Belgium

ms-proper noun

Bélgium (Jawi spelling بيلجيوم or بيلݢيوم)

Bélgium (canonical)
بيلجيوم (Jawi)
بيلݢيوم (Jawi)

Unadapted borrowing from English Belgium.

ubor

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


Malaysia

مليسيا (Jawi)

→ Japanese: マライシア (Maraishia) (obsolete)

From English Malaysia, via Malays + -ia, the root being from Melayu.

orang Malaysia


Hungary

هوڠݢري (Jawi)

Unadapted borrowing from English Hungary.


Maldives

مالديۏ (Jawi)

Unadapted borrowing from English Maldives.

Maldives (an archipelago and country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of India)


Cyprus

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English

Cyprus (an island and country in the Mediterranean Sea, normally considered politically part of Southeast Europe but geographically part of Western Asia).


Azerbaijan

See English Azerbaijan, from Ancient Greek Ἀτροπατηνή (Atropatēnḗ).

Azerbaijan (a country in the South Caucasus, Asia and Europe)


Indonesia

ايندونيسيا (Jawi)

Indonesia (a country and archipelago in maritime Southeast Asia)


Syria

(Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei) Syria (a country in West Asia, in the Middle East)


Albania

From English Albania, from Byzantine Greek Ἀλβανία (Albanía).


Armenia

From English Armenia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία (Armenía), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/).

Armenia (A country in the South Caucasus region of Asia, sometimes considered to belong politically to Europe)


China

From Middle Persian [script needed] (ṣīn, “Chinese; porcelain”), probably from Sanskrit चीन (cīna). The spelling is a carryover from the Za'aba Spelling used before 1972, to distinguish it from Cina (“Chinese people”).


Croatia

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

(Malaysia) Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Brunei

Probably ultimately from Sanskrit वरुण (váruṇa), which also referred to the island of Borneo.


Portugal

ڤورتوݢل (Jawi)

Borrowed from Portuguese Portugal, from Latin Portus Cale, former name of what is now the city of Vila Nova de Gaia.

Portugal (a country in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula)


Sri Lanka

From Sanskrit श्री लङ्का (śrī laṅkā, literally “holy island”).

der

Sri Lanka (an island and country in South Asia, off the coast of India)


Australia

From English Australia, from Latin terra austrālis incōgnita (“unknown southern land”), from auster (“the south wind”).

uder

Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as a former colony in the British Empire)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the islands of Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


Terengganu

ترڠݢانو (Jawi)


Labuan

لابوان (Jawi)

Labuan (a federal territory of Sabah, Malaysia)


Sabah

Sabah (state in Malaysia): A state in eastern Malaysia located at the Northern part of the Borneo island with the main city Kota Kinabalu as its capital.


Pahang

Unknown, probably from Khmer ប៉ាហាំង (paahang, “tin”).


Selangor

سلاڠور (Jawi)


Johor

→ English: Johor, Johore

From Arabic جَوْهَر (jawhar), from Classical Persian گَوهَر (gawhar).


Negeri Sembilan

ms-proper noun

Negeri Sembilan (Jawi spelling نݢري سمبيلن)

نݢري سمبيلن (Jawi)

→ English: Negeri Sembilan

negeri (“state”) + sembilan (“nine”).
The name was derived from nine original regions that the state formerly controlled, including Naning (now part of Melaka), Segamat (now part of Johor), Ulu Pahang (now part of Pahang), and Klang (now part of Selangor).


Sarawak

From Sarawak Malay serawak (“antimony”). Doublet of serawak.


Putrajaya

ڤوتراجاي (Jawi)

putra (“prince”) + jaya (“success”), ultimately from Sanskrit पुत्र (putra) + जय (jayá); from the name of the first Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra.

Putrajaya (a federal territory in western Malaysia)

Putrajaya (the administrative capital of Malaysia)


Kangar

Kangar (the capital city of Perlis, Malaysia)


Kuantan

کوانتن (Jawi)

Founded in the 1850s, mentioned by Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir (Munshi Abdullah) circa 1851/2.

Kuantan (the capital city of Pahang, Malaysia)


Seremban

Seremban (the capital city of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)


Kota Bharu

کوت بهارو (Jawi)

Kota Bharu (the capital city of Kelantan, Malaysia)


Kuching

Kuching (the capital city of Sarawak, Malaysia)


Kuala Terengganu

کوالا ترڠݢانو

Kuala Terengganu (Jawi spelling کوالا ترڠݢانو)

کوالا ترڠݢانو (Jawi)

Kuala Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu#English

Kuala Terengganu (the capital city of Terengganu, Malaysia)


Shah Alam

شاە عالم (Jawi)

From the name of the sultan of Selangor, Sultan Alam Shah.

