yak

The apheresis form of Malay berak, with the letter y inserted in front. A childish variant of berak used by parents to the children.

Semalam kak yone tengok anak kak yone sembelit masa nak yak.

2017 April 17, Nurdiana Aniff, “Sembelit Masa Nak Yak”, in Blogger:

Yesterday, 'kak yone' saw that 'kak yone's' child was constipated when they want to poop.


balik

Indonesian: balik

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balik (“reverse, turn around”). Cognate with Tagalog balik.

inh

balek (alternative nonstandard)
balek (alternative)


punya

Ambonese Malay: pung

Indonesian: punya

Kupang Malay: pung

Manado Malay: pe

North Moluccan Malay: pi

Papuan Malay: pu

Clipping of empunya, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əmpuña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əmpu. Compare Tagalog impó (“grandmother”).
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (punyā) in the form [script needed] (punyāña).
In the sense of possessive/genitive particle, semantic loan from Hokkien 的 (ê).

Saya punya enam buku.

Saya punya dua buah rumah.

(spoken) Emphasizes a word that is repeated.


lihat

head

lihat (Jawi spelling ليهت, active melihat, 3rd person passive dilihat)

ليهت (Jawi)
melihat (active)
dilihat (passive third-person)

Indonesian: lihat

North Moluccan Malay: lia

Adam sedang melihat telefonnya sekarang.

Adam melihat nasib kawannya.

Adam dilihat tidak cukup kuat untuk mengangkatnya.

Adam was seen as being not strong enough to lift that.

Adam pergi melihat neneknya sempena hari raya.

Adam went to visit his grandma while eid.


pergi

pĕrgi (canonical)
ڤرݢي (Jawi)
pegi (alternative)
pogi (alternative)
pigi (alternative)
gi (alternative clipping)
pi (alternative)

Ambonese Malay: pigi

Indonesian: pergi

North Moluccan Malay: pigi, pi

Saya pergi ke sekolah tadi.

Dia pergi cuma lepas aku kata aku nak telefon polis.

He went away only after I said I was going to call the police.

Kami akan pergi pada pukul tiga pagi esok.

We will depart at three o'clock in the morning tomorrow.


kali

From Proto-Malayic *kali, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kali, from Proto-Austronesian *kalih.


kali

Indonesian: kali

From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”). Doublet of kala.


boat

berboat (used-in-the-form)
buat (alternative)

From Proto-Malayic *buat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buhat.


edit

edit (Jawi spelling ايديت, formal active mengedit, 3rd person passive diedit)

ايديت (Jawi)
mengedit (active formal)
diedit (passive third-person)


temu

Indonesian: têmu

From (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təmu (“to meet, receive; greet a guest”), or alternatively from Proto-Mon-Khmer *t₁mu, *t₁muj, *t₁muəj (“guest, visitor”). Possible doublet of tamu (“guest, visitor”).
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (tmu).

der

menemukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menemui [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditemukan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

ditemui [patient focus + causative benefactive]

tertemukan [agentless action + causative benefactive]

mempertemukan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipertemukan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]


pohon

> Indonesian: pohon (inherited)


import

head

import (Jawi spelling ايمڤورت, active mengimport, 3rd person passive diimport)

ايمڤورت (Jawi)
mengimport (active)
diimport (passive third-person)
impot (alternative)
impor (alternative Indonesia)

From English import, from Middle English importen, from Old French emporter, importer, from Latin importō (“bring in from abroad, import”, verb), from in (“in, at, on; into”) + portō (“I carry, bear; convey”).

der

Produk ini telah diimport dari China.


tau

From Proto-Malayic *tahu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Chamic, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqu, from Proto-Austronesian *Caqu.

(informal) Alternative form of tahu (“to know”)


fail

(with untuk) file (make a formal request)


main

head

main (Jawi spelling ماءين, used in the form bermain)

Indonesian: main

→ Tok Pisin: main

From Proto-Malayic *main, likely a phonemical reduction from Pre-Proto-Malayic *qumaim, *qumayam, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-um- + *qayam (“domesticated animal, plaything”). The Buku Katan alternatively proposes it as a product of suffixing maya + -an.

permainkan [causative passive + causative benefactive]

memainkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dimainkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


label

label (Jawi spelling لابل, active melabel, 3rd person passive dilabel)

لابل (Jawi)
melabel (active)
dilabel (passive third-person)

From English label, from Middle English label (“narrow band, strip of cloth”), from Old French label, lambel (Modern French lambeau), from Frankish *lappā (“torn piece of cloth”), from Proto-Germanic *lappǭ, *lappô (“cloth stuff, rag, scraps, flap, dewlap, lobe, rabbit ear”), from Proto-Indo-European *leb- (“blade”).

der

Saya melabel semua buku saya.

(transitive) To put a label on something.

Penjaga gol itu dilabel penyokong pasukannya sebagai pengkhianat selepas dia terjaringkan sebuah gol sendiri.

That goalkeeper was labelled by his team's supporters as a traitor after he accidentally scored an own goal.

(transitive) To give a label to (someone or something) in order to categorise that person or thing.


lupa

Aku sudah lupa yang dia sudah berpindah!


ada

اد (Jawi)
اد (alternative)
ade (alternative)

Indonesian: ada

From Proto-Malayic *ada, *ada-ʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *ada, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *wada, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wada.

Ada dua jalan untuk ke sekolah.

There are two routes for going to school.

Saya cuma ada satu pemadam.


ajar

> Ambonese Malay: ajar (inherited)

> Indonesian: ajar (inherited)

→ Iban: ajar

Borrowed from Sanskrit आचार्य (ācārya, “teacher, master”). Doublet of acar, acara, and hajar.

bor+

pelajaran [causative passive + resultative

diajarkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


beli

Indonesian: beli

From Proto-Malayic *bəli, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *bəli, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *bəli, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəli, from Proto-Austronesian *bəli.


mau

(informal, auxiliary) contraction of mahu


belajar

Indonesian: belajar


ingat

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *iŋat, from Proto-Austronesian *iŋat. Compare with Urak Lawoi' อีงัยจ (ingac, “to think”).

Saya ingat hari ni tak ada kelas.

I thought there were no classes for today.


pulau

ڤولاو (Jawi)
palau (alternative colloquial nonstandard)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pulaw. Compare Uneapa vulo (“land”).

Aqil dipulau oleh rakan sekelasnya.

Aqil is being ostracised by his classmates.


abu

Indonesian: abu

(intransitive) to lose (of congkak and other games)


hilang

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qilaŋ (“lose, disappear, be lost (as possessions)”).


cinta

Indonesian: cinta

aku cinta padamu.


bangun

Indonesian: bangun

From Proto-Malayic *baŋun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baŋun, from Proto-Austronesian *baŋuN.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (vaṅun) in the form [script needed] (marvvaṅun).

membangunkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

membanguni [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dibangunkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

memperbangunkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

diperbangunkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]


gila

Indonesian: gila

→ English: gila

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gila (“wild; skittish; insane”).
First attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (gīla).

inh

gila kereta

tiap gila tiap berkongkong, tiap mandi tiap bergosok


makan

> Indonesian: makan (inherited)

desc

> North Moluccan Malay: makang (inherited)

From Proto-Malayic *makan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaən, from Proto-Austronesian *kaən.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (mākan) in the form nimākan (current spelling dimakan).

memakankan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dimakankan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

(transitive) to consume, spend, use up (of money, time)

Besi itu dimakan karat

(transitive, sports) to kill, to take out (of chess pieces)

(impersonal) to work as expected (usually of a machine part)

(figurative) to receive bribes or illegally obtained money


cabut

Indonesian: cabut

North Moluccan Malay: cabu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *cabut (“pull out with force”).


dengar

Ambonese Malay: dangar

Indonesian: dêngar

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *dəŋər, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəŋəʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *dəŋəʀ.

dengar-dengaran [reduplication + repetition

mendengarkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mendengari [agent focus + causative benefactive]

didengarkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

didengari [patient focus + causative benefactive]


tinggal

> Indonesian: tinggal (inherited)

Aku tertinggal fon aku kat rumah nenek aku.

I accidentally left my phone at my granny's house.

.ساي تيڠڬل د راوڠ

to live; to make one's home at a particular place


bunuh

> Indonesian: bunuh (inherited)

desc

> Peranakan Indonesian: boenoe (inherited)

From Proto-Malayic *bunuh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bunuq, from Proto-Austronesian *buNuq.
First attested in the Telaga Batu inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay वुनुः (vunuḥ), in inflected form nivunuh (current spelling dibunuh).

berbunuh-bunuhan [reduplication + stative


membunuh

ممبونوه (Jawi)


amuk

> Indonesian: amuk (inherited)

desctree

→ Dutch: amok
→ Danish: amok (or through English amok)

→ Japanese: アモック (amokku)

→ Korean: 아묵 (amuk)

→ Portuguese: amouco

→ English: amok, amuck, amock
→ Cebuano: amok
→ Czech: amok
→ Danish: amok (or directly from Dutch amok)
→ Finnish: amok
→ German: Amok
→ Hebrew: אמוק (ámok)
→ Polish: amok
→ Norwegian: amok
→ Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic script: амок
Latin script: amok
→ Swedish: amok

Borrowed from Javanese ꦲꦩꦸꦏ꧀ (amuk), from Old Javanese amuk.


baca

Indonesian: baca

→ Cebuano: basa

→ Hiligaynon: bása

→ Ilocano: bása

→ Minangkabau: baco

→ Sundanese: baca

→ Tagalog: basa

→ Urak Lawoi': บาจา (baca)


bagi

Clipping of bahagi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqagi (“share, portion, inheritance; to allot, divide property”).

inh

Ayah bagi aku pinjam motor dia pusing jalan-jalan, kau nak ikut tak?

Dad's letting me borrow his bike for a spin, wanna come along?


bicara

Indonesian: bicara

desctree

→ Dutch: pitsjaren, pasjaren
→ Danish: passiare
→ Norwegian: passiare
→ Swedish: passiare

→ Maranao: bitiyara

→ Tausug: bissara

Borrowed from Sanskrit विचार (vicāra, “thought, discussion”).


cuci

From Tamil சுசி (cuci, “cleanliness purity, ceremonial purification”), from Pali suci (“clean, pure”), from Sanskrit शुचि (śuci, “clean, pure”). Doublet of suci.


datar

From Proto-Malayic *datar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dataʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *dataʀ. Doublet of rata.


seba

Borrowed from Javanese ꦱꦺꦧ (séba, “to pay homage”)


keluar

> Indonesian: keluar (inherited)

Keluar sekarang!


bias

Related to tempias. Sense of inclination from phono-semantic matching of English bias from French biais.


telefon

head

telefon (Jawi spelling تيليفون, active menelefon, 3rd person passive ditelefon)

تيليفون (Jawi)
menelefon (active)
ditelefon (passive third-person)
telepon (alternative)

From English telephone or Dutch telefoon, by surface analysis, tele- + -fon.


pinta

From Javanese ꦥꦶꦤ꧀ꦠ (pinta), from Old Javanese pinta, ultimately from Sanskrit हित (hita). Doublet of minta.


bina

Indonesian: bina

From Arabic بِنَاء (bināʔ, “building, construction (act of)”).

bor

Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian


cam

> Indonesian: cam (inherited)

From Sanskrit [Term?]. Compare Urak Lawoi' จับ (cap, “to remember”).

to recognise by sight; to identify; to remember what has been seen


saran

Indonesian: saran

menyarankan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menyarani [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disarankan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

disarani [patient focus + causative benefactive]


mai

(dialectal) to come (to move from further away to nearer to)


maki

Synonym(s): ejek, umpat, kutuk


sumpit

Indonesian: sumpit

→ English: sumpit

From Proto-Malayic *sumpit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sumpit, from Proto-Austronesian *sumpit.

Budak itu pandai menyumpit.

