PDB

Polis Diraja Brunei
w:ms:Polis Diraja Brunei

(Brunei, law enforcement) Initialism of Polis Diraja Brunei (“Royal Brunei Police Force”)


polis

ms-noun

polis (Jawi spelling ڤوليس, plural polis-polis, informal 1st possessive polisku, 2nd possessive polismu, 3rd possessive polisnya)

ڤوليس (Jawi)
polis-polis (plural)
polisku (first-person informal possessive)
polismu (possessive second-person)
polisnya (possessive third-person)

Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian

From English police, from Middle French police, from Latin politia (“state, government”), from Ancient Greek πολιτεία (politeía).

(Malaysia, Singapore, Riau) police, a civil force granted the legal authority for law enforcement and maintaining public order.


raja

raja (Jawi spelling راج, plural raja-raja, informal 1st possessive rajaku, 2nd possessive rajamu, 3rd possessive rajanya)

راج (Jawi)
raja-raja (plural)
rajaku (first-person informal possessive)
rajamu (possessive second-person)
rajanya (possessive third-person)

From Sanskrit राजन् (rājan, “king, prince”), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Hrā́ȷ́ā (“king”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hrā́ȷ́ā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵ-ō, from *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).

A king; a male of a royal family who is the supreme ruler of his nation.


demokrasi

demokrasi (Jawi spelling ديموکراسي, informal 1st possessive demokrasiku, 2nd possessive demokrasimu, 3rd possessive demokrasinya)

ديموکراسي (Jawi)
demokrasiku (first-person informal possessive)
demokrasimu (possessive second-person)
demokrasinya (possessive third-person)

From Dutch democratie or English democracy, from Middle French democratie, from Medieval Latin democratia, from Ancient Greek δημοκρατία (dēmokratía).


balai polis

balai polis (Jawi spelling بالاي ڤوليس, plural balai-balai polis, informal 1st possessive balai polisku, 2nd possessive balai polismu, 3rd possessive balai polisnya)

بالاي ڤوليس (Jawi)
balai-balai polis (plural)
balai polis ku (first-person informal possessive)
balai polis mu (possessive second-person)
balai polis nya (possessive third-person)

balai (“house, station, department”) + polis (“police”).

compound

(Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore) police station (building of police force)


sultan

ms-noun

sultan (Jawi spelling سلطان, plural sultan-sultan, informal 1st possessive sultanku, 2nd possessive sultanmu, 3rd possessive sultannya)

سلطان (Jawi)
sultan-sultan (plural)
sultanku (first-person informal possessive)
sultanmu (possessive second-person)
sultannya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: sultan

→ Min Nan: 史丹 (sú-tan)

→ Tagalog: sultan

From Arabic سُلْطَان (sulṭān), from Aramaic שולטנא (šulṭānā, “strength, authority, ruler, prince”).


menteri

ms-noun

mĕntĕri (Jawi spelling منتري, plural menteri-menteri, informal 1st possessive menteriku, 2nd possessive menterimu, 3rd possessive menterinya)

mĕntĕri (canonical)
منتري (Jawi)
menteri-menteri (plural)
menteriku (first-person informal possessive)
menterimu (possessive second-person)
menterinya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: menteri

→ Portuguese: mandarim (see there for further descendants)

From Hindi मन्त्रि (mantri), from Sanskrit मन्त्री (mantrī), from Sanskrit मन्त्रिन् (mantrin, “minister, councillor”), from मन्त्र (mantra, “counsel, maxim, mantra”) + -इन् (-in, “an agent suffix”).

der

menteri luar negeri

(government) A minister; the head of a ministry.


ratu

ms-noun

ratu (Jawi spelling راتو, plural ratu-ratu, informal 1st possessive ratuku, 2nd possessive ratumu, 3rd possessive ratunya)

راتو (Jawi)
ratu-ratu (plural)
ratuku (first-person informal possessive)
ratumu (possessive second-person)
ratunya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: ratu

From Old Javanese ratu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datu. Cognate to Fijian ratu and Javanese ratu. Doublet of datuk, datu, and datung.


presiden

presiden (Jawi spelling ڤريسيدن, plural presiden-presiden, informal 1st possessive presidenku, 2nd possessive presidenmu, 3rd possessive presidennya)

ڤريسيدن (Jawi)
presiden-presiden (plural)
presidenku (first-person informal possessive)
presidenmu (possessive second-person)
presidennya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from English president and Dutch president, from Old French president, from Latin praesidēns (“presiding over; president, leader”).

