okey

Pattani Malay: اوْكيْ

okay (Used to indicate agreement or acceptance)


ayak

ms-noun

ayak (Jawi spelling ايق, plural ayak-ayak)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ayak, or alternatively from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qayag.


ayak

Indonesian: ayak


peri

peri (Jawi spelling ڤري, plural peri-peri)

From Sanskrit परि (pari, “about”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *pári, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pári, from Proto-Indo-European *péri. Doublet of peri-.
* The word sense is related to Sanskrit परिभाषा (paribhāṣā, “definition”)

der

About, concerning; with regard to; on account of; on the subject of; to affect.


peri

Indonesian: peri


peri

Indonesian: peri

From Persian پری (pari, “fairy”), from Middle Persian plyk' (parīg, “witch”).


ubah

Indonesian: ubah

→ Iban: ubah

perubahan [causative passive + resultative

mengubahkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

memperubahkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

(intransitive) to change (to become something different)

(transitive) to change (to make something into something different)


alat

ms-noun

alat (Jawi spelling الت, plural alat-alat)


ظهر

ظهر (plural ظهر-ظهر or ظهر٢)


hahnium

(chemistry, obsolete) dubnium (chemical element)


api

> Ambonese Malay: api (inherited)

> Indonesian: api (inherited)

Etymology tree
Proto-Malayo-Chamic *apuy
Proto-Malayic *api
Malay api
From Proto-Malayic *api, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hapuy, from Proto-Austronesian *Sapuy.


rasa

ms-noun

rasa (Jawi spelling راس, plural rasa-rasa)

From Sanskrit रस (rasa) or Pali rasa. Cognate with Thai รส (rót), Lao ລົດ (lot), Lü ᦷᦟᧆ (lod) or ᦷᦟᧆᦉ (lodṡ), Burmese ရသ (ra.sa.), Khmer រស (rŭəh).

rasa manis

rasa panas

pada rasa saya


rasa

Indonesian: rasa

Aku rasa bukan tu yang kaumaksudkan.


rasa

Alternative form of raksa (“quicksilver”)


pagar

pagar (Jawi spelling ڤاݢر, plural pagar-pagar)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pager (“enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field”).

inh

Pagar besi


pagar

Reban ayam itu telah dipagarkan oleh Pak Mail.

A fence was set up by Mr. Mail around that chicken coop.

memagarkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipagarkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

memagari [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipagari [patient focus + causative benefactive]


Inggeris

Indonesian: Inggris

Borrowed from Portuguese ingrês, a now obsolete form of Portuguese inglês, from Old French angleis, from Old English Englisċ. Compare Tagalog Ingles.

An English, or more generally, British person.


parang

ms-noun

parang (Jawi spelling ڤارڠ, plural parang-parang)

Indonesian: parang

→ English: parang

→ Macanese: parám

→ Tagalog: paláng

a short, heavy, straight-edged knife or machete


buta

Indonesian: buta

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *buta(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buta, from Proto-Austronesian *buCa.

membutakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

membutai [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dibutakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dibutai [patient focus + causative benefactive]


damar

damar (Jawi spelling دامر, plural damar-damar)

Indonesian: damar

→ Dutch: dammer

→ English: dammer, dammar, damar

From Proto-Malayic *damar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *damaʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *damaʀ.

mendamari [agent focus + causative benefactive]


The Malay comma, written in the Jawi script.


resit

resit (Jawi spelling رسيت, plural resit-resit)

receipt (written acknowledgment that a specified article or sum of money has been received)


rak

Indonesian: rak


rak

Indonesian: rak

(onomatopoeia) The sound of a pen being dragged across a paper.

(onomatopoeia) The sound of wood breaking and other similar things.


rak

(Kelantan-Pattani) Alternative form of larat.


kor

From English corps, from French corps d'armée (literally “army body”), from Latin corpus (“body”).

der

Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian


bila

Indonesian: bila

Bila kau pergi sekolah?

Sampai bila kau nak meniru-niru jawapan orang lain?

Until when do you want to keep on copying other people's answers?


bila

Bila dia gelak, dia mesti tersenyum lebar.

When he laughs, he always has a wide smile.

(proscribed) Alternative form of apabila.


tanda

ms-noun

tanda (Jawi spelling تندا, plural tanda-tanda)

> Indonesian: tanda (inherited)

→ Iban: tanda

→ Tagalog: tanda

→ Tausug: tanda'

Borrowed from Javanese ꦠꦤ꧀ꦝ (tandha), from Old Javanese taṇḍa (“standard, banner”), probably from Tamil தண்டம் (taṇṭam, “flag”, literally “stick, staff”), from Sanskrit दण्ड (daṇḍa).

der

menandakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


tandu

ms-noun

tandu (Jawi spelling تندو, plural tandu-tandu)

> Indonesian: tandu (inherited)

→ Javanese: tandu

→ Toba Batak: tandu

Inherited from Classical Malay tandu, from Tamil தண்டு (taṇṭu, “palanquin”).


tandu

(colloquial, transitive) to carry the sedan chair


minta

مينتا (Jawi)
mintak (alternative colloquial)

Nasalization of pinta. Doublet of pinta.


minta

> Indonesian: minta (inherited)

→ Iban: minta

Minta beri 3 gelas air laici.


hari

hari (Jawi spelling هاري, plural hari-hari)

Indonesian: hari

→ Javanese: ꦲꦫꦶ (ari)

From Proto-Malayic *ari, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *waʀi, from Proto-Austronesian *waʀi.
First attested in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, 900 AD, as 𑼅𑼬𑼶 (ari).
According to Adelaar (1992), the intrusive h- was added to prevent vowel clusters in words such as *mata ari > matahari (“sun”).

sehari-harian [reduplication + immediacy


harap

Indonesian: harap

Borrowed from Old Javanese harĕp (“to wish, desire, about to”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qadəp. Doublet of hadap.


busa

From Proto-Malayic (compare Indonesian busa), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Fijian vuso).


bura

Indonesian: bura

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀah, from Proto-Austronesian *buʀəS.

memburakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diburakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


akar

ms-noun

akar (Jawi spelling اکر, plural akar-akar)

From Proto-Malayic *akar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wakaʀ.

(figurative) root, origin, the primary source

(linguistic morphology) root (the primary lexical unit of a word)


kotor

> Indonesian: kotor (inherited)

→ Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin: kotor


ipar

Indonesian: ipar

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *ipar (“in-law”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hipaʀ.


maha

Borrowed from Sanskrit महा (mahā), combining form of महत् (mahat).

maha kaya


paras

ms-noun

paras (Jawi spelling ڤارس, plural paras-paras)

level (distance relative to a given reference elevation)


kanta

kanta (Jawi spelling کنتا, plural kanta-kanta)

Indonesian: kanta

Borrowed from Sanskrit कान्त (kānta, “stone”).


mesti

> Indonesian: mesti (inherited)


magis

Borrowed from Indonesian magis, from Dutch magisch. Doublet of Majusi.
* The noun sense is a semantic loan from English magic.


poros

ms-noun

poros (Jawi spelling ڤوروس, plural poros-poros)

Indonesian: poros


poros

(Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore) porous, permeate


seni

seni (Jawi spelling سني, plural seni-seni)

Indonesian: sêni

Attested in 1921, in Sri Poestaka magazine, volume 11, in article: Djalan baroe oentoek kepandaian seni (kunst)


armada

ارمادا (Jawi)

Indonesian: armada

From Portuguese armada, from Medieval Latin armāta, from the feminine past participle of Latin armō, from arma.


hak

right: that which complies with justice, law or reason; a legal, just or moral entitlement.


orak

to unravel, to uncoil, to unwind, to untie


mak

Shortened form of emak, from Proto-Malayic *əma-ʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əma-ʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əma-ʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əma-ʔ, from *əma.


kitab

kitab (Jawi spelling کتاب, plural kitab-kitab)

→ Indonesian: kitab

→ Maranao: kitab

From Arabic كِتَاب (kitāb, “book”), from the root ك ت ب (k t b), related to writing.

book (collection of sheets of paper bound together containing printed or written material)


sabun

sabun (Jawi spelling سابون, plural sabun-sabun)

Iban: sabun

Indonesian: sabun

→ Balinese: ᬲᬩᬸᬦ᭄ (sabun)

→ Lun Bawang: sabun

→ Makasar: sabung

→ Dhuwal: jaabu

→ Hainanese: 差文

desctree

→? Hokkien: 雪文 (sap-bûn)
→ Amis: safon
→ Kavalan: sabun
→ Puyuma: sabun
→ Tsou: savungu

→ Sundanese: sabun

→ Teochew: 雪文 (sab⁴ bhung⁵)

→ Hakka: 雪文 (Singkawang, Bangkok Jiexi Hakka)

Possibly from Arabic صَابُون (ṣābūn) or Persian صابون (sâbun) or Portuguese sabão or Spanish jabón, all ultimately from Latin sapō.

bor

Arabic صَابُون (ṣābūn)


jala

ms-noun

jala (Jawi spelling جالا, plural jala-jala)

Indonesian: jala

→ Pattani Malay: ยาลอ (jalɔ) (learned)

→? Rade: jal

→ Tagalog: dala

→ Thai: ยะลา (yá-laa)

→ Urak Lawoi': ยฺาลา (jala) (learned)


wolfram

wolfram (Jawi spelling وولفرم, plural wolfram-wolfram)

Borrowed from English wolfram, from German Wolfram.


dalam

head

dalam (comparative lebih dalam, superlative paling dalam, terdalam)

lebih dalam (comparative)
paling dalam (superlative)
terdalam (superlative)
dlm (alternative abbreviation)

From Proto-Malayic *daləm, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daləm, from Proto-Austronesian *daləm.

mendalamkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mendalami [agent focus + causative benefactive]

didalamkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

didalami [patient focus + causative benefactive]


dalam

دالم (Jawi)
dlm (alternative abbreviation)

Indonesian: dalam

dalam bahasa Inggris


kiri

"kiri" in Kamus Dewan, Fourth Edition, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, →ISBN, 2005.

“kiri” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

From Proto-Malayic *(kA-)iri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ka-)wiʀi (compare Makasar kairi), from Proto-Austronesian *(ka-)wiʀi, a prefixed form of *wiʀi.

left (the west side of the body when one is facing north)


ras

Borrowed from English race, from Middle English race, partially from Old English rǣs (“a race, swift or violent running, rush, onset”), from Proto-West Germanic *rās; and partially from Old Norse rás (“a running, race”); both from Proto-Germanic *rēsō (“a course”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁s- (“to flow, rush”).

der

Etymology 1, alternatively, English-based

ras Cina


ras

The reins used by a horse rider to guide a horse.


minum

Indonesian: minum

From Proto-Malayic *inum (compare Indonesian minum), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *inum (compare Cebuano inom, Hawaiian inu, Tagalog inom).
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (minuṃ) in the form [script needed] (niminuṃña) (current form diminumnya).

to drink (to consume liquid through the mouth)


UTM

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
w:ms:Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

(Malaysia) Initialism of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (“University of Technology Malaysia”).


zamindar

ms-noun

zamindar (Jawi spelling زاميندر, plural zamindar-zamindar)

زاميندر (Jawi)
zamindar-zamindar (plural)

Indonesian: zamindar

Borrowed from Persian زمیندار (zamindâr).


koruna

ms-noun

koruna (Jawi spelling کورونا, plural koruna-koruna)


buru

Indonesian: buru

From Proto-Malayic *buru, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀaw, from Proto-Austronesian *buʀaw (“drive off, chase away, expel”).

inh

perburuan [causative passive + resultative

memburu-buru [reduplication + agent focus]

memburu-burukan [reduplication + agent focus + causative benefactive]

diburu-buru [reduplication + patient focus]

terburu-buru [reduplication + agentless action]


sagu

ms-noun

sagu (Jawi spelling ساݢو, plural sagu-sagu)

desc

→ Arabic: سَاغُو (sāḡū)

→ Arabic: سَاغُو (sāḡū)

→ Armenian: սագո (sago)

→ Burmese: သာဂူ (sagu)

→ Catalan: sagú

→ Czech: ságo

→ Danish: sago

→ Dutch: sago

→ English: sago

→ Finnish: saago

→ French: sagou

→ German: Sago

→ Hungarian: szágó

Indonesian: sagu

→ Italian: sagù

→ Japanese: サゴ (sago)

→ Norwegian: sago

→ Persian: ساگو

→ Polish: sago

→ Portuguese: sagu

Hunsrik: Sagu

→ Russian: са́го (ságo)

→ Spanish: sagú

→ Swedish: sago

→ Turkish: sagu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sagu (“processed sago, prepared starch from the sago palm”). Cognate with Javanese sagu and Tagalog sago.

inh

sago (a powdered starch obtained from certain palms used as a food thickener)


siku

ms-noun

siku (Jawi spelling سيکو, plural siku-siku)

Indonesian: siku

From Proto-Malayic *siku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *siku, from Proto-Austronesian *sikux (“elbow”).


urin

urin (Jawi spelling اورين, plural urin-urin)

From Latin ūrīna (“urine”), from Proto-Indo-European *uh₁r-, zero grade of *weh₁r- (“water, liquid, milk”).


emel

emél (Jawi spelling ايميل, plural emel-emel)

emél (canonical)
ايميل (Jawi)
emel-emel (plural)


capa

capa (Jawi spelling چاڤ, plural capa-capa)


Bandar Seri Begawan

ms-proper noun

بندر سري بݢاوان

Bandar Seri Begawan (Jawi spelling بندر سري بݢاوان)

بندر سري بݢاوان (Jawi)

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital city of Brunei)


fosfor

ms-noun

fosfor (Jawi spelling فوسفور, plural fosfor-fosfor)

Possibly a MABBIM invention. Either a Learned borrowing from Dutch fosfor or learned borrowing from English phosphor.


sembilan

From Proto-Malayic *əsa(ʔ) ambil-an, *isa(ʔ) ambil-an. Compare Banjarese sambilan and Urak Lawoi' เซอมีลัด (semilat).


berek

bérék (Jawi spelling بيريک, plural berek-berek)

bérék (canonical)
بيريک (Jawi)
berek-berek (plural)
barak (alternative)


bakal

Probably from Old Javanese bakal (“future, prospective”).

bor

bakal suami

Something or somebody that may be suitable or will be something; a candidate.


bakal

Dasar itu bakal diumumkan Perdana Menteri sebentar nanti.