That kid is skilled at using a blowpipe.


gi

Kau gi ngan siapa?


paham

Nativization of faham, from Arabic فَهْم (fahm, “understanding”).


cubit

head

cubit (Jawi spelling چوبيت, used in the form mencubit)

چوبيت (Jawi)
mencubit (used-in-the-form)

→ Macanese: chubí

From Proto-Malayic *-bit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-bit, from Proto-Austronesian *-bit.

to pinch (to squeeze a small amount of skin)


abur

abur (active mengabur, 3rd person passive diabur)

mengabur (active)
diabur (passive third-person)

Borrowed from Javanese ꦲꦮꦸꦂ (awur, “to do haphazardly or without basis”), and Old Javanese awur (“confused, mixed up together, hard to distinguish clearly”). Doublet of awur.


kongsi

Back-formation from berkongsi (“to share”).

back-formation

“Banyak perkara yang telah dilakukan untuk meraih apa yang diperolehi pada hari ini, antaranya menumpukan sepenuh perhatian dan komited dalam pengajian, menjalankan kajian-kajian yang telah diarahkan bagi memenuhi kehendak kursus, banyak meluangkan masa di perpustakaan untuk mencari bahan-bahan bagi menghasilkan satu kajian yang mantap dan sering merujuk kepada pensyarah-pensyarah jika terdapat kekeliruan di sepanjang pengajian,” kongsi Dayang Siti Nurajimah.

2017 September 8, Syahmi Hassan, quoting Dayang Siti Nurajimah, “Graduan cemerlang kongsi petua, rahsia kejayaan [Successful graduate shares tips and secret for success]”, in Media Permata, archived from the original on 2017-09-10:

"Many things have been done to achieve what I have acquired today, including concentrating all of my attention and being committed in my studies, conducting research that is mandatory to fulfill course requirements, spending a lot of time at the library to look for materials to produce a solid research and often referring to lecturers whenever there is confusion throughout my studies," Dayang Siti Nurajimah shared.

Orang ramai dinasihatkan tidak menyebar atau kongsi sebarang berita tidak benar mengenai kehilangan remaja perempuan warga Ireland, Nora Anne Quoirin, di The Dusun, Pantai, dekat Seremban, sejak kelmarin.

2019 August 6, Fazrik Kamarudin, “Kehilangan Nora Anne: Jangan sebar, kongsi berita tidak benar - PDRM [Disappearance of Nora Anne: Do not spread or share news that are not true - Royal Malaysian Police]”, in Berita Harian, archived from the original on 2019-09-25:

The public is advised not to spread or share any news that is not true regarding the disappearance of the teenage girl from Ireland, Nora Anne Quoirin at The Dusun, Pantai near Seremban since the day before yesterday.

“Jadi saya perlu bersabar dan dia perlu bersabar dengan saya yang akan datang, datang dan datang kerana sudah kehabisan masa,” kongsinya.

2019 September 2, Sajida Asarulah Khan, quoting Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, “Dr. Mahathir kongsi rahsia perkahwinan [Dr. Mahathir shares wedding secrets]”, in Utusan Malaysia, archived from the original on 2019-09-21:

"So I have to be patient and she has to be patient with me who is coming, coming and coming because I am already running out of time," he shares.


salir

> Indonesian: salir (inherited)

From Proto-Malayic *salir, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saliʀ (“(of water) to flow”), from the root *-liʀ.

inh

(intransitive, always with meng-) to flow (to move as a fluid)

(intransitive) to dewater (to remove water from)


bakar

From Proto-Malayic *bakar, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *bkaar, *bkaar (“to cook over fire”).


mari

From Proto-Malayic *mari, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maʀi.

(intransitive) to come (to move from further away to nearer to)


akan

Indonesian: akan

Peranakan Indonesian: aken

Inherited from Classical Malay اكن (akan), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aken (“preposition, on, upon; applicative marker”). Doublet of -kan.

inh

Saya akan melawat datuk saya.

(modal, auxiliary) Will, to be going to.


palau

(slang, nonstandard) to ignore or to ghost.


tanya

Indonesian: tanya

From Proto-Malayic *taɲaʔ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *utaña.

Apakah yang Foong tanya Cikgu Ali?


reka

From Sanskrit रेखा (rekhā, “outline, drawing”).


lari

From Proto-Malayic *lari, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *lari, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *lari, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *laʀiw, from Proto-Austronesian *laʀiw.

to leave (a place, a job, etc) without permission


hela

Indonesian: hela

→ Ternate: hela

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hilah (“drag, pull”). Cognate with Tagalog hila.

inh

menghelakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dihelakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


asa

Indonesian: asa


terjemah

Borrowed from Arabic تَرْجَمَة (tarjama, “to interpret, translate”).

bor

Kerja saya ialah menterjemahkan buku bahasa Jepun.


jalan

head

jalan (intransitive, used in the form berjalan)

> Indonesian: jalan (inherited)

zh-l

惹蘭／惹兰 (Rělán)

→ Chinese: 惹蘭／惹兰 (Rělán)

From Proto-Malayic *jalan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan, from Proto-Austronesian *zalan.
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (jālan).

perjalanan [causative passive + resultative

to drive, to operate; to start, to put into operation; to carry out, to perform; meN- + -kan

menjalankan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

to walk on; to undergo, to endure; to go through a period of your life; meN- + -i

menjalani [agent focus + causative benefactive]


jaga

Baba Malay: jaga

Indonesian: jaga

→ Tagalog: alaga (“to take care”)

→ Malagasy: zaha (“to investigate”)

→ Min Nan: 若呀 (jia̍k-gâ)

→ Pattani Malay: جاݢاوْ / ยฺากฺอ (jagɔ)

→ Tausug: jaga

→ Ternate: jaga

From Pali jagga, from Sanskrit जागर्ति (jāgarti), जागृ (jāgṛ).


ayak

Indonesian: ayak

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ayak, or alternatively from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qayag.


ubah

Indonesian: ubah

→ Iban: ubah

perubahan [causative passive + resultative

mengubahkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

memperubahkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

(intransitive) to change (to become something different)

(transitive) to change (to make something into something different)


rasa

Indonesian: rasa

From Sanskrit रस (rasa) or Pali rasa. Cognate with Thai รส (rót), Lao ລົດ (lot), Lü ᦷᦟᧆ (lod) or ᦷᦟᧆᦉ (lodṡ), Burmese ရသ (ra.sa.), Khmer រស (rŭəh).

Aku rasa bukan tu yang kaumaksudkan.


pagar

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pager (“enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field”).

inh

Reban ayam itu telah dipagarkan oleh Pak Mail.

A fence was set up by Mr. Mail around that chicken coop.

memagarkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipagarkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

memagari [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipagari [patient focus + causative benefactive]


rak

(Kelantan-Pattani) Alternative form of larat.


tandu

Inherited from Classical Malay tandu, from Tamil தண்டு (taṇṭu, “palanquin”).

(colloquial, transitive) to carry the sedan chair


minta

مينتا (Jawi)
mintak (alternative colloquial)

Nasalization of pinta. Doublet of pinta.


harap

Indonesian: harap

Borrowed from Old Javanese harĕp (“to wish, desire, about to”), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qadəp. Doublet of hadap.


bura

Indonesian: bura

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀah, from Proto-Austronesian *buʀəS.

memburakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diburakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


orak

to unravel, to uncoil, to unwind, to untie


minum

Indonesian: minum

From Proto-Malayic *inum (compare Indonesian minum), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *inum (compare Cebuano inom, Hawaiian inu, Tagalog inom).
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (minuṃ) in the form [script needed] (niminuṃña) (current form diminumnya).

to drink (to consume liquid through the mouth)


buru

Indonesian: buru

From Proto-Malayic *buru, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buʀaw, from Proto-Austronesian *buʀaw (“drive off, chase away, expel”).

inh

perburuan [causative passive + resultative

memburu-buru [reduplication + agent focus]

memburu-burukan [reduplication + agent focus + causative benefactive]

diburu-buru [reduplication + patient focus]

terburu-buru [reduplication + agentless action]


bakal

Probably from Old Javanese bakal (“future, prospective”).

bor

Dasar itu bakal diumumkan Perdana Menteri sebentar nanti.

The policy will be announced by the Prime Minister in a bit.


buka

From Proto-Malayic *buka (compare Indonesian buka), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buka (compare Tagalog buka).

Tolong buka kipas dan lampu.


tawa

Indonesian: tawa

From Proto-Malayic *tawa(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawa, from Proto-Austronesian *Cawa.

to laugh (show mirth by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face and emission of sounds)


datang

Indonesian: datang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datəŋ. Compare with Tagalog dating (“arrival”).
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (dātaṃ).

mendatangkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mendatangi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

didatangkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

didatangi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


mati

> Indonesian: mati (inherited)

→ Hokkien: 馬滴 /马滴 (má-tih)

From Proto-Malayic *mati (compare Indonesian mati), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(m-)atay (compare Cebuano matay, Chamorro matai, Fijian mate, Hawaiian make, Ilocano matay, Javanese mati, Kapampangan mate, mete, Malagasy maty, Maori mate, Palauan mad, Rapa Nui mate, Tagalog matay, Tahitian mate), from Proto-Austronesian *(m-)aCay.


guna

Aku guna fon aku ni hanya untuk menelefon mak ayah aku selalunya.

I usually use my phone here just to call my parents.


duga

Indonesian: duga

to measure or gauge the depth of a body of water


masak

From Proto-Malayic *masak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma-esak (“cooked, ripe”).

inh

(transitive) to cook (prepare (food) for eating)

(transitive) to boil, to seethe (of water)


ajak

From Proto-Malayic *ajak, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *azak.

to invite (ask for the presence or participation of someone)


masuk

Indonesian: masuk

From Proto-Malayic *masuk (compare
Indonesian masuk), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
*suk (compare Tagalog pasok), from
Proto-Austronesian *suk.

masuk bilik

(intransitive) To set (of the sun, moon, etc.).

masuk kerja

(transitive) To attend or go to (not be absent).

masuk Islam

(transitive) To be a member of an organizational body (of the military, religion, etc.).

masuk enam tahun

(transitive) To reach (of age, time, etc.).

masuk dalam golongan beriman

masuk peperiksaan

gaji masuk

to have received the salary (lit. "the salary is received")


gali

Indonesian: gali

North Moluccan Malay: gale

From kali, from Proto-Malayic *kali, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kali, from Proto-Austronesian *kalih.

to dig (to move hard-packed earth out of the way)

gali-galian [reduplication + resultative

menggali-gali [reduplication + agent focus]


hadap

head

hadap (Jawi spelling هادڤ, used in the form menghadap)

هادڤ (Jawi)
menghadap (used-in-the-form)

Indonesian: hadap

→ Maranao: hadap

→ Tagalog: harap

From Proto-Malayic *hadəp, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qadəp.
Cognates
Cognate with Javanese adhep, Balinese harep, Sundanese hareup, Iban adap, Dairi Batak adep, Toba Batak adop, Tae' ara', Mandar are', Tagalog harap, Maranao adap, Yakan hap, Tausug alup, Mapun awop, Central Sama alop, Southern Sama alop, Samoan alo, Tongan ʻao, Tuvaluan alo, Rarotongan aro, Maori aro, Hawaiian alo.

(transitive) to face (position oneself/itself towards)

menghadapkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menghadapi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dihadapkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dihadapi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


henti

Indonesian: henti

From Proto-Malayic *hənti, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qəti, from Proto-Austronesian *qəCi.

perhentian [causative passive + resultative

menghentikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dihentikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


panah

Indonesian: panah

From Proto-Malayic *panah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *panaq, from Proto-Austronesian *panaq. Compare with Tagalog pana (“bow”).


pejam

From Proto-Malayic (compare Indonesian pejam), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Fijian moce, Hawaiian moe (“to sleep”), Maori moe (“to sleep”), Rapa Nui moe (“to sleep”), Tahitian moe (“to sleep”)).


tanam

Indonesian: tanam

From Proto-Malayic *tanəm (compare Indonesian tanam), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tanəm (compare Cebuano tanum (“plant”), Chamorro tanom, Samoan tanu), from Proto-Austronesian *CaNəm (“grave, to bury”) (compare Amis tadem).
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (tānaṃ) in the form [script needed] (nitānaṃ).


tangis

From Proto-Malayic *taŋis, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taŋis, from Proto-Austronesian *Caŋis.


tunu

Indonesian: tunu

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tunu, from Proto-Austronesian *CuNuh.

inh+

menunukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditunukan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


beri

head

beri (Jawi spelling بري, formal active memberi, 3rd person passive diberi)

بري (Jawi)
memberi (active formal)
diberi (passive third-person)
berek (alternative)

Indonesian: beri

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *bəri, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bəʀay, from Proto-Austronesian *bəʀay (“to give”).

