠩ

Borrowed from Chinese 巴塘 (Bātáng), from Tibetan འབའ་ཐང ('ba' thang).

Batang (a county of Garzê prefecture, Sichuan, China)


ᡯᡠᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠ

head

ᡯᡠᠨ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠ • (dzun hūwa)


ᡷᡳᠯᡳ

(historical) Zhili (a former province of China, covering present-day Hebei)


ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠ

ᡤᡡᠸᠠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠ • (gūwalgiya)

zh-l

瓜爾佳／瓜尔佳 (Guā'ěrjiā)

→ Chinese: 瓜爾佳／瓜尔佳 (Guā'ěrjiā)

Gūwalgiya (a prominent Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty)


ᡧᡠᠮᡠᡵᡠ

head

ᡧᡠᠮᡠᡵᡠ • (šumuru)

zh-l

舒穆祿／舒穆禄 (Shūmùlù)

→ Chinese: 舒穆祿／舒穆禄 (Shūmùlù)

Šumuru (a prominent Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty)


ᡥᡠᠨᠴᡠᠨ

desc

→ Chinese: 琿春 /珲春 (Húnchūn) (Mandarin transcription)

→ English: Huncun (transliteration)

Hunchun (a county-level city of Yanbian prefecture, Jilin, China)


ᡥᡠᠯᡠᠨ ᠪᡠᡳᡵ

→ Chinese: 呼倫貝爾 /呼伦贝尔 (Hūlúnbèi'ěr) (transliteration)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨ
ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ (kölün buyir).

bor+

Hulunbuir (a prefecture-level city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


ᡥᡠᡥᡠ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ

Compound of ᡥᡠᡥᡠ (huhu, “blue”) + ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ (hoton, “city”), literally “blue city”. From Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ (kökeqota).

com

Hohhot (the capital city of the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China)


ᠣᡯᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ᠣᡯᡝ (odze, “Japanese”) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”)


ᠣᡵᠣᠨᠴᠣ

Oroqen, a Tungusic ethnic group living in northeastern China.


ᡧᡳᡯᡠᠩ

A temple name used for Chinese, Korean or Vietnamese monarchs.

(specifically) the temple name used by the Yongzheng Emperor (Yinzhen) of the Qing dynasty


ᡠ ᡥᡡ

head

ᡠ
ᡥᡡ • (u hū)


ᡰᡳᠨᡯᡠᠩ

(specifically) the temple name used for the Jiaqing Emperor (Yongyan) of the Qing dynasty


ᠣᡵᠣᠰ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ

ᠣᡵᠣᠰ (oros, “Russia; Russian”) + ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ (gisun, “language”)


ᠠᠯᠴᡠᡴᠠ

zh-l

阿勒楚喀 (Ālèchǔkā)

→ Chinese: 阿勒楚喀 (Ālèchǔkā)

(historical) Alcuka (a city in Heilongjiang, China; modern Acheng)


ᠪᠠᠯᡤᠠᡧᡳ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ

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ᠪᠠᠯᡤᠠᡧᡳ
ᠨᠣᠣᡵ • (balgaši noor)


ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠮ

Yarkant (a county of Kashgar prefecture, Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ᡨᡠᠩᠵᡝᠣ

[tʰuŋ.t͡ʃəɔ]

Tongzhou District
w:Tongzhou District, Beijing

(historical) Tong Prefecture (a city in Beijing, China; modern Tongzhou District)


ᡴᡠᡳᡨᡠᠨ

From Written Oirat ᡍᡉᡕᡅᡐᡇᠨ (küyitun, “cold”).