The policy will be announced by the Prime Minister in a bit.


bakal

Indonesian: bakal


buka

From Proto-Malayic *buka (compare Indonesian buka), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buka (compare Tagalog buka).

Tolong buka kipas dan lampu.


kapal

ms-noun

kapal (Jawi spelling کاڤل, plural kapal-kapal)

Ambonese Malay: kapal

Indonesian: kapal

→ Balinese: ᬓᬧᬮ᭄ (kapal)

→ Alorese: kapal

→ Balinese: ᬓᬧᬮ᭄ (kapal)

→ Buginese: ᨀᨄᨒ (kappala')

→ Hokkien: 夾板 /夹板 (kap-pán)

→ English: kappal, capel, kapal

→ Javanese: ꦏꦥꦭ꧀ (kapal)

→ Khmer: កប៉ាល់ (kaʼpal)

→ Maguindanao: kapal

→ Maranao: kapal

→ Sundanese: ᮊᮕᮜ᮪ (kapal)

→ Tboli: kafal

→ Tausug: kappal

→ Thai: กำปั่น (gam-bpàn)

→ Lao: ກຳປັ່ນ (kam pan)

→ Khmer: កងព័ន្ធ (kɑɑngpŏənthɔɔ) (possibly)

From Tamil கப்பல் (kappal, “ship, sailing vessel”).

bor

Kapal satu, nakhoda dua

saying about two lovers fighting in rivalry over a girl (lit. 'a ship with two captains')

(chiefly in combination) Any vessel travelling through any medium other than across land, such as an airship or spaceship.


kapal

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kapal (“thick, as a plank”). Compare to Tagalog kapal (“thick”).


kaya

> Indonesian: kaya (inherited)

→ Min Nan: 奎維 /奎维 (khe-ûi)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaya, from Proto-Austronesian *kaya (“able, capable, strong, wealthy”). Compare Kapampangan kaya and Tagalog kaya (especially Tagalog may-kaya).

keluarga kaya

kaya dengan sumber alam

kaya dengan protein

Having a lot of a certain thing; being rich in something.

Tuhan yang Maha Kaya

(Islam, figurative) Having power (of God).


kaya

→ English: kaya

desctree

→ Thai: สังขยา (sǎng-kà-yǎa)
→ Khmer: សង់ខ្យា (sɑngkhyaa)
→ Lao: ສັງຂຍາ (sang kha nyā)

Seri kaya, a custard sweet spread made from a base of coconut milk, eggs and sugar.


tawa

Indonesian: tawa

From Proto-Malayic *tawa(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawa, from Proto-Austronesian *Cawa.

to laugh (show mirth by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face and emission of sounds)


rusa

ms-noun

rusa (Jawi spelling روسا, plural rusa-rusa)

Indonesian: rusa

→ English: Rusa

From Proto-Malayic *rusaʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uʀsa. Akin to Tagalog usa.


biri

biri (Jawi spelling بيري, plural biri-biri)


denda

denda (Jawi spelling دندا, plural denda-denda)

From Sanskrit दंड (daṃḍa) ("punishment, penalty").


malu

malu (Jawi spelling مالو, plural malu-malu)

Mimosa pudica
Mimosa pudica#Translingual


malu

→ English: malu

> Indonesian: malu (inherited)

memalui [agent focus + causative benefactive]

memalukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

termalu-termalu [agentless action + reduplication]


topi

topi (Jawi spelling توڤي, plural topi-topi)

> Indonesian: topi (inherited)

→ Javanese: ꦠꦺꦴꦥꦶ (topi)

Borrowed from Tamil தொப்பி (toppi), from Hindi टोपी (ṭopī).


datang

Indonesian: datang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datəŋ. Compare with Tagalog dating (“arrival”).
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (dātaṃ).

(intransitive) to come (to move from further away to nearer to)

mendatangkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mendatangi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

didatangkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

didatangi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


warga

warga (Jawi spelling ورݢ, plural warga-warga)

> Indonesian: warga (inherited)


mati

From Proto-Malayic *mati (compare Indonesian mati), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(m-)atay (compare Cebuano matay, Chamorro matai, Fijian mate, Hawaiian make, Ilocano matay, Javanese mati, Kapampangan mate, mete, Malagasy maty, Maori mate, Palauan mad, Rapa Nui mate, Tagalog matay, Tahitian mate), from Proto-Austronesian *(m-)aCay.


mati

> Indonesian: mati (inherited)

→ Hokkien: 馬滴 /马滴 (má-tih)


pasti

> Indonesian: pasti (inherited)

Borrowed from Javanese ꦥꦱ꧀ꦛꦶ (pasthi), from Old Javanese paṣṭi.

memastikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


guna

guna (Jawi spelling ݢونا, plural guna-guna)

Indonesian: guna


guna

Aku guna fon aku ni hanya untuk menelefon mak ayah aku selalunya.

I usually use my phone here just to call my parents.


duga

Indonesian: duga

to measure or gauge the depth of a body of water


kut

Apheresis of takut, originally from Kedah Malay. Compare usage of English 'fraid, from afraid.

Saya boleh cuba. Tapi susah kut. Satu sebab jauh. Susah saya nak aim.

2021 February 26, Ismi Fa Ismail, SIHIR: Episod 5, page 121:

I can try. But I'm afraid it'll be hard. For one, because it's far. Hard for me to aim.

(colloquial, sentence-final) Indicates a supposition or uncertainty.


asal

asal (Jawi spelling اصل, plural asal-usul)

Etymology tree
Arabic أَصْل (ʔaṣl)bor.
Malay asal
Borrowed from Arabic أَصْل (ʔaṣl). doublet of asli. Sense of interrogation extended from conjunction with overlap from elision of apa pasal or apasal from apa (“what”) + pasal (“cause, subject”).

etymon

Asal kau makan makanan aku?


asal

Tulang buku tu saya dah baiki sedekat keadaan asalnya yang mungkin.

I've fixed the book's spine as close to its original condition as possible.

Orang asal tempat tu dah lama tuntut wang pampasan tanah adat, tapi berapa kali rayu pun kerajaan tak peduli.

The natives have long asked for compensation over their customary lands, but the government don't even care a single plead.


asal

Indonesian: asal

→ Ternate: asal

as long as, only if, provided that, providing


rupa

ms-noun

rupa (Jawi spelling روڤا, plural rupa-rupa)

First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684AD. From Sanskrit रूप (rūpa).


taman

taman (Jawi spelling تامن, plural taman-taman)

Indonesian: taman

Possibly from Classical Persian چمن (čaman, “lawn, meadow, orchard”).


dulu

From Proto-Austronesian *zulu (“earlier, in advance”). Doublet of dahulu.
Or a contraction of dahulu.


dulu

Indonesian: dulu


kertas

ms-noun

kertas (Jawi spelling کرتس, plural kertas-kertas)

> Indonesian: kertas (inherited)

→ Javanese: ꦏꦼꦂꦠꦱ꧀ (kertas)

→ Khmer: ក្រដាស (krɑɑdaah)

→ Tausug: kātas

→ Ternate: kartas

From Arabic قِرْطَاس (qirṭās), ultimately from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs). Doublet of carta and kad.
* Semantic loan from English paper for a set of examination questions.

A sheet material used for writing on or printing on (or as a non-waterproof container), usually made by draining cellulose fibres from a suspension in water.

(Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, education) A set of examination questions to be answered at one session.


kertas

(onomatopoeia) The sound of paper being crumpled.


contoh

contoh (Jawi spelling چونتوه, plural contoh-contoh)

Indonesian: contoh

Peranakan Indonesian: tjonto

→ Javanese: conto

→ Minangkabau: conto, cinto

Derived from Tamil சௌத்து (cauttu, “pattern, sample, model”).

der+

(obsolete) sample, model, study for an artist to imitate


banyak

باڽق (Jawi)
bnyk (alternative)
bonyok (alternative)

Indonesian: banyak

→ Afrikaans: baie

From Classical Malay [Term?].
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (vañak), found in the form vañakña (current form banyaknya).


banyak

ms-noun

banyak (Jawi spelling باڽق, plural banyak-banyak)

باڽق (Jawi)
banyak-banyak (plural)
bnyk (alternative)
bonyok (alternative)


beberapa

any, some, several, certain, few, various, divers


sedikit

Sedikit orang


sedikit

Aku benci permainan ini sedikit.


bawah

From Proto-Malayic *bawah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *babaq.


depan

دڤن (Jawi)
hadapan (alternative)
دڤن (alternative)

Indonesian: depan


udara

udara (Jawi spelling اودارا, plural udara-udara)


kata penghubung

kata penghubung (plural kata-kata penghubung)


atau

اتاو (Jawi)
atawa (alternative uncommon)

Borrowed from Sanskrit अथवा (athavā, “or, rather”).

bor+

Pada sūltan atau pada mantrī-nia

1812, William Marsden, A Dictionary of the Malayan language in two parts, Malayan and English and English and Malayan, →OCLC, page 2:


tetapi

From Old Malay [script needed] (tathāpi) (attested in the Kota Kapur inscription), borrowed from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi).


tapi

Clipping of tetapi, from Sanskrit तथापि (tathāpi).


kalau

کالاو (Jawi)
kalo (alternative)
kalu (alternative)
kalai (alternative)

From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “occasion, circumstance, time”) + Arabic لَوْ (law, “if”), or alternatively from Hokkien 假如 (ká-lû, “if”).

der

Ungkapan panjang, ‘Kalau hendak kenal peribadi bangsa, renunglah pada bahasanya’ kerap kali juga kita dengar sepanjang hidup kita.

2016 September 15, Assim Hassan, “Kalau tidak kita, siapa lagi? [If not us, then who?]”, in Sinar Harian, archived from the original on 2016-09-16:

The expression, "If [somebody] wants to get to know the personality of a nation, look at their language," is often heard by us throughout our lives.


kalau

Kalau yang balik kampung tu, cuba-cubalah simpan jauh-jauh gajet-gajet yang biasanya senantiasa ada di tangan. Banyakkan berbual dengan emak ayah, adik-beradik, sanak saudara dan jiran tetangga.

2017 June 24, Sim Y. H., “Tidak meriah Hari Raya kalau tidak balik kampung [Hari Raya is not lively if [you] don't go back to hometown]”, in Media Permata, archived from the original on 2018-10-26:

As for [those] that go back to their hometown, do try to keep away the gadgets that are usually always with you. Have more conversations with your parents, siblings, relatives and neighbors.


juga

جوݢ (Jawi)
jugak (alternative)
gak (alternative)

Nene, juga dikenali sebagai angsa Hawaii,…

Nene, also known as the Hawaiian goose,…

Adam tetap bermandi-manda juga di sungai walaupun sudah dimarah oleh emak.

Adam still goes on to bathe in the river despite having just been scolded by Mum.


supaya

سوڤايا (Jawi)

Probably from sa- + upāya (“aim, means, way, stratagem, craft”)


kantor

ms-noun

kantor (Jawi spelling کنتور, plural kantor-kantor)

→ Min Nan: 幹刀 /干刀 (kàn-to), 干多 (kan-to)

From Dutch kantoor. Doublet of komputer.

Bajarannja seperti dahoeloe, boleh Toean tarik wissel kepada Kantor Kompeni Ketjil di sini.

1919, Abraham Anthony Fokker, Kitap tjonto soerat-soerat Melajoe, page 250:

The payment is as usual, you can whistle the Small Company Office here.


polisi

polisi (Jawi spelling ڤوليسي, plural polisi-polisi)

From English policy, from Middle French policie, from Late Latin politia (“citizenship; government”), classical Latin polītīa (in Cicero), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía, “citizenship; polis, (city) state; government”), from πολίτης (polítēs, “citizen”).

der

A principle of behaviour, conduct etc. thought to be desirable or necessary, especially as formally expressed by a government or other authoritative body and implemented by its actions.

(Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore) A policy:
(law) A contract of insurance.


polisi

From Dutch politie (“police”), from Middle Dutch policie, from Middle French policie, from Latin politia (“state, government”), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía). Doublet of polis. First attested as politie in the Kitab Vortaro published in 1923.