Adam memberi adiknya duit belanja.

Adam gives his little sibling pocket money.

Jangan beri dia masuk!

(informal, transitive) To allow, to let.


kerja

desctree

> Indonesian: kerja, kerdja (1901–1947, 1947–1972) (inherited)
→ As: kerja

desc

> Peranakan Indonesian: kerdja (inherited)

→ Javanese: ꦏꦼꦂꦗ (kerja)

→ Minangkabau: karajo

From Sanskrit कार्य (kārya), doublet of karya. Compare Prakrit 𑀓𑀚𑁆𑀚 (kajja) and Bengali কার্য (karjo).
Displaced gawai.

mengerjakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dikerjakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

memperkerjakan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

diperkerjakan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]


kunci

Borrowed from Hindi कुंजी (kuñjī, “key”), from Punjabi ਕੁੰਜੀ (kuñjī) / کُنجِی (kunjī), from Sanskrit कुञ्चिका (kuñcikā).

bor+

Minta kunci pintu ini sekejap.


kasi

Wei, kasi aku rasa kentang goreng kau sikit?

Oi, can you let me have a taste of your fries?


kasih

→ Maguindanao: kasih

→ Tagalog: kasi

→ Tausug: kasi

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-qasiq (“mercy, pity, affection”).
First attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (kasīh), in inflected form kasīhan (current spelling kasihan). Sense of "giving" may be semantic extension from the action of loving into repaying or providing reciprocal affection.

inh

mengasihi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

berkasih-kasihan [reduplication + stative


kejam

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Fijian moce, Hawaiian moe (“to sleep”), Indonesian pejam, Maori moe (“to sleep”), Rapa Nui moe (“to sleep”), Tahitian moe (“to sleep”)).


terbang

From Proto-Malayic *-baŋ, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-baŋ.

menerbangkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


umum

From Arabic عُمُوم (ʕumūm, “the public”).

Pemenang akan diumumkan sebentar lagi.

The winner shall be announced in a moment.


warta

> Indonesian: warta (inherited)

Borrowed from Javanese warta (ꦮꦂꦠ), from Old Javanese warta, wṛtta, from Sanskrit वार्त्ता (vārttā). Doublet of berita.


mandi

English: mandi

mandi kerbau

water buffalo bath, to improperly take a bath

mandi safar

an archaic ritual influenced by Hindu customs


impi

Indonesian: impi

From Proto-Malayic *impi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hipi, from Proto-Austronesian *Sipi.

mengimpikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diimpikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


mula

Segalanya bermula di sini.


mula

Mulakan enjin sekarang.

(transitive) to begin, to start, to commence


pecah

Indonesian: pecah

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pəcəq (“break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg”), from Proto-Austronesian *pəcəq (“break into several large pieces”). Cognate with Tagalog pisa and Hawaiian hoa.

Cawan kaca ini pecah disebabkan oleh bunyi yang bernada tinggi itu.

This glass cup broke because of that high-pitched sound.


sarung

> Indonesian: sarung (inherited)

→ Afrikaans: sarong

Chinese:

→ Cantonese: 紗籠 /纱笼 (saa¹ lung⁴)

→ Hakka: 紗籠 /纱笼 (sa¹ long⁵)

→ Min Nan: 紗籠 /纱笼 (sa-lông)

→ Mandarin: 紗籠 /纱笼 (shālóng)

→ Teochew: 紗籠 /纱笼 (sa¹ long⁵)

→ Burmese: သားလှောင် (sa:hlaung)

→ Cebuano: sarong

→ Dutch: saroeng

→ French: sarong

→ Romanian: sarong

→ Spanish: sarong

→ English: sarong

→ Karao: sarong

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saruŋ (“sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon”). Cognate with Javanese ꦱꦫꦸꦁ (sarung).

inh+

menyarungkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menyarungi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disarungkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

disarungi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


erti

head

erti (Jawi spelling ارتي, active mengerti, 3rd person passive dimengerti)

ارتي (Jawi)
mengerti (active)
dimengerti (passive third-person)
reti (alternative informal)

> Indonesian: erti (inherited)

From Sanskrit अर्थ (artha, “meaning”). Doublet of reti and harta.

Saya tak mengerti apa dia katakan.


rotan

→ English: rotan (verb)

From raut + -an, from raut (“to trim, pare down”), doublet of rautan.


sakar

ساکر (Jawi)
syakar (alternative)
sagar (alternative)
syagar (alternative)

From Minangkabau sakar; likely related to cakar (“to claw, to seize”).


susu

From Proto-Malayic *susu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *susu, from Proto-Austronesian *susu.


tahu

تاهو (Jawi)
tau (alternative colloquial)

Indonesian: tahu

From Proto-Malayic *tahu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqu, from Proto-Austronesian *Caqu.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (tāhu).

diketahui [passive + causative benefactive + patient focus]

to know (be certain or sure about something)

Aku tidak tahu.


papar

Indonesian: papar

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *parpar (“flat, level”).

inh

Papar harga

Memapar projek

(obsolete) to conscript someone into the army


derma

head

derma (Jawi spelling درما, active menderma, 3rd person passive diderma)

درما (Jawi)
menderma (active)
diderma (passive third-person)

From Sanskrit धर्म (dharma, “morality, religion, duty, law”).

bor

Datuk saya menderma RM100,000 kepada sekolah ini.

My grandfather donated RM100,000 to this school.


hidup

> Indonesian: hidup (inherited)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *hidup, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *hudip by metathesis, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qudip, from Proto-Austronesian *qudip. Compare also Tagalog hayop (“animal”), which appears to stem from a different formation related to the Austronesian root.
First attested in the Talang Tuo inscription, 684 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (hidup) in the form [script needed] (maṃhidupi) (current spelling menghidupi).


seri

Indonesian: seri, sri

From Sanskrit श्री (śrī). Doublet of sri.

Muka Anya gembira berseri-seri bila dapat tanda bintang pada kertas kerjanya.

Anya's face beamed happily as she received the star mark on her work paper.


pilih

Indonesian: pilih

From Proto-Malayic *pilih, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *piliq, from Proto-Austronesian *piliq.

memilihkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipilihkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

(transitive) to choose (to pick; to make a choice)


sua

(archaic) to thrust or shove something in front of someone


anggap

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *a(ŋ)gap (“to think carefully about, consider”).


taruh

> Baba Malay: taroh (inherited)

> Indonesian: taruh (inherited)

Manado Malay: teru

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *taruh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀuq.

pertaruhan [causative passive + resultative

pertaruhkan [causative passive + causative benefactive]

menaruhkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menaruhi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditaruhkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

ditaruhi [patient focus + causative benefactive]

mempertaruhkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipertaruhkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]

Bubur ni kalau kita taruh lagi banyak lada lagi sedap.

This porridge tastes better if we add more chili.


luak

Cognate with luak, from Proto-Malayic *luah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luaq.


tunjuk

تونجوق (Jawi)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuzuk. Doublet of tujuh.

Tunjukkan kepadaku nama-nama orang yang kamu sayangi.

Show me the names of the people you love.


putus

From Proto-Malayic [Term?], from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian [Term?] (compare Fijian mudu, Maori mutu).

(informal, Malaysian) ellipsis of putus hubungan, to break up a relationship


luah

> Indonesian: luah (inherited)

Cognate with luak, from Proto-Malayic *luah (compare Indonesian luah), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luaq (compare Fijian lua, Malagasy lua, Maori ruaki).


tolong

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuluŋ (“to help, to assist”). Cognate with Tagalog tulong.

inh

tolong-tolongan [reduplication + resultative

pertolongan [causative passive + resultative

menolongi [agent focus + causative benefactive]


takut

> Indonesian: takut (inherited)

From Proto-Malayic *takut (compare Indonesian takut), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *matakut (compare Maori mataku, Rapa Nui mataku, Tagalog takot), from Proto-Austronesian *(ma-)takut.


tumbuh

تومبوه (Jawi)

Indonesian: tumbuh

From Proto-Malayic *tumbuh, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *tumbuh, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tubuq, from Proto-Austronesian *Cubuq.

(intransitive) to grow (to become bigger)


ucap

Indonesian: ucap


tinjau

تينجاو (Jawi)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (compare Maori tiro).

(transitive) To scrutinize; to inspect; to investigate.


tuju

توجو (Jawi)
menuju (active)
menujukan (active)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuzu from *tuzuq (“to indicate, point”), from Proto-Austronesian *tuzuq (“to point at, point out; give directions”). Doublet of tunjuk and tujuh.

inh

(rare) to aim, direct, target at something

to cast sorcery by sending evil spirits towards a particular person


garu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kaʀaw (“to scratch; itch mite, vermin”).

menggarukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menggaru-garu [reduplication + agent focus]

digarukan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

digaru-garu [reduplication + patient focus]

tergaru-garu [reduplication + agentless action]


hatur

head

hatur (Jawi spelling هاتور, used in the form menghatur)

هاتور (Jawi)
menghatur (used-in-the-form)
atur (alternative)
اتور (alternative)
هاتور (alternative)

Aklanon: hátœ

Banjarese: atur

Dairi Batak: atur

Karo Batak: atur

Bau Bidayuh: atur

Berawan: aton

Buginese: atu

Central Melanau: atur

Iban: atur

Indonesian: atur

Javanese: atur

Kapampangan: átul

Kelabit: atur

Mansaka: atol

Maranao: ator

Mongondow: ator

Ngaju: atoh

Sangir: atuleʔ

Tagalog: hatol

Tboli: atul

Tiruray: atur

Western Bukidnon Manobo: atur

From Proto-Malayic *hatur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatuʀ.


duk

Kau duk kat mana sekarang?


sangkut

Indonesian: sangkut

From Proto-Malayic *saŋkut, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saŋkut (“entangled, caught up in, involved, embroiled”).

inh

menyangkutkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disangkutkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

tersangkut-sangkut [reduplication + agentless action]


nak

Saya nak ke tandas sebentar.

(informal, Malaysia, modal auxiliary) contraction of hendak


uap

From Proto-Malayic *uap, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *huab, from Proto-Austronesian *Suab.


baring

berbaring (used-in-the-form)
باريڠ (Jawi)
bareng (alternative)
guring (alternative)


berada

Indonesian: berada

Rumah saya berada di pantai selatan.

Saya berada di Kuala Lumpur.


duduk

ms-verb

duduk (Jawi spelling دودوق, intransitive)

Indonesian: duduk

From Proto-Malayic *duduk, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dukduk.

timpuh

to sit on the floor in a kneeling position

to sit (to be in a position in which the upper body is upright and the legs are supported)

Tetapi terkadang-kadang Abu terasa juga duduk di rumah ada baiknya. Nenek makin rapat dengannya.

2011, A. Samad Said, “Bab 5: Biar Lambat Asal Selamat [Chapter 5: Better Safe Than Sorry]”, in Rumah Rahsia [Secret House], PTS Fortuna Sdn. Bhd., page 37:

However, once in a while Abu also felt that staying at home has its benefits. Grandma would become closer with him.

to sink to the bottom (of sediments of tea, coffee, etc.)

Cikgu peribadinya duduk mengajar sahaja walaupun dia sudah kelihatan mengantuk.

