ke

Phonetic spelling of -kah in a Johor-Riau accent.

Boleh ke aku pinjam fon kau?

Selalu ke cikgu tanya soalan macam tu?

Is it often that the teacher ask questions like that?

Abang kau dah beli ke PS5 yang dia kata nak beli tu?

Has your brother bought the PS5 that he said he was going to buy?

Kau ke yang dapat markah 100% dekat ujian baru-baru ni tu?

Are you the one that got a score of a 100% for the recent test?

(informal) used on modal verbs, adverbs, verbs and nouns to form questions


-an

head

Jawi spelling after non-􂀿i􂁀 or 􂀿u􂁀 vowel

-an (Jawi spelling after consonant or [i] ـن, Jawi spelling after [u] ـان, Jawi spelling after non-[i] or [u] vowel ـاءن)

after consonant (Jawi)
[i] ـن (Jawi)
after [u] ـان (Jawi)
after non-[i] (Jawi)
[u] vowel ـاءن (Jawi)

Indonesian: -an

From Proto-Malayic *-an, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-an, from Proto-Austronesian *-an.

bangun (“to wake up, to get up”) + -an → bangunan (“building”)


-an

Borrowed from English -ant, from Middle English -ant, -aunt, partly from Old French -ant, from Latin -āns; and partly (in adjectival derivations) continuing Middle English -ant, a variant of -and, -end, from Old English -ende (present participle ending).

der

militan


-al

Borrowed from Dutch -aal and English -al.

konvensional


-si

Learned borrowing from Indonesian -si, from Dutch -tie or -sie, from Latin -tiō. Doublet of -sen, -syen, and -shen.

aksi


-si

Borrowed from English -cy, from Anglo-Norman -cie, ultimately from Latin -cia, -tia, Ancient Greek -κια (-kia), -τια (-tia), originally variants of Latin -ia and Ancient Greek -ια (-ia), -ία (-ía) or -εια (-eia).

farmasi


-en

head

-en (Bruneian, Malaysian and Singaporean Jawi spelling ـن, Indonesian Jawi spelling ـين)

* (Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore)
** From English -ent, from Middle English -ent, also -ant, -aunt, etc., from Old French -ent and its source Latin -ēns (accusative singular -entem), suffix of present participles of verbs in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th conjugations.
* (Indonesia)
** From Dutch -ent.

residen

presiden

insiden


-i

-i (Jawi spelling ـي, active meng- -i, 3rd person passive di- -i)

ـي (Jawi)
meng- -i (active)
di- -i (passive third-person)

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i (local transitive suffix).

-kan

first sense, generally before an inanimate object, but not always

hamba (“slave”) + -i → hambai (“enslave”)

baik (“good”) + -i → baiki (“to make something good; to fix”)

Gives a causitive meaning or a meaning of causing something to form imperative transitive verbs.

tumpah (“to fall out”) + -i → tumpahi (“fall onto”)

dekat (“close, near”) + -i → dekati (“get closer or nearer to; to approach”)

Gives a locative meaning, that is, of stating a locational element to imperative verbs.


-i

ـي (Jawi)
-iah (alternative)
-ni (alternative)
-wi (alternative)
-wiah (alternative)

Borrowed from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).

abad (“century”) + -i → abadi (“eternal, everlasting”)

bahar (“sea”) + -i → bahari (“sea-related”)

Forms an adjective that is related to the base word.


-i

Borrowed from English -ee, from Middle English -ee, -ē, from Anglo-Norman and Old French -ee, French -é, -ée, endings forming past participle of verbs ending in -er.

francaisi


-is

ـيس (Jawi)
-ikal (alternative)
-ik (alternative)

praktis

gramatis


-is

Learned borrowing from English -ist, from Old French -iste and Latin -ista, from Ancient Greek -ιστής (-istḗs), from -ίζω (-ízō, “-ize, -ise”, verbal suffix) + -τής (-tḗs, agent-noun suffix).

affix

anarkis

sadis


-is

Borrowed from Portuguese -ês, from Old Galician-Portuguese -es, from Latin -ēnsis.