(Indonesia: Riau) Alternative spelling of polis (“police”).


masak

From Proto-Malayic *masak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-esak (“cooked, ripe”).

inh

(transitive) to cook (prepare (food) for eating)

(transitive) to boil, to seethe (of water)


masak

Indonesian: masak


adik

ms-noun

adik (Jawi spelling اديق, plural adik-adik)

اديق (Jawi)
adik-adik (plural)
dik (alternative)
adi (alternative)
ading (alternative)
adinda (alternative)
dinda (alternative)
ari (alternative)

From Proto-Malayic *adi-ʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *adi-ʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *wadi-ʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *huaji-q, from *huaji, from Proto-Austronesian *Suaji.

sibling ((younger) person who shares same parents)

Adik, adik tahu kat mana stesen bas paling dekat?

Hey, kid, you know where's the nearest bus station?


adik

اديق (Jawi)
dik (alternative)
adi (alternative)
ading (alternative)
adinda (alternative)
dinda (alternative)
ari (alternative)

Indonesian: adik

bulan Adik Maulud: month of Rabiulakhir


ibu

ibu (Jawi spelling ايبو, plural ibu-ibu)

> Indonesian: ibu (inherited)

→ Iban: ibu


makanan

makanan (Jawi spelling ماکنن, plural makanan-makanan)

Kawan saya membeli makanan di bawah blok nenek saya.

My friend bought food underneath my grandmother’s block.


sekolah

sekolah (Jawi spelling سکوله, plural sekolah-sekolah)

سکوله (Jawi)
sekolah-sekolah (plural)
sek (alternative abbreviation)

desctree

> Indonesian: sekolah, sek (inherited)
→ Ternate: skola, sikola

→ Iban: sekula

Sekolah saya berdekatan dengan sebuah pusat beli-belah.


kosa kata

kosa-kosa kata (plural)
kosakata (alternative)

From Sanskrit कोश (kóśa, “repository”) + kata (“word”).


mangga

ms-noun

mangga (Jawi spelling مڠݢ, plural mangga-mangga)

> Indonesian: mangga (inherited)

→ Asi: mangga

→ Bikol Central: mangga

→ Brooke's Point Palawano: mangga

→ Cebuano: mangga

→ Central Dusun: mangga

i

→ Chinese: 芒果 (mángguǒ) (or from another Southeast Asian language)

→ Hiligaynon: mangga

→ Javanese: ꦩꦔ꧀ꦒ (mangga)

desctree

→ Portuguese: manga
→ Araweté: mãka
→ English: mango, manga (obsolete) (see there for further descendants)
→ Galician: manga
→ Guajajára: màg
→ Hunsrik: Manga
→ Middle French: manga
French: mangue
→ Nheengatu: manga
→ Spanish: manga

→ Tagalog: mangga

→ Tausug: mangga

→ Tiruray: mangga

→ Yakan: mangga

Borrowed from Tamil மாங்காய் (māṅkāy), from மா (mā, “mango”) + காய் (kāy, “unripe fruit, vegetable”), cognate with Malayalam മാങ്ങ (māṅṅa), Telugu మామిడికాయ (māmiḍikāya).


gelas

ms-noun

gelas (Jawi spelling ݢلس, plural gelas-gelas)


televisi

télévisi (Jawi spelling تيليۏيسي, plural televisi-televisi)

télévisi (canonical)
تيليۏيسي (Jawi)
televisi-televisi (plural)

Unadapted borrowing from Indonesian televisi, from Dutch televisie. Doublet of televisyen.


anggur

ms-noun

anggur (Jawi spelling اڠݢور, plural anggur-anggur)

Brunei Malay: anggur

Indonesian: anggur

Dupaningan Agta: anggu

→ Minangkabau: anggur

→ Mapun: anggul

→ Pangutaran Sama: anggul

→ Sundanese: anggur

→ Tausug: anggul

→ Yakan: anggul

From Classical Malay اڠڬور (anggur), from Classical Persian انگور (angūr, “grape”).


jeruk

From Javanese jeruk (ꦗꦼꦫꦸꦏ꧀), from Old Javanese jruk (“pickled meat, citrus fruits of various kinds”), probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kruuc ~ *kruəc (“citrus”). However, also note East Makian yorik (“citrus fruit”).

der

ikan jeruk


jeruk

ms-noun

jeruk (Jawi spelling جروق, plural jeruk-jeruk)

Indonesian: jeruk

→ Tagalog: dalok

jeruk mangga


jingga

Daun-daun pokok itu jingga.


jingga

jingga (Jawi spelling جيڠݢ, plural jingga-jingga)


merah

From mirah, from Proto-Malayic *(ma-)irah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)iʀaq.

Saya mahu beli kereta merah.

I want to buy a red car.


merah

merah (Jawi spelling ميره, plural merah-merah)

ميره (Jawi)
merah-merah (plural)
mirah (alternative)

Merah warna kegemaran saya.

Red is my favourite colour.


warna

warna (Jawi spelling ورنا, plural warna-warna)

ورنا (Jawi)
warna-warna (plural)
ورن (alternative)

Indonesian: warna

→ Maguindanao: warna

→ Maranao: warna

→ Tausug: walna'

→ Ternate: warna

Borrowed from Sanskrit वर्ण (varṇa). Compare English varna. Doublet of rona.

1909, Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Straits Branch, page 58,
Di-pakai jubah kasa halus
Jubah mĕleret sampai kaki ;
Sĕrban kashmiri warna hijau
Bukan buatan nĕgĕri ini,
A robe of fine gauze was worn
A robe that stretched down to the legs ;
A green-coloured Kashmiri turban

Dan bintik-bintik warna darah beku berselerak ke situ berselerak ke sini.

1981, Shahnon Ahmad, Srengenge, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, page 14:

And spots the colour of clotted blood were scattered here and there.

Di tengah laut warna malam nampak bersatu dengan warna air laut.

1991, Ahmad J. Husein, Terbalik, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, →ISBN, page 20:

In the middle of the sea, the colour of the night looked as though it had merged with the colour of the seawater.


kutu

kutu (Jawi spelling کوتو, plural kutu-kutu)

→ English: cootie

Indonesian: kutu

From Proto-Malayic *kutu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kutu, from Proto-Austronesian *kuCu.

mengutui [agent focus + causative benefactive]


kutu

Indonesian: kutu

From Tamil கூட்டு (kūṭṭu, “addition, collection, association”).

bor

habitual + agent focus + causative benefactive]

habitual + causative passive + resultative


ajak

ms-noun

ajak (Jawi spelling اجق, plural ajak-ajak)

From Proto-Malayic *ajak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *azak.


ajak

to invite (ask for the presence or participation of someone)


ajak

Indonesian: ajak
→ English: ajak


alu

Indonesian: alu

From Proto-Malayic *halu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qahəlu, from Proto-Austronesian *qaSəlu (“pestle”).

pestle (instrument used with a mortar to grind things)


hati

hati (Jawi spelling هاتي, plural hati-hati)

Indonesian: hati

From Proto-Malayic *hati, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatay, from Proto-Austronesian *qaCay.

hati rapuh

Tersakit hatiku mendengarmu berkata begitu.

My heart aches hearing you say those things.


kulit

kulit (Jawi spelling کوليت, plural kulit-kulit)

کوليت (Jawi)
kulit-kulit (plural)
kulik (alternative)
kulet (alternative)

Indonesian: kulit

North Moluccan Malay: kuli

From Proto-Malayic *kulit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kulit, from Proto-Austronesian *kuliC.

skin (outer covering of the body of a person)

leather (material produced by tanning animal skin)


nasi

nasi (Jawi spelling ناسي, plural nasi-nasi)

Indonesian: nasi
→ Dutch: nasi

→ English: nasi

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *nasi(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *asi.

(uncountable) Rice cooked by either steaming or boiling; cooked rice.

(countable) A white-coloured pimple; a whitehead.


nyamuk

nyamuk (Jawi spelling ڽاموق, plural nyamuk-nyamuk)

Indonesian: nyamuk

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *ñamuk, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ñamuk. Cognate with Maori namu (“Austrosimulium spp., sandfly”); compare also Tagalog lamok.

cog

mosquito (small flying insect of the family Culicidae, known for biting and sucking blood)


bini

ms-noun

bini (Jawi spelling بيني, plural bini-bini)

From Proto-Malayic *bini, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *binahi (“woman, wife”); compare Urak Lawoi' บีนี (bini), Jarai bơnai. See also Brunei Malay bini-bini (“woman”).


tangan

ms-noun

tangan (Jawi spelling تاڠن, plural tangan-tangan)

Indonesian: tangan

From Proto-Malayic *taŋan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋan. (compare Banjarese tangan, Iban tangan, Indonesian tangan, Minangkabau tangan).


kereta

kĕreta (Jawi spelling کريتا, plural kereta-kereta)

kĕreta (canonical)
کريتا (Jawi)
kereta-kereta (plural)

Indonesian: kêrèta

→ Tausug: karita'

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *ḱers-
Proto-Indo-European *-ós
Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós
Proto-Celtic *karros
Gaulish *karrosbor.
Latin carrus
Old Catalan carro
Old Catalan -eta
Old Catalan carretabor.?
Old Galician-Portuguese carreta
Portuguese carretabor.
Malay kereta
From Portuguese carreta. Compare Tagalog kareta.

etymon

Kereta hitam itu kereta saya.

automobile, car, motorcar: A wheeled vehicle that moves independently, with at least three wheels, powered mechanically, steered by a driver and mostly for personal transportation.


masuk

Indonesian: masuk

From Proto-Malayic *masuk (compare
Indonesian masuk), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
*suk (compare Tagalog pasok), from
Proto-Austronesian *suk.

masuk bilik

(intransitive) To set (of the sun, moon, etc.).

masuk kerja

(transitive) To attend or go to (not be absent).

masuk Islam

(transitive) To be a member of an organizational body (of the military, religion, etc.).

masuk enam tahun

(transitive) To reach (of age, time, etc.).

masuk dalam golongan beriman

masuk peperiksaan

gaji masuk

to have received the salary (lit. "the salary is received")


gali

Indonesian: gali

North Moluccan Malay: gale

From kali, from Proto-Malayic *kali, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kali, from Proto-Austronesian *kalih.

to dig (to move hard-packed earth out of the way)

gali-galian [reduplication + resultative

menggali-gali [reduplication + agent focus]


hulu

ms-noun

hulu (Jawi spelling هولو, plural hulu-hulu)

هولو (Jawi)
hulu-hulu (plural)
ulu (alternative dated)

Indonesian: hulu

zh-l

烏魯／乌鲁 (Wūlǔ)

→ Chinese: 烏魯／乌鲁 (Wūlǔ)

→ English: ulu

From Proto-Malayic *hulu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qulu, from Proto-Austronesian *qulu, doublet of ulu. Head sense mainly replaced by kepala but preserved in court language.

(anatomy, obsolete) head (part of the body)

hulu keris: keris hilt or handle


bulu

ms-noun

bulu (Jawi spelling بولو, plural bulu-bulu)

Indonesian: bulu

North Moluccan Malay: bulu

From Proto-Malayic *bulu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bulu.


hadap

head

hadap (Jawi spelling هادڤ, used in the form menghadap)

هادڤ (Jawi)
menghadap (used-in-the-form)

Indonesian: hadap

→ Maranao: hadap

→ Tagalog: harap

From Proto-Malayic *hadəp, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qadəp.
Cognates
Cognate with Javanese adhep, Balinese harep, Sundanese hareup, Iban adap, Dairi Batak adep, Toba Batak adop, Tae' ara', Mandar are', Tagalog harap, Maranao adap, Yakan hap, Tausug alup, Mapun awop, Central Sama alop, Southern Sama alop, Samoan alo, Tongan ʻao, Tuvaluan alo, Rarotongan aro, Maori aro, Hawaiian alo.

(transitive) to face (position oneself/itself towards)

menghadapkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menghadapi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dihadapkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dihadapi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


henti

Indonesian: henti

From Proto-Malayic *hənti, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qəti, from Proto-Austronesian *qəCi.

perhentian [causative passive + resultative

menghentikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dihentikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


hujan

ms-noun

hujan (Jawi spelling هوجن, plural hujan-hujan)

هوجن (Jawi)
hujan-hujan (plural)
ujan (alternative Brunei)

Indonesian: hujan

North Moluccan Malay: ujang

From Proto-Malayic *hujan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quzan, from Proto-Austronesian *quzaN.

to rain down on; figuratively to drop (release etc.) a lot; meN- + -kan

menghujankan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

come to something in large numbers; meN- + -i

menghujani [agent focus + causative benefactive]

berhujan [stative

deliberately walking (working, playing) in the rain, letting oneself get wet from the rain

memperhujankan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]


urat

urat (Jawi spelling اورت, plural urat-urat)

Indonesian: urat

From Proto-Malayic *urat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uʀat, from Proto-Austronesian *huʀaC. Doublet of otot.


manuk

manuk (Jawi spelling مانوق, plural manuk-manuk)

Indonesian: manuk

→ Kensiu: manuk

→ Semai: manuk

→ Semnam: manuk

From Proto-Malayic *manuk, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *manuk, from Proto-Austronesian *manuk.


esok

ايسوق (Jawi)
besok (alternative)
beresok (alternative)

tomorrow (The day after the present day.)


esok

Indonesian: esok

→ Minangkabau: isuak

tomorrow (On the day after the present day.)


mentah

From Proto-Malayic *məntah (compare Indonesian mentah), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mataq (compare Chamorro mata', Gilbertese mata, Hawaiian maka, Malagasy manta, Maori mata).


nyiur

nyiur (Jawi spelling ڽيور, plural nyiur-nyiur)

ڽيور (Jawi)
nyiur-nyiur (plural)
nyior (alternative)

Indonesian: nyiur

→ Semai: je'eer

From Proto-Malayic *ñiur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *niuʀ.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (ñiyur).