Her personal teacher just kept on teaching even though she had already seemed sleepy.


balas

Indonesian: balas

From Proto-Austronesian *baləs (“to answer, retaliate; reciprocate good or evil”). Cognate with Malagasy valy and Javanese wales.

inh

Anton membalas pertanyaan itu dengan perasaan penuh yakin.

Anton answered the question with full confindence.


sedar

Doublet of sadar, from Proto-Malayic, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sadar.


acan

head

acan (Jawi spelling اچن, active mengacan, 3rd person passive diacan)

اچن (Jawi)
mengacan (active)
diacan (passive third-person)

To mislead (to confuse and throw off an opponent).


acan

(Kedah) To interrupt someone (in a joking manner).


urus

Indonesian: urus

Komodo: uru

Makasar: urusuʔ

Manggarai: urus

to manage (to handle or control a situation or job)


eja

Indonesian: eja

From Persian هجا (hejâ), from Arabic هِجَاء (hijāʔ).


dapat

dapat (Jawi spelling داڤت, active mendapat, 3rd person passive didapat)

داڤت (Jawi)
mendapat (active)
didapat (passive third-person)

North Moluccan Malay: dapa

Adam dapat tersengih sahaja.

Atlit Malaysia dapat meraih dua pingat pada temasya Olimpik 2024.

The Malaysian athletes succeeded in winning two medals at the 2024 Olympic events.

Polis berjaya mendapat maklumat daripada suspek.

The police succeeded in getting intel from the suspect.

Adam mendapat RM10000 daripada kerjanya setiap minggu!

Adam gets RM10000 from his work every week!

Adam tak dapat apa yang diajarkan gurunya.

Adam didn't get what his teacher was teaching.

Cari dia sampai dapat.


liput

Indonesian: liput

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *liput, from Proto-Austronesian *lipuC.

meliputkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

meliputi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diliputkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

diliputi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


reti

Metathesis of erti, from Sanskrit अर्थ (artha, “meaning”). Doublet of erti and harta.

Kau tolong ajar Helen sikit, dia tak reti kendali mesin kita.

You should help teach Helen a bit, she doesn't understand how to operate our machine.

(informal) to understand; alternative form of mengerti


sekat

desc

> Indonesian: sekat (“partition, wall”) (inherited)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *səkat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *səkəd. Compare Toba Batak sohot (“to stop, cease, discontinue”), Ilocano sekkéd (“to come to the end”) and sekdan (“to reserve for future use; to minimize expenses”), and Khmer ស្កាត់ (skat, “to block; to intervene; to suppress”).

m+

tersekat-sekat [reduplication + agentless action]

menyekati [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disekati [patient focus + causative benefactive]


undur

اوندور (Jawi)

Indonesian: undur

From (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *unduD, *undur (“retreat, fall back”). Compare Binukid undud (“to move backwards”).

mengundurkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diundurkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


curi

to steal (to illegally take possession of)


fikir

head

fikir (Jawi spelling فيکير, active memikir, 3rd person passive difikir)

فيکير (Jawi)
memikir (active)
difikir (passive third-person)
pikir (alternative)

desctree

Indonesian: pikir, fikir (nonstandard)
→ Amahai: pikir
→ Angkola Batak: pikir
→ Asilulu: pikir
→ Banggai: pikir
→ Belait: pikir
→ West Makian: pikir

→ Dutch: piekeren

Borrowed from Arabic فِكْر (fikr, “thinking, thought, idea”).


cuba

used to politely order someone to do a task.


dipinta

دڤينتا (Jawi)


sukat

> Indonesian: sukat (inherited)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sukat. Compare Tagalog sukat.

menyukatkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disukatkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


lakon

From Javanese ꦭꦏꦺꦴꦤ꧀ (lakon), also reconstructed as laku + -an. Doublet of lakuan.

melakonkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

melakoni [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dilakonkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dilakoni [patient focus + causative benefactive]


pulun

In the form of memulun-mulun:
(transitive) To fold (of clothes).

In the form of memulun-mulun:
To fold (of clothes).


pakat

Indonesian: pakat

Rebracketing of earlier mupakat, from Arabic موافقة.

bor

Arabic موافقة


turut

Indonesian: turut

Attested in the Hikayat Abdullah, 1840s, as توروت (turut), from Proto-Malayic *turut, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuʀut. Doublet of patut and anut.

turut-turutan [reduplication + resultative

menurutkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menuruti [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diturutkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dituruti [patient focus + causative benefactive]

memperturutkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

memperturut-turutkan [reduplication + causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

diperturutkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]

diperturut-turutkan [reduplication + causative passive focus + causative benefactive]


eksport

head

eksport (Jawi spelling ايکسڤورت, active mengeksport, 3rd person passive dieksport)

ايکسڤورت (Jawi)
mengeksport (active)
dieksport (passive third-person)
ekspot (alternative)
ekspor (alternative Indonesia)

From English export, from Latin exportare.

Produk ini dieksport ke China.

(transitive) To sell goods to a foreign country.

To export:
To sell goods to a foreign country.

(transitive, computing) To send (data) from one program to another.

Kepercayaan Hinduisme dieksport ke Nusantara dari India.

The Hindu faith was exported to Nusantara from India.

(transitive) To cause to spread in another part of the world.


telan

Indonesian: telan

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tələn (“to swallow”). Cognate with Central Dusun tohon and Malagasy telina.

inh

Telan makanan


urut

Indonesian: urut

→ English: urut

mengurutkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diurutkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

memperurutkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

diperurutkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]


salin

> Indonesian: salin (inherited)

desc

→ North Moluccan Malay: saleng (“to pour”)

From (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salin.

persalinan [causative passive + resultative

menyalinkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menyalini [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disalinkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

disalini [patient focus + causative benefactive]

mempersalinkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

mempersalini [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipersalinkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]

dipersalini [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]


naik

> Indonesian: naik (inherited)

From Classical Malay ناءيق (naik), possibly a reduction from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *panahik (“climb”).
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (nāyik).

menaik-menaik [agent focus + reduplication]

menaikkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menaiki [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dinaikkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dinaiki [patient focus + causative benefactive]

to ride in or on something, to travel (in a vehicle)


tipu

> Indonesian: tipu (inherited)

→ Maguindanao: tipu


pigi

Ambonese Malay: pigi

North Moluccan Malay: pigi

Papuan Malay: pigi

Indonesian: pigi

Makka ſa-ůrang lain mů rit-n’ja berkatta kapada dia: Tůanků, beerla aků pigi bertanam Bappaků dahůlů.

1612, Albert Cornelius Ruyl, Translation of the Gospel of Matthew into Malay, 8:21:

And another of his disciples said unto him, Lord, suffer me first to go and bury my father.


arak

Indonesian: arak

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aʀak (“walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other”).

inh

arak-arakan [reduplication + resultative

perarakan [causative passive + resultative


turun

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuRun (“to descend, go down; to lower”). Compare Balinese tuun and Tetum tun.

Kami akan turun ke hilir kejap lagi.

Kemudian saya turun ke Australia.

(intransitive) To go from a higher place to a lower place (in terms of geography).

(intransitive) To go from the countryside to the city.

To go down, to descend.
To go from the countryside to the city.

Kadar faedah akan turun, percayalah aku.

(intransitive) To go down, to descend.
(intransitive) To decrease.

Air laut turun pada waktu petang.

(intransitive) To set (of the sun, moon, etc.).

(figurative, intransitive) To recede (of anger, lust, etc.).

Aku nak turun kat stesen TRX ni.

Para penumpang diminta turun segera dari tren akibat kecemasan.

Passengers are asked to alight immediately from the train due to an emergency.

(ambitransitive) To get off, to alight (of a mode of transport).

(intransitive) To be inherited, to be passed down.

Salji turun semasa musim sejuk.

(intransitive) To fall (of rain, snow, etc.).

(intransitive) To fade (lose colour or brightness).


turun

(transitive) To write down something again.


apit

Indonesian: apit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hapit, from Proto-Austronesian *Sapit (“press together, press between two surfaces”).

memperapitkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]

diperapitkan [causative passive focus + causative benefactive]

bulan Apit: month of Zulkaedah, named after its position between Syawal and Zulhijjah

to squeeze, press or wedge something between two detached or separate surfaces


reken

From Dutch reken, rekenen, from Middle Dutch rēkenen, from Old Dutch *rekanon, from Proto-Germanic *rekanōną, indirectly derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-.


teka

Indonesian: teka

Teka jawaban


tanak

Indonesian: tanak

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *tanək, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tanək, from Proto-Austronesian *taNək (“to cook anything but rice”).

(transitive) to cook (prepare (food) for eating)

tanak-tanakan [reduplication + resultative

menanakkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditanakkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


kehilangan

کهيلڠن (Jawi)

Aqil kehilangan duit belanjanya.


panggang

From Proto-Malayic *paŋgaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paŋgaŋ (“roast over a fire; toast”).

memanggangkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipanggangkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


goreng

Onomatopoeic. Cognate with Javanese ꦒꦺꦴꦫꦺꦁ (goréng).

to fry, to cook something by partial contact woth or full immersion in hot oil

(archaic) to roast grains (rice, nuts) directly on a hot wok or cauldron

Goreng je jawapan tu

Just make some answer up [to that question].

(Malaysia, colloquial) to improvise, to wing, to make stuff up on the spot


goreng

Onomatopoeic, imitating strummed guitar strings.

(Malaysia, music) Chiefly in rock and heavy metal: to shred i.e. play a guitar very fast and in a way that requires technical skill.


maaf

معاف (Jawi)
maap (alternative)
mahap (alternative)

Borrowed from Classical Persian مُعَاف (mu'āf), from Arabic مُعَافًى (muʕāfan).

bor+

Sampai hari kiamat pun aku tak kan maaf dia.

I won't forgive him even until judgement day.


sampai

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sampay₂ (“up to, as far as, until”).

inh

Ayah dah sampai!

Minta sampaikan mesej ini kepada Tey.

to present; to pass something; to convey (as 'sampaikan')


lipat

> Indonesian: lipat (inherited)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *lipət, from Proto-Austronesian *lipət.

melipatkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

melipati [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dilipatkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dilipati [patient focus + causative benefactive]


korek

Indonesian: korék


sayang

Indonesian: sayang

→ English: sayang

→ Hokkien: 捎央, 沙央 (sa-iang)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sayaŋ (“too bad! it’s a pity! what a shame!”).

inh+

ayang (alternative)
yang (alternative)
cayang (alternative childish)
syg (alternative Internet)


tetak

Indonesian: tetak

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *tətək, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təktək, from Proto-Austronesian *təktək (“chopping to pieces, cutting up”).

inh

menetakkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menetaki [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditetakkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

ditetaki [patient focus + causative benefactive]


kembang

From Proto-Malayic *kəmbaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəmbaŋ (compare Sundanese kembang).


adu

From Classical Malay ادو (adu), from Old Malay hadu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *adu (“compete, confront in a contest”). See beradu.

Mereka sedang adu tenaga.

They are currently competing in strength.

Dia adu musuhnya seorang diri.


adu

(Palace Malay, poetic) to sleep. See beradu.


tidur

تيدور (Jawi)
tidok (alternative dialectal)
tiduk (alternative dialectal)

From Proto-Malayic *tidur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuduʀ, (compare Sundanese tunduh, Tagalog tulog), from Proto-Austronesian *tuduʀ.

to sleep (to rest in state of reduced consciousness)


tembak

تيمبق (Jawi)
timbak (alternative obsolete)

From timbak, from Proto-Malayic *timbak, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ti(m)bak.


tuduh

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuzuq₂ (“to point out, instruct”), from Proto-Austronesian *Cuzuq (“index finger”). Doublet of tujuh and tunjuk.

Menteri Kewangan pemerintah Afrika Selatan telah dituduh bahawa beliau telah menyapu duit pembayar cukai.

The Finance Minister of the government of South Africa has been accused of embezzling the taxpayers' money.


baling

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baliŋ.

inh+

(transitive) To throw an object tied to a rope in a way where it is first swung around the head.


bau

head

bau (Jawi spelling باءو, more formal form baui)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *bau, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bahu, *bahuq.

