ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ

The etymology is "conventionally dismiss[ed] as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation". It was not used in fifteenth-century Jurchen. Speculative suggestions include:
* Related to Classical Mongolian ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ (kitad, “China”).
* Corrupted from Classical Mongolian [script needed] (nanggiyad, “Chinese, Ming Chinese”), from Chinese 南家 (“southern households”).
* Corrupted from unknown element ni- + Chinese 漢／汉 (hàn, “Han Chinese”), perhaps 明漢 (“Ming Han, Han of the Ming dynasty”), as Manchu transcriptions of foreign words sometimes conflate the initial nasals.
* Related to native Manchu verbs such as ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (nikembi, “to lean on, to rely on”) and ᠨᡳᡴᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (nikebumbi, “to prop up, to support”) with the original meaning of "servant", the meaning of which transferred to "Han Chinese" upon Jurchen/Manchu expansion, during which the conquered Han became subservient to the Manchus. Alexander Vovin considers this sort of semantic shift from a derogatory Proto-Tungusic root most likely, citing Negidal [script needed] (nikan, “Chinese, bandit, robber”), Udihe [script needed] (ningka, “Chinese, laborer, worker”), Oroch [script needed] (n'ingka, “slave, servant”), and other Tungusic forms, and says:
*: "Regardless of the phonetic details, the semantic fit seems to be almost perfect: 'robber, slave, servant'—what could be more offensive to an enemy?"

unk

"conventionally dismiss􂀿ed􂁀 as indecipherable on the basis of available documentation"


ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ (dulimbai, “middle”) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”). Calque of Chinese 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “Middle Kingdom”).


ᡥᠠᡵᠪᡳᠨ

→ English: Harbin

→ Chinese: 哈爾濱／哈尔滨 (Hā'ěrbīn)

The Official Guidebook of China, Beijing: China Travel and Tourism Press, 1982, →ISBN, page 186: “Harbin used to be a fishing village and its name, in Manchu dialect, means drying fishnets. Unlike most of China, it has a very short history. Harbin was incorporated as a town in 1898.”

Harbin (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


ᠪᡝᠵᡳᠩ

Borrowed from Middle Mongol ᠪᠡᠭᠡᠵᠢᠩ (begeǰing).

ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ#Manchu

Alternative form of ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ (beging, “Beijing, Peking”)


ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ

Inherited from Jurchen  (*moŋgu), from Middle Mongol ᠮᠣᠩᠬᠣᠯ (mongqol).


ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ

Beijing (a direct-administered municipality, the capital city of China)

Provinces – ᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᠠᠨᡥᡡᡳ · ᡶᡠᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ · ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᡩᡠᠩ · ᡤᠠᠨᠰᡠ · ᡤᡠᡳᠵᡝᠣ · ᡥᠣᠨᠠᠨ · ᡥᡡᠪᡝ · ᡥᠣᠪᡝ · ᡥᠠᡳᠨᠠᠨ · ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨᡠᠯᠠ · ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ · ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡠ · ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᠯᡳᠶᠣᡠᠨᡳᠩ · ᡥᡠᡥᡠᠨᠣᠣᡵ · ᠰᠶᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ · ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ · ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᠰᠠᠨᠰᡳ · ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ · ᠶᡡᠨᠨᠠᠨ · ᠵᡝᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩ

Autonomous regions – ᠪᡝᠶᡝᡩᠠᠰᠠᠩᡤᠠᡤᠣᠯᠣ: ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ · ᡩᠣᡵᡤᡳᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ · ᠨᡳᠩᡥᡳᠠ · ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳᡩᡯᠠᠩ · ᡳᠴᡝᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

Municipalities – ᡥᠣᡨᠣᠨ: ᠪᡝᡤᡳᠩ · ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨᠵᡳᠨ · ᡧᠠᠩᡥᠠᡳ · ᠴᡠᠩᡴᡳᠩ


ᠠᡳ᠇ᡠᡥᠠᠨ

zh-l

愛烏罕／爱乌罕 (Àiwūhǎn)

→ Chinese: 愛烏罕／爱乌罕 (Àiwūhǎn)

Afghanistan (A landlocked country between Central Asia and South Asia)


ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ ᡯᠠᠩ

ᠸᠠᡵᡤᡳ (wargi, “western”) + ᡯᠠᠩ (dzang). Phono-semantic matching of Tibetan དབུས་གཙང (dbus gtsang).


ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ (sahaliyan, “black”) + ᡠᠯᠠ (ula, “river”), literally “black river”.


ᡨᠠᡳᠸᠠᠨ

Borrowed from Mandarin 臺灣／台湾 (Táiwān), from Literary Chinese 臺灣, from Hokkien 大員 (Tāi-oân), 大圓, 臺員, 大灣, 臺灣, etc., from possibly Siraya.