Kuytun (a city in the Xinjiang autonomous region, China)


ᡨᠠᡨᠠᡵᠠ

Tatara (a prominent Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty)


ᠠᡳᡥᡡᠨ

ᠠᡳᡥᡡᠨ • (aihūn)

(historical) (1683-1685) Aigun (a former settlement in Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast, Russia)

(historical) (1685-1900) Aigun (a town in Aihui district, Heihe, Heilongjiang, China)


ᡥᠠᠩᠰᡳ

Chinese calendar
Chinese calendar#English

Qingming (fifth of the 24 solar terms in the Chinese calendar, occurring from April 4 or 5 to 18 or 19)

ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ#Manchu

(⁓ ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ) Qingming Festival; Tomb Sweeping Day


ᠶᠠ ᠰᡳ ᠶᠠ

Borrowed from Chinese 亞細亞 /亚细亚 (Yàxìyà), ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἀσία (Asía).

Asia (the largest continent, located between Europe and the Pacific Ocean)


ᠶᠠ ᠮᡝ ᠯᡳ ᡤᡳᠶᠠ

Borrowed from Chinese 亞美利加 /亚美利加 (Yàměilìjiā).

America, the Americas (a supercontinent consisting of North America, Central America and South America regarded as a whole; in full, the Americas)


ᠰᠠᡳᠨ ᡥᠣᠯᠣ ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ

Compound of ᠰᠠᡳᠨ (sain, “excellent”) + ᡥᠣᠯᠣ (holo, “valley”) + ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ (furdan, “pass”), calque of Chinese 嘉峪關 /嘉峪关 (Jiāyùguān).


ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ

→ Chinese: 富爾丹／富尔丹

ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ#Manchu

(⁓ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ) Ussuriysk (a city in Primorsky Krai, Russia)

ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ#Manchu

(⁓ ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ) (historical) Furdan (a former settlement in Jilin, China)


ᡶᡠᠩ ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ

(historical) Fengtian (a former province of China, covering present-day Liaoning)


ᠵᠠᡴᠠ ᡶᡠᡵᡩᠠᠨ

Zhaka Pass (a pass in Xinbin, Fushun, Liaoning, China)


ᠵᠠᡴᡡᡨᠠ

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ᠵᠠᡴᡡᡨᠠ • (jakūta)

Jakūta, a Manchu clan during the Qing dynasty


ᠮᡠᡩᡠᡵᡳ

From Proto-Tungusic *muduri, compare Nanai мудур (mudur).

Chinese dragon, the fifth of the twelve earthly branches


ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

the Manchu State (predecessor of the Later Jin and Qing dynasties)


ᡳᠯᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ

From ᡳᠯᠮᡠᠨ (ilmun, “hell, underworld”) + ᡥᠠᠨ (han, “khan, emperor”).


ᠨᠣᠮᡠᠨ ᡥᠠᠨ

desc

→ Mandarin: 諾門罕 /诺门罕 (Nuòménhǎn) (transliteration)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠨᠣᠮᠤᠨ
ᠬᠠᠨ (nomun qan, “Yama; Nomonhon”, proper noun).

bor+

ᡤᡠᠯᡠ
ᠯᠠᠮᡠᠨ ᡳ
ᠨᡳᡴᡨᡠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠨᡳᡵᡠᡳ
ᠨᠣᠮᡠᠨ
ᡥᠠᠨ
ᡴᠠᡵᡠᠨ ᡩᡝ
ᡨᡝᠪᡠᠪᡠᡥᡝ
ᠰᡠᠯᠠ
ᠪᡝᠯᡤᡝᠮᠪᠣᠣ ᠪᡝ
ᠪᠣᡳᡤᠣᠨ
ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠮᡝ
ᡴᠠᡵᠴᡳᠨ
ᡥᡡᠯᡥᠠ ᡩᡝ
ᡤᠠᠮᠠᠪᡠᡥᠠᠴᡳ
ᡝᡵᡨᡝᠯᡝ
ᠠᠮᠠᠰᡳ
ᠮᠠᡵᡳᠨᠵᡳᡥᠠᡴᡡ
ᠣᠴᡳ
ᠴᡝᠰᡝ ᠴᡳ
ᠰᡠᠮᡝ
ᡨᡠᠴᡳᠪᡠᡥᡝ
ᠪᠠᠪᡝ
ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠮᡝ
ᡨᡠᠴᡳᠪᡠᠮᡝ
ᠪᠣᠣᠯᠠᠮᡝ
ᠠᠯᡳᠪᡠᡴᡳ᠈

1921 July 14, Badengga, ᠠᠯᡳᠪᡠᠮᡝ
ᡠᠩᡤᡳᡵᡝ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ [alibume unggire bithe]:

Nomonhan (historical frontier post and modern village in Hulunbuir, China)


ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

A compound of ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ (girin, “region”) + ᡠᠯᠠ (ula, ”river”). Literally “the region along a river”.

