rags

rags (nominative singular)
ragi (nominative plural)
raga (genitive singular)
ragu (genitive plural)
ragam (dative singular)
ragiem (dative plural)
ragu (accusative singular)
ragus (accusative plural)
ragu (instrumental singular)
ragiem (instrumental plural)
ragā (locative singular)
ragos (locative plural)
rags (singular vocative)
ragi (plural vocative)

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *rágas (“horn”).

(geography, syn. zemesrags) cape (projection of land into water)


upe

upe (nominative singular)
upes (nominative plural)
upes (genitive singular)
upju (genitive plural)
upei (dative singular)
upēm (dative plural)
upi (accusative singular)
upes (accusative plural)
upi (instrumental singular)
upēm (instrumental plural)
upē (locative singular)
upēs (locative plural)
upe (singular vocative)
upes (plural vocative)

In principle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *apē-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep-, *h₂op- (“(flowing) water, river”). Cognates include Lithuanian ùpė, dialectal ũpė, upi̇̀s, ùpis, Old Prussian ape (“river”), apus (“(water) well”), Sudovian upa (“river”), Hittite ẖap(a) (“river”), Sanskrit आपः (āpaḥ, “water (plural)”), Tocharian A, Tocharian B āp (“water”). The u in Latvian upe (and Lithuanian upė), instead of the expected a, as in the Old Prussian cognate, is difficult to explain. Some suggest that upe was influenced by other words (e.g., Old Prussian wupyan (“cloud”)), others that it is not cognate with Old Prussian ape, but rather a reflex of Proto-Indo-European *eup-, *ūp-, *up- (“to call, to cry, to yell”), or then a specific Eastern Baltic word without a Proto-Indo-European etymology.

strauja, lēna upe

kalnu, līdzenumu upe

upes gultne

upes ieleja

upes baseins

upju sistēma

upes pietekas

upes ieteka, grīva

upes izteka

upes augštece, lejtece

upju transports

upju kuģniecība

(geography) river (permanent watercourse)


leja

leja (nominative singular)
lejas (nominative plural)
lejas (genitive singular)
leju (genitive plural)
lejai (dative singular)
lejām (dative plural)
leju (accusative singular)
lejas (accusative plural)
leju (instrumental singular)
lejām (instrumental plural)
lejā (locative singular)
lejās (locative plural)
leja (singular vocative)
lejas (plural vocative)
leija (alternative)

From earlier (19th-century) leija, from Proto-Baltic *ley-ya-, from *ley-ā, from Proto-Indo-European *l̥-ey, from the zero grade of *el-, *Heh₃l- (“to bend, to incline”) (whence also elkonis (“elbow”), q.v.) with a suffix -ey. The meaning probably evolved as follows: “bent inward” > “inwardly bent earth”, “valley” > “lower area.” Cognates include Gothic 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌾𐌰 (undarleija, “lower, smaller”), Ancient Greek λειμών (leimṓn, “humid, grassy place, humid meadow”) (lower places are often humid).

cog

upes, strauta leja

dziļa leja

krūmiem aizaugusi leja

lejas nogāze

starp diviem kalniem vēsā lejā / svēts, vientuļš klosteris glabājās

in a cool valley between two mountains / a holy, lonely monastery kept itself


erozija

erozija (nominative singular)
erozijas (nominative plural)
erozijas (genitive singular)
eroziju (genitive plural)
erozijai (dative singular)
erozijām (dative plural)
eroziju (accusative singular)
erozijas (accusative plural)
eroziju (instrumental singular)
erozijām (instrumental plural)
erozijā (locative singular)
erozijās (locative plural)
erozija (singular vocative)
erozijas (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Latin ērōsiō, an action nominal derived from the verb ērōdō (“to gnaw away, to corrode”). It was adapted to fit Latvian grammatical patterns ( + -ija).

