Portugal

Portugal (nominative singular)
Portugal (genitive singular)
Portugalt (partitive singular)
Portugalõn (dative singular)
Portugalõks (instrumental singular)
Portugalõ (illative singular)
Portugalõs (inessive singular)
Portugals (inessive singular)
Portugalõst (elative singular)
Portugalst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Portugal – Portugal – Portugāle
Portugal – Portugal – Portugal

Portugal (a country in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula)


Costa Rica

Costa Rica (nominative singular)
Costa Rica (genitive singular)
Costa Rica (partitive singular)
Costa Rican (dative singular)
Costa Ricaks (instrumental singular)
Costa Ricaz (illative singular)
Costa Rica (illative singular)
Costa Ricas (inessive singular)
Costa Ricast (elative singular)

San José um Costa Rica pǟjālgab — San José is Coasta Rica's capital

Costa Rica (a country in Central America)


Island

Island (nominative singular)
Island (genitive singular)
Islandõ (partitive singular)
Islandõn (dative singular)
Islandõks (instrumental singular)
Islandõ (illative singular)
Islandõs (inessive singular)
Islands (inessive singular)
Islandõst (elative singular)
Islandst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Island – Island – Islande
Iceland – Iceland – Iceland

North Atlantic Ocean
North Atlantic Ocean#English

Iceland (an island and country in Europe, North Atlantic Ocean; capital: Reykjavík)


Izrael

I'zrael (canonical)
Izrael (nominative singular)
Izrael (genitive singular)
Izraelõ (partitive singular)
Izraelõn (dative singular)
Izraelõks (instrumental singular)
Izraelõ (illative singular)
Izraelsõ (inessive singular)
Izraels (inessive singular)
Izraelstõ (elative singular)
Izraelst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Izrael – Iisrael – Izraēla
Israel – Israel – Israel

Israel (a country in Western Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean)


Lețmō

Lețmō (nominative singular)
Lețmō (genitive singular)
Lețmōdõ (partitive singular)
Lețmōn (dative singular)
Lețmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Lețmōzõ (illative singular)
Lețmōs (inessive singular)
Lețmōsõ (inessive singular)
Lețmōst (elative singular)
Lețmōstõ (elative singular)
Lețmōlõ (allative singular)
Lețmōl (adessive singular)
Lețmōld (ablative singular)


Rūotšmō

Rūotšmō (nominative singular)
Rūotšmō (genitive singular)
Rūotšmōdõ (partitive singular)
Rūotšmōn (dative singular)
Rūotšmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Rūotšmōzõ (illative singular)
Rūotšmōs (inessive singular)
Rūotšmōsõ (inessive singular)
Rūotšmōst (elative singular)
Rūotšmōstõ (elative singular)
Rūotšmōlõ (allative singular)
Rūotšmōl (adessive singular)
Rūotšmōld (ablative singular)

From rūotš (“Swede”) + mō (“land”), the former from Proto-Finnic *roocci.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Rūotšmō – Rootsi – Zviedrija
Sweden – Sweden – Sweden

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Zviedrija – Rūotšmō – Sweden
Sweden – Sweden – Sweden


Engõlmō

Engõlmō (nominative singular)
Engõlmō (genitive singular)
Engõlmōdõ (partitive singular)
Engõlmōn (dative singular)
Engõlmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Engõlmōzõ (illative singular)
Engõlmōs (inessive singular)
Engõlmōsõ (inessive singular)
Engõlmōst (elative singular)
Engõlmōstõ (elative singular)
Engõlmōlõ (allative singular)
Engõlmōl (adessive singular)
Engõlmōld (ablative singular)

From engõlmaņ (“Englishman”) + mō (“land”).

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Anglija – England; Engõlmō – England
England – England – England


Leišmō

Leišmō (nominative singular)
Leišmō (genitive singular)
Leišmōdõ (partitive singular)
Leišmōn (dative singular)
Leišmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Leišmōzõ (illative singular)
Leišmōs (inessive singular)
Leišmōsõ (inessive singular)
Leišmōst (elative singular)
Leišmōstõ (elative singular)
Leišmōlõ (allative singular)
Leišmōl (adessive singular)
Leišmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Leišmō – Leedu – Lietuva
Lithuania – Lithuania – Lithuania

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Lietuva – Leišmō – Lithuania
Lithuania – Lithuania – Lithuania


Vālda mer

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Līvõkēļ munt vāldamiersūomõ kīeld siegās, page 249

The Livonian language among other Baltic Sea Finnic languages

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Baltijas jūra – Vālda mer – Baltic Sea
Baltic Sea – Baltic Sea – Baltic Sea


Ēstimō

Ēstimō (nominative singular)
Ēstimō (genitive singular)
Ēstimōdõ (partitive singular)
Ēstimōn (dative singular)
Ēstimōkõks (instrumental singular)
Ēstimōzõ (illative singular)
Ēstimōs (inessive singular)
Ēstimōsõ (inessive singular)
Ēstimōst (elative singular)
Ēstimōstõ (elative singular)
Ēstimōlõ (allative singular)
Ēstimōl (adessive singular)
Ēstimōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Ēstimō – Eesti – Igaunija
Estonia – Estonia – Estonia

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Igaunija – Ēstimō – Estonia
Estonia – Estonia – Estonia


Dēņmō

Dēņmō (nominative singular)
Dēņmō (genitive singular)
Dēņmōdõ (partitive singular)
Dēņmōn (dative singular)
Dēņmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Dēņmōzõ (illative singular)
Dēņmōs (inessive singular)
Dēņmōsõ (inessive singular)
Dēņmōst (elative singular)
Dēņmōstõ (elative singular)
Dēņmōlõ (allative singular)
Dēņmōl (adessive singular)
Dēņmōld (ablative singular)


Rīgõ

Rīgõ (nominative singular)
Rīgõ (genitive singular)
Rīgõ (partitive singular)
Rīgõn (dative singular)
Rīgõks (instrumental singular)
Rīgõ (illative singular)
Rīgõz (illative singular)
Rīgõs (inessive singular)
Rīgõst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Rīgõ – Riia – Rīga
Riga – Riga – Riga

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Rīga – Rīgõ – Riga
Riga – Riga – Riga


Krīevõmō

Krīevõmō (nominative singular)
Krīevõmō (genitive singular)
Krīevõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Krīevõmōn (dative singular)
Krīevõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Krīevõmōzõ (illative singular)
Krīevõmōs (inessive singular)
Krīevõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Krīevõmōst (elative singular)
Krīevõmōstõ (elative singular)
Krīevõmōlõ (allative singular)
Krīevõmōl (adessive singular)
Krīevõmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Krievija – Krīevõmō – Russia; Russian Federation
Russia – Russia – Russia; Russian Federation

Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)


Ungārmō

Ungārmō (nominative singular)
Ungārmō (genitive singular)
Ungārmōdõ (partitive singular)
Ungārmōn (dative singular)
Ungārmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Ungārmōzõ (illative singular)
Ungārmōs (inessive singular)
Ungārmōsõ (inessive singular)
Ungārmōst (elative singular)
Ungārmōstõ (elative singular)
Ungārmōlõ (allative singular)
Ungārmōl (adessive singular)
Ungārmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Ungārija – Ungārmō – Hungary
Hungary – Hungary – Hungary