Shah Alam (the capital city of Selangor, Malaysia)


Ipoh

→ English: Ipoh

→ Chinese: 怡保 (Yíbǎo)

From ipuh, from Proto-Malayic *hipuh, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qipuq.

Ipoh (the capital city of the state of Perak, Malaysia)


Johor Bahru

جوهر بهرو (Jawi)

Johor Bahru (the capital city of Johor, Malaysia)


Kota Kinabalu

کوتا کينابالو

Kota Kinabalu (Jawi spelling کوتا کينابالو)

کوتا کينابالو (Jawi)

Kota Kinabalu (the capital city of Sabah, Malaysia)


Alor Setar

الور ستار (Jawi)

Alor Setar (the capital city of the state of Kedah, Malaysia)


Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur (Jawi spelling کوالا لمڤور)

کوالا لمڤور (Jawi)

Kuala Lumpur (the capital city of Malaysia)

Kuala Lumpur (a federal territory of Malaysia)


Jakarta

Jakarta (a province and capital city of Indonesia)


Bali

Bali (an island and province of Indonesia)


George Town

جورج تاءون (Jawi)

Unadapted borrowing from English George Town.

ubor

George Town (the capital of Penang, Malaysia)

George Town (the capital of the Cayman Islands)


Jerman

From English German, from Latin Germania.

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


Belanda

> Indonesian: Belanda (inherited)

→ Iban: Belanda

→ Tausug: Balanda'

→ Thai: วิลันดา (wí-lan-daa)

From Javanese ꦮꦭꦤ꧀ꦢ (walanda), from Portuguese Holanda (“Holland”), from Old Dutch holt lant (“woodland”).

Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


Rusia

Earlier spelled as روشيا (Rusyia), borrowed from English Russia, from Medieval Latin Russi (“the people of Russia”), from Old East Slavic Русь (Rusĭ, “Rus”) (whence Arabic رُوس (rūs) and Byzantine Greek Ῥῶς (Rhôs)), which originally referred to a group of Varangians who established themselves near Kiev in the 9th century and ruled Kievan Rus; probably from Proto-Finnic *roocci, from Old East Norse *roþs- (“related to rowing”); related to Old Norse Roþrslandi (“the land of rowing”), an older name of Roslagen, where the Finns first encountered the Swedes. Ultimately from Old Norse róðr (“steering oar”), from Proto-Germanic *rōþrą (“rudder”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁- (“to row”).

der

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Praha

Prague (the capital city of the Czech Republic)


Türkiye

Unadapted borrowing from Turkish Türkiye.

ubor

(neologism, official, uncommon) Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


Kanada

کانادا (Jawi)


Perancis

From Portuguese francês (“French”). Possible cognate to Malay perang (“blond”).


Perak

From perak, from pirak, from Proto-Malayic *pirak.


Rum

Borrowing from Persian روم or Arabic روم (Rūm), from Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬 (Hrom), from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē), from Latin Roma (“Rome”).


Madagaskar

ماداݢاسکر (Jawi)

Madagascar (an island and country off the east coast of Africa)


Kopenhagen

Copenhagen (the capital city of Denmark)


Bandar Seri Begawan

ms-proper noun

بندر سري بݢاوان

Bandar Seri Begawan (Jawi spelling بندر سري بݢاوان)

بندر سري بݢاوان (Jawi)

Bandar Seri Begawan
Bandar Seri Begawan#English

Bandar Seri Begawan (the capital city of Brunei)


Siam

Indonesian: Siam

→ Pattani Malay: سيٍّي / ซีแย

(historical) Siam (The former name of Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia)

(informal, esp. Northern Peninsular) Thailand (in its modern form)


Holanda

From Portuguese Holanda, from Old Dutch holt lant (“woodland”). Attested in 1901. Doublet of Belanda and Wolanda.

(archaic) Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

(archaic) Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


Aceh

Aceh (a special autonomous province of Indonesia, located on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra)


Filipina

فيليڤينا (Jawi)

Philippines (a country in Southeast Asia)


Singapura

سيڠاڤورا (Jawi)

From Sanskrit सिंह (siṃhá, “lion”) and पुर (pura, “city”).

Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


Yunani

From Arabic اليُونَان (al-yūnān, “Greece”), from Persian یونان (yunân), from Ancient Greek Ἰωνία (Iōnía, “Ionia”).


Dominika

دومينيکا (Jawi)

Dominica (an island and country in the Caribbean)


Brunei Darussalam

بروني دارالسلام

Brunei Darussalam (Jawi spelling بروني دارالسلام)

بروني دارالسلام (Jawi)

Brunei Darussalam
Brunei Darussalam#English:_Q921

Brunei Darussalam (The official name of Brunei, a country in Southeast Asia)


Betlehem

Borrowed from English Bethlehem or Dutch Bethlehem, both from Latin Bēthlehēmum or Bēthleëm, from Ancient Greek Βηθλεέμ (Bēthleém), from Hebrew בֵּית לֶחֶם (bet léchem, “house of bread”).

der

(usually in Christianity) Bethlehem (a city in the West Bank, Palestine)


Nusantara

نوسانتارا (Jawi)

Borrowed either from Javanese ꦤꦸꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦫ (Nusantara, “the islands”) or from Old Javanese nūsāntara (“the outer islands”). By surface analysis, blend of nusa + antara. Attested in a Malay Annals manuscript from 1808.

surface etymology

Nusantara (the planned capital city of Indonesia, in East Kalimantan)


Mosko

Likely through Arabic, attested in the Hikayat Perang Setambul poem manuscript chronicling the Crimean War in the 19th century.

Moscow, the federal city, the capital of Russia.


Yaman

Indonesian: Yaman

Borrowed from Arabic اَلْيَمَن (al-yaman)

bor+

Yemen (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Butterworth

بتتروورث (Jawi)

Unadapted borrowing from English Butterworth, after William John Butterworth.

ubor

Butterworth (a city in Penang, Malaysia)


Venis

From English Venice, its Jawi form بينيس was made popular by Za'ba's translation of The Merchant of Venice in 1949.


Itali

إيتالي (Jawi)


Mesir

From Classical Malay مصر (Mesir), from Arabic مِصْر (miṣr, “Egypt”).

Egypt (a country in North Africa and Western Asia)


Amerika Syarikat

ms-proper noun

اميريکا شريکت

Amerika Syarikat (Jawi spelling اميريکا شريکت)

اميريکا شريکت (Jawi)

Calque of Indonesian Amerika Serikat. By surface analysis, compound of Amerika + syarikat.

surf

United States of America
United States of America#English

United States of America (a country in North America)


Kroasia

(Indonesia) Croatia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Sepanyol

سڤاڽول (Jawi)

From Dutch spanjool (“Spaniard”), from Spanish español, from Latin Hispānia.

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Republik Afrika Tengah

republik (“republic”) + Afrika (“Africa”) + tengah (“center”)

Central African Republic
Central African Republic#English:_Q929

Central African Republic (a country in Central Africa)


Arab Saudi

Saudi Arabia (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Afrika Selatan

ms-proper noun

افريکا سلاتن

Afrika Selatan (Jawi spelling افريکا سلاتن)

افريکا سلاتن (Jawi)

South Africa (a country in Southern Africa)


Fu Yong

Seremban (the capital city of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)


Sungai Ujong

Sungai Ujong (Jawi spelling سوڠاي اوجوڠ)

سوڠاي اوجوڠ (Jawi)

Chinese: 芙蓉 (fúróng) (Mandarin: fúróng, Cantonese: fu4 jung4)


Melaka

Probably after melaka (“Indian gooseberry”) that grows in the region.

Malacca (a state of Malaysia; capital and largest city: Malacca)

Malacca (the largest city, the state capital of Malacca, Malaysia)


Jesselton

Jesselton (the former name of Kota Kinabalu, the capital city of Sabah, Malaysia)


Arau

Arau (the royal capital of Perlis, Malaysia)


Pulau Pinang

ڤولاو ڤينڠ (Jawi)

→ Burmese: ပီလောပီနံ (pilau:pinam)


Changlun

→ Chinese: 樟崙 /樟仑 (Zhānglún)

→ Thai: จังลุน (jang-lun), จังโหลน (jang-lǒon)

Borrowed from Thai ช้างหล่น (cháang-lòn, literally “Fallen Elephant”).

bor+

Changlun (a town in Kubang Pasu district, Kedah, Malaysia)


Bera

→ Chinese: 百樂 /百乐 (Bǎilè)

→ Tamil: பெரா (perā)

Possibly from Semelai reba (“a type of seaweed”).