der

presiden Amerika Syarikat

presiden Indonesia

presiden Perancis

(government, politics) The head of state of a republic that is usually also the republic's head of government.


kabinet

ms-noun

kabinet (Jawi spelling کابينيت, plural kabinet-kabinet, informal 1st possessive kabinetku, 2nd possessive kabinetmu, 3rd possessive kabinetnya)

کابينيت (Jawi)
kabinet-kabinet (plural)
kabinetku (first-person informal possessive)
kabinetmu (possessive second-person)
kabinetnya (possessive third-person)

kabinet Perdana Menteri

(politics, government) In parliamentary and some other systems of government, the group of ministers responsible for creating government policy and for overseeing the departments comprising the executive branch.


autokrat

autokrat (Jawi spelling اءوتوکرت, plural autokrat-autokrat, informal 1st possessive autokratku, 2nd possessive autokratmu, 3rd possessive autokratnya)

اءوتوکرت (Jawi)
autokrat-autokrat (plural)
autokratku (first-person informal possessive)
autokratmu (possessive second-person)
autokratnya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Dutch autocraat (“autocrat”), from French autocrate, from Ancient Greek αὐτοκρατής (autokratḗs).


merdeka

Indonesian: mêrdèka

→ English: Merdeka

Elision of merdeheka from Sanskrit महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”), first attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (maharddhika), Cognate of Buginese ᨆᨑᨙᨉᨀ, Tagalog maharlika.

der

memerdekakan [agent focus + causative benefactive]

akhbar merdeka

news that is not affiliate with any political party

merdeka ayam

free to do anything as desire; absolute freedom

بهاواسڽ كران تله تيباله ماسڽ باڬي اومت ڤرسكوتوان تانه ملايو اين منچاڤأي تارف سواتو بڠسا يڠ مرديك لاڬي بردولت سام ستيمڤل كدودوكنڽ دڠن سڬالا بڠسا سلوروه دنيا

1957 August 31, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Pemasyhuran Kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu [Malayan Declaration of Independence]:

Whereas the time has now arrived when the people of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu will assume the status of a free independent and sovereign nation among nations of the World.

(Bahawasanya kerana telah tibalah masanya bagi umat Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ini mencapai taraf suatu bangsa yang merdeka lagi berdaulat sama setimpal kedudukannya dengan segala bangsa seluruh dunia.)

Bendera negara bukan hanya sekadar sehelai kain yang mempunyai warna atau motif tertentu bahkan ia adalah simbol identiti sesebuah negara yang merdeka lagi berdaulat.

2018 February 16, Normazlina M.D, “Simbol negara merdeka [Symbol of an independent nation]”, in Media Permata, archived from the original on 2019-08-18:

The national flag is not just a piece of cloth that has a certain color or motif. In fact, it is a symbol of the identity of a nation that is independent and sovereign.

Independent:
(of a polity) Not ruled by others.

Not dependent on other people; self-reliant.


negara

ms-noun

negara (Jawi spelling نݢارا, plural negara-negara, informal 1st possessive negaraku, 2nd possessive negaramu, 3rd possessive negaranya)

نݢارا (Jawi)
negara-negara (plural)
negaraku (first-person informal possessive)
negaramu (possessive second-person)
negaranya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: negara
→ English: negara

Borrowed from Sanskrit नगर (nagara, “city”).


putera

putera (Jawi spelling ڤوترا, plural putera-putera, informal 1st possessive puteraku, 2nd possessive puteramu, 3rd possessive puteranya)

ڤوترا (Jawi)
putera-putera (plural)
puteraku (first-person informal possessive)
puteramu (possessive second-person)
puteranya (possessive third-person)


datu

datu (Jawi spelling داتو, plural datu-datu, informal 1st possessive datuku, 2nd possessive datumu, 3rd possessive datunya)

داتو (Jawi)
datu-datu (plural)
datuku (first-person informal possessive)
datumu (possessive second-person)
datunya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: datu

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datu. Cognate to Javanese ꦫꦠꦸ (ratu).
First attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (dātu, “king”)

m+

king (a male of a royal family who is the supreme ruler of his nation)


piagam

ms-noun

piagam (Jawi spelling ڤياݢم, plural piagam-piagam, informal 1st possessive piagamku, 2nd possessive piagammu, 3rd possessive piagamnya)

ڤياݢم (Jawi)
piagam-piagam (plural)
piagamku (first-person informal possessive)
piagammu (possessive second-person)
piagamnya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: piagam

constitution (legal or formal document or statement)


puteri

puteri (Jawi spelling ڤوتري, plural puteri-puteri, informal 1st possessive puteriku, 2nd possessive puterimu, 3rd possessive puterinya)