Kantonis

Portugis


-gen

Formerly spelt as -jan, borrowed from English -gen, from French -gène, from the Ancient Greek -γενής (-genḗs).

oksigen


-lah

Minumlah air ini.

Janganlah malu-malu.

Marilah berbuka puasa bersama-sama.

Used to make a polite request or to allow an action.

Seraya berkata, “Wahai Cengkoa, ayuhai tuk pekong tolonglah goa, satu pun tidak salah dibawa, sekarang sudah dapat kecewa.”

a. 1256 AH, شَعِير سيتِي زُبَيْدة ڡرَڠ چينا [Poem of Siti Zubaidah’s Chinese War], page 25:

"Ah Cengkoa", the junk captain complained, "Help me, Tuk Pekong", he exclaimed, "not a single fault, nothing wrongly gained, only disappointment is all that I’ve obtained."

Used on verbs and adverbs to indicate the jussive, imperative.

Janganlah bising!

Cincu wangkang terlalu marah, tubuh geme[n]tar mukanya merah, “Funi Cokong! Pigilah nyah! Dagangan aku habislah sudah”.

a. 1840, Syair Siti Zubaidah Perang Cina, page 22:

The owner of the junk ship, so outraged was he, his body trembling, face as red as could be, "Funi Cokong! Be gone with thee! All of my goods have gone already."

Majulah Singapura!

Used on adverbs to indicate reassurance, emphasis and assertion.

Dialah yang mencuri kereta saya!

بهاروله فد مالم اينله فاتىک مليهت دولي ساه عالم

Baharulah pada malam inilah patik melihat duli shah alam.

“[…] Sebab itu-lah saya datang kerana hendak menyelamatkan datok saya, atau pun saya gugor di-hadapan-nya.”

c. 1510, Hikayat Amir Hamzah [Hamzanama], pages 233—234:

Because of that only have I come because of wanting to save my datok, or I fall before him.

Used on pronouns to indicate that they are only, singularly, and in their entirety.

(literary) Used to indicate emphasised passive ergative verbs.


-isme

Borrowed from Dutch -isme and English -ism, ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós). Attested in the Kitab Vortaro published in 1923. Formerly used in the forms -izem/-izam and -isma in Malaysia, although the latter form is still found in some "-ism words" that refer to entities such as prisma and organisma.

nasionalisme


-isme

kataklisme


-if

pasif

normatif

agresif


-ik

Borrowed from English -ic, from Old French -ique, from Latin -icus, from Proto-Indo-European *-kos, *-ḱos, formed with the i-stem suffix *-i- and the adjectival suffix *-kos, *-ḱos.

saintifik


-ik

linguistik


-ik

unik


-iti

kualiti

entiti

kuantiti


-it

sosialit


-at

Muslim (“a Muslim”) + -at → Muslimat (“feminine plural of Muslim”)

Suffix used to derive the plural and feminine form of certain nouns derived from Arabic.


-ku

From ku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ku, from Proto-Austronesian *ku. Compare Tagalog ko.

kau-

informal/towards God; friendly/older towards younger

Dia memarahiku.

Dia pergi denganku.

"Negaraku"

Ini rumahku.


-sen

Borrowed from English -tion or -sion. Doublet of -syen, -shen, -esyen, and -esen. Cognates to Tok Pisin -sen.

doublet

imigresen

stesen


-mu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu. Compare Tagalog mo.

Aku telah memulangkan penselmu.

Aku rela berada bersamamu.


-nya

-ڽا (Jawi)
-nye (alternative pronunciation-spelling)
-nyo (alternative pronunciation-spelling)

Indonesian: -nya

→ Petjo: -nja

From Proto-Malayic *ña, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a. Compare Tagalog niya.

ibunya

Third person singular oblique enclitic pronoun.