augsnes erozija

vējš ir viens no spēcīgākajiem augsnes erozija faktoriem

the wind is one of the most important factors in soil erosion

(agriculture, geology) erosion (destructive effect of natural external forces (wind, water, etc. on the surface of the earth, its soil, rocks, etc.)


jūra

jūra (nominative singular)
jūras (nominative plural)
jūras (genitive singular)
jūru (genitive plural)
jūrai (dative singular)
jūrām (dative plural)
jūru (accusative singular)
jūras (accusative plural)
jūru (instrumental singular)
jūrām (instrumental plural)
jūrā (locative singular)
jūrās (locative plural)
jūra (singular vocative)
jūras (plural vocative)
jūŗa (alternative)

From Proto-Baltic *jáuˀrāˀ ~ *jū́ˀrāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wer-, *ūr- with an added initial y, from *aw-, *awe- (“to wet, to moisten, to flow”) with a suffix -r. The initial *y may result from metathesis in *awer- (> *h₂wer-, *eur-), or from the influence of some other Proto-Indo-European root like *(e)rey-, *(e)rew- (“to flow”) (metathesized into *ewr-). The original meaning was thus “wet, swampy place” (cf. Lithuanian jáuris (“swamp”) < Proto-Baltic *jaur-), whence “lake” (still attested in old folk tales, and also in borrowings into Finnic: Livonian jõra, Estonian järv, Finnish järvi, Sami jaura, jawre, jávri) and finally “sea.” Cognates include Lithuanian jū́ra, dialectal jūrė, plural jū́ros, jū́rios, jū́rės (cf. Latvian dialectal jūre, jūris, plural jūres), Old Prussian iūrin, *jūren, *jūrʲai, Armenian ջուր (ǰur, “water”), Albanian hurdë (“deep place; pond; swamp”); without the initial *y, also Old Norse úr (“drizzle”), ȳra (“to drizzle”), Latin ūrīnō (“to dive, to plunge into water”), ūrīna (“urine”).

Baltijas jūra

Melnā jūra

jūras krasts, ūdens, vējš

peldēt jūrā

jūras slimība

iziet jūrā

virs, zem jūrās līmeņa

(geography) sea (large body of salty water)


fjords

fjords (nominative singular)
fjordi (nominative plural)
fjorda (genitive singular)
fjordu (genitive plural)
fjordam (dative singular)
fjordiem (dative plural)
fjordu (accusative singular)
fjordus (accusative plural)
fjordu (instrumental singular)
fjordiem (instrumental plural)
fjordā (locative singular)
fjordos (locative plural)
fjord (singular vocative)
fjordi (plural vocative)

Via other European languages, ultimately borrowed from Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr, from Proto-Germanic *ferþu, *ferþuz (“inlet, fjord”)


garums

garums (nominative singular)
garumi (nominative plural)
garuma (genitive singular)
garumu (genitive plural)
garumam (dative singular)
garumiem (dative plural)
garumu (accusative singular)
garumus (accusative plural)
garumu (instrumental singular)
garumiem (instrumental plural)
garumā (locative singular)
garumos (locative plural)
garum (singular vocative)
garumi (plural vocative)

ģeogrāfiskais garums

austrumu garums

rietumu garums

(geography) longitude (distance in degrees between a given place and the prime meridian)


Austrālija

Austrālija (nominative singular)
Austrālijas (genitive singular)
Austrālijai (dative singular)
Austrāliju (accusative singular)
Austrāliju (instrumental singular)
Austrālijā (locative singular)
Austrālija (singular vocative)