Jilin, Jilin City (a prefecture-level city of Jilin, China)


ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠨᠠᠨ

Jiangnan (a region of China, south of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River)


ᠶᡡᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ

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ᠶᡡᠨ
ᠨᠠᠨ • (yūn nan)

Yunnan (a province in southwestern China, bordering Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam)


ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ

From ᠠᠪᡴᠠ (abka, “heaven, sky”) + ᡳ (i, genetive case marker) + ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ (fulingga, “fortune”). See also Chinese 天命 (tiānmìng).

Tianming (an era name of Later Jin, used in 1616 – 1626)


ᠰᡠᡵᡝ ᡥᠠᠨ

From ᠰᡠᡵᡝ (sure, “clever, smart, intelligent”) + ᡥᠠᠨ (han, “khan, emperor”). See also Chinese 天驄 /天骢.

Tiancong (an era name of Later Jin, used in 1627 – 1636)


ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠᠩᡤᡝ

ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ
ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠᠩᡤᡝ • (wesihun erdemungge)

From ᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠨ (wesihun, “precious, noble, honorable, lofty”) + ᡝᡵᡩᡝᠮᡠᠩᡤᡝ (erdemungge, “virtuous, moral”). See also Chinese 崇德 (Chóngdé).

Chongde (an era name of Qing, used in 1636 – 1643)


ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ

ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ
ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ • (ijishūn dasan)

From ᡳᠵᡳᠰᡥᡡᠨ (ijishūn, “smooth, pleasing, docile”) + ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ (dasan, “politics, political affairs”). See also Chinese 順治 /顺治 (Shùnzhì).

Shunzhi (an era name of Qing, used in 1644 – 1661)


ᡝᠯᡥᡝ ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ

Both ᡝᠯᡥᡝ (elhe) and ᡨᠠᡳᡶᡳᠨ (taifin) mean "peace, tranquility". See also Chinese 康熙 (Kāngxī).

Kangxi (an era name of Qing, used in 1662 – 1722)


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨ ᡨᠣᠪ

ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨ
ᡨᠣᠪ • (hūwaliyasun tob)

From ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠰᡠᠨ (hūwaliyasun, “harmonious, peaceful, friendly”) + ᡨᠣᠪ (tob, “upright, proper, dignified, honest”). See also Chinese 雍正 (Yōngzhèng).

Yongzheng (an era name of Qing, used in 1723 – 1735)


ᠠᠶᡠᠰᡳ

desc

→ Chinese: 阿玉錫 /阿玉锡 (Āyùxī) (Mandarin transcription)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠠᠶᠤᠰᠢ (ayusi), from Sanskrit [Term?]. Doublet of ᠠᠶᡠᡴᡳ (ayuki).

bor+

A transliteration of the Classical Mongolian male given name ᠠᠶᠤᠰᠢ (ayusi)


ᠣᡴᡧᠣ

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ᠣᡴᡧᠣ • (okšo)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian [Term?].

bor+

Zabaykalsky Krai
Zabaykalsky Krai#English

the Aksha (a river in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia)

Aksha (a selo in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia)


ᠴᡠᡴᡠ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

From Classical Mongolian ᠴᠥᠬᠦ
ᠭᠣᠤᠯ (čökü ɣoul).

der

the Chikoy (a river in Russia and Mongolia)


ᡝᡵᡴᡝᠣ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠡᠷᠬᠡᠦ (erkeü).

bor+

the Irkut (a river in Buryatia and Irkutsk Oblast, Russia)

Irkutsk (a city in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia)


ᠴᡠᡥᡠᠴᡠ

desc

→ Chinese: 楚呼楚 (Chǔhūchǔ), 楚瑚楚 (Chǔhúchǔ) (Mandarin transcriptions)

Compare Kazakh شاۋەشەك (şäueşek), Uyghur چۆچەك (chöchek), and Russian Чугуча́к (Čugučák).