Aku memeluknya.

Kami belum memberitahunya tentang ini.

Aku pinjam pensel ini daripadanya.

As an object of a preposition, with the exception for 'di', 'ke', and sometimes 'dalam' (see the usage notes below).

Bangunannya lawa.

(in some contexts and positions only) Used to mark definiteness.

bukunya aku

abangnya Dani

Used to mark possessive, especially in some context where it needs to be clear.

Manisnya gula-gula ini

(by extension)
Used to emphasize an adjective.

lajunya sebuah kereta

lemahnya kerajaan

the weakness of the government (lemah means 'weak')

(by extension)
Used to nominalize an adjective.

dibacanya buku

(with the passive prefix 'di-') Used to nominalize a passive verb.


-atif

pejoratif


-asi

Learned borrowing from Indonesian -asi, from Dutch -atie, from Latin -ātiō. Doublet of -esyen, -sen, -si, and -syen.

manipulasi


-asi

Learned borrowing from English -acy and learned borrowing from English -cy.

falasi


-ologi

ـولوݢي (Jawi)

Formerly spelt as -oloji, borrowed from English -ology.

psikologi


-logi

Formerly spelt as -loji, borrowed from English -logy, from French -logie or Latin -logia, ultimately from Ancient Greek -λογία (-logía).

genealogi


-ur

Borrowed from English -ure, from Middle English -ure, from Old French -ure, from Latin -tūra.

struktur

dentur


-kau

Shortened form of engkau, from Proto-Malayic *kau(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)kahu, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)kaSu.

Mereka akan membawakau.

Dia akan tinggal dengankau.

Tanah ini ialah tanahkau.


-kan

head

-kan (Jawi spelling -کن, formal active meng- -kan, 3rd person passive di- -kan)

-کن (Jawi)
meng- -kan (active formal)
di- -kan (passive third-person)

From Proto-Malayic *-kən, shortened form of Proto-Malayic *akən. Related to akan (“will (future tense auxiliary)”).

sedih (“sad”) + -kan → sedihkan (“to sadden, to make sad”)

Cerita ini menyedihkan Adam sehingga dia ternangis.

This story saddened Adam to the point that he cried.

Kalau kau buat tu, nanti kau sedihkan mak ayah kau je doh.

If you do that, you'll only make your parents sad.

Sebagai pemimpin, Raja Bayan menyampaikan idenya kepada bayan-bayan yang lain.

1371 CE [c. 1296–1316 CE], Kadi Hasan, Hikayat Bayan Budiman (fiction), translation of Tutinama by Ziya' al-Din Nakhshabi (in Persian); transcribed from Jawi script into the Latin alphabet Ekawati Ekawati, Doni Setiyawan, editors, Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, 2016, →ISBN:

Like a leader, King Parrot told his plan to the other parrots.

Gives a causative meaning of causing something to become the base word.

beli (“to buy”) + -kan → belikan (“to buy someone something”)

Adam membelikan emaknya buku ini.

Adam, mintak belikan adik kamu makanan sekejap.

Adam, can you buy your little brother some food for a bit.

داٮع ٮرىكں، كامڡ[تْ]اورع ٮرٯهوٮع

Forms a ditransitive verb that has a benefactive meaning of doing the base word for the benefit of someone or something else.


-ens

From English -ence, from Middle English -ence, from Old French -ence, from Latin -entia.

valens


-ensi

From English -ency, ultimately from Latin -entia.

frekuensi

valensi

residensi


-isma

From Dutch -isme, from Middle French -isme, from Latin -ismus, from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós). Attested in the Kitab Vortaro published in 1923.

organisma


-ans

From English -ance, from Middle English -aunce, -ance, from Anglo-Norman -aunce and continental Old French -ance, from Latin -antia, -entia.

ambulans

insurans

varians


-fon

Borrowed from English -phone or Dutch -foon.

telefon

xilofon

alofon


-wi

manusia (“a human”) + -wi → manusiawi (“relating to humans”)

sejarah (“history”) + -wi → sejarawi (“historical”)

(after vowels or ⟨h⟩) Alternative form of -i.