Saya tak boleh bau apa-apa sekarang sebab hidung saya tersumbat.

I can't smell anything now because my nose is stuffy.

(informal, transitive) To smell something.


sedu

Indonesian: sedu

From Proto-Austronesian *sedu (“hiccough”). Doublet of sendu.


cerat

to siphon off liquid, to flow liquid away


iau

From Proto-Austronesian *qiaw (“animal cry”).


tuai

Indonesian: tuai


sembunyi

سمبوڽي (Jawi)

Indonesian: sembunyi

From Proto-Malayic *sAmbuñi, from Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian *sambuni. Doublet of *buni, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buni, from Proto-Austronesian *buNi (“to hide, conceal”).

inh

persembunyian [causative passive + resultative

menyembunyikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disembunyikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


ramas

Indonesian: remas

meramaskan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diramaskan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


sudu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sudu (“spoon, ladle, scoop”). Cognate with Malagasy sotro and Javanese suru. Doublet of sodok and senduk (old form: sendok).


mimpi

Indonesian: mimpi

From Proto-Malayic *mimpi, possibly a contraction of Pre-Malayic *um-impi, which is a derivation from *impi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hipi, from Proto-Austronesian *Sipi.

memimpikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dimimpikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

termimpikan [agentless action + causative benefactive]

termimpi-mimpi [reduplication + agentless action]

termimpi-mimpikan [reduplication + agentless action + causative benefactive]

(intransitive) to dream (to see imaginary events while sleeping)

(intransitive) to dream (to hope, to wish)


alap

From Proto-Malayic *alap, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *alap, from Proto-Austronesian *alap (“fetch, get, take”).
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (alap) in inflected form maṅalap (current spelling mengalap).

(colloquial, Kedah Malay) to gather a fruit using pole (that attached with knife or hook).


rugi

From Sanskrit रोग (roga, “disease, infirmity, sickness”).


tulis

Indonesian: tulis

Unknown. Possibly cognates with Tagalog tulis.

menuliskan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menulisi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dituliskan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

ditulisi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


kasihan

Keji betul dia pukul anjing jalanan tu, ia tak gila pun, sikit pun dia tak nak kasihankan ia.

He hit that street dog hard, it wasn't even rabid, he didn't even give a slight mercy on it.


salur

Indonesian: salur

From Proto-Malayic *salur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saluʀ, from the root *-luʀ.


tenun

Indonesian: tenun

From Proto-Malayic *tənun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tənun, from Proto-Austronesian *tənun (“to weave”).


tegur

head

tegur (Jawi spelling تݢور, formal active menegur, 3rd person active ditegur)

تݢور (Jawi)
menegur (active formal)
ditegur (active third-person)


boleh

بوليه (Jawi)
bulih (alternative obsolete)

Indonesian: boleh

From earlier bulih. The derivation can be reconstructed from Proto-Malayic *mAɣ-ulih via these stages: *mAɣ-ulih > *mar-ulih > *bar-ulih > *bər-ulih (>> beroleh) > *brulih > bulih > boleh, from which the verb was derived. Doublet of beroleh, see also oleh.

Saya boleh menyanyi.

Bolehkah saya pergi ke tandas?

(auxiliary) To have permission to; may, can.

Titah raja, bolehkah keris itu?

The king said, have you acquired the kris?.


batuk

Indonesian: batuk

From Proto-Malayic *batuk, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *batuk.


pijak

Compare Tagalog padyák (“stamp (of feet)”).


benci

Indonesian: benci

Compare Fijian bese, Proto-Polynesian *fesi.

membencikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dibencikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

terbencikan [agentless action + causative benefactive]


kira

According to Dempwolf (1938), from Proto-Austronesian *kira (“‘to presume, surmise, suspect’”).

inh

to count (to enumerate or determine number)


riki

Hari ni umie nak kuar riki tempat..u all tau riki tu apa?

2010 June 25, Umie, “Riki Tempat..”, in Blogger, archived from the original on 2019-12-02:

Umie want to go out today to survey a place..Do y'all know what's 'riki'?

(Malaysia, chiefly Klang Valley, slang) to survey


regas

(transitive) To cut (of grass, fur, etc.).


ganti

> Indonesian: ganti (inherited)

→ Tausug: ganti'


kacau

> Indonesian: kacau (inherited)

→ English: kacau

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kacaw (“to disturb”).

inh+

(intransitive) to stir (to disturb the relative position of the particles of, as of a liquid, by passing something through it); to make disorderly, confused

(intransitive, figurative) to disturb; to agitate; to stir


libat

head

libat (used in the form melibat, Jawi spelling مليبت)

Ular itu melibat pada cabang pokok itu.

That snake is wrapped around the tree branch.


previu

ڤريۏيو (Jawi)


belah

Indonesian: belah

From Proto-Austronesian *bəlaq (“part of something split”). Cognate with Javanese belah.

inh

Pak Tua membelah papan kayu itu dengan tangannya sahaja.

Uncle Tua split that wooden board with only his hands.


tonton

تونتون (Jawi)

Indonesian: tonton

Doublet of tuntun by semantic evolution from “to lead, to come along while holding one's hand” > “to flock people to somewhere” > “to watch [a spectacle etc]” also influenced by Javanese ꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ (tonton). See tuntun for more details.

Mathan tengah tonton apa sekarang?

to view; to watch (live and theatrical performances, television, film etc.)


tunda

Indonesian: tunda

From Javanese ꦠꦸꦤ꧀ꦝ (tundha, “to pass”), from Old Javanese tuṇḍa (“layer; succession, shift”) (cf. ta- + *uṇḍa (“to raise”)).


andam

Indonesian: andam

From Classical Malay اندم (andam), from Persian [Term?].

(Ketapang, archaic) Alternative spelling of dandan


tudung

تودوڠ (Jawi)
tuds (alternative Internet abbreviation)
tdg (alternative Internet abbreviation)
tudong (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

> Indonesian: tudung (inherited)

→ English: tudung

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tuduŋ (“head cover, protection from sun or rain”).

inh

Tudung kuih itu sekarang!

to close or cover something (e.g. a container, a bottle, food)


biling

From Proto-Malayic *biliŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *biliŋ.


setuju

Aku setuju!


jadi

head

jadi (Jawi spelling جادي, used in the form menjadi)

Indonesian: jadi

→ Tagalog: yari ?

Unknown
* From Sanskrit जाति (jāti, “birth”). Doublet of jati and jelata.
* Or probably cognate with Old Javanese dadi (“to become”) (compare Javanese ꦢꦢꦶ (dadi)).
* From Proto-Malayic *ɟadi. Cognate with Malagasy zary.

menjadikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dijadikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

menjadi-jadi [reduplication + agent focus]

Dia akan menjadi seorang guru

Beri saya wang, jadi saya dapat membeli sebuah buku komik

Dia mahukan sebuah buku, jadi dia pergi ke perpustakaan

He wanted a book, so he went to the library

(grammar) so (in order that, for that reason)


dulang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dulaŋ (“tray or low table”).


gigit

head

gigit (active menggigit, passive digigit)

Indonesian: gigit

North Moluccan Malay: gigi

From Proto-Malayic *gigit, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *gitgit.

(transitive) to bite (to cut off a piece by clamping the teeth)


sisi

Minta encik menyisi sedikit, boleh?

Mister, can you move a bit to the side, please?


tukar

From Proto-Malayic *tukər. Cf. Toba Batak tuhor (“to buy”), Javanese tuku (“to buy”).

Clark Kent bertukar menjadi Superman.

to change (the process of becoming different)


tukar

menukar nama

menukar tayar


tukar

menukarkan tayar

menukarkan tayar

to transform (change something into another)

Saya akan ditukarkan ke Singapura.

to transfer (reassign someone to another place)


palu

Indonesian: palu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *palu (“to hammer, to hit with a hard implement”), from Proto-Austronesian *palu (“to hammer, pound, hit”). Cognate with Tagalog palo and Javanese palu.

inh

Ali memalu Adi sebagai balasan kepada kekecamannya semasa zaman persekolahan dahulu.

Ali's hitting Adi as a form of revenge for his bullying during their school days.


cium

Indonesian: cium

Compare Hokkien 唚 /吣 (chim, “to kiss”) and Bahnar chŭm (“to kiss”).

perciuman [causative passive + resultative

menciumi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diciumi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


plagiat

head

plagiat (Jawi spelling ڤلاݢيات, active memplagiat, 3rd person passive diplagiat)

ڤلاݢيات (Jawi)
memplagiat (active)
diplagiat (passive third-person)

Borrowed from Dutch plagiaat (possibly through Indonesian plagiat), from French plagiat.


tawar

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tawaD (“to bargain, haggle over the price”). Compare Malay táwad (“discount; bargaining; asking for a discount; haggling over prices”).

cog

Cuba tawarkan air teh kat atuk.


hapus

Indonesian: hapus

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qa(m)pus (“come to an end, be destroyed”). Doublet of mampus. Compare Sundanese apus (“easily go out, extinguished (fire)”).

cog

Hapuskan sesiapa sahaja yang mengkhianati kesultanan beta!

Destroy all those who betrayed my kingdom!


tetas

Indonesian: tetas

From Proto-Austronesian *tastas (“sever, cut through, rip out stitches”).

inh

menetaskan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditetaskan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

(intransitive) to hatch (to emerge from an egg)

(transitive, sewing) to unstitch; to rip out (the seams of a garment)


regat

To cross in a straight line (of a road, river, etc.).


ikat

Indonesian: ikat

→ Tok Pisin: ika

From Proto-Malayic *ikət, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hikət, from Proto-Austronesian *Sikət (“tie, bind, attach to by tying”).

perikatan [causative passive + resultative


belek

to look carefully esp. at a close distance from the naked eye

to rummage or scour through pages of books, letters etc


mampus

From Proto-Malayic *mampus, probably from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ma- + *qa(m)pus (“come to an end, be destroyed”). Doublet of hapus. Compare Sundanese apus (“easily go out, extinguished (fire)”).


strim

head

strim (Jawi spelling ستريم, active menstrim or mengestrim, 3rd person passive distrim)

ستريم (Jawi)
menstrim (active)
mengestrim (active)
distrim (passive third-person)

Borrowed from English stream, from Middle English streem, strem, from Old English strēam, from Proto-West Germanic *straum, from Proto-Germanic *straumaz (“stream”), from Proto-Indo-European *srowmos (“river”), from Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”).

Strim siri ini sekarang di Netflix.

(Internet) To push continuous data (e.g. music) from a server to a client computer while it is being used (played) on the client.

Dia kerap menstrim permainan ini di YouTube.

He/She often streams this game on YouTube.

(transitive) To stream:
(Internet) To livestream.


halang

Indonesian: halang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qalaŋ (“obstruct, lie across or athwart”). Compare Tagalog harang.

inh

Dinding banjir tidak berjaya menghalang air yang semakin meningkat parasnya.

The flood wall didn't succeed in blocking the rising water.


sakau

From sakar (“to rob, robbery”) – through rhotacism of final /r/ prominent in the Malaccan dialect – from Minangkabau sakar; sakar itself likely related to cakar (“to claw, to seize”).

(Malaysia, informal) to snatch, to rob, to steal


taip

menaipkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


patik

From Proto-Malayic *pətik, from Proto-Austronesian *pəCik (“snap, as the fingers or a slingshot”). Compare with Tagalog pitik.


bawang

Ultimately from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *bawaŋ (“garlic, onion”).
Sense of "gossiping" attested from 2017 to refer to scenarios of old ladies gossiping while peeling onions in preparation for communal cooking (kenduri), by association of verb kupas meaning not only "to peel" but also "to get to the bottom of something".

(Malaysia, figuratively) to be angry; see membawang

Apa yang diorang bawangkan tu?


peras

Indonesian: peras


cadang

Indonesian: cadang


selam

From Proto-Austronesian *selem₁ (“sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun”). Compare Bikol Central salom and Cebuano salom.