ڤوتري (Jawi)
puteri-puteri (plural)
puteriku (first-person informal possessive)
puterimu (possessive second-person)
puterinya (possessive third-person)


داتو

From Proto-Malayic *datu, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *datu, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *datu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *datu.


anjing polis

head

anjing polis (Jawi spelling انجيڠ ڤوليس, plural anjing-anjing polis)

انجيڠ ڤوليس (Jawi)
anjing-anjing polis (plural)

police dog (trained dog for police work)


انجيڠ ڤوليس

انجيڠ٢ ڤوليس

انجيڠ ڤوليس (Rumi spelling anjing polis, plural انجيڠ٢ ڤوليس)

anjing polis (Rumi)
انجيڠ٢ ڤوليس (plural)

compound

انجيڠ (“dog”) + ڤوليس (“police”)


pangeran

ms-noun

pangeran (Jawi spelling ڤڠيرن, plural pangeran-pangeran, informal 1st possessive pangeranku, 2nd possessive pangeranmu, 3rd possessive pangerannya)

ڤڠيرن (Jawi)
pangeran-pangeran (plural)
pangeranku (first-person informal possessive)
pangeranmu (possessive second-person)
pangerannya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: pangeran

desc

→ Hokkien: 班奇蘭／班奇兰, 邦奇蘭／邦奇兰

→ Hokkien: 班奇蘭／班奇兰, 邦奇蘭／邦奇兰

Borrowed from Javanese ꦥꦔꦺꦫꦤ꧀ (pangéran, “Lord; prince”), from Old Javanese paṅeran (“younger person, prince, princess, wife, daughter”, literally “master, lord”) (compare to paṅheran (“waiting-place, dwelling-place”)). Doublet of pengiran.


permaisuri

ms-noun

permaisuri (Jawi spelling ڤرمايسوري, plural permaisuri-permaisuri, informal 1st possessive permaisuriku, 2nd possessive permaisurimu, 3rd possessive permaisurinya)

ڤرمايسوري (Jawi)
permaisuri-permaisuri (plural)
permaisuriku (first-person informal possessive)
permaisurimu (possessive second-person)
permaisurinya (possessive third-person)

Indonesian: permaisuri

desc

→ Thai: ประไหมสุหรี

→ Thai: ประไหมสุหรี

From Tamil பரமேஸ்வரி (paramēsvari), from Sanskrit परमेश्वरी (parameśvarī, “supreme lady”).

der

(uncommon) A queen regnant; a female head of state.


bendahara

بنداهارا (Jawi)

Indonesian: bendahara (“treasurer”)

desc

→ Tagalog: bandahali (“treasurer, head steward, manager, housekeeper”)

From Hindi भंडार (bhaṇḍār), भंडारा (bhaṇḍārā), or another New-Indo-Aryan language, from Sanskrit भाण्डागार (bhāṇḍāgāra).

(historical) The chief minister and advisor to a Malay sultan in ancient times; a vizier.


maharajalela

ms-noun

maharajalela (Jawi spelling مهاراجاليلا, plural maharajalela-maharajalela, informal 1st possessive maharajalelaku, 2nd possessive maharajalelamu, 3rd possessive maharajalelanya)

مهاراجاليلا (Jawi)
maharajalela-maharajalela (plural)
maharajalelaku (first-person informal possessive)
maharajalelamu (possessive second-person)
maharajalelanya (possessive third-person)

maharaja (“emperor”) + lela (“good or proper behavior”)

bermaharajalela [stative

to do as one pleases, to go on a rampage


parlimen

ms-noun

parlimén (Jawi spelling ڤرليمن, plural parlimen-parlimen, informal 1st possessive parlimenku, 2nd possessive parlimenmu, 3rd possessive parlimennya)

parlimén (canonical)
ڤرليمن (Jawi)
parlimen-parlimen (plural)
parlimenku (first-person informal possessive)
parlimenmu (possessive second-person)
parlimennya (possessive third-person)


autokrasi

autokrasi (Jawi spelling اءوتوکراسي, plural autokrasi-autokrasi, informal 1st possessive autokrasiku, 2nd possessive autokrasimu, 3rd possessive autokrasinya)

اءوتوکراسي (Jawi)
autokrasi-autokrasi (plural)
autokrasiku (first-person informal possessive)
autokrasimu (possessive second-person)
autokrasinya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from English autocracy, from Byzantine Greek αὐτοκρατία (autokratía, “A system of government by one person with absolute power”).

der

A system of government where one individual has absolute power.