Nasi pulut yang ditanak dan diarung dengan santan segar yang diperah dari nyiur yang dikukur sendiri. Nasi pulut ini adalah bekalan ketika Mak Aja dan anak-anak menunggu durian luruh.

2023 January 8, Norlisa Kasturi, “Pulut tanak, nyiur kukur”, in Utusan Malaysia, archived from the original on 2023-01-08:

The glutinous rice is boiled and topped with fresh coconut milk squeezed from grated coconuts. This glutinous rice is a supply when Mak Aja and the children are waiting for durian to fall.


panah

panah (Jawi spelling ڤانه, plural panah-panah)

From Proto-Malayic *panah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *panaq, from Proto-Austronesian *panaq. Compare with Tagalog pana (“bow”).


panah

Indonesian: panah


salah

Indonesian: salah

Etymology tree
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq
Proto-Malayic *salah
Malay salah
From Proto-Malayic *salah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq.

etymon

menyalahkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menyalahi [agent focus + causative benefactive]


salah

(theology) A violation of God's will or religious law.


pandan

ms-noun

pandan (Jawi spelling ڤندن, plural pandan-pandan)

Indonesian: pandan

→ Chinese: 斑蘭／斑兰

→ English: pandan

→ Hawaiian: pānakana

→ Russian: пандан (pandan)

→ New Latin: pandanus

→ English: pandanus

→ French: pandanus

→ Translingual: Pandanus

→ Semai: panat

desc

→ Tamil: பாண்டான் (pāṇṭāṉ)

→ Tamil: பாண்டான் (pāṇṭāṉ)

From Proto-Malayic *pandan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋdan, from Proto-Austronesian *paŋudaN.

any plant of the genus Pandanus of screw pines

Pandanus amaryllifolius
Pandanus amaryllifolius#Translingual

Pandanus amaryllifolius, an aromatic tropical plant

food flavour derived from the leaves of Pandanus amaryllifolius


pejam

From Proto-Malayic (compare Indonesian pejam), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Fijian moce, Hawaiian moe (“to sleep”), Maori moe (“to sleep”), Rapa Nui moe (“to sleep”), Tahitian moe (“to sleep”)).


pitu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pitu, from Proto-Austronesian *pitu.


ruang

ms-noun

ruang (Jawi spelling رواڠ, plural ruang-ruang)

> Indonesian: ruang (inherited)

→ Burmese: ရုံ (rum)

→ Khmer: រោង (roong)

desc

→ Mon: ရိုၚ်

→ Mon: ရိုၚ်

→ Thai: โรง (roong)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *Ruqaŋ (“hole, pit”).

inh

Ruang tamu

An area of the house that is usually without that much activity and is calming.

Ruang kosong


rumbia

ms-noun

rumbia (Jawi spelling رومبيا, plural rumbia-rumbia)

Indonesian: rumbia

From Proto-Malayic *rumbia, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀumbia.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (rumviya).


tahun

tahun (Jawi spelling تاهون, plural tahun-tahun)

desctree

Indonesian: tahun, tahoen (1901–1947)
→ As: tahun

→ Tausug: tahun

→ Ternate: tahun

From Proto-Malayic *tahun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqun (compare Maori tau).

tahun 2025

A 12-month period of a magazine, newspaper, etc.


kalo

(informal, colloquial) Alternative form of kalau (“if”)


kalo

ms-noun

kalo (Jawi spelling کالو, plural kalo-kalo)


tasik

tasik (Jawi spelling تاسيق, plural tasik-tasik)

Indonesian: tasik

From Proto-Malayic *tasik, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tasik (“sea, saltwater”).


telaga

ms-noun

telaga (Jawi spelling تلاݢ, plural telaga-telaga)

Indonesian: telaga

→ Ternate: talaga

First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684AD.

short for telaga tahi (“water closet, lavatory; toilet”).


tambang

Indonesian: tambang

ferry: a ship used to transport people, smaller vehicles and goods from one port to another, usually on a regular schedule.

load: a certain number of articles or quantity of material that can be transported


tambang

Indonesian: tambang

(rare) mine: an excavation from which ore or solid minerals are taken, especially one consisting of underground tunnels.


tanam

Indonesian: tanam

From Proto-Malayic *tanəm (compare Indonesian tanam), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tanəm (compare Cebuano tanum (“plant”), Chamorro tanom, Samoan tanu), from Proto-Austronesian *CaNəm (“grave, to bury”) (compare Amis tadem).
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (tānaṃ) in the form [script needed] (nitānaṃ).


benua

ms-noun

benua (Jawi spelling بنوا, plural benua-benua)

> Baba Malay: benua (inherited)

> Indonesian: benua (inherited)

From Proto-Malayic *bənua, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banua, from Proto-Austronesian *banua. Cognate with Iban menua and Maori whenua.
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (vanua).

benua Afrika

(geography) A continent (each of main land-masses on earth's surface).

benua China

(Classical Malay) A land, state or country.


tangis

From Proto-Malayic *taŋis, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋis, from Proto-Austronesian *Caŋis.


tangis

tangis (Jawi spelling تاڠيس, plural tangis-tangis)

Indonesian: tangis


sinar

sinar (Jawi spelling سينر, plural sinar-sinar)

Indonesian: sinar

From Proto-Malayic *sinar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sinaʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *siNaʀ (compare Tagalog sinag, Fijian siga, Samoan masina).

menyinari [agent focus + causative benefactive]


telu

From Proto-Malayic *təlu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təlu, from Proto-Austronesian *təlu.
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (tlu).

dua ratus cāra di sāmvau daṅan jālan sarivu tlu ratus sapulu dua vañakña dātaṃ di mukha upaṃ

as many as two-hundred in dugouts, with one-thousand, three hundred and twelve foot soldiers.


tengah

تڠه (Jawi)
tgah (alternative)
tgh (alternative)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təŋaq. Cognate with Balinese tengah, Cebuano tunga; and distantly with Maori tonga (“south”), Samoan toga (“south”)

Kak Tam tengah buat apa, sekarang?

Maka pada masa itu aku tengah mengajar seorang2 saudagar di rumah Tuan John Morgan.

2005 [1849], Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir, edited by Amin Sweeney, Hikayat Abdullah (Karya Lengkap Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Munsyi; 3), Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, →ISBN, page 427:

Still at that time I was in the middle of teaching a merchant at the house of Lord John Morgan.

(colloquial) in the middle of doing, currently


tengah

Ada seekor beruang di tengah padang itu.

There's a bear in the middle of the field.

pertengahan [causative passive + resultative


tiram

tiram (Jawi spelling تيرم, plural tiram-tiram)

Indonesian: tiram

From Proto-Malayic *tirəm, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tiʀəm.


tuhan

tuhan (Jawi spelling توهن, plural tuhan-tuhan)

توهن (Jawi)
tuhan-tuhan (plural)
Tuhan (alternative)

From Proto-Malayic *tuhan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatuan (compare Gilbertese atua, Hawaiian akua, Maori atua, Samoan atua, Tahitian atua, Tuvaluan atua). Doublet of tuan.


tunu

Indonesian: tunu

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tunu, from Proto-Austronesian *CuNuh.

inh+

menunukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditunukan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


udang

ms-noun

udang (Jawi spelling اودڠ, plural udang-udang)

Indonesian: udang

From Proto-Malayic *hudaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *hudaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *hudaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qudaŋ, from Proto-Austronesian *qudaŋ.

shrimp, prawn, any elongated non-carcine decapod crustacean


beri

head

beri (Jawi spelling بري, formal active memberi, 3rd person passive diberi)

بري (Jawi)
memberi (active formal)
diberi (passive third-person)
berek (alternative)

Indonesian: beri

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *bəri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀay, from Proto-Austronesian *bəʀay (“to give”).

Adam memberi adiknya duit belanja.

Adam gives his little sibling pocket money.

Jangan beri dia masuk!

(informal, transitive) To allow, to let.


beri

ms-noun

beri (Jawi spelling بيري, plural beri-beri)

بيري (Jawi)
beri-beri (plural)
berek (alternative)

Borrowed from English berry, from Middle English berye, from Old English berġe, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją.

A small succulent fruit, of any one of many varieties.

(botany) A soft fruit which develops from a single ovary and contains seeds not encased in pits.


bokor

bokor (Jawi spelling بوکور, plural bokor-bokor)

بوکور (Jawi)
bokor-bokor (plural)
tembokor (alternative)

Balinese: bokor

Indonesian: bokor

Javanese: bokor

Old Javanese: bokor

Sasak: bokor

Sundanese: bokor


budi

budi (Jawi spelling بودي, plural budi-budi)

From Sanskrit बुद्धि (buddhi, “intelligence, mind, reason”).


cair

liquid: flowing freely like water; fluid; not solid and not gaseous; composed of particles that move freely among each other on the slightest pressure.

thin: of low viscosity or low specific gravity.

(figurative) fluid: convertible into cash.

(figurative) leaked: of a document, etc, produced by a company or organization, intended to be confidential but having been released to the public or the press.


cuka

ms-noun

cuka (Jawi spelling چوک, plural cuka-cuka)

Indonesian: cuka

→ Bikol Central: suka

→ Cebuano: suka

→ Ilocano: suka

desc

→ Javanese: ꦕꦺꦴꦏꦏ꧀ (cokak), ꦕꦸꦏꦏ꧀ (cukak)

→ Maranao: soka'

→ Tagalog: suka

Possibly either:
* Borrowed from Prakrit *𑀘𑀼𑀓𑁆𑀓 (*cukka), from Sanskrit चुक्र (cukra, “sourness; fruit vinegar”). Compare Bengali চুকা (cuka, “sour, acid”).
* Persian سرکا (serkâ, “vinegar”)


erat

From Proto-Malayic *ərət, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *həʀət, from Proto-Austronesian *SəʀəC (“to bind tightly; belt”).

inh

Mereka berpelukan erat-erat.


erat

Indonesian: erat

Saya memegang erat tangan anak saya semasa kami melintasi jalan yang sibuk itu.

I kept a firm hold of my daughter’s hand as we crossed the busy street.

Dia berasa selamat dalam pelukannya yang erat.

mengeratkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dieratkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


gempa

ms-noun

gempa (Jawi spelling ݢمڤا, plural gempa-gempa)

Indonesian: gêmpa


kadar

kadar (Jawi spelling قدر, plural kadar-kadar)

Indonesian: kadar

From Arabic قَدْر (qadr), قَدَر (qadar).

sekadarkan [comparability + causative benefactive]

perkadaran [causative passive + repetition


kaum

kaum (Jawi spelling قوم, plural kaum-kaum)

group of people with common traits, such as an ethnic group or race


kerja

kerja (Jawi spelling کرجا, plural kerja-kerja)

From Sanskrit कार्य (kārya), doublet of karya. Compare Prakrit 𑀓𑀚𑁆𑀚 (kajja) and Bengali কার্য (karjo).
Displaced gawai.


kerja

desctree

> Indonesian: kerja, kerdja (1901–1947, 1947–1972) (inherited)
→ As: kerja

desc

> Peranakan Indonesian: kerdja (inherited)

→ Javanese: ꦏꦼꦂꦗ (kerja)

→ Minangkabau: karajo

mengerjakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dikerjakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

memperkerjakan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

diperkerjakan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]


kacang

ms-noun

kacang (Jawi spelling کاچڠ, plural kacang-kacang)


kacang

Kacang je peperiksaan ni.

(figurative, colloquial) easy as pie; very easy


kunci

kunci (Jawi spelling کونچي, plural kunci-kunci)

> Indonesian: kunci (inherited)

→ Iban: kunchi

→ Thai: กุญแจ (gun-jɛɛ) (semi-learned)

Borrowed from Hindi कुंजी (kuñjī, “key”), from Punjabi ਕੁੰਜੀ (kuñjī) / کُنجِی (kunjī), from Sanskrit कुञ्चिका (kuñcikā).

bor+

Kunci pintu


kunci

Minta kunci pintu ini sekejap.


kasi

Wei, kasi aku rasa kentang goreng kau sikit?