(geology) Australia (a continent consisting of the land on the Australian tectonic plate, i.e. Australia, New Guinea and intervening islands)


polārs

head

polārs (definite polārais, comparative polārāks, superlative vispolārākais, adverb polāri)

polārais (definite)
polārāks (comparative)
vispolārākais (superlative)
polāri (adverb)
polārs (masculine nominative singular)
polāri (masculine nominative plural)
polāra (feminine nominative singular)
polāras (feminine nominative plural)
polāra (genitive masculine singular)
polāru (genitive masculine plural)
polāras (feminine genitive singular)
polāru (feminine genitive plural)
polāram (dative masculine singular)
polāriem (dative masculine plural)
polārai (dative feminine singular)
polārām (dative feminine plural)
polāru (accusative masculine singular)
polārus (accusative masculine plural)
polāru (accusative feminine singular)
polāras (accusative feminine plural)
polāru (instrumental masculine singular)
polāriem (instrumental masculine plural)
polāru (feminine instrumental singular)
polārām (feminine instrumental plural)
polārā (locative masculine singular)
polāros (locative masculine plural)
polārā (feminine locative singular)
polārās (feminine locative plural)
polārais (masculine nominative singular)
polārie (masculine nominative plural)
polārā (feminine nominative singular)
polārās (feminine nominative plural)
polārā (genitive masculine singular)
polāro (genitive masculine plural)
polārās (feminine genitive singular)
polāro (feminine genitive plural)
polārajam (dative masculine singular)
polārajiem (dative masculine plural)
polārajai (dative feminine singular)
polārajām (dative feminine plural)
polāro (accusative masculine singular)
polāros (accusative masculine plural)
polāro (accusative feminine singular)
polārās (accusative feminine plural)
polāro (instrumental masculine singular)
polārajiem (instrumental masculine plural)
polāro (feminine instrumental singular)
polārajām (feminine instrumental plural)
polārajā (locative masculine singular)
polārajos (locative masculine plural)
polārajā (feminine locative singular)
polārajās (feminine locative plural)
polāro (masculine singular vocative)
polārais (masculine singular vocative)
polārie (masculine plural vocative)
polāro (feminine singular vocative)
polārā (feminine singular vocative)
polārās (feminine plural vocative)

polārais klimats, aukstums

polārā vasara, ziema

polārais ezers, gaiss, ledus

polārais anticiklons

polārais loks, riņķis

polārais apgabals

the polar area (between the poles and the polar circles)

polārā nakts

polar night (when the sun does not rise)

polārā diena

polārā blāzma, polārblāzma

northern lights, aurora (lit. polar glow)

polārais lācis, polārlācis

(geography) polar, Arctic (located at, relating to, or typical of, the North or South Poles of the Earth and the area around them)


dzīsla

dzīsla (nominative singular)
dzīslas (nominative plural)
dzīslas (genitive singular)
dzīslu (genitive plural)
dzīslai (dative singular)
dzīslām (dative plural)
dzīslu (accusative singular)
dzīslas (accusative plural)
dzīslu (instrumental singular)
dzīslām (instrumental plural)
dzīslā (locative singular)
dzīslās (locative plural)
dzīsla (singular vocative)
dzīslas (plural vocative)

From Proto-Baltic *gīsla, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀ(s)lāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷiH- (“bow-string, string”) or *gʷʰíH(s)leh₂. Karulis instead connects the word to Proto-Indo-European *gʷeyh₃- (“to live”).
Cognates
Cognates include Lithuanian gýsla, the second half of Old Prussian pettegislo (“back vein”) (cf. pette (“back”)), Proto-Slavic *gislā, *žila (Russian жи́ла (žíla, “vein, tendon”), Ukrainian жи́ла (žýla), Belarusian жы́ла (žýla), Bulgarian жи́ла (žíla), Czech žíla, Polish żyła), Latin filum (< *gʷʰislom < *gʷiHleh₂) “thread, yarn, fiber, tendon, vein”.

cog

dzīslu ieži

fissure rock (the kind of rock that fills fissures)

rūdu dzīslas

Volīnijā pēdējā laikā atrastas pegmatīta dzīslas ar unikāliem vīna dzelteniem topāza kristāliem

in Volhynia pegmatite veins with unique wine yellow topaz crystals were recently found