A country that is ruled under an autocracy.


merinyu

ms-noun

merinyu (Jawi spelling مريڽو, plural merinyu-merinyu, informal 1st possessive merinyuku, 2nd possessive merinyumu, 3rd possessive merinyunya)

مريڽو (Jawi)
merinyu-merinyu (plural)
merinyuku (first-person informal possessive)
merinyumu (possessive second-person)
merinyunya (possessive third-person)


federasi

federasi (Jawi spelling فيدراسي, plural federasi-federasi, informal 1st possessive federasiku, 2nd possessive federasimu, 3rd possessive federasinya)

فيدراسي (Jawi)
federasi-federasi (plural)
federasiku (first-person informal possessive)
federasimu (possessive second-person)
federasinya (possessive third-person)

Semi-learned borrowing from Dutch federatie via Indonesian replacing federesyen following the transnational spelling reform of 1972.

(government, politics) federation; federacy


Bukit Aman

بوکيت امان (Jawi)

Named after the location of the Royal Malaysia Police's headquarters building.

(informal, colloquial, slang, metonymically) the Royal Malaysia Police; the police


teknokrat

teknokrat (Jawi spelling تيکنوکرت, plural teknokrat-teknokrat, informal 1st possessive teknokratku, 2nd possessive teknokratmu, 3rd possessive teknokratnya)

تيکنوکرت (Jawi)
teknokrat-teknokrat (plural)
teknokratku (first-person informal possessive)
teknokratmu (possessive second-person)
teknokratnya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Dutch technocraat or English technocrat.

(government) A technocrat; a technical expert who has political power.


brigedier

brigedier (Jawi spelling بريݢيديار, plural brigedier-brigedier, informal 1st possessive brigedierku, 2nd possessive brigediermu, 3rd possessive brigediernya)

بريݢيديار (Jawi)
brigedier-brigedier (plural)
brigedierku (first-person informal possessive)
brigediermu (possessive second-person)
brigediernya (possessive third-person)


geng plastik hitam

ݢيڠ ڤلستيک هيتم

geng plastik hitam (Jawi spelling ݢيڠ ڤلستيک هيتم, plural geng-geng plastik hitam, informal 1st possessive geng plastik hitamku, 2nd possessive geng plastik hitammu, 3rd possessive geng plastik hitamnya)

ݢيڠ ڤلستيک هيتم (Jawi)
geng-geng plastik hitam (plural)
geng plastik hitam ku (first-person informal possessive)
geng plastik hitam mu (possessive second-person)
geng plastik hitam nya (possessive third-person)

From the black plastic bags worn by the criminals on their heads when they were brought to police stations, or the plastic bags used to hide food and drinks when buying or consuming them in public.

2022, Utusanhttps://www.utusan.com.my/berita/2022/03/awas-geng-plastik-hitam-dipantau-sepanjang-ramadan/

Jabatan Agama Islam Perak (JAIPk) akan memantau lokasi tumpuan tumpuan geng plastik hitam, iaitu individu yang membeli makanan di bulan puasa di sepanjang bulan Ramadan.

The Islamic Religious Department of Perak (JAIPk) will mark the locations where the black plastic gangs gather, who are individuals who buy food throughout the fasting month of Ramadan.

(Islam, slang) Muslims who are arrested by the religious police for violating the daily fast on Ramadan by eating and drinking during daylight hours in public.

kaki ponteng puasa

feet who skip the fasting, people who violate the Ramadan daytime fast


JAWI

w:Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan

(Malaysia, Islam) Acronym of Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (“Islamic Religious Department of the Federal Territory, a branch of the government organisation JAKIM”).

Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan

ms:Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan

JAIS

Islamic law enforcement agency in Selangor


JAKIM

(Malaysia, Islam) Acronym of Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (“Department of Islamic Development Malaysia”).


PERKESO

Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial
w:Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial

(Malaysia) Acronym of Pertubuhan Keselamatan Sosial (“organisation set up by the Malaysian government to provide social security protections for workers in Malaysia, known as SOCSO in English”).


cukai pendapatan

چوکاي ڤنداڤتن

cukai pendapatan (Jawi spelling چوکاي ڤنداڤتن, plural cukai-cukai pendapatan, informal 1st possessive cukai pendapatanku, 2nd possessive cukai pendapatanmu, 3rd possessive cukai pendapatannya)

چوکاي ڤنداڤتن (Jawi)
cukai-cukai pendapatan (plural)
cukai pendapatan ku (first-person informal possessive)
cukai pendapatan mu (possessive second-person)
cukai pendapatan nya (possessive third-person)

From cukai (“tax”) + pendapatan (“income”), calque of English income tax.