Oi, can you let me have a taste of your fries?


kasih

ms-noun

kasih (Jawi spelling کاسيه, plural kasih-kasih)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-qasiq (“mercy, pity, affection”).
First attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (kasīh), in inflected form kasīhan (current spelling kasihan). Sense of "giving" may be semantic extension from the action of loving into repaying or providing reciprocal affection.


kasih

→ Maguindanao: kasih

→ Tagalog: kasi

→ Tausug: kasi

mengasihi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

berkasih-kasihan [reduplication + stative


kejam

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Fijian moce, Hawaiian moe (“to sleep”), Indonesian pejam, Maori moe (“to sleep”), Rapa Nui moe (“to sleep”), Tahitian moe (“to sleep”)).


kejam

brutal, cruel, ruthless, savage, vicious


keju

ms-noun

keju (Jawi spelling کيجو, plural keju-keju)

> Indonesian: keju (inherited)

→ Iban: kiju

→ Tausug: kiju

From Portuguese queijo, from Old Galician-Portuguese queijo, from Latin cāseus, see there for more.


kelawar

kelawar (Jawi spelling کلاور, plural kelawar-kelawar)

کلاور (Jawi)
kelawar-kelawar (plural)
kelelawar (alternative)

From kelelawar by haplology, from Proto-Malayic, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kula-la(m)baʀ. Possibly related to Proto-Austronesian *lawaʀ (“flying squirrel”).


kelawar

Phono-semantic matching of Dutch klaveren.


kepala

ms-noun

kĕpala (Jawi spelling کڤالا, plural kepala-kepala)

kĕpala (canonical)
کڤالا (Jawi)
kepala-kepala (plural)

From Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “skull”). Main anatomy sense mostly displaced native word hulu except in court language.
* Sense of leader and chief is a semantic loan from Dutch hoofd, compare with penghulu.
* The computing sense is a semantic loan from English head.

kepala kain: front broad stripe found in some sarong patterns

kepala susu: cream of milk

kepala santan: coconut cream

kepala surat: letterhead

kepala berita: headline

kepala lutut: kneecap, patella

Kepala suku

Kepala sekolah

(computing) head: part of a disk drive responsible for reading and writing data.


kilat

kilat (Jawi spelling کيلت, plural kilat-kilat)

From Proto-Malayic *kilat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kilat, from Proto-Austronesian *likaC.


katak

katak (Jawi spelling کاتق, plural katak-katak)

(politics, slang, derogatory, Malaysia) defector: a politician who simply switches between different political parties.


kodok

kodok (Jawi spelling کودوق, plural kodok-kodok)

Borrowed from Javanese ꦏꦺꦴꦢꦺꦴꦏ꧀ (kodok).


kursi

From Arabic كُرْسِيّ (kursiyy). Doublet of kerusi.

(education) chair: a distinguished professorship at a university.


laba

melabakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

melabai [agent focus + causative benefactive]


kutub

kutub (Jawi spelling قطب, plural kutub-kutub)

Indonesian: kutub

kutub utara

kutub selatan


utara

utara (Jawi spelling اوتارا or اتارا or اوتار or اوترا, plural utara-utara)

اوتارا (Jawi)
اتارا (Jawi)
اوتار (Jawi)
اوترا (Jawi)
utara-utara (plural)
utară (alternative)

Borrowed from Sanskrit उत्तर (uttara). Displaced native Malay laut.


utara

→ Indonesian: utara

north (meteorology: of wind, from the north)


burung

burung (Jawi spelling بوروڠ, plural burung-burung)

بوروڠ (Jawi)
burung-burung (plural)
burong (alternative)

desctree

Indonesian: burung, boeroeng (1901–1947)
→ Asilulu: burung


langit

ms-noun

langit (Jawi spelling لاڠيت, plural langit-langit)

> Indonesian: langit (inherited)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *laŋit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋit, from Proto-Austronesian *laŋiC. Cognate with Tagalog langit.


lapang

> Indonesian: lapang (inherited)


terbang

From Proto-Malayic *-baŋ, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-baŋ.

menerbangkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


layar

layar (Jawi spelling لاير, plural layar-layar)

لاير (Jawi)
layar-layar (plural)
lyre (alternative)

Indonesian: layar

From Proto-Malayic *layar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *layaʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *layaʀ.
Cognates
Cognate with Iban layar,
Moken layan, Sundanese layar, Balinese layah, Acehnese layeuë, Tagalog layag, Bikol Central layag, Cebuano layag, Chamorro layak, Malagasy lay, Fijian laca, Niuean lā, Samoan lā, Tongan lā, Hawaiian lā Maori rā, Tahitian rā.

(nautical) A sail (piece of fabric attached to a boat).

By extension, the kind of cloth used to make sails.

A screen (the viewing surface or area of a movie, or moving picture or slide presentation).


lidah

lidah (Jawi spelling ليده, plural lidah-lidah)

From Proto-Malayic *dilah by metathesis, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dilaq (“tongue”), from Proto-Austronesian *dilaq (“to lick”). Doublet of jilat.


lisan

From Classical Malay lisan, from Arabic لِسَان (lisān, “tongue”).

ujian lisan


lisan

lisan (Jawi spelling ليسن, plural lisan-lisan)


bahaya

bahaya (Jawi spelling بهاي, plural bahaya-bahaya)

Indonesian: bahaya

→ Ternate: bahaya

From Sanskrit भय (bhaya, “risk, peril”).


putih

From Proto-Malayic *putih, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)putiq.


putih

putih (Jawi spelling ڤوتيه, plural putih-putih)

ڤوتيه (Jawi)
putih-putih (plural)
puteh (alternative)

Indonesian: putih


umum

From Arabic عُمُوم (ʕumūm, “the public”).

untuk tontonan umum

secara umum dikenali sebagai


umum

Pemenang akan diumumkan sebentar lagi.

The winner shall be announced in a moment.


umur

umur (Jawi spelling عمور, plural umur-umur)

Indonesian: umur

→ Bakung: umun

→ Ternate: umur

Borrowed from Arabic عُمُر (ʕumur, “age”).

Berapa umur anda?


warta

warta (Jawi spelling ورتا, plural warta-warta)

> Indonesian: warta (inherited)

Borrowed from Javanese warta (ꦮꦂꦠ), from Old Javanese warta, wṛtta, from Sanskrit वार्त्ता (vārttā). Doublet of berita.

Akta ini mula berkuat kuasa pada tarikh yang ditetapkan oleh Menteri melalui pemberitahuan dalam Warta.

This Act comes into operation on a date to be appointed by the Minister by notification in the Gazette.

(law, often capitalized and italicized in legislations) gazette (official periodical publication by government)


warta

> Indonesian: warta (inherited)


yatim

yatim (Jawi spelling يتيم, plural yatim-yatim)

Indonesian: yatim

orphan; someone who has lost one of his or her parents


mandi

English: mandi

mandi kerbau

water buffalo bath, to improperly take a bath

mandi safar

an archaic ritual influenced by Hindu customs


manis

> Indonesian: manis (inherited)

Possibly come from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(ma-)(h)emis, with *ma- + with Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(h)emis. Compare Tagalog matamis.

memaniskan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

bermanis [stative

to speak in a sweet manner; to act sweetly

manis-manisan [reduplication + resultative


manusia

manusia (Jawi spelling ماءنسي, plural manusia-manusia)

> Indonesian: manusia (inherited)

→ Maranao: manosiya

→ Tausug: mānusiya'/manusiya'

Borrowed from Sanskrit मनुष्य (manuṣyá, “human being”).


buah

ms-noun

buah (Jawi spelling بواه, plural buah-buah or buah-buahan)

بواه (Jawi)
buah-buah (plural)
buah-buahan (plural)

Indonesian: buah

From Proto-Malayic *buah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buaq, from Proto-Austronesian *buaq. First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (vuaḥ).
* The sense of result and outcome are probably semantic loan from Sanskrit फल (phala, “result, yield, consequence”, literally “fruit”). Compare with Tagalog bunga with both fruit and result senses, while Malay bunga means flower.

sl

buah catur: chess piece

buah dadu: dice

buah tasbih: beads on a rosary or the like

any small and/or roundish holdable object resembling fruit or otherwise


buah

Classifier for anything generally concretely big and has volume.


impi

Indonesian: impi

From Proto-Malayic *impi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hipi, from Proto-Austronesian *Sipi.

mengimpikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diimpikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


muda

> Indonesian: muda (inherited)

*From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *muda (“young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors)”); reconstructed by Robert Blust (compare Tongan mula (“(of yam) lower end while still soft and juicy (as it is while the yam is still immature)”); also compare Amis molaʔ (“immature, unlearned, uneducated, childish, without experience”) from Proto-Austronesian *mudaq).
*From Pali muddha (“foolish, bewildered”), from Sanskrit मुग्ध (mugdha, “foolish, bewildered, young”).

der

Orang muda

Biru muda

Manggis muda


mula

Indonesian: mula

dari mula lagi

mula demam


mula

Segalanya bermula di sini.


mula

Mulakan enjin sekarang.

(transitive) to begin, to start, to commence


mulut

ms-noun

mulut (Jawi spelling مولوت, plural mulut-mulut)

مولوت (Jawi)
mulut-mulut (plural)
مولة (alternative Jawi obsolete)

mouth (the opening of an animal through which food is ingested)


nabi

nabi (Jawi spelling نبي, plural nabi-nabi)


naga

naga (Jawi spelling ناݢ, plural naga-naga)

Borrowed from Sanskrit नाग (nāgá, “large snake”).


nuri

nuri (Jawi spelling نوري, plural nuri-nuri)

نوري (Jawi)
nuri-nuri (plural)
luri (alternative)

Indonesian: nuri

→ English: lory

→ West Makian: nuri

→ Maranao: nori

→ Tausug: nuli


nusa

nusa (Jawi spelling نوسا, plural nusa-nusa)

From Proto-Malayic *nusa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *nusa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *nusa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nusa.

island (area of land completely surrounded by water)


otak

otak (Jawi spelling اوتق, plural otak-otak)

اوتق (Jawi)
otak-otak (plural)
hotak (alternative often vulgar)
otk (alternative Internet)
ox (alternative Internet)
utak (alternative obsolete)

> Indonesian: otak (inherited)

→ English: otak-otak (via the plural otak-otak)

→ Javanese: utak (via the obsolete utak)

From utak, from Proto-Malayic *hutək, *utək, *utak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hutək, *qutək, *qutak. Doublet of botak and kotak. Compare Tagalog utak.


oleh

by (indicates the actor in a clause with its verb in the passive voice)


oleh

oleh (Jawi spelling اوليه, plural oleh-oleh)

اوليه (Jawi)
oleh-oleh (plural)
اوله (alternative)


getah

getah (Jawi spelling ݢته, plural getah-getah)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gətəq (“sap, gummy secretion”), *-təq (“sap, gummy secretion”). Semantic loan from Dutch sap for the sense of biological fluid, biological juice.

inh

Potong buah sukun ni kena berhati-hati sikit, getahnya senang melekat kat tangan.

Careful with cutting breadfruit, its sap sticks easily on the hands.

latex, gum: the milky sap of several trees that coagulates on exposure to air.

(Riau) sap: the juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition.

Hevea brasiliensis
Hevea brasiliensis#Translingual

(uncountable, countable, except Indonesia) rubber:

pliable material derived from coagulated sap of introduced Hevea brasiliensis; a hydrocarbon polymer of isoprene.

Synthetic materials with the same properties as natural rubber.


pecah

Indonesian: pecah

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pəcəq (“break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg”), from Proto-Austronesian *pəcəq (“break into several large pieces”). Cognate with Tagalog pisa and Hawaiian hoa.

Cawan kaca ini pecah disebabkan oleh bunyi yang bernada tinggi itu.

This glass cup broke because of that high-pitched sound.


bambu

head

bambu (Jawi spelling بمبو, plural bambu-bambu)

Indonesian: bambu

desctree

→ Portuguese: bambu
→ Asturian: bambú
→ Catalan: bambú
→ Dutch: bamboe (see there for further descendants)
→ French: bambou
→ Moore: bambu
→ Norman: bambou
→ Russian: бамбу́к (bambúk) (or Dutch bamboe or English bamboo) (see there for further descendants)
→ Italian: bambù
→ Spanish: bambú

→ Tok Pisin: mambu

Etymology tree
Proto-Dravidian *wēmpu
Tamil வேம்பு (vēmpu)bor.
Proto-Dravidian *wēmpu
Kannada ಬಂಬು (bambu)bor.
Malay bambu
Borrowed from Tamil வேம்பு (vēmpu) and/or Kannada ಬಂಬು (bambu).


kampung

ms-noun

kampung (Jawi spelling کامڤوڠ, plural kampung-kampung)

کامڤوڠ (Jawi)
kampung-kampung (plural)
kampong (alternative)
kg. (alternative abbreviation)

Indonesian: kampung

→ Dutch: kampong
→ English: compound

→ English: kampong / kampung

→ Min Nan: 甘榜 (kám-pung, kam-póng, kam-pōng), 監光 /监光 (kam-kong), 鑒光 /鉴光 (kàm-kong), 監江 /监江 (kam-kang)

Mandarin: 甘榜 (gānbǎng; gānbōng)

Cantonese: 甘榜 (gam3 bong1)

From Proto-Malayic *kampuŋ. Compare Minangkabau kampuang.
* According to Dempwolff, the Malay word is a derivation from Proto-Malayic *puŋ (“to collect, gather”).
* Related to Khmer កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “port; landing-place”) due to the historical ties between Malay and Khmer people in ancient times. However, according to Dempwolff, relationship to Khmer កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “port; landing-place”) is considered coincidental.

cog

berkampung-kampung [reduplication + stative

kampungan [repetition

having the characteristics of a small village

village group; place of gathering; cluster; group; peR- + -an

seperkampungan [causative passive + resultative

perkampungan [causative passive + repetition

to call; to summon; to gather; meN- + -kan

mengampungkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mengampungi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

to be summoned; to be gathered; di- + -kan

dikampungkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dikampungi [patient focus + causative benefactive]

Kampung itu banyak tempat yang indah.