Itam telah menyelam ke dalam kolam itu seorang diri.


reda

Indonesian: reda

to be almost finished, to be almost over, to be almost vanished


pendar

(intransitive, photography) to pan (of cameras)


uji

Indonesian: uji

From Proto-Malayic *uji, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *uzi (“test, assay, examine”).

Hari ini, cikgu akan menguji pengetahun am awak semua.

Today, I will test your general knowledge skills.


salak

head

salak (Jawi spelling سالق, used in the form menyalak)


rehat

Indonesian: rehat

Rehatlah dahulu.


bilang

Indonesian: bilang

From Proto-Austronesian *bilaŋ (“to count, calculate; hold valuable”). Compare Old Javanese wilaṅ and Tagalog bilang.


cerai

From (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ceray (“part, separate, divide”). Compare with Maranao seray.


rakam

راقم (Jawi)
رقم (Jawi)
rekam (alternative)


kawat

Borrowed from Arabic قَوَاعِد (qawāʕid, “rule, pattern”). Doublet of kawad and kaedah.

bor

(Malaysia) to march in a single file or line


pijat

From Javanese pijet (ꦥꦶꦗꦼꦠ꧀, “massage”).


jawab

Indonesian: jawab

Etymology tree
Arabic جَوَاب (jawāb)bor.
Malay jawab
Borrowed from Arabic جَوَاب (jawāb).

etymon

Bagaimanakah kamu menjawab soalan nombor 10?

Apakah cara yang betul untuk menjawab komen-komen kurang ajar di media sosial?

What is the correct way to respond to mean comments on social media?


rawat

perawatan [causative passive + resultative

merawati [agent focus + causative benefactive]


mampu

From earlier empu + ma-, possibly via Javanese ꦩꦩ꧀ꦥꦸ (mampu).

Siapalah yang mampu membeli rumah sekarang?

Adam hanya mampu mengiakan permintaan kawannya.

Adam could only say yes to his friend's request.


tampar

to hit with the palm of the hand; to slap; to pat


hadir

Indonesian: hadir

Firdaus hadirkah?


selar

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *saŋelaʀ, compare Tetum sona.


buai

Indonesian: buai

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buqay, a variant of *bui (“to swing”). Cognate with Binukid buay (“to swing back and forth”).

cog

membuaikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

terbuai-buai [reduplication + agentless action]


arah

(transitive) to order someone to do something


kesalahan

کسالهن (Jawi)


diam

mendiami [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mengediami [intensity + agent focus + causative benefactive]


hias

> Indonesian: hias (inherited)

Cognate with Old Javanese hyas (“ornaments”).


repet

répét (canonical)
ريڤيت (Jawi)
repek (alternative)

To talk incessantly and frivolously; to babble, to prattle, to chatter.


percit

Indonesian: percit

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pe(R)cit (“squeeze, squirt out”). Cognate with Hanunoo pusít (“spurt, spurting, as of blood”) and Gela posi (“squeeze out”).

cog

Banyak darah memercit dari luka itu.

A lot of blood spurted out from that wound.

(intransitive) to spurt out; to gush out

Memercit sos

(transitive) to squirt out; to squeeze out


balek

(Riau, Siak, Tembilahan) Alternative spelling of balik (“to return, to turn”)


kikis

From Proto-Austronesian *kiskis (“to shave, scrape off”). Compare Malagasy hihi.

inh

scraping down (asperities off wood, barnacles off a ship’s bottom, fleecing; not of fine work like sandpapering, but of scratching a sore or holding a knife at right angles to a wooden surface and scraping

to remove something with a sharp object (e.g. knife etc.)


bikin

Borrowed from Betawi bikin, from békin, from early Batavian Malay baik + -in – comparable to baiki ~ membaiki (“to fix, to repair, to make good”), and beki (“ibid.”) variant known in Kelantan, Coastal Terengganu and Selangor dialects with the suffix fossilized.

Filem Mahsuri yang dibikin dalam tatawarna telah pun di-terima balek dari England beberapa hari yang lalu.

1959 March 20, “Mahsuri sudah siap”, in Berita Harian, page 7:

The Mahsuri film that had been produced in colour has been received back from England a few days ago.

(Singapore, Malaysia) make, create, produce

Kelantan–Pattani Malay
Selangor
Terengganu Malay


edar

Indonesian: édar

Probably from Proto-Mon-Khmer *ʔdər. Compare Old Javanese idĕr, Javanese ꦲꦶꦢꦼꦂ (ider, “to turn, to revolve”).

cog

peredaran [causative passive + resultative

mengedarkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mengedari [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diedarkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

diedari [patient focus + causative benefactive]


tiba

Indonesian: tiba

Kami tiba di stesen pada waktu tengah hari.

Musim tengkujuh sudah tiba.

Sudah tiba masanya untuk revolusi.


putar

Indonesian: putar

From Proto-Malayic *putər (compare Indonesian putar), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *putəʀ.

(intransitive) to turn (move around an axis through itself)


kupas

> Indonesian: kupas (inherited)

kupas epal

kupas lirik

to analyse (an essay, opinion, issue, etc.)


kupas

ms-verb

Clipping of <i class="Latn mention" lang="ms">mengupas</i>

Saya tak reti kupas epal.

(informal) Alternative form of mengupas.


seret

Ccompare Javanese ꦱꦺꦫꦺꦠ꧀ (sèrèt, “drag”)).


bisa

> Indonesian: bisa (inherited)

From Javanese ꦧꦶꦱ (bisa, “capable, smart”). Attested in 1901.

Saya bisa berbahasa Inggeris.


ampu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əmpu. Doublet of empu.


atur

head

atur (Jawi spelling اتور, used in the form mengatur)

اتور (Jawi)
mengatur (used-in-the-form)
hatur (alternative uncommon)

Indonesian: atur

From earlier hatur, from Proto-Malayic *hatur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qatuʀ.


tarok

(Pontianak) Alternative spelling of taruh (“to put”)


halau

halau (Jawi spelling هالاو, used in the form menghalau)

هالاو (Jawi)
menghalau (used-in-the-form)

From Proto-Malayic *halaw, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *halaw, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *halaw, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *halaw.

to drive away (to force someone to leave)


usir

From Proto-Malayic *husir, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *husir, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *husir, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qusiʀ, from Proto-Austronesian *qusiʀ.


peduli

Indonesian: peduli

→ Tausug: paruli

From Arabic فُضُولِيّ (fuḍūliyy, “curious; meddlesome”).

bor

dipedulikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


padam

Indonesian: padam

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *padəm (“to extinguish, douse a fire”).

inh

memadamkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipadamkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


capai

Dia bekerja sungguh-sungguh untuk mencapai cita-citanya.

He works really hard to achieve his dreams.

Ali mencuba capai buah yang di hujung dahan itu.

Ali tried to get a hold of the apple at the edge of the branch.

to hold or get an object by reaching out to it using one's hand.

Umurnya sudah hampir mencapai 100 tahun.

His age is nearly reaching a 100 years old.


tekan

Indonesian: tekan

→ English: tekan

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *təkən (“downward pressure; bamboo punting pole”). Cognate with Tagalog tikin (“a bamboo pole for propelling boats in shallow streams”).

cog

Tekan butang tu, cepat!

Cik Farid ditekankan untuk menandatangani kontrak tersebut.

Mr. Farid was pressurised into signing the contract.


soal

Indonesian: soal

Polis sedang menyoal suspek tentang rompakan itu.

The police are interrogating the suspect about the robbery.


sapu

> Indonesian: sapu (inherited)

→ English: sapu

From Proto-Malayic *sapu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sapu (“to wipe off or brush off; broom”).

inh

menyapukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disapukan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


buat

head

buat (used in the form membuat, and berbuat)

membuat (used-in-the-form)
berbuat (used-in-the-form)
boat (alternative)
boeat (alternative)
buwat (alternative)

Indonesian: buat

From Proto-Malayic *buat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buhat.
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (vuat) in inflected form marvuat (current spelling berbuat).


faham

Indonesian: faham → paham

→ Urak Lawoi': ปาฮับ (pahap)

Etymology tree
Arabic فَهْم (fahm)bor.
Malay faham
Borrowed from Arabic فَهْم (fahm).


pacu

Indonesian: pacu


lepas

Indonesian: lepas

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ləpas.
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (lapas), in inflected form marlapas (current spelling berlepas).


batang

Cognate of Balinese ᬯᬵᬢᬂ (watang, “cause”), Javanese ꦧꦠꦁ (batang, “to answer”).


payung

Indonesian: payung

→ Dutch: pajong

→ Palauan: baeong

From Proto-Malayic *payuŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *payuŋ (compare Cia-Cia 빠우 (ppa'u), Tagalog payong).
The sense of "treating" is attested at least from 2015, popularize by the tagline jangan kata abang tak payung.

Kami datang dengan berpayung ke mari.

Dia hanya berjalan berpayungkan langit dan awan.

He walks only under the shade of the sky and clouds.

To use as shelter; (poetic) to be under the shade of something.

Pohon ara itu tumbuh memayungi jalan.

(figuratively) To cover and provide shade or shelter

Jom makan, hari ni aku payung.

Kali ini, aku payung gambar kucing aku tengah tidur.

This time, I will show a picture of my cat sleeping.

(slang, Internet) to show something or share a picture, video etc (in sense of treating)


alir

From Proto-Malayic *halir, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qaliʀ, from the root *-liʀ.


renang

head

renang (used in the forms berenang, and merenangi)

Indonesian: renang

From Proto-Malayic *rənaŋ (compare Indonesian renang). Adelaar (1992) proposes a derivation from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *naŋuy via these stages: *maʀ-naŋuy > *mAr-naŋi > *mArənaŋ-i > berenang, from which the verb was derived.

Dia sedang berenang di kolam itu.

Dia akan merenangi sungai itu.

(transitive) to swim (to traverse a specific body of water, or a specific distance)


gelut

Indonesian: gelut


belok

Indonesian: belok

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *biluk (“to wind, curve, turn to the side; to tack, sail into the wind”). Compare Javanese biluk.

inh

Belok ke kiri bila kau sampai simpang T.

Take a right turn when you reach the T-junction.

membelokkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]


muntah

Indonesian: muntah

From Proto-Malayic *muntah, *mutah (compare Indonesian muntah), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *utaq, from Proto-Austronesian *utaq.


ludah

Indonesian: ludah

North Moluccan Malay: luda

From Proto-Malayic *ludah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ludaq.

(intransitive) to spit (to evacuate saliva from the mouth)


kunyah

Indonesian: kunyah

From Proto-Malayic *kuñah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ŋuya. Compare Tagalog nguya and Coastal Kadazan kuza'.

(transitive) to chew or munch (to crush food with teeth prior to swallowing)

mengunyahkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dikunyahkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


mamah

Indonesian: mamah

→ Manado Malay: mama

From Proto-Malayic *mamah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mamaq.

(transitive) to chew, to masticate, to munch

memamahkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dimamahkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


hisap

head

hisap (Jawi spelling هيسڤ, active menghisap, 3rd person passive dihisap)

هيسڤ (Jawi)
menghisap (active)
dihisap (passive third-person)

Indonesian: hisap

From Proto-Malayic *hisəp, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *hisəp, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *hisəp, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qisəp, from the root *-səp.

hisap rokok

(transitive) to suck; to use the mouth to pull something in (of one's thumb, opium-smoking, tobacco-smoking, etc.)


sedut

(transitive) to suck (to use the mouth to pull in (liquid etc))


hitung

hitung (Jawi spelling هيتوڠ, active menghitung, passive dihitung)

هيتوڠ (Jawi)
menghitung (active)
dihitung (passive)

Indonesian: hitung

From Proto-Malayic *hituŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qituŋ (“consider, think about”).

inh

to count (to enumerate or determine number)

perhitungan [causative passive + resultative

memperhitungkan [causative agent focus + causative benefactive]


beleng

From biling, from Proto-Malayic *biliŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *biliŋ.


kuap

Indonesian: kuap (“yawning”)

From Proto-Malayic *uap, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *huab, from Proto-Austronesian *Suab. The initial k- is hard to explain, though according to Adelaar (1992) it must have arisen through these stages: *ma-uap > *ma-ŋuap from which dialectal nguap can be found. Prentice alternatively suggests a derivation from *kA-uap with loss of the first vowel.

terkuap-kuap [reduplication + agentless action]


inap

Indonesian: inap

From Proto-Malayic *hinəp, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qinəp.