Bagaimanapun, kutipan cukai pendapatan persendirian merosot lapan peratus sementara cukai pendapatan perniagaan individu turun 12.5 peratus, katanya dalam laporan yang disiarkan oleh agensi berita Xinhua.

2013 January 16, “Kutipan Cukai Pendapatan 2012 China Meningkat [China's 2012 Income Tax Collection Increases]”, in mStar:

Nevertheless, private income tax collection decreased by eight percent while individual business income tax fell 12.5 percent, said in a report published by the Xinhua news agency.


Yang di-Pertuan Agong

ms-proper noun

يڠ دڤرتوان اݢوڠ

Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Jawi spelling يڠ دڤرتوان اݢوڠ)

يڠ دڤرتوان اݢوڠ (Jawi)

(Malaysian politics) Yang di-Pertuan Agong (paramount monarch of Malaysia).


YDPA

Yang di-Pertuan Agong
Yang di-Pertuan Agong#Malay

(Malaysia) Initialism of Yang di-Pertuan Agong (“He Who is Made Lord, the paramount monarch of Malaysia”).


pilihan raya umum

ms-noun

ڤيليهن راي عموم

pilihan raya umum (Jawi spelling ڤيليهن راي عموم, plural pilihan-pilihan raya umum, informal 1st possessive pilihan raya umumku, 2nd possessive pilihan raya umummu, 3rd possessive pilihan raya umumnya)

ڤيليهن راي عموم (Jawi)
pilihan-pilihan raya umum (plural)
pilihan raya umum ku (first-person informal possessive)
pilihan raya umum mu (possessive second-person)
pilihan raya umum nya (possessive third-person)

pilihan (“election, choice”) + raya (“great, grand”) + umum (“general”)


pembelanjawanan

ms-noun

pembelanjawanan (plural pembelanjawanan-pembelanjawanan, informal 1st possessive pembelanjawananku, 2nd possessive pembelanjawananmu, 3rd possessive pembelanjawanannya)

pembelanjawanan-pembelanjawanan (plural)
pembelanjawananku (first-person informal possessive)
pembelanjawananmu (possessive second-person)
pembelanjawanannya (possessive third-person)

(finance, government) budgeting: the activity of constructing a budget.


JUSA

JUSA (plural JUSA-JUSA, informal 1st possessive JUSAku, 2nd possessive JUSAmu, 3rd possessive JUSAnya)

JUSA-JUSA (plural)
JUSAku (first-person informal possessive)
JUSAmu (possessive second-person)
JUSAnya (possessive third-person)

jawatan utama sektor awam
jawatan utama sektor awam#Malay

(government, Malaysia) Initialism of jawatan utama sektor awam.


JAIS

Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor
Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor#Malay

(Malaysia, Islam) Initialism of Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor (“Islamic Religious Department of Selangor, a branch of the government organisation JAKIM”).

JAWI

Islamic law enforcement agency in Kuala Lumpur


PDRM

Polis Diraja Malaysia
w:ms:Polis Diraja Malaysia

(Malaysia, law enforcement) Initialism of Polis Diraja Malaysia (“Royal Malaysia Police”).


teknokratik

تيکنوکراتيک (Jawi)


autokratik

اءوتوکراتيک (Jawi)


teknokrasi

teknokrasi (Jawi spelling تيکنوکراسي, plural teknokrasi-teknokrasi, informal 1st possessive teknokrasiku, 2nd possessive teknokrasimu, 3rd possessive teknokrasinya)

تيکنوکراسي (Jawi)
teknokrasi-teknokrasi (plural)
teknokrasiku (first-person informal possessive)
teknokrasimu (possessive second-person)
teknokrasinya (possessive third-person)

Borrowed from Dutch technocratie or English technocracy.


kharajat

kharajat (Jawi spelling خراجة, plural kharajat-kharajat, informal 1st possessive kharajatku, 2nd possessive kharajatmu, 3rd possessive kharajatnya)

خراجة (Jawi)
kharajat-kharajat (plural)
kharajatku (first-person informal possessive)
kharajatmu (possessive second-person)
kharajatnya (possessive third-person)


APMM

w:ms:Agensi Penguatkuasaan Maritim Malaysia

(Malaysia, law enforcement, nautical) Initialism of Agensi Penguatkuasaan Maritim Malaysia (“Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency”).