That village has many beautiful places to see.

village (a rural habitation of size between a hamlet and a town)

Aku dah lama kenal Nick, kami ni sekampung.

I have known Nick for a long time, we came from the same place.

Kampung Cina

community (an area inhabited by a particular ethnic group)


kampung

کامڤوڠ (Jawi)
kampong (alternative)
kg. (alternative abbreviation)

kopi kampung

(figurative) folk, homemade, local, popular

(derogatory) low, vulgar, old-fashioned, unsophisticated.


duyung

ms-noun

duyung (Jawi spelling دويوڠ, plural duyung-duyung)

دويوڠ (Jawi)
duyung-duyung (plural)
dugong (alternative)
duyong (alternative)

Indonesian: duyung

→ Afrikaans: doejong, doegong

→ Dutch: doejong

→ Ido: duyongo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duyuŋ from Proto-Austronesian *duyuŋ. Doublet of dugong.


duri

duri (Jawi spelling دوري, plural duri-duri)

Indonesian: duri

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *duri(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *duʀi, from Proto-Austronesian *duʀi. Compare Malagasy rui, Acehnese duroë, Kosraean sri and Fijian sui.

duri tajam


menteri

mĕntĕri (Jawi spelling منتري, plural menteri-menteri)

mĕntĕri (canonical)
منتري (Jawi)
menteri-menteri (plural)

Indonesian: menteri

→ Portuguese: mandarim (see there for further descendants)

From Sanskrit मन्त्री (mantrī), from Sanskrit मन्त्रिन् (mantrin, “minister, councillor”), from मन्त्र (mantra, “counsel, maxim, mantra”) + -इन् (-in, “an agent suffix”). Doublet of manteri.

der

menteri luar negeri

(government) A minister; the head of a ministry.

Pada sūltan atau pada mantrī-nia

(archaic, historical) A high-ranking officer (the sultan's adviser, etc.).


rambut

ms-noun

rambut (Jawi spelling رامبوت or رمبت or رمبوت, plural rambut-rambut)

رامبوت (Jawi)
رمبت (Jawi)
رمبوت (Jawi)
rambut-rambut (plural)

From Proto-Malayic *rambut. Might be compared to Manggarai ramut.

1922, A.H. Hill ed., Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, in Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Straits Branch, page 4,
Maka ujar Mĕrah Gajah kapada tuan putĕri itu, "Wah adinda, mari hamba bantunkan rambut tuan putĕri sa'hĕlai itu."

Merah Gajah said to the princess, "My beloved, let me pluck that single stray hair of yours."

Hujung bulan itu, dia menggunting lagi rambut budak-budak dalam kampung dan dua hari kemudiannya, saya lihat dia telah mengemaskan begnya.

1990, Hashim Awang, Othman Puteh, Cahaya Langit, Penerbitan Budiman, →ISBN, page 27:

At the end of the month, he once again cut the hair of the kids in the village and two days later, I saw that he had packed his bags.

Farid mengusap rambut ayahnya.

2006, Ida Rizyani Tahir, Jalan Jauh ke Kampus, PTS Fortuna, →ISBN, page 162:

(anatomy) hair (a pigmented keratinaceous growth on the human head)


sarung

sarung (Jawi spelling ساروڠ, plural sarung-sarung)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saruŋ (“sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon”). Cognate with Javanese ꦱꦫꦸꦁ (sarung).

inh+

scabbard (of a bladed weapon); holster (of a gun),

sarong (garment made of printed cloth wrapped about the waist); usually ellipsis of kain sarung


sarung

> Indonesian: sarung (inherited)

→ Afrikaans: sarong

Chinese:

→ Cantonese: 紗籠 /纱笼 (saa¹ lung⁴)

→ Hakka: 紗籠 /纱笼 (sa¹ long⁵)

→ Min Nan: 紗籠 /纱笼 (sa-lông)

→ Mandarin: 紗籠 /纱笼 (shālóng)

→ Teochew: 紗籠 /纱笼 (sa¹ long⁵)

→ Burmese: သားလှောင် (sa:hlaung)

→ Cebuano: sarong

→ Dutch: saroeng

→ French: sarong

→ Romanian: sarong

→ Spanish: sarong

→ English: sarong

→ Karao: sarong

menyarungkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menyarungi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disarungkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

disarungi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


erti

ms-noun

erti (Jawi spelling ارتي, plural erti-erti)

From Sanskrit अर्थ (artha, “meaning”). Doublet of reti and harta.


erti

head

erti (Jawi spelling ارتي, active mengerti, 3rd person passive dimengerti)

ارتي (Jawi)
mengerti (active)
dimengerti (passive third-person)
reti (alternative informal)

> Indonesian: erti (inherited)

Saya tak mengerti apa dia katakan.


panca

From Sanskrit पञ्चन् (páñcan), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pánča, from Proto-Indo-European *pénkʷe.


pasar

ms-noun

pasar (Jawi spelling ڤاسر, plural pasar-pasar)

Indonesian: pasar

→ Balinese: ᬧᬲᬃ (pasar)

→ Chinese: 巴剎 /巴刹

→ Peranakan Indonesian: pasat

→ Dutch: pasar

→ Javanese: ꦥꦱꦂ (pasar)

→ Petjo: passer

→ Dutch: passer

→ Sundanese: ᮕᮞᮁ (pasar)

→ Western Cham: ꨚꨧꩉ (pasar)

→ Khmer: ផ្សារ (phsaa)

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *wes-der.
Proto-Indo-European *kʷel-der.
Middle Persian wʾčʾl
Classical Persian بازارbor.
Malay pasar
Borrowed from Classical Persian بازار (bāzār, “market”).


pintu

ms-noun

pintu (Jawi spelling ڤينتو, plural pintu-pintu)

> Indonesian: pintu (inherited)

→ Bikol Central: pinto

→ Tok Pisin: pitu

→ Tagalog: pinto

Probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *nt₁uuʔ (“hole, pit”).

door (portal of entry into a building or room)


ribu

Indonesian: ribu

→ Bikol Central: ribo

→ Cebuano: libo

→ Hiligaynon: libo

→ Kapampangan: libu

→ Tagalog: libo

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ʀibu. First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (rivu), in the form sarivu (current spelling seribu). Old Cham cognate form saribu also attested in the Đông Yên Châu inscription of the 4th century.

Kedukan Bukit inscription
Đông Yên Châu inscription


rokok

rokok (Jawi spelling روکوق, plural rokok-rokok)

Indonesian: rokok

→ Petjo: rokok

Membazir duit sahaja membeli rokok.

Buying cigarettes is just a waste of money.


rotan

rotan (Jawi spelling روتن, plural rotan-rotan)

Indonesian: rotan

desctree

→ Dutch: rotan, rottang, rotting
Afrikaans: rottang
→ French: rotin (from the form rotting)
→ Portuguese: rotim
→ Swedish: rotting (from the form rotting)
→ Finnish: rottinki

→ English: rattan

→ English: rotan (noun)

From raut + -an, from raut (“to trim, pare down”), doublet of rautan.

rattan (any of several species of climbing palm of the genus Calamus)

(by extension) rattan (a cane made from rattan)


rotan

→ English: rotan (verb)


roti

ms-noun

roti (Jawi spelling روتي, plural roti-roti)

> Indonesian: roti (inherited)

→ Javanese: ꦫꦺꦴꦠꦶ (roti)

zh-l

羅知／罗知 (lô-ti)

→ Min Nan: 羅知／罗知 (lô-ti)

→ Pattani Malay: راوْتي / รอตี

Borrowed from Tamil ரொட்டி (roṭṭi) or Hindi रोटी (roṭī, “bread”).


sakit

Indonesian: sakit

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *sakit, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sakit.
First attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (sākit).

menyakitkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


sakit

ms-noun

sakit (Jawi spelling ساکيت, plural sakit-sakit)


sakar

sakar (Jawi spelling ساکر, plural sakar-sakar)

ساکر (Jawi)
sakar-sakar (plural)
syakar (alternative)
sagar (alternative)
syagar (alternative)

Indonesian: sakar

From Persian شکر (šakar), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā), from Proto-Indo-Iranian, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂.

sugar (sucrose from sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten food and drink)


sakar

ساکر (Jawi)
syakar (alternative)
sagar (alternative)
syagar (alternative)

From Minangkabau sakar; likely related to cakar (“to claw, to seize”).


sakar

Malay: sakau


selamat

sĕlamat (Jawi spelling سلامت, plural selamat-selamat)

sĕlamat (canonical)
سلامت (Jawi)
selamat-selamat (plural)

From Arabic سَلَامَات (salāmāt), plural of سَلَام (salām).


selamat

Indonesian: selamat

→ Javanese: ꦱ꧀ꦭꦩꦼꦠ꧀ (slamet)

→ Brooke's Point Palawano: selamat

Selamat jalan!

Selamat Hari Raya!


susu

Indonesian: susu

→ Petjo: soesoe

→ Tok Pisin: susu

From Proto-Malayic *susu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *susu, from Proto-Austronesian *susu.


tahu

تاهو (Jawi)
tau (alternative colloquial)

Indonesian: tahu

From Proto-Malayic *tahu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqu, from Proto-Austronesian *Caqu.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (tāhu).

diketahui [passive + causative benefactive + patient focus]

to know (be certain or sure about something)

Aku tidak tahu.


tebu

tebu (Jawi spelling تبو, plural tebu-tebu)

From Proto-Malayic *təbu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təbuh (compare Chamorro tupu, Fijian dovu), from Proto-Austronesian *təbuS.

sugar cane (species of grass whose sap is a source of sugar)


telur

telur (Jawi spelling تلور, plural telur-telur)

تلور (Jawi)
telur-telur (plural)
teluk (alternative)
telok (alternative)

From Proto-Malayic *təlur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qitəluʀ, *qatəluʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qiCəluʀ.


jati

Indonesian: jati

→ Tagalog: dati

Borrowed from Pali jāti, from Sanskrit जाति (jāti). Doublet of jadi, jata, and jelata.


jati

jati (Jawi spelling جاتي, plural jati-jati)

Indonesian: jati (“teak”)

→ Cebuano: yati (“teak”)

→ Min Nan: 惹致 (jiá-tì)

Borrowed from Old Javanese jati, from Sanskrit जाति (jāti). Doublet of jadi, jata, and jelata.


papan

papan (Jawi spelling ڤاڤن, plural papan-papan)

Indonesian: papan

→ Rembong: papan

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *papan.


papan

(Malaysia, slang, sometimes derogatory) flat-chested


papar

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *parpar (“flat, level”).

inh

Tanah papar


papar

Indonesian: papar

Papar harga

Memapar projek

(obsolete) to conscript someone into the army


buaya

ms-noun

buaya (Jawi spelling بوايا, plural buaya-buaya)

Indonesian: buaya

desc

峇仔 / 磨仔 / 末仔 / 磨野 / 磨頁 ／ 磨页

→ Hokkien: 峇仔 / 磨仔 / 末仔 / 磨野 / 磨頁 ／ 磨页 (bôa-iá / bôa-á / boah-á / boa̍h-á / ba̍h-á)

峇囝 / 䰾仔 / 鲃仔

→ Teochew: 峇囝 / 䰾仔 / 鲃仔 (bha⁷ gian²)

From Proto-Malayic *buhaya, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buqaya, from Proto-Austronesian *buqaya.
The sense of "playboy" is from a clipping of buaya darat.

(figurative, slang) A playboy, a man that has multiple partners.


derma

ms-noun

derma (Jawi spelling درما, plural derma-derma)

From Sanskrit धर्म (dharma, “morality, religion, duty, law”).


derma

head

derma (Jawi spelling درما, active menderma, 3rd person passive diderma)

درما (Jawi)
menderma (active)
diderma (passive third-person)

Datuk saya menderma RM100,000 kepada sekolah ini.

My grandfather donated RM100,000 to this school.


duli

ms-noun

duli (Jawi spelling دولي, plural duli-duli)

Indonesian: duli


gua

kau-

informal/towards God; friendly/older towards younger


keti

Indonesian: keti

→ Malagasy: hetsi

From Sanskrit कोटि (kōṭi, “ten million”).


madu

madu (Jawi spelling مادو, plural madu-madu)


madu

Indonesian: madu

Unknown, perhaps as semantic loan from Chinese 蜜 (mì, “honey, mistress”).

semantic loan

mistress or wife in a polygyny relation.


pada

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pada (“same, equal, like”). Compare the semantic with sama.

inh

Pada pandangannya,…

Padanya dunia ini kejam.

Pada siapakah kunci?

Aku berinya pada dia.

Pada bahasa Perancis, baik kamu belajar bahasa Inggeris.

Instead of French, you might as well learn English.


pada

Burung-burung itu pada berebut meminta makanan.

The birds are together scrambling to ask for food.


pada

Borrowed from Sanskrit पद (pada, “foot”).