Saya akan menginap di hotel ini.

I will be staying and sleeping in this hotel.

to stay and sleep (in a particular place)


luang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *luaŋ, from Proto-Austronesian *luaŋ (“hole in the ground; wide open space”). Doublet of lowong and lubang.

to abate, to recede, to be still (of weather)


rindu

Indonesian: rindu

merindu-rindui [reduplication + causative benefactive + agent focus]

merindukan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

merindui [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dirindukan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dirindui [patient focus + causative benefactive]


bawa

باوا (Jawi)
bak (alternative slang)
bawak (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

From Classical Malay bawa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baba₁, from Proto-Austronesian *baba₁. Compare to Old Javanese wawa (“to bring, to carry”).
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (mava) in inflected form mamāwa.

cog

Tolong bawa saya ke sana.

to take or lead someone to a certain place.

Bawa elok-elok kereta di jalan.


ukur

→ Balinese: ukur

→ Iban: ukur

Indonesian: ukur

→ Old Javanese: ukur

→ Ngaju: ukur

to measure (ascertain the quantity of a unit)


salor

head

salor (1927 - 1972, used in the form manyalor)


gelak

to laugh (show mirth by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face and emission of sounds)


kena

کنا (Jawi)
kene (alternative dialectal informal)

→ English: kena

Indonesian: kena

From Classical Malay کنا (kena), from Old Malay [script needed] (knā), from Proto-Malayic *kəna, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kəna, from Proto-Austronesian *kəNa (“be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true”)

inh

mengenakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dikenakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

to incur, to bring upon oneself, to be touched adversely

to contact, to experience, to exactly touch or hit off

to be exact, to be accurate, to be precise


habis

Baba Malay: habis

Indonesian: habis

From (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qabis.

menghabiskan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menghabisi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dihabiskan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dihabisi [patient focus + causative benefactive]

terhabiskan [agentless action + causative benefactive]

berhabis-habisan [reduplication + stative

habis-habisan [reduplication + repetition


angkat

head

angkat (Jawi spelling اڠکت, active mengangkat, passive diangkat)

اڠکت (Jawi)
mengangkat (active)
diangkat (passive)

From Proto-Malayic *aŋkat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aŋkat.


alih

alih (Jawi spelling اليه, used in the form beralih)

From Proto-Malayic *alih, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aliq.

(intransitive) to move (to change place or posture; to go)

peralihan

transfer (e.g. of power, state of matter)


ريسو

ريساو ريساو#Malay


ambang

ambang (Jawi spelling امبڠ, used in the form mengambang)

امبڠ (Jawi)
mengambang (used-in-the-form)

Indonesian: ambang

From Proto-Malayic *hambaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qabaŋ.


hantar

hantar (Jawi spelling هنتر, active menghantar, passive dihantar)

هنتر (Jawi)
menghantar (active)
dihantar (passive)

Indonesian: hantar

From Proto-Malayic *hantar, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hateD, from Proto-Austronesian *SateD.

(intransitive) to deliver (bring or transport something to its destination)


salang

Indonesian: salang


panggil

panggil (Jawi spelling ڤڠݢيل, active memanggil, 3rd person passive dipanggil)

ڤڠݢيل (Jawi)
memanggil (active)
dipanggil (passive third-person)

Indonesian: panggil

North Moluccan Malay: pangge

From Proto-Malayic *paŋgil, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *paŋgil.

Pelan saya adalah untuk memanggil kawan zaman sekolah menengah saya sekali.

My plan is to invite my friends from my secondary school days too.

Ayah memanggil Adam, tetapi tidak datang juga dia.

Dad called Adam, but he still didn't come.

Tembikai dipanggil "timun cina" di Kelantan.

Watermelons are called "timun cina" in Kelantan.


tambah

bertambah-tambah [reduplication + stative

menambahi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menambahkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

pertambahan [causative passive + resultative

arithmetic operation
arithmetic operation#English

(mathematics) to add (to perform the arithmetic operation of addition)


rentak

A rebracketing of berentak (from ber- + entak related to hentak and antak).

(obsolete) to stomp from excitement or anger


ayut

ayut (Jawi spelling ايوت, used in the form mengayut)

ايوت (Jawi)
mengayut (used-in-the-form)
ayuk (alternative)

Indonesian: ayut, ayuk

From Proto-Malayic *ayut, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ayut, *ayud.

to copulate (to engage in sexual intercourse)


ayuk

ayuk (Jawi spelling ايوق, used in the form mengayuk)

ايوق (Jawi)
mengayuk (used-in-the-form)
ayut (alternative)
ايوت (alternative)
ايوق (alternative)


agak

Balinese: agak

Dairi Batak: agak

Karo Batak: agak

Toba Batak: agak

Indonesian: agak

Javanese: agak

Rejang: agak

Simeulue: agak

to guess (to solve by a correct conjecture)


ماکن

Jawi spelling of makan.: to eat (consume)


kayau

Indonesian: kayau

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ŋayaw, possibly via Iban kayau.


sembur

From Proto-Malayic *-bur, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-buʀ.

to spray (to project a liquid in a disperse manner)


darat

darat (Jawi spelling دارت, used in the form mendarat)

From Proto-Malayic *darat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *daʀat.

to land (to descend to a surface, especially from the air)

to land (to arrive at land, especially a shore, or a dock, from a body of water)

one part of land owned and controlled by one or more persons that have no bodies of water


gonggong

ݢوڠݢوڠ (Jawi)

Anjing itu menggonggong sebatang tulang.


pandu

From Old Javanese paṇḍo (“female attendant or servant”).
Sense of guide from semantic loan from Dutch padvinder coined by Indonesian statesman Agus Salim in 1928.

coinage

(obsolete) to clear the forest of any brushwood and weeds for farming land


mengabu

From Proto-Malayic *mAŋ-(h)abu(s), from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maŋ-(h)abu(s), from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maŋ-(h)abu(s), from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maŋ-(q)abu(s). By surface analysis, meng- + abu.

(intransitive) to bear a resemblance to ash


مڠابو

From Proto-Malayic *mAŋ-(h)abu(s), from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maŋ-(h)abu(s), from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maŋ-(h)abu(s), from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maŋ-(q)abu(s).
Equivalent to مڠـ (meng-) + ابو (abu).


mengaduh

مڠادوه (Jawi)

From Proto-Malayic *mAŋ-aduh, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maŋ-aduh, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maŋ-aduh.
Equivalent to meng- + aduh.


مڠادوه

From Proto-Malayic *mAŋ-aduh, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *maŋ-aduh, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *maŋ-aduh.
Equivalent to مڠـ (meng-) + ادوه (aduh).


buang

→ English: buang

> Indonesian: buang (inherited)


berus

head

berus (Jawi spelling بروس, formal active memberus, 3rd person passive diberus)

بروس (Jawi)
memberus (active formal)
diberus (passive third-person)


tarik

to pull (apply force to (something) so it comes towards one)


utus

From Proto-Malayic *utus, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *utus, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *utus, from (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *utus.

to delegate (to commit a task to someone)


usung

From Proto-Malayic *husuŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qusuŋ.

to carry (to transport (coffin, stretcher, litter, etc) by lifting)


usik

From Proto-Malayic *usik, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *usik, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *usik, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *usik.

(transitive) to disturb (confuse or irritate)


serap

Indonesian: serap

From Proto-Malayic *sərəp, possibly from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *səʀəp (“to penetrate”). Cognate with Manggarai cerep.

inh

to absorb (to include so that it no longer has separate existence)


ulang

Indonesian: ulang

→ Kambera: ulangu

From Proto-Malayic *ulaŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ulaŋ, from Proto-Austronesian *ulaŋ.


hormat

Indonesian: hormat

→ Tausug: hulmat

Borrowed from Arabic حُرْمَة (ḥurma, “honour, dignity, good name”).


rubah

Rebracketing of berubah (ber- + ubah) as (be- + rubah ). Cognates with Old Javanese uwah and Javanese owah.

Buku ini telah merubah hidupku.


terima

Indonesian: terima

Peranakan Indonesian: trima

→ Iban: terima

→ Tagalog: talima

→ Tausug: tayma'

From Old Javanese tarima (“receiving, accepting; gratefulness”), from Sanskrit तारिम (tārima).


alah

From Proto-Malayic *alah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *alaq.

mengalahi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mengalahkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

teralahkan [agentless action + causative benefactive]


lancar

Roket akan dilancarkan dalam satu minit.


jemput

> Indonesian: jemput (inherited)


terang

Ilmu menerangi kehidupan kita.


terang

> Indonesian: terang (inherited)

→ Iban: terang

→ West Makian: terang

Biar saya terangkan pada kamu.


kendong

Yang dikejar tak dapat, yang dikendong berciciran.

The pursued is not acquired, the held is dropped. (proverb)

carry, hold (in a pouch or cloth strapped to the body)


sabda

Tuhan pernah bersabda...

Sabda Musa...


dendam

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəmdəm, compare with idam.


dendam

Indonesian: dêndam

→ Tagalog: damdam

mendendamkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

mendendami [agent focus + causative benefactive]

berdendam-dendaman [reduplication + stative


balas dendam

> Indonesian: balas dendam (inherited)

Aku membalas dendam padanya atas perbuatannya pada kekasihku.

I seek revenge upon him for what he did to my lover.


idam

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dəmdəm, compare dendam.

Cepatlah masak, anak-anak kita tengah mengidam.

(intransitive) to crave something during pregnancy


idam

Saya mengidamkan sebuah kereta yang baharu.

(transitive) to desire for, to like to have, to want


siang

Borrowed from Javanese ꦱꦶꦪꦁ (siyang), from Old Javanese siyaṅ (“daytime”).

Act of removing fish scales and gills for cooking.


dandan

Indonesian: dandan


babi buta

head

babi buta (used in the form membabi buta)

From babi (“pig”) + buta (“blind”); literally, "to be like a blind pig".


muat turun

muat turun (Jawi spelling موات تورون, formal active memuat turun, 3rd person passive dimuat turun)

موات تورون (Jawi)
memuat turun (active formal)
dimuat turun (passive third-person)


muat naik

موات ناءيق (Jawi)


muat

Indonesian: muat

memuatkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

memuati [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dimuatkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dimuati [patient focus + causative benefactive]

termuatkan [agentless action + causative benefactive]

termuati [agentless action + causative benefactive]

(intransitive) to fit in (be physically capable of going into a space)


istirahat

استراهت (Jawi)

Indonesian: istirahat

Borrowed from Arabic اِسْتِرَاحَة (istirāḥa).

bor+

اِسْتِرَاحَة


kentut

کنتوت (Jawi)
kentot (alternative)
kontut (alternative)

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *kəntut, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qətut, from Proto-Austronesian *qətut; compare Tagalog utót (“fart”). The initial k- for *h- is unexpected. According to the Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, the form may have been derived via *ka-qətut > *ka-hətut > kəntut, however the loss of *h is unexplained.


senyum

Indonesian: senyum

Possibly derived from Proto-Mon-Khmer [Term?]. Compare Khmer ញញឹម (ñɔɔñɔñɨm), Lao ຍິ້ມ (nyim), Semai nyim, Shan ယုမ်ႉ (yṵ̂m), Thai ยิ้ม (yím).

cog

Khmer ញញឹម (ñɔɔñɔñɨm)

Senyum selalu.


pegi

(Johor-Riau, Kelantan-Pattani, Pontianak, Siak–Pekanbaru, Tembilahan, Terengganu) Alternative spelling of pergi.


abar

head

abar (Jawi spelling ابر, formal active mengabar, 3rd person passive diabar)

ابر (Jawi)
mengabar (active formal)
diabar (passive third-person)

Indonesian: abar


sumpah

There are two main theories as to its etymology:
* From Western Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sumpaq. Cognate with Tagalog sumpa and Javanese sumpah.
* From Old Javanese sumpah (“oath, imprecation”), śumāpa (“to curse”), śāpa (“curse, malediction, abuse, oath, imprecation”) + -um- (“active, indicative verb”), from Sanskrit शाप (śāpa, “curse, oath”).
First attested in the Telaga Batu inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay [script needed] (sumpaḥ).

infix

Aku sumpah, aku tak tidur dengan suami kau!