Taiwan (a country and island in East Asia)


ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ

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ᡧᠠᠨᠰᡳ • (šansi)


ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ

ᡧᠠᠨᡩᡠᠩ • (šandung)


ᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩᠰᡳ

zh-l

廣西／广西 (Guǎngxī)


ᠣᡵᠣᠰ

→ Mandarin: 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī)

→ Japanese: 俄羅斯(オロス) (Orosu), 俄羅斯(オロシャ) (Orosha) (dated, rare)

→ Korean: 아라사(俄羅斯) (Arasa) (obsolete)

→ Vietnamese: Nga La Tư (俄羅斯) (obsolete)

Borrowed from Classical Mongolian ᠣᠷᠤᠰ (orus), from Middle Mongol 斡羅思 (orus), from Kipchak [script needed] (orus), from Old East Slavic Русь f (Rusĭ), from Proto-Finnic *roocci.

bor+

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ ᠵᡠᡳ

ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ (abkai, “of heaven”) + ᠵᡠᡳ (jui, “child”). Calque of Chinese 天子.


ᠠᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ

(historical) Annam, the former name of Vietnam (a country in Asia)


ᡩᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

From ᡩᡝ (de) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”). Calque of Chinese 德國／德国 (Déguó).

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


ᡨᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᡳᠨ

Tianjin (a direct-administered municipality and major city in northern China)


ᠴᡝᠩ ᡩᡠ

Chengdu (a subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Sichuan, in southwestern China)


ᠰᠣᠯᡥᠣ

From Jurchen solgor (“Goryeo”) (also borrowed as Mongolian Солго (Solgo, “Korea”)). Compare Middle Mongol 莎郎合思 (Солонгос, “Goryeo”) (whence Mongolian ᠰᠣᠯᠤᠩᠭᠤᠰ (solungɣus) / Солонгос (Solongos, “Korea”)), Old Turkic 𐰲𐰇𐰞𐰍𐰞 (čölgl, “Silla”), Chinese 新羅 (MC sin la, “Silla”), Japanese 新羅(しらき) (shiraki, “Silla”).


ᠮᡠᡴᡩᡝᠨ

Shenyang (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Liaoning, China)


ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ

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ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ • (hūwangdi)


ᡳᠴᡝ ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ

[i.t͡ʃʰə.t͡ʃə.t͡ʃʰən]

ᡳᠴᡝ (ice, “new”) + ᠵᡝᠴᡝᠨ (jecen, “border; frontier”), literally “new frontier”. Compare semantically Chinese 新疆 (Xīnjiāng).

com

Xinjiang (an autonomous region of China)


ᡷᠶᠯᡳ

(historical) Zhili (a province in northern China; modern Hebei)


ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ

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ᡥᡡᠨᠠᠨ • (hūnan)


ᡠᡵᡠᠮᠴᡳ

desc

→ Chinese: 烏魯木齊／乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí)

→ Chinese: 烏魯木齊／乌鲁木齐 (Wūlǔmùqí)

Borrowed from Written Oirat ᡇᠷᡇᡏᡔᡅ (urumci), from Chagatai اورُمجی (ūrumǧī /ürümči/).

bor+

Ürümqi (a prefecture-level city, the capital of Xinjiang, China)


ᡥᡠᡥᡠ ᠨᠣᠣᡵ

Compound of ᡥᡠᡥᡠ (huhu, “blue”) + ᠨᠣᠣᡵ (noor, “lake”). From Classical Mongolian ᠬᠥᠬᠡ
ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (köke naɣur, literally “blue sea”).


ᡥᡡᠪᡝ

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ᡥᡡᠪᡝ • (hūbe)


ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ

→ Chinese: 吉林 (Jílín)

→ English: Kirin


ᡥᠠᠯᠪᡳᠨ

(historical) Harbin (a prefecture-level city and subprovincial city, the provincial capital of Heilongjiang, in northeastern China)


ᠠᠨ ᡥᡡᡳ

ᠠᠨ
ᡥᡡᡳ • (an hūi)


ᡰᡳᠪᡝᠨ

ᡰᡳᠪᡝᠨ • (žiben)


ᠮᠣᠰᠺᠣᠸᠠ

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)


ᠣᡯᡝ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ

ᠣᡯᡝ (odze, “Japanese”) + ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (gurun, “country”)


ᡨᡠᠩᠵᡝᠣ

[tʰuŋ.t͡ʃəɔ]

Tongzhou District
w:Tongzhou District, Beijing

(historical) Tong Prefecture (a city in Beijing, China; modern Tongzhou District)


ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ

A compound of ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ (girin, “region”) + ᡠᠯᠠ (ula, ”river”). Literally “the region along a river”.


ᠶᡡᠨ ᠨᠠᠨ

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ᠶᡡᠨ
ᠨᠠᠨ • (yūn nan)