(archaic) the feet of royalty (as a royal form of address)

mayapada

marcapada


hidup

ms-noun

hidup (Jawi spelling هيدوڤ, plural hidup-hidup)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *hidup, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *hudip by metathesis, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qudip, from Proto-Austronesian *qudip. Compare also Tagalog hayop (“animal”), which appears to stem from a different formation related to the Austronesian root.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (hidup) in the form [script needed] (maṃhidupi) (current spelling menghidupi).


hidup

> Indonesian: hidup (inherited)


hiu

Indonesian: hiu

From Proto-Malayic *hiu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qihu, from Proto-Austronesian *qiSu.


ratu

ratu (Jawi spelling راتو, plural ratu-ratu)

Indonesian: ratu

From Old Javanese ratu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datu. Cognate to Fijian ratu and Javanese ratu. Doublet of datuk, datu, and datung.

ratu fesyen

(figurative) A title for a female winner in beauty-based contests and others.

A queen:
(sports) The queen piece in chess.


seri

seri (Jawi spelling سري, plural seri-seri)

From Sanskrit श्री (śrī). Doublet of sri.


seri

Indonesian: seri, sri

Muka Anya gembira berseri-seri bila dapat tanda bintang pada kertas kerjanya.

Anya's face beamed happily as she received the star mark on her work paper.


seri

Possibly from Old Javanese sari (“continuously; constantly”). Compare Old Javanese asari (“delay”).

der

even on equal monetary terms; neither owing nor being owed


tani

(literal) man; person - See derived terms below.

pertanian [causative passive + resultative

petani [passive

farmer; person that tends to agricultural land


berat

برت (Jawi)
beghot (alternative)
beghat (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *bərat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀəqat.


berat

Indonesian: berat

memberatkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

memberati [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diberatkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

diberati [patient focus + causative benefactive]


beras

ms-noun

beras (Jawi spelling برس, plural beras-petas)

Indonesian: beras

→ Nias: beras

→ Palauan: beras

From Proto-Malayic *bəras, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀas, from Proto-Austronesian *bəʀas.


bibir

bibir (Jawi spelling بيبير, plural bibir-bibir)

Indonesian: bibir


arus

arus (Jawi spelling اروس, plural arus-arus)

> Indonesian: arus (inherited)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *harus, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaʀus.

current; flow (continuous movement of air, electricity, people, water)


pinggan

pinggan (Jawi spelling ڤيڠݢن, plural pinggan-pinggan)

Indonesian: pinggan

→ Bikol Central: pinggan

→ Brunei Malay: pinggan

→ Burmese: ပန်းကန် (pan:kan)

→ Cebuano: pinggan (“chinaware”)

→ Mapun: pinggan (“bowl”)

→ Old Javanese: piṅgan

Javanese: ꦥꦶꦁꦒꦤ꧀ (pinggan, “plate”)

→ Rade: mngan (“large bowl”)

→ Tagalog: pinggan

→ Waray-Waray: pinggan

Borrowed from Tamil பீங்கான் (pīṅkāṉ, “ceramic”), ultimately from Classical Persian پنگان (pingān, “cup; bowl”). See also reborrowed term in modern Persian, فنجان (fenjân) (compare Cebuano pinggan (“chinaware”)).

der

sepinggan nasi goreng

seperti pinggan dengan mangkuk, salah sedikit hendak berhantuk


cacat

ms-noun

cacat (Jawi spelling چاچت, plural cacat-cacat)


cacat

Indonesian: cacat

mencacatkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mencacati [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dicacatkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dicacati [patient focus + causative benefactive]

(slang, often derogatory, offensive) retarded


ardi

ardi (Jawi spelling ارض or اردي, plural ardi-ardi)

ارض (Jawi)
اردي (Jawi)
ardi-ardi (plural)


kuku

kuku (Jawi spelling کوکو, plural kuku-kuku)

Indonesian: kuku

From Proto-Malayic *kuku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukuh, from Proto-Austronesian *kuSkuS.

(anatomy) hoof; the tip of a toe of an ungulate such as a horse, ox or deer, strengthened by a thick keratin covering

(anatomy, loosely) claw; a curved, pointed horny nail on each digit of the foot of a mammal, reptile, or bird

claw; a mechanical device resembling a claw, used for gripping or lifting


ina

ina (Jawi spelling اينا, plural ina-ina)

Indonesian: (dialectal) ina

From Proto-Malayic *ina, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ina, from Proto-Austronesian *ina.


pilih

Indonesian: pilih

From Proto-Malayic *pilih, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *piliq, from Proto-Austronesian *piliq.

memilihkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipilihkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

(transitive) to choose (to pick; to make a choice)


lubang

lubang (Jawi spelling لوبڠ, plural lubang-lubang)

لوبڠ (Jawi)
lubang-lubang (plural)
lobang (alternative)

Indonesian: lubang

→ English: lobang

From Proto-Malayic *lubaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lubaŋ, from Proto-Austronesian *lubaŋ (“burial pit”). Doublet of lowong and luang.

der

hole, hollow, orifice, perforation (opening in a solid):

(physics) in semiconductors, a lack of an electron in an occupied band behaving like a positively charged particle.

lubang pohon


wangkang

ms-noun

wangkang (Jawi spelling وڠکڠ, plural wangkang-wangkang)


sua

(archaic) to thrust or shove something in front of someone


anggap

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *a(ŋ)gap (“to think carefully about, consider”).


taruh

> Baba Malay: taroh (inherited)

> Indonesian: taruh (inherited)

Manado Malay: teru

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *taruh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀuq.

pertaruhan [causative passive + resultative

pertaruhkan [causative passive + causative benefactive]

menaruhkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menaruhi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditaruhkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

ditaruhi [patient focus + causative benefactive]

mempertaruhkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipertaruhkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]

Bubur ni kalau kita taruh lagi banyak lada lagi sedap.

This porridge tastes better if we add more chili.


perahu

ms-noun

perahu (Jawi spelling ڤراهو, plural perahu-perahu)

ڤراهو (Jawi)
perahu-perahu (plural)
perau (alternative)

Indonesian: perahu

→ Min Nan: 婆荖 (pô͘-láu)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *pərahu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀaqu (compare Tongan folau).


luak

Cognate with luak, from Proto-Malayic *luah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luaq.


penuh

ڤنوه (Jawi)
ponuh (alternative)
penoh (alternative)

Indonesian: penuh

From Proto-Malayic *pənuh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pənuq, from Proto-Austronesian *pəNuq. Cognate with Tagalog puno and Malagasy feno.

full (containing the maximum possible amount)

memenuhkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

memenuhi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipenuhkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dipenuhi [patient focus + causative benefactive]

terpenuhi [agentless action + causative benefactive]


tunjuk

تونجوق (Jawi)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuzuk. Doublet of tujuh.

Tunjukkan kepadaku nama-nama orang yang kamu sayangi.

Show me the names of the people you love.


buluh

buluh (Jawi spelling بولوه, plural buluh-buluh)

بولوه (Jawi)
buluh-buluh (plural)
buloh (alternative)

Indonesian: buluh

From Proto-Malayic *buluh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buluq, from Proto-Austronesian *buluq.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (vuluḥ)


guruh

From kuruh, from Proto-Malayic *kuruh (compare Indonesian guruh), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kuʀuq (compare Chamorro hulu, Fijian kuru).


kain

kain (Jawi spelling کاءين, plural kain-kain)

Indonesian: kain

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kain (“woman's skirt”).


penyu

ms-noun

penyu (Jawi spelling ڤڽو, plural penyu-penyu)

Indonesian: penyu

From Proto-Malayic *pəñu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pəñu, from Proto-Austronesian *pəñu. Cognate with Brunei Malay panyu, and Pattani Malay and Terengganu Malay piyung.

cog

sea turtle (any turtle that inhabits oceans)


lumut

ms-noun

lumut (Jawi spelling لوموت, plural lumut-lumut)

From Proto-Malayic *lumut, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *lumut, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *lumut, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lumut.


putus

From Proto-Malayic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [Term?] (compare Fijian mudu, Maori mutu).


putus

(informal, Malaysian) ellipsis of putus hubungan, to break up a relationship


mutu

mutu (Jawi spelling موتو, plural mutu-mutu)

Indonesian: mutu

Probably from Tamil முது (mutu, “vast knowledge”).


kemudian

کمودين (Jawi)

mudi + ke- -an. Mudi is from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Fijian muri).


luah

> Indonesian: luah (inherited)

Cognate with luak, from Proto-Malayic *luah (compare Indonesian luah), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luaq (compare Fijian lua, Malagasy lua, Maori ruaki).


hidung

hidung (Jawi spelling هيدوڠ, plural hidung-hidung)

هيدوڠ (Jawi)
hidung-hidung (plural)
hidong (alternative)

Indonesian: hidung

From Proto-Malayic *hiduŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ijuŋ, *ujuŋ, from Proto-Austronesian *mujiŋ.


tolong

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuluŋ (“to help, to assist”). Cognate with Tagalog tulong.

inh

tolong-tolongan [reduplication + resultative

pertolongan [causative passive + resultative

menolongi [agent focus + causative benefactive]


tolong

Indonesian: tolong

desc

→ Min Nan: 多隆, 導郎 /多隆, 导郎 (tō-long; tō͘-lông)

Extension from above in imperative form e.g. Tolong saya buat... ('Help me do...')

Tolong ambikkan sepanar tu.


taci

ms-noun

taci (Jawi spelling تاچي, plural taci-taci)


takut

From Proto-Malayic *takut (compare Indonesian takut), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *matakut (compare Maori mataku, Rapa Nui mataku, Tagalog takot), from Proto-Austronesian *(ma-)takut.

Saya takut cendawan dan ular.


takut

> Indonesian: takut (inherited)


tumbuh

تومبوه (Jawi)

Indonesian: tumbuh

From Proto-Malayic *tumbuh, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *tumbuh, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tubuq, from Proto-Austronesian *Cubuq.

(intransitive) to grow (to become bigger)


nanah

nanah (Jawi spelling نانه, plural nanah-nanah)

Indonesian: nanah

From Proto-Malayic *nanah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *nanaq, from Proto-Austronesian *naNaq.

pus (fluid found in regions of infection)

pernanahan [causative passive + resultative


dahi

dahi (Jawi spelling داهي, plural dahi-dahi)

Indonesian: dahi

From Proto-Malayic *dahi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daqih, from Proto-Austronesian *daqiS. Cognate with Kavalan zais (“face”), Paiwan djaqis (“forehead”), Eastern Cham ꨖꨬ (dhei, “forehead”), Chamorro ha'i, Hawaiian lae.

(anatomy) forehead (part of face above eyebrows)


daun

daun (Jawi spelling داءون, plural daun-daun)

Indonesian: daun

North Moluccan Malay: daong

From Proto-Malayic *daun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.

daun telinga ― pinna

daun pintu

daun pengayuh

any flappy or blade-like part of something


bukit

bukit (Jawi spelling بوکيت, plural bukit-bukau)

Indonesian: bukit (“hill”)

→ Thai: ภูเก็ต (puu-gèt, “Phuket”)

From Proto-Malayic *bukit, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *bukit, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *bukit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bukij (compare Hiligaynon bukid, Waray-Waray bukid, Fijian buke, Maori puke), from Proto-Austronesian *bukij.
Compare with Maori puke, Fijian buke.


ucap

Indonesian: ucap


langau

langau (Jawi spelling لاڠاو, plural langau-langau)

Indonesian: langau

From Proto-Malayic *laŋaw, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laŋaw.


ulat

ulat (Jawi spelling اولت, plural ulat-ulat)

Indonesian: ulat

From Proto-Malayic *hulət, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *quləj, from Proto-Austronesian *quləj.

caterpillar (young of a butterfly or moth)

Ribuan ulat putih bergerak-gerak dengan rakusnya apabila sedang memakan sisa daging, sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan yang diletakkan di dalam sebuah ladang yang pelik di barat daya China.

2017 June 13, “Ulat serangga bermanfaat di China [Insect larvae beneficial in China]”, in Media Permata, archived from the original on 2019-09-12:

Thousands of white maggots roamed voraciously while feeding on leftover meat, vegetables and fruits that were placed in a strange farm in southwestern China.


kabut

kabut (Jawi spelling کابوت, plural kabut-kabut)

Cognate with kabus, from Proto-Malayic *kabut (compare Indonesian kabut), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kabut (compare Fijian kabu, Hawaiian ʻohu, Maori kohu).

fog (cloud that forms at a low altitude and obscures vision)


tinjau

تينجاو (Jawi)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Maori tiro).