-kah

-که (Jawi)
ke (alternative)
ka (alternative)
ke (alternative)

Indonesian: -kah

Adakah awak lapar?

Akan tetapi, bukankah aku sudah melepaskanmu dan menyuruhmu terbang bebas?

Nevertheless, have I not already released you and told you to fly free?

Maukah tuan berdua mendengarkan cerita hamba ini?

Would both masters want to hear the story of this servant?

Pernahkah anda bermasalah dengan orang yang memiliki wajah baik sedang sebenarnya menyimpan agenda buruk terhadap diri anda?

2018 March 17, “Waspada agar tidak mudah terpedaya [Be careful so as not to be easily deceived]”, in Media Permata, archived from the original on 2018-10-29:

Have you ever had problems with someone who has a good face but actually holds a bad agenda against you?

Used on modal verbs and adverbs in questions.

Berapa ramaikah orang dalam keluarga awak?

How many people are there in your family?

Dari manakah awak datang?

Lalu siapakah mengucapkan salam kepadaku?

Used on interrogative words to indicate emphasis.

Benarkah persepsi-persepsi ini? Betulkah wajah seseorang itu melambangkan siapa dia? Bolehkah kita meramal peribadi seseorang itu berdasarkan apa yang kita lihat sahaja?

Are these perceptions real? Is it true that a person's face can represent who he/she is? Can we predict a person's personality based on what we see only?

Used to indicate uncertainty in a statement.


-lisis

analisis

dialisis

elektrolisis


-syen

ـشن (Jawi)
-isyen (alternative)
-si (alternative)
-isi (alternative)
-shĕn (alternative)

Borrowed from English -tion or -sion. Doublet of -sen, -shĕn, -esyen, and -esen. Cognates to Tok Pisin -syen.

doublet

posyen


-krasi

ـکراسي (Jawi)

Learned borrowing from English -cracy.
This suffix has yet to be fully absorbed into the Malay morphological system and is for now only found in certain borrowings derived from Dutch or English.

demokrasi

autokrasi

meritokrasi

Adaptation of English -cracy in English loanwords.


-shen

Borrowed from English -tion or -sion. Cognates to Tok Pisin -syen.

steshen

(Malaysia, Singapore, 1924-1972) dated form of -syen


-esyen

Borrowed from English -ation, from Latin -ātiō. Doublet of -esen, -sen, -asi, -si, and -syen


-esen

Borrowed from English -ation, from Latin -ātiō. Doublet of -esyen, -sen, -asi, -si, and -syen


-isyen

ـيشن (Jawi)
-syen (alternative)
-si (alternative)
-isi (alternative)

petisyen

Alternative form of -syen; -ition, -ision.


-istik

ـيستيک (Jawi)
-istis (alternative Indonesia)

optimistik

pesimistik


-tif

preskriptif


-kratik

ـکراتيک (Jawi)

demokratik


-isi

ـيسي (Jawi)
-si (alternative)
-isyen (alternative)
-syen (alternative)

Learned borrowing from Indonesian -isi, from Dutch -itie.

edisi


-lisa

analisa


ـ٢

لايڠ (layang, “soar”) + ـ٢ → لايڠ٢ (layang-layang, “kite”)

Reduplication marker of words in base form.


ـ٢ (Jawi)
-ii (alternative)
-² (alternative)

layang (“soar”) + -2 → layang2 (“kite”)

(now nonstandard, informal) Reduplication marker of words in base form.


-iatri

ـياتري (Jawi)

Borrowed from English -iatry, from Ancient Greek ἰατρεία (iatreía, “healing, medical treatment”), from ἰατρός (iatrós, “doctor”).

der

psikiatri