I swear I didn't sleep with your husband!

Sambil dihukum mati, Mahsuri menyumpah Langkawi supaya tidak aman selama tujuh keturunan.

As she was executed, Mahsuri cursed Langkawi to seven generations of unrest.


pinjam

Indonesian: pinjam

→ Tok Pisin: piga

From Classical Malay ڤينجم (pinjam), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hinzam, a variant of *həzam, from Proto-Austronesian *Səzam. Compare Tagalog hirám (“borrowing”). The initial /p-/ is possibly influenced by the prefix per-.

meminjamkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

meminjami [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipinjamkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

dipinjami [patient focus + causative benefactive]


dirgahayu

ديرݢاهايو (Jawi)

Borrowed from Sanskrit दीर्घ (dīrghá, “long”) + आयु (āyu, “live”).

Dirgahayu bangsaku


menurut

From Classical Malay menurut. Equivalent to meng- + turut.


balut

> Indonesian: balut (inherited)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balut₂. Compare Tagalog balot.


hafal

der

Arabic حَافِظ


abuk

Imperative or first-person and second-person passive of mengabuk.


hentam

هنتم (Jawi)
hantam (alternative)
hantam (alternative)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qantəm (“beat, thrash”).

inh

Alex menghentam bantalnya untuk melepaskan perasaan geramnya.

Alex is hitting his pillow to release his anger.

Kereta itu terhentam dengan lori yang jauh lebih besar daripadanya.

That car collided with a lorry that is way bigger than itself.

to collide with an object with strong force

Haikal menghentam sahaja menjawab soalan peperiksaan.

Haikal just answered the questions in the exam without much thought.

to do a task without thinking about the consequences


mengabsen

مڠبسين (Jawi)

Borrowed from Indonesian mengabsen, by surface analysis, meng- + absen.

(Indonesia) To call out people's name to find out or determine who is not present.


jahanam

Kereta aku telah dijahanamkan oleh pencuri.

The thieves have utterly destroyed my car.

bukti-bukti yang menjahanamkan


jahat

From Proto-Malayic *jahat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zaqat (“bad, evil”).
First attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (jāhat).


jahat

Jangan kau menjahati orang-orang yang lemah.


kukus

Indonesian: kukus

→? Macanese: cucús

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kukus, from Proto-Austronesian *kukus.


dinding

From Proto-Malayic *dindiŋ, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *diŋdiŋ. Cognate with Tetum didin and Makasar rinring.


daulat

Indonesian: daulat

→ Tagalog: daulat

Daulat tuanku


wajib

Indonesian: wajib

→ Tausug: wajib

Kerja ini wajib disiapkan hari ini!

Orang Islam wajib menunaikan haji jika mampu.

Muslims must perform hajj if they could afford it.

(Islam) Must in a way where a Muslim will acquire hasanat if he does or sins if he does not.


takar

Indonesian: takar

→ Tagalog: takal

menakari [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditakari [patient focus + causative benefactive]


tolak

Indonesian: tolak

North Moluccan Malay: tola (“to push”)

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tulak (“push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water”). Cognate with Tagalog tulak.

menolakkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

ditolakkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

Dak baik menolak orang macam tu!

Tawaran diskaun tiba-tiba itu ditolak oleh pelanggan yang tidak suka akan barang itu.

The sudden discount offer was rejected by the customer who was not fond of the product.

4 tolak 5


tiup

Indonesian: tiup

From Proto-Malayic *t/iup, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tiup (“blowing on, fanning”). Cognate with Malagasy tsioka (“wind, breeze, air”) and Maori tiu (“north, north wind”).

Logan meniup api itu untuk memadamkannya.

Meniup seruling

to make a sound with a sound instrument by blowing into it.


apung

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *apuŋ, from Proto-Austronesian *apuŋ (“float”). Cognate with Malagasy afona and Acehnese ampōŋ.


suluh

Indonesian: suluh

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *suluh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *suluq.

Setiap orang dari mereka membawa jamung untuk menyuluh jalan di dalam gua itu.

They each carried a torch to light their way in the cave.

menyuluhi [agent focus + causative benefactive]

disuluhi [patient focus + causative benefactive]


pupur

From Old Javanese pupur (“cosmetic powder”)

(of a chicken) to roll and flap on the ground


lepak

→ English: lepak

Near-synonym: menongkrong (Indonesia)

(intransitive) to loiter about casually or idly, to hang around unproductively, to laze around or relax.


pikir

Nativization of fikir, from Arabic فَكَّرَ (fakkara, “to think”).


paksa

head

paksa (Jawi spelling ڤقسا, used in the form memaksa)

From Sanskrit पक्ष (pakṣa), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pakšás, from Proto-Indo-European *peg-só-s, from Proto-Indo-European *peg- (“breast”).


tarah

Indonesian: tarah

From Proto-Malayic *tarah, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀaq, from Proto-Austronesian *taʀaq (“to hew wood with an adze”).

inh

planing with an adze; shaping, rough-hewing


gagal

Indonesian: gagal

Dia gagal dalam ujian lagi.


puasa

> Indonesian: puasa (inherited)

→ Acehnese: puasa

→ Cebuano: puasa

→ Maguindanao: puasa

→ Maranao: powasa

→ Tausug: puasa


gigil

Indonesian: gigil

menggigil-gigil [reduplication + agent focus]


penjara

ڤنجارا (Jawi)

Indonesian: penjara

memenjarakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dipenjarakan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


ulas

Indonesian: ulas

Likely by extension from sense of "peel" in Etymology 1– compare with verb kuliti derived from kulit, and kupas.


timbang

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *timbaŋ (“balanced”).


karang

head

karang (Jawi spelling کارڠ, active mengarang, 3rd person passive dikarang)

کارڠ (Jawi)
mengarang (active)
dikarang (passive third-person)

Probably from Old Javanese karaṇa (“writer; poet”), from Sanskrit करण (karaṇa, “writer; scribe”).

To compose (of music, songs, and writing).

To arrange (of flowers, pottery, and others).


sulam

Indonesian: sulam

From Proto-Malayic *sulam, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sulam (“to pierce with a needle”).

inh

to embroider (to stitch a decorative design on fabric with needle and thread)


cakap

Baba Malay: chakap

Indonesian: cakap

From Proto-Malayic (compare Iban jako), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *cakəp.


tahan

Indonesian: tahan

→ Cantonese: 打限 (daa² haan⁶)

→ English: tahan

→ Min Nan: 打限 (tá-hān)

From Proto-Malayic *tahan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqan.

dipertahankan [causative passive + patient focus + causative benefactive]

pertahani [causative passive + causative benefactive]

pertahankan [causative passive + causative benefactive]

to maintain; to preserve; peR- + meN- + -kan

memertahankan [causative passive + agent focus + causative benefactive]

menahani [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menahankan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

tertahani [agentless action + causative benefactive]

tertahan-tahan [reduplication + agentless action]

tahan lapar

tahan sakit

to endure, to bear, to withstand, to resist

(of a disease) to improve, to be on the mend


tahan

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taqan, *taqan, from Proto-Austronesian *taqan (“to set a trap, to set a snare”).

to cast a net (to catch fish), to set a trap (to catch animal, fish, etc.)


berniaga

ber- + niaga from back-formation from berniaga


niaga

Indonesian: niaga

Back-formation from beniaga or berniaga (“trading”), borrowed from Sanskrit वाणिज्यक (vāṇijyaka, “trader”) from Sanskrit वणिज् (vaṇij, “trade, commerce; merchant”).


mengajar

Indonesian: mengajar


hendak

Indonesian: hendak

Saya hendak roti dan aiskrim.

Dia hendak memanjat pokok itu.


patut

Borrowed from Old Javanese patūt. Doublet of anut and turut.

Kita patut tolong mereka.


kahwin

Indonesian: kawin

→ Min Nan: 交寅 (kau-în)

From Arabic كَاوِين (kāwīn, “marriage; dowry”). Compare Persian کابین (kâbin, “a marriage portion, settlement, or dower due a woman in case of divorce or upon the death of the husband”).

cog

perkahwinan [causative passive + resultative


hakis

Blend of habis (“entirely”) + kikis (“to scrape”).

blend

Tanah menghakis


pukul

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pukul (“to hit with a stick”).


lokap

head

lokap (Jawi spelling لوکڤ, active melokap, 3rd person passive dilokap)

لوکڤ (Jawi)
melokap (active)
dilokap (passive third-person)

Seorang lelaki dilokap polis selepas didapati memandu kereta dalam keadaan mabuk.

A man has been detained by police after he was caught driving under the influence.

To detain someone and have them be put in a lockup.


hubung

هوبوڠ (Jawi)
hubong (alternative dialectal)

perhubungan [causative passive + resultative

menghubungkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menghubungi [agent focus + causative benefactive]


raut

Malay: rotan

Indonesian: rotan

Indonesian: raut

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *raut (“peel rattan”), from Proto-Austronesian *rauC (“peel rattan, bamboo”).


kembali

perkembalian [causative passive + resultative

mengembalikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dikembalikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

kembali ke rahmatullah

to pass away, lit. to return to the grace of God

to go back, to return (From one place to another)


guling

Indonesian: guling

From (western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *guliŋ, root form *-liŋ (turn, revolve, turn around), Possible cognate with Eastern Cham galuṇg.


mengaktifkan

(transitive) to activate, to enable (to put something into action)


mengedit

مڠيديت (Jawi)


menghidupkan

(transitive) to switch on, to turn on, to enable (to put a device into action or activate a function of an electronic device)


tampi

Indonesian: tampi


menyahaktifkan

(transitive) to deactivate, to disable (to put something out of action)


mematikan

(transitive) to turn off, to shut down, to disable (to put a mechanism, device or system out of operation)


sanggama

bersanggama (used-in-the-form)
senggama (alternative)

From Sanskrit सङ्गम (saṅgama, “intercourse, sexual union”), sense of political union from conflation with Sanskrit सङ्घ (saṅgha) (compare with Thai สังคม (sǎng-kom) and Tamil சங்கம் (caṅkam))


ulit

Indonesian: ulit

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *hulij, from Proto-Austronesian *Sulij (“to lie or sleep next to”).

inh

mengulit-ulit [reduplication + agent focus]

mengulitkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

menguliti [agent focus + causative benefactive]

diulit-ulit [reduplication + patient focus]

diulitkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]

diuliti [patient focus + causative benefactive]


kimpal

mengimpalkan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dikimpalkan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


intip

اينتيڤ (Jawi)

Indonesian: intip

to guard, to keep watch on, to keep a lookout over


bahagi

> Indonesian: bahagi, bagi (inherited)

→ Tagalog: bahagi

→ Tausug: bahagi'

Inherited from Proto-Malayic *bahagi, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baqagi.

membahagikan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

dibahagikan [patient focus + causative benefactive]


kawad

Borrowed from Arabic قَوَاعِد (qawāʕid, “rule, pattern”). Doublet of kawat and kaedah.

bor

(Malaysia) to march in a single file or line


junjung

جونجوڠ (Jawi)

/d͡ʒuɲd͡ʒuŋ/

From (Western) Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zuŋzuŋ (“carry on the head”).

inh

(transitive) to carry something on the head, to support, to elevate, to lift

(transitive, figurative) to value highly


tampak

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tapak. Doublet of dampak and nampak.