(transitive) To scrutinize; to inspect; to investigate.


labah

labah (Jawi spelling لابه, plural labah-labah)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lawaq Ilocano lawwa, Cebuano lawa & Tausug lawa'.


untung

untung (Jawi spelling اونتوڠ, plural untung-untung)

Indonesian: untung

From Proto-Malayic *untuŋ (compare Indonesian untung), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *utuŋ (compare Maori utu, Hawaiian uku).


pusat

pusat (Jawi spelling ڤوست, plural pusat-pusat)

From Proto-Malayic *pusət, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pusəj.

pusat bandar (city centre)

Pusat Sains Negara (National Science Centre)


tengar

tengar (Jawi spelling تڠر, plural tengar-tengar)

Indonesian: tengar

→? Cebuano: tangal

From Proto-Malayic *təŋər, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təŋəʀ.


tuju

توجو (Jawi)
menuju (active)
menujukan (active)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuzu from *tuzuq (“to indicate, point”), from Proto-Austronesian *tuzuq (“to point at, point out; give directions”). Doublet of tunjuk and tujuh.

inh

(rare) to aim, direct, target at something

to cast sorcery by sending evil spirits towards a particular person


kumis

ms-noun

kumis (Jawi spelling کوميس, plural kumis-kumis)

From Proto-Malayic *kumis (compare Indonesian kumis), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kumis (compare Fijian kumi).


ajal

ajal (Jawi spelling اجل, plural ajal-ajal)

Indonesian: ajal


pending

pending (Jawi spelling ڤنديڠ, plural pending-pending)

ڤنديڠ (Jawi)
pending-pending (plural)
panding (alternative)

desc

→ Thai: ปั้นเหน่ง

→ Thai: ปั้นเหน่ง

embossed plate of metal (e.g. gold or silver) covering a clasp through which a belt/girdle passes, worn as an ornament in front of the body.


pintar

Attested in Wilkinson's (1926) An Abridged Malay-English Dictionary as Batavia, probably ultimately Proto-Mon-Khmer [Term?].


الو

ms-noun

الو (plural الو-الو or الو٢)


puyu

puyu (Jawi spelling ڤويو, plural puyu-puyu)

> Indonesian: puyu (inherited)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *puyu, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *puyu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *puyu.

Anabas testudineus
Anabas testudineus#Translingual

climbing perch; climbing gourami (Anabas testudineus)


tari

tari (Jawi spelling تاري, plural tari-tari)

Indonesian: tari

A dance; a sequence of rhythmic steps or movements usually performed to music, for pleasure or as a form of social interaction.


tahi

tahi (Jawi spelling تاهي, plural tahi-tahi)

تاهي (Jawi)
tahi-tahi (plural)
tai (alternative)
taik (alternative)

> Indonesian: tahi (inherited)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqi, from Proto-Austronesian *Caqi. Cognate with Paiwan caqi, Tagalog tae, Malagasy tay, Palauan dach, Samoan tae.

tahi kikir: iron filings

tahi gergaji: sawdust

tahi besi: rust

tahi minyak: residue from production of oil from coconut milk, leftover sauted spices or aromatics in a sambal


سبب

سبب (plural سبب-سبب or سبب٢)


aur

aur (Jawi spelling اءور, plural aur-aur)

Indonesian: aur

From Proto-Malayic *haur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qauʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qauʀ.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (hāur).


tunas

tunas (Jawi spelling تونس, plural tunas-tunas)

shoot part of new plants growing on stems (branches etc)


strategi

stratégi (Jawi spelling ستراتيݢي, plural strategi-strategi)

stratégi (canonical)
ستراتيݢي (Jawi)
strategi-strategi (plural)

From English strategy, from Ancient Greek στρατηγία (stratēgía, “office of general, command, generalship”).


jem

jem strawberi

A type of food that is usually spread onto bread, biscuits and others.

Risau kalau keluar lambat tersangkut dalam jem pulak.

I'm worried we'll get stuck in a jam if we go out late.


jem

(colloquial) Unable to work due to a part of it being stuck; jammed.


ganu

ms-noun

ganu (Jawi spelling ݢانو, plural ganu-ganu)


muke

(Pontianak) Alternative spelling of muka (“face”)


kapak

kapak (Jawi spelling کاڤق, plural kapak-kapak)


kad

From English card, from Middle English carde (“playing card”), from Old French carte, from Latin charta, from Ancient Greek χάρτης (khártēs, “paper, papyrus”). Doublet of carta and kertas.

der

A card (flat, normally rectangular piece of stiff paper, plastic etc.).


izzat

ms-noun

izzat (Jawi spelling عزة, plural izzat-izzat)


pahar

pahar (Jawi spelling ڤاهر, plural pahar-pahar)


sini

First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD.


bubu

bubu (Jawi spelling بوبو, plural bubu-bubu)

Indonesian: bubu

From Proto-Malayic *bubu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bubu, from Proto-Austronesian *bubu.


garu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaʀaw (“to scratch; itch mite, vermin”).

inh

menggarukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menggaru-garu [reduplication + agent focus]

digarukan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

digaru-garu [reduplication + patient focus]

tergaru-garu [reduplication + agentless action]


garu

ms-noun

garu (Jawi spelling ݢارو, plural garu-garu)

Indonesian: garu


profesor

profesor (Jawi spelling ڤروفيسور, plural profesor-profesor)

ڤروفيسور (Jawi)
profesor-profesor (plural)

Borrowed from English professor, from Anglo-Norman proffessur, from Latin professor (“declarer, person who claims knowledge”), from the past participle stem of profiteor (“profess”).

der

profesor emeritus

Oleh kerana kerja-kerja penyelidikan awal seseorang profesor itu akan terus dirujuk beberapa tahun kemudiannya, maka universiti akan terus mendapat manfaat melalui peningkatan ranking universiti, walaupun seseorang profesor itu telah bersara.

2018 April 12, Hashim Yaacob, “Kekalkan profesor cemerlang di universiti [Keep brilliant professor(s) in university]”, in Utusan Malaysia, archived from the original on 2018-04-12:

Since the preliminary research work of a professor will continue to be referred to a few years later, therefore the university will continue to gain benefit through the improvement of its ranking, even if a particular professor has already retired.

professor (the most senior rank for an academic at a university)


bonda

ms-noun

bonda (Jawi spelling بوندا, plural bonda-bonda)


aya

bapa

bapanda, bapai, bapak, bapang, baba, papa


ranting

ranting (Jawi spelling رنتيڠ, plural ranting-ranting)

cerita ranting

a form of story telling in Kelantanese wayang kulit based on or spun off characters and settings of the main original story (cerita pokok)

(Riau) branch of an organization in village level


wangi

Indonesian: wangi

Borrowed from Old Javanese wangi (from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baŋəhih, from Proto-Austronesian *baŋəSiS (“fragrant”)).

mewangikan [causative benefactive + agent focus]

wangi-wangian [reduplication + resultative

berwangi-wangian [reduplication + stative

kewangi-wangian [reduplication + abstract


alur

alur (Jawi spelling الور, plural alur-alur)

الور (Jawi)
alur-alur (plural)
alor (alternative)

Indonesian: alur

From Proto-Malayic *halur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaluʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qaluʀ, from the root *-luʀ.

river (large stream which drains a landmass)


parut

parut (Jawi spelling ڤاروت, plural parut-parut)

Indonesian: parut


hatur

head

hatur (Jawi spelling هاتور, used in the form menghatur)

هاتور (Jawi)
menghatur (used-in-the-form)
atur (alternative)
اتور (alternative)
هاتور (alternative)

Aklanon: hátœ

Banjarese: atur

Dairi Batak: atur

Karo Batak: atur

Bau Bidayuh: atur

Berawan: aton

Buginese: atu

Central Melanau: atur

Iban: atur

Indonesian: atur

Javanese: atur

Kapampangan: átul

Kelabit: atur

Mansaka: atol

Maranao: ator

Mongondow: ator

Ngaju: atoh

Sangir: atuleʔ

Tagalog: hatol

Tboli: atul

Tiruray: atur

Western Bukidnon Manobo: atur

From Proto-Malayic *hatur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatuʀ.


کالا

ms-noun

کالا (plural کالا-کالا or کالا٢)


duk

Kau duk kat mana sekarang?


Julai

Borrowed from English July, from Middle English iulius, from Anglo-Norman julie, from Old French jule, from Latin iūlius, from Iuppiter, from Proto-Indo-European *dyeu-pəter-.

July (seventh month of the Gregorian calendar).


regan

régan (Jawi spelling ريݢن, plural regan-regan)

régan (canonical)
ريݢن (Jawi)
regan-regan (plural)

The upper and lower parts of a window frame.


segan

Mereka segan hendak turun naik tangga mahkamah itu

They are unwilling to go up and down the courthouse stairs

Ada sesetengah ibu yang berasa segan kerana mengandung

There are some mothers who feel ashamed from being pregnant


sangkut

Indonesian: sangkut

From Proto-Malayic *saŋkut, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saŋkut (“entangled, caught up in, involved, embroiled”).

inh

menyangkutkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disangkutkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

tersangkut-sangkut [reduplication + agentless action]


sangkut

(fishing, Singapore) When one's terminal tackle is snagged on underwater debris or an underwater structure.


baldi

ms-noun

baldi (Jawi spelling بلدي, plural baldi-baldi)


umbi

umbi (Jawi spelling اومبي, plural umbi-umbian)

Indonesian: umbi

Doublet of ubi, from Proto-Malayic *hubi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qubi (“yam”).

umbi-umbian [reduplication + resultative


paus

paus (Jawi spelling ڤاءوس, plural paus-paus)

ڤاءوس (Jawi)
paus-paus (plural)
Paus (alternative)

From Proto-Malayic *paus, of unknown origin. Compare Minangkabau pauih.

unknown

unknown


paus

From Dutch paus, from Middle Dutch paus, paues, pauwes, from Old French papes (compare German Papst), from Medieval Latin pāpa (“bishop, pope”), from Ancient Greek πάπας (pápas, “bishop”), variant of πάππας (páppas, “father”), of imitative origin.

(Roman Catholicism and generally) An honorary title of the Roman Catholic bishop of Rome as father and head of his church, a sovereign of the Vatican city state; a pope.


kanker

ms-noun

kanker (Jawi spelling کنکر, plural kanker-kanker)

From English canker (“canker”), from Middle English canker, cancre, from Old English cancer, from Latin cancer (“a cancer”).

canker, plant disease marked by gradual decay


kanker

کنکر (Jawi)
kanker-kanker (plural)
kanser (alternative)

From Indonesian kanker, from Dutch kanker (“cancer”), from Middle Dutch canker, from New Latin cancer.

(oncology) (Riau, Sumatra) cancer, disease of uncontrolled cellular proliferation.


serai

Cymbopogon citratus
Cymbopogon citratus#Translingual


gering

> Indonesian: gering (inherited)


nak

duit nak bayar hutang

(informal, Malaysia) contraction of hendak


nak

Saya nak ke tandas sebentar.

(informal, Malaysia, modal auxiliary) contraction of hendak


nak

Ingatlah pesan mak ayah kamu, nak.

Remember your parents' advice, young one.

A term of address for someone noticeably younger.


segara

segara (Jawi spelling سݢارا or سݢرا, plural segara-segara)

سݢارا (Jawi)
سݢرا (Jawi)
segara-segara (plural)

Indonesian: segara

ocean (one of the five large bodies of water)


wap

From Proto-Malayic *uap, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *uap, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *uap.


uap

From Proto-Malayic *uap, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *huab, from Proto-Austronesian *Suab.


borzoi

From English borzoi, from Russian борзо́й (borzój), from борзый (borzyj, “swift”).


aikido

aikido (Jawi spelling اءيکيدو, plural aikido-aikido)

Borrowed from Japanese 合(あい)気(き)道(どう) (aikidō, “aikido”, literally “way of adapting the spirit”), from 合(あい) (ai, “together, unify”) + 気(き) (ki, “spirit; breath”) + 道(どう) (dō, “way”).


bola

ms-noun

bola (Jawi spelling بول, plural bola-bola)

Borrowed from Portuguese bola, from Old Occitan bola, from Latin bulla.

bola bola sepak


kati

kati (Jawi spelling کاتي, plural kati-kati)

> Indonesian: kati (inherited)

→ Dutch: kati

→ English: caddy, caddie, catty, kati

→ Javanese: ꦏꦠꦶ (kati)

A weight defined as one-hundredth of a pikol, about 616.7 grams, used in China, Indonesia (mostly Malay-speaking) and Japan.


uda

uda (Jawi spelling اودا, plural uda-uda)


أ

The first letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.

ا

Arabic script letters (alphabet appendix, script appendix)


eka

Indonesian: eka

Borrowed from Sanskrit एक (eka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian, from Proto-Indo-European *óykos.


Siam

Indonesian: Siam

→ Pattani Malay: سيٍّي / ซีแย

(historical) Siam (former name of Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia)

(informal, especially Northern Peninsular Malay) Thailand (in its modern form)}


Siam

Kakak aku asyik khusyuk tengok drama Siam dari tengahari.

My sister's been hooked watching Thai dramas since afternoon.

(dialectal) Thai; relating to Thailand, the Thai people, or the Thai language


murid

murid (Jawi spelling موريد, plural murid-murid)

> Indonesian: murid (inherited)

→ Maguindanao: murid

→ Maranao: morid

→ Tausug: mulid


jiwa

jiwa (Jawi spelling جيوا, plural jiwa-jiwa)

→ Tagalog: diwa

menjiwai [agent focus + causative benefactive]


ث

head

ث / ث / ث / ث

ث / ث / ث / ث

The fourth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.


ج

ج / جـ / ـجـ / ـج

ج / جـ / ـجـ / ـج

جـ (canonical)
ـجـ (canonical)
ـج (canonical)

The fifth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.


ح

ح / ح / ح / ح

ح / ح / ح / ح

The seventh letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.


خ

خ / خ / خ / خ

خ / خ / خ / خ

The eighth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.


د

The ninth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.


د

دسوڠاي (di sungai)

Jawi spelling of di. before consonant-initial words.


ذ

The tenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.


ز

The twelfth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.


س

س / س / س / س

س / س / س / س

The thirteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.