Saksāmō

Saksāmō (nominative singular)
Saksāmō (genitive singular)
Saksāmōdõ (partitive singular)
Saksāmōn (dative singular)
Saksāmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Saksāmōzõ (illative singular)
Saksāmōs (inessive singular)
Saksāmōsõ (inessive singular)
Saksāmōst (elative singular)
Saksāmōstõ (elative singular)
Saksāmōlõ (allative singular)
Saksāmōl (adessive singular)
Saksāmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Saksāmō – Saksamaa – Vācija
Germany – Germany – Germany
Saksāmō vȯļ suodā irgiji
Germany was the instigator of war

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Vācija – Saksāmō – Germany
Germany – Germany – Germany

Germany (a country in Central Europe, formed in 1949 as West Germany, with its provisional capital Bonn until 1990, when it incorporated East Germany)


Itāļmō

Itāļmō (nominative singular)
Itāļmō (genitive singular)
Itāļmōdõ (partitive singular)
Itāļmōn (dative singular)
Itāļmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Itāļmōzõ (illative singular)
Itāļmōs (inessive singular)
Itāļmōsõ (inessive singular)
Itāļmōst (elative singular)
Itāļmōstõ (elative singular)
Itāļmōlõ (allative singular)
Itāļmōl (adessive singular)
Itāļmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Itālija – Itāļmō – Italy
Italy – Italy – Italy


Sūomõmō

Sūomõmō (nominative singular)
Sūomõmō (genitive singular)
Sūomõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Sūomõmōn (dative singular)
Sūomõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Sūomõmōzõ (illative singular)
Sūomõmōs (inessive singular)
Sūomõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Sūomõmōst (elative singular)
Sūomõmōstõ (elative singular)
Sūomõmōlõ (allative singular)
Sūomõmōl (adessive singular)
Sūomõmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Sūomõmō – Soome – Somija
Finland – Finland – Finland

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Somija – Sūomõmō – Finland
Finland – Finland – Finland


Norvēgmō

Norvēgmō (nominative singular)
Norvēgmō (genitive singular)
Norvēgmōdõ (partitive singular)
Norvēgmōn (dative singular)
Norvēgmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Norvēgmōzõ (illative singular)
Norvēgmōs (inessive singular)
Norvēgmōsõ (inessive singular)
Norvēgmōst (elative singular)
Norvēgmōstõ (elative singular)
Norvēgmōlõ (allative singular)
Norvēgmōl (adessive singular)
Norvēgmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Norvēģija – Norvēgmō – Norway
Norway – Norway – Norway


Amērik

Amērik (nominative singular)
Amērik (genitive singular)
Amērikõ (partitive singular)
Amērikõn (dative singular)
Amērikõks (instrumental singular)
Amērikõ (illative singular)
Amēriks (inessive singular)
Amērikst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Amērik – Ameerika – Amerika
America – America – America

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Amerika – Amērik – America
America – America – America

America (a continent in the western hemisphere)


Grīekmō

Grīekmō (nominative singular)
Grīekmō (genitive singular)
Grīekmōdõ (partitive singular)
Grīekmōn (dative singular)
Grīekmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Grīekmōzõ (illative singular)
Grīekmōs (inessive singular)
Grīekmōsõ (inessive singular)
Grīekmōst (elative singular)
Grīekmōstõ (elative singular)
Grīekmōlõ (allative singular)
Grīekmōl (adessive singular)
Grīekmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Grieķija – Grīekmō – Greece
Greece – Greece – Greece

Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe#English


Jūdõmō

Jūdõmō (nominative singular)
Jūdõmō (genitive singular)
Jūdõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Jūdõmōn (dative singular)
Jūdõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Jūdõmōzõ (illative singular)
Jūdõmōs (inessive singular)
Jūdõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Jūdõmōst (elative singular)
Jūdõmōstõ (elative singular)
Jūdõmōlõ (allative singular)
Jūdõmōl (adessive singular)
Jūdõmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Izraēla – Izraēl; Jūdõmō – Israel
Israel – Israel – Israel


Prantsūzmō

Prantsūzmō (nominative singular)
Prantsūzmō (genitive singular)
Prantsūzmōdõ (partitive singular)
Prantsūzmōn (dative singular)
Prantsūzmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Prantsūzmōzõ (illative singular)
Prantsūzmōs (inessive singular)
Prantsūzmōsõ (inessive singular)
Prantsūzmōst (elative singular)
Prantsūzmōstõ (elative singular)
Prantsūzmōlõ (allative singular)
Prantsūzmōl (adessive singular)
Prantsūzmōld (ablative singular)

From prantsūz (“Frenchman”) + mō (“land”).

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Francija – Prantsūzmō – France
France – France – France


Īsland

Īsland (nominative singular)
Īsland (genitive singular)
Īslandõ (partitive singular)
Īslandõn (dative singular)
Īslandõks (instrumental singular)
Īslandõ (illative singular)
Īslandõs (inessive singular)
Īslands (inessive singular)
Īslandõst (elative singular)
Īslandst (elative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Islande – Īsland – Iceland
Iceland – Iceland – Iceland


Izraēl

Izraēl (nominative singular)
Izraēl (genitive singular)
Izraēlõ (partitive singular)
Izraēlõn (dative singular)
Izraēlõks (instrumental singular)
Izraēlõ (illative singular)
Izraēlsõ (inessive singular)
Izraēls (inessive singular)
Izraēlstõ (elative singular)
Izraēlst (elative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Izraēla – Izraēl – Israel
Israel – Israel – Israel


Holand

Holand (nominative singular)
Holand (genitive singular)
Holandõ (partitive singular)
Holandõn (dative singular)
Holandõks (instrumental singular)
Holandõ (illative singular)
Holandõs (inessive singular)
Holands (inessive singular)
Holandõst (elative singular)
Holandst (elative singular)

Holland (a traditional region in the Netherlands formed by two modern provinces, North Holland and South Holland)

Holland, the Netherlands (a country in Western Europe)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Holand – Hollandi – Holande
Holland – Holland – Holland

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Holande – Holand – Holland
Holland – Holland – Holland


Pūoļmō

Pūoļmō (nominative singular)
Pūoļmō (genitive singular)
Pūoļmōdõ (partitive singular)
Pūoļmōn (dative singular)
Pūoļmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Pūoļmōzõ (illative singular)
Pūoļmōs (inessive singular)
Pūoļmōsõ (inessive singular)
Pūoļmōst (elative singular)
Pūoļmōstõ (elative singular)
Pūoļmōlõ (allative singular)
Pūoļmōl (adessive singular)
Pūoļmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Pūoļmō – Poola – Polija
Poland – Poland – Poland

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Polija – Pūoļmō – Poland
Poland – Poland – Poland


Belgij

Belgij (nominative singular)
Belgij (genitive singular)
Belgijõ (partitive singular)
Belgijõn (dative singular)
Belgijõks (instrumental singular)
Belgijõ (illative singular)
Belgijsõ (inessive singular)
Belgijs (inessive singular)
Belgijstõ (elative singular)
Belgijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Beļģija. Morphologically from belg- + -ij.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Belgij – Belgia – Beļģija
Belgium – Belgium – Belgium

Belgium (a country in Western Europe that has borders with the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France)