(geology) vein (a rock-filled crack or fissure on the Earth's crust)


karte

karte (nominative singular)
kartes (nominative plural)
kartes (genitive singular)
karšu (genitive plural)
kartei (dative singular)
kartēm (dative plural)
karti (accusative singular)
kartes (accusative plural)
karti (instrumental singular)
kartēm (instrumental plural)
kartē (locative singular)
kartēs (locative plural)
karte (singular vocative)
kartes (plural vocative)
kārte (alternative)

Borrowed from German Karte, like kārts “playing cards” (the latter apparently having suffered the influence of kārts “pole” on its form), first attested as zemes kārte (with a long ā) in the 1850s, and later on (by the end of the 19th century) simply as karte (with a short e).

kartes mērogs

lasīt karti

ģeogrāfiska karte

topogrāfiska karte

ģeoloģiska karte

zvaigžņu karte


zemesrags

zemesrags (nominative singular)
zemesragi (nominative plural)
zemesraga (genitive singular)
zemesragu (genitive plural)
zemesragam (dative singular)
zemesragiem (dative plural)
zemesragu (accusative singular)
zemesragus (accusative plural)
zemesragu (instrumental singular)
zemesragiem (instrumental plural)
zemesragā (locative singular)
zemesragos (locative plural)
zemesrag (singular vocative)
zemesragi (plural vocative)

From zemes (“earth[gen.]”) + rags (“horn”).

viņi bija apbraukuši zemesragu un tagad turējās līdztekus krastam, kilometrus trīs selgā

they had sailed around the cape and now stayed along the coast, at a distance of about three kilometers

(geography) cape, promontory, headland (piece of land that extends beyond the coast into a sea or a lake)


Zeme

Zeme (nominative singular)
Zemes (genitive singular)
Zemei (dative singular)
Zemi (accusative singular)
Zemi (instrumental singular)
Zemē (locative singular)
Zeme (singular vocative)

(astronomy, geography) Earth (third planet in the Solar System, inhabited by humans; astronomic symbol: ⊕)

planets of the Solar System: Saules sistēmas planētas: Merkurs · Venera · Zeme · Marss · Jupiters · Saturns · Urāns · Neptūns [edit]


josla

josla (nominative singular)
joslas (nominative plural)
joslas (genitive singular)
joslu (genitive plural)
joslai (dative singular)
joslām (dative plural)
joslu (accusative singular)
joslas (accusative plural)
joslu (instrumental singular)
joslām (instrumental plural)
joslā (locative singular)
joslās (locative plural)
josla (singular vocative)
joslas (plural vocative)

From the same stem found in josta (“belt”), Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“to girdle”), but with a different suffix (-l(a) instead of -t(a)). Cognates include Lithuanian júoslas (“tie, bind, bandage”), and, with yet another suffix, Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē, “belt, sash, zone”) (from *zṓsnā from *yōs-nā-).

cog

ekvatoriālā, tropu, subtropu, polārā joslā

equatorial, tropical, subtropical, polar zone

laika josla, zona

(geography) an elongated area in general; zone; area


pārvalks

pārvalks (nominative singular)
pārvalki (nominative plural)
pārvalka (genitive singular)
pārvalku (genitive plural)
pārvalkam (dative singular)
pārvalkiem (dative plural)
pārvalku (accusative singular)
pārvalkus (accusative plural)
pārvalku (instrumental singular)
pārvalkiem (instrumental plural)
pārvalkā (locative singular)
pārvalkos (locative plural)
pārvalk (singular vocative)
pārvalki (plural vocative)

zem mezozoja pārvalka nogulām

under the sediments of the Mezozoic layer

(geology) rock layer, system, which covers something


ieleja

ieleja (nominative singular)
ielejas (nominative plural)
ielejas (genitive singular)
ieleju (genitive plural)
ielejai (dative singular)
ielejām (dative plural)
ieleju (accusative singular)
ielejas (accusative plural)
ieleju (instrumental singular)
ielejām (instrumental plural)
ielejā (locative singular)
ielejās (locative plural)
ieleja (singular vocative)
ielejas (plural vocative)

auglīga ieleja

upes gultne ielejā

doties pa nogāze uz ieleju

šķērsot ieleju

ciems atradās augstienē, un ielejā kā nomesta josta locījās maza upīte

the village is located in the highland, and in the valey a small river meandered like a belt thrown (down there)

(geography) valley (lower area created by a river on the surface of the earth; lower area between mountains where a river flows)


iezis

iezis (nominative singular)
ieži (nominative plural)
ieža (genitive singular)
iežu (genitive plural)
iezim (dative singular)
iežiem (dative plural)
iezi (accusative singular)
iežus (accusative plural)
iezi (instrumental singular)
iežiem (instrumental plural)
iezī (locative singular)
iežos (locative plural)
iezi (singular vocative)
ieži (plural vocative)

dolomīta ieži

kaļķakmens ieži

kalnu ieži

apakšzemes ieži

rūdas ieži

mēness ieži

magmatiskie, metamorfie ieži

sedimenta ieži, nogulumu ieži, nogulumieži

visa ciemata apkārtne pilna brīnišķīgiem granīta, marmora un citiem iežiem

all the region of the village (is) full of wonderful granite, marmor and other rocks

tā kā granīts sastāv no vairākiem minerāliem un... veido veselus kalnus, to vairs nevar saukt par minerālu, bet gan par iezi... tātad kvarcs, vizla un laukšpats ir minerāli, bet šo minerālu sakopojums - granīts ir jau iezis

since granite is composed of several minerals and... forms the entire mountain, it can no longer be called a mineral, but a rock... likewise quartz, mica and feldspat are minerals, but the combination of these minerals - granite - is already a rock

(chiefly plural, mineralogy, geology) rock (mineral layer on the crust of the Earth or of other celestial bodies)

smilšakmens iezis

sarkanā malā iezis

Zvārtes iezis

Zvārte's rock (in Gauja national park, Latvia)

(in the singular, geography) rock (outcrop of such mineral layers, forming a steep slope)


vairogs

vairogs (nominative singular)
vairogi (nominative plural)
vairoga (genitive singular)
vairogu (genitive plural)
vairogam (dative singular)
vairogiem (dative plural)
vairogu (accusative singular)
vairogus (accusative plural)
vairogu (instrumental singular)
vairogiem (instrumental plural)
vairogā (locative singular)
vairogos (locative plural)
vairog (singular vocative)
vairogi (plural vocative)


kaļķakmens

kaļķakmens (nominative singular)
kaļķakmeņi (nominative plural)
kaļķakmens (genitive singular)
kaļķakmeņu (genitive plural)
kaļķakmenim (dative singular)
kaļķakmeņiem (dative plural)
kaļķakmeni (accusative singular)
kaļķakmeņus (accusative plural)
kaļķakmeni (instrumental singular)
kaļķakmeņiem (instrumental plural)
kaļķakmenī (locative singular)
kaļķakmeņos (locative plural)
kaļķakmeni (singular vocative)
kaļķakmeņi (plural vocative)


kaļķi

kaļķi (nominative plural)
kaļķu (genitive plural)
kaļķiem (dative plural)
kaļķus (accusative plural)
kaļķiem (instrumental plural)
kaļķos (locative plural)
kaļķi (plural vocative)


smilšakmens

smilšakmens (nominative singular)
smilšakmeņi (nominative plural)
smilšakmens (genitive singular)
smilšakmeņu (genitive plural)
smilšakmenim (dative singular)
smilšakmeņiem (dative plural)
smilšakmeni (accusative singular)
smilšakmeņus (accusative plural)
smilšakmeni (instrumental singular)
smilšakmeņiem (instrumental plural)
smilšakmenī (locative singular)
smilšakmeņos (locative plural)
smilšakmeni (singular vocative)
smilšakmeņi (plural vocative)