A city and district of Pahang, Malaysia.


Port Dickson

ڤورت ديقسن (Jawi)

Port Dickson (a town and district of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia)


Aljazair

الجزائر (Jawi)

(Indonesia) Algeria (a country in North Africa)


Turki

Borrowed from English Turkey, from Middle English Turkye, from Anglo-Norman Turkye, Medieval Latin Turcia, from Turcus (“Turk”), from Byzantine Greek Τοῦρκος (Toûrkos), from Classical Persian ترک (turk), from Middle Persian [script needed] (twlk' /Turk/), from Old Turkic 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 (t²ür²k̥).

der

Turkey (a country located in eastern Thrace in southeastern Europe and Anatolia in southwestern Asia)


Korea Utara

ms-proper noun

کوريا اوتارا

Korea Utara (Jawi spelling کوريا اوتارا)

کوريا اوتارا (Jawi)

North Korea (a country in East Asia, whose territory consists of the northern part of Korea)


Korea Selatan

Korea Selatan (Jawi spelling کوريا سلاتن)

کوريا سلاتن (Jawi)


Republik China

Républik China (Jawi spelling [[#Malay|]])

Républik China (canonical)
[[#Malay|]] (Jawi)

Republic of China
Republic of China#English:_Q865

Republic of China (a country in East Asia, modern-day Taiwan, the rump state left over from the Republic of China on the mainland after 1949)


Mekah

Mecca (a large city in the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia, the holiest place in Islam)


Tanjung Verde

Tanjung Verde (Jawi spelling تنجوڠ ۏردي)

تنجوڠ ۏردي (Jawi)

Cape Verde (an archipelago and country in West Africa)


Habsyah

From Classical Malay حبشة (Habsyah), from Arabic اَلْحَبَشَة (al-ḥabaša).

(Malaysia) Ethiopia (a country in East Africa)


Kampar

→ English: Kampar

→ Chinese: 金寶 /金宝 (jīnbǎo)

Kampar (a town in the state of Perak, Malaysia)


سيڠاڤورا

Jawi spelling of Singapura: Singapore (an island and city-state in Southeast Asia, located off the southernmost tip of the Malay Peninsula; a former British crown colony)


Iskandariah

اسکندرية (Jawi)

From Arabic الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة (al-ʔiskandariyya).

bor

الْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّة


Palestin

ڤلسطين (Jawi)

From English Palestine, from Latin Palaestīna.


Lubnan

Lebanon (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Maran

→ Chinese: 馬蘭 /马兰 (mǎlán)

desc

→ Tamil: மாரான் (mārāṉ)

→ Tamil: மாரான் (mārāṉ)

A town and district of Pahang, Malaysia.


Baitulmuqaddis

ms-proper noun

Baitulmuqaddis (Jawi spelling بيت المقدس)

بيت المقدس (Jawi)

From Arabic بَيْت الْمَقْدِس (bayt al-maqdis, “house of the place of worship, Al-Aqsa, Solomon's Temple”)

bor

بَيْت الْمَقْدِس

Jerusalem (the claimed (and de-facto) capital city of Israel; the claimed capital city of Palestine)


Teluk Intan

تلوق اينتن (Jawi)

→ English: Teluk Intan


Padang Besar

ڤدڠ بسر (Jawi)

Padang Besar (a town in Perlis, Malaysia)


Pangkal Pinang

→ English: Pangkal Pinang

Indonesian: Pangkalpinang

From compound of pengkal (“base”) + pinang (“betel nut, Areca catechu”).

compound

Bangka Belitung Islands
Bangka Belitung Islands#English

Pangkal Pinang (a city, the provincial capital of the Bangka Belitung Islands, Indonesia)


Tanah Seribu

Calque of Malagasy Antananarivo. Popularised in the 1990s.

Antananarivo (capital city of Madagascar)


Kepulauan Marshall

ms-proper noun

کڤولاوان مارشال

Kepulauan Marshall (Jawi spelling کڤولاوان مارشال)

کڤولاوان مارشال (Jawi)

Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands#English:_Q709

Marshall Islands (A country consisting of two archipelagos in Micronesia, in Oceania)


Macedonia Utara

ماکيدونيا اوتارا

Macedonia Utara (Jawi spelling ماکيدونيا اوتارا)

ماکيدونيا اوتارا (Jawi)


Persekutuan Mikronesia

ڤرسکوتوان ميکرونيسيا

Persekutuan Mikronesia (Jawi spelling ڤرسکوتوان ميکرونيسيا)

ڤرسکوتوان ميکرونيسيا (Jawi)

Federated States of Micronesia
Federated States of Micronesia#English

Federated States of Micronesia (a country in Oceania)


Kepulauan Solomon

کڤولاوان سولومون

Kepulauan Solomon (Jawi spelling کڤولاوان سولومون)

کڤولاوان سولومون (Jawi)

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q685

Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands#English:_Q148966

Solomon Islands (A country consisting of the majority of the Solomon Islands archipelago in Melanesia, in Oceania, as well as the Santa Cruz Islands)

Solomon Islands (An archipelago in Melanesia, split between the countries of the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea)


Kota Vatikan

Kota Vatikan (Jawi spelling کوتا ۏاتيکن)

کوتا ۏاتيکن (Jawi)

Vatican City (a city-state in Southern Europe, an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy)


Emiriah Arab Bersatu

أميرية عرب برساتو

Emiriah Arab Bersatu (Jawi spelling أميرية عرب برساتو)

أميرية عرب برساتو (Jawi)

United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates#English:_Q878

United Arab Emirates (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East)


Sudan Selatan

Sudan Selatan (Jawi spelling سودان سلاتن)

سودان سلاتن (Jawi)

South Sudan (a country in East Africa, formerly the southern part of Sudan)


Guinea Khatulistiwa

Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea#English:_Q983

Equatorial Guinea (a country in Central Africa)


Tanjong Malim

Tanjong Malim (Jawi spelling تنجوڠ ماليم)

تنجوڠ ماليم (Jawi)

Tanjong Malim (a town in Muallim district, Perak, Malaysia)


Pelabuhan Klang

Pelabuhan Klang (Jawi spelling ڤلابوهن کلڠ)

ڤلابوهن کلڠ (Jawi)

Port Klang (a town and port in the Klang District, Selangor, Malaysia)


Petaling Jaya

Petaling Jaya (Jawi spelling ڤتاليڠ جاي)

ڤتاليڠ جاي (Jawi)

Petaling Jaya (a city in the Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia)


Slim River

سليم ريۏر (Jawi)

Slim River (a town in the Mualim District, Perak, Malaysia)


Puchong

From pucung (“heron”). The spelling is a carry-over from the Za'aba Spelling used before 1972.

Puchong (a town, a in the Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia)


Republik Czech

ريڤوبليک چيک

Républik Czech (Jawi spelling ريڤوبليک چيک)

Républik Czech (canonical)
ريڤوبليک چيک (Jawi)

Czech Republic
Czech Republic#English:_Q213

Czech Republic (a country in Central Europe)


Chukai

→ Chinese: 朱蓋 /朱盖 (Zhūgài)

→ Tamil: சுக்காய் (cukkāy)

From cukai (“tax”). The spelling is a carry-over from the Za'aba Spelling used before 1972.

Chukai (a town, the capital of the Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia)


Republik Filipina

ريڤوبليک فيليڤينا

Républik Filipina (Jawi spelling ريڤوبليک فيليڤينا)

Républik Filipina (canonical)
ريڤوبليک فيليڤينا (Jawi)

Republic of the Philippines#English:_Q928

Republic of the Philippines (Official name for Philippines.)


Republik Rakyat China

ريڤوبليک رعيت چينا

Républik Rakyat China (Jawi spelling ريڤوبليک رعيت چينا)

Républik Rakyat China (canonical)
ريڤوبليک رعيت چينا (Jawi)

People's Republic of China#English:_Q148

Republic of China
Republic of China#English

People's Republic of China (The official name of China, sometimes contrasted to the Republic of China (Taiwan).)


Timur Tengah

تيمور تڠه (Jawi)


Republik Demokratik Congo

ريڤوبليک ديموکراتيک کونݢو

Républik Démokratik Congo (Jawi spelling ريڤوبليک ديموکراتيک کونݢو)

Républik Démokratik Congo (canonical)
ريڤوبليک ديموکراتيک کونݢو (Jawi)

Democratic Republic of the Congo#English:_Q974

Democratic Republic of the Congo (a country in Central Africa)


Konoha

Ultimately from Japanese 木ノ葉隠れ (“Hidden Leaf Village”), a fictional village mentioned in the Naruto franchise whose characters and character dynamics are noted for some similarities between it and Indonesia. Usage known to have originated from Indonesia itself (via cultural osmosis between Indonesia and surrounding Malayophone neighbours), use in Malaysia as a nationalistic slur against Indonesian citizens.

(Malaysia, derogatory, Internet slang) Indonesia


Asia Tengah

اسيا تڠه (Jawi)


Wolanda

From Javanese ꦮꦭꦤ꧀ꦢ (walanda), from Portuguese Holanda, from Old Dutch holt lant (“woodland”). Attested in 1901. Doublet of Belanda and Holanda.

Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)


Bukit Merah

→ English: Bukit Merah

→ Chinese: 紅山 /红山 (Hóngshān) (calque)

Compound of bukit (“hill”) + hill (“red”).

Bukit Merah (a planning area and town in the Central Region of Singapore)


Batu Pahat

باتو ڤاهت (Jawi)

→ Chinese: 峇株巴轄 /峇株巴辖 (Bāzhū Bāxiá)

→ Tamil: பத்து பகாட் (pattu pakāṭ)

Batu Pahat (a town and district of Johor, Malaysia)


Balik Pulau

باليق ڤولاو (Jawi)

desc

→ Chinese: 浮羅山背 /浮罗山背 (Fúluó Shānbèi) (calque)

balik (“behind; back”) + pulau (“island”)

com

The capital of Southwest district, Penang, Malaysia.


Sekinchan

سکينچن (Jawi)

→ Chinese: 適耕莊 /适耕庄 (Shìgēng Zhuāng)

Possibly from a corruption of English second chance after the British pardoned the Communists.

A town in Sabak Bernam district, Selangor, Malaysia.


Temerloh

تمرلوه (Jawi)

→ Chinese: 淡馬魯 /淡马鲁 (Dànmǎlǔ)

→ Tamil: தெமர்லோ (temarlō)

A city and district of Pahang, Malaysia.


Tanah Tinggi Cameron

ms-proper noun

تانه تيڠݢي کاميرون

Tanah Tinggi Cameron (Jawi spelling تانه تيڠݢي کاميرون)

تانه تيڠݢي کاميرون (Jawi)

Cameron Highlands
Cameron Highlands#English

Cameron Highlands (a hill station and district of Pahang, Malaysia).


Bentong

desc

→ Chinese: 文冬 (Wéndōng), 文東 /文东 (Wéndōng)

→ Tamil: பெந்தோங் (pentōṅ)


Pasir Panjang

ms-proper noun

Pasir Panjang (Jawi spelling ڤاسير ڤنجڠ)

ڤاسير ڤنجڠ (Jawi)

→ Chinese: 巴西班讓 /巴西班让 (Bāxī Bānràng)

A town in Port Dickson district, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.

Kuala Terengganu
Kuala Terengganu#English

A village in Kuala Terengganu district, Terengganu, Malaysia.

A village in Kuching district, Sarawak, Malaysia.

A village in Sabak Bernam district, Selangor, Malaysia.

A village in Southwest district, Penang, Malaysia.


Jerantut

جرنتوت (Jawi)

→ Chinese: 而連突 /而连突 (Érliántū)

desc

→ Tamil: ஜெராண்டுட் (jerāṇṭuṭ)

→ Tamil: ஜெராண்டுட் (jerāṇṭuṭ)

Possibly from blend of jeram (“rapids in a stream”) + Tut (“a person's name”).

blend

A town and district of Pahang, Malaysia.


Pekan

→ Chinese: 北根 (Běigēn)

→ Tamil: பெக்கான் (pekkāṉ)


Kodiang

کودياڠ (Jawi)

→ Chinese: 高嶺 /高岭 (Gāolǐng)

Borrowed from Thai เขาแดง (kǎo-dɛɛng, literally “Red Mount”).

bor+

Kodiang (a town in Kubang Pasu district, Kedah, Malaysia)


Bukit Kayu Hitam

ms-proper noun

بوکيت کايو هيتم

Bukit Kayu Hitam (Jawi spelling بوکيت کايو هيتم)

بوکيت کايو هيتم (Jawi)

→ Chinese: 黑木山 (Hēimùshān) (calque)

→ Southern Thai: ควนไม้ดำ (calque)

desc

บูกิตกายูฮีตัม

→ Thai: บูกิตกายูฮีตัม

→ Thai: บูกิตกายูฮีตัม

From bukit (“hill”) + kayu (“wood”) + hitam (“black”), literally “Black Wood Hill”.

com

Bukit Kayu Hitam (a town in Kubang Pasu district, Kedah, Malaysia)