Rumāņmō

Rumāņmō (nominative singular)
Rumāņmō (genitive singular)
Rumāņmōdõ (partitive singular)
Rumāņmōn (dative singular)
Rumāņmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Rumāņmōzõ (illative singular)
Rumāņmōs (inessive singular)
Rumāņmōsõ (inessive singular)
Rumāņmōst (elative singular)
Rumāņmōstõ (elative singular)
Rumāņmōlõ (allative singular)
Rumāņmōl (adessive singular)
Rumāņmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Rumānija – Rumāņmō – Romania
Romania – Romania – Romania


Portugāl

Portugāl (nominative singular)
Portugāl (genitive singular)
Portugālt (partitive singular)
Portugālõn (dative singular)
Portugālõks (instrumental singular)
Portugālõ (illative singular)
Portugālõs (inessive singular)
Portugāls (inessive singular)
Portugālõst (elative singular)
Portugālst (elative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Portugāle – Portugāl – Portugal
Portugal – Portugal – Portugal


Spāņmō

Spāņmō (nominative singular)
Spāņmō (genitive singular)
Spāņmōdõ (partitive singular)
Spāņmōn (dative singular)
Spāņmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Spāņmōzõ (illative singular)
Spāņmōs (inessive singular)
Spāņmōsõ (inessive singular)
Spāņmōst (elative singular)
Spāņmōstõ (elative singular)
Spāņmōlõ (allative singular)
Spāņmōl (adessive singular)
Spāņmōld (ablative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Spānija – Spāņmō – Spain
Spain – Spain – Spain

Spain (a country in Southern Europe, including most of the Iberian peninsula)


Serbij

Serbij (nominative singular)
Serbij (genitive singular)
Serbijõ (partitive singular)
Serbijõn (dative singular)
Serbijõks (instrumental singular)
Serbijõ (illative singular)
Serbijsõ (inessive singular)
Serbijs (inessive singular)
Serbijstõ (elative singular)
Serbijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Serbija. Morphologically from serb- + -ij.

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Serbija – Serbij – Serbia
Serbia – Serbia – Serbia

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula#English

Serbia (a country on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe)


Bulgārij

Bulgārij (nominative singular)
Bulgārij (genitive singular)
Bulgārijõ (partitive singular)
Bulgārijõn (dative singular)
Bulgārijõks (instrumental singular)
Bulgārijõ (illative singular)
Bulgārijsõ (inessive singular)
Bulgārijs (inessive singular)
Bulgārijstõ (elative singular)
Bulgārijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Bulgārija. Morphologically from bulgār- + -ij.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Bulgārij – Bulgaaria – Bulgārija
Bulgaria – Bulgaria – Bulgaria

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Bulgārija – Bulgārij – Bulgaria
Bulgaria – Bulgaria – Bulgaria

Bulgaria (a country in Southeast Europe)


Austrij

Austrij (nominative singular)
Austrij (genitive singular)
Austrijõ (partitive singular)
Austrijõn (dative singular)
Austrijõks (instrumental singular)
Austrijõ (illative singular)
Austrijsõ (inessive singular)
Austrijs (inessive singular)
Austrijstõ (elative singular)
Austrijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Austrija. Morphologically from austr- + -ij.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Austrij – Austria – Austrija
Austria – Austria – Austria

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Austrija – Austrij – Austria
Austria – Austria – Austria


Līvõmō

Līvõmō (nominative singular)
Līvõmō (genitive singular)
Līvõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Līvõmōn (dative singular)
Līvõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Līvõmōzõ (illative singular)
Līvõmōs (inessive singular)
Līvõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Līvõmōst (elative singular)
Līvõmōstõ (elative singular)
Līvõmōlõ (allative singular)
Līvõmōl (adessive singular)
Līvõmōld (ablative singular)

From līvõ (“relating to Livonians”) + mō (“land”).

compound

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
lēšõd rīštõbõd Līvõmōdõ
Lithuanians are pillaging Livonia
kōpmīed rōstizt saggõld kǟdõ Līvõmōl
merchants used to visit Livonia often
saksād sizzõl tulmi Līvõmōlõ
the arrival of Germans in Livonia

Livonia (an alternative term for Terra Mariana, a medieval German ruled entity encompassing modern day Latvia and Estonia)


Eirōp

Eirōp (nominative singular)
Eirōp (genitive singular)
Eirōpõ (partitive singular)
Eirōpõn (dative singular)
Eirōpõks (instrumental singular)
Eirōpõ (illative singular)
Eirōpõs (inessive singular)
Eirōps (inessive singular)
Eirōpõst (elative singular)
Eirōpst (elative singular)

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Eiropa – Eirōp – Europe
Europe – Europe – Europe

Latvian Constitution
Iļ Lețmō jaggõvõtāmiz Eirōp Ītst um loptāntõmõst rōvīeltimizõks [sic], mis panāb jeddõ Saeima.
Latvian participation in the European Union must be decided via popular vote (of) the same (voters) who voted in Saeima.


Šveits

Šveits (nominative singular)
Šveits (genitive singular)
Šveitsõ (partitive singular)
Šveitsõn (dative singular)
Šveitsõks (instrumental singular)
Šveitsõ (illative singular)
Šveitsõs (inessive singular)
Šveitsõst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Šveits – Šveits – Šveice
Switzerland – Switzerland – Switzerland

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Šveice – Šveits – Switzerland
Switzerland – Switzerland – Switzerland

Switzerland (a country in Western Europe and Central Europe)


Moskov

Moskov (nominative singular)
Moskov (genitive singular)
Moskovt (partitive singular)
Moskovn (dative singular)
Moskovks (instrumental singular)
Moskovõ (illative singular)
Moskovs (inessive singular)
Moskovst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Moskov – Moskva – Maskava
Moscow – Moscow – Moscow

Moscow (a federal city, the capital of Russia)

Moscow (an oblast of Russia, surrounding the city of Moscow)


Moldov

Moldov (nominative singular)
Moldov (genitive singular)
Moldovt (partitive singular)
Moldovn (dative singular)
Moldovks (instrumental singular)
Moldovõ (illative singular)
Moldovs (inessive singular)
Moldovst (elative singular)

Moldova (a country in Eastern Europe; capital: Chișinău)


Grēkõmō

Grēkõmō (nominative singular)
Grēkõmō (genitive singular)
Grēkõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Grēkõmōn (dative singular)
Grēkõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Grēkõmōzõ (illative singular)
Grēkõmōs (inessive singular)
Grēkõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Grēkõmōst (elative singular)
Grēkõmōstõ (elative singular)
Grēkõmōlõ (allative singular)
Grēkõmōl (adessive singular)
Grēkõmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Grēkõmō – Kreeka – Grieķija
Greece – Greece – Greece


Englišmō

Englišmō (nominative singular)
Englišmō (genitive singular)
Englišmōdõ (partitive singular)
Englišmōn (dative singular)
Englišmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Englišmōzõ (illative singular)
Englišmōs (inessive singular)
Englišmōsõ (inessive singular)
Englišmōst (elative singular)
Englišmōstõ (elative singular)
Englišmōlõ (allative singular)
Englišmōl (adessive singular)
Englišmōld (ablative singular)

From englišmaņ (“Englishman”) + mō (“land”).

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Englišmō – Inglismaa – Anglija
England – England – England


Krīevmō

Krīevmō (nominative singular)
Krīevmō (genitive singular)
Krīevmōdõ (partitive singular)
Krīevmōn (dative singular)
Krīevmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Krīevmōzõ (illative singular)
Krīevmōs (inessive singular)
Krīevmōsõ (inessive singular)
Krīevmōst (elative singular)
Krīevmōstõ (elative singular)
Krīevmōlõ (allative singular)
Krīevmōl (adessive singular)
Krīevmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Krīevmō – Venemaa – Krievija
Russia – Russia – Russia


Leišõmō

Leišõmō (nominative singular)
Leišõmō (genitive singular)
Leišõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Leišõmōn (dative singular)
Leišõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Leišõmōzõ (illative singular)
Leišõmōs (inessive singular)
Leišõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Leišõmōst (elative singular)
Leišõmōstõ (elative singular)
Leišõmōlõ (allative singular)
Leišõmōl (adessive singular)
Leišõmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Leišmō – Leedu – Lietuva ~ Leišõmō
Lithuania – Lithuania – Lithuania ~ Lithuania


Itālij

Itālij (nominative singular)
Itālij (genitive singular)
Itālijõ (partitive singular)
Itālijõn (dative singular)
Itālijõks (instrumental singular)
Itālijõ (illative singular)
Itālijsõ (inessive singular)
Itālijs (inessive singular)
Itālijstõ (elative singular)
Itālijst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Itālij – Itaalia – Itālija
Italy – Italy – Italy


Rumēnij

Rumēnij (nominative singular)
Rumēnij (genitive singular)
Rumēnijõ (partitive singular)
Rumēnijõn (dative singular)
Rumēnijõks (instrumental singular)
Rumēnijõ (illative singular)
Rumēnijsõ (inessive singular)
Rumēnijs (inessive singular)
Rumēnijstõ (elative singular)
Rumēnijst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Rumēnij – Rumeenia – Rumānija
Romania – Romania – Romania


Norvēgij

Norvēgij (nominative singular)
Norvēgij (genitive singular)
Norvēgijõ (partitive singular)
Norvēgijõn (dative singular)
Norvēgijõks (instrumental singular)
Norvēgijõ (illative singular)
Norvēgijsõ (inessive singular)
Norvēgijs (inessive singular)
Norvēgijstõ (elative singular)
Norvēgijst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Norvēgij – Norra – Norvēģija
Norway – Norway – Norway


Spāņ

Spāņ (nominative singular)
Spāņ (genitive singular)
Spāņõ (partitive singular)
Spāņõn (dative singular)
Spāņõks (instrumental singular)
Spāņõ (illative singular)
Spāņšõ (inessive singular)
Spāņštõ (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Spāņ – Hispaania – Spānija
Spain – Spain – Spain


Frantsij

Frantsij (nominative singular)
Frantsij (genitive singular)
Frantsijõ (partitive singular)
Frantsijõn (dative singular)
Frantsijõks (instrumental singular)
Frantsijõ (illative singular)
Frantsijsõ (inessive singular)
Frantsijs (inessive singular)
Frantsijstõ (elative singular)
Frantsijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Francija. Morphologically from frants- + -ij.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Frantsij – Prantsusmaa – Francija
France – France – France


Kanād

Kanād (nominative singular)
Kanād (genitive singular)
Kanādõ (partitive singular)
Kanādõn (dative singular)
Kanādõks (instrumental singular)
Kanādõ (illative singular)
Kanādõs (inessive singular)
Kanāds (inessive singular)
Kanādõst (elative singular)
Kanādst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kanād – Kanada – Kanāda
Canada – Canada – Canada


Slovēnij

Slovēnij (nominative singular)
Slovēnij (genitive singular)
Slovēnijõ (partitive singular)
Slovēnijõn (dative singular)
Slovēnijõks (instrumental singular)
Slovēnijõ (illative singular)
Slovēnijsõ (inessive singular)
Slovēnijs (inessive singular)
Slovēnijstõ (elative singular)
Slovēnijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Slovēnija. Morphologically from slovēn- + -ij.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Slovēnij – Sloveenia – Slovēnija
Slovenia – Slovenia – Slovenia


Bosnij

Bosnij (nominative singular)
Bosnij (genitive singular)
Bosnijõ (partitive singular)
Bosnijõn (dative singular)
Bosnijõks (instrumental singular)
Bosnijõ (illative singular)
Bosnijsõ (inessive singular)
Bosnijs (inessive singular)
Bosnijstõ (elative singular)
Bosnijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Bosnija. Morphologically from bosn- + -ij.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Bosnij – Bosnia – Bosnija
Bosnia – Bosnia – Bosnia


Horvātij

Horvātij (nominative singular)
Horvātij (genitive singular)
Horvātijõ (partitive singular)
Horvātijõn (dative singular)
Horvātijõks (instrumental singular)
Horvātijõ (illative singular)
Horvātijsõ (inessive singular)
Horvātijs (inessive singular)
Horvātijstõ (elative singular)
Horvātijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Horvātija. Morphologically from horvāt- + -ij.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Horvātij – Horvaatia – Horvātija
Croatia – Croatia – Croatia


Beļgij

Beļgij (nominative singular)
Beļgij (genitive singular)
Beļgijõ (partitive singular)
Beļgijõn (dative singular)
Beļgijõks (instrumental singular)
Beļgijõ (illative singular)
Beļgijs (inessive singular)
Beļgijst (elative singular)

Likely via Latvian Beļģija. Morphologically from beļg- + -ij.

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Beļģija – Beļgij – Belgium
Belgium – Belgium – Belgium


Brissõl

Brissõl (nominative singular)
Brissõl (genitive singular)
Brissõlt (partitive singular)
Brissõlõn (dative singular)
Brissõlõks (instrumental singular)
Brissõlõ (illative singular)
Brissõlõs (inessive singular)
Brissõls (inessive singular)
Brissõlõst (elative singular)
Brissõlst (elative singular)

Compare Latvian Brisele, Estonian Brüssel.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Brissõl – Brüssel – Brisele
Brussels – Brussels – Brussels


Vāldamer

Vāldame'r (canonical)
Vāldamer (nominative singular)
Vāldamier (genitive singular)
Vāldamīerda (partitive singular)
Vāldamierrõn (dative singular)
Vāldamierkõks (instrumental singular)
Vāldamierrõ (illative singular)
Vāldamiersõ (inessive singular)
Vāldamierstõ (elative singular)

Līvõkēļ munt vāldamiersūomõ kīeld siegās

Vālda/me'r – Baltijas jūra
Baltic Sea – Baltic Sea

Līvõkīel-lețkīel-līvõkīel sõnārōntõz, page 60


Sōrmō

Sōrmō (nominative singular)
Sōrmō (genitive singular)
Sōrmōdõ (partitive singular)
Sōrmōn (dative singular)
Sōrmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Sōrmōzõ (illative singular)
Sōrmōs (inessive singular)
Sōrmōsõ (inessive singular)
Sōrmōst (elative singular)
Sōrmōstõ (elative singular)
Sōrmōlõ (allative singular)
Sōrmōl (adessive singular)
Sōrmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Sōrmō – Saaremaa – Sāmsala, Sāremā sala
Saaremaa – Saaremaa – Saaremaa

Sōrmō – Sāmsala
Saaremaa – Saaremaa


Rūnõmō

Rū'nõmō (canonical)
Rūnõmō (nominative singular)
Rūnõmō (genitive singular)
Rūnõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Rūnõmōn (dative singular)
Rūnõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Rūnõmōzõ (illative singular)
Rūnõmōs (inessive singular)
Rūnõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Rūnõmōst (elative singular)
Rūnõmōstõ (elative singular)
Rūnõmōlõ (allative singular)
Rūnõmōl (adessive singular)
Rūnõmōld (ablative singular)

Rū'nõ/mō – Roņu sala
Ruhnu – Ruhnu

Ruhnu (an island in the middle of the Gulf of Riga)


Tsībõrmō

Tsībõrmō (nominative singular)
Tsībõrmō (genitive singular)
Tsībõrmōdõ (partitive singular)
Tsībõrmōn (dative singular)
Tsībõrmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Tsībõrmōzõ (illative singular)
Tsībõrmōs (inessive singular)
Tsībõrmōsõ (inessive singular)
Tsībõrmōst (elative singular)
Tsībõrmōstõ (elative singular)
Tsībõrmōlõ (allative singular)
Tsībõrmōl (adessive singular)
Tsībõrmōld (ablative singular)

Tsībõr/mō – Sibīrija
Siberia – Siberia


Kurāmō

Kurāmō (nominative singular)
Kurāmō (genitive singular)
Kurāmōdõ (partitive singular)
Kurāmōn (dative singular)
Kurāmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Kurāmōzõ (illative singular)
Kurāmōs (inessive singular)
Kurāmōsõ (inessive singular)
Kurāmōst (elative singular)
Kurāmōstõ (elative singular)
Kurāmōlõ (allative singular)
Kurāmōl (adessive singular)
Kurāmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kurāmō – Kuramaa – Kurzeme
Courland – Courland – Courland

Valda Šuvcāne, Ieva Ernštreite (1999, 2005), Latvian-Livonian-English Phrase Book, Eraksti, →ISBN
Kurzeme – Kurāmō – Kurzeme; Courland
Courland – Courland – Courland

Courland (a historical region in western Latvia)


Kurmō

Ku'rmō (canonical)
Kurmō (nominative singular)
Kurmō (genitive singular)
Kurmōdõ (partitive singular)
Kurmōn (dative singular)
Kurmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Kurmōzõ (illative singular)
Kurmōs (inessive singular)
Kurmōsõ (inessive singular)
Kurmōst (elative singular)
Kurmōstõ (elative singular)
Kurmōlõ (allative singular)
Kurmōl (adessive singular)
Kurmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kurāmō – Kuramaa – Kurzeme ~ Kurmō
Courland – Courland – Courland ~ Courland


Īrõmō

Īrõmō (nominative singular)
Īrõmō (genitive singular)
Īrõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Īrõmōn (dative singular)
Īrõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Īrõmōzõ (illative singular)
Īrõmōs (inessive singular)
Īrõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Īrõmōst (elative singular)
Īrõmōstõ (elative singular)
Īrõmōlõ (allative singular)
Īrõmōl (adessive singular)
Īrõmōld (ablative singular)

Perhaps via Estonian Iirimaa. Morphologically from īrõ + mō.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Īrõmō – Iirimaa – Īrija
Ireland – Ireland – Ireland


Vāldakrīevmō

Vāldakrīevmō (nominative singular)
Vāldakrīevmō (genitive singular)
Vāldakrīevmōdõ (partitive singular)
Vāldakrīevmōn (dative singular)
Vāldakrīevmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Vāldakrīevmōzõ (illative singular)
Vāldakrīevmōs (inessive singular)
Vāldakrīevmōsõ (inessive singular)
Vāldakrīevmōst (elative singular)
Vāldakrīevmōstõ (elative singular)
Vāldakrīevmōlõ (allative singular)
Vāldakrīevmōl (adessive singular)
Vāldakrīevmōld (ablative singular)

From vālda (“white”) + krīevõz (“Russian”) + mō (“land”).

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Vāldakrīevmō – Valgevene – Baltkrievija
Belarus – Belarus – Belarus


Kīnõmō

Kīnõmō (nominative singular)
Kīnõmō (genitive singular)
Kīnõmōdõ (partitive singular)
Kīnõmōn (dative singular)
Kīnõmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Kīnõmōzõ (illative singular)
Kīnõmōs (inessive singular)
Kīnõmōsõ (inessive singular)
Kīnõmōst (elative singular)
Kīnõmōstõ (elative singular)
Kīnõmōlõ (allative singular)
Kīnõmōl (adessive singular)
Kīnõmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kīnõmō – Hiina – Ķīna
China – China – China


Jeimer

Jeime'r (canonical)
Jeimer (nominative singular)
Jeimier (genitive singular)
Jeimīerda (partitive singular)
Jeimierrõn (dative singular)
Jeimierkõks (instrumental singular)
Jeimierrõ (illative singular)
Jeimiersõ (inessive singular)
Jeimierstõ (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Jeimer – Põhja-Jäämeri – Ziemeļu ledus okeāns
Arctic Ocean – Arctic Ocean – Arctic Ocean


Pūojmer

Pū'ojme'r (canonical)
Pūojmer (nominative singular)
Pūojmier (genitive singular)
Pūojmīerda (partitive singular)
Pūojmierrõn (dative singular)
Pūojmierkõks (instrumental singular)
Pūojmierrõ (illative singular)
Pūojmiersõ (inessive singular)
Pūojmierstõ (elative singular)

From pūoj (“bottom, north”) + mer (“sea”).

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Pūojmer – Põhjameri – Ziemeļjūra
North Sea – North Sea – North Sea


Pǟrnov

Pǟrnov (nominative singular)
Pǟrnov (genitive singular)
Pǟrnovt (partitive singular)
Pǟrnovn (dative singular)
Pǟrnovks (instrumental singular)
Pǟrnovõ (illative singular)
Pǟrnovs (inessive singular)
Pǟrnovst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Pǟrnov – Pärnu – Pērnava
Pärnu – Pärnu – Pärnu


Tukāmō

Tukāmō (nominative singular)
Tukāmō (genitive singular)
Tukāmōdõ (partitive singular)
Tukāmōn (dative singular)
Tukāmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Tukāmōzõ (illative singular)
Tukāmōs (inessive singular)
Tukāmōsõ (inessive singular)
Tukāmōst (elative singular)
Tukāmōstõ (elative singular)
Tukāmōlõ (allative singular)
Tukāmōl (adessive singular)
Tukāmōld (ablative singular)

Morphologically from tukā + mō. Endzelīns has tried to link Latvian Tukums with tūkt. Dzintra Hirša offers a Finnic source, including Estonian tukkuma (“to snooze”), tukk, tuka (“crest, nape”) + maa (“land”), Livonian tutkām (“tip, end”) + mō (“land”).

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Tukāmō – Tukums – Tukums
Tukums – Tukums – Tukums


Tirkmō

Tirkmō (nominative singular)
Tirkmō (genitive singular)
Tirkmōdõ (partitive singular)
Tirkmōn (dative singular)
Tirkmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Tirkmōzõ (illative singular)
Tirkmōs (inessive singular)
Tirkmōsõ (inessive singular)
Tirkmōst (elative singular)
Tirkmōstõ (elative singular)
Tirkmōlõ (allative singular)
Tirkmōl (adessive singular)
Tirkmōld (ablative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Tirkmō – Türgi – Turcija
Turkey – Turkey – Turkey

Turkey (country at the intersection of Europe and Asia on the Mediterranean)


Īra joug

Īra jo'ug (canonical)
Īra joug (nominative singular)
Īra joug (genitive singular)
Īra jougõ (partitive singular)
Īra jougõn (dative singular)
Īra jougkõks (instrumental singular)
Īra jougõ (illative singular)
Īra jougsõ (inessive singular)
Īra jougs (inessive singular)
Īra jougstõ (elative singular)
Īra jougst (elative singular)

The name of the river should be linked with Livonian īrva, īra (“doe, female deer”) (compare Estonian hirv, hirbe). This is one of the first toponyms of a place populated by Livonians to be attested – in 1290 as aquam, quae Yrva dicitur.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Īra joug – Īra jõgi – Irbes upe
River Irbe – River Irbe – River Irbe


Īra

Īra (nominative singular)
Īra (genitive singular)
Irrõ (partitive singular)
Īran (dative singular)
Īraks (instrumental singular)
Irrõ (illative singular)
Īras (inessive singular)
Īrast (elative singular)

Among the first Livonian village names to be attested – in 1387 as Domesnes, Minor Irwa, Sigkeragke, Irvemunde, Gipkewalme. Minor Irwa or Livonian Irai, Ire (~ Irē), Latvian Mazirbe (dialectal Maģier) should be etymologized just like the name of Īra joug. The Estonian term for this village was Irve. The question of the qualifier Minor for Mazirbe in the 14th century Latin text remains open as Lielirbe was called Irwemunde back then (thus there was no opposition between "Big Irbe" and "Small Irbe".) It is evident that both villages got their names from the names of the rivers: Ire joug (~ Irē joug) and Īra joug. The name of the village Irwemunde was replaced by Gross Irwen in 1582-1583.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Īra – Lielirbe – Lielirbe
Lielirbe – Lielirbe – Lielirbe

Lielirbe (a village in Courland, Latvia)


Kāndab

Kāndab (nominative singular)
Kāndab (genitive singular)
Kāndabt (partitive singular)
Kāndabõn (dative singular)
Kāndabõks (instrumental singular)
Kāndabõ (illative singular)
Kāndabõs (inessive singular)
Kāndabs (inessive singular)
Kāndabõst (elative singular)
Kāndabst (elative singular)

Latvian Kandava could be of Livonian origin, compare Livonian kand (“stump”) but since its ending -ava is Baltic, the stem could be of Baltic origin as well, compare a Lithuanian place name Kandžiai, Old Prussian Candeyn, a place name in Illyria Candāvia, Κανδαουία (Kandaouía). In Indo-European linguistics this stem has also been interpreted as meaning "light" (V. Tomašek.)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kāndab – Kandava – Kandava
Kandava – Kandava – Kandava


Jālgab

Jālgab (nominative singular)
Jālgab (genitive singular)
Jālgabt (partitive singular)
Jālgabõn (dative singular)
Jālgabõks (instrumental singular)
Jālgabõ (illative singular)
Jālgabõs (inessive singular)
Jālgabs (inessive singular)
Jālgabõst (elative singular)
Jālgabst (elative singular)

Latvian proper noun Jelgava and 17th century countable noun jelgava (“town, city”) (later replaced by pilsēta) are popularly believed to be a borrowing from Livonian jālgab (“town, city”). Karulis, however, thinks that this word doesn't have a plausible Finnic etymology and suggests it being a borrowing from Latvian, in Latvian ultimately from *Heh₃l- (“to bend”) whence also leja (“underside, depression, valley”), dialectal meanings of elks (“elbow, part of sleeve around elbow, turn, angle”), elkonis (“elbow”). The name of Jelgava could also be related to dialectal jelgs (“wet”) or the noun jelga (“a swampy place”).
Karulis' version, however, raises questions as Jelgava has been historically called Mītava and Mitau in Latvian and German respectively (according to Karulis himself of Baltic stock, cognate with the verb mīt (“to stagger, shift, trade”)). (Kersti Boiko also tangentially mentions Nītauja as an earlier name for Jelgava.) Suggesting Livonian borrowing from Latvian a term that perhaps was not even used in Latvian at that time is anachronistic.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Jālgab – Jelgava – Jelgava
Jelgava – Jelgava – Jelgava


Rūoj

Rūoj (nominative singular)
Rūoj (genitive singular)
Rūojõ (partitive singular)
Rūojõn (dative singular)
Rūojõks (instrumental singular)
Rūojõ (illative singular)
Rūojsõ (inessive singular)
Rūojs (inessive singular)
Rūojstõ (elative singular)
Rūojst (elative singular)

Dzintra Hirša suggests that Latvian Ruoja could be related to Livonian ruoi (“grass”).
LĒL only lists āina for the meanings "hay, grass, medicine," however, compare Estonian rohi. The 19th century LDW, however, lists ruoi as "grass."

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Rūoj – Roja – Roja
Roja – Roja – Roja

Roja (a populated place in Latvia on the coast of Gulf of Riga)


Irē

Irē (nominative singular)
Irē (genitive singular)
Irrõ (partitive singular)
Irēn (dative singular)
Irēks (instrumental singular)
Irrõ (illative singular)
Irēs (inessive singular)
Irēst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Irē – Irē – Mazirbe
Mazirbe – Mazirbe – Mazirbe


Kūolka

Kūolka (nominative singular)
Kūolka (genitive singular)
Kuolkõ (partitive singular)
Kūolkan (dative singular)
Kūolkaks (instrumental singular)
Kuolkõ (illative singular)
Kūolkas (inessive singular)
Kūolkast (elative singular)

Variations of Kolka start appearing in documents only from around 18th century, before that the geographical feature was called Domesnes for several centuries. The term is a common Finnic lexeme meaning "corner" – Estonian kolgas, kolk, Finnish kolkka. In Estonian usage in the sense "gulf, bay" is attested. Since in Livonian this lexeme is attested only as a toponym it possible that it is a borrowing from Estonian.
A variation of the earlier name has been mentioned as Tumisnis (together with Simkala – "Semigallia, Zemgale") on the 11th century Mervallastenen rune stone – the earliest attested explicit mention of a Latvian geographical feature in any written source.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kūolka – Kūolka – Kolka
Kolka – Kolka – Kolka


Lūž

Lū'ž (canonical)
Lūž (nominative singular)
Lūž (genitive singular)
Lūžõ (partitive singular)
Lūžõn (dative singular)
Lūžõks (instrumental singular)
Lūžõ (illative singular)
Lūžõs (inessive singular)
Lūžõst (elative singular)

Kersti Boiko suggests the Latvian name Lūžņa as the source of the Livonian name. Compare dialectal lūžņa (“a place where trees have been felled by wind”) from the verb lūzt (“to break”).

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Lūž – Lūž – Lūžņa
Lūžņa – Lūžņa – Lūžņa


Ūžkilā

Ūžkilā (nominative singular)
Ūdkilā (genitive singular)
Ūdtõkillõ (partitive singular)
Ūdõnkilān (dative singular)
Ūdkõkskilāks (instrumental singular)
Ūdõkillõ (illative singular)
Ūdsõkilās (inessive singular)
Ūdskilās (inessive singular)
Ūdstõkilāst (elative singular)
Ūdstkilāst (elative singular)

Historically Newendorf (having appeared in 1528-1583 Piltenes vaku reģistrs) – Latvian Jaunciems, Livonian Ūžkilā. The German name doesn't allow to draw any conclusions as to which language was the originator of the term.
Morphologically from ūž (“new”) + kilā (“village”).

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Ūžkilā – Ūžkilā – Jaunciems
Jaunciems – Jaunciems – Jaunciems

Jaunciems (a village in Courland, Latvia)


Pitrõg

Pitrõg (nominative singular)
Pitrõg (genitive singular)
Pitrõgt (partitive singular)
Pitrõgõn (dative singular)
Pitrõgõks (instrumental singular)
Pitrõgõ (illative singular)
Pitrõgs (inessive singular)
Pitrõgst (elative singular)

Historically Pudteraggen – Latvian Pitrags, Livonian Pitrõg. According to V. Kiprasky this term might be a compound of põddõrz (“moose, elk”) + aigā (“coast, edge”) and ⟨u⟩ in 16th century writing could reflect Latvian pronunciation of the term. In Livonian itself a shift õ > ü > i could have taken place. This is not without problems, however, as such a shift has taken place in the western dialect of Livonian, however, Pitrags is located within the area of the eastern dialect.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Pitrõg – Pitrõg – Pitrags
Pitrags – Pitrags – Pitrags


Kuoštrõg

Kuoštrõg (nominative singular)
Kuoštrõg (genitive singular)
Kuoštrõgt (partitive singular)
Kuoštrõgõn (dative singular)
Kuoštrõgõks (instrumental singular)
Kuoštrõgõ (illative singular)
Kuoštrõgs (inessive singular)
Kuoštrõgst (elative singular)

Like Kūolka the name of Košrags appears in documents only starting with the 18th century. According to L. Kettunen the term may have come from the name of a river Koštõr-joug, he allows the possibility that the ending may stem from agja [aigā?] "edge, area" as well.
The etymology of the first component (Koštõr), however, remains unclear. Of interest is an early variant Košt-joug and Košt-joug-küla which would suggest that the first component might have been Košt- initially. Perhaps it comes from a shortened form of the Latin given name Constantinus. According to sources such names were given not only in the territory of Estonia but by Finnic peoples in Latvia as well: in 1289 – Coste in Riga, from 1355-1362 Coste around Kuldīga also in 15th century – Costi in Rūjiena. The form Kuošt- might have predictably been derived from Koosti common in Estonia but -rags, -rõg (commonly believed to be a Latvian element) might have been added according to the local tradition [cf. Sīkrõg].

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kuoštrõg – Kuoštrõg – Košrags
Košrags – Košrags – Košrags


Prantšmō

Prantšmō (nominative singular)
Prantšmō (genitive singular)
Prantšmōdõ (partitive singular)
Prantšmōn (dative singular)
Prantšmōkõks (instrumental singular)
Prantšmōzõ (illative singular)
Prantšmōs (inessive singular)
Prantšmōsõ (inessive singular)
Prantšmōst (elative singular)
Prantšmōstõ (elative singular)
Prantšmōlõ (allative singular)
Prantšmōl (adessive singular)
Prantšmōld (ablative singular)

Francija – Prantš/mō
France – France

Līvõkīel-lețkīel-līvõkīel sõnārōntõz, page 95


Salāts

Salāts (nominative singular)
Salāts (genitive singular)
Salātsõ (partitive singular)
Salātsõn (dative singular)
Salātsõks (instrumental singular)
Salātsõ (illative singular)
Salātsõs (inessive singular)
Salātsõst (elative singular)

Compare Latvian Salaca, Estonian Salatsi.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Salāts – Salatsi – Salaca
Salaca – Salaca – Salaca


Dūoņig

Dūoņig (nominative singular)
Dūoņig (genitive singular)
Dūoņigt (partitive singular)
Dūoņigõn (dative singular)
Dūoņigõks (instrumental singular)
Dūoņigõ (illative singular)
Dūoņigs (inessive singular)
Dūoņigst (elative singular)

Compare Latvian Dundaga, Estonian Tooninge.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Dūoņig – Tooninge – Dundaga
Dundaga – Dundaga – Dundaga


Pizā

Pizā (nominative singular)
Pizā (genitive singular)
Pizzõ (partitive singular)
Pizān (dative singular)
Pizāks (instrumental singular)
Pizzõ (illative singular)
Pizās (inessive singular)
Pizāst (elative singular)

Historically Pissen (attested from 1502 as weg, den von Stanszen vnnd Piszen herkombt) – Latvian Miķeļbāka, Pizesciems (Pize) or officially Miķeļtornis, Livonian Pizā. This toponym could be of Baltic origin: compare Old Prussian Pysekaym (1384), Pisdekaym (1388), Piselauk (1419), and parallels can be found in Lithuanian toponymy as well, e.g. Pisa (river); compare also Latvian Pisiņš (lake), Pisupīte, etc. The Lithuanian linguist A. Vanagas connects all these toponyms with Latvian pisa (“a bog, marsh, swamp without a bottom where only small birches and firs grow”), pise (“very thick forest”). An Old Prussian personal name Pisz (1261) should be noted too.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Pizā – Pizā – Miķeļtornis
Miķeļtornis – Miķeļtornis – Miķeļtornis

Miķeļtornis (a village in Courland, Latvia)


Vǟnta

Vǟnta (nominative singular)
Vǟnta (genitive singular)
Väntõ (partitive singular)
Vǟntan (dative singular)
Vǟntaks (instrumental singular)
Väntõ (illative singular)
Vǟntas (inessive singular)
Vǟntast (elative singular)

Compare Latvian Venta (“River Venta”) /vænta/.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Vǟnta – Ventspils – Ventspils
Ventspils – Ventspils – Ventspils


Sǟnag

Sǟnag (nominative singular)
Sǟnag (genitive singular)
Sǟnagt (partitive singular)
Sǟnagõn (dative singular)
Sǟnagõks (instrumental singular)
Sǟnagõ (illative singular)
Sǟnags (inessive singular)
Sǟnagst (elative singular)

Historically Sounaggen – Latvian Saunags, Livonian Sǟnag. L. Kettunen tentatively links this term to a name of a fish common in Finnic languages: Estonian säinas, säinakas, Finnish säynävä, Veps säunged – Lucioperca lucioperca [according to LĒL the standard name of this species of fish is zāndat]. According to Kettunen's dictionary at least in the 20th century there has been no such a word in the Livonian language, however, according to reconstruction it should have been *säunag. Thus it is possible that the name derives from another Finnic language. Perhaps from Estonian. Like in the case of Pitrõg its historical spelling (Sounaggen) likely reflects its Latvian pronunciation.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Sǟnag – Sǟnag – Saunags
Saunags – Saunags – Saunags


Kuldīg

Kuldīg (nominative singular)
Kuldīg (genitive singular)
Kuldīgt (partitive singular)
Kuldīgõn (dative singular)
Kuldīgõks (instrumental singular)
Kuldīgõ (illative singular)
Kuldīgõs (inessive singular)
Kuldīgs (inessive singular)
Kuldīgõst (elative singular)
Kuldīgst (elative singular)

Apparently from Latvian Kuldīga. According to Karulis possibly ultimately from the iterative form of kult (“to beat (eggs, etc.), thrash”) – kuldīt whence kuldīgs (“thrashing around, turbulent (of waters)”), the German Goldingen possibly from an earlier version *Kuldinga.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Kuldīg – Kuldīga – Kuldīga
Kuldīga – Kuldīga – Kuldīga


Vēna

Vēna (nominative singular)
Vēna (genitive singular)
Veinõ (partitive singular)
Vēnan (dative singular)
Vēnaks (instrumental singular)
Veinõ (illative singular)
Vēnas (inessive singular)
Vēnast (elative singular)

Compare Finnish Väinäjoki, Estonian Väina jõgi.
In Estonian väin (archaic form is väinas) means (sea) strait; In Livonian vēna also means a wide estuary or a port. An Indo-European loan word via Proto-Balto-Slavic. Proto-Slavic *dvina < Proto-Indo-European *dʰweynā (compare Dviná, Russian name for Daugava). Indo-European *dʰew- means "to run, to flow"; *dʰew-e-ti "(it) flows, runs"; compare Sanskrit धावति (dhāvati, “run, flow, move”). There's speculated connection with Icelandic dvína "to diminish" (i.e. in this connection as "diminishing, dwindling river"), but maybe it just comes from the abovementioned Indo-European root.

cog

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Vēna – Väina jõgi – Daugava
Daugava – Daugava – Daugava

River Daugava (the largest river in Latvia)


Sīkrõg

Sīkrõg (nominative singular)
Sīkrõg (genitive singular)
Sīkrõgt (partitive singular)
Sīkrõgõn (dative singular)
Sīkrõgõks (instrumental singular)
Sīkrõgõ (illative singular)
Sīkrõgs (inessive singular)
Sīkrõgst (elative singular)

It is difficult to draw conclusions on the name of Sīkrags, Sīkrõg. According to A. Bīlenšteins the term is simply a compound of Latvian sīks (“tiny”) + rags (“cape, horn”). The Finnish linguist Valentin Kiparsky is convinced that it is impossible to find a plausible Finnic etymology for this term. Only the first component according to him could be derived from the Livonian name of a fish sīg (sīgõz (Coregonus lavaretus) in LĒL), compare Estonian siig, Finnish siika, Veps sīg, although this lexeme can be found in Latvian as well (sīga), some linguists, however, consider it a borrowing from Finnic, although parallels can be found in Germanic and Slavic languages.
According to a folk etymology interpretation the first component is sigā (“pig”).
There have been many speculations on the second component -rõg. There are approximately 60 toponyms on the Latvian coast with this component (including Pitrõg and Kuoštrõg (their etymologizations have been very different, however, q.v.)) Latvian rags (“horn (of an animal), horn (geographical feature), cape”) is probably the most likely source. According to V. Kiparsky this would suggests that the location was initially inhabited by Latvians. It is also possible that the compound is made up of components from two different languages.

der

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Sīkrõg – Sīkrõg – Sīkrags
Sīkrags – Sīkrags – Sīkrags


Rūnõ

Rū'nõ (canonical)
Rūnõ (nominative singular)
Rūnõ (genitive singular)
Rūnõ (partitive singular)
Rūnõn (dative singular)
Rūnõks (instrumental singular)
Rūnõ (illative singular)
Rūnõz (illative singular)
Rūnõs (inessive singular)
Rūnõst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Rūnõ – Ruhnu – Roņu sala
Ruhnu – Ruhnu – Ruhnu

Ruhnu (an Estonian island in the Gulf of Riga)


Irē joug

Irē jo'ug (canonical)
Irē joug (nominative singular)
Irē joug (genitive singular)
Irē jougõ (partitive singular)
Irē jougõn (dative singular)
Irē jougkõks (instrumental singular)
Irē jougõ (illative singular)
Irē jougsõ (inessive singular)
Irē jougs (inessive singular)
Irē jougstõ (elative singular)
Irē jougst (elative singular)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Irē joug – Irē jõgi – Mazirbes upe
River Mazirbe – River Mazirbe – River Mazirbe


Gipk

Gipk (nominative singular)
Gipk (genitive singular)
Gipkõ (partitive singular)
Gipkõn (dative singular)
Gipkõks (instrumental singular)
Gipkõ (illative singular)
Gipkõs (inessive singular)
Gipks (inessive singular)
Gipkõst (elative singular)
Gipkst (elative singular)

Historically Gipkewalme (in 1424 also Gypkewalke) – Latvian Ģipka, Livonian Gipk. Unequivocally considered to be of Baltic stock. The first component in the historical compounds has been linked with a family name Gibbeke by V. Kiparsky, also suggesting that it could be of Old Prussian or Lithuanian origin. Records, however, show that similar names have been documented in many places in Courland: in 1523 – Hans Gybbe, Hermen Gibbedoeth, Hansz Gibbene. 14th to 16th century records show other toponyms with a similar connection, e.g., in 1551 – by Gibben, in 1331 – in villa Gybelendorpe, in 1542 – Gibelen (= Ģibuļniek, Ģibuļgals). Some of the toponyms have, indeed, been derived from personal names, however, the (dialectal) Latvian verb ģibt (“to sink in, get stuck”) must be noted. Endzelīns has doubted Latvian provenience of this verb, suggesting a Curonian source, in this case Curonians might have been the ones to name the village.
The second component in the historical forms (-walme, -walke) might correspond to the geographical appellation valks (in modern Latvian.)

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Gipk – Ģipka – Ģipka
Ģipka – Ģipka – Ģipka


Mustānum

Mustānum (nominative singular)
Mustānum (genitive singular)
Mustānummõ (partitive singular)
Mustānummõn (dative singular)
Mustānummõks (instrumental singular)
Mustānummõ (illative singular)
Mustānumsõ (inessive singular)
Mustānums (inessive singular)
Mustānumstõ (elative singular)
Mustānumst (elative singular)

This toponym also appears comparably late (like Kūolka and Kuoštrõg) and it is difficult to determine in which language it originated [the Latvian and Livonian versions are semantically identical]. V. Kiparsky has suggested that its earlier name might have been the Baltic Sareyken mentioned in 16th century documents as a populated place between Ģipka and Kolka.
Morphologically from mustā (“black”) + num (“pine forest”).

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Mustānum – Mustānum – Melnsils
Melnsils – Melnsils – Melnsils

Melnsils (a village in Courland, Latvia)


Vaid

Va'id (canonical)
Vaid (nominative singular)
Vaid (genitive singular)
Vaidõ (partitive singular)
Vaidõn (dative singular)
Vaidõks (instrumental singular)
Vaidõ (illative singular)
Vaidõs (inessive singular)
Vaids (inessive singular)
Vaidõst (elative singular)
Vaidst (elative singular)

Historically Wayden – Latvian Vaide, Livonian Vaid. Of Finnic origin, cognate with Livonian vait (“gap, difference”), its Estonian cognate (apparently vahe is meant) has a meaning "border, boundary" attested, it is possible that the Livonian term may have had this meaning as well.

Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA
Vaid – Vaide – Vaide
Vaide – Vaide – Vaide


jālgab

jālgab (nominative singular)
jālgabõd (nominative plural)
jālgab (genitive singular)
jālgabõd (genitive plural)
jālgabt (partitive singular)
jālgabidi (partitive plural)
jālgabõn (dative singular)
jālgabõdõn (dative plural)
jālgabõks (instrumental singular)
jālgabõdõks (instrumental plural)
jālgabõ (illative singular)
jālgabiž (illative plural)
jālgabõs (inessive singular)
jālgabs (inessive singular)
jālgabis (inessive plural)
jālgabõst (elative singular)
jālgabst (elative singular)
jālgabist (elative plural)