ᡴᡝᡵᡝ ᠪᡳᡵᠠ

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian [Term?]. Compare Khamnigan Mongol Кэрэ гол (Kere gol), Russian река́ Кыра́ f inan (reká Kyrá).

Kyra (a river in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia and Dornod, Mongolia)


ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᡴ ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ

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ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
ᠵᠠᠰᠠᡴ
ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ • (tulergi jasak monggo)

(historical) Outer Jasak Mongolia (marked as Outer Mongolia in western maps)

en-ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ_ᠵᠠᠰᠠᡴ_ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ-mnc-name-~htngon0


ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ

From ᠠᠪᡴᠠ (abka, “heaven, sky”) + ᡳ (i, genetive case marker) + ᠸᡝᡥᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ (wehiyehe). See also Chinese 乾隆 (Qiánlóng).

Qianlong (an era name of Qing, used in 1736 – 1795)


ᠰᠠᡳᠴᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠨ

From ᠰᠠᡳᠴᡠᠩᡤᠠ (saicungga, “excellent; auspicious”) + ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠨ (fengšen, “happiness; welfare; well-being”). See also Chinese 嘉慶 /嘉庆 (Jiāqìng).

Jiaqing (an era name of Qing, used in 1796 – 1820)


ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠩᡤᡝ

From ᡩᠣᡵᠣ (doro, “principle; etiquette; manners”) + ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠩᡤᡝ (eldengge, “glorious; brilliant; magnificent”). See also Chinese 道光 (Dàoguāng).

Daoguang (an era name of Qing, used in 1821 – 1850)


ᡤᡠᠪᠴᡳ ᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠩᡤᡝ

From ᡤᡠᠪᠴᡳ (gubci, “all; entire; universal”) + ᡝᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠩᡤᡝ (elgiyengge, “affluent; wealthy; abundant”). See also Chinese 咸豐 (Xiánfēng).

Xianfeng (an era name of Qing, used in 1851 – 1861)


ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠩᡤᡝ ᠰᠠᠪᡳᠩᡤᠠ

ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠩᡤᡝ
ᠰᠠᠪᡳᠩᡤᠠ • (fengšengge sabingga)

From ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠩᡤᡝ (fengšengge, “blessed”) + ᠰᠠᠪᡳᠩᡤᠠ (sabingga, “auspicious”). See also Chinese 祺祥 (qíxiáng).

Qixiang (a proposed era name of Qing, later replaced by Tongzhi)


ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳᠩᡤᠠ ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ

From ᠶᠣᠣᠨᡳᠩᡤᠠ (yooningga, “common; mutual”) + ᡩᠠᠰᠠᠨ (dasan, “government affairs; national politics”). See also Chinese 同治 (Tóngzhì).

Tongzhi (an era name of Qing, used in 1862 – 1874)


ᠪᠠᡩᠠᡵᠠᠩᡤᠠ ᡩᠣᡵᠣ

From ᠪᠠᡩᠠᡵᠠᠩᡤᠠ (badarangga, “thriving; flourishing; prosperous”) + ᡩᠣᡵᠣ (doro, “principle; etiquette; manners”). See also Chinese 光緒 /光绪 (Guāngxù).

Guangxu (an era name of Qing, used in 1875 – 1908)


ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠩᡤᡝ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ

From ᡤᡝᡥᡠᠩᡤᡝ (gehungge, “glorious; lustrous; bright”) + ᠶᠣᠰᠣ (yoso, “morality; orthodoxy; decorum”). See also Chinese 宣統 /宣统 (Xuāntǒng).

Xuantong (an era name of Qing, used in 